text:
Schengen Area
Schengen Area
Legally bound to join
Description | Free travel area |
Established | 1995 |
Members |
26 members
Policy of | European Union |
Population | 419,392,429 |
Area | 4,312,099 km2 |
The Schengen Area is a group of 26 European countries that have abolished passport and immigration controls at their common borders. It functions as a single country for international travel purposes, with a common visa policy. The Area is named after the town of Schengen in Luxembourg where the Schengen Agreement, which led to the Area's creation, was signed. Joining Schengen entails eliminating internal border controls with the other Schengen members, while simultaneously strengthening external border controls with non-Schengen states.
Twenty-two of the European Union (EU) member states and the four European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states participate in the Schengen Area. Of the five EU members that do not form part of the Schengen Area, three – Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania – are legally obliged to join the area, while the other two – Ireland and the United Kingdom – maintain opt-outs. Four non-members of the EU, but members of EFTA – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland – participate in the Schengen Area while three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican – can be considered as de facto parts of the Schengen Area as they do not have border controls with the Schengen countries that surround them. The area currently covers a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 square kilometres (1,664,911 sq mi).[1]
The Schengen Area was established outside of the then European Community, when consensus could not be reached among all of its member states on the abolition of border controls. However as more EU member states signed up to join the Schengen Area, agreement was reached on absorbing it into the EU, which was done by the Amsterdam Treaty in 1999.
The Schengen Agreement was signed on 14 June 1985 by five of the then ten EU member states.[2] It led to the creation of the Schengen Area on 26 March 1995.[3] The Agreements and the rules adopted under them were entirely separate from the EU structures, until they were incorporated into the mainstream of European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997.
The Schengen Area currently consists of 26 states, including 4 which are not members of the European Union (EU). Two of the non-EU members, Iceland and Norway, are part of the Nordic Passport Union and are officially classified as states associated with the Schengen activities of the EU.[4] Switzerland was subsequently allowed to participate in the same manner in 2008. Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area on 19 December 2011.[5]De facto, the Schengen Area also includes three European micro-states, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City, that maintain open or semi-open borders with other Schengen member countries.[6] Two EU members – Ireland and the United Kingdom – have negotiated opt-outs from Schengen and continue to operate the Common Travel Area systematic border controls with other EU member states.
Before fully implementing the Schengen rules, each state needs to have its preparedness assessed in four areas: air borders, visas, police cooperation, and personal data protection. This evaluation process involves a questionnaire and visits by EU experts to selected institutions and workplaces in the country under assessment.[7]
Flag | State | Area (km²) |
Population[8] |
Signed or opted in |
Date of first implementation |
Austria | 83,871 | 8,414,638 | 28 April 1995 | 1 December 1997 | |
Belgium | 30,528 | 11,007,020 | 14 June 1985 | 26 March 1995 | |
Czech Republic | 78,866 | 10,535,811 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Denmark (excluding Greenlandd and the Faroe Islandsd) |
43,094 | 5,564,219 | 19 December 1996 | 25 March 2001 | |
Estonia | 45,226 | 1,340,194 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Finland | 338,145 | 5,391,700 | 19 December 1996 | 25 March 2001 | |
France (excluding overseas departments and territories) |
674,843 | 65,821,885 | 14 June 1985 | 26 March 1995 | |
Germany | 357,050 | 81,799,600 | 14 June 1985 | 26 March 1995c | |
Greece | 131,990 | 10,815,197 | 6 November 1992 | 26 March 2000 | |
Hungary | 93,030 | 9,979,000 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Icelanda | 103,000 | 318,452 | 19 December 1996 | 25 March 2001 | |
Italy | 301,318 | 60,681,514 | 27 November 1990 | 26 October 1997 | |
Latvia | 64,589 | 2,245,357 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Liechtensteina | 160 | 36,010 | 28 February 2008 | 19 December 2011 | |
Lithuania | 65,303 | 3,207,060 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Luxembourg | 2,586 | 511,840 | 14 June 1985 | 26 March 1995 | |
Malta | 316 | 417,608 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Netherlands (excluding Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the Caribbean Netherlands) |
41,526 | 16,703,700 | 14 June 1985 | 26 March 1995 | |
Norwaya (excluding Svalbarde) |
385,155 | 4,993,300 | 19 December 1996 | 25 March 2001 | |
Poland | 312,683 | 38,186,860 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Portugal | 92,391 | 10,647,763 | 25 June 1992 | 26 March 1995 | |
Slovakia | 49,037 | 5,440,078 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Slovenia | 20,273 | 2,048,951 | 1 May 2004 | 21 December 2007b | |
Spain (with special provisions for Ceuta and Melillaf) |
506,030 | 46,030,109 | 25 June 1992 | 26 March 1995 | |
Sweden | 449,964 | 9,415,570 | 19 December 1996 | 25 March 2001 | |
Switzerlanda | 41,285 | 7,866,500 | 26 October 2004 | 12 December 2008 | |
Schengen Area | 4,312,259 | 419,392,429 | 14 June 1985 | 26 March 1995 |
a. ^ EFTA states outside the EU that are associated with the Schengen activities of the EU,[4] and where the Schengen rules apply.
b. ^ For overland borders and seaports; since 30 March 2008 also for airports.[9]
c. ^ East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, joining Schengen, on 3 October 1990. Before this it remained outside the agreement. Despite some media reports, Heligoland is not outside Schengen; it is only outside the European Union Value Added Tax Area.
d. ^ Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not included in the Schengen area, although there might be relaxed checks in the Faroe Islands for flights from Scandinavia, thanks to the Nordic Passport Union; thus a passport is still recommended.[10] A Schengen visa issued by a Schengen state will not allow the holder access to either territory, only a Danish visa stamped with either "Valid for the Faroe Islands" or "Valid for Greenland", or both.[11]
e. ^ However, Jan Mayen is part of the Schengen Area.[12]
f. ^ The full Schengen acquis applies to all Spanish territories, but there are border checks on departure from Ceuta and Melilla to Spain or other Schengen countries, because of specific arrangements for visa exemptions for Moroccan nationals resident in the provinces of Tetuan and Nador.[13]
Prospective members
While Cyprus, which joined the EU in 2004, is legally bound to join the Schengen Area, implementation has been delayed because of the Cyprus dispute. According to Cypriot Minister of Foreign Affairs Giorgos Lillikas, "strict and full control based on Schengen will create a huge tribulation on a daily basis for the Turkish Cypriots", and it is unclear if this control is possible before the resolution of the dispute.[14] The Sovereign Base Areas, which are outside the EU, will also need "other handling and mechanisms".[14] As of March 2011[update] no date has been fixed for implementation of the Schengen rules by Cyprus.[15]
While Bulgaria and Romania, which joined the EU in 2007, are also legally bound to join the Schengen Area, implementation has been delayed. Bulgaria's and Romania's bids to join the Schengen Area were approved by the European Parliament in June 2011[16] but rejected by the Council of Ministers in September 2011, with the Dutch and Finnish governments citing concerns about shortcomings in anti-corruption measures and in the fight against organised crime.[17][18] Concern has also been expressed about the potential influx of illegal immigrants through Turkey to Bulgaria and Romania and then to Schengen countries.[19] Although the original plan was for Schengen Area to open its air and sea borders with Bulgaria and Romania by March 2012, and land borders by July 2012,[18] opposition from the Netherlands has deferred the two countries' entry to the Schengen Area until 2013 at the earliest.[20] The deal is pending approval of the European Council on the recommendation of its president Herman van Rompuy.[21] The planned debate on the agreement at the March Council meeting was postponed, likely due to the ongoing protests in Bulgaria.[22]
Croatia, which will join the EU on 1 July 2013, will be also legally bound to join the Schengen Area.
Flag | State | Area (km²) | Population | Signed or opted in | Prospective implementation date |
Bulgaria | 110,994 | 7,364,570 | 1 January 2007 | [23] | No earlier than end of 2013|
Croatia | 56,594 | 4,290,612 | 1 July 2013 | accession in 2013; target is by 2015[24][25] | Sometime after|
Cyprus | 9,251 | 1,099,341 | 1 May 2004 | Cyprus dispute; target is by 2016[26] | Partly dependent upon|
Romania | 238,391 | 19,042,936 | 1 January 2007 | [23] | No earlier than end of 2013
Territories of Schengen states outside the Area
There are territories of member states that are exempted from the Schengen Agreement and most of these are outside Europe (or remote islands in Europe).
The French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion, and the overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin are part of the European Union but do not form part of the Schengen Area. A fifth French Overseas Department, Mayotte, was created on 31 March 2011 when its status was changed from being an overseas collectivity. It is due to become part of the EU as an EU outermost region on 1 January 2014. The EU's freedom of movement provisions apply, but each territory operates its own visa regime for non-European Economic Area (EEA), non-Swiss nationals. While a visa valid for one of these territories will be valid for all, visa exemption lists differ.[27] A Schengen visa, even one issued by France, is not valid for these territories. A visa for Sint Maarten (which is valid for travelling to the Dutch side of the island of Saint Martin) is also valid for the French side.[28] France also has several territories which are neither part of the EU nor the Schengen Area.[29] These are: French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna.
Only the European territory of the Netherlands is part of the Schengen Area. Six Dutch territories in the Caribbean are outside the Area. Three of these territories – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (collectively known as the BES islands) – are special municipalities within the Netherlands proper. The other three – Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten – are autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. All islands retain their status as Overseas countries and territories and are thus not part of the European Union. The six territories have a separate visa system from the European part of the Netherlands and people travelling between these islands and the Schengen Area are subjected to systematic identity checks.[30]
Svalbard is part of Norway and has a special status under international law. It is not part of the Schengen Area. There is no visa regime in existence for Svalbard either for entry, residence or work,[31] although it is difficult to visit Svalbard without travelling through the Schengen Area,[31] although there are charter flights from Russia. In 2011 the Norwegian government imposed identity checks on individuals wishing to enter and leave Svalbard, with the border between Svalbard and the rest of Norway being treated as an external Schengen border.[32] A Schengen visa must be multiple entry to allow returning to Norway.[33] There is no welfare or asylum system for immigrants on Svalbard, and people incapable of supporting themselves may be sent away.[33]
The Danish territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland are neither part of the European Union nor the Schengen Area, though the Faroes are part of the Nordic Passport Union. Visas to Denmark are not automatically valid in the Faroe Islands and Greenland. A passport or an acceptable identity card must be brought and is needed both for the identity check at boarding and for the check at the arrival airport.[34]
Mount Athos, a province of Greece, is part of the Schengen area, though a special permit may be required for entry and women are not allowed in any case.
EU member states with opt-outs
Ireland and the United Kingdom were the only EU members which, prior to the 2004 enlargement, had not signed the Schengen Agreement. Both countries maintain a Common Travel Area with passport-free travel for their citizens between them and the three British Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, which are outside of the European Union.
The UK declined to sign up to the Schengen Agreement, one argument being that, for an island, frontier controls are a better and less intrusive way to prevent illegal immigration than other measures, such as identity cards, residence permits, and registration with the police, which are appropriate for countries with "extensive and permeable land borders".[35] Ireland does not share Britain's view that free movement without border checks should apply only to EU citizens, but did not sign up to the Schengen Agreement because it "would not be in the interest of Ireland to have a situation where the common travel area with Britain would be ended and Ireland would impose both exit and entry controls on persons travelling between here and Britain and, in addition, on the land frontier".[36]
When Schengen was subsumed into the EU by the Treaty of Amsterdam, Ireland and the UK obtained an opt-out from the part of the treaty which was to incorporate the Schengen rules (or acquis) into EU Law.[37] Under the relevant protocol, Ireland and the United Kingdom may request to participate in aspects of the Schengen acquis but this is subject to the approval of the Schengen states.[38]
The UK formally requested to participate in certain provisions of the Schengen acquis – Title III relating to Police Security and Judicial Cooperation – in 1999, and this request was approved by the Council of the European Union on 29 May 2000.[39] The United Kingdom's formal participation in the previously approved areas of cooperation was put into effect by a 2004 Council decision that came into effect on 1 January 2005.[40]
In contrast while Ireland initially submitted a request to participate in the Schengen acquis in 2002, which was approved by the Council of the European Union,[41] that decision has not yet been put into effect. In February 2010 the Irish Minister for Justice, in response to a parliamentary question, said that: "[t]he measures which will enable Ireland to meet its Schengen requirements are currently being progressed".[42] As a step forward, but outside the Schengen treaty Ireland modified the 2004 Inmmigration Act, letting travel to Ireland without a visa since 1 November 2012, direct family members of EU citizens living legally in the EU. A valid residence family card issued by another member state, together with his non EU passport is considered a valid travel document.
A previous 1999 report by the European Union Select Committee of the House of Lords recommended "full United Kingdom participation" in all the various four Titles of the Schengen Implementing Convention.[43]
Status of the European microstates
Liechtenstein is, since 2011, a full member of the Schengen Area. However, Liechtenstein does not issue visas, and recommends visitors to apply for a visa in another Schengen country, e.g. Switzerland.[44]
The other four microstates are not parties to the Schengen Agreement, cannot issue Schengen visas and, with the exception of Monaco, are not part of the Schengen Area. San Marino and the Vatican City are both landlocked states surrounded by Italy. As they both have open borders, they can be considered as being de facto within the Schengen Area. San Marino and Vatican City do not perform border checks for arrivals from outside Schengen, but these are not needed since neither of them have any airports or seaports. Helicopters are not permitted to go from outside Schengen or a ship, directly to San Marino or the Vatican City.
Andorra retains border controls with both France and Spain. Citizens of EU countries require either their national identity cards or passports to enter Andorra, while anyone else requires a passport or equivalent. Schengen visas are accepted,[45] but those travelers who need a visa to enter the Schengen Area need a multiple-entry visa to visit Andorra, because entering Andorra means leaving the Schengen Area.[46]
Monaco has an open border with France. Schengen laws are administered as if it were a part of EU. Both French and Monégasque authorities carry out checks at Monaco's seaport and heliport.
San Marino has an open border with Italy, although some random checks are made by Guardia di Finanza and San Marino's Guardia di Rocca.
The Vatican City has an open border with Italy.[47] The microstate has shown an interest in joining the Schengen agreement for closer cooperation in information sharing and similar activities covered by the Schengen Information System.[48] Very exceptionally, Italy has allowed people to visit the Vatican City, without being accepted for an Italian visa, then being escorted by police between the airport and the Vatican.
Regulation of internal borders
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Before the implementation of the Schengen Agreement, most borders in Europe were patrolled and a vast network of border posts existed around the continent, to check the identity and entitlement of people wishing to travel from one country to another.
Since the implementation of the Schengen rules, border posts have been closed (and often entirely removed) between participating countries. The Schengen Borders Code requires participating states to remove all obstacles to free traffic flow at internal borders.[49] Thus, road, rail and air passengers no longer have their identity checked by border guards when travelling between Schengen countries, although security controls by carriers are still permissible.[50]
A Schengen state is permitted to reinstate border controls with another Schengen country for a short period where there is a serious threat to that state's "public policy or internal security." When such risk arise out of foreseeable events, the state in question must notify the European Commission in advance and consult with other Schengen states.[51] In April 2010 Malta introduced temporary checks due to Pope Benedict XVI's visit.[52]
When travelling by air between Schengen countries or within a single Schengen country, some airlines request identification (usually a passport or a national ID card) at the airport check-in counters or when boarding.[53][54] This practice is not a form of an official border control, but is used to establish the identity of the passengers. However, certain flights between Schengen countries are considered as non-Schengen flights. For example, travellers flying on LAN between Madrid-Barajas Airport and Frankfurt Airport are required to go through Schengen exit checks upon departure in Madrid and Schengen entry checks upon arrival in Frankfurt, because the route operates from Santiago (Chile) and the German authorities would have no way of differentiating between arriving passengers who boarded in Santiago and those who joined in Madrid.[55]
According to the Schengen rules, hotels and other types of commercial accommodation must register all foreign citizens, including citizens of other Schengen states, by requiring the completion of a registration form by their own hand. This does not apply to accompanying spouses and minor children or members of travel groups. In addition, a valid identification document has to be produced to the hotel manager or staff.[56] The Schengen rules do not require any other procedures; thus, the Schengen states are free to regulate further details on the content of the registration forms, and identity documents which are to be produced, and may also require the persons exempted from registration by Schengen laws to be registered. Enforcement of these rules varies by country.
The European Union constitutes a customs union and a Value Added Tax area. The effect of these provisions is to prohibit systematic tax, customs controls or any administrative processing of goods at borders between EU member states. In consequence the borders between EU, Schengen states have become largely invisible. However not all Schengen states or all of the territory of Schengen states are part of the customs union or VAT area, so some controls on goods entering or leaving the customs union and/or VAT area are inevitable. To avoid customs controls becoming the new passport controls on internal Schengen borders, the Schengen Borders Code prohibits systematic customs and tax controls.[57]
Internal movement for third-country EEA family members
Movement across internal borders of Schengen countries is free of checks on any person by the authorities, except for the controversies below. However, this does not affect the right of airline companies to carry out identity checks within a commercial framework, i.e. when the passenger checks in, with a view to ensuring the person is the one indicated on the ticket or that he/she is entitled to certain discounts. In addition, carriers are allowed to undertake checks for security reasons. Such checks can be conducted through the verification of a passport or an identity card.[58][59] In the case of an EEA family member third-country national, the airline will usually require a valid passport and valid Schengen State residence permit.[60] The person does not need to be accompanied by, nor joining, the EEA national since the airline is not performing an immigration check.
Although travellers within the Schengen Area are no longer required to show documents at an internal border (except for the controversies below), national laws still require them to carry identity documents.[61] Thus, foreigners with a valid residence permit in a Schengen State and carrying valid documents can travel within the territory and do not need any special permission to do so. It is the obligation of everyone travelling within the area to be able to show a fully valid form of personal identification approved by other Schengen States.[62]
Danish customs controls proposal
In July 2011, Denmark tightened its customs controls in what the Danish government claim is a measure designed to counter illegal immigration and organised crime.[63] This has been criticised by Germany and the EU commission who argue that the Danish move is contrary to the principle of freedom of movement.[64][65]
EU Commissioner for Home Affairs Cecilia Malmström wrote in her blog in May 2011 that the Danish measures could be in breach of EU law.[66] In July 2011, Malmström blogged as follows: "We are currently assessing all the information submitted by Denmark concerning their plans to reinforce customs controls at the borders. But the final decision on whether the Danish rules are in line with EU law will also depend on how they are put in practice. This is why, in agreement with the Danish authorities, I have today decided to send Commission experts to Denmark tomorrow to asses [sic] how the measures have been implemented."[67] Later in July 2011, Malmström expressed her concern that the mission of experts "did not give us the clarifications we were hoping for."[68]
In October 2011, the newly elected government of Helle Thorning-Schmidt (Socialist Party) abolished her predecessor's border control plan and reintroduced normal Schengen procedure.[69]
French controls against migrants from northern Africa
Following the Tunisian revolution of 2010–11, the government of Italy gave six-month residence permits to some 25,000 Tunisian migrants.[70][71] This allowed the migrants to travel freely in the Schengen Area. In response, both France and Germany threatened to impose border checks, not wanting the Tunisian refugees to enter their territory.[71] In April 2011, for several hours, France blocked trains carrying the migrants at the French/Italian border at Ventimiglia.[71]
At the request of France, in May 2011 the European Commissioner for Home Affairs, Cecilia Malmström proposed that more latitude would be available for the temporary re-establishment of border control in the case of strong and unexpected migratory pressure, or the failure of a state to protect the external borders of the EU.[70]
On 25 July 2011, in delivering the European Commission's final assessment on the measures taken by Italy and France,[72] the Home Affairs Commissioner said, "[f]rom a formal point of view steps taken by Italian and French authorities have been in compliance with EU law. However, I regret that the spirit of the Schengen rules has not been fully respected."[72] Ms. Malmström also called for a more coherent interpretation of the Schengen rules and a stronger evaluation and monitoring system for the Schengen Area.[72]
The European Commission is expected to unveil revised rules governing the possible temporary re-establishment of internal border controls in September 2011.[73]
Landmark Ruling
Despite Brussels opposition, the European Union nations in a landmark move on 7 June 2012 agreed to enable Schengen countries to reimpose (internal) border controls for six months, renewable for another six, "when the control of an external border is no longer ensured due to exceptional circumstances".[74]
Regulation of external borders
Participating countries are required to apply strict checks on travellers entering and exiting the Schengen Area. These checks are co-ordinated by the European Union's Frontex agency, and subject to common rules. The details of border controls, surveillance and the conditions under which permission to enter into the Schengen Area may be granted are exhaustively detailed in the Schengen Borders Code.[75]
Border checks
All persons crossing external borders – inbound or outbound – have to be subject to at least a minimum check, although travellers who are neither EU, EEA or Swiss citizens nor their family members enjoying the right of free movement must, in general, be subject to a thorough check.[76] The only exception is for regular cross-border commuters (both those with the right of free movement and third-country nationals) who are well known to the border guards: once an initial check has shown that there is no alert on record relating to them in the Schengen Information System or national databases, they can only be subject to occasional 'random' checks, rather than systematic checks every time they cross the border.[77][78]
In 'exceptional' and 'unforeseen' circumstances where waiting times become excessive, external border checks can be relaxed on a temporary basis.[79]
Border guards carry out the following procedures when checking travellers who cross external borders:
Procedure | Minimum check[76] | Thorough check (on entry)[80] |
Thorough check (on exit)[80] |
Checking the traveller's identity based on his/her travel document | Yes (The check must be 'rapid' and 'straightforward') |
Yes | Yes | |
Checking that the travel document is valid and has not expired | Yes (The check must be 'rapid' and 'straightforward') |
Yes | Yes | |
Checking the travel document for signs of falsification or counterfeiting | Yes (The check must be 'rapid' and 'straightforward') |
Yes | Yes | |
Checking the travel document for signs of falsification or counterfeiting using technical devices (e.g. UV light, magnifiers) | Optional (The check must be 'rapid' and 'straightforward') |
Optional | Optional | |
Checking the travel document against the list of stolen, misappropriated, lost and invalidated documents in the Schengen Information System and other databases | Optional (The check must be 'rapid' and 'straightforward') |
Optional | Optional | |
Consulting the Schengen Information System and other databases to ensure that the traveller does not represent a threat to the internal security, public policy, international relations of Schengen Member States or a threat to the public health | Optional (on a strictly 'non-systematic' basis where such a threat is 'genuine', 'present' and 'sufficiently serious') |
Optional | Optional | |
Recording the traveller's entry/exit in a database (Note that, as of February 2013, only 11 Schengen Member States—Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain—record travellers' entries and exits in their national databases, but data is not exchanged between the national databases of these countries, nor is there a Schengen-wide centralised database tracking entries and exits in all 26 Schengen Member States.[81][82][83][84][85][86][87]) |
Optional | Optional | Optional | |
Stamping the travel document | No | Yes (with some exceptions) |
Yes (with some exceptions) |
Checking that the traveller has the appropriate visa/residence permit (if required) | No | Yes | Optional | |
Checking the authenticity of the visa (if required) and the identity of the visa holder by consulting the Visa Information System | No | Yes | Optional | |
Examining entry and exit stamps in the travel document to ensure that the traveller has not exceeded the maximum duration of authorised stay | No | Yes | Optional | |
Verifying the traveller's point of departure and destination | No | Yes | No | |
Verifying the traveller's purpose of stay | No | Yes | No | |
Verifying any documents/evidence to support the traveller's purported purpose of stay | No | Optional | No | |
Verifying that the traveller has sufficient funds for his/her stay and onward/return journey (or that he/she is in a position to acquire such means lawfully) | No | Yes | No |
As shown by the table above, because many procedures are optional, border guards have discretion in deciding how rigorously they check travellers at external border crossing points. As a result, the length of time taken to perform checks differs between Schengen countries. For example, an entry check for an EU, EEA or Swiss citizen takes around 5 seconds on average in Italy, whilst in Norway, on average it takes around 1-minute.[86] The disparities in checks on third-country nationals are even greater. For example, an entry check for an Annex II national takes around 15 seconds on average in Greece, whilst it takes 3–5 minutes on average in Slovakia.[85][87] Similarly, an entry check for an entry check for an Annex I national on average lasts around 30–60 seconds in The Netherlands, whilst in Latvia, it lasts around 2–5 minutes on average.[85]
When carrying out checks at external borders, border guards are, by law, required to respect the dignity of travellers and are forbidden from discriminating against persons based on their sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.[88]
External border controls are located at roads crossing a border, at airports, at seaports and on board trains.[89] Usually, there is no fence along the land border, but there are exceptions like the Ceuta border fence, and some places at the eastern border.[90] However, surveillance camera systems, some equipped with infrared technology, are located at some more critical spots, for example at the border between Slovakia and Ukraine, where at some points there is a camera every 186 metres (203 yards).[91] Along the southern coast of the Schengen countries, coast guards make a substantial effort to prevent private boats from entering without permission.
At many external border crossing points, there are special lanes for EU, EEA and Swiss citizens (as well as their family members) and other lanes for all travellers regardless of nationality.[92] Although Andorran and San Marinese citizens are not EU or EEA citizens, they are nonetheless able to use the special lanes designated for EU, EEA and Swiss citizens.[93]
At the following external border crossing points, automated border gates are available for EU, EEA and Swiss citizens aged 18 or over holding biometric passports:
- Czech Republic: Prague Václav Havel Airport[94][95]
- Finland: Helsinki Airport, Port of Helsinki and Vaalimaa (Also available for holders of Japanese biometric passports at Helsinki Airport.)[96][97][98]
- France: Marseille Provence Airport, Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and Paris-Orly Airport (Also available for holders of EU, EEA and Swiss non-biometric machine readable passports, as well as family members of EU, EEA and Swiss citizens holding a residence permit marked 'Family member of EU citizen'. All users who do not hold a French biometric passport need to register first.)[99]
- Germany: Frankfurt Airport[100]
- Netherlands: Amsterdam Schiphol Airport[101]
- Norway: Oslo Airport, Gardermoen[102]
- Portugal: Funchal Airport, Lisbon Portela Airport, Ponta Delgada Airport, Porto Airport
- Spain: Barcelona El Prat Airport, Madrid-Barajas Airport (Also for holders of a Spanish identity card)[84]
- Switzerland: Zurich Airport[103]
Sometimes, external border controls are located on non-Schengen territory. For example, France operates border checks at juxtaposed controls on travellers departing the United Kingdom for the Schengen Area before they board their train or ferry at St Pancras International, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International railway stations, as well as at the Port of Dover and Cheriton Eurotunnel terminal.[104][105]
The Schengen rules require that all passenger carriers across the Schengen external border must check, before boarding, if the passenger has the travel document and visa required for entry.[106] This is to prevent persons from applying for asylum at the passport control after landing within the Schengen Area.
Short-stay and transit visas
The rules applicable to short-term entry visas into the Schengen Area are set out in EU regulations which contain two lists: a list of the nationalities (or classes of travel document holder) which require a visa for a short-term stay (the Annex I list) and a list which do not (the Annex II list).[107]
Being listed in the visa-free list will sometimes but not always exempt the listed nationality or class from the requirement to obtain a work permit if they wish to take up employment or self-employed activity during their stay; business trips are not normally considered employment in this sense.[108] Schengen states may establish, with respect to entries and stays in their own territory, additional visa requirements or waivers for persons holding diplomatic, official, or other special passports.
The uniform visa – i.e. the "Schengen visa" – is granted in the form of a sticker affixed by a Member State onto a passport, travel document or another valid document which authorises the holder to cross the border. However, the holder of a visa may still be denied entry at the border if he or she fails to meet the requirements for admission to the Schengen Area (see below).
Short stay and transit visas are currently granted in the following categories:[109][110]
- An airport-transit visa entitles the holder to pass through the international transit area of an airport in the Schengen Area. The requirement to hold such a visa is an exception to the general rule that nationals who require a visa to enter the Schengen Area do not require a visa to complete a stop-over in an airport in the Schengen Area.
- A uniform visa entitles the holder to enter and remain in the Schengen Area for a specified period. Uniform visas are issued for reasons other than immigration, such as tourism, business or transit, and may be issued for either single or multiple entry. The maximum validity of the latter is normally a year but a greater period of up to five years is allowable in exceptional cases. The maximum stay allowable is three months in any half-year. When issued for transit the length of the stay will correspond to the length the transit should take.
- Facilitated Transit Document (FTD) and a Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD) are documents issued for transit between the Russian Federation and its exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast. A FTD is valid for up to three years for transits which do not exceed 24 hours. A FRTD is valid for up to three months for transits which not exceed six hours.[111]
Normally, an individual has to apply for a Schengen visa in his/her country of residence at the embassy, high commission or consulate of the Schengen country which is his/her main destination. It is possible, exceptionally, to obtain a single-entry Schengen visa valid for up to 15 days on arrival at the border if the individual can prove that he/she was unable to apply for a visa in advance due to time constraints arising out of 'unforeseeable' and 'imperative' reasons as long as he/she fulfils the regular criteria for the issuing of a Schengen visa.[112] However, if the individual requesting a Schengen visa at the border falls within a category of people for which it is necessary to consult one or more of the central authorities of other Schengen States, he/she may only be issued a visa at the border in exceptional cases on humanitarian grounds, on grounds of national interest or on account of international obligations (such as the death or sudden serious illness of a close relative or of another close person).[113]
Entry conditions for third-country nationals
A Schengen visa or a visa exemption does not, in and of itself, entitle a traveller to enter the Schengen Area. The Schengen Borders Code lists requirements which third-country nationals must meet to be allowed into the Schengen Area. For this purpose, a third-country national is a person who does not enjoy the right of free movement (i.e. a person who is not an EU, EEA or Swiss citizen, nor a family member of such a person who is in possession of a residence permit with the indication "family member of an EU citizen" or "family member of an EEA or CH citizen").
The requirements for entry are as follows:[114]
- The third-country national is in possession of a valid travel document or documents authorising them to cross the border; the acceptance of travel documents for this purpose remains within the domain of the member states;[115]
- The traveller either possesses a valid visa (if required) or a valid residence permit;
- The traveller can justify the purpose and conditions of the intended stay and has sufficient means of subsistence, both for the duration of the intended stay and for the return to his or her country of origin or transit to a third country into which the traveller is certain to be admitted, or is in a position to acquire such means lawfully;
- The Schengen Information System does not contain an alert for refusal of entry concerning the traveller, and
- The traveller is not considered to be a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of any of the Schengen states.
However, even if the third-country national does not fulfil the criteria for entry, admission may still be granted:[116]
- On humanitarian grounds
- On grounds of national interests
- On grounds of international obligations
- If the person is not in possession of a visa, but fulfils the criteria for being issued a visa at the border
- If the person holds a residence permit or a re-entry visa issued by a Schengen state
Border guards are required to stamp the travel documents of third-country nationals when they cross external borders at all times, even in extraordinary and unforeseen circumstances, including when checks are relaxed.[117] However, nationals of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City are exempt from this requirement, as are heads of state, whose visits were announced through diplomatic channels, and holders of local border traffic permits and residence permits.[118] Certain exemptions also apply to the crews of ships and aircraft.[119] Third-country nationals who otherwise fulfil all the criteria for admission into the Schengen area must not be denied entry for the sole reason that there is no remaining empty space in their travel document to affix a stamp; instead, the stamp should be affixed on a separate sheet of paper.[120]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Schengen zone passport stamps |
Exit stamp for air travel issued at Prague airport.
Exit stamp for rail travel, issued at Bad Schandau train station.
Exit stamp for road travel, issued at Korczowa border crossing.
Exit stamp for sea travel, issued at Helsinki port.
Stays in excess of three months
For stays in the Schengen Area as a whole which exceed three months, a third-country national will need to hold either a long-stay visa for a period no longer than a year, or a residence permit for longer periods. A long-stay visa is a national visa but is issued in accordance with a uniform format. It entitles the holder to enter the Schengen Area and remain in the issuing state for a period longer than three months but no more than one year. If a Schengen state wishes to allow the holder of a long-stay visa remain there for longer than a year, the state must issue him or her with a residence permit.
The holder of a long-stay visa or a residence permit is entitled to move freely within other states which comprise the Schengen Area for a period of up to three months in any half-year.[121] Third-country nationals who are long-term residents in a Schengen state may also acquire the right to move to and settle in another Schengen state without losing their legal status and social benefits.[122]
Asylum seekers who request international protection under the Geneva Convention from a Schengen member state are not issued a residence permit, but are instead issued, within 3 days of the application being lodged, an authorisation to remain on the territory of the member state while the application is pending or being examined. This means that, whilst their application for refugee status is being processed, asylum seekers are only permitted to remain in the Schengen member state where they have claimed asylum and are not entitled to move freely within other states which comprise the Schengen Area.[123] Successful applicants who have been granted international protection by a Schengen member state are issued residence permits which are valid for at least 3 years and renewable, whilst applicants granted subsidiary protection by a Schengen member state are issued residence permits valid for at least 1-year and renewable, unless there are compelling reasons relating to national security or public order. Family members of beneficiaries of international or subsidiary protection from a Schengen member state are issued residence permits as well, but their validity can be shorter.[124] Applicants who have been granted temporary protection by a Schengen member state (as well as their reunited family members) are issued residence permits valid for the entire period of temporary protection.[125]
However, some third-country nationals are permitted to stay in the Schengen Area for more than three months without the need to apply for a long-stay visa. For example, France does not require citizens of Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City to apply for a long-stay visa.[126] In addition, Article 20(2) of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement allows for this 'in exceptional circumstances' and for bilateral agreements concluded by individual signatory states with other countries before the Convention entered into force to remain applicable. As a result, for example, New Zealand citizens are permitted to stay for up to 90 days in each of the Schengen countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) which had already concluded bilateral visa exemption agreements with the New Zealand Government prior to the Convention entering into force without the need to apply for long-stay visas,[127][128][129][130][131] but if travelling to other Schengen countries the 90 days in a 180-day period time limit applies.
Entry conditions for third-country family members of EEA nationals
The right of entry into the EEA (includes Schengen countries except Monaco) without additional visa was extended to the third-country family members of EEA nationals exercising their treaty right of free movement who hold a valid residence card of their EEA host country and wish to visit any other EEA member state for a short stay up to 90 days.[132][133] This is implied in Directive 2004/38/EC, Article 5(2) provided that they travel together with the EEA national or join their spouse/partner at a later date (Article 6(2)). If the non-EEA family member has neither an EEA residence card nor a visa, but can show their family tie with the EU national by other means, then a visa must be issued at the border for free and entry permitted.[134][135] However, this requirement has been incorrectly transposed into Belgian, Latvian and Swedish law, and not transposed at all by Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Italy, Lithuania and Germany.[136]
Five member states (as of December 2008), do not follow the Directive to the effect that non-EEA family members may still face difficulties (denial of boarding the vessel by the transport company, denial to enter by border police) when travelling to those states using their residence card gained in another EU country. A visa or other document(s) may still be required.[136]
For example, the UK interprets "residence card" in Article 5(2) of the Directive to mean "UK" residence card, and ignores other cards, instead requiring an "EEA family permit" contrary to the Directive.[137] Showing the family tie with the EU national by other means (as mentioned above) should circumvent this. Denmark and Ireland do not prescribe that a valid residence card will exempt non-EEA family members from the visa requirement.[138][139] Spain only permits residence cards from Schengen countries, therefore cards from the UK, Ireland, Bulgaria, Romania, and Cyprus are not allowed. The Spanish legislation is not in conformity with the Directive.[140] Austria, somewhat like the UK, seems to require a permanent residence card issued by the Austrian authorities to enter without visa.[141]
Local border traffic at external borders
Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-EU member state are authorised by virtue of the EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude or maintain bilateral agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of implementing a local border traffic regime.[142] Such agreements define a border area which may extend to a maximum of 50 kilometres (31 mi) on either side of the border, and provide for the issuance of local border traffic permits to residents of the non-Schengen side of the border area. Permits may be used to cross the external border within the border area, are not stamped on entry or exit of the Schengen Area and must display the holder's name and photograph, as well as a statement that its holder is not authorised to move outside the border area and that any abuse shall be subject to penalties.
Permits are issued with a validity period of between one to five years and allow for a stay within the Schengen side of the border area of up to three months. Permits may only be issued to lawful residents of the border area who have been resident in the border area for a minimum of one year (or longer if specified by the bilateral agreement). Applicants for a permit have to show that they have legitimate reasons to cross frequently an external land border under the local border traffic regime. Schengen states must keep a central register of the permits issued and have to provide immediate access to the relevant data to other Schengen states.
Holders of local border traffic permits are able to spend up to 3 months every time they enter the border area of the Schengen country which has issued the permit (this time limit is far more generous than the '90 days in a 180 day period' normally granted to third-country nationals visiting the Schengen Area).[143]
Before the conclusion of an agreement with a neighbouring country, the Schengen state must receive approval from the European Commission, which has to confirm that the draft agreement is in conformity with the Regulation. The agreement may only be concluded if the neighbouring state grants at least reciprocal rights to EEA and Swiss nationals resident on the Schengen side of the border area, and agrees to the repatriation of individuals found to be abusing the border agreement.
As of July 2012[update] seven local-traffic agreements have come into force. Three of them are Hungary-Ukraine in January 2008, Slovakia-Ukraine in September 2008 and Poland-Ukraine in July 2009.[144] As an EU member, in anticipation of its admission into the Schengen Area, Romania has agreed an local-traffic agreement with Moldova which entered into force in October 2010.[144] The fifth is the one between Latvia and Belarus, which began to operate in February 2012.[145] Agreements between Poland and Russia (Kaliningrad Area),[146] and Norway and Russia are also in effect.
The agreement between Poland and Belarus is due to enter into force in 2012[dated info].,[147] but was delayed as of May 2012[148]
In late 2009, Norway began issuing one-year multiple-entry visas, without the usual requirement of having family or a business partner in Norway, called Pomor-Visas, to Russians from Murmansk Oblast, and later to those from Arkhangelsk Oblast.[149] Finland is not planning border permits, but has issued over one million regular visas for Russians in 2011, and many of them multiple-entry visas. The EU is planning to allow up to 5-year validity on multiple-entry visas for Russians[150]
Special arrangement on entry for Croatia
There is an exception to these rules in the case of citizens of Croatia. Based on the pre-Schengen bilateral agreements between Croatia and its neighbouring EU countries (Italy, Hungary and Slovenia), Croatian citizens are allowed to cross the border with only an ID card (passport not obligatory).[151] Many people living near the border cross it several times a day (some work across the border, or own land on the other side of the border), especially on the border with Slovenia, which was unmarked for centuries as Croatia and Slovenia were both part of the Habsburg Empire (1527–1918) and Yugoslavia (1918–1991). Since Croatia will join the EU on 1 July 2013, an interim solution, which received permission from the European Commission, was found: every Croatian citizen is allowed to cross the Schengen border into Hungary, Italy or Slovenia with an ID card and a special border card that is issued by Croatian police at border exit control. The police authorities of Hungary, Italy or Slovenia will then stamp the special border card both on entry and exit. Croatian citizens, however, are not allowed to enter any other Schengen agreement countries without a valid passport, although they are allowed to travel between Hungary, Italy and Slovenia.
These arrangements will be discontinued on 1 July 2013 when Croatia will become an EU member state. As of then, Croatian citizens will be able to enter any member country using only an ID card. During June 2011 Croatia began with implementation of the projects and reforms required to join the Schengen Area by 2015.[152]
Western Balkan states
Citizens of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia can enter the Schengen Area without a visa. On 30 November 2009, the EU Council of Ministers for Interior and Justice abolished visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia,[153] while on 8 November 2010 it did the same for Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[154] The former took effect on 19 December 2009,[107] while the latter on 15 December 2010.[155]
Citizens of Kosovo holding Kosovo passports as well as people living in Kosovo holding the biometric Serbian passport still need a visa to travel to the EU. Serbia created the Serbian Coordination Directorate to facilitate this process. However, a visa liberalisation road-map for Kosovo is expected to be announced and negotiated in the near future.[156][157][158]
Visa liberalisation negotiations between the EU and the Western Balkans (excluding Croatia and Kosovo) were launched in the first half of 2008, and ended in 2009 (for Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia) and 2010 (for Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina). Before visas were fully abolished, the Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia) had signed "visa facilitation agreements" with the Schengen states in 2008. The visa facilitation agreements were, at the time, supposed to shorten waiting periods, lower visa fees (including free visas for certain categories of travellers), and reduce paperwork. In practice, however, the new procedures turned out to be longer, more cumbersome, more expensive, and many people complained that it was easier to obtain visas before the facilitation agreements entered into force.[159][160][161]
Police and judicial co-operation
To counter the potentially aggravating effects of the abolition of border controls on undocumented immigration and cross-border crime, the Schengen acquis contains compensatory police and judicial measures.[162] Chief among these is the Schengen Information System (SIS),[162] a database operated by all EU and Schengen states and which by January 2010 contained in excess of 30 million entries. The Schengen Agreement also permits police officers from one participating state to follow suspects across borders both in hot pursuit[163] and to continue observation operations, and for enhanced mutual assistance in criminal matters.[164]
The Schengen Convention also contained measures intended to streamline extradition between participating countries however these have now been subsumed into the European Arrest Warrant system.[165]
Legal basis
Provisions in the treaties of the European Union
The legal basis for Schengen in the treaties of the European Union has been inserted in the Treaty establishing the European Community through Article 2, point 15 of the Treaty of Amsterdam. This inserted a new title named "Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons" into the treaty, currently numbered as Title IV, and comprising articles 61 to 69.[166] The Treaty of Lisbon substantially amends the provisions of the articles in the title, renames the title to "Area of freedom, security and justice" and divides it into five chapters, called "General provisions", "Policies on border checks, asylum and immigration", "Judicial cooperation in civil matters", "Judicial cooperation in criminal matters", and "Police cooperation".[167]
The Schengen Agreement and the Schengen Convention
The Schengen Area originally had its legal basis outside the then European Economic Community, having been established by a sub-set of member states of the Community using two international agreements:
- The 1985 Schengen Agreement – Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders.
- The 1990 Schengen Convention – Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders.
On being incorporated into the main body of European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty, the Schengen Agreement and Convention were published in the Official Journal of the European Communities by a decision of the Council of Ministers.[168] As a result the Agreement and Convention can be amended by regulations.
See also
- Schengen Agreement
- Schengen Information System
- Central America-4 Border Control Agreement
- Dublin Regulation
- Prüm Convention
- Frontex
- Public Register of Travel and Identity Documents Online (PRADO)
- Area of freedom, security and justice
- Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
- Opt-outs in the European Union
- ^ The Schengen Area (pdf). European Commission. 12 December 2008. doi:10.2758/45874. ISBN 978-92-79-15835-3. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ Fortress Europe, "BBC World Service"
- ^ "The Schengen Area" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ a b This terminology is, for example, used in the Final Act of the Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 176,10 July 1999, p. 36).
- ^ "Liechtenstein to join Schengen". Council of the European Union. 2011.
- ^ "Tourist, Student and Work visa to Europe". Swift Tourism. 2010.
- ^ "The Schengen Area and cooperation". europa.eu. 03.08.2009.
- ^ "Eurostat Population Estimate". Eurostat. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
- ^ "The final step of Schengen enlargement—controls at internal air borders to be abolished in late March". Slovenia's EU Presidency. 25 March 2008.
- ^ "At the Gate – FAE – Vága Floghavn". Floghavn.fo. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ "General Information on Schengen Short-Term Visas". Royal Danish Embassy in London. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- ^ Article 14 of the Final Act of the Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 176, 10/07/1999 P. 36) excludes Svalbard from the application of the Schengen rules. As no similar exception was made respecting Jan Mayen, it is part of the Schengen Area.
- ^ Declaration No. 1. on Ceuta and Melilla attached to the Final Act of the Accession Treaty of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement (OJ L 239, 22.9.2000, p. 69)
- ^ a b "Foreign Minister says Cyprus not to join Schengen before 2010". Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Berlin. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
- ^ "Frequently asked questions". europa.eu. European Commission. 29 March 2011 [last update]. Retrieved 15 September 2011. "When will Cyprus, Romania and Bulgaria join the Schengen area?... These three Member States still have to pass the Schengen evaluation before they can join the Schengen area. The target date for Bulgaria and Romania is 2011."
- ^ "Schengen zone: Delay for Bulgaria and Romania to join". British Broadcasting Corporation. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ Castle, Stephen (22 September 2011). "Europe Denies 2 Nations Entry to Travel Zone". New York Times. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ a b Robinson, Frances (22 September 2011). "Bulgaria, Romania Blocked From Travel Zone". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
- ^ "Borderline control freaks – Schengen tightens up". RT.com. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ "Dutch Govt Stalls Bulgaria, Romania Schengen Bids till 2013". Sofia News Agency. 17 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
- ^ "Bulgaria's Schengen Entry Postponed for March – July 2012". Standart. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "Schengen prospects are getting dimmer for Bulgaria: Bulgarian media". 24 February 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-24.
- ^ a b "EU further delays Schengen membership for Romania, Bulgaria". European Voice. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
- ^ "Croatia plans to enter Schengen in 2015". Croatian Times. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- ^ "Croatia Has Reached the End of the Beginning". 2013-03-28. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
- ^ "Cyprus to be evaluated for Schengen". Famagusta Gazette. 2 December 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- ^ "French Overseas Departments (DOM) and French Overseas Territories (TOM)". Consulate General of France in New York. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ "Visas for the French Overseas Departments and Territories". French Consulate of Cape Town. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ "Schengen". Lex Visa.
- ^ a b "Entry and residence". Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ Pass control in Longyearbyen
- ^ a b Entry and residence
- ^ "Passport and visa regulations—Official Greenland Travel Guide". Greenland.
- ^ "12 December 1996". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) (United Kingdom: House of Commons). col. 433–434. 12 December 1996. "For an island... frontier controls are the best and least intrusive way to prevent illegal immigration. For partners with extensive and permeable land borders things might look different. They rely on identity cards, residence permits, registration with the police, and so on to maintain internal security."
- ^ Minister for Justice, Nora Owen, Dáil Debates volume 450 column 1171 (14 March 1995) [1].
Minister for Justice, John O'Donoghue, Dáil Debates volume 501 column 1506 (9 March 1999)[2].
"Declaration by Ireland on Article 3 of the Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland" attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam (OJ C 340, 10 November 1997). - ^ See Article 4 of Protocol (No 19) on the Schengen Acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union (OJ C 83, 30 March 2010, p. 290).
- ^ See Article 4 of Protocol (No 19) on the Schengen Acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union (OJ C 83, 30 March 2010, p. 290) and the decision of the European Court of Justice in Cases C-77/05 and C-137/05 United Kingdom v Council.
- ^ Council Decision (2000/365/EC) of 29 May 2000 concerning the request of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 131, 1 June 2000, p. 43)
- ^ Council Decision (2004/926/EC) of 22 December 2004 on the putting into effect of parts of the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (OJ L 395, 31 December 2004, p. 70)
- ^ Council Decision (2002/192/EC) of 28 February 2002 concerning Ireland's request to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 64, 7 March 2002 p. 20)
- ^ Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, Dermot Ahern, Dáil Debates volume 698 number 1: Priority Questions—International Agreements (10 December 2009) [3].
- ^ European Communities Select Committee of the House of Lords (2 March 1999), "Part 4: Opinion of the Committee", Schengen and the United Kingdom's Border Controls, retrieved 21 February 2010, "We believe that in the three major areas of Schengen-border controls, police co-operation (SIS) and visa/asylum/immigration policy-there is a strong case, in the interests of the United Kingdom and its people, for full United Kingdom participation."
- ^ Visa Information
- ^ "Obstacles to access by Andorra, Monaco and San Marino to the EU's Internal Market and Cooperation in other Areas". 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
- ^ Govern d'Andorra Ministeri de Turisme i Medi Ambient. "Frequently asked questions". Retrieved 25 December 2007.
- ^ "Schengen agreement and the Schengen Area". Immihelp.com. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "Vatican seeks to join Schengen borderless zone". euobserver.com. 13 January 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ Article 22 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Article 21 (b) of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Chapter II of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ "Border checks are back". Times of Malta. 5 April 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
- ^ "Passport Control & Schengen". Keflavik International Airport. Retrieved 30 September 2010. "It should also be kept in mind that airlines may request travellers to produce passports prior to flight embarkation."
- ^ "Travel Documentation". General Terms & Conditions of Carriage. Ryanair. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011. "A valid travel document is required by all passengers travelling on Ryanair flights"
- ^ "Air Transport Agreement". Air Transport Agreement. LAN. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012. "The flights operated by the Carrier between countries of the European Union (i.e. flights between Madrid, Spain and Frankfurt, Germany) are considered No-Schengen flights, (not inter-community) by the respective authorities of such countries, and therefore, the passengers from these flights will go through customs and passport control in each one of them, and must carry all the identification documents, visas, permits and authorizations required by the European Union countries."
- ^ Article 45 of the Schengen Convention.
- ^ per Article 21 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ "Answer given by Mr Frattini on behalf of the Commission". 20 September 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Schengen, Borders & Visas". 16 July 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Visa and Health Information (enter your details)". 16 July 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Schengen and non-Schengen". Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Passport Control & Schengen". Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ "Denmark tightens border control". Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ "Denmark's reinforced borders irritate European neighbors". 5 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ "Tensions remain over Denmark's border-control plans". Deutsche Welle. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ "Danish Measures Might Be in Breach of EU Law". 13 May 2011.
- ^ "Group of Experts to Denmark". 13 July 2011.
- ^ "Continued concerns over Denmark". 18 July 2011.
- ^ Denmark's new PM scraps border control plan, unveils cabinet
- ^ a b AFP (25 July 2011). "Migrants tunisiens: la France et l'Italie ont "violé l'esprit" de Schengen, pas ses règles" (in French). Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ a b c Bruno Waterfield (22 April 2011). "France threatens to 'suspend' Schengen Treaty". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "MEMO/11/538 – Statement by Commissioner Malmström on the compliance of Italian and French measures with the Schengen acquis". Europa Press releases RAPID. European Union. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ Simon Mee and Peter Spiegel (25 July 2011). "Paris acted within Schengen over Tunisians". FT.com. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ "EU agrees short-term border closures to block migrants". 8 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ a b Article 7(2) of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Article 3.9 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- ^ Annex VII of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Article 8 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ a b Article 7(3) of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing an Entry/Exit System (EES) to register entry and exit data of third country nationals crossing the external borders of the Member States of the European Union, pg. 2
- ^ European Commission Memo: 'Smart Borders': for an open and secure Europe
- ^ Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, pg. 6
- ^ a b Current state of play in relation to innovation border management in the EU
- ^ a b c Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area
- ^ a b Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area (Replies from Bulgaria, France, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal)
- ^ a b Council of the European Union: Questionnaire on the possible creation of a system of electronic recording of entries and exits of third country nationals in the Schengen area (Reply from Greece)
- ^ Article 6 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 6).
- ^ Details are set out in Annex VI of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ For example this place at the Lithuania-Belarus border: 54°16′30″N 25°33′45″E / 54.275048°N 25.562439°E, visible in Google Streetview.
- ^ "Smuggling cigarettes in Schengen Slovakia". 9 January 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
- ^ Article 9 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 8).
- ^ Decision on the subject of Andorra and San Marino of the Strategic Committee on Immigration, Frontiers and Asylum (SCIFA) of the EU on 6 October 2004 (13020/1/04/REV1). See [4].
- ^ "Prague Airport's first E-Gate | Václav Havel Airport Prague, Ruzyne". Prg.aero. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ (24 January 2012). "Press in detail : IT-Security by secunet". Secunet.com. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ http://cwtjet.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Automated_Border_Control_Gates.17161248.pdf
- ^ The Finnish Border Guard: Automatic Border Control
- ^ Port of Helsinki: West Terminal
- ^ "Parafe". Parafe. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ "Fraport AG | en". Fraport.com. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ "Schiphol – Introducing Self-Service Passport Control at Schiphol". Schiphol.nl. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ "Self-service passport control at Oslo Airport – Oslo Airport". Osl.no. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ Zurich Airport: Automated border control
- ^ Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) Order 1993
- ^ The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003
- ^ Article 26(1)(b) of the Schengen Convention.
- ^ a b Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21 March 2001, p. 1).
- ^ Cf. "Section 17 of the German Aufenthaltsverordnung" (in German). 25 November 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2007. in conjunction with "Section 16 of the German Beschäftigungsverordnung" (in German). 22 November 2004. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
- ^ "The EU Visa Code will apply from 5 April 2010" (Press release). European Commission. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code) (OJ L 243, 15 September 2009, p. 1).
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 693/2003 of 14 April 2003 establishing a specific Facilitated Transit Document (FTD), a Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD) and amending the Common Consular Instructions and the Common Manual (OJ L 99, 17 April 2003, p. 8).
- ^ Article 7.2 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- ^ Article 7.5 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- ^ Article 5 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ See Article 6 of Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21 March 2001, p. 1).
- ^ Articles 3 and 5 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2133/2004 (OJ L 369, 16 December 2004, p. 5–10)
- ^ Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the operation of the provisions on stamping of the travel documents of third-country nationals in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006, p. 7
- ^ Paragraph 4.2 of the "Schengen Handbook". Council of the European Union. 9 November 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ Article 4.5 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- ^ Regulation (EU) No 265/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 March 2010 amending the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement and Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 as regards movement of persons with a long-stay visa (OJ L 85, 31 March 2010, p. 1)
- ^ Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (OJ L 16, 23 January 2004, p.44).
- ^ Article 6 of the Council Directive 2003/9/EC laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers (OJ L 31, 27 January 2003, p. 20)
- ^ Article 24 of the Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted (OJ L 304, 29 April 2004, p. 12)
- ^ Articles 8 and 15 of the Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof (OJ L 212, 20 July 2001, p. 12)
- ^ "Visas de long séjour pour la France – Service-public.fr". Vosdroits.service-public.fr. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
- ^ Delegation of the European Union to New Zealand: Frequently Asked Questions
- ^ NZ government travel advisory – travel tips to Europe
- ^ Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs: Visa for New Zealand residents
- ^ Embassy of France in New Zealand: Border controls in Europe
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions, Embassy of Spain in Wellington, 29 April 2009, archived from the original on 1 January 2012, retrieved 1 January 2012
- ^ "Entry procedures for their family members who are not Union citizens themselves (European Union)". Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ^ Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 158/2007 of 7 December 2007 amending Annex V (Free movement of workers) and Annex VIII (Right of establishment) to the EEA Agreement (OJ L 124, 8 May 2008, p. 20).
- ^ "DIRECTIVE 2004/38/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004". 30 April 2004. p. 92, Article 5(4). Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ "Handbook for Border Guards (Schengen Handbook)". 7 November 2006. p. 41, Article 6.3.2. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ a b Point 3.2 in "Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive 2004/38/EC on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of Member States". 10 December 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ "Petition 1307/2007 by Richard Willmer (British), on denial of the right of the wife of a British Citizen exercising treaty rights in Italy to accompany her husband to the UK". 26 September 2008. p. 1, the only residence card valid for entry in the UK is the one issued by the UK Authorities. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Conformity Study for Denmark". 1 August 2008. p. Right of entry (Article 5). Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Conformity Study for Ireland". 1 August 2008. p. 2.2 Right of entry, Article 5(2). Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Conformity Study for Spain". 1 August 2008. p. Right of entry (Article 5) family members. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Conformity Study for Austria". 1 August 2008. p. Right of entry (Article 5) family members. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 laying down rules on local border traffic at the external land borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Schengen Convention (OJ L 29, 3 February 2007, p. 3).
- ^ Judgement of the European Court of Justice of 21 March 2013, Case C‑254/11, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Megyei Rendőrkapitányság Záhony Határrendészeti Kirendeltsége v Oskar Shomodi (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62011CJ0254:EN:HTML)(http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2013-03/cp130035en.pdf)
- ^ a b Eckstein, Anne (29 July 2011). "Cross-border travel to become easier in Kaliningrad area". Europolitics. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ Consulates in Belarus, Latvia begin issuing local border traffic permits
- ^ More Russians get visa-free travelling
- ^ Second report on the implementation and functioning of the local border traffic regime set up by Regulation No 1931/2006 (COM/2011/0047 final)
- ^ Belarus Plays The Border Security Card With The EU
- ^ Traffic flows from Murmansk to Kirkenes
- ^ 5 years in Schengen for Russians
- ^ See Schengen and Slovenia / Third-country nationals at "Republic of Slovenia: Ministry of the Interior: FAQ about Schengen". Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
- ^ Stojan de Prato (4 February 2011). "Karamarko: Granični nadzor prema EU ukidamo 2015." [Karamarko: Border control towards the EU shall be abolished in 2015] (in Croatian). Večernji list. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ "EU lifts visa restrictions for Serbia". 30 November 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
- ^ "EU lifts visa rules for Bosnia, Albania". 8 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ Regulation (EU) No 1091/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 329, 14 December 2010, p. 1)
- ^ "A Visa Roadmap for Kosovo!". 2 July 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ "Isolating Kosovo? Kosovo vs Afghanistan 5:22". 2 July 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ "EP wants visa dialogue, then roadmap for Kosovo". 2 July 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ "Nevidljivi Šengen popust" (in Serbian). 3 February 2008.
- ^ "Vizne olakšice" (in Serbian). 22 November 2008.
- ^ "Nevolje sa vizama" (in Bosnian). 28 November 2008.
- ^ a b "The Schengen area and cooperation". European Commission. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ "Q&A: Schengen Agreement". British Broadcasting Corporation. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ^ Title III, Chapter 2 of the Schengen Convention.
- ^ Originally contained in Articles 59 to 66 of the Schengen Convention.
- ^ Article 2(15) of the Amsterdam Treaty (OJ C 340, 10 November 1997).
- ^ Article 2(63) to (68) of the Lisbon Treaty (OJ C 306, 17 December 2007, p. 57).
- ^ Council Decision (1999/435/EC) of 20 May 1999 concerning the definition of the Schengen acquis for the purpose of determining, in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union, the legal basis for each of the provisions or decisions which constitute the acquis (OJ L 176, 10.7.1999, p. 1).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Maps of Schengen Agreement |
- "The Schengen area and cooperation". europa.eu. 3 August 2009 [last update]. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- The Schengen Agreement and the Schengen Convention
- Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders (OJ L 239, 22 September 2000, p. 19).
- Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders (OJ L 239, 22 September 2000, p. 13).
- European Union Regulations
- Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21 March 2001, p. 1).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 693/2003 of 14 April 2003 establishing a specific Facilitated Transit Document (FTD), a Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD) and amending the Common Consular Instructions and the Common Manual (OJ L 99, 17 April 2003, p. 8).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 1683/95 of 29 May 1995 laying down a uniform format for visas (OJ L 164, 14 July 1995, p. 1).
- Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code) (OJ L 243, 15 September 2009, p. 1).
- Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) (OJ L 381, 28 December 2006, p. 4).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national (OJ L 50, 25 February 2003, p. 1); also referred to as the Dublin Regulation.
- Council Decision 2008/615/JHA of 23 June 2008 on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism and cross-border crime (OJ L 210, 6 August 2008, p. 1).


text:
Monoclonal Mouse Mo ES-Derived Early Endoderm raised in Rat - Antibody RES906
Antibody Information
Antibody ID: | AB2478 |
Antigen: | Mo ES-Derived Early Endoderm (No Gene ID associated) |
Type: | Monoclonal |
Isotype: | IgG2a |
Immunogen Source: | Cells |
Raised In: | Rat |
Peptide: | Not provided |
Source of Antigen: | Mouse |
Cross Reacts With: | Mouse |
Affinity Purified: | Supernatant |
Purity Details: | Not provided |
Positive Control: | ES-derived early endoderm |
Notes: | This antibody was raised against Foxa2+Bry+ cells isolated from mouse ES cell cultures differentiated for 4 days in the presence of human Activin A (25-50 ng/ml) and mouse Wnt3a (3-5 ng/ml). This antibody has been shown to react with a cell surface molecule on a subset of mouse Foxa2+Bry+ cells, but has not been extensively evaluated on ES cells or ES cells differentiated to alternate lineages. |
Applications and Uses
Application | Concentration | Storage Buffer | Protocols and Description |
FACS | Undiluted | As provided |
Description: This antibody reacts with a cell surface molecule on a subset of Foxa2+Bry+ cells derived from mouse ES cell cultures differentiated for 4 days in the presence of human Activin A (25-50 ng/ml) and mouse Wnt3a (3-5 ng/ml). Cells expressing the molecule can be detected by FACS. Protocols: |
Associated Images
BCBC members may Login to request this resource. |
Contact Information
Preferred Contact | |
Name | Philip Streeter |
Institution | Oregon Health & Science University |
Phone | 503-494-1762 |
email@example.com |
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Manatee County officials announced Tuesday, June 23 that they are in negotiations with a natural-gas pipeline company, Port Dolphin LLC, to extract sand from a controversial pipeline route before the pipe is placed on the bottom of the Gulf.
In a press release issued late Tuesday, the county announced it will work with the town of Longboat Key and the Department of Environmental Protection to extract coveted white sand from a revised pipeline two miles north of Anna Maria Island.
But Town Manager Bruce St. Denis said he was not made aware of the negotiations going on with the county, Port Dolphin and the state.
St. Denis declined to comment until he heard more about the negotiations.
Charlie Hunsicker, Manatee County's director of conservation lands management, told The Longboat Observer that the county and the town could commence sand extraction along the pipeline route by 2011 and that placement of the sand could be put on Anna Maria and Longboat Key beaches three years ahead of both the town and the county's beach-renourishment schedules.
Hunsicker said DEP is willing to speed up the lengthy permitting and state-funding processes for beach-renourishment projects in order to acquire the sand.
Port Dolphin, Hunsicker said, is expected to share in the cost for studies, permits and construction of the renourishment project.
"It's not intended to be a surprise for Longboat officials," Hunsicker said about the announcement. "It's intended as a proposal for a potential solution that would protect our beach-quality sand while bringing coveted natural gas to the area."
Hunsicker aims to present a formal agreement to the Manatee County Board of County Commissioners Tuesday, July 28.
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- Jun
1 Floridafitfest and 5K Treasure Run
9:00 am - 4:00 pm - Jun
8 World Oceans Day Family Festival
10:00 am - 1:00 pm
Hat's off to Dee Pelton, volunteers
Dee Pelton held a luncheon that will be tough to top. -
Youth sailors descend on City Island
Approximately 250 people hit the water Saturday, April 20 through Sunday, April 21, for Sailfest. The regatta, Sarasota Youth Sailing's biggest fundraiser of the year, included four classes of competition — Optimus, 420, Laser and Multi-hull — and a barbecue feast. -
Book club sunsets for the season
The Sunset Beach Book Club, in its 10th year, ended this season with a luncheon and discussion of the book "Gone Girl," by Gillian Flynn, April 18, at Lazy Lobster. Discussion moderator was Ricki Carroll. Together, the group read five books this season.


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VOLLEYBALL: Defense gets it done for Czapka, O'Hara
RADNOR — Everyone in the gym knew Thursday's Catholic League volleyball showdown between Cardinal O'Hara and Archbishop Carroll was going to go five sets. That's the norm rather than the exception.
"It wouldn't be O'Hara-Carroll if we didn't go five sets," Lions coach Bill Collins.
And it wouldn't be O'Hara-Carroll without a loud, boisterous crowd that had the gym rocking and the players on edge, maybe with the exception of O'Hara junior Meghan Czapka, who was playing in her first O'Hara-Carroll match, but you would have never known it.
Czapka was the picture of calm as the Lions rallied for a 3-2 victory over the Patriots at Carroll to remain undefeated.
Czapka's outward appearance, though, was a little deceiving.
"I was a little nervous at the beginning of the game," Czapka said. "Then my teammates came in and settled us all down once play started. We all seemed to click together."
Not immediately. After winning the first set, O'Hara had to rally from a 2-1 deficit to win 25-19, 24-26, 22-25, 27-25 and 15-10. And what turned it around for the Lions (8-0 overall, 6-0 Catholic League) was defense and the steady play of Czapka (17 kills, 10 digs), senior captain Jamie Gallagher (46 assists, 10 digs, five kills), Leah D'Alessandris (21 kills, nine digs) and Caitlin Fitz (seven kills, seven digs, three assists, two aces).
The defense allowed the Lions to survive a late rally to take the fourth set on Lauren Daly's block.
"Lauren Daly stepped up big time," Collins said. "Megan Rasnake is out with mono. She's going to be out for two weeks and Daly stepped up big time. She had a couple of blocks and that's the challenge I made to them between the fourth and fifth sets. (Sarah) Layfield was killing us down the line and Emily McCann is only a freshman and she is one scary freshman. Tim's set for a while. We have to get them while we can."
Layfield had a monster night with 24 kills and 16 digs. McCann added 48 assists, four kills. Megan Quigley chipped in with 33 digs and two aces, while Sabrini Noel and Rachel Lyons added nine kills each for the Patriots (4-4, 3-2) Continued...
"We have a young team and I think they have a pretty experienced team," Carroll coach Tim Storti said. "We played well. We did a lot of good things. Some things didn't go our way there at the end, but we'll be OK."
O'Hara was all right, too, once it regrouped on defense.
"Our defense turned completely in the fourth and fifth set," Czapka said. "We got our confidence back and started to do what we can do passing the ball."
Czapka was the beneficiary of that good passing. She and her teammates also received a huge emotional boost from Gallagher, who rallied the Lions with a pep talk after the third set.
"I just said that this is our time and we need to take it to them," Gallagher said. "It takes more than three sets to win a match and we have to keep fighting until we get that last point."
Czapka, who did not play much against the Patriots as a freshman and missed last season following shoulder surgery, took that pep talk to heart. She had the brunt of kills in the final two sets.
"I think she got really frustrated not being able to play in an environment like this and she really, really stepped up big time in the fourth and fifth set," Collins said. "We knew it was going to be a battle, it always is with Carroll, and Meghan came up huge for us tonight."
Central League
Strath Haven 3, Penncrest 0
All-Delco Sharay Barnes led the Panthers to a 25-12, 25-18, 25-16 victory with a double-double, spiking 10 kills and plucking 12 digs, while Rachel Powers scooped up 21 digs and Bridget Scott had 12 digs and three blocks in SH's (10-0, 9-0) Central League rout. Continued...
Sabrina Barbieri had a double-double for the Lions with 10 digs and 11 assists, while Courtney Williams (seven kills) and Andrea Hartman (17 digs) also had strong outings.
Ridley 3, Harriton 0
Jess Bollinger led a balanced Green Raiders (6-6, 4-5) offense with six kills, Amy Staiber tacked on four aces and five assists, and Kelly Clark served up five aces to help Ridley maul the Rams, 25-7, 25-10, 25-18.
Radnor 3, Upper Darby 1
Joia McManus had 14 kills and three blocks, Rachel McIntyre set up 25 spikes and served up six aces, and Shayna Finn had 12 digs and five aces, but it wasn't enough to upend the Red Raiders, who won 25-20, 18-25, 25-22, 25-17.
Garnet Valley 3,
Lower Merion 0
All-Delco Ellie Ezekiel paced the Jaguars' 25-13, 25-12, 25-10 rout with her 11 kills, Brianna Plush and Cailyn Lafferty combined for 14 kills, and Jenna Hostetler came through with a standout defensive day for GV.
Del Val League
Chichester 3, Interboro 0 Continued...
Michaela Mosley once again fueled the Eagles' victories of 25-4, 26-24, and 25-18 with her four aces and 17 assists, while Maddie Thornton added five aces and 10 kills.
Kacey Reasin had 10 digs and two aces for the Bucs, while Meg McBride tacked on four digs.
Notre Dame 3,
Bonner-Prendergast 0
Kelcy Mackell, Colleen Donnelly, and Brianna Williamson combined for 37 kills to pace the Irish to wins of 25-14, 25-21, and 26-24.
Megan Huhn led the Pandas with five kills and 18 digs, Sarah Boulaiche bashed five kills, and Alex Scepansky set up nine assists and plucked out 14 digs for Prendie.
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Jeff Wolfe has been an avid runner for years, including running cross country in high school and college, though he's not as fast now as he once was. This blog is designed for high school runners, and their coaches and parents in Delaware County.
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