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Hammond organ
The Hammond organ is an electric organ invented by Laurens Hammond in 1934 and manufactured by the Hammond Organ Company. While the Hammond organ was originally sold to churches as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven pipe organ, in the 1960s and 1970s it became a standard keyboard instrument for jazz (specifically, the organ trio), blues, rock, church and gospel music.
The original Hammond organ used additive synthesis of waveforms from harmonic series made by mechanical tonewheels that rotate in front of electromagnetic pickups. The component waveform ratios are mixed by sliding drawbars mounted above the two keyboards. Although many different models of Hammond organs were produced, the Hammond B-3 organ is most well known. In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s the distinctive sound of the B-3 organ (often played through a Leslie speaker) was widely used in blues, progressive rock bands and blues-rock groups. The last electromechanical Hammond organ came off the assembly line in the mid-1970s.
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In 1897 Thaddeus Cahill patented an instrument called the Telharmonium (or Teleharmonium, also known as the Dynamaphone). Using tonewheels to generate musical sounds as electrical signals by additive synthesis, it was capable of producing any combination of notes and overtones, at any dynamic level. This technology was later used to design the Hammond organ.
About 30 years later American engineer and inventor Laurens Hammond filed U.S. Patent 1,956,350[1] for a new type of "electrical musical instrument" that could recreate a pipe organ-type sound. He got the idea for the tonewheel or "phonic wheel" by listening to the moving gears of his electric clocks and the tones produced by them. He understood the fact that every instrument sounds the way it does because of its many harmonic overtones and their varied intensities. The invention was unveiled to the public in April 1935 and the first model, the Model A, was made available in June of that year. The organ was first used for popular music by Milt Herth, who played it live on WIND (AM) soon after it was invented.[2][3] Radio shows of the 1930s and 1940s used the Hammond for not only mood music but for sound effects. The Hammond organ was used in US military chapels and post theaters during the Second World War.[4]
Hammond intended his invention as an affordable substitute for pipe organs, as a replacement for the piano in middle-class homes, and as an instrument for radio broadcasting. However, by the 1950s, jazz musicians such as Jimmy Smith began to use the organ's distinctive sound. By the 1960s, the Hammond became popular with pop groups and was used on the British pirate station Radio 390. In Britain the organ became associated with elevator music and ice rinks music. However, the overdriven sound of the Hammond gained a new image when it became part of 1960s and 1970s.
The Hammond organ has seen a decline in popularity in the 2000s, in part due to the rise of low-cost electronic organs and synthesizers that can effectively emulate the desired sound of an organ while also having the versatility to emulate other instruments (especially pianos). The addition of contemporary Christian music to church repertoires has also de-emphasized the need for organs, and fewer people play the instrument. It is not uncommon to find extremely low-cost, or even free, models from smaller churches and institutions who no longer use their Hammond organs.[citation needed]
Originally located at 4200 West Diversey Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, but now at 7430 Annoreno Drive in Addison, Illinois. Hammond is now owned by Suzuki Musical Inst. Mfg. Co., Ltd., and distributed by Hammond Suzuki Co., Ltd. Today, Hammond builds electronic organs that closely replicate the tonewheel organ sound using current technology.
Tone generation[edit]
Additive synthesis[edit]
The original Hammond organ imitated the function of a pipe organ's ranks of pipes in multiple registers by using additive synthesis of waveforms from harmonic series to generate its sounds. The Hammond organ's individual waveforms are made by mechanical tonewheels that rotate in front of electromagnetic pickups. Each tonewheel assembly creates audio with low harmonic content, close to a sine wave. Inside the coil is a permanent magnet. As the teeth of the tonewheel pass by, the strength of the magnetism changes—when the tip of a tooth is closest to the tip of the magnet, the magnetism is strongest. As the magnetism varies, that creates AC in the coil, which becomes one of the frequencies used in harmonic synthesis.[5][6] The tonewheel illustrated has, comparatively speaking, many fine teeth, and would generate a relatively high frequency.
Although they are generally included in the category of electronic organs, original Hammond organs are, strictly speaking, electric or electromechanical rather than electronic organs because the waveforms are produced by mechanical tonewheels rather than electronic oscillators.
The Hammond organ makes technical compromises in its frequency synthesis. Rather than produce harmonics that are exact multiples of the fundamental as organ pipes do, the Hammond organ uses the nearest-available frequencies generated by the tonewheels. This practice contributes to its distinctive tone color.
Crosstalk or leakage occurs when the instrument's magnetic pickups receive the signal from rotating metal tonewheels other than those selected by the organist. In the 1930s and 1940s, crosstalk was considered a defect that required correcting. However, modern Hammond enthusiasts prize the sound of tonewheel crosstalk as a "vintage" or "authentic" aspect of the Hammond's sound.
The component waveform ratios are mixed by sliding drawbars mounted above the two keyboards, which operate like the faders on an audio mixing board. When a drawbar is incrementally pulled out, it increases the volume of its component waveform. When pushed all the way in, the specified component wave form becomes absent from the mix. The labelling of the drawbar is derived from the stop system in pipe organs where the physical length of the pipe corresponds to the pitch produced.
In addition to drawbars, many Hammond tonewheel organ models also include presets, which make predefined drawbar combinations available at the press of a button. Full Console organs such as the B-3, C-3 and A-100 models have one octave of reverse colored keys (naturals are black, sharps/flats are white) to the left of each manual, with each key activating a Preset; the far left key (C), also known as the cancel key, de-activates all presets, and results in no sound coming from that manual. The two right-most preset keys (B and Bb) activate the corresponding left or right set of live drawbars for that manual, while the other preset keys produce preselected drawbar settings that are internally wired into the preset panel.[7]
Thus, on each manual of a Hammond console model, 9 prewired presets and two sets of live drawbars are immediately available for selection. The image shows the preset panel on the right and all its color-coded wires associated with its equivalent drawbar. The preset panel has sections corresponding to equivalent drawbar sets, e.g., Upper Manual and Lower Manual. Looking at the preset panel screws horizontally, each screw from left to right represents a Preset Key from C# to A. Looking vertically from the bottom to top each screw represents an increase in intensity from 0-8, corresponding to the numbering on each drawbar as it is pulled out. With the Preset Panel feature, favorite registrations were essentially programmable by the organist for assignment to specific preset keys. The Presets were factory-set to classic organ "tone colors" such as Stopped Flute, Diapason and Trumpet, amongst others.
Other Hammond models such as the M-100 and L-100 series have flip tabs for presets, situated across the top of the organ. The left hand flip tab reverts to the tone set by the drawbars. Some models such as the M, M-2 and M-3 spinet organs have only drawbars, and no presets, but after market products such as the Duet Sixteen, manufactured by the now defunct Electro Tone Corporation can be added to give preset functions.
Harmonic Percussion[edit]
The Hammond organ uses a "harmonic percussion" effect that adds a non-sustaining, transient, second or third harmonic overtones to the attack of a note. The selected percussion harmonic fades out either quickly ("Fast") or slowly ("Slow")—a distinctive "plink" sound—leaving the tones the player selected with the drawbars. The volume of the effect is selectable as either Normal or Soft. Harmonic Percussion retriggers only after all notes have been released, so legato passages sound the effect only on the very first note or chord, making Harmonic Percussion uniquely a "Single-trigger, Polyphonic" effect. The Harmonic Percussion feature was provided starting with the 3 series organs such as the B-3 and C-3.
Key click[edit]
Some Hammond organs have a distinctive percussive key click, which is the attack transient that occurs when all nine key contacts close, causing an audible pop or click. Originally, key click was considered a design defect and Hammond worked to eliminate or at least reduce it with equalization filters. However, many performers liked the percussive effect, and it has been accepted as part of the classic sound.
Leslie speaker[edit]
Although Hammond designed its own set of speakers, many players prefer to play the Hammond through a rotating speaker cabinet known, after several name changes, as a Leslie speaker, after its inventor Donald J. Leslie (1913–2004). The Leslie system is an integrated speaker/amplifier combination in which sound is emitted by a rotating horn over a stationary treble driver and a rotating baffle beneath a stationary bass woofer. This creates a characteristic sound because of the constantly changing pitch shifts that result from the Doppler effect created by the moving sound sources. It was originally designed to mimic the complex tones and constantly shifting sources of sound emanating from a large group of ranks in a pipe organ. The effect varies depending on the speed of the rotors, which can be toggled between fast (tremolo) and slow (chorale) using a console or pedal switch, with the most distinctive effect occurring as the speaker rotation speed changes.
Keyboards and pedalboard[edit]
The manuals of the Hammond organ have a lightweight action, which lets players play rapid passages more easily than on a weighted keyboard, such as a piano. "Waterfall" style keys of early Hammond models had sharp edges, but starting with the B-2 these were rounded to allow effects such as palm glissandi.
Hammond console organs come with a wooden bass pedalboard for the feet, so that the organist can play bass lines. Hammond organ bass pedalboards typically have 25 notes, with the top note a middle C as Hammond found that on most pedalboards used in churches, the top 7 notes were seldom used. Hammond "concert" models, the RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 had 32-note American Guild of Organists (AGO) pedalboards going up to a G (3rd ledger line above the bass clef) as the top note. They also contained a "Solo Pedal Unit" that provided several 32', 16', 8', and 4' voices for the pedal. The solo pedal unit used oscillators similar to those used in Hammond's "Solovox". Hammond spinet models (L, M, T, etc.) had 12 or 13-note miniature pedalboards with stamped steel pedals. These models were manufactured by Content Organs in The Netherlands.
Tonewheel and transistor organ models[edit]
Hammond tonewheel organs can be divided into two main groups:
- Console models, such as the A, B, C, D, and R series have two 61-note manuals.
- Spinet models, smaller organs like the M, L, and T series, which have two 44-note manuals. Production of tonewheel organs stopped in the mid-1970s, when Hammond switched to electronic tone generators. Examples of these organs are the J/K/N series, the Hammond Aurora, and the Hammond Concorde.
Console organs[edit]
The first models of each console series organ were single letter models, e.g., A, B, C, D and E Consoles. There was a model B console made prior to December 1936 when the BC was produced though there was an AB, which was the innards of a model A inside a B case (to use up model A parts). Like the later BC, The first B Console was equipped with the additional chorus generator but had a tremulant knob instead of the 3-position vibrato knob of the BC and later consoles. The B was produced in 1936 before the company changed names from The Hammond Clock Company to The Hammond Instrument Company.[8] The A / AB organs were produced from June 1935 to October 1938.[9]
The BV and CV were produced from 1942 to 1949 (est) and included the introduction of vibrato settings along with the chorus settings. The B-2 / C-2 organs were produced from December 1949 to December 1954.[9] The B-3/C-3 were produced from January 1955 to 1974.[9] The A-100 series was produced from April 1959 to December 1965[9] (continued after 1965 in the UK under license from Hammond). The A-100 series includes all the internal components and features of the B-3/C-3 plus built-in speakers and reverb (basically all the components of a PR40 tone cabinet inside). The Rt-3 and D-100 are exactly the same as the C-3 but have 32 pedals with solo bass system. The E-100 and H-100 are tonewheel organs, similar to the A-100 (internal speakers and an external speaker hook up) but with a different tone generator. These models also had their own decorated speakers cabinets that were specifically designed for the particular cabinet purchased. Later, The H-100 became more popular with the 3 way leslie speaker that boosted the "mids" while giving it a wider tonal spectrum. The H-100 was the last of the tonewheels that had the most features and decorative cabinets.
The difference between the B-3 and the C-3 is purely cosmetic. The B-3 stands on four turned wooden legs, so the organist's legs and feet are visible from all sides of the organ. The C-3 is covered on the front and sides by "modesty" panels to allow for modesty while playing in a skirt, often a consideration when a church organ was placed in front of the congregation.
BV / B-2 / C-2 / E / C / CV / D / RT / RT-2[edit]
- BV Model Production Years 1946 - 1949
- E Model production years: July 1937 – July 1942
- C Model production years: September 1939 – June 1942
- CV Model Production years 1945 - 1949
- D Model production years: June 1939 – November 1942
- B-2 / C-2 production years: December 1949 – December 1954[9]
- RT Model production years: July 1949 – September 1949
- RT-2 Model production years: November 1949 – January 1955
B-3 / C-3 / RT-3 / A-100 / D-100 / E-100 / H-100 series[edit]
- B-3/C-3 production years: January 1955[10]–1974[9]
- RT-3 production years: January 1955 – 1973[9]
- A-100 series production years: April 1959 – December 1965[9] (continued after 1965 in the UK under license from Hammond)
- D-100 series production years: June 1963 – 1969
- E-100 series production years: June 1964 – 1969
- H-100 series production years: June 1965 – 1974
- The A-100, E-100, H-100, D-100 were marketed as "home" consoles, since they had built-in speakers
- The B-3, designated Hammond's Home Model, originally sold for a list price of $2,750 for the Walnut model and $2,835 for the Cherry,[10] was marketed for musicians who wanted to use a separate tone cabinet. (Hammond tone cabinet or Leslie speaker). The Leslie was not sanctioned by Laurens Hammond at the time for use with his organs.
- The C-3 was marketed for church use, because of its "modesty" or "privacy" panels.
- The RT-3 was marketed for concert organists and church musicians who wanted the standard AGO pedalboard.
In the decades after their introduction, the B-3, C-3, RT-3, D-100, E-100, H-100 and A-100 series were used heavily in the Gospel, jazz, and blues genres and as theatre organs, providing live music for feature films or at public stadiums and ice rinks. Milt Buckner pioneered the use of the Hammond organ in jazz in the late 1940s. In the 1950s and 1960s, the B-3 was used in jazz bands (Walter Wanderley) and in organ trios, such as Jimmy Smith's organ trio.
In the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, the B-3 and C-3 were widely used in rock bands ranging from hard rock bands like Deep Purple, Uriah Heep, Steppenwolf, Atomic Rooster, Grand Funk Railroad, Rainbow and Whitesnake; Latin rock groups such as Santana (B-3), to progressive rock groups such as Procol Harum (M-102), Yes (C-3), Styx, Focus (L-100), Kansas, Keith Emerson of the band Emerson, Lake & Palmer (C-3, L-100), Boston (M-3) and Pink Floyd (C-3) to blues-rock groups such as The Allman Brothers Band (B-3), Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers (B3), pop rock band Three Dog Night (B3), the Spencer Davis Group, and Twinkie Clark of The Clark Sisters. This organ was also a favorite of renowned Grateful Dead keyboard players Ron "Pigpen" McKernan and Brent Mydland, as well as Page McConnell of Phish, Danny Federici of The E Street Band, Neal Doughty of REO Speedwagon, and Tom Scholz of Boston.
From the 1980s to the present, the B-3, C-3, H-100, A-100, E-100 and D-100 were used by many churches and also bands from a range of styles, including gospel, rock, hard rock, jazz, blues, and "jam" bands. Beginning in the 1980s, lightweight "clone" organs that imitated the sound were increasingly used to digitally recreate the B3's sound as a more portable substitute, especially in live touring settings. Nevertheless, some organists such as Derek Sherinian of Black Country Communion (B-3); Bill Champlin Santana co-founder Gregg Rolie; "Papa" John Gros of New Orleans funk band Papa Grows Funk and Dr. Lonnie Smith still perform with vintage B-3 organs.
The B-3 is widely used in country music.[11]
The Hammond BC was produced from December 1936 to November 1942 with 13,000 units made. This organ is heavier than a B3 with more internal parts. It also has a heavier cabinet than the later B models, in which Hammond used less wood to cut costs. Unlike the popular B3, the BC did not come with a percussion circuit. The Chorus Generator on the BC is a separate set of tonewheels that varies the pitch of the organ slightly out-of-tune from the BC's main tone generator. Hammond engineers intended to recreate the beating 'chorus' or 'phasing' effect that results from the inevitable slight difference in frequency between two voices or instruments that are nominally producing the same note.
Spinet organs[edit]
Spinet organs from the M, L, T and V series use two 44-note offset manuals, a built-in bass pedal keyboard, and internal speakers and amplification. The spinet organs had 5 fewer tonewheels in the generator than the console organs as the keyboards did not go down as far in pitch as on a full console organs such as the B-3. This means that organ players who want to play a bass line have to use the pedals. However, the pedal keyboard usually had one octave (12 or 13 notes, instead of the 25 notes on a B-3 console organ) and the pedals were much shorter than those found on a full-size Hammond pedal keyboard.
M series[edit]
The M-series " . . . took the tonewheel technology of the bulkier previous models, refined it and scaled it down . . . to make smaller 'spinet' models that were more appropriate for the growing 'home market.' "[12]
Several different types of M series instruments were produced between 1948 and 1964. The M model was produced from 1948 to 1951, the M-2 from 1951 to 1955 and the M-3 from 1955 to 1964. Booker T. Jones of Booker T. & the M.G.'s used an M-3 on the 1962 recording "Green Onions". The M3 is also extensively used by Tom Scholz on the Boston album.
M-100 series[edit]
Some M-100 series instruments were suited for home or church settings, such as the M100, which had ornate, carved legs. The M102 had a more spartan cabinet that was better suited to touring. All M-100 series instruments had the same basic specifications: 2 x 44-note "springboard" manuals, 13-note pedalboard, two sets of drawbars (one for each manual), six presets and 'touch percussion' effects (available on tabs above the upper keyboard manual), split vibrato, vibrato chorus, built-in spring reverb and speakers and a swell (volume) pedal.[12] Matthew Fisher of Procol Harum used an M-102 on the 1967 recording "A Whiter Shade of Pale", John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin used an M-100 on the 1969 recordings "You Shook Me", "Your Time Is Gonna Come", and "Thank You". Rick Wright of Pink Floyd used an M-102 live from 1970 to 1972, and is seen in the film Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii. The M-100 series was produced from 1961 to 1968.
L-100 series[edit]
The L-100 series was produced from 1961 to 1972. The L-100 sounds different from the B-3 because of several changes made by Hammond engineers. At the Hammond factory, engineers found a way of removing the electrical key click sound from the L-100. Although jazz organists liked the key click sound of the B-3, Hammond engineers viewed it as a fault, and church organists tended to dislike it, because wind-driven pipe organs do not have a "click" sound at the start of every note. Hammond engineers removed the key click by raising the "output of the higher notes in the tone generator" and then cutting the "treble response in several of the amp stages".[13]
A side effect of these modifications was a change in the decay of the percussion circuit. The audible effect is an increase in the decay time. The vibrato and chorus is a real weak point of the L, "either too much or too little and the chorus effect" lacks the "richness of the B".[13] Keith Emerson of the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer played an L-100 during concerts. In his first band "The Nice", Keith Emerson used an L-100 model as his main instrument, not only for playing but also for his wild stage antics. He also employed some of the instrument's features (self-starting motor and the built-in reverb tank) to produce a wealth of sound effects, such as wailing notes, bomb-like noises and feedback. Tony Banks of the band Genesis played an L-111 in 1969-1970, then an L-122 from 1971 to 1973. An L-100 without a Leslie was part of punk band The Stranglers' Dave Greenfield's keyboard rig for the band's first three albums. Vangelis used the L100 in combination with tape echoes to create a distinctive string/drone pad that he used extensively on the album, L'apocalypse des animaux.
T series[edit]
The T series, produced from 1968 to 1975, was the last of the tonewheel organs. Unlike all the earlier Hammond organs, the T series used all-solid-state, transistor circuitry for amplification. Tony Banks of Genesis used a modified T-102 from 1973 to 1980.
Console transistor organs[edit]
In the 1960s, Hammond started making transistor organs. The first organ that bridged the gap between tone wheel and transistor was called the X-66, with more features than a tonewheel. This model had a 12-note tone generator and used electronics for frequency division. Later, Hammond introduced several different IC organ models: Concorde, Colonnade, Commodore, Grandee, Regent and the Elegante. This series of organs were developed as early as the 1970s, and continued in production through the early 1980s. Artists such as Bob Ralston and Ethel Smith played these organs. The X-77 was first used on an album recording by baseball pitcher Denny McLain, on his album "Denny McLain At The Organ".
New B-3[edit]
In 2002, the Hammond company (now known as Hammond-Suzuki) relaunched the B-3 as the 'New B-3', a re-creation of the original electromechanical instrument using modern-day electronics and a modern sound generator system. The New B-3 is constructed to appear like the original B-3, and the designers attempted to retain the subtle nuances of the familiar B-3 sound. Hammond-Suzuki promotional material claims that it would be difficult for even an experienced B-3 player to distinguish between the old and new B-3 organs. A review of the New B-3 by Hugh Robjohns called it "...a true replica of an original B-3 ... in terms of the look and layout, and the actual sound."[14]
The New B-3 has been used by well-known B-3 players such as Jimmy Smith and Joey DeFrancesco, who both played a New B-3 on the collaborative album Legacy released in 2005 shortly before Smith's death. Neal Evans of Soulive also plays a Hammond B-3, using it to produce both the organ and bass lines for the group's soul based music. Additionally, Evanescence used the new B-3 organ in almost every song of their album The Open Door, released in October 2006.[15]
Chop organ[edit]
A "Hammond Chop" is a slang term used to refer to any Hammond organ that has been modified to fit into one or more roadcases for easier transportation. Moving an unmodified Hammond organ generally requires special lifting equipment, a van and several people. By "chopping" the organ into separate sections it becomes easier to lift and transport the components.
In the UK, the expression is 'split', and an early example of a split Hammond M102 was the Edgware factory-built white-lacquered instrument used by Stevie Winwood of The Spencer Davis Group in 1966.
Performance techniques[edit]
Manuals, drawbars, and effects[edit]
Pianists and synthesizer players who begin playing the Hammond soon realize that authentic performance practice involves a lot more than playing the notes on the keyboard. Hammond players vary the timbre of both manuals in real time through a combination of changing drawbar settings, engaging or disengaging the vibrato and chorus effects or percussion settings, and changing the rotating Leslie speaker system's speed setting. As well, performers obtain other effects by setting the Leslie's amplifier to maximum output (and controlling the effective volume using only the organ's volume pedal) to add overdriven distortion or growl for certain passages, or by briefly switching off the organ's synchronous run motor, which produces a wobbly pitch-bend effect.
There are playing styles that are idiomatic to the Hammond organ, such as palm glissandos, rapid repetition of a single note, tremolo between two notes a third apart (typically the 5th and 7th scale degree of the current chord), percussive drumming of the keyboard, and playing a chord on the upper manual, then sliding the hand down to duplicate the chord on the lower manual. Artistic use of the foot-controlled volume pedal is an important facet of performing on the Hammond.
Bass pedalboard[edit]
Tom Vickers notes that after Jimmy Smith popularized the Hammond organ in jazz, many jazz pianists "...who thought that getting organ-ized would be a snap ...realized that the ...B-3 required not only a strong left hand, but killer coordination on those bass pedals to really get the bass groove percolating."[16] In the 1950s, the organist Wild Bill Davis told aspiring organist Smith that it could take over a decade just to learn the bass pedals. Jazz organists such as Jimmy Smith developed the ability to perform fluent walking-bass lines on the bass pedals, mostly on ballad tempo tunes. He played up-tempo bass lines with his left hand, augmented by occasional taps on the bass pedalboard. Some organists like Barbara Dennerlein or Leon Kuijpers perform basslines on the bass pedalboard.
The organist may operate the bass pedals while either wearing standard shoes; using specially designed organ shoes; or performing barefoot. Rhoda Scott is said to have originated the barefoot playing method, which is popular with some players.
Clones and emulation devices[edit]
Because of the difficulties of transporting the heavy Hammond organ, bass pedalboard (a B-3 organ, bench, and pedalboard weighs 425 pounds/193 kg) and Leslie speaker cabinets to performance venues, and because of the risk of technical problems that are associated with any vintage electromechanical instrument, musicians sought out a more portable, reliable way of obtaining the Hammond sound. Electronic and digital keyboards that imitate the sound of the Hammond are often referred to as "clonewheel organs". Refinements to Hammond emulations eventually led to the development of relatively lightweight electronic keyboard instruments such as the Korg BX-3 (dual manuals) and CX-3 (single manual), Roland VK-7, (and even Hammond-Suzuki's own XB-2/XB-5 models). An article from Keyboard Magazine that reviewed electronic simulations of the Hammond sound said that some aspects of the vintage electromechanical Hammond are not accurately reproduced by clones and emulation devices.[17]
Notable uses of instrument[edit]
The sound of the Hammond organ can be heard in rhythm and blues pieces such as "Hello Stranger" (March 1963) written by Barbara Lewis with backup by The Dells. The Hammond B-3 organ can be heard in 1960s surf music, where the spinning Leslie speaker created distinctive special effects. The Hammond sound was a key part of the 1967 Procol Harum song, "A Whiter Shade of Pale", especially in the introductory measures played by organist Matthew Fisher.[18] Other Hammond organ usage in rock included Steve Winwood's work on "Gimme Some Lovin'" with The Spencer Davis Group, in The Small Faces' mod anthems "All or Nothing" and "Itchycoo Park" played by Ian McLagan, and in the instrumental song "Green Onions" by Booker T. Jones of Booker T. & the M.G.'s. Billy Preston played the Hammond organ in songs including "Outa-Space,". The Hammond organ is prominent in the Beach Boys' #1 hit "Good Vibrations", where it is played by drummer Dennis Wilson.
Deep Purple's Jon Lord played the C-3. Lord was notable for playing the Hammond through a Marshall stack to get a growling, overdriven sound to complement the guitar playing of Ritchie Blackmore. Other prominent Hammond organists in rock include Emerson, Lake & Palmer's Keith Emerson, The Zombies' and Argent's Rod Argent, Yes's Rick Wakeman, Yes's Tony Kaye, Benmont Tench of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, and Uriah Heep's Ken Hensley. Hammond organs were used in 1970s progressive rock music bands by players such as Pink Floyd's Rick Wright, Genesis's Tony Banks, and Kansas's Steve Walsh, notably on the song "Carry On Wayward Son". Led Zeppelin's John Paul Jones used the Hammond Organ in studio. The Stranglers were notable for being one of the few bands from the 'Punk' era to have a keyboard player, Dave Greenfield. The Hammond organ was used on the 2001 album Imaginary Sonicscape by the Japanese Avant-garde black metal band Sigh. Swedish heavy metal/stoner metal band Death Organ uses Hammond organ fed through guitar distortion effects. Rob Collins of the Charlatans used a Hammond on the song "Weirdo".
The Beatles used several brands of organs. They did use the L series on some songs. They also made extensive use of the spinning Leslie Speaker, patching guitar, voices, pianos etc.
See also[edit]
- ^ US patent 1956350, Laurens Hammond, "Electrical Musical Instrument", issued 1934-04-24
- ^ Stuyvesant Barry. "Chapter XV - And How it Grew". Hammond As In Organ: The Laurens Hammond Story. Vintage Hammond Church Organs of Houston, TX & Atlanta, GA.
- ^ "Milt Herth". Answers.com.
- ^ Department of the Army technical manual TM 10-751, Manual for Electronic Organ AN/TNP-1. United States Government Printing Office (Washington). 1949.
- ^ Reid, Gordon. "Synthesizing tonewheel organs". Sound On Sound (Nov. 2003). Retrieved 25 April 2011.
- ^ "Technical Information for Hammond Tone Wheel Organ". Keyboard Exchange International. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
- ^ Inside of Hammond Organ (photograph). TheatreOrgans.com.
- ^ "Early Hammond Consoles". (old catalog pages). Hammond Organ Company. – model A, B, E.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Service Manual: A, A-100, AB,..., Organ Service Company, 196?
- ^ a b Hammond Service Manual For The Service Engineer
- ^ Mark Vail (2002-04-10). "The Hammond organ - Beauty in the B". Keyboard musician's library (Backbeat Books). p. 22. ISBN 978-0-87930-705-9.
- ^ a b "Hammmond M102". Hollow Sun. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
- ^ a b "What makes the L-100 sound so different from the B3 ? - And what can be done to improve the L-100". Frederick Somerville Gospel Organist. 1998-10-03.
- ^ Hugh Robjohns. "Hammond B3: Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ". Sound On Sound (July 2003).
- ^ Aly Ccomingore (Thursday, November 8, 2007). "Evanescence Frontwoman Amy Lee Steps Up, Delivers an Album All Her Own - Brought Back to Life". Santa Barbara Independent.
- ^ Tom Vickers. "Organ Grinder Swing". Archived from the original on 2008-05-20.
- ^ "Clonewheel Heaven: 18 cool organ products take aim at the mighty Hammond B-3 and Leslie duo". Keyboard Magazine (Nov. 2004).
- ^ "Hammond registration - Comments on the AWSoP organ-sound". Procol Harum - Beyond the Pale. ProcolHarum.com. Retrieved January 1, 2008. – Matthew Fisher's registration on A Whiter Shade of Pale
- ^ "Aeolian/Hammond Player Organ". Hammond Products. OrganHouse.com.
- ^ "Hammond Models - model B-A". The Hammond-Leslie FAQ. VintageHammond.com.
- ^ "Hammond Models - S-6 Chord Organ". The Hammond-Leslie FAQ. VintageHammond.com.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hammond organs |
- Official sites
- Hammond Suzuki USA — Makers of Modern-day Hammond-branded clone organs
- Hammond Suzuki Europe
- Archives
- "Hammond Zone". — Hammond/Leslie resource and home of the Hammond Zone user group
- Bevis Peters. "A complete list of vintage Hammond & Leslie models". JackHollow.co.uk.
- Glen E. Nelson. "History of the Hammond B-3 organ". TheatreOrgans.com.
- "Matthew Fisher's unusual 1968 Leslie setup for Procol Harum". Procol Harum - Beyond the Pale.
- Media
- "Electric Pipeless Organ Has Millions of Tones". Popular Mechanics (April 1936): pp. 569–571.
one of the first large detailed article on the Hammond Organ and how it worked - Hammond Organ Seventieth (video). BBC.


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This template is built on the Zen Grid Framework which makes changing, updating and editing the template incredibly easy. If you would like to learn more about the Zen Grid Framework take a look at the Zen Grid feature item on the Joomla Bamboo Site, or take a look through the Zen Grid framework knowledgebase.
For specific instructions on how best to implement this template please refer to the knowledgebase on the Joomla Bamboo site. The documentation for this template highlights a few small changes to the way that it is implemented within the framework and it also highlights the module settings required for some of the modules you see here on the demo site so its recommended that you look over that article as well as the core Zen Grid Framework documentation.
The new stream template uses version 1.05 of the Zen Grid framework which includes a number of feature updates. The framework now uses Google fonts to render your logo, your headings, your body font, or your navigation font using any of the fonts available in the Google font directory. This is a cross browser former font replacement that is incredibly easy-to-use and adds dynamic styling ability to your website.
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NEW! Strapless Taffeta Dress with Full Skirt
Style F15410
This item is available in stores and online.*
Elegant and chic, this dress will look amazing on any bridal party!
A popular neckline for brides seeking a stylish and versatile look (offering unlimited jewelry and accessory options). |
NEW! Strapless Taffeta Dress with Full Skirt Style F15410
I purchased this dress for my bridesmaids and they look stunning on them. We needed sizes 6 to 12. Flatters every figure. I cant say enough about this dress.
April 9, 2013
this dress is amazing
I LOVE LOVE LOVE this dress! it looks fantastic on all body sizes my girls range from a size to to a size 20 and it looks amazing on all of them! the pictures do this dress no justice! and there are straps in the pictures which are their bra straps so not part of the dress but the dress does come with spaghetti straps that can be added if desired! i would def suggest this dress for anyone! It's also very true to size.
February 18, 2013
Yea 50's
This dress works with every shape and size. My sis is a DD wearing size 16 and my junior bridesmaid is a size 2. Looks good and has pockets big enough for phone or camera, lip gloss or whatever. Got it in the olivine color. Works well with different shades of skin color too. Sorry was so excited that didnt get any pictures.
January 20, 2013
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*Color & Style representation may vary by monitor. Not responsible for typographical or pictorial errors. Product availability varies by store and online. Some in-store purchases require special order and markdown styles cannot be special ordered. Contact your local store for details.


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Open All Year
With spring in full bloom and summer just around the corner, we have now opened our pool to all guests staying with us. Also we've just begun our entertainment for the season in our music hall with shows and events!
With the season in swing your KOA hosts will make your stay as relaxing and enjoyable as possible. Our new café features breakfast, lunch and dinner for all guests to purchase. Conveniently located in our main building and by the pool, orders may be placed for pick-up or eating in. Don't feel like disconnecting the car? No problem. Our shuttle can take you downtown and bring you back when you're finished as well. Our concierge representative can arrange tours, tickets & transportation for you also and everything picks you up right here at the Kampground. Don't forget to check out the music hall and see who might be playing while you're here too!
Our campground has the perfect country-like, tree-filled setting all within earshot of the Cumberland riverboat foghorn. Are you a tent camper? Our tent sites are carpeted with lush, soft, green grass and our bathhouses are sparkling clean. Maybe you're an RVer? Our RV sites are Big-Rig friendly and feature pull-through campsites and deluxe patios. Or you can "rough it" in one of our rustic cabins or enjoy one of our comfortable, fully furnished deluxe cabins with TV, kitchenette, bathrooms and outdoor patio areas with a grill. We've got just the lodging to meet your needs! Ready to relax? Your family is sure to enjoy the campground's many planned activities, theme weekends, friendly, informative staff and the large swimming pool.
We can't wait to see you! Book your stay with us today and then get ready to play!
Campground Amenities
- 50 Max Amp
- 102' Max Length
- Wi-Fi
- Cable TV
- Pool
- Propane ($)
- Firewood ($)
- Pavilion
- Bike Rentals ($)
- Tour Shuttle ($)


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Popular Items: Randwick Races | Flights | Dr Who | Women | Models | Travel | Catholic
FUN, SOCIAL & FREE - SCONE FREE COMMUNITY WALKFIT & FIT CLUB Join us for WalkFit - Scone Every Wednesday 9.15am for 9.30am start Rain or Shine Meet at 9 Stanstead Close Scone (TOP of Cul-de-Sac) OUR FIT CLUB - BOOTCAMP COMMENCES SUNDAY 2ND JUNE 9.45AM FOR 10AM START BRING A TOWEL AND A FRIEND - SEE YOU THERE - SAME LOCATION FREE WELLNESS EVALUATIONS FREE ONE-ON-ONE NUTRITION COACHING FREE ONLINE COMMUNITY SUPPORTING EACH OTHER For enquiries or more information Agi Mooy 0417 ...
The WELLBEING & PSYCHIC FAIR Hosted by "REFLECTIONS WITHIN "Belmont WHERE – SWANSEA RSL CLUB WHEN - SUNDAY 9th JUNE TIME - 10am – 4pm Door entry $5.00
SUPRE' WARNERSBAY FACTORY OUTLET IS HAVING A 50% off SALE ON ALL SALE ITEMS 3/4 of the store is on sale. Cheapest price $1.25 most expensive $10. Huge savings ... Ends Sunday 26th may =) come in and bag a bargain
COCKTAILS & CUPCAKES ALONG WITH AUSTRAILIAN POKER LEAGUE & PLANET ENTERTAINMENT..... PRESENTS CASINO THEME NIGHT Featuring FREE play on Roulette, Blackjack, Chocolate Wheel & a Free Poker Tournament. From 7pm IN SUPPORT FOR BREAST CANCER AWARENESS APL Poker- We have a ticket to the Main Event at Crown Casino next year for the winner of the special event poker tournament. Rego open from 6:30pm and starts at 7:30pm. We also have our usual Freeroll Poker with rego at 1pm and ...
To fund our "Child Safety Upgrade" Project, Bellbird Playgroup will be holding a Tupperware Fundraiser during National Party Day- A Brownie Wise Centenary Celebration. You can support this project by placing orders with our Tupperware Demonstrator on the day, who will be donating the commission from all sales to the project. If you are unable to attend the demonstration you can still help our cause by placing an outside order, and help us raise these much needed funds for our local ...
Looking for fun these school holidays? The Maryland Neighbourhood Centre is hosting our first Funday! We will have Games, Crafts, Cooking, Mini sporting activities and crazy hair! The Funday goes from 10am til 2pm on Saturday 29th June. $10 per child. suitable for children aged 5-12years. RSVP by June 14th. Reply to this email or call Stephanie on 4955XXXX.
Huge model car auction including Trax, Harley Davidson memorabilia, Corgi, Matchbox, Hotwheels, Biante, Top Gear, LLedo, Etc. Lambton Bowling Club (Behind the swimming pool) Karoola Rd Lambton. Auction Begins 11.am Viewing from 10-15am on the day Catalogues available at the auction. Great food available at the snack bar. ATM available See you there. Sorry no pics available.
Hey there! The Maryland neighbourhood centre are having their monthly markets and we are looking for some new stall holders to hold a stall. We are located in the middle of the main street of Maryland so theres plenty of business and advertisment. Stall sites are 3x3metre lots and its BYO table. We are also looking for people to sit outside and perform music, (Busking), anyone is capable of balloon firgues or face painting. If you are interested please email back this ad or ...
It's going to be a beautiful balmy 24 degrees this Sunday, Mothers Day, so head on over to Gilligans Beachside Cafe, Shoal Bay Shopping Village, for a delicious breakfast and a free muffin for all mums!! Free wifi and kids welcome!!
Join us for a magical evening of dinner & dancing to support a wonderful cause. August 31st 2013 3 Course Meal - Beer, Wine & Soft Drinks Live & Silent Auctions Raffles & Mystery Prizes Local performers from our Down Syndrome Community Local Live Band Service 30 to dance the night away. Tickets Prices Under 18 - $111.50 pp Over 18 - $126.50 pp or a table of 10 (Over 18's) $1140. www.downtownball.com.au www.proticket.com.au
Wanted people to Join an Online Weight Loss Challenge - Prizes - Free Coaching - Online Community Group - Recipes & Much more Register now at http://seeresults.mywlc.com.au
Following on the great success of four seasonal art bazaars in 2012, Winter Art Bazaar is returning to the grounds of Maitland Regional Art Gallery (MRAG) on Sunday 9 June 2013 from 10am – 3pm. The inaugural Winter Art Bazaar was a roaring success as last year's event generated such a large crowd. All are welcome to enjoy another great day out in the gallery grounds. The Hunter's premier artisan & design marketplace, Art Bazaar, features a variety of premium handmade products from over 100 ...
looking for a single camping ticket !!!!!!! have one for myself my girlfriend missed out
Memories Function Centre, Wallsend are hosting an Open Day & Wedding Expo! Date: Friday June 07, 2013 Time: 5.30pm-8pm Venue: Memories Function Centre & Chapel, Cnr Charles & Harris Streets, Wallsend Memories Function Centre is an award winning facility in Newcastle offering professional catering and decorating for special events and weddings. Memories will open its doors to the public on this special night. No appointments needed. All enquiry welcome. Entry is free of ...
Sometimes it's hard to let go of the things that are holding us back...sometimes I don't want to 'let go' and don't know how. However I like the idea of "letting it free and it can be a path on which to travel" Leunig. We'd like to invite you yogis to our early bird prices on our retreat @ Stroud monastery in September. Limited spaces but unlimited adventure! Let go with us. http://huntervalleyyoga.com/upcoming-events-retreats/letting-go-retreat/
Lots of stall holders with bargains galore Trash and Treasure Beanie Kids Records China Collectables DVD's Plants Toys Come down and find a bargain at Newcastles Largest Weekly Markets Cnr Glebe Rd and Brunker Rd Adamstown 7am till 1pm
May 2013 Sydney www.avatarpacific.com contact Susie 040978400
Sydney May 2013 www.avatarpacific.com Susie 040978XXXX
The final Art Bazaar Cruise Market booked in for the 2013 cruise season is being held on Sunday 26 May. In January, Hunter Arts Network (HAN) set up a series of Art Bazaar Cruise Markets to coincide with cruise ships arriving in Newcastle, to complement the quarterly art bazaars held around the Hunter. Locals & visitors are all invited to browse & shop at all Art Bazaars. Some of the region's most talented artists are showcasing their works again to international and domestic cruise ship ...
Great gift for Mother's Day!! Novocastrian Latinos invites you to the latin event of the year in Newcastle, presenting for the first time in NSW Habanabriz Productions Company brings you "CUBAMANIA SPECTACULAR". The best performances of culture and Cuban Dances, Boleros, Traditional Cuban Folkloric Dance, Salsa, Cuban Mambo, Dan Son, Casino Dance, The Conga …. And many more surprises on the night!! A unique spectacle never witnessed before in Newcastle. There will also be available a ...
Hey guys i currently have 2 groovin the moo tickets which i need to sell ASAP. due to the fact that my coach isnt letting me go because i have to play football on the day of the event. $250 for both tickets. FOR MAITLAND. PLEASE TEXT : 040023XXXX 040023XXXX 040023XXXX
Located smack bang in the middle of Hunter Street Mall, you can get your organic fix from Wednesday to Saturday every week. Organic and certified fruit and veg, amazing flowers, local arts and crafts, sweets for the sweet and the ever faithful show why Novocastrians are a true symbol of Aussie mateship
Looking for a unique gift for your mum this mothers day?? then head to the Stockton RSL club Markets on Sunday 28th April. Quality Stalls inside and out Entertainment from 11am and Jumping Castle for the kids. Le Bistro is open so treat yourself to lunch. Stalls still available so contact the club for information or to book.
PUBLIC RALLY SPAG Newcastle Single Parent Action Group SAT 13 APRIL 11AM Charlestown Square Hilltop Plaza (near the bus interchange) NO TO NEWSTART FOR SINGLE PARENTS
WAREHOUSE SALE!!! Plenty of stock to clear Carpet and Vinyl ende of rolls Mats and rugs Your will find any colour, style, pattern you are looking for!!! Prices starting from as little as $2 Open This Saturday and Sunday 9am - 5pm Hurry stock wont last
Get a daily email with the newest ads in this category


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Cardarius Rodragues Stegall, 21, of Franklin passed away Saturday.
Cardarious was born August 9, 1991 to Kimberly and Patrick Stegall. He attended Heard County Elementary and Middle Schools and was a 2009 graduate of Worth County High School. He joined the Mt. Pleasant Baptist Church early in his life.
He leaves to cherish his memory, his parents: Kimberly Hearn, Franklin, GA; Patrick Stegall, Newnan; four brothers: Kirey Thompson, Jamal Williams, Caiden Stegall, Patdarious Meriweather; two sisters: D'eashia and Danyell Stegall; grandmother, Diane Cheeks, Franklin; grandmother, Casandra Mitchell, Newnan; grandfather: Carl and Josephine Stegall, Cincinnati, OH; son: Isiah Zacarya Holloway; uncles: Bryant Hearn, Franklin; Reginald Stegall and Christopher Stegall, Cincinnati, OH; Cedric (Allison) Stegall, Sylvester, GA; Justin Mitchell, Newnan, Warren Berry and Eric Berry, Wedowee, AL; aunts: Greta (Doug) Carter, Newnan; Sophia Hutcherson, Franklin; Eric Stegall, Alisa Berry and Wanda Berry, Wedowee, AL; other relatives and friends.
The funeral service will be Saturday, November 24, 2012 at 3:00PM at the Mount Pleasant Baptist Church, Old Field Road in Franklin. Rev. Christopher Bonner and Rev. Darnell F. Marshall will officiate. Burial will be in the church cemetery.
The family will be at their home at 4079 Franklin Parkway in Franklin.
Condolences may be expressed by visiting www.lakesdunsonrobertson.com.
Lakes-Dunson-Robertson Funeral Home is in charge of the arrangements.


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U.S. Solar Market Grows 76% in 2012; Now an Increasingly-Competitive Energy Source for Millions of Americans Today
Released March 14, 2013
2012 was a historic and busy year for the U.S. solar energy industry. Photovoltaic (PV) installations grew 76% over 2011, to total 3,313 megawatts (MW) in 2012, with an estimated market value of $11.5 billion. Each market segment (residential, non-residential, and utility) showed growth over 2011, while the overall markets in most states expanded as well. Installed prices for PV systems fell 27% during 2012 and at least 13% in each market segment. Nearly 83,000 homes installed solar PV, and cumulative PV installations in the U.S. surpassed 300,000. Read more
2012: The Solar Year-in-Review Webinar (free)
Access the archived recording of SEIA and GTM Research's review of the U.S. Solar Market InsightTM: 2012 Year-in-Review report, a look back 2012 highlights and accomplishments, a Q4 2012 data review and a forecast of what's to come for the remainder of 2013. The webinar will highlight trends throughout the U.S. market as well as some state-specific overviews. Listen now
Members-only Resources
Spread the news about solar's historic quarter and promote your company's 2012 growth by using the template press release and letter-to-the-editor provided by SEIA. Get the Solar Data Cheat Sheet, a one-page resource of top-line data from our major reports.
Press Release
Thursday, March 14, 2013 - WASHINGTON, DC and BOSTON, MA - GTM Research and the Solar Energy Industries Association® (SEIA®) today released U.S. Solar Market Insight: Year-in-Review 2012, the definitive analysis of solar power markets in the U.S. With another record-breaking year, solar is the fastest...read more
Fact Sheet
2012 was a historic year for the U.S. solar industry. There were 3,313 megawatts (MW) of photovoltaic (PV) capacity installed throughout the year, which represents 76% growth over 2011's record deployment totals. The fourth quarter of 2012 was also the largest quarter on record as 1,300 MW came online...read more
In 2012, the U.S. solar industry installed 3.3 GW of solar capacity, growing 76% over 2011's total. What happened in your state? Find out! According to the U.S. Solar Marker Insight Year-in-Review 2012 report by SEIA and GTM Research, 2012 was a record year for many states. California became the first state to...read more
State-by-state Graphics
#10: Texas The Lone Star state is ranked second for rooftop solar POTENTIAL, but all the way down at ten for 2012 installations. That's why we've named it, "Most Untapped Potential." If you include all the usable land (not just rooftops) in Texas, you'll have twice the solar potential of any other state...read more
Google Hangout
What's the state of the solar industry? Find out by watching a recording of our Google Hangout hosted live 11am on March 14, 2013. Guests include: Rhone Resch (President and CEO of SEIA), Shayle Kann (Director at GTM Research), Arno Harris (Chairman of the SEIA Board and CEO of Recurrent...read more
Spread the Word
It has been a colossal year for solar, and we have all the data to prove it. The Solar Market Insight 2012 Year-in-Review by SEIA and GTM Research reveals that the solar market grew by a huge margin in 2012 – beating the anticipated annual growth for the year by 3 percent! Help us spread the word...read more


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-ft lisirty kiftst, 1'ast ' freedom for all forever1, and always '.ll vol i, no. 39.; subscription, $1.50 per year amherst, ohio, thursday, august 1, 1918. official newspaper of the village amherst. ohio. chautauqua opens with large crowds flrs?,day's meeting provides excellent entertain-' ment. national lincoln opened wednesday, july 31, a crowd,' on hand, provided entertainment highest class. prominent business men amherst were busy throughout morning getting things, in readiness, placing seats, checking up ticket sales, etc. enough'tlckets sold to practically guarantee chautauqua's success, single" admission tickets at tent will swell receipts. -chautauqua takes place mammoth rear school house. location is ideal tor purp6se. many local lodges organizations have called oft meetings scheduled evenings while hhe being held. band nightly plays 'both before during meetings. pageant wednesday night. grand was given evening open the. program. miss leila bauer, junior supervisor chautauqua, had been drilling children last week preparation event. hundreds every age took pdrt. 2; 30 afternoon opening exercises conducted by platform superintendent. wednesday's metropolitan male trio furnished some oxcellenf both evening. company composed mr. beatty. bass soloist, humorist chime player; haywood, baritone klingsted, tenor accompanist they are talented singers, addition play well upon chimes, give humorous readings, .and general one most pleasing combinations ever brought together. dr. harry mckeen, noted lecturer, styled "doctor civic ills," lived advance notices. aft ternoon his subject "vitalized community," he,' gave patriotic address, "keep home "fires burning," which brougnt tremendous applause. mckeen has visited cantonments all. over tfio iountxy,- 4nd "he special attention to" problems confronting boys, their parents. good things da?. each 10 o'clock there games children, feature enjoy. day six days' event, programs high standard. it not possible complete de scription, but condensed resume appended. season take meeting, worth attending. vaug. 1. afternoon, avon players an music dramaf change performance. these play-era .number five, three ladles two gentlemen; their, dramatic sketches bright modern, taken from lifo. musicians, delightful numbers. form splendid trio. thursday sergeant george e. nightingale deliver famous lecture. "two years devil's playground." he cana-dlan army 22 months, finally dis- charged "account wounds received in' seryice. rapid-fire speaker, brings stirring message friday, aug. 2. friday's program includes concerts geltch beers company, addresses 3. c. schmucker, celebrated natur alist. schmucker analizo meaning flower, so gently beautifully that you be held grasp. sub ject "the joy living," oeltch-beers nationa irebutatlon. consists waldemar geltch, violinist, mrs pianist accompanist, jessie izil beers, colorature soprano, who possesses beautiful "voice re markable range. saturday, bland's orchestra, under direction harrle band, comes saturday concerts. director orchestras greatest variety,. alms to- singing evening, concert presented appropriate costumes. dean arthur" holmes gives lefcture entitled "why america went war with'germany." much study german philosophy education, extensive traveler, and- patriot should hear him, sunday, 4, sunday's fern holt holt, violinist. linha hennie.' sherman, reader, flora williams, morp soldiers' names. enlistment record township grows steadily, substantial list names already published this week. cards coming rapidly mayor's office, hoped within' a' few weeks somplete ev.ery person now government service. may obtained mayor, clerk, ministers, postofllce, or lodge secretary. rela- ivo service, name file headquarters, fill out card once. here additiona names, date enlistment, branch service: 73. harold sanders, camp tay lor, 25, 1918, medical. 74. james george- brfennen, elyrla, april 6,. infantry. john p. brennen, infahtry. 76. henry gates, oct. g, 1917, quartermaster's corps. 77. sept. 21, 78. thos. young, sept.' 20, 79. leo hengen, cleveland, 28, 80. edward mcguire, 81. charles bolus, 82, michael george, 83. frank mcdermott, 7, 84. herbert j. sipple, 24, 85. levi bean, chlllicothe, 22, engineers. 86. . richard kreeger, (honorably jlscharged.) 87. elmer b. johnson, 6, (died scarlet fever; france, 1918.) 88. f. quince, elyriat nov, 3, machine gun. 89. norman brydon miller, am herst, 16,-1917, 90. chas. hugh schubert, fremont, cal., gun (killed auto accident camp.) 91. fred s. mead, sheldon, iowa, june 10, 19,14, army. 92. paul a. mori, field ar tillery. 93. kendelgh, aviation. 94. wm. jacobs, san ber nardino, sept., '1917, 95. jerry tenhope, omaha, neti., ae,- rjohn-e. hough, oct.. 1917tank 97. jake klassen, taylor, 2g; 98. raftih cole, sher man, we got rain after several hot, dry weather, which,, badly damaged .many crops gardens, successful the1 path old fashioned "soaker" arrived monday afternoon. considerable wind plenty water. the' lord turned again. blessing- people, visions total loss garden truck. i , previous monday's downpour threats rain. small amount came mostly seemed as if rained here, oberlln, oven lake shore north city share. middle ridge meet. largo crowd attended patri otic house friday z. u. woodruff oberlln com pany entertainers interest ing thrift stamps refreshments served pro gram's conclusion. sells west side home. carstensen & david real estate firm tuesday closed sale alert kluss property, milan avenue. w. r. brlney lorain. con 3ideration announced. family will, move nearer downtown section. briney bring -his new next week, soprano soloist. helen hiatt, little girl, great brush, man mys tery. entertain fifth day, o'ne leading magicians country, best en tertainments fully hours. monday, 5. chau tauqua, maintains standard set. vanvliet-mathlesen made five artists, presents such variety meet tastes lovers. judge d. alden, descended england puritan stock, discusses world sanely everyone benefited bearing him. goes directly lorain, patrons assured firemen's conven tion 21 fire companies towns 2,000 visitors expected. committees working hard oh plans annual volunteor tournament, - 31. convention tho biggest affairs 'its kind, annually tended thousands, expected spend hero year. oberlin, huron, medina cleveland participate. arrangements far include mornng, dinner delegates families central place, prob ably gymnasium, parade, headed lorain sports, dance bands vermilion and-tho band. lo musicians furnish parade sports. line march yet definitely decided upon, follow substantially same parades. thpre win line, latest fire-fighting equipment. elyrla bringing rear. races .been especially interesting, events exclusively firemen. first hose race, prizes $25, jib, $10. hook ladder prizes, next. 100 yard dash firemen only, $5 $3 entrants, another ldo dash, free all, townspeople chance show prowess. expenses met. cost holding tournament borne pany, contributions various merchants, those benefit, contributing liberally. soft drink purveyors, ice. cream par lors, like, benefit most. chief g: aschenbach spending weeks' michigan. strenuous time fore return about 14th remain until convention. meantime .his lieu tenants tb make advertising matter printed wlilbe displayed surrounding country. boys like wesbecher.i the- contingent leave card'seilt office says having fine time, god-forsaken letter was. sent oakdale, 'all happy well, stores close afternoons starting tinuing august, 12 noon order prietors clerks art opportun-j ity needed rest recreation. groceries, meat markets, goods, men's furnishings, furniture other lines affected. consumers do remember shopping accordingly. closing plan effect works well. 14, men, families, everybody cares come, picnic crystal beach. ball game, bathing, dancing, supper. autos town hall 1 o'clock, gather jn picnickers capacity, trip train. red cross gets machine. item appeared paper sewers,, library, wished donate use sewing conrad zilch anherst read arid heeded' appeal, join thanking him thought-fulness shown again proven pays advertise. l. lersch prize quarrymen's omitted due error, p, beach left off bills. $1 laundry soap, this- added largest attendance. cominlttee wishes announce oversight unintentional gladly makes correction. likes merchant marine. weiss, recent' recruit, writes life aboard ship. son-uf mrs. adam weiss park avenue, written -following eltter kusst, recruiting agent young enlisted ago, times rejected branches of' service physical grounds' follows: east boston, mass., just let know how along here. receive very treatment; get 6 ni breakfast, start tq work 8, stop 11:45, 12, 4:45 supper 5 in, trf can enjoy ourselves games, writing letters, something going enclosing shipping board, idea done. when pretty handy paint also housecleanlng. plain food cake pie. "meade," receiving ship, rathre boat, are, overhauling her only short she class shape. anxious jo ship "regular" sailor. yourb sincerely, meade. 170 border st., enn mass. requests 2 lbs. sugar monthly although system allows pounds month son, issued orders cutting capita allot ment pounds. reasons scarcity. state ohio 8,000,000 less than july, necessary sparingly possible. mayor foster, administrator, officially announced what steps -taken conform ruling) would somewhat task call av ready issue .new ones. cards, jan. prdtjable expire advanced thereby automatically reducing allotment two1 quarter per. month. powers practicing h. w, powers, known physician soth completed removal offices ebbs block, engage p'ractlco south residence, maintained, least time. w,lth rumored wu changes profes sion locally within .built prac tice fn vicinity, additional opportunity increase. managers. pressure work, lias resigned manager baseball team, succeeded "shorty" walt, employed austin automatic co. addition. former teams berea knows baseball. won lost charge, season. learn four its nine games. mickie p you've found a- $10 bill, your. pe-f bull ooo want buy liberty bono nin-f -to sell -the flivver.. outt li'l vjfcnt aos. -then oonw 'cost har-ol.n anntvun' an' "then go-t -ths pep, buh-leeve.ne picnicjaturday scene amusements visitors. mutual association beach, vermilion. affair draws big crowd, 'this 1,200 asked people journey railroad. no trains extra cars. however, almost certain go railroad, expressed intention bo th station conductor swea'r ho sees waiting contests. ambitious arranged way race contest comprises follo ing: fat women's ladies' foot egg girls' family, running broad jump, boys' potato sack tug between merchants contributed liberally contests, printed. inadvertently donors. wants entertain. quarrymen picnicked cedar point years, year, owing transportation difficulties necessity thrifty hold vermilion, $100 toward picnic, donating fund. attractions. bathing attention, probably, concessions come coffee dishes secured ground, spots where psread. stone donate. ( early nated sum quarries co, weak oheck covering share, following letter: herman kuss, chairman' q. m. a., dear kuss: appreciate your invitation attend hope wea'ther nave please accept enclosed check measure help defray expenses? wishes, am, yours truly, smith, president. officials present talks given. desire attend. committee charge extends cordial celebrate quarrymen. free; there's pleasant profitable day. saturday. because 3tarted instead, later. engaged grounds. drew immense town, undoubtedly repeat success concert. plant completion construction contract addition, proceeding methodically that,the job, probability, finished sooner planned snow files, roof started brick finished. su perintendent uthe rearrangement machines, offices. etc., entails work. girls evangelical (stone) church street churches assigned nights. manner. ..read ads they're interesting. so. gas price goe8 logan natural fuel raises 38c-3c 1,000 feet column .gas carries adverti'semesi addressed announcing raise 38c feet, 3c discount. cents, 16 cent. clearly advertisement therefore them hore. filed schedules supplied it, probably too increase soon. oberlin paying 60 cents feet. nearby raised. increased cost. why necessary: available domestic decreased rapidly. demands 3 number acres land halved since 1910. 4 reduced one-third rock decline marked. g volume wells drilled lower wells. 7 double compression capacity rapid pressure. 8 taxes greatly increased. 9 purchase producers length hau lis greater ago outlying fields supplement decreasing supply la fields. operating costs wells, stations, material labor past years. 11 declining rapidly, simultaneously marked production, immediate increasing thousand cubic delivered consumers. now. effect, 24. fritz glad explain anyone interested increase, clear any understood. report standing among institutions selling savings stamps. sales increasing, largely result pledge campaign june. fololws: original sources. banking postoffice. bank religious organizations. st. peter's paul's lutheran places. hardware kuss jacob baus foster ehrmann guild bodmann kassouff ice bros. telephone exchange dock schmauch market keller ilodmann millinery ruth v. clssne o. baker g. peter newsberry employes approximately 150 pleasantly surprised ol wednesday. costing $2.20, including tax, gift amounted substantia' sum. realized value act making attendance appreciated them. ladies vie booth chautauqua. nights assigned, defeats goftts game 8unday 8eason final 8core 4. fought closely contested amhersusanday defeated fast comet try atsodre dar doubt, interesting innings, spectator,) more nan money's worth. "chippy" bruce, pitcher locals, pitched seen comets hits delivery, '.hree doubles, struck, 19 marvelous accomplishment. strikeouts averaged inning, third, fifth, eighth ninth struck side. op posing did nothing bat seventh, two-baggers muffed, fly runs score hailing distance. forged ahead, chalked "won" cilumn. locals trouble, too. hitting part either. jenkins, comets' pitcher, wlndup, threw batters slow reached hit, refused travel far, better singles could made. jenkins' delivery wrinkle heretofore hit againbt speed. playing. bruce's pitching pportunity sparkling members were) scintillating plays. grugle ran center long' fly, jumped air speared: it. chances easy. smith comets, abort, backing third baseman, smlthberger, catcher, job time.' gentlemanly bunch. bunch of. ballplayers, fair clean. differ soma uncertaltny es whether advertised, accounted crowd. umpiring season, fleckner roth dividing honors. personnel proved improvement. becker played short, helaer second, first. wait caught right field. score. detail r h b n. cf 0 lynch, gotro, 3b j5 carstensen, lb helser, 2b becker, ss .2 wait, c ..1 grugel, rf totals tachers, ,0 ksenich. gratcher, ,.0 penrod, roth, ksenich, howells, thomas, s innings: 7. base orth. stolen bases sacrifice wait. passed ball- wild pitch bats- gratcher: bruce 19, jenkins balls umpires roth. good. sunday. brandt's promises one. strong team opposi tion, triinmlcg opponents regularly, mettle. chippy pitch. witnessed perform ance, said prospects seen, proper handling (or himself."
Object Description
Title | Amherst Times, 1918-08-01 |
Place | Amherst (Ohio) |
Date of Original | 1918-08-01 |
Source | LCCN: sn91069074, Amherst Times, 1918-08-01 1 39 |
Submitting Institution | Amherst Public Library |
Type | Text |
Digitization Information | 300dpi, 8bit Grayscale, Model: SunRise 2000, Software: iArchives, Inc., 3.240 |
Format | newspapers |
LCCN | sn91069074 |


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INDEX News Around Indian Country 2 Commentary/Editorials/Voices 4 Smoke Signals of Upcoming Events 5 Classifieds 7 Native American male found dead near Clearwater pg 1 Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe submits walleye plan pg 1 Minnesota state policy: Human rights against most tribal entities dismissed pg 1 King thwarted in attempt to derail recall petition pg 1 Commentary Post King pg4 King thwarted in attempt to derail recall petition Council meeting recessed until 12:00 noon Saturday to consider petition By Bill Lawrence In a surprise move at last Tuesday's Red Lake tribal council (RLTC) monthly meeting tribal treasurer Dan King and his council supporters made a last ditch effort to derail the recall petition drive seeking his ouster by attempting the appointment of Katherine Burns to the council seat left vacant by the death of Lawrence Bedeau last March. Bums is the sister of fonner council member Lawrence Bedeau. the appointment move by King and his followers was a surprise because it wasn't on the agenda for the day's meeting. The planned move came right after lunch break when everyone was barely back in their seats and was obviously designed to give King the vote he apparently thought would enable him to repeal the recall ordinance or vote down the recall petition. However, strong opposition by Little Rock residents, including 2000 runner- up candidate Michael F. Beaulieu and others, resulted in the council voting down the motion 5-4. Voting for the morion were King, Beaulieu, Lasley and Cook. Vot- Dan King ing against were Roy, Hardy, Thunder, ' Pemberton and Whitefeather. Rudy Johnson abstained. Whitefeather, who as chairman can only vote in case of a tie, said he was voting against the appointment because it wasn't right in view of the petition. He said that we are only tarnishing ourselves and that the Little Rock people should decide who they wanted to represent them and not the council. Later in the afternoon session, treasurer King launched into a tirade against the recall petition and the handling of it by tribal secretary Roy. Roy said that King was invited to all the community sessions to review or complete signatures or addresses, but he never showed up for any. King asked "why now? ... Why are we doing the petition now?" (Recall Ordinance 1-2001 was recently approved, last October.) King said the recall petition is nothing more than "political posturing," but he didn't specify" who is doing the posturing. He was critical of the petition review board because 6 of the 7 members signed petition. He proceeded to challenge nine peti tion signatures, but after responses from secretary Roy and several tribal members in the audience verifying the signatures he dropped the effort. Petition spokesperson Archie King confronted tribal treasurer Dan King about incidents in which Dan King or his followers are reported to have intimidated tribal members to withdraw their signatures. Dan King made little of it and tried to discredit Ms detractors. Press/ON was called by Little Rock resident Brian Jourdain Wednesday evening and informed that over 30 Little Rock residents met and voted to recommend to the RLTC that 2000 mnner-up candidate Michael F. Beaulieu be appointed to the vacant Little Rock District Representative seat at Saturdays council meeting. Petition spokespersons Archie King and Bill Lawrence told Press/ CWthat 1700 signatures have been certified by the tribal secretaries office and would be presented to the tribal council on Saturday. According to Recall Ordinance 1- 2001, 1665 are required to recall a tribal officer. Spokesperson King and Lawrence urge tribal members to show their support and solidarity by attending Saturday's council meeting. Minnesota state policy: Human rights charges against most tribal entities dismissed by Clara NiiSka The Minnesota Department of Human Rights has a policy of dismissing charges of human rights violations against Indian casinos and other tribal entities when the Indian defendant responds to the human rights complaint with a defense of "sovereign immunity." Although the State asserts jurisdiction, and human rights complaints against Indian casinos and other tribal entities may be filed with the State Department of Human Rights, those charges are routinely dismissed. Press/ON learned that the Department of Human Rights dismisses human rights cases involving tribal entities, and contacted the state agency. Spokesperson Elaine Hanson explained that the department "does not dismiss for lack of jurisdiction," but rather that the departmental policy was because of the "expenditure of resources" which would be required for the State to prosecute a human rights complaint against an Indian casino or other tribal entity. "We have to pick our battles - we would undoubtedly use our entire litigation budget for several years fighting this out in court. ... To spend the entire litigation budget on that, for the sake of resolving this in court, doesn't seem like good stewardship." The authority of the Department of Human Rights derives from Minnesota Statutes § 363. "The Minnesota Human Ritins Act is silent" on issues of state- tribal jurisdiction, said Hanson. There is an "assumption that there is jurisdiction" by the State. "We tell people when they call" the Human Rights Department, "yes, you may file a charge. But, if the tribe files a defense of sovereign immunity, then we will dismiss the case. Most people back off," she said; there are five or six human rights complaints against tribal entities filed with the state department annually. The department deals with these complaints by sending the people who filed them a standard Memorandum, which concludes, "the Commissioner declines to process this charge further." Hanson explained to Press/ON that, "years ago," we would "try to resolve" human rights complaints against Indian tribal enterprises. The Minnesota Supreme Court's 1996 decision in Cktvle v. i.i;tle Six ,555 N.W.2d 284) changed the Department of Human Rights' policy. In that case, the Minnesota court ruled that the "affirmative defense of sovereign immunity may be extended from a tribe to a tribal business entity," and that "[ajbsent an express and unequivocal waiver of sovereign immunity, a tribal business entity RIGHTS to page 5 Native American male found dead near Clearwater Sheriff Gar>' L. Miller reports that at 8:32 a.m. on January 8, 2001, the body of a Native American male in his mid-twenties was discovered lying off the shoulder of the eastbound lanes in the south ditch of 1-94 about !4 mile east of the city of Clearwater. Sheriff's Detectives and members of the Major Crimes Investigative Unit processed the scene. Preliminary information indicates that the man did not appear to have died of natural causes, but the cause of death has not yet been determined. The name of the victim cannot be released at this time, pending notification of next of kin. Wright County Sheriff's Deputies arid the Wright County Coroner's Office are continuing the investigation, and further information will be released as it becomes available. An autopsy will be conducted early tomorrow. We would like to encourage anyone who may have observed any unusual activity on 1-94 east of Clearwater in the early morning hours of Tuesday, January 8th,'to call the Wright County Sheriff's Office at 763-682-1162. Federal appeals court reinstates indictment of man challenging jurisdiction of BIA police By Jeff Armstrong The 8"' U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals last week reinstated the federal indictment of a non-Native for resisting the legal authority of a BIA police officer to enforce state law on the Fort Berthold Reservation. Willliam Billadeau will face charges of forcibly resisting, opposing, impeding and interfering with a federal officer for allegedly fleeing BIA officer Jeff White, who had stopped him on suspicion of driving under the influence on a state highway running through the reservation. Under federal law, the offense carries a maximum one- year prison sentence. While Billadeau complied with initial stop, he departed from the scene upon learning that the reservation officer was not cross-deputized by the county sheriff. Before driving away, Billadeau informed officer White that the sheriff could find him at his residence, also within reservation boundaries. White then followed Billadeau to his home and arrested him. In the U.S. District Court of North Dakota, Billadeau won dismissal of the indictment on jurisdictional grounds. Because there is no federal statute pertaining to driving while intoxicated, the district court held, Billadeau was subject only to state law, which the BIA officer was unable to enforce. The court determined that White was not acting in an official capacity due to Ms lack of legal authority under the circumstances. On appeal, however, the 8th Circuit reversed, finding that the U.S. government has jurisdiction under the Assimilative Crimes Act to enforce state motor vehicle laws on reservations. "A BIA officer lias a statutory duty to arrest a suspect who commits an offense in Indian country in the officer's presence. See 25 U.S.C. § 2803C3)(A). The General Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C, § 1152, creates federal jurisdiction over crimes committed by non-Indians against Indians in Indian country. It incorporates the Assimilative Crimes Act (ACA), 18 U.S.C. § 13, which provides that when conduct which would violate state law occurs on federal land, the relevant state law is assimilated into federal law unless there is already applicable federal law," the appeals court wrote. Although White was not charged with the suspected driving of- BIA to page 5 VOICE O F THE People web page: www.press-on.net Native American Press Ojibwe News We Support Equal Opportunity For All People A weekly publication. Copyright, Native American Press, 2001 Founded in 1988 Volume 14 Issue 6 January 11, 2002 This memorial to Tatanka lyotake (Sitting Bull) is located on a bluff on the west side of Lake Oahe, just west of Mobridge, South Dakota. Lake Oahe was created by the Oahe Dam on the Missouri River. Sitting Bull was originally buried at Fort Yates, North Dakota, until surviving relatives with the aid of the Dakota Memorial Association moved his remains to the present location on April 11,1953. Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe submits walleye plan State wildlife officials said they're pleased but need to take a closer look at a proposal by the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and six other Chippewa bands to take 100,000 pounds of walleyes a year out of Lake Mille Lacs between 2003 and 2007. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources is expressing concern about an element of commercialization included in the plan, which was submitted to the agency in the past week. "We're trying to figure out what it really means," said Rick Bruesewitz, DNR treaty biologist. "We have concerns over the commercialization of that resource." However, Bruesewitz said the state is pleased with the 100,000-pound annual walleye number, a level equal to the tribe's current alloca tion. The DNR establishes safe walleye harvests on the state's premier walleye fishery based on the bands'allowed take. "We're really pleased to see the bands are staying at a fairly reasonable level," Bruesewitz said. "This is something we can accommodate with the angling." Curt Kalk, the Mille Lacs band's natural resources commissioner, said the Mille Lacs Band, which gets half of the bands' annual allocation, has no interest in commercial fishing on the lake. But he said members of some bands from Wisconsin want flexibility to sell fish they take within their allocations to cover such costs as transportation to and from the lake. "Mille Lacs will not be participating in any commercial fishing," Kalk said. "I don't favor commer cialization at all." Kalk said the management plan represents the bands' best estimate of their subsistence fishing needs, along with a cushion to meet increased demand. The bands seek 100,000 pounds of walleyes a year in 2003 and 2004. Then, if they use at least 85 percent of their allocation, levels would rise to 105,000 pounds in 2005. 110,000 in 2006, and 115,000 in 2007. Otherwise, the allocation would stay at 100,000 pounds. Last year, the bands had an 85.000-pound allocation, but took only 48,000 pounds. The DNR set a harvest quota of 310,000 pounds for the public but, because of excellent fishing, had to impose size WALLEYE to page 8 Court rules parents present for questioning By Jeff Armstrong The Minnesota Court of Appeals this week ailed that police holding a juvenile suspect must attempt to have the youth's parents present during questioning. The appeals court struck down a Hennepin County district court decision upholding the delinquency adjudication of a 14- year-old, referred to as D.B.X, who confessed to stealing a car during a law enforcement interrogation. A district judge had ruled that because the youth was read his Miranda rights prior to questioning, his statements to police were RULING to page 5 Fight over land is focus of State of Band address Mille Lacs leadersays county is forcingthe tribe to "fightfor survival' Associated Press ON AMI A, MINN. - Calling county officials the biggest threat to sovereignty and identity of the Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa, Chief Executive Melanie Benjamin said the tribe is immovable and willing to fight. "Against our will, we are being forced to fight for our survival," Benjamin said Tuesday in her annual State of the Band address. The Mille Lacs County Board voted unanimously in late November to take legal action regarding 61,000 acres near Lake Mille Lacs, an area that is home to 4,000 people, including tribal members and non-Indians. The Band says the area is part of its reservation, protected under a treaty signed in 1855. However, Computer shutdown has Interior working the old-fashioned way "Piles of paper" at governmental agency By Robert Gehrke Associated Press WASHINGTON - The Interior Department is running the old- fashioned way, a month after a federal judge pulled the plug on the department's Internet connections. Piles of paper have taken the place of e-mails, and phone call queries have replaced clicks on a Web site. The situation is causing headaches for the public and agency employees, most of whom have lost their Web access. "I think we're all working very hard to try to deal with these problems," said Interior spokesman Hugh Vickery. "We're in the 21st century now and when your e-mail and Web get taken away, it's a real challenge." Computer users no longer can look for information on endan- COMPUTER to page 6 Video of arrest supports Bellanger's claims against obstruction charge By Jeff Armstrong A police videotape obtained by Press/ON of the Aug. 31 arrest of Lowell Bellanger by White Earth and Mahnomen County officers tends to support the tribal activist's account of the incident, which resulted in Bellanger facing charges of fleeing a peace officer and obstructing legal process with force. The complaint was initially filed in Mahnomen County, referred to Norman County for po tential conflict and finally landed in Becker County, within which Bellanger resides. In the video, Bellanger can be seen from the vantage point of a White Earth squad car with siren and lights activated driving at apparently normal highway speeds (and signaling his turns) from Highway 113 to his home in White Earth. Bellanger contends that the reservation officers followed him for a considerable distance before attempting to pull I him over without cause. The White Earth police maintain that Bellanger was stopped for failing to dim his headlights and on suspicion of DUI. He was never tested for the latter offense, nor charged with the minor traffic infraction. The police tape shows that Bellanger twice tried to exit his vehicle after colliding with a tree on his property. Both times the VIDEO to page 6 County Board Chairman Frank Courteau said that the area has not been treated as a reservation for more than 100 years and that Indian rights to it have been changed by subsequent treaties. The Band plans to build a $16 million sewage treatment plant on its property to serve 10,000 residents in a 30-square-mile area and has created a nonprofit corporation to run it. Federal grants will cover $7.7 million of the cost, and the band will pay the rest. Courteau customarily has attended the State of the Band address, but didn't this year, he said. County Board members were not invited. The Mille Lacs Band has about 3,340 members across the country. About one third of them live on or near the reservation in east-central Minnesota. More than 1,000 people packed a convention room at Grand Casino Mille Lacs, one of the Band's two casinos, for the address. Elected to lead the tribe in June 2000, Benjamin praised 2001 as a year of better housing, improved education and increased tribal involvement in the band's government. For the first time in many years, all of the tribal executives are also members of the band, she said. Looking ahead, she said the tribe still faces battles with chemical dependency, high rates of diabetes and the possibility of competition from state-nin casinos.
Object Description
Title | Native American Press / Ojibwe News (Bemidji, Minnesota), 2002-01-11 |
Preceding Titles | The Ojibwe News; The Native American Press; The Ojibwe News / Native American Press |
Edition | Volume 14, Issue 6 |
Date of Creation | 2002-01-11 |
Publishing Agency | Native American Press Company (Bemidji, Minnesota) |
Language | English |
Minnesota Reflections Topic | American Indians |
Item Type | Text |
Item Physical Format | Newspapers |
Formal Subject Headings |
Ojibwa Indians Community newspapers Indians of North America -- Newspapers |
Locally Assigned Subject Headings | American Indians; Native Americans; Ojibway; Ojibwe |
Minnesota City or Township | Bemidji |
Minnesota County | Beltrami |
State or Province | Minnesota |
Country | United States |
Contributing Organization | Bemidji State University, 1500 Birchmont Drive NE, Bemidji, Minnesota 56601-2699 |
Rights Management | Content and images in this collection may be reproduced and used freely without written permission only for educational purposes. Any other use requires the express written consent of Bemidji State University and the Associated Press. All uses require an acknowledgment of the source of the work. |
Local Identifier | bdj_2002 |
LCCN | sn 2001061871 |
OCLC Control Number | 37486420 |
Fiscal Sponsor | Funding provided to the Minnesota Digital Library through the Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund, a component of the Minnesota Clean Water, Land and Legacy constitutional amendment, ratified by Minnesota voters in 2008. |
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Basic vanilla muffins recipe
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Folk Blues: ... read more Blues (LP) 34.99 |
One: A landmark album – not only for Bob James, but for CTI and the Fender Rhodes as well! This is the album where all the magic starts – the first of many extremely successful albums that Bob ... read more Jazz (LP) 11.99 | ||||
What You Need: Quite possibly the greatest album ever from Side Effect – a wonderful set that mixes their soulful harmonies with some killer jazz funk from Wayne Henderson! The album may be the most perfect realization ... read more Soul (LP) 6.99 |


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Magic Molded FishBy: STYROFOAMâ"¢ Brand Foam By wrapping air-dry molding compound around foam eggs, you and your kids can create all their favorite under the sea stars! These fun fish craft projects are a great opportunity to teach your kids about undersea life or just have a good time. Materials:
Steps: Note: Read all instructions before beginning project. Adult supervision required.
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