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Think tank
A policy institute (often termed "think tank" by journalists) is an organization that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most policy institutes are non-profit organizations, which some countries such as the United States and Canada provide with tax exempt status. Other think tanks are funded by governments, advocacy groups, or businesses, or derive revenue from consulting or research work related to their projects.[1] 2011 Global Go To Think Tank Rankings cover most of the major policy institutes worldwide.[2]
The following article lists global policy institutes according to continental categories, and then sub-categories by country within those areas. These listings are not comprehensive, given that more than 4,500 policy institutes exist world wide.
While the term "think tank" with its present sense originated in the 1950s,[citation needed] such organizations date to the 19th century. The Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI) was founded in 1831 in London. The Fabian Society in Britain dates from 1884.
The original Washington think tank, Brookings Institution was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1916 by philanthropist Robert Brookings. It was conceived as a bipartisan "research center modeled on academic institutions and focused on addressing the questions of the federal government." [3]
After 1945, the number of policy institutes increased, as many small new ones were formed to express various issue and policy agendas. Until the 1940s, most think tanks were known only by the name of the institution. During the Second World War, think tanks were often referred to as "brain boxes"[citation needed] after the slang term for skull. The phrase "think tank" in wartime American slang referred to rooms where strategists discussed war planning. Later the term "think tank" was used to refer to organizations that offered military advice—such as, perhaps most notably, the RAND Corporation, founded originally in 1946 as an offshoot of Douglas Aircraft Corporation, and which became an independent corporation in 1948.
For most of the 20th century, independent public policy institutes that performed research and provided advice concerning public policy were found primarily in the United States, with a much smaller number in Canada, the UK and Western Europe. Although think tanks existed in Japan for some time, they generally lacked independence, having close associations with government ministries or corporations. There has been a veritable proliferation of "think tanks" around the world that began during the 1980s as a result of globalization, the end of the Cold War, and the emergence of transnational problems. Two-thirds of all the think tanks that exist today were established after 1970 and more than half were established since 1980.[4]
The effect of globalization on the proliferation of think tanks is most evident in regions such as Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia, where there was a concerted effort by the international community to assist the creation of independent public policy research organizations. A recent survey performed by the Foreign Policy Research Institute's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program underscores the significance of this effort and documents the fact that most of the think tanks in these regions have been established during the last 10 years. Presently there are more than 4,500 of these institutions around the world. Many of the more established think tanks, having been created during the Cold War, are focused on international affairs, security studies, and foreign policy.[4]
Also see the United Nations Development Programme definition.
Think tanks vary by ideological perspectives, sources of funding, topical emphasis and prospective consumers.[5] Some think tanks, such as the Heritage Foundation, which promotes conservative principles, and the Center for American Progress, a progressive organization, are more partisan in purpose. Others, including the Tellus Institute, which emphasizes social and environmental topics, are more issue-oriented groups. Still others, such as the Cato Institute, promote libertarian social and economic theories based on Friedrich von Hayek's idea of free markets and individual liberty.
Funding sources and the consumers intended also define the workings of think tanks. Some receive direct government assistance, while others rely on private individual or corporate donors. This will invariably affect the degree of academic freedom within each policy institute and to whom or what the institution feels beholden. Funding may also represent who or what the institution wants to influence; in the United States, for example, "Some donors want to influence votes in Congress or shape public opinion, others want to position themselves or the experts they fund for future government jobs, while others want to push specific areas of research or education."[5]
A new trend, resulting from globalization, is collaboration between policy institutes in different countries. For instance, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace operates offices in Washington, D.C., Beijing, Beirut, Brussels and Moscow.[5]
The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) at the University of Pennsylvania annually rates policy institutes worldwide in a number of categories and presents its findings in the "Global Go-To Think Tanks" rating index.[6] However, this method of the study and assessment of policy institutes has been criticised by researchers such as Enrique Mendizabal and Goran Buldioski, Director of the Think Tank Fund, assisted by the Open Society Institute.[7][8]
Several authors have indicated a number of different methods of describing policy institutes in a way that takes into account regional and national variations. For example from Diane Stone Diane Stone (2005):
- Independent civil society think tanks established as non-profit organisations –ideologically identifiable or not[9]
- Policy research institutes affiliated with a university.
- Governmentally created or state sponsored think tanks.
- Corporate created or business affiliated think tanks.[10]
- Political party think tanks and legacy or personal think tanks.
- Global (or regional) think tanks (with some of the above)
Alternatively, one could use some of the following criteria:
- Size and focus: e.g. large and diversified, large and specialised, small and specialised.[11]
- Evolution of stage of development: e.g. first (small), second (small to large but more complex projects), and third (larger and policy influence) stages.[10]
- Strategy, including: Funding sources (individuals, corporations, foundations, donors/governments, endowments, sales/events)[11] and business model (independent research, contract work, advocacy);[12][13][14][15][16] The balance between research, consultancy, and advocacy; The source of their arguments: Ideology, values or interests; applied, empirical or synthesis research; or theoretical or academic research (Stephen Yeo); The manner in which the research agenda is developed—by senior members of the think tank or by individual researchers, or by the think tank of their funders;[17] Their influencing approaches and tactics (many researchers but an interesting one comes from Abelson[18]) and the time horizon for their strategies: long term and short term mobilisation;[11][14] Their various audiences of the think tanks (audiences as consumers and public -this merits another blog; soon) (again, many authors, but Zufeng[19] provides a good framework for China); and Affiliation, which refers to the issue of independence (or autonomy) but also includes think tanks with formal and informal links to political parties, interest groups and other political players.[20]
In some cases, corporate interests have found it useful to create "think tanks." For example, The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition was formed in the mid-1990s to dispute research finding an association between second-hand smoke and cancer.[21] According to an internal memorandum from Philip Morris Companies referring to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "the credibility of the EPA is defeatable, but not on the basis of ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) alone. It must be part of a larger mosaic that concentrates all the EPA's enemies against it at one time."[22]
According to the Fairness and Accuracy in Media, right-wing policy institutes are often quoted and rarely identified as such. The result is that think tank "experts" are allegedly sometimes depicted as neutral sources without any ideological predispositions when, in fact, they represent a particular perspective.[23] In the field of education, think tank publications are subjected to expert review by the National Education Policy Center's "Think Twice" think tank review project.[24]
A policy institute is often a "tank", in the intellectual sense: discussion only in a sheltered group protected from outside influence isolates the participants, subjects them to several cognitive biases (groupthink, confirmation bias) and fosters members' existing beliefs. This results in surprisingly radical and even unfeasible ideas being published. Many think tanks, however, purposefully attempt to alleviate this problem by selecting members from diverse backgrounds.
Functional method in Latin America[edit]
Research done by Enrique Mendizabal[25] shows that Latin American think tanks play various roles depending on their origins, historical development and relations to other policy actors. In this study, Orazio Bellettini from Grupo FARO suggests that they:[26]
- Seek political support for policies.
- Legitimize policies – This has been clearer in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru. New governments in Ecuador and Peru have approached policy institutes for support for already defined policies. In Bolivia, the government of Evo Morales has been working with Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and other research institutes to do the same. However, in Chile, many think tanks during the 1990s seemed to endorse and maintain the legitimacy of policies implemented during the previous decade by the military dictatorship headed by Pinochet.
- Spaces of debate – In this case think tanks serve as sounding boards for new policies. In Chile, during the Pinochet dictatorship, many left wing intellectuals and researchers found 'asylum' in think tanks. In Ecuador, think tanks are seen as spaces where politicians can test the soundness of their policies and government plans.
- Financial channels for political parties or other interest groups – In Ecuador and Bolivia, German foundations have been able to provide funds to think tanks that work with certain political parties. This method has provided support to the system as a whole rather than individual CSOs.
- Expert cadres of policy-makers and politicians – In Peru after the end of the Fujimori regime, and in Chile after the fall of Pinochet, think tank staff left to form part of the new governments. In the U.S., the role of major think tanks is precisely that: host scholars for a few months or years and then lose them to government employ.
How a policy institute addresses these largely depends on how they work, their ideology vs. evidence credentials, and the context in which they operate (including funding opportunities, the degree and type of competition they have, their staff, etc.).
This functional method addresses the inherit challenge of defining a think tank. As Simon James said in 1998, "Discussion of think tanks...has a tendency to get bogged down in the vexed question of defining what we mean by 'think tank'—an exercise that often degenerates into futile semantics.[27] It is better (as in the Network Functions Approach) to describe what the organisation should do. Then the shape of the organisation should follow to allow this to happen. The following framework (based on Stephen Yeo's description of think tanks' mode of work) is described in Enrique Mendizabal's blog "onthinktanks":
First, policy institutes may work in or based their funding on one or more ways, including:[28]
- Independent research: this would be work done with core or flexible funding that allows the researchers the liberty to choose their research questions and method. It may be long term and could emphasize 'big ideas' without direct policy relevance. However, it could emphasize a major policy problem that requires a thorough research and action investment.
- Consultancy: this would be work done by commission with specific clients and addressing one or two major questions. Consultancies often respond to an existing agenda.
- Influencing/advocacy: this would be work done by communications, capacity development, networking, campaigns, lobbying, etc. It is likely to be based on research based evidence emerging from independent research or consultancies.
Second, policy institutes may base their work or arguments on:
- Ideology, values or interests
- Applied, empirical or synthesis research
- Theoretical or academic research
According to the National Institute for Research Advancement, a Japanese policy institute, think tanks are "one of the main policy actors in democratic societies ..., assuring a pluralistic, open and accountable process of policy analysis, research, decision-making and evaluation".[29] A study in early 2009 found a total of 5,465 think tanks worldwide. Of that number, 1,777 were based in the United States and approximately 350 in Washington DC alone.[30]
Argentina is home to 122 think tanks; many specializing in public policy and economics issues, Argentina ranks fifth in the number of these institutions worldwide.[31]
Argentine scientific and technological development think tanks include:
- Armed Forces Scientific and Technical Research Institute
- National Atomic Energy Commission
- National Space Activities Commission
- National Research Council
- National Agricultural Technology Institute
- National Industrial Technology Institute
- Multidisciplinary Vegetable Biology Institute
- Leloir Institute
- Balseiro Institute
Brazil hosts a wide range of think tanks. Among them is Brazilian Center for International Relations (CEBRI), founded in 1998. CEBRI is one of the most important think tanks in Brazil and aims at the developing knowledge and promoting debate on topics of international relations.
Working on public policies, Brazil hosts, for example, Instituto Liberdade, a University-based Center at Tecnopuc inside the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, located in the South Region of the country, at the city of Porto Alegre. Instituto Liberdade is among the Top 40 think tanks in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to the 2009 Global Go To Think Tanks Index [,[32] a report from the University of Pennsylvania's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP).
Fundação Getulio Vargas (Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV or GV)) is a Brazilian higher education institution founded on December 20, 1944. It offers regular courses of Economics, Business Administration, Law, Social Sciences and Information technology management. Its original goal was to train people for the country's public- and private-sector management. Other courses began to be offered as the institution grew. It is considered by Foreign Policy magazine to be a top-5 "policymaker think-tank" worldwide.
PVBLICA is an independent think tank established in Florianópolis, Brazil, that engages in policy relevant research and advocacy. PVBLICA works in a stem cell organizational structure, and has as principles innovation, design and protection of diffuse interests.
IMCO[33] – The Mexican Institute for Competitiveness (Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad A.C.) is a think-tank that focuses on public-policy research and solutions. IMCO was created in 2004 with the goal of promoting public policies to boost Mexico's competitiveness -defined as a country's capacity to attract and keep investments and talent. IMCO regularly undertakes projects with various international organizations such as the World Bank and its Doing Business report, the OECD and the Inter American Development Bank (IADB).
Fundación Ethos is a non profit, non partisan think tank, committed to the analysis of issues of relevance for Mexico and Latin America's development, as well as to the evaluation and design of technically sound public policies.
CIDAC[34] – The Center of Research for Development (Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo, Asociación Civil) is a not-for-profit think tank that undertakes research and proposes viable policy options for Mexico's economic and democratic development. The organization seeks to promote open, pluralistic debate pursuing: the Rule of Law & Democracy, market economics, social development, and strengthening Mexico-U.S. relations.
CIDE, acronym for Economic Research and Teaching Center (Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas), is one of the most important think tank institutes. The researching lines are the "public policies", "public choice", "democracy", and "economy".
Consejo Venezolano de Relaciones Internacionales (COVRI)www.covri.org
Centro Internacional Miranda
Centro de Divulgación del Conocimiento Económico para la Libertad (CEDICE).
Consejo de Investigación Económica y Social (CIES)
Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (Grade)
Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP)
Instituto Libertad y Democracia (ILD)
Asian think tanks[edit]
In the People's Republic of Bangladesh a number of think tanks are working on foreign policy and security issues. Most of these are based in Dhaka. Among the think tanks set up by the government, Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies (BIISS) stands as one of the prime organizations that works to undertake and promote research and deliberation on international affairs, security and developmental issues of the country. In 1984, the government of Bangladesh issued an ordinance to define organogram and objectives of the think tank.[35]
People's Republic of China[edit]
In the People's Republic of China a number of think tanks are sponsored by governmental agencies, like Development Research Center of the State Council,[36] but still retain sufficient non-official status to be able to propose and debate ideas more freely. Most of the actual diplomacy between China and the United States has taken the form of academic exchanges between members of think tanks.[citation needed] In January 2012, the first non-official think-tank in China, South Non-Governmental Think-Tank, was established in Guangdong province.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, those early think tanks established in the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on the political development including first direct Legislative Council members election in 1991 and the political framework of "One Country, Two Systems" manifested in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. After the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, more and more think tanks were established by various groups of intellectuals and professionals. They have various missions and objectives including promoting civic education; undertaking research on economic social and political policies; promoting "public understanding of and participation in the political, economic, and social development of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region".
India has the third largest number of think tanks in the world.[37] Many are based in New Delhi, and a few are government sponsored. A number of these work on foreign policy and security issues[citation needed]. There are few think tanks like Centre for Civil Society who promote liberal social and economic ideas and others like the Rakshak Foundation, who encourage students to do empirical research and gain first hand experience in public policy issues[citation needed]. Vivekananda International Foundation another example[citation needed]. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations, a think tank based in Mumbai looks at the intersection of foreign policy and business - and how India's businesses are shaping India's interactions with the world.
Think tanks with a development focus are those like the National Centre for Cold-chain Development ('NCCD') which serve to bring inclusive policy change by supporting the Planning Commission and related government bodies with industry specific inputs - in this case set up at the behest of the government to direct cold chain development.
Other think tanks in India could be privately organisations with voluntary contributions from mutli-disciplinary professionals and academic or industry leaders.
Islamic Republic of Iran[edit]
Several organizations established in Iran since the late 1990s offer a unique blend of interdisciplinary research. Their focuses have been to provide social managers and policies. اندیشکده یقین (CBSDA), Explanation strategic think tank (tabyin), Atinegaar Think Tank, Nano Health Think Tank, ASEF Think tank, Seywan Institute, I.R.I. Soft Security Strategic Think tank, and Sharif Think tank & Polytechnic Think Tank are some famous Think tanks in this region. Think tank is called "Andishkadeh" in the Persian language.
Japan has over 100 think tanks, most of which cover not only policy research but also economy, technology and so on. Some are government related, but most of the think tanks are sponsored by the private sector.
Republic of Korea (South Korea)[edit]
In Korea, the National Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences (NRCS) is a public institution that supported 23 related research institutes in their quest to achieve the effective management and improvement of their research environment under the Prime Minister. It was established with the objective of supporting and fostering research institutes in the area of economics and social science and systematically supervising them in their contributions to the production of high-quality national policy research and the development of a concrete knowledge industry. The NRCS was reorganized in 2005 through the merger of the Korea Council of Economic and Social Research Institutes and the Korea Research Council for Humanities and Social Sciences established separately in 1999.
The Center for Free Enterprise (Korea) is a free market think tank located in Seoul, South Korea, with pages in English and Korean.
Most Malaysia think tanks are government or political party related. They focus on defence, politicsm and policies. Notable ones include the Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS), Malaysian Strategic Research Centre (MSRC), International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS) Malaysia, Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS), Maritime Institute of Malaysia (MIMA) and Penang Institute (formerly Socio-economic and Environmental Research Institute (SERI)). IDEAS is Malaysia's first policy oriented classical liberal think tank.
Pakistan's think tanks mainly revolve around internal politics, foreign security issues, and regional geo-politics. Most of these are centered around the capital, Islamabad. Most recently, institutes such as the National University of Sciences and Technology have embarked on creating industrial linkages to create think tanks focusing on industrial and economic growth issues.
Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) is Pakistan's premier think-tank in policy advocacy and research particularly in the area of environment and social development . SDPI was founded in August 1992, on the recommendation of Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS), also called Pakistan's Agenda 21. The Institute acts as both a generator of original research on sustainable development issues and as a knowledge disseminator.
There are several other think tanks as well, such as those concerning the state of education in the country, which hold many former or present educators. There are also think tanks concerning human rights, women rights, labour rights, justice, city development, heritage protection, and environmental protection, all headed by the country's urban dwelling, educated elite living, most of whom have studied or worked abroad. There remains a vacuum for former high ranking Government officials and party members to contribute to the think tank and policy advocacy process in these areas.
Other think tanks concern religion and how its influence could grow in an already religious country. These are centred throughout the country and work under the umbrella of the mammoth Jamaat-e-Islami with headquarters in Lahore and has immense global influence, reach and regard among more traditional Muslims. However the Jamat is a political party, and affiliations with reputable think tanks in Pakistan are not clear.
Some notable Pakistani think tanks are the MEASAC Research Center, the Institute of Policy Studies, the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs and the Corporate Advisory Council (NUST).
Most are known to the general public through seminars and newspaper articles, or conducting workshops and lectures at colleges and universities.
The Institute for Strategic and Development Studies (ISDS Philippines) is an independent non-profit, policy research and advocacy institution that is also involved in training activities in cooperation with other training institutions at home and abroad. It was founded by a group of academics from the University of the Philippines Diliman in April 1991. It was established in response to the need for an ongoing evaluation and interpretation of the changes in national and international affairs by serious international, regional, and national analysts. It was also aimed at responding to the need to provide academics a venue for research to enrich teaching and to provide inputs to policy-making.[38]
The PIPVTR is an independent, non-stock, non-profit, non-governmental research organization officially registered at the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on 29 November 2007 as Philippine Institute for Political Violence and Terrorism Research. It was first conceptualized in September 2005 by a group of experts, academics and practitioners who see the need to establish a center in the Philippines dedicated to the study of political violence and terrorism and their implications for peace and security.[39]
Think tanks in the Philippines could be generally categorized in terms of their linkages with the national government. Several were set up by the Philippine government for the specific purpose of providing research input into the policy-making process.[40]
Sri Lanka[edit]
Sri Lanka has a number of think tanks that are in the form governmental, non-governmental and corporate organizations.
Verité Research is perhaps the best recognised interdisciplinary think tank in the country, providing strategic analysis and advice for governments and the private sector in Asia. Founded by Dr. Nishan de Mel, a former senior Sri Lankan policy maker, the organisation's clients include multinational firms, multilateral agencies, diplomatic missions, government agencies and civil society actors. It features research divisions in economics, politics, law and media.
Recently, the Ministry of External Affairs of Sri Lanka (formerly known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) established a "Foreign Policy Think Tank" to facilitate the professional advancement of the country's foreign policy and the conduct of its external affairs. The structure of government Think Tanks in Sri Lanka are structured with the help of many academics and intellectuals affiliated with the government.
The Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies is a regionally acclaimed policy-studies institute that is often referred to as a think tank. The Institute of Policy Studies in Colombo is another policy planning related think tank. The International Center for Ethnic Studies (located both in Colombo and Kandy) is another research-related think tank. There are several other focus-research institutes throughout the country that may be referred to as Think Tanks, such as the Marga Institute of Sri Lanka.
Other think tanks in Sri Lanka include the Islamic Think Tank and the Sri Lanka Think Tank – UK. Many private and government universities in Sri Lanka have research-related think tanks.
European think tanks[edit]
According to the Global Go Think Thank Report 2012, there are around 14 think tanks in Armenia of which the largest part is located in Yerevan. The Economic Development and Research Center (EDRC), International Center for Human Development (ICHD) and the Armenian International Policy Research Group are among the most active and well known think tanks in the country.
Brussels hosts most of the European Institutions, hence a large number of international think tanks are based there. Among them there is the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Bruegel, the Global Governance Institute (GGI), the European Policy Centre (EPC), ThinkYoung, the Friends of Europe, the Lisbon Council, the European Centre of International Political Economy (ECIPE), and the Centre for the New Europe (CNE). Although headquartered in the Netherlands the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) also maintains an office in Brussels. The Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), though based in London, is a network of researchers based throughout Europe that contributes actively to European policy debates.
Bulgaria has a number of think tanks providing expertise and shaping policies. Most active are:
- Institute of Modern Politics – focused on legislation and parliamentary conduct from human rights and good governance perspective;
- Center for the Study of Democracy – working on anti-corruption and judicial reform issues;
- Institute on Market Economy – budget and macroeconomy.
- Centre for Liberal Strategies - The research activities of CLS pursue academic depth while at the same time reacting to the current problems of the political, economic and social life in Bulgaria and taking into account the context of today's global world.
In Croatia, Innovation Institute is a NGO with a mission to develop innovative potential by promoting creativity, innovativeness, unorthodox thinking and questioning existing dogmas. It aims at changing the culture from being focused on redistribution of value to being focused on value creation. The key target segments include: managers, entrepreneurs, policy makers, academics and students.
Czech Republic[edit]
The Association for International Affairs is the foremost Czech think-tank specializing in the field of international politics and diplomacy. It focuses on three areas: education (with the largest educational project in Central Europe, the Prague Student Summit), research (at its Research Center) and international outreach (currently in Belarus and other countries).[41]
Finland has several small think tanks that provide expertise in very specific fields. Vasemmistofoorumi researches the future of leftism, OK Do is a socially-minded design thinking organization, Demos Helsinki is a think tank that researches future society and Culture Crisis Management is political artists' think tank.
In addition to specific independent think tanks, the largest political parties have their own think tank organizations. This is mainly due to support granted by state for such activity.[by whom?] The corporate world has focused their efforts to central representative organization Confederation of Finnish Industries, which acts as think tank in addition to negotiating salaries with workers unions. Furthermore, there is the Finnish Business and Policy Forum (Elinkeinoelämän valtuuskunta, EVA). Agricultural and regional interests, associated with The Central Union of Agricultural Producers and Forest Owners (Maa- ja metsätaloustuottajain Keskusliitto, MTK) and the Centre Party, are researched by Pellervo Economic Research (Pellervon taloustutkimus, PTT). The Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjärjestö, SAK) and the Social Democratic Party are associated with the Labour Institute for Economic Research (Palkansaajien tutkimuslaitos, PT). Each of these organizations often release forecasts concerning the national economy.
The French Institute of International Relations (IFRI) was founded in 1979 and is the third oldest think tank of western Europe, after Chatham House (UK, 1920) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sweden, 1960). The primary goals of IFRI are to develop applied research in the field of public policy related to international issues, and foster interactive and constructive dialogue between researchers, professionals, and opinion leaders. France also hosts the European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), a Paris-based agency of the European Union and think tank researching security issues of relevance for the EU. There are also a number of pro-business think tanks, notably the Paris-based Fondation Concorde. The foundation focuses on increasing the competitiveness of French SME's and aims to revive entrepreneurship in France.
In Germany all of the major parties are loosely associated with research foundations that play some role in shaping policy, but generally from the more disinterested role of providing research to support policymakers than explicitly proposing policy. These include the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (Social Democratic Party-aligned), the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (Christian Democratic Union-aligned), the Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung (Christian Social Union-aligned), the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (aligned with the Greens), Friedrich Naumann Foundation (Free Democratic Party-aligned) and the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation (aligned with Die Linke). The German Institute for International and Security Affairs is a prominent example of a German foreign policy think tank. Atlantic Community think tank is an example of independent, non-partisan and non-profit organization set up as a joint project of Atlantische Initiative e.V. and Atlantic Initiative U.S. The Institute for Media and Communication Policy is the leading think tank in the realm of media.
In Greece there are many think tanks,[42] also called research organisations or institutes.
The Iona Institute is a conservative, Catholic think tank.
- Bruno Leoni Institute
- Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
- Future Italy
- Istituto Affari Internazionali
- Venezie Institute
While think tanks are not widespread in Latvia, as opposed to single issue advocacy organizations, there are several noticeable institutions in the Latvian think tank landscape:
- The oldest think tank in Latvia is Latvian Institute of International Affairs. LIIA is a non governmental and non partisan foundation, established in 1992, their research and advocacy mainly focuses on: Latvian foreign policy, Transatlantic relations, European Union policies, including its neighborhood policy and Eastern Partnership, and multilateral and bilateral relations with Russia.
- Centre for Public policy PROVIDUS is a non governmental and non partisan association, established in 2002. Providus focuses their work (both research and advocacy) on topics especially relevant in transition and post-transition environments and Latvia in particular: good governance; criminal justice policy; tolerance and inclusive public policy and European policy.
There are several think tanks that are established and operate under the auspices of Universities. Such as:
- Centre for European and transition studies is a think tank working under the auspices of the University of Latvia,- the largest public university in the country. CETS was established in 2000.
- or Defense research centre established in 1992 under the auspices of the National Academy of Defense.
All major political parties in the Netherlands have state-sponsored research foundations that play a role in shaping policy. The Dutch government also has its own think tank: the Scientific Council for Government Policy. One of the oldest think tanks in the Netherlands is the Transnational Institute in Amsterdam (1974). Maastricht in the Netherlands is also the headquarters of the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) a "think and do tank" with a Europe and Africa focus.
There is a large pool of think-tanks in Poland; none of them stands out however. The oldest state-sponsored think tank is The Western Institute in Poznań (Polish: Instytut Zachodni, German West-Institut, French: L'Institut Occidental).The second oldest is the Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM) established in 1947. The other most important state-sponsored think tank is the Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW), which specialises in the post-Communist space. Among the private think tanks the most important are: the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE) and Institute for Structural Research (IBS) on economic policy, The Casimir Pulaski Foundation on foreign policy, demosEUROPA on EU affairs, the Institute of Public Affairs (ISP) on social policy, the Center for International Affairs (CSM) and The Sobieski Institute.
Contraditório think tank was founded in 2008. Contraditório is a non-profit, independent and non-partisan think tank.
Romania's largest think tank is the Romanian Academic Society (SAR), which was founded in 1996.
The Institute for Public Policy (IPP) is a think-tank established in 2001 with the aim to support the development of democratic processes in Romania through in-depth research, comprehensive debates and nonpartisan public policy analysis. Its mission is to contribute to a better process of public policy formulation in Romania. From its very inception, the Institute adhered to high professional standards and to promote concrete, objective and data-supported policy measures, with the aim to contribute to a consolidation of the democratic system in Romania by promoting the idea of public policy designed in accordance with world know standards. IPP developed and consolidated a recognized expertise in the fields of public administration reform (public services reform, modernization of the civil service body, fiscal decentralization), political parties finance, analysis of electoral systems and processes, health reform, public procurement, anti corruption policies. This was achieved by working with specialized personnel and by permanent collaboration with experts in the aforementioned fields. Since 2004, IPP is a member organization of the Policy Association for an Open Society (PASOS) network, together with other similar organizations from 22 countries. IPP motto is It's all about thinking.
According to the Foreign Policy Research Institute, Russia has 112 think tanks, while Russian think tanks claimed four of the top ten spots in 2011's "Top Thirty Think Tanks in Central and Eastern Europe".[43]
Notable Russian think tanks include:
- Carnegie Moscow Center
- Institute of World Economy and International Relations
- Moscow State Institute of International Relations
- Center for Economic and Financial Research
- Institute for US and Canadian Studies
- Council on Foreign and Defense Policy (in Russian)
- Independent Institute for Social Policy
Serbia's best known think thank is the Foundation for the Advancement of Economics - FREN, founded in 2005 by the Belgrade University's Faculty of Economics. Thanks to the quality and relevance of its research, FREN has established itself as one of the leading economic think tanks in Serbia. FREN's team comprises a network of over 30 associates who regularly and systematically monitor economic trends in Serbia, conduct in-depth research and encourage and facilitate the exchange of information and availability of economic data.
Besides the international think tanks present in the surrounding countries as well (with Open Society Foundations being the most notable one) Slovakia has a host of its own think tanks as well, such as Institute of Public Affairs (Inštitút pre verejné otázky or IVO in Slovak) and Forum Minority Research Institute (Fórum Kisebbségkutató Intézet or Fórum Intézet in Hungarian and Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín or Fórum inštitút in Slovak), with the latter concentrating on minority issues. Since most of these organizations are generally perceived to be associated with right-wing and liberal parties of Slovakia (with the perception being particularly strong among Slovak nationalists),[44] findings and proposals made by these organizations are generally resented or ignored by left-wing supporters and nationalists.,[45] k.h.
In Spain, think tanks are progressively raising their public profile. There are now at least 30 think tanks in the country. One of the most influential Spanish think tanks is the Elcano Royal Institute, created in 2001 following the example of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) in the UK, although it is closely linked to (and receives funding from) the Socialist government in power. More independent but clearly to the left of the political spectrum are the Centro de Investigaciones de Relaciones Internacionales y Desarrollo (CIDOB) founded in 1973; and the Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE) established in 1999 by Diego Hidalgo and main driving force behind projects such as the Club de Madrid, a group of democratic former heads of state and government, or the Foreign Policy Spanish Edition. Former Prime Minister José Maria Aznar presides over the Fundación para el Analisis y los Estudios Sociales (FAES), a policy institute that is associated with the conservative Popular Party (PP). Also linked to the PP is the Grupo de Estudios Estratégicos (GEES), which is known for its defense- and security-related research and analysis. For its part, the Fundación Alternativas is independent but close to left-wing ideas. The Socialist Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) has created a new think tank called the Fundación Ideas. More specialized think tanks has also emerged in Spain during the past 10 years, like the Future Trends Forum from Bankinter Foundation, a unique think tank in Europe, focused on detecting social, economic, scientific and technological trends and analyzing their possible application and impact on current business models.
The two biggest think tanks in Sweden is the liberal oriented Timbro and center-left oriented Agora. Others are Sektor3, SNS, FORES, Arbetarrörelsens Tankesmedja (sociodemocratic oriented), Civitas (Christian democratic oriented) and Cogito (Green oriented). The public service radio channel P3 also hosts the programme Tankesmedjan.
Turkish think tanks are relatively new. Many of them are sister organizations of a political party or a company. University think tanks are not typical think tanks. Most Turkish think tanks provide research and ideas, yet they play less important roles in policy making when compared with American think tanks. There are at least 20 think tanks in the country.
The oldest and most influential think tank organization in Turkey is ESAM (The Center for Economic and Social Research - Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi) which is established in 1969 and centrally based in Ankara. There are also branch offices of ESAM in İstanbul, Bursa, Konya and other cities. ESAM has strong international relationships especially with Muslim countries and societies. Ideologically it performs policies, produce ideas and manage projects in parallel to Milli Görüş and have also influential effects on political parties and international strategies. The founder Leader of Milli Görüş movement Prof. Dr. Necmettin ERBAKAN was very concerned with activities and brainstorming events of ESAM. In The Republic of Turkey, 2 of the presidents, 4 of the prime ministers, various ministers, many members of the parliament, a lot of mayors and bureaucrats had been member of ESAM. Currently the General Chairman of ESAM is a famous veteran politician Recai KUTAN (who is older Minister for two different ministries, older main opposition party leader, and founder General Chairman of Saadet Party).
Other influential Turkish think tanks is the International Strategic Research Organisation (USAK), SETA etc.
List of think-tanks in Turkey: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye'deki_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnce_kurulu%C5%9Flar%C4%B1_listesi
Razumkov Centre Razumkov Centre is a non-governmental think tank founded in 1994. It carries out research of public policy in the following spheres:
- domestic policy;
- state administration;
- economic policy;
- energy;
- land relations;
- foreign policy;
- social policy;
- international and regional security;
- national security and defence.
Razumkov Centre united experts in the fields of economy, energy, law, political sciences, international relations, military security, land relations, sociology, history and philosophy. The Centre has about 35 full-time employees, and over 100 persons work on contractual basis. The Ukrainian-wide public opinion polls of Razumkov Centre Sociological Service are carried out by over 300 interviewers.
Analytical materials of Razumkov Centre are:
- recognized and used by different political forces;
- recognized by scientific and expert community;
- presented on the web sites of the Government, some ministries and departments;
- used as analytical and reference materials during the parliamentary heariings
in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine;
- listed as recommended for the students of Ukrainian universities;
- have high index of quoting in Ukrainian and foreign mass media and scientific literature.
In 2004, on the International Economic Forum in Krynica (Poland) Razumkov Centre was named the best non-governmental organisation of Eastern Europe.
The Razumkov Centre is listed among top-25 think tanks of the Central and Eastern Europe.
The average Centre's yearly budget is approximately $600,000.
United Kingdom[edit]
In Britain, think tanks play a similar role to the United States, attempting to shape policy, and indeed there is some cooperation between British and American think tanks. For example, the London-based think tank Chatham House and the Council on Foreign Relations were both conceived at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 and have remained sister organisations.
The Bow Group, founded in 1951, is the oldest centre-right think tank and many of its members have gone on to serve as Members of Parliament or Members of the European Parliament. Past chairmen have included Conservative Party leader Michael Howard, Margaret Thatcher's longest-serving Cabinet Minister Geoffrey Howe, Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont and former British Telecom chairman Christopher Bland.
Centre for Strategic Research and Analysis (CESRAN), CIVITAS, Demos are three of the most significant think-tanks of the United Kingdom.
United States think tanks[edit]
As the classification is most often used today, the oldest American think tank is the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, founded in 1910.[46] The Institute for Government Research, which later merged with two organizations to form the Brookings Institution, was formed in 1916. Other early twentieth century organizations now classified as think tanks include the Hoover Institution (1919), The Twentieth Century Fund (1919, and now known as the Century Foundation), the National Bureau of Economic Research (1920), and the Council on Foreign Relations. The Great Depression and its aftermath spawned several economic policy organizations, such as the National Planning Association (1934) and the Committee for Economic Development (1943).[46]
In collaboration with the Douglas Aircraft Company, the Air Force set up the RAND Corporation in 1946 to develop weapons technology and strategic defense analysis.
In 1971 Lewis F. Powell Jr. urged conservatives to retake command of public discourse by "financing think tanks, reshaping mass media and seeking influence in universities and the judiciary."[47] In the following decades conservative policies once considered outside the political mainstream—such as abolishing welfare, privatizing Social Security, deregulating banking, embracing preemptive war—were taken seriously and sometimes passed into law thanks to the work of the Hoover Institution, Heritage Foundation, the American Enterprise Institute and smaller tanks.[48][49]
Think tanks help shape both foreign and domestic policy. They receive funding from private donors, and members of private organizations. Think tanks may feel more free to propose and debate controversial ideas than people within government. The progressive media watchgroup Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) has identified the top 25 think tanks by media citations, noting that from 2006 to 2007 the number of citations declined 17%.[50] The FAIR report reveals the ideological breakdown of the citations: 37% conservative, 47% centrist, and 16% liberal. Their data show that the most-cited think tank was the Brookings Institution, followed by the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Enterprise Institute, the Heritage Foundation, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
A database of articles released by these organizations can be found here: The Think Bank.
Government think tanks are also important in the United States, particularly in the security and defense field. These include the Institute for National Strategic Studies, Institute for Homeland Security Studies, and the Center for Technology and National Security Policy, at the National Defense University; the Center for Naval Warfare Studies at the Naval War College and the Strategic Studies Institute at the U.S. Army War College.
The government funds, wholly or in part, activities at approximately 30 Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs). FFRDCs, are unique independent nonprofit entities sponsored and funded by the U.S. government to meet specific long-term technical needs that cannot be met by any other single organization. FFRDCs typically assist government agencies with scientific research and analysis, systems development, and systems acquisition. They bring together the expertise and outlook of government, industry, and academia to solve complex technical problems. These FFRDCs include the RAND Corporation, the MITRE Corporation, the Institute for Defense Analyses, the Aerospace Corporation, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and other organizations supporting various departments within the U.S. Government.
Similar to the above quasi-governmental organizations are Federal Advisory Committees. These groups, sometimes referred to as commissions, are a form of think tank dedicated to advising the US Presidents or the Executive branch of government. They typically focus on a specific issue and as such, might be considered similar to special interest groups. However, unlike special interest groups these committees have come under some oversight regulation and are required to make formal records available to the public. Approximately 1,000 these advisory committees are described in the FACA searchable database.
Other countries[edit]
According to research done by the University of Pennsylvania, there are a total of 12 think tanks in Azerbaijan.
The Center for Economic and Social Development, or CESD; in Azeri, Azerbaijan, İqtisadi və Sosial İnkişaf Mərkəzi (İSİM) is an Azeri think tank, non-profit organization, NGO based in Baku, Azerbaijan. The Center was established in 2005.
CESD focuses on policy advocacy and reform, and is involved with policy research and capacity building. CESD employs leading researchers prominent in their fields and enjoys a broad regional and international network. CESD has been set up to promote research into domestic and regional economic and social issues, advocacy towards reforms and capacity building for the purpose to positively impact the policy making and improve the participation.
CESD ranked as one of the top think tanks in the world by the University of Pennsylvania.[6] According to the University of Pennsylvania rankings – a result of surveys from 1500 scholars and peer review evaluation – the Center for Economic and Social Development (CESD) is one of the top 25 think tanks in Central and Eastern Europe, including CIS. CESD is the only think tank from the Caucasus and Central Asia included in the top think tanks rankings.CESD is also ranked as one of the top 25 domestic economic policy thinks tanks in the world. Only CESD (ranked 19) and the Center for Economic and Social Research (CASE), (Poland, ranked 21) were included in the list from Central and Eastern Europe and CIS countries.
The Economic Research Center (ERC) is a policy-research oriented non-profit think tank established in 1999 with a mission to facilitate sustainable economic development and good governance in the new public management system of Azerbaijan. It seeks to do this by building favorable interactions between the public, private and civil society and working with different networks both in local (EITI NGO Coalition, National Budget Group, Public Coalition Against Poverty and etc.) and international levels (PWYP, IBP, ENTO, ALDA, PASOS, WTO NGO Network etc.).[citation needed]
Most Australian think tanks are based at universities[51] – for example, the Melbourne Institute – or are government funded – for example, the Productivity Commission or the CSIRO.
There are also about 20–30 "independent" Australian think tanks, which are funded by private sources. The best-known of these think tanks play a much more limited role in Australian public and business policy making than in the United States. However, in the past decade the number of think tanks has increased substantially.[citation needed] Prominent Australian conservative think tanks include The Centre for Independent Studies, the Sydney Institute and the Institute of Public Affairs. Prominent leftist Australian think tanks include the McKell Institute, Per Capita, the Australia Institute, Lowy Institute and the Centre for Policy Development. In recent years regionally based independent and non-partisan think tanks have emerged. Some such as the Illawarra's i-eat-drink-think engage in discussion, research and advocacy within a broader civics framework. Commercial think tanks like the Gartner Group, Access Economics, The Helmsman Institute, and others provide additional insight which complements not for profit organisations such as CEDA, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, and the Australian Institute of Company Directors to provide more targeted policy in defence, program governance, corporate governance and similar.
Listed in alphabetical order, think tanks based in Australia include:
- Ainslie Institute
- Air Power Australia
- AltSolved Commonwealth Think Tank
- Asia Education Foundation
- Asia Society (AustralAsia)
- Asialink
- Australia India Institute
- The Australia Institute
- Australian Fabian Society
- Australian Institute of International Affairs
- Australian Institute of Policy & Science
- Australian Strategic Policy Institute
- The Brisbane Institute
- Centre for Independent Studies
- Centre for Policy Development
- Chifley Research Centre
- Committee for Economic Development of Australia
- Crowther Centre for Learning and Innovation
- Development Policy Centre
- Doctors Reform Society of Australia
- Evatt Foundation
- Grattan Institute
- H. R. Nicholls Society
- Infrastructure Partnerships Australia
- Institute of Public Affairs
- International Energy Centre
- International Water Centre
- Issues Deliberation Australia/America
- Laboratory for Visionary Architecture
- Lowy Institute for International Policy
- Mannkal Economic Education Foundation
- The McKell Institute
- The Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research
- Menzies Research Centre
- National Civic Council
- New South Wales Institute for Educational Research
- Per Capita
- Samuel Griffith Society
- Strategic and Defence Studies Centre
- Sydney Institute
- Transport and logistics centre
- Western Australia Policy Forum
Canada has many think tanks (listed in no particular order). Each has their specific areas of interest with some overlaps:
- Atlantic Institute for Market Studies
- Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada
- Broadbent Institute
- Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute
- Cardus
- C.D Howe Institute
- Centre for International Governance Innovation
- The Conference of Defence Associations
- Conference Board of Canada
- Caledon Institute of Social Policy
- Council of Canadians
- Canada West Foundation
- Franco-Canadian Research Centre
- Fraser Institute
- Frontier Centre for Public Policy
- Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives
- Institute for Public Economics
- Canadian Council on Social Development
- Institute for Research on Public Policy
- Canadian Employment Research Forum
- International Institute for Sustainable Development
- International Policy Forum
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
- Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation
- North-South Institute
- Canadian International Council
- Parkland Institute
- Canadian Labour and Business Centre
- Pembina Institute
- Public Policy Forum
- Canadian Tax Foundation
- Western Centre for Economic Research
- Centre for Trade Policy and Law
Note: The Canadian Policy Research Networks (CPRN) is a Canadian think-tank that has disbanded.
Ghana's first president, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, set up various state-supported think tanks in the 1960s. By the 1990s, a variety of policy research centers sprang up in Africa set up by academics who sought to influence public policy in Ghana.
One such think tank was The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana, which was founded in 1989 when the country was ruled by the Provisional National Defence Council. The IEA undertakes and publishes research on a range of economic and governance issues confronting Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa. It has also been involved in bringing political parties together to engage in dialogue. In particular it has organised Presidential debates every election year since the Ghanaian presidential election, 1996.
Some of the active think tanks in Ghana include:
- Africa Centre for Development & Integrity (CeDI-Africa)
- IMANI Centre for Policy and Education
- The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana (IEA)
- The Center for Policy Analysis (CEPA)
- Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER)
- Centre for Democratic Development (CDD)
- The Integrated Social Development Centre (ISODEC)
- Civil Society Platform on Oil and Gas
- The Institute for Health Policy and Research (IHPR)
There are many think tank teams in Israel:[52]
- Shaharit: The Think Tank for New Israeli Politics
- Jerusalem Institute for Market Studies (JIMS)
- Neaman Institute
- Reut Institute
- The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
- Adva Center for Social Policy
- Israel Democracy Institute
- The Institute for National Security Studies
- The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies
- The Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute
- The Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel
- The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute
- AIX Group-Joint Palestinian-Israeli-International Economic Working Group
- Floersheimer Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- International Institute for Counter-Terrorism – IDC Herziliya
- Israel Center for Third Sector Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev
- IPCRI - Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information
- The Milken Institute
- Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University
- The Shalom Hartman Institute
- The Begin-Sadat Center – Bar Ilan University
- The Center for the Study of Philanthropy in Israel at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- The Institute for Advanced Studies at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- The Jewish Arab Center (JAC), University of Haifa
- The Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI)
- The Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, The Hebrew University
- The Shalem Center
The Planning Institute of Jamaica is an agency of the Office of the Prime Minister that is "committed to leading the process of policy formulation on economic and social issues and external co-operation management to achieve sustainable development."
- The Amadeus Institute is an independent Moroccan think tank, founded in 2008 and based in Rabat. It acts as a laboratory of ideas, a brainstorming platform, and a creator of debates. It contributes to the Moroccan and Maghreban public debate. It also acts as the Voice of the South to communicate its vision and concerns at the global level. The Amadeus Institute has a double role: analysis and creating debates. It operates as a laboratory of ideas and a unique creator of debates. It is at the same time a centre of reflection, dialogue proposition and consultancy, but also a platform of exchanges, meetings and North-South and South-South cooperation.[53]
- Mazagan InstituteMazagan Institute promotes the development of intercultural dialogue, bringing people together through culture and the development of cultural activities based on the diversity of disciplines, thematic approaches, stakeholders, forms, audiences, and places of achievement in promoting youth participation in projects related to urban culture and social development ... Awaken in them the notion of citizenship and social integration ... a conception of culture for which the Institute Mazagan engages and advocates.
- According toMarianne Republic[54] AMAQUEN is one of leadings think tank in the world. Indeed, AMAQUEN founded in 2003, is one of the most influential associations in the field of education through its publications (rapports and international scientific journal "Quality in Education") and international events (CIMQUSEF).
CED[55] – Center for Economic Development (Центр Содействия Экономическому Развитию) is a think-tank whose major tasks are: analytic support in economic reforming and development in Uzbekistan; improving knowledge and skills of the subjects of economic development; assistance in productive dialogue between the government, civil society and private sectors on the economic development matters. Key projects: Preparation of the National human development report for Uzbekistan, Sociological "portrait" of the Uzbek businessman, Preparation of an analytical report on export procedures optimization in Uzbekistan, various industry and marketing researches in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.
South Africa[edit]
- Idasa: Frederik Van Zyl Slabbert, and Alex Borain.
- FW de Klerk Foundation
- South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA)
- South African Institute of Race Relations
- Centre for Development and Enterprise
- Helen Suzman Foundation
- Free Market Foundation
- sbp Business Environment Specialists
- Good Governance Africa
- Institute for Security Studies
- AfriMAP
- Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa
- Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection
See also[edit]
- Collective intelligence
- Futurists
- Internet think tanks
- List of think tanks
- Mass collaboration
- Mass communication
- Overton window
- Strategic studies
- TED (conference)
- Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP)
- Thinktank, Birmingham - a science centre.
- ^ Diane Stone 'Think Tanks and Policy Analysis', in Frank Fischer, Gerald J. Miller. & Mara S. Sidney (eds.) Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Methods, and Politics, New York, Marcel Dekker Inc. 2006: 149–157
- ^ http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=think_tanks
- ^ Tevi Troy (May/June 2012). "No More Thinking With Think Tanks". Utne. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
- ^ a b McGann, James. "Think Tanks and the Transnationalization of Foreign Policy". Foreign Policy Research Institute.
- ^ a b c Singer, Peter. "Washington's Think Tanks: Factories to Call Our Own". the Brookings Institution. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
- ^ a b McGann, James. "The Global "Go-To Think Tanks"". the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program.
- ^ Mendizabal, Enrique. "Another year, another ranking of think tanks (and surprise surprise, Brookings is still the best)". On Think Tanks. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ Buldioski, Goran. "Mirror, mirror on the wall… tell me who is the best think tank in the world?". Goran's Musings. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ Braml, J. (2004). Think tanks versus "Denkfabriken"? U.S. and German Policy Research Institutes' Coping with and Influencing Their Environments. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellshaft.
- ^ a b Struyk, R. J. (2006). Managing Think Tanks: Paractical Guidance for Maturing Organizations (2 ed.). Budapest: OSI/LGI, The Urban Institute.
- ^ a b c Weidenbaum, M. (2009). The Competition of Ideas: the world of the washington think tanks. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
- ^ Abelson, D. E. (2006). A capitol idea: think tanks and US foreign policy. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- ^ Belletini, O. (2007). El papel de los centros de investigacion de politica publica en las reformas publicas implementadas en America Latina. In Think Tanks y politicas publics en Latinoamerica: Dinamicas globales y realidades regionales. Buenos Aires: IDRC/Konrad Adenauer Stiftung/Prometeo libros.
- ^ a b Ricci, D. M. (1993). The Transformation of American Politics: The new Washington and the rise of think Tanks. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- ^ Rich, A. (2006). Think tanks, Public policy and the Politics of Expertise. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Weaver, R. K. (1989). The Changing World of Think Tanks. PS: Political Science and Politics , 22 (3), 563-578.
- ^ Braml, J. (2004). Think tanks versus "Denkfabriken"? U.S. and German Policy Research Institutes' Coping with and Influencing Their Environments. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellshaft
- ^ Abelson, D. E. (2009). Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the impact of public policy institutes. Quebec City: McGill-Queen's University Press.
- ^ Zufeng, Z. (2009). The Influence of Think Tanks in the Chinese Policy Process: Different W. Asian Survey , 49 (2), 333-357.
- ^ Snowdon, P. (2010). Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party. London: Harper Press.
- ^ Ong, Elisa K.; Glantz, Stanton A. (2001). "Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms". American Journal of Public Health (American Public Health Association) 91 (11): 1749–1757. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749. PMC 1446868. PMID 11684593. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
- ^ "How Big Tobacco Helped Create "the Junkman" | Center for Media and Democracy". Prwatch.org. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1425, http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3322
- ^ "Think Tank Review Project | National Education Policy Center". Nepc.colorado.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ Mendizabal Enrique (2009) Think tanks and political parties in Latin America, Background Paper: http://www.odi.org.uk/events/2009/03/10/443-think-tanks-political-parties.pdf
- ^ Mendizabal, Enrique y Kristen Sample (eds) (2009) Dime a quien escuchas... Think Tanks y Partidos Politicos en America Latina, ODI/IDEA: Lima
- ^ USA. ""Think Tanks as an Emergent Field" — Publication — Social Science Research Council". Ssrc.org. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "on the business model and how this affects what think tanks do « on think tanks". Onthinktanks.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "Introduction" NIRA's World Directory of Think Tanks 2002.
- ^ "Foreign Policy, January/February, 2009". Foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ Argentina, quinto país en el mundo en centros de estudio - Clarín
- ^ McGann, James. "The Global "Go-To Think Tanks"". the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program.
- ^ "Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad A.C". Imco.org.mx. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies
- ^ Fengbo Zhang Notable Quotes
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ ISDS website http://www.isdsphilippines.org/
- ^ PIPVTR website http://www.pipvtr.com/pipvtr/
- ^ "NIRA Review Winter 1999: A Look at Think Tanks in the Philippines by Herman Joseph S. Kraft". Nira.or.jp. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ "Association for International Affairs". Amo.cz. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "Greek Institutes And Think Tanks". Mfa.gr. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ Global Go To Think Tanks 2011, FPRI
- ^ Pavel Kapusta (November 2008). "Res publica" (in Slovak). Extra Plus. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ Ľudovít Števko (August 2011). "Mesežnikovov barometer" (in Slovak). Extra Plus. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
- ^ a b Thomas Medvetz, "'Think Tanks in America" (2012) Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
- ^ Lewis F. Powell, "Attack on the American Free Enterprise System." 1971 memorandum to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce,
- ^ Murray L. Weidenbaum, The Competition of Ideas: The World of the Washington Think Tanks (2011)
- ^ Donald E. Abelson, Do Think Tanks Matter?: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes (2009) pp 168–79
- ^ FAIR. The Incredible Shrinking Think Tank.
- ^ "Category:Think tanks based in Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ "Think Tanks in Israel | Jewish Federations of North America". Jewishfederations.org. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "Institut Amadeus". Institut Amadeus. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "think tank : Marianne République". Mariannerepublique.hautetfort.com. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ "Центр содействия экономическому развитию в Узбекистане". Ced.uz. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
Further reading[edit]
- Abelson, Donald E. Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002.
- Arin, Kubilay Yado: Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013.
- Boucher, Stephen, et al., Europe and its think tanks; a promise to be fulfilled. An analysis of think tanks specialised in European policy issues in the enlarged European Union, Studies and Research No 35, October, Paris, Notre Europe, 2004 [3]
- Cockett, Richard, Thinking the unthinkable: think tanks and the economic counter revolution; 1931–1983, London: Fontana, 1995
- Dickson, Paul. "Think Tanks". New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. 397 pages.
- Goodman, John C. "What is a Think Tank?" National Center for Policy Analysis, 2005.[4]
- Fan, Maureen. "Capital Brain Trust Puts Stamp on the World", Washington Post (16 May 2005): B01.[5]
- Patrick Dixon. Futurewise – Six Faces of Global Change – issues covered by Think Tanks and methodology for reviewing trends, impact on policy 2003): Profile Books
- Lakoff, George. Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don't. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
- Ladi, Stella. Globalisation, Policy Transfer And Policy Research Institutes, Edward Elgar, 2005.
- Mendizabal, Enrique and Kristen Sample (2009) "Dime a quien escuchas... Think Tanks y Partidos Politicos en America Latina", ODI/IDEA: Lima
- McGann, James (2006) Comparative Think Tanks, Politics And Public Policy, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing
- Medvetz, Thomas (2012) "Think Tanks in America", Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Ranquet, Robert. Think Tanks and the National Security Strategy Formulation Process: A Comparison of Current American and French Patterns, 1997. [6]
- Smith, James. A. The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite, New York: The Free Press, 1991.
- Snider, J.H. "Strengthen Think Tank Accountability", Politico (3 February 2009).[7]
- Stone, Diane. 'RAPID Knowledge: 'Bridging Research and Policy' in International Development at the Overseas Development Institute', Public Administration and Development, 29, 2009: 303–15.
- Stone, Diane. Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process, London: Frank Cass, 1996
- Stone, Diane. 'Garbage Cans, Recycling Bins or Think Tanks? Three Myths about Policy Institutes', Public Administration, 85(2) 2007: 259–278
- Stone, Diane, and Andrew Denham, eds. Think Tank Traditions: Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
- Struyk, Raymond J. Managing Think Tanks: Practical Guidance for Maturing Organizations, Budapest, Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Washington DC., Urban Institute 2002
- UNDP – United Nations Development Program. Thinking the Unthinkable, Bratislava, UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2003
External links[edit]
- On Think Tanks: a free resource for think tanks
- The Economist Magazine and NPR's Marketplace report: "Under the Influence: Think Tanks and The Money That Fuels Them"
- Foreign Policy Research Institute, Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program directory of over 5000 think tanks and research on the role and impact of think tanks.
- PBS: Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg: "Thinking About Think Tanks" – interview with Christopher DeMuth, President of AEI, October 13, 2005
- Enrique Mendizabal (Former head of programme at the Overseas Development Institute on the definition of think tanks: towards a more useful discussion -a new way of studying think tanks that focuses on their functions rather than form.
- 2009 Global Think Tank Rating
- Network Functions Approach
- Fundación Ethos
- Vivekananda International Foundation
- Rakshak Foundation
- ThinkSync Malta


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MulberryCotts: Only 20 days left to enjoy 20% off. 45 cottages to choose from - here's one of them http://t.co/eZGb...
Tue, 11 Jun 2013
MulberryCotts: Still time for a Father's Day treat. 20% off in June. Perfect http://t.co/VPhZ6iac1A #fathersday #sh...
Mon, 10 Jun 2013
MulberryCotts: It's Giveaway time! http://t.co/kFJrgS8fxK #giveaway #kitesurfing #cambersands #sussex #england #hol...
Fri, 07 Jun 2013
We are here to help you find the perfect holiday cottage that you, your family and friends will love! We can guarantee that we have something that will suit everyone.
Maybe you are searching for a peaceful retreat by the sea or a pet friendly holiday home? Perhaps you are looking for something extra special to host your wedding or just a lovely large holiday home to get the whole family together? Mulberry Cottages can help you find the perfect holiday home to make your holiday with us extra special.
Each holiday home is unique, perfectly located and most definitely has the wow factor, all you have to do is explore our huge selection of holiday homes and we are sure you will find the one for you. Scour our website to explore the wonderful selection of handpicked holiday homes across Southern England.
We are a bespoke agency offering a first class service ensuring your property is let all year round.

subset: commoncrawl


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Category Archives: PS3
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 22:29 BST
Need for Speed: Rivals lands on PS4, Xbox One in November
Need for Speed: Rivals has been announced by EA for next-gen systems and is in development at Ghost Games, a new studio within the firm.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 14:45 BST
Dying Light from Techland announced, features full day-night cycle
Dying Light has been announced by Warner Bros. and its first-person, action survival horror title from Techland.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 14:24 BST
FIFA 14 can take advantage of next-gen tech using player and real-world stats
FIFA 14 will implement elements such as "true motion with pivoting, side stepping, step based locomotion," and less techy stuff such as football injuries in real life affecting your game.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 18:21 BST
GTA 5: special & collector's editions available for pre-order
Grand Theft Auto 5 publisher Rockstar Games has unveiled special and collector's editions of its crime-em-up. They're both available for pre-order now.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 12:05 BST
Call of Duty Ghosts: not a new engine, but is upgraded says dev
Call of Duty: Ghosts was shown at Microsoft's Xbox One reveal on Tuesday, and with it, speculation of a new game engine followed. It's not an entirely new engine, Infinity Ward's animation lead Zach Volker has confirmed, but it has seen significant upgrades.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 09:40 BST
GRID 2 IndyCar DLC gets a trailer, pack contents detailed
GRID 2 developer Codemasters has revealed a new trailer for its IndyCar DLC pack, which is available with pre-orders of the game, and after release for a fee.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 09:44 BST
Dragon's Crown gets new character art, screens & tarot cards
Dragon's Crown developer Vanillaware has released a new batch of rather lovely character art for its brawler, which is heading to PS Vita and PS3 across North America from August 6. There's also a handful of tarot card art and some gameplay screens as well.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 08:35 BST
Call of Duty: Ghosts confirmed for PS4
Call of Duty: Ghosts has been confirmed for PS4 by Infinity Ward, which is incredibly shocking, I know.
Fri, May 24, 2013 | 08:29 BST
Building the world of Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag
Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag is set in Ubisoft Montreal's most ambitious open world to date. Creative head Jean Guesdon tells Dave Cook what it takes to craft such a dense environment.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 15:37 BST
Destiny: new CG trailer due today, E3 reveal confirmed in books
Destiny will receive a new CG trailer today, ahead of its June 10 showing at E3. The confirmation was included in a Rudyard Kipling book sent to VG247 this morning. We've got photos inside.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 04:27 BST
Is Far Cry making a comeback?
With the recent success of Ubisoft's throwback to the 80′s with the Far Cry 3 DLC Blood Dragon, it looks like they may have decided to do another throwback, this time to the original Far Cry.
A Far Cry HD listing for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 has surfaced on the Brazil's rating board site. No announcement had been made by Ubisoft, but with the success the franchise is having, it could be on the cards.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 04:28 BST
Free respec offered for Dust 514 players
While DUST 514, the console based MMO/FPS set in the Eve Online universe, is continuing to receive changes from CCP to its skill system based on feedback from players, some players are not happy with the effects the changes are having on their chosen skills. To help things run more smoothly CCP is offering players a chance to request one free respec.
Players are able to request a respec by emailing the CCP support teamwith any key information. This option is available from now through to May 31st, thanks to Ten Ton Hammer.
Wed, May 22, 2013 | 22:53 BST
Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance Ultimate Edition is available now on PSN
Konami has announced that Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance Ultimate Edition is available now on PSN. The bundle features the full game and all downloadable content which includes Cyborg Ninja Armor Skin, MGS4 Raiden Skin, Commando Armor Skin, White Armor Skin, Inferno Armor Skin, VR Missions and side stories, "Jetstream" and "Blade Wolf". The edition will run you $74.99.
Thu, May 23, 2013 | 01:55 BST
The Warriors lands on PSN next week
As promised earlier this month, Rockstar has announced that The Warriors will arrive on PSN next week for PS3. The title will be available as part of the PS3 Classics collection, and arrives on the US end of the store May 28 for $9.99 and on the European end May 29.
Wed, May 22, 2013 | 21:23 BST
Call of Duty: Ghosts next-gen engine shown in side by side comparison video
Infinity Ward has released a video showing the tech differences between Call of Duty: Ghosts and Modern Warfare 3.
Wed, May 22, 2013 | 18:17 BST
EA still developing Wii U titles, just not as many as on PS4, Xbox One
Electronic Arts hasn't stopped making games for Wii U, it's just not developing as many titles for it as with Microsoft and Sony consoles.
Wed, May 22, 2013 | 17:11 BST
EA to reveal more on FIFA 14 and Star Wars at E3
EA has said it plans to reveal more on FIFA 14 and its Star Wars games in the works during E3 next month.
Wed, May 22, 2013 | 16:29 BST
Best of PlayStation Network, Vol. 1 contains four games, releases in June
Sony has announced the Best of PlayStation Network collections are in the works and Volume One, which contains four PSN exclusive games, will be the first to release in June.
Wed, May 22, 2013 | 15:22 BST
Summon Night 5 tops Media Create charts, hardware still down in Japan
Summon Night 5 debuted on the Media Create charts at number one in Japan, knocking Tomodachi Collection: New Life off it's cushy spot for the time being. The Namco title moved 105,511 units on PSP. Hardware was down again this week. You can get both charts below.
Wed, May 22, 2013 | 16:21 BST
EU PS Store and Plus update, May 22 – Men's Room Mayhem, Ratchet & Clank QForce, more
Sony has updated the European end of the PS Store and PS Plus with 50% off Men's Room Mayhem for Plusers, MotoGP 13 pre-orders, a demo for Call Of Juarez: Gunslinger, Far Cry 3′s Free Map Editor, and the availability of DC Universe Online Ultimate Edition. The Red Son skin pack and Red Son Scenario Unlock for Injustice: Gods Among Us is also available alongside Batgirl and the Killing Joke Skin Pack.
There's plenty more below the break.


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Hey guys. i have a 2002 yz125, 2003 cr250, and a 2005 yz125. should i run Klotz? maxima castrol 927? opinions please
Hey guys. i have a 2002 yz125, 2003 cr250, and a 2005 yz125. should i run Klotz? maxima castrol 927? opinions please
I run golden spectro 40:1 without any issues
Klotz R50 @ 40:1 Cant go wrong, very clean burning and protects very well !!!
Quote stolen from somewhere:
"Never argue with an idiot. They'll drag you down to their level and beat you with experience"
Canal fulton enterprises all your electrical contracting needs in one place !
I'm running Klotz in the boy's YZ85. Good stuff.
Thanks to Airnet Systems, Ask Cycles of Grove City, and MPS (Motorcycle Parts and Service) of Groveport.
I remember seeing this thread not to long ago I think.
I run yamalube 32:1
since 1987
The only oil I know that I'll never run again is 927...what a filthy gummy burning oil. Smells good but not worth the hassle of tearing things down and cleaning the muck off your piston.
It's also the only oil that ever caused a problem for me, gummed up my rings so bad that the bike had no compression.
So what's the big difference between Yamalube and Klotz? If any.
Thanks to our sponsors
Mom and Dad
Grandma's Penny Jar
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Special Thanks: Pro-Action Suspenssion,
World of Wheels
Rob Beams


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Banishing all cards in your hand/on your field is the cost, which must be paid upon the cards activation. Cards cannot be chained until the cost is paid. So, chaining Mystical Refpanel would just give your opponent two cards and you would banish everything.
Same way activating Dark Bribe in response to Solemn Warning wouldn't give your opponent back their 2000 they paid. They had to pay it to activate, even though the card is negated.
Clever though. The more subtle rulings are always what get ya.


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Ladies, i would like to direct your attention to the two links i posted up above^^^^^^^^^^^^
I found it on pinterest and figured id read it think i already knew how to put a baby in car seat, i mean how hard can it be......
I was wrong.
This blog gave me so much information in about 10 minutes through facts and videos.
Please read these and give them consideration when putting your child in a car seat. This info could one day save your babies life.
Thanks ladies!


text:
Perpetual Amazonia (MLC Plot 00,0001 | one metre | S12 48 21.6 W71 24 17.6)
Lucy + Jorge Orta, 2009-2010
- Ref: 5515.01-18
- Materials: Lambda photographs backed on Dibond
- Dimensions: Box framed 128 x 128 x 5cm each
- Exhibition history: 2012-2013 Domaine de Chamarande, France; 2011 Motive Gallery Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2010 Natural History Museum London, UK
- Courtesy: Courtesy of the Artists
- Concept: During the expedition to the Peruvian Amazon in 2009, Lucy + Jorge travelled with scientists from the Environmental Change Institute (ECI) at Oxford University. Together they mapped out a one-hectare plot in the rainforest. Trees and rare plants were marked for data collection and statistics on the types of botanical species were registered for scientific research programmes. This first-hand experience moved the artists to create Perpetual Amazonia - one of the key artworks in the series Amazonia so that this hectare of land could be conserved in perpetuity, dedicated to scientific research and for the benefits we all receive from long-term forest conservation.
The plot at GPS coordinates S12 48 21.6 W71 24 17.6 is situated in the heart of the Fundo Mascoitania, a 640-hectare plot managed by the CREES Foundation, within the Manu Biosphere Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Perpetual Amazonia are photographs of plant species taken by the artists all over the world. Each artwork is marked with the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates of a single square metre within the hectare plot. On acquiring a photograph the purchaser will receive a certificate and will agree to participating in the rainforest research programmes taking place in MANU.
Perpetual Amazonia can help us understand the need to conserve forests and wildlife all over the world. As one of the lungs of the planet, forests help us to breathe. Lucy Orta
Today, conservation efforts are increasingly guided by the value of nature in ways that can be understood by economists, politicians and financial markets as another way to counteract the accelerated destruction of biodiversity. This means placing a monetary value, thereby a tradable value, on public goods services that our natural environment provides, such as clean air, fresh water, fertile soil, drought and flood prevention, resistance to erosion, provision of nursery grounds and so on. This language of economic currency, advocating the monitoring of nature and ecological modernisation, may be another way to prevent the increasing rate of the depreciation of our natural assets or indeed the rapid rate of extinction of species across the globe. Moreover, the relationship between biodiversity loss, climate change and sustainable development for people needs to be transformed into a financial mechanism towards preserving ecosystems. Environment and economy have become intrinsically linked.
One mechanism operating at an intergovernmental level is REDD (Reduced Emission from Deforestation and Degradation) trading scheme. This enables governments to measure their countrys carbon dioxide production from fossil fuel use and to offset their pollution by protecting forests from degradation. In other words, the carbon locked in the forest remains in place and the forest continues to recover carbon dioxide from its atmosphere through photosynthesis. While the REDD trading mechanism is designed to account for the carbon capture that is achieved by investing in the forest, in REDD+ the programme has been developed further and goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation. The plus symbolises all the other values of the forest that are retained by protecting it clean water, nutrient provisions for soils downstream, food, fuel and other products from the forest for local people, or the potential novel chemical that might form the basis for future medicines and other products.
Today the Amazon region is also regarded as a potential tipping point where systems may collapse. This would have a major impact not only locally, but also on a much wider area, because of the forests influence on regional and global climates. Our understanding of nature needs to be global; no environment can be seen in isolation. The Amazon region may be many travel hours away from Europe but our influence on climates and biodiversity starts in our daily lives in the consumer choices we make. Bergit Arends curator of contemporary art at the Natural History Museum London


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Oneida boys volleyball team beats Westmoreland
ONEIDA - Oneida's boys volleyball team improved to 6-1 with a 26-24, 16-25, 25-20, 25-15 victory over Westmoreland Thursday. Jessie Morrison's 16 kills and Tyler Colvin's 51 assists led Oneida's offense. David Kann and Dan Keck made three digs apiece to pace the defense in the victory.
Westmoreland (0-3, 2-6): James Marchesani 13as; Ryan Bowers 1ac, 6k, 1as, 2d; Jake Landry 1ac, 11k, 8as, 2b; Tyler Crandall 1ac, 1as, 7d.
Oneida (5-0, 6-1): Tyler Colvin 5ac, 3k, 51as, 1b, 1d; Steve Patricia 3ac, 2k, 1as, 1b, 2d; Dylan Dibble 2ac, 7k, 1b; Derek Connelly 2ac, 12k, 2d; Jessie Morrison 1ac, 16k, 2as, 1b; David Kann 1ac, 13k, 3d; Dan Keck 1k, 3d.
See inaccurate information in a story? Other feedback and/or ideas for us to consider? Tell us here.
Central New York Region Sports By Bleacher Report
Local Guide
Business Name
Location, ST | website.com
Social Wire
National Sports Videos
Blog Center
Dispatch Editor's Blog
Editor Kurt Wanfried shares his view of the news in Madison County and Southern Oneida County.
View from the Back Street
Mary Messere, the former Madison County historian, describes herself as historian/writer/photographer who loves music, history, making videos, poetry, art and travel. Her entertaining blog covers all that and more.
Top Sports Stories
- Oneida boys basketball falls to Cortland
- Canastota boys basketball team loses to Clinton
- Canastota girls volleyball sweeps Sherburne-Earlville
- OUTDOORS: Sportsman's Show and Super Bowl add up to a busy weekend
- Clinton boys bowling downs Canastota
- Canastota girls bowling loses to Clinton
- Oneida girls volleyball loses first match to Whitesboro


text:
- Description
- Warranty
Genuine Samsung drum unit for SCX-6120, 6220, SCX-6230f, SCX-6520fn. Make sure your printer is performing to expectations with this genuine OEM drum is designed to deliver exceptional results and accurate imaging. Every drum is tested and inspected for quality assurance.
Manufacturer's 90 day warranty.
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text:
Search for Change
Phelps Memorial Hospital
We'd like to thank all those who participated in our walk Saturday May 18.
NAMI WALK 2013 WAS A BIG SUCCESS. To date we have raised over $70,000 and donations are still coming in. We hope to still reach our goal of $100,000. If you wish to help us in this endeaveor you can donate at the walk website namiwalks.org/westchester or send check payable to NAMI Walk to our offices at 100 Clearbrook Road, Elmsford, NY 10523. Please click here to View Our NAMI Walks Photos. THANKS TO EVERYONE WHO PARTICIPATED!
MENTAL HEALTH AWARENESS CAMPAIGN NAMI Westchester is excited to launch its first Mental Health Awareness Ribbon Campaign during the month of May 2013. White ribbons with our NAMI blue and gold logo will hang from the trees and lamp posts of 27 and counting cities, villages, and towns in Westchester and along Greenwich Avenue in Greenwich CT. Together with our walk, NAMI Westchester is joining a nation wide anti-stigma initiative. We appreciate the robust endorsements from the City Managers, Mayors, Town Supervisors and Boards of Trustees of the following municipalities: Ardsley, Armonk, Bedford Hills, Bronxville, Dobbs Ferry, Elmsford, Greenwich CT, Harrison, Hastings-on-Hudson, Irvington, Katonah, Mount Kisco, New Rochelle, North White Plains, Ossining, Peekskill, Port Chester, Purchase, Rye, Rye Brook, Scarsdale, Tarrytown, Town of Mamaroneck, West Harrison, White Plains, Yonkers, Yorktown and the list keeps growing. We are grateful to Westchester County Department of Community Mental Health and The Volunteer Center of the United Way. Please check back frequently to see the latest municipalities to join our ribbon campaign. Look up in May: the trees or lamp posts in your town may be aglow in white, spreading the word that there is hope for recovery from mental illness when we combat the stigma that prevents people from getting treatment. Bedford Joins Ribbon Campaign for Mental Health Ossining joins 26 other Westchester communities in the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Ribbon Campaign. See Photos Here **************************************************
Bedford Joins Ribbon Campaign for Mental Health
Ossining joins 26 other Westchester communities in the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Ribbon Campaign.
See Photos Here
Search for Change is honoring NAMI Westchester & NAMI Putnam at their Annual Dinner Dance, Sea Beyond, on Thursday, May 2 from 6:30 to 10:30 pm at Sinap's Ceola Manor, Jefferson Valley, NY. For more information click on this link: http://www.searchforchange.org/sfc-2013-annual-dinner-dance-fundraiser.html
Please see calendar for more information.
If someone is in immediate danger to themselves or others, please call 911. For all other crisis call The Crisis Prevention and Response Team at 914-925-5959.
NAMI Westchester, Inc. is an Affiliate Chapter of NAMI of NY State and of the national organization, National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI).


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Protesters target subcontractor on IU project
By Mike Leonard331-4368 | firstname.lastname@example.com
November 15, 2012 A small group of protesters demonstrated on the Indiana University campus Wednesday to call attention to what they descr ... Please log in to read the rest of this story.
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text:
Frigidaire Gallery 18 Cu. Ft. Top Freezer Refrigerator
Model: FGHT1846KF
30" W x 30-1/8" D x 66-5/8" H
Stainless Steel
Print Page
Get Adobe Reader
Product Code: FGHT1846KF
Product Type: Top Freezer
Power Type: Electric
Size: 18 Cu. Ft.
Installation Type: Free-Standing
UPC Code: 0-12505-74658-1
Color: Stainless Steel
Freezer Specifications
Fixed Door Bins: 1, White
Fixed Freezer Shelves: 1 Full-Width Wire
Exterior Specifications
Door Style: UltraSoft™
Left-swing Door: Yes
Certifications & Approvals
CSA Certified: Yes
ENERGY STAR® Certified: Yes
Ice Maker
Ice Maker: Optional
Exterior Dimensions
Case Depth: 26-7/8"
Depth with Doors (no Handles): 30-1/8"
Depth with Doors and Handles: 32-5/8"
Case Height: 65-7/8"
Height with Hinges and Covers: 66-5/8"
Case Width: 29-7/8"
Depth: 30-1/8"
Depth (with Door 90° Open): 58-1/2"
Height: 66-5/8"
Width: 30"
Fresh Food
1-Gallon Adjustable Door Bins: 4, Clear
Electrical Specifications
Amps @ 120 Volts: 4.5
Minimum Circuit Required (Amps): 15A
Power Supply Connection Location: Right Rear Bottom
Voltage Rating: 120V, 60Hz