text:
Last Tuesday, over 2 million AAA members announced their decision to sue the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey in response to a recent hike in toll costs, calling the Port's action illegal.
AAA New York and North Jersey groups urged the Port Authority to revert back to prior tolls, which increased on September 18th from $40 to $65 for 5-axle trucks paying in cash and $50 for E-Z pass users.
According to AAA, the "toll increases are being illegally used to subsidize the rebuilding of the World Trade Center" (http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-09-27/aaa-sues-port-authority-to-reverse-new-york-toll-increase.html). For that reason, AAA explains that the Port Authority is in violation of the Federal Highway Act of 1987 and the Commerce Clause which state that the tolls must be "just and reasonable and invested in transportation," an article in Business Week states.
On top of that, the Port Authority has ignored AAA's request for a plan that explains what the money from the increased toll rates would be used for, NorthJersey.com notes.
The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, however, considers AAA's argument to be "without merit."
Even before the increase, New York was known to have high tolls and with 90% of NYC inbound freight relying on trucks as its means of transport, the price of goods and service is expected to get costly.
For example, APL Limited, which is responsible for 37% of the New York Container Terminal's business, has decided not to renew its lease, stating toll hikes as a reason (http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/08/new_york_container_terminal_lo.html).
Likewise, higher tolls will affect trucking companies as well, as many will not be able to compete with increasing tolls, causing some of them to go out of business or cut back on their service areas, leading to tighter capacity issues.
Shippers delivering into or out of these areas will, in return, experience higher transportation costs to account for these toll increases.
Road Scholar Transport has the ability to move your LTL and Truckload freight 24/7 and at competitive rates. Visit www.roadscholar.com to view our primary and extended service area map and to get an instant rate on your van and refrigerated freight today!
What do think of the AAA's decision to sue the Port Authority? Do you feel that what the Port Authority is doing is illegal or do you agree that the AAA's argument is "without merit?" List your comments below!


text:
Vintage Jackets & Coats
A chic retro coat is a must if you want to take the vintage outdoors, especially in the chillier months. And if you're looking to make a modern outfit instantly chic, a characterful vintage jacket works like a charm. Devoted 2 Vintage's collection is extensive. All decades (from the 1920s to the 1980s), all seasons (from a frosty January morning to a breezy August night), with day and evening wear too. We'll keep you vintage eight days a week. And you really can order with confidence with our 100% money back guarantee.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is apparently the largest building/land sale ever in Floyd County if counting four separate clinic locations as one although there have been ones larger involving the actual associated business as well. For example, the Rome Coca-Cola bottling plant and business sold for $85 million back in 1987. Still, as the county's chief appraiser pointed out, there are others around where just the physical holdings (not the business) are actually worth even more, probably topped by Georgia Power's Plant Hammond which is on the books for $471 million.
A lot of folks apparently can't separate the image of enterprise and location. One rarely has much to do with the other. Some may not grasp that a Harbin subsidiary (dealing only in real-estate) could sell buildings, lease them back and the clinic actually come out ahead in more ways than financially.
The explanation of Dr. Ken Davis, the president of Harbin Clinic, is worth repeating because it is what's really important: "As we move forward with health-care reform and what may be about to happen, we needed to be as lean and mean as we could, and everybody said, let's practice medicine and get out of the real-estate business."
He didn't even mention Harbin's quite recent, and doubtless costly, addition of a super-high-speed records database.
With everything sure to happen in health care, with or without federal reforms, it bodes well for the community in which Harbin is based to see such preparation for the inevitable. And without actually losing, or seeing closed, a single square foot of real estate.


text:
> lang > write |
Handleiding |
WRITE [ # Stream , ] Expression [ , Length ] WRITE [ # Pointer , ] Expression [ , Length ]Writes an expression to the stream Stream by using their binary representation. If the stream is not specified, the standard output is used. If Expression is a string, you can specify a Length that indicates the number of bytes to write. If no length is specified for a string, the string length is directly written to the stream just before the string data. If you specify a Pointer instead of a Stream, then data will be written directly to the memory address specified by the pointer.


text:
i'm pleased to announce release -v18 of the CFS scheduler patchset. The rolled-up CFS patch against today's -git kernel, v2.6.22-rc5, v2.6.22-rc4-mm2, v22.214.171.124 or v184.108.40.206 can be downloaded from the usual place: http://people.redhat.com/mingo/cfs-scheduler/ The biggest change in -v18 are various performance related improvements. Thomas Gleixner has eliminated expensive 64-bit divisions by converting the arithmetics to scaled math (without impacting the quality of calculations). Srivatsa Vaddagiri and Dmitry Adamushko have continued the abstraction and cleanup work. Srivatsa Vaddagiri and Christoph Lameter fixed the NUMA balancing bug reported by Paul McKenney. There were also a good number of other refinements to the CFS code. (No reproducible behavioral regressions were reported against -v17 so far, so the 'behavioral' bits are mostly unchanged.) Changes since -v17: - implement scaled math speedups for CFS. (Thomas Gleixner) - lots of core code updates, cleanups and streamlining. (Srivatsa Vaddagiri, Dmitry Adamushko, me.) - bugfix: fix NUMA balancing. (Srivatsa Vaddagiri, Christoph Lameter, Paul E. McKenney) - feature: SCHED_IDLE now also implies block-scheduler (CFQ) idle-IO-priority. (suggested by Thomas Sattler, picked up from -ck) - build fix for ppc32. (reported, tested and confirmed fixed by Art Haas) - ARM fix. (reported and debugged by Thomas Gleixner) - cleanup: implemented idle_sched_class in kernel/sched_idletask.c as a way to separate out rq->idle handling out of the core scheduler. This made a good deal of idle-task related special-cases go away. - debug: make the sysctls safer by introducing high and low limits. - cleanup: move some of the debug counters to under CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS. - speedup: various micro-optimizations - various other small updates. As usual, any sort of feedback, bugreport, fix and suggestion is more than welcome! Ingo -
Hi Ingo; 23 Haz 2007 Cts tarihinde, Ingo Molnar =C5=9Funlar=C4=B1 yazm=C4=B1=C5=9Ft= caglar@zangetsu linux-2.6 $ LC_ALL=3DC make CHK include/linux/version.h CHK include/linux/utsrelease.h CALL scripts/checksyscalls.sh CHK include/linux/compile.h CC kernel/sched.o kernel/sched.c:745:28: sched_idletask.c: No such file or directory kernel/sched.c: In function `init_idle_bootup_task': kernel/sched.c:4659: error: `idle_sched_class' undeclared (first use in thi= s=20 function) kernel/sched.c:4659: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only on= ce kernel/sched.c:4659: error: for each function it appears in.) kernel/sched.c: In function `init_idle': kernel/sched.c:4698: error: `idle_sched_class' undeclared (first use in thi= s=20 function) kernel/sched.c: In function `sched_init': kernel/sched.c:6196: error: `idle_sched_class' undeclared (first use in thi= s=20 function) make[1]: *** [kernel/sched.o] Error 1 make: *** [kernel] Error 2 Cheers =2D-=20 S.=C3=87a=C4=9Flar Onur <email@example.com> http://cekirdek.pardus.org.tr/~caglar/ Linux is like living in a teepee. No Windows, no Gates and an Apache in hou= se!
23 Haz 2007 Cts tarihinde, S.=C3=87a=C4=9Flar Onur =C5=9Funlar=C4=B1 yazm= Ahh and this happens with [1], grabbing sched_idletask.c from .18 one solve= s=20 the problem... Index: linux/kernel/sched_idletask.c =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =2D-- /dev/null +++ linux/kernel/sched_idletask.c @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +/* + * idle-task scheduling class. + * + * (NOTE: these are not related to SCHED_IDLE tasks which are + * handled in sched_fair.c) + */ + +/* + * Idle tasks are unconditionally rescheduled: + */ +static void check_preempt_curr_idle(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p) +{ + resched_task(rq->idle); +} + +static struct task_struct *pick_next_task_idle(struct rq *rq, u64 now) +{ + schedstat_inc(rq, sched_goidle); + + return rq->idle; +} + +/* + * It is not legal to sleep in the idle task - print a warning + * message if some code attempts to do it: + */ +static void +dequeue_task_idle(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, int sleep, u64 now) +{ + spin_unlock_irq(&rq->lock); + printk(KERN_ERR "bad: scheduling from the idle thread!\n"); + dump_stack(); + spin_lock_irq(&rq->lock); +} + +static void put_prev_task_idle(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *prev, u6= 4=20 now) +{ +} + +static struct task_struct *load_balance_start_idle(struct rq *rq) +{ + return NULL; +} + +static void task_tick_idle(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *curr) +{ +} + +/* + * Simple, special scheduling class for the per-CPU idle tasks: + */ +struct sched_class idle_sched_class __read_mostly =3D { + /* no enqueue/yield_task for idle tasks */ + + /* dequeue is not valid, we print a debug message there: */ + .dequeue_task =3D dequeue_task_idle, + + .check_preempt_curr =3D check_preempt_curr_idle, + + .pick_next_task =3D pick_next_task_idle, + .put_prev_task =3D ...
oops, indeed - i've fixed up the -git patch: http://people.redhat.com/mingo/cfs-scheduler/sched-cfs-v2.6.22-git-v18.patch Ingo -
So I locally generated the diff to take -mm up to the above version of CFS. - sys_sched_yield_to() went away? I guess I missed that. - Curious. the simplification of task_tick_rt() seems to go only halfway. Could do if (p->policy != SCHED_RR) return; if (--p->time_slice) return; /* stuff goes here */ - dud macro: #define is_rt_policy(p) ((p) == SCHED_FIFO || (p) == SCHED_RR) It evaluates its arg twice and could and should be coded in C. There are a bunch of other don't-need-to-be-implemented-as-a-macro macros around there too. Generally, I suggest you review all the patchset for macros-which-don't-need-to-be-macros. - Extraneous newline: enum cpu_idle_type { - Style thing: struct sched_entity { struct load_weight load; /* for nice- load-balancing purposes */ int on_rq; struct rb_node run_node; unsigned long delta_exec; s64 delta_fair; u64 wait_start_fair; u64 wait_start; u64 exec_start; u64 sleep_start, sleep_start_fair; u64 block_start; u64 sleep_max; u64 block_max; u64 exec_max; u64 wait_max; u64 last_ran; s64 wait_runtime; u64 sum_exec_runtime; s64 fair_key; s64 sum_wait_runtime, sum_sleep_runtime; unsigned long wait_runtime_overruns, wait_runtime_underruns; }; I think the one-definition-per-line style is better than the `unsigned long foo,bar,zot,zit;' thing. Easier to read, easier to read subsequent patches and it leaves more room for a comment describing what the field does. - None of these fields have comments describing what they do ;) - __exit_signal() does apparently-unlocked 64-bit arith. Is there some implicit locking here or do we not care about the occasional race-induced inaccuracy? (ditto, lots of places, I expect) (Gee, there's shitloads of 64-bit stuff in there. Does it all _really_ need to be 64-bit on 32-bit?) - weight_s64() (what does this do?) looks too big to inline on 32-bit. - update_stats_enqueue() looks too big to ...
thx. I released a diff against mm2: http://people.redhat.com/mingo/cfs-scheduler/sched-cfs-v2.6.22-rc4-mm2-v18.patch but indeed the -git diff serves you better if you updated -mm to Linus' latest. yep. Nobody tried it and sent any feedback on it, it was causing patch-logistical complications both in -mm and for packagers that bundle CFS (the experimental-schedulers site has a CFS repo and Fedora rawhide started carrying CFS recently as well), and i dont really agree with adding yet another yield interface anyway. So we can and should do this do you mean the tsk->se.sum_exec_runtime addition, etc? That runs with yes - CFS is fundamentally designed for 64-bit, with still pretty OK SCHED_LOAD_SCALE is the smpnice stuff. CFS reuses that and also makes it clear via this define that a nice-0 task has a 'load' contribution to the CPU as of NICE_0_LOAD. Sometimes, when doing smpnice load-balancing calculations we want to use 'SCHED_LOAD_SCALE', sometimes we want to yep, the plan is to put this all into reciprocal_div.h and to convert existing users of reciprocal_div to the cleaner stuff from Thomas. The this is a reasonable tradeoff i think - update_curr_load()'s slowpath is in __update_curr_load(). Anyway, it probably wont get inlined when the these are mostly ancient macros. I fixed up some of them in my current yep - i'll revisit the inlining picture. This is not really a primary worry i think because it's easy to tweak and people can already express their inlining preference via CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE and the main reason is the sched debugging stuff: text data bss dec hex filename 37570 2538 20 40128 9cc0 kernel/sched.o 30692 2426 20 33138 8172 kernel/sched-no_sched_debug.o i can make it depend on CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS, although i'd prefer it to be it doesnt really matter, i fixed them to be initialized to the same 'now' value. i've attached my current ...
I forget ;) There seemed to be rather a lot of 64-bit addition with no It may have been designed for 64-bit, but was that the correct design? The cost on 32-bit appears to be pretty high. Perhaps a round of uninlining That would serve to explain the 18% growth on x86_64. But why did i386 grow by much more: 29%? I'd be suspecting all the new 64-bit arithmetic. -
this is what i see on 32-bit: text data bss dec hex filename 28732 3905 24 32661 7f95 kernel/sched.o-vanilla 37986 2538 20 40544 9e60 kernel/sched.o-v18 31092 2426 20 33538 8302 kernel/sched.o-v18-no_sched_debug text is larger but data got smaller. While they are not equivalent in function, the two almost even out each other (and that's without any of the uninlining that is in v19). In fact, there's a 1.5K per CPU percpu data size win with CFS, which is not visible in this stat. So on agreed, i've done one more round of uninlining. Ingo -
Humm, problem methinks. Applying the patch, with 2.6.22-rc5 applied to 2.6.21 completed, from my script: now applying patch sched-cfs-v2.6.22-rc5-v18.patch patching file Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt patching file Documentation/sched-design-CFS.txt patching file Makefile patching file arch/i386/kernel/smpboot.c patching file arch/i386/kernel/tsc.c patching file arch/ia64/kernel/setup.c patching file arch/mips/kernel/smp.c patching file arch/sparc/kernel/smp.c patching file arch/sparc64/kernel/smp.c patching file block/cfq-iosched.c patching file fs/proc/array.c patching file fs/proc/base.c patching file include/asm-generic/bitops/sched.h patching file include/linux/hardirq.h patching file include/linux/sched.h patching file include/linux/topology.h patching file init/main.c patching file kernel/delayacct.c patching file kernel/exit.c patching file kernel/fork.c patching file kernel/posix-cpu-timers.c patching file kernel/sched.c patching file kernel/sched_debug.c patching file kernel/sched_fair.c patching file kernel/sched_idletask.c patching file kernel/sched_rt.c patching file kernel/sched_stats.h patching file kernel/softirq.c patching file kernel/sysctl.c The next patch would delete the file l/kernel/sched.c, which does not exist! Assume -R? [n] How to proceed? -- Cheers, Gene "There are four boxes to be used in defense of liberty: soap, ballot, jury, and ammo. Please use in that order." -Ed Howdershelt (Author) Even more amazing was the realization that God has Internet access. I wonder if He has a full newsfeed? -- Matt Welsh -
answering n for all that, I note the build, at the end of the make bzImage, spits out this: MODPOST vmlinux WARNING: arch/i386/kernel/built-in.o(.text+0x845d): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text:amd_init_mtrr (between 'mtrr_bp_init' and 'mtrr_save_state') WARNING: arch/i386/kernel/built-in.o(.text+0x8462): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text:cyrix_init_mtrr (between 'mtrr_bp_init' and 'mtrr_save_state') WARNING: arch/i386/kernel/built-in.o(.text+0x8467): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text:centaur_init_mtrr (between 'mtrr_bp_init' and 'mtrr_save_state') WARNING: arch/i386/kernel/built-in.o(.text+0x9284): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text: (between 'get_mtrr_state' and 'generic_get_mtrr') WARNING: arch/i386/kernel/built-in.o(.text+0x9298): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text: (between 'get_mtrr_state' and 'generic_get_mtrr') WARNING: arch/i386/kernel/built-in.o(.text+0x92bc): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text: (between 'get_mtrr_state' and 'generic_get_mtrr') But then proceeds with the make modules stage. I believe I've seen references to this in other threads. Is It Serious? -- Cheers, Gene "There are four boxes to be used in defense of liberty: soap, ballot, jury, and ammo. Please use in that order." -Ed Howdershelt (Author) Debug is human, de-fix divine. -
Hi, I'm running -v18 on 2.6.22-rc5, no problems so far. How can I change a task to SCHED_IDLE or SCHED_BATCH priority under CFS? Thanks, ~ Antonio -
pick up schedtool, and these are the choices it gives: -N for SCHED_NORMAL -F -p PRIO for SCHED_FIFO only as root -R -p PRIO for SCHED_RR only as root -B for SCHED_BATCH -I -p PRIO for SCHED_ISO -D for SCHED_IDLEPRIO then for example to start up something as SCHED_IDLE: schedtool -D -e ./somecommand.sh Ingo -
Thank you very much! I was thinking that schedtool was suitable only for -ck. I've installed schedtool and it works fine. Anyway, I've discovered with great pleasure that CFS has also the SCHED_ISO priority. I may have missed something, but I don't remember to have read this in any of the CFS release notes :). For me this is a really useful feature. Thanks. Regards, -
well, it's only a hack and emulated: SCHED_ISO in CFS is recognized as a policy but it falls back to SCHED_NORMAL. Could you check how well this (i.e. SCHED_NORMAL) works for your workload, compared to SD's SCHED_ISO? If you'd like to increase the priority of a task, i'd suggest to use negative nice levels. (use the 'nice' option in /etc/security/limits.conf with a newer version of PAM to allow unprivileged users to use negative nice levels.) Ingo -
To be fair, my workload is not really "critical". I'm used to skip-free audio listening (no matter what) since long time running my audio player with SCHED_ISO. Even in mainline the skips aren't so frequent, but still annoying. I'm using SCHED_ISO for the confidence it gives in providing skip-free audio. For my modest needs also CFS SCHED_NORMAL has been just fine (in these latest days). I'll report if I can find a more critical workload that can possibly stress CFS SCHED_NORMAL. Regards, ~ Antonio -
Hi Ingo, Today I had a little time to try CFS again (last time it was -v9!). I ran it on top of 184.108.40.206, and simply tried ocbench again. You remember ? With -v9, I ran 64 processes which all progressed very smoothly. With -v18, it's not the case anymore. When I run 64 processes, only 7 of them show smooth rounds, while all the other ones are only updated once a second. Sometimes they only progress by one iteration, sometimes by a full round. Some are even updated once ever 2 seconds, because if I drag an xterm above them and quickly remove it, the xterm leaves a trace there for up to 2 seconds. Also, only one of my 2 CPUs is used. I see the rq vary between 1 and 5, with a permanent 50% idle... : procs memory swap io system cpu r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id 1 0 0 0 874400 7864 90436 0 0 0 0 279 2204 50 0 50 3 0 0 0 874408 7864 90436 0 0 0 0 273 2122 50 1 50 1 0 0 0 874408 7864 90436 0 0 0 0 253 1660 49 1 50 3 0 0 0 874408 7864 90436 0 0 0 0 252 1977 50 0 50 2 0 0 0 874408 7864 90436 0 0 0 0 253 2274 49 1 50 3 0 0 0 874408 7864 90436 0 0 0 0 252 1846 49 1 50 1 0 0 0 874408 7864 90436 0 0 0 0 339 1782 49 1 50 I have no idea about what version brought that unexpected behaviour, but it's clearly something which needs to be tracked down. My scheduler is at 250 Hz, and here are the values I found in /proc/sys/kernel: root@pcw:kernel# grep '' sched_* sched_batch_wakeup_granularity_ns:40000000 sched_child_runs_first:1 sched_features:14 sched_granularity_ns:10000000 sched_runtime_limit_ns:40000000 sched_stat_granularity_ns:0 sched_wakeup_granularity_ns:4000000 I have tried to change each of them, with absolutely no effect. Seems really strange. Unfortunately, I have to leave right ...
hm, the two problems might be related. Could you try v17 perhaps? In v18 i have 'unified' all the sched.c's between the various kernel releases, maybe that brought in something unexpected on 126.96.36.199. (perhaps try could you send me the file the cfs-debug-info.sh script produced. You can pick the script up from: http://people.redhat.com/mingo/cfs-scheduler/tools/cfs-debug-info.sh (i'd suggest to send it in private mail, output is large and detailed. If your kernel has no /proc/config.gz then please send me your .config file too.) Ingo -
Hi Ingo, Well, forget this, I'm nuts. I'm sorry, but I did not set any of the -R and -S parameter on ocbench, which means that all the processes ran at full speed and did not sleep. The load distribution was not fair, but since they put a lot of stress on the X server, I think it might be one of the reasons for the unfairness. I got the same behaviour with -v17, -v9 and even 2.4 ! It told me something was wrong on my side ;-) I've retried with 50%/50% run/sleep, and it now works like a charm. It's perfectly smooth with both small and long run/sleep times (between 1 and 100 ms). I think that with X saturated, it might explain why I only had one CPU running at 100% ! OK I got it, but I've not run it since the problem was between the keyboard and the chair. If you want an output anyway, I can give it a run. Sorry again for the wrong alert. regards, willy -
ah, great! :-) My testbox needs a 90% / 10% ratio between sleep/run for an 8x8 matrix of ocbench tasks to not overload the X server. Once the overload happens X starts penalizing certain clients it finds abusive (i think), and that mechanism seems to be wall-clock based and it thus brings in alot of non-determinism and skews the clients. Ingo -
- vin -
Ingo, I've accidentally discovered a problem with -v18. Some time ago, I wrote a small program to prevent my laptop from entering low-power mode, and noticed that after upgrading my laptop's kernel from 18.104.22.168+cfs-v6 to 22.214.171.124+cfs-v18, it completely freezes if I run this program. The program is trivial, it just sets its prio to nice +20 and forks a busy loop. I've added the ability to stop the loop after a user-definable number of iterations, and I can confirm that it unfreezes when the loop ends. I'm not even root when I run it. Everything freezes, including the frame-buffer. It's not 100% reproducible, I would say 90% only. Sometimes it requires a few seconds before freezing. It *seems* to me that running another task in parallel (such as vmstat) increases its chances to freeze. It seems like nicing to +19 does not cause any trouble. I've tried it on my dual athlon, and with 1 process I see occasional pauses of 1 or 2 seconds, and with 2 processes, I see fairly larger pauses. Here's the trivial program. Probably you'll find an obvious bug. Regards, Willy --- /* * cfs-freeze.c * Fork a busy loop running with idle prio. This often results * in complete freezes with CFS-v18. * * $ gcc -O2 -s -o cfs-freeze cfs-freeze.c * $ ./cfs-freeze */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <sched.h> #include <sys/time.h> #include <sys/resource.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { struct sched_param sch; long long i; if (argc > 1) i = atoll(argv[1]); if (i <= 0) i = 4 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000ULL; sch.sched_priority = 0; sched_setscheduler(0, SCHED_OTHER, &sch); setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, 20); if (fork() == 0) while (i--); return 0; } --- -
hm, i tried your test-app and it causes no problems here. (which is not a surprise - your app starts a nice +19 busy loop, which is one of the common tests i do here too.) To further debug this, could you try to create a 'high priority shell' on a text console (i.e. not under X) that is SCHED_FIFO prio 98? Something like: chrt -f -p 98 $$ should do the trick. And then run this script: http://people.redhat.com/mingo/cfs-scheduler/tools/cfs-debug-info.sh before the test, during the test and after the test, from the high-prio shell session. (the shell runs at SCHED_FIFO, so the expectation would be for that it will be able to run during the test too) Then please send me the resulting 3 debug files. Thanks, Ingo -
Willy, could you check whether your current v18 CFS tree has the fix below included? I discovered it right after having released v18 so i updated the v18 files in place - but maybe you downloaded an early version? I thought it's relatively harmless, that it would only affect SCHED_IDLE tasks, but maybe it affects nice +19 tasks too on your box! Ingo Index: linux/kernel/sched_fair.c =================================================================== --- linux.orig/kernel/sched_fair.c +++ linux/kernel/sched_fair.c @@ -342,8 +342,9 @@ update_stats_enqueue(struct cfs_rq *cfs_ s64 tmp; if (se->wait_runtime < 0) { - tmp = (0 - se->wait_runtime) << NICE_0_SHIFT; - key += (tmp * se->load.inv_weight) >> WMULT_SHIFT; + tmp = -se->wait_runtime; + key += (tmp * se->load.inv_weight) >> + (WMULT_SHIFT - NICE_0_SHIFT); } else { tmp = se->wait_runtime * se->load.weight; key -= tmp >> NICE_0_SHIFT; -
Hi Ingo, Good catch, it was the cause of the problem. I've just applied your fix below and rebuilt and the system behaves perfectly now. Thanks very much ! Willy -
Hello, I have been running cfs-v18 for a couple of days now, and today I stumbled upon a rather strange problem. Consider the following short program: while(1) printf("%ld\r", 1000 * clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC); Running this in an xterm makes the xterm totally unresponsive. Ctrl-C takes about two seconds to terminate the program, during which the program will keep running. In fact, it seems that the longer it runs, the longer it takes to terminate (towards 5 seconds after running for a couple of minutes). This is rather surprising, as the rest of the system is quite responsive (even remarkably so). I think this is also in contrast with the expected behaviour, that Ctrl-C/program termination should be prioritized somehow. Some other observations: X.Org seems to be running at about 75% CPU on CPU 1, the xterm at about 45% on CPU 0, and a.out at about 20% on CPU 0. (HT processor) Killing with -2 or -9 from another terminal works immediately. Ctrl-Z takes the same time as Ctrl-C. Another thing to note is that simply looping with no output retains the expected responsiveness of the xterm. Printing i++ is somewhere halfway in between. Is this behaviour expected or even intended? My main point is that Ctrl-C is a safety fallback which suddenly doesn't work as usual. I might even go so far as to call it a regression. I'd also like to point out that Folding@Home seems to draw more CPU than it should. Or, at least, in top, it shows up as using 50% CPU even though other processes are demanding as much as they can get. The FAH program should be running with idle priority. I expect it to fall to near 0% when other programs are running at full speed, but it keeps trotting along. And I am pretty sure that this is not due to SMP/HT (I made sure to utilize both CPUs). Lastly, I'd like to mention that I got BUGs (soft lockups) with -v8, though it has not been reproducible with -v18, so I suppose it must have been fixed already. Otherwise, I am satisfied with the ...
Is it running with a default (0) nice value? could you please run the following script when your application is running? As you have pointed out : "... In fact, it seems that the longer it runs, the longer it takes to terminate (towards 5 seconds after running for a couple of minutes ..." , please run the script a few times : say, before starting up your application, 10 sec. after it's got started, 1 minute, a few minute... http://people.redhat.com/mingo/cfs-scheduler/tools/cfs-debug-info.sh then send us the resulting files. TIA, -- Best regards, Dmitry Adamushko -
Resulting files at http://vegard.afraid.org:1104/pub/cfs/ cfs-debug-info-2007.07.02-15:18:13 Before running program cfs-debug-info-2007.07.02-15:19:51 ~10 secs after start cfs-debug-info-2007.07.02-15:20:54 ~1 minute after start cfs-debug-info-2007.07.02-15:25:52 ~5 minutes after start cfs-debug-info-2007.07.02-15:30:54 ~10 minutes after start a.out is my program, FahCore_78 is the f@h client. Hope this helps. Vegard -
thx. As an initial matter, could you double-check whether your v18 kernel source has the patch below applied already? Ingo Index: linux/kernel/sched_fair.c =================================================================== --- linux.orig/kernel/sched_fair.c +++ linux/kernel/sched_fair.c @@ -342,8 +342,9 @@ update_stats_enqueue(struct cfs_rq *cfs_ s64 tmp; if (se->wait_runtime < 0) { - tmp = (0 - se->wait_runtime) << NICE_0_SHIFT; - key += (tmp * se->load.inv_weight) >> WMULT_SHIFT; + tmp = -se->wait_runtime; + key += (tmp * se->load.inv_weight) >> + (WMULT_SHIFT - NICE_0_SHIFT); } else { tmp = se->wait_runtime * se->load.weight; key -= tmp >> NICE_0_SHIFT; -
ok. Does the xterm slowdown get any better if you do: echo 46 > /proc/sys/kernel/sched_features ? The default on v18 is: echo 14 > /proc/sys/kernel/sched_features Ingo -
No. The Ctrl-C still hangs between 1 and 3 seconds, again seemingly depending on how long the program runs before I terminate it. Vegard -
Hi, This doesn't appear to be a CFS problem. I can reproduce the problem easily in virgin 2.6.22-rc7 by starting xterm-spam at nice -1 or better. As soon as xterm-spam can get enough CPU to keep the xterm fully busy, it's game over, the xterm freezes. The more accurate fairness of CFS to sleepers just tips the balance quicker. In mainline, the xterm has an unfair advantage and maintains it indefinitely... until you tip the scales just a wee bit, at which time it inverts. -Mike -
ah. That indeed makes sense. It seems like the xterm doesnt process the Ctrl-C/Z keypresses _at all_ when it is 'spammed' with output. Normally, output 'spam' is throttled by the scroll buffer's overhead. But in Vegard's case, the printout involves a \r carriage return: printf("%ld\r", 1000 * clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC); which allows xterm-spam (attached) to easily flood the xterm (without any scrolling that would act as a throttle) and the xterm to flood Xorg. I suspect we need the help of an xterm/Xorg expert? (maybe Keith can give us further pointers? I can reproduce the problem on a T60 with i940 and Core2Duo running Fedora 7 + Xorg 7.1.) Ingo
It's just an Xterm bug. Xterm will look for X input if it ever manages to fill the input buffer past 32768 bytes. If it manages to get more than 4096 bytes in one read, it will invoke sched_yield. and then check for input. Gotta love that sched_yield call. As it always processes all of the incoming data before trying to read again, there doesn't appear to be any way it can ever have more than 32768 characters in the buffer.=20 And, as the kernel will not buffer more than 4095 bytes from a pty, there isn't any way it will ever read 4096 bytes. So, it sits there carefully reading every byte from the pty and painting them on the screen. You can 'fix' xterm with: $ xterm -xrm '*minBufSize: 4095' I hesitate to even suggest a patch to xterm that would solve this problem correctly. Note that xterm has kludges in several of the output processing steps which explicitly look for input (most vertical cursor motion, it seems), which is why any application which scrolls doesn't cause this problem. Do you need more reasons to switch to another terminal emulator? gnome-terminal has finally gotten reasonable; I expect rxvt or konsole would work just as well. --=20 firstname.lastname@example.com
yeah, i use gnome-terminal exclusively. But testers looking for CFS regressions do run every shell on the planet :-) gnome-terminal is also faster all around (at least on my box): $ (echo '#!/bin/bash' ; echo 'for ((i=0; i<100000; i++)); do echo $i; done') > 1.sh; chmod +x 1.sh; time xterm $HOME/1.sh; time gnome-terminal -x ./1.sh real 0m3.193s user 0m2.840s sys 0m0.460s real 0m2.495s user 0m2.430s sys 0m1.520s Ingo -
Xorg seems to have a couple of starvation issues. e.g. I found the Gantt view in icemon during a busy compile session can starve all other X clients for tenths of seconds. -Andi -
This sounds as though it might be related to the issues I see with my "glitch1" script, posted here a while ago. With cfs-v18 the effect of having multiple xterms scrolling is obvious, occasionally they behave as if they were "owed" more CPU and get paid back all at once. I've seen this effect to one degree or another since cfs-v13, which did NOT show I think this is because the shell to read the keypress is getting high latency, rather than the process taking a long time to react. I have been wrong before... I read Ingo's reply to this, I'll gather the same information when the -- Bill Davidsen <firstname.lastname@example.com> "We have more to fear from the bungling of the incompetent than from the machinations of the wicked." - from Slashdot -
your FAH processes are running with nice +19 - that should be enough to throttle them. With v18 you can also mark it SCHED_IDLE: schedtool -D $$ # mark the shell idle SCHED_IDLE gets inherited by child tasks so if you mark the shell that starts up FEH as SCHED_IDLE, all FEH threads should be SCHED_IDLE too. (or you can start it up via schedtool -D -e ... ) does it still get more CPU time than you'd expect it to get? A reniced or SCHED_IDLE task will 'fill in' any idle time that it senses, so in itself it's not an anomaly if a task gets 50% and FEH fills in the remaining 50%. Does it still get CPU time if you start two CPU hogs: for (( N=0; N < 2; N++ )); do ( while :; do :; done ) & done great! :-) Ingo -


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Tuesday, August 9, 2011
London Fields
I liked London Fields although I wasn't overwhelmed by it and it seems to me that the novel has dated poorly. It's a murder mystery set in an ever so slightly distopic modern London with an East End gangster who dreams of becoming World Darts Champion, a doomed girl who can see into the future and a failing American novelist on the make. There are some good lines, the characters are kind of interesting and they bounce off one another like darts off a dartboard when I've been throwing. I think Martin Amis must have based his gangster Keith on the real darts player Keith Deller whom he profiled in the book Interviewing Mrs Nabokov and I guess this is the flaw in the novel. Keith isn't very convincing in his dialogue or manner. Like a lot of English upper middle class novelists Martin Amis has a poor ear for working class dialogue and doesn't really get that segment of British life. The world of working class people is terra incognita to most private school educated people - the types who still run British society through parliament, the BBC and the national newspapers and, alas, the types who still write most British novels. English society is still dominated by class divisions which are almost impossible to transcend if you start near the top. If you want to write the Great British Novel I think going off to private school is a serious handicap. This is one of my hobby horses so I'll get off it now....London Fields was OK but I don't think I'll be reading a lot more Amis in the future. He's not as funny as his dad or as caustic as his best friend Christopher Hitchens.
Incidentally I think this is why commentators in the British papers were so surprised by the riots engulfing North London over the last few nights. If you went to Eton or Hogwarts you're not going to understand the concerns of the segment of society who don't trust the police, don't have anything to do in the summer and certainly don't spend August in Tuscany stiffing waitresses and reading the latest Martin Amis or Julian Barnes.
31 comments:
- seana said...
I wonder if it helps to watch Eastenders. Although they don't do much rioting there, either.
- August 9, 2011 at 10:07 AM
It's not a question of not trusting the police. It's most people in a certain area coming to believe that "rules are for white people".
- August 9, 2011 at 10:12 AM
- adrian mckinty said...
I havent seen Eastenders in forever. I'll bet its all youngsters these days. - August 9, 2011 at 10:18 AM
- adrian mckinty said...
While this may have started as a racial clash in Tottenham most of the rioters are now white people. This is about class not race. - August 9, 2011 at 10:22 AM
- seana said...
Yep--you get a whole new young cast sprinkled in every few years. But we're about five years behind in the U.S. and I haven't seen it in awhile myself.
One thing about Eastenders, though. They do know how to keep a series going. - August 9, 2011 at 10:40 AM
- John McFetridge said...
Last night I tried to watch "The Fighter" and it hit me - it's a minstrel show with working-class people. I thought of the line we've heard from African-Americans only being accepted if, "we're singing and dancing and entertaining," and I realized that working-class people are almost always portrayed as criminals or some kind of desperate, dysfunctional, drunk... well, you know.
- August 9, 2011 at 11:50 AM
- seana said...
On Eastenders, they're quite a bit more rounded than that. In fact, I bet there are quite a few non-working class people who wouldn't mind living there. It's actually quite a romantic view of working class life when I stop to think about it.
They aren't too good at holding their marriages together, though. After all, it is a soap.
Anyone got recommendations of some novels that are good on working class life? British or otherwise.
I'm watching the Ed Show right now, and the working class is right there on my screen as they prepare to boot the anti-union forces out of office. I hope they do. - August 9, 2011 at 12:21 PM
I thought the portrayal of the female characters was really pretty shocking. I guess working class Irish women in Lowell and Lawrence are all either harridans or hoors.
Its funny though because I've spent a bit of time in Lowell and thats not my experience. - August 9, 2011 at 2:39 PM
Yeah I think TV writing is generally more accurate and representative. I dont say all fiction has to be mimetic; but it is dreary how often the working class in British fiction are portrayed as scum.
Did you ever read Dorothy L Sayers? Its almost funny. - August 9, 2011 at 2:41 PM
- adrian mckinty said...
John, Seana
I was just sitting at home here before leaving to go up and get the girls home from school. I watched the last hour of My Life Without Me and I really liked it. Its got a gentle, sympathetic portrayal of working class people just trying to get on with their lives that you hardly ever see in the movies. The film takes a pasting on Rotten Tomatoes but the haters are all wrong... - August 9, 2011 at 2:54 PM
- seana said...
Yes, I saw that when it came out and liked it very much. Sarah Polley and Mark Ruffalo--how could you go wrong, really?
- August 9, 2011 at 3:03 PM
- Matt said...
Having worked in detention centres and open custody for some ten years now, that is the unfortunate common denominator among the YOs. Yes most of the YOs I have worked with have made terrible choices in their lives, but their choices weren't so hot to begin with. Once they grow up, they start to see how the deck is stacked against them.
One of the many terrific things about Friday Night Lights - working-class folks worried about the draft, house payments, medical bills. Showing grace under pressure. But while it was a critical hit it never caught on with TV audiences who are more interested in the stories of the banal children of millionaires, it seems. - August 9, 2011 at 3:33 PM
- seana said...
Matt, I think it caught on with more people than you might think. Ratings don't tell the whole story.
Maybe you can fill me in, though. I watched the finale just a few weeks ago when it finally came on NBC or whatever it was. I wasn't really sure it was the ending, and the Slate notes got me even more confused. Does it really stop before they play the big game with a lot of things left undecided, or was there more of a wrap up somewhere? It's not that I mind it ending like that, it's just that I'm not sure I saw the whole thing. Someone mentioned an epilogue, but I don't know if that was for real or in jest.
I do have a good Kyle Chandler story, though. One of my sister's friends ran into him in their local Starbucks on the west side of L.A. He was a fan, so he got to talking with him. Chandler said he was in LA 'looking for work'. It was a friendly thing but at the end my sister's friend said would you mind posing for a picture with me? Chandler said, sure, but when the photo was taken and they looked in the view screen, my sister's friend said, "I look terrible--let's take another." Kyle patiently posed for about six more till the guy deemed one all right. Then he said, "I think this is the first time I've waited for the fan to look right." But it was all in good humor and it confirms my sense of the guy. - August 9, 2011 at 4:06 PM
- Matt said...
FNL did get a core audience by the end of its run, God bless them. But in the many discussions I've read or listened to since the final episode aired, the recurring question is 'why wasn't the show more popular'? Dan Patrick just asked it couple of days ago. I have a few theories - but the silver lining is, people are still discovering the show. Plenty of room to grow.
As for the ending - I've heard NBC may have trimmed a bit from the final episode, unfortunately. Anyhow, here it is.
But did you hear...
And Chandler, yeah, he was on Letterman for Super 8 and he got Dave to stand up and take a picture with him for his daughter, which Letterman never does. Both he and Taylor Kitsch moved to Austin, Texas (a great city by all accounts), to escape the showbiz morass in LA. Sounds like a good guy. - August 9, 2011 at 5:02 PM
My Iranian neighbours made me laugh this morning. Saying Libya should send their army over here to sort us out.
I hate the school holidays. Theres always more trouble. Its all about hoodies, trainers and sony flatscreens. - August 9, 2011 at 7:57 PM
- Uriah Robinson said...
Years of liberals who live in leafy country lanes telling parents, schools, police and courts they can't discipline young people because its against their human rights have come home to roost. When the police stood and watched looting and arson it was obvious it would spread like wildfire. A totally weak response from useless politicians with the police terrified of using force because they are more likely to end up being prosecuted than the looters. The really disenfranchised in our society are not youths with cars, blackberries, and designer hoodies but the people who have had their businesses and homes trashed or burnt to the ground.
- August 9, 2011 at 8:48 PM
21st Century Guide to Parenting. Hogwarts or Hackney ?
- August 9, 2011 at 8:55 PM
- adrian mckinty said...
I finally watched a good chunk of season 1, great stuff. I dont care about college football and even less high school football but that didnt seem to matter. This was a story about characters not football. - August 9, 2011 at 9:30 PM
- adrian mckinty said...
I saw one Lib Dem MP on the BBC saying that they were sending specialist coppers in from Northern Ireland. Lucky we've had all that practice I suppose. - August 9, 2011 at 9:31 PM
- adrian mckinty said...
I agree with some of what you say. I hate the fact that you can't defend your property without worrying about going to jail. In the US homeowners who shoot burglars are never successfully prosecuted and I know that in the UK its a different story. (At least if the Daily Mail is to be believed).
However, I can imagine years of resentment against the cops exploding in paroxysms of rage. I lived in London for a year and a half and I was hassled a couple of times a week by the Old Bill because I was Irish. One time two cops roughed me up and threw me down a flight of stairs because they said I was drunk and disorderly. I imagine if your black or Asian this kind of thing happens all the time.
The businesses will be insured. The flats if mortgaged will also be insured. If rented they'll have to take out renters insurance.
And we really can't blame the cops who really don't have the training for this kind of thing... - August 9, 2011 at 9:42 PM
- adrian mckinty said...
I was going to do a blog post along the lines:
"Arab Spring Comes To England" and get all sarky about how the oiks should be grateful for the Olympics, a proper Toff as Prime Minister and not one but two royal weddings...but I just can't be bothered - another sad sign of the times I suppose. - August 9, 2011 at 9:45 PM
- adrian mckinty said...
Uriah, Frankie,
Its all pretty terrible but I have to say this made me laugh:
1245 BBC Monitoring: Russian TV channel Rossiya 24 says parts of London resembled a "battlefield". Citing Twitter, the Rossiya 24 correspondent claims animals have been released from London Zoo and lions and tigers could now be heard roaring on the streets. This is wearily contradicted by the Zoo's press officer. "It's been very quiet," she tells us. - August 9, 2011 at 9:50 PM
- John McFetridge said...
I think Matt and Uriah's posts are linked - the promise of civil rights and the reality.
When I was growing up a few of my friends wwnt through the system and ended up in "juvie" (in Quebec it was Weredale and Shawbridge). I was shocked to discover when I was older that if you had an expensive lawyer it was very rare to ever see the inside of these places.
I'm not letting everyone off the hook, criminals come from all walks of life, but as usual what's going on is more complicated.
Have we made any progress with the "socializing" of women we've been talking about for forty years? Maybe we could talk a little about the socializing of the working class, how, every movie and TV show (okay, maybe not FNL) depicts (and glorifies) violence and crime in the working class and celebrates anyone who made it "out." - August 9, 2011 at 10:06 PM
It is baffling though. During the Royal Wedding the BBC kept saying how much the whole country was coming together...
What was great about My Life Without Me was the fact that at its heart there's a love story between two working class people. You NEVER see that in Hollywood. He's always an ad executive or a sports writer, she's always doing something at a gallery. When, say, plumbers appear in a Hollywood or BBC financed movie they are always the comic foil. - August 9, 2011 at 10:24 PM
America send a taskforce, there's oil in Tottenham Hale!
- August 9, 2011 at 10:27 PM
there's always a silver lining:
BBC monitoring: Celebrity chef Jamie Oliver tweets: Sadly my restaurant in Birmingham got smashed up windows all gone whole area closed, cant open, staff and customers all safe!! - August 9, 2011 at 10:33 PM
Over priced Spag bol will always get that treatment. However, Birmingham rioters wouldnt do that to the Fried Chicken Shack. That really would be biting the hand that feeds em.
- August 9, 2011 at 10:46 PM
Dont knock Birmingham.
Brum is a great town. Many happy times there. - August 10, 2011 at 12:00 AM
- seana said...
Thanks Matt--I look forward to watching those when I get a chance later.
- August 10, 2011 at 12:04 AM
It scared the shit out of me when I went there. Rough. I dont mean to joke about whats going on, its just no surprise for me. In a way im glad the world is seeing what scum live in England. Been saying for ages that id like to walk home without getting verbal abuse from hoodies. Not be kept awake all night by gangs of 20-30 feral youth...and of course all i want in life is a safe environment to bring up my cat.
I am disenfranchised, not them. - August 10, 2011 at 12:21 AM
- adrian mckinty said...
They're not scum. They're just people. Bored, unchallenged, poorly educated, unmotivated people. I'll bet if they'd gone to Eton like the Prime Minister and half the cabinet they'd be asset stripping merchant bankers holidaying in Kos instead of roaming the streets of the Bull Ring looking for a rumble. - August 10, 2011 at 12:38 AM


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News & Analysis
Okay... indeed, they have demonstrated 10ns switching in 90nm technology. I went ...
Interesting discussion, we had very interesting talks on this topic at emerging ...
IBM, ST go back to the future with nanorelay logic
Peter Clarke
LONDON – In a return to the 20th century days of electromechanical computation IBM and STMicroelectronics are working on a project to enable a low-power processor made from nanometer-scale mechanical relays.
The European Commission likes the idea and has put IBM Research Zurich in charge of a European research project that aims to produce a logic process that is based on nanometer-scale relays that remain compatible with conventional CMOS transistor logic. The advantage of such a system would be much lower off-state power consumption as leakage current would be considerably reduced.
Alongside IBM and STMicroelectronics NV (Geneva, Switzerland) are academic researchers from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Kungliga Tekniska Hoegskolan (KTH), and the universities of Bristol and Lancaster.
The three-year collaborative research project has a budget of 3.96 million euro (about $5.0 million) of which the European Commission is providing 2.44 million euro (about $3.1 million).
The motivation for the research is that as transistors have been miniaturized leakage power consumption is becoming as large as active power consumption and this is a particular issue for emerging applications such as autonomous sensors nodes, wireless communications and mobile computing.
The NEMIAC (Nano-Electro-Mechanical Integration And Computation) project aims to develop a process based on what it calls nano-electromechanical (NEMS) switches suitable for embedded systems and offering 3-D integration with CMOS. The researchers are being asked to show a magnitude improvement in energy efficiency with no performance penalty compared with solid-state. The process is also expected to have higher radiation resistance and higher temperature operation than CMOS.
Mechanical relay as replacement for transistor. Source: NEMIAC
The relays are expected to have a footprint of less than 3-micron by 3-micron and demonstrate a switching time of the order of 10 nanoseconds. Prooving the reliability under billions of switching operations will be an important task prior to commercial deployment. The term "bug" is said to have been introduced into the computing industry because of the propensity for
The project is expected to produce a number of digital logic designs as proof of the process and innovative circuit architectures for low-power applications. In parallel design and simulation methodologies are going to be developed to aid exploration of the design-space and demonstrate the feasibility of a small microprocessor.
Related links and articles:
Baolab MEMS-in-CMOS aims at compass
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Cypress, Cavendish ink production deal
Work on this topic has been going on at UC Berkeley for several years and they are making small scale demonstrators now. How does the European academic background work compare?
One possible advantage would be that this takes us back to the polarity insensitive and bidirictional current flow inherent in a relay. Back when logic was routinely made from relays, those attributes were routinely taken advantage of to create systems that weren't strictly boolean in nature. The result was fewer relays (and lower power consumption).
You must be joking... THIS is where we're headed? Somehow, I doubt that Intel and others are too worried about the potential competition. Still, it does cause one pause, and in thinking about it, I can see all sorts of low-end applications that beg for as close to zero power if were possible to achieve. This may help.
I can't imagine we are headed towards these type of technologies. I doubt that using mechanical compponents would create a hell of noise in circuits, lot of research must be done.
Cool, I use to work on IBM wire logic relays on their unit record machines in the 80's. Just give me a small enough contact file and lots of contact cleaner.
No matter how small you make a mems switch, the switching speed is still in kHz or at best barely reaching MHz. Although it is small, there is still inertia associated with the metal that is being moved. For those applications that are okay with kHz clock rates but almost no power consumption and extraordinarily radiation hard, this could be what you are waiting for.
This is actually not true; the UC Berkeley group has already demonstrated ns response times and sub-micron features. The technology promises to scale well. The issues are really system-level: device advantages often get lost when the constraints of an entire system are considered.
Okay... indeed, they have demonstrated 10ns switching in 90nm technology. I went back to a Berkeley MEMS paper presented at ISSCC 2010 titled "Prospects for MEM Logic Switch Technology" by Tsu-Jae King Liu, et. al. A very interesting and well written paper. Please contemplate the implications of the following statement pulled from the cited paper. "Ideally, relay endurance should exceed ~3×10^14 cycles, e.g. so that a relay- based microcontroller for embedded sensor applications
could operate reliably for 10 years at 100 MHz clock frequency and 0.01 average transition probability." The clock restrictions implied in that statement are significant. Since this is an emerging technology, perhaps they will find a chemistry that enables higher reliability, which translates into greater reliability and longer life or significantly higher transition probability. Higher clock rate... perhaps.
I have built MEMS switches for RF applications and I don't want to rain on anyone's parade, but it also makes me well aware of fundamental physics. i hope they prove me wrong and will gladly drink to their success.
Dont forget that Cavendish Kinetics and others have been working on memories based on this approach for years.
I have seen some simple devices using cantilevered carbon nanotubes. I can see carbon nanotube enabled switches scaling much smaller than 3 by 3 microns.
Interesting discussion, we had very interesting talks on this topic at emerging technologies symposiums (www.cmoset.com)...mechanical devices look slow but at nanoscale they can be actually pretty fast, ns or so...they also look large but again at nanosacel they can be quite small so you can put fair amount of them on IC...having said that there is no way they can replace MOSFETs, they can only add value by providing extra functionality like lower leakage switches...Kris


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Publishers Weekly ranks the best-sellers for week ending Nov. 10.
Hardcover fiction
1. "The Racketeer" by John Grisham (Doubleday)
2. "Poseidon's Arrow" by Clive Cussler (Putnam)
3. "Flight Behavior" by Barbara Kingsolver (Harper)
4. "The Sins of the Mother" by Danielle Steel (Delacorte)
5. "The Casual Vacancy" by J.K. Rowling (Little, Brown)
6. "The Panther" by Nelson DeMille (Grand Central)
7. "Gone Girl" by Gillian Flynn (Crown)
8. "The Bone Bed" by Patricia Cornwell (Putnam)
9. "Winter of the World" by Ken Follett (Dutton)
10. "NYPD Red" by Patterson/ Karp (Little, Brown)
Hardcover nonfiction
1. "Barefoot Contessa Foolproof" by Ina Garten (Clarkson Potter)
2. "Killing Kennedy" by Bill O'Reilly (Henry Holt)
3. "No Easy Day" by Mark Owen (Dutton)
4. "I Declare" by Joel Osteen (FaithWords)
5. "Guinness World Records" by Guinness World Records (Guinness World Records)
6. "The Smitten Kitchen Cookbook" by Deb Perelman (Knopf)
7. "The Signal and the Noise" by Nate Silver (Penguin)
8. "The Last Lion" by William Manchester (Little, Brown)
9. "The Digest Diet" by Liz Vaccariello (Reader's Digest Association)
10. "Cooking Italian with the Cake Boss" by Buddy Valastro (Free Press)
— McClatchy-Tribune News Service


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Home › Community › About Us › Library Departments › Gelardin New Media Center › Equipment › Bamboo Connect Digital Tablet ›
Bamboo Connect Digital Tablet
Mark up, sketch, or collaborate with the Bamboo Connect Digital Tablet from Wacom and bring your ideas to life. This digital tablet helps you become a visual communicator by letting you sketch out ideas, mark up articles, annotate documents, take handwritten notes and most of all, connect with others. Simply put the tip of the included Bamboo pen to the tablet to illustrate your thoughts and ideas in dozens of compatible software applications.
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Highway hypnosis can be dangerous
Road trips are a popular getaway once the weather warms up. People take to the roads in droves, whether for vacations or simply to enjoy the scenery along the way. With more people on the highways, there could be a heightened risk of accidents for a number of reasons.By: Staff, RiverTown Multimedia
Though road rage, driving while intoxicated and other road dangers are well documented, many people do not know about something called highway hypnosis - which could be responsible for erratic driving on roadways.
Think about a time when you were behind the wheel of a car on a long stretch of road, such as an interstate. Perhaps you lost track of the exits you passed or wondered how you ended up in a particular location when you don't remember getting there. Maybe you actually fell asleep or drifted off of the road.
According to the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration, the main cause of roadway departure crashes is driver drowsiness and inattention. Driver fatigue is often caused by highway hypnosis.
Highway hypnosis, also known as "white line fever," occurs when someone has been driving a vehicle along a long stretch of roadway for an extended period of time. The monotony of a long drive can induce sleepiness or forgetfulness. It can lull the brain into a sort of trance, and the body is essentially operating on auto pilot while the mind is off somewhere else. Highway hypnosis is most common during the late-night hours when the time of day also plays a role in drowsiness.
The concept of highway hypnosis is nothing new. In fact, engineers who created the Indiana Toll Road in 1957 designed curves every two miles on average to allow for a variation in the road conditions. Many other roadways are built with rumble strips or other variations in the scenery to reduce the monotony of the road.
Highway hypnosis occurs more than people would like to believe. However, there are ways to help prevent highway hypnosis.
Take frequent rests on a long trip to stretch your legs and get some fresh air.
Try not to drive during the hours that you are normally sleeping.
Bring a road trip partner along and make conversation.
Don't eat a big meal before beginning a long car ride.
Open the windows and get circulation going.
Keep your eyes moving between your mirrors and the road to improve conscious thought.
If you are still unable to fend of feelings of drowsiness or some of the other symptoms of hypnosis, pull over and take a long rest until you feel more capable to drive.
Tags: automotive
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McHugh Natatorium at Fike Recreation Center
The success the Clemson swimming and diving program has enjoyed over the years has not been won easily. The season is long and the training and competition schedule is arduous. However, the Tiger swimmers and divers are provided with facilities for training and competition that make the hard work seem bearable.
On January 14, 1984, prior to the meet against Virginia, ceremonies were held to re-name Fike Natatorium in honor of former men's swimming and diving coach Carl McHugh. McHugh was the first swimming and diving coach at Clemson during the Atlantic Coast Conference era. He began coaching during the 1953-54 season and retiredin 1976 after 23 years at the helm of the program.
McHugh Natatorium has played host to numerous meets, ranging from the Clemson Invitational, to dual meets against nationally ranked opponents, to the Men's and Women's ACC Swimming and Diving Championships. The Tigers hosted the 1985 conference championships in which the Clemson men's team finished second and the women's team placed third overall.
The natatorium facilities include an attractive eight-lane pool featuring a complete Colorado Timing System. The pool has a large deck area for dryland workouts and a sundeck overlooking Death Valley. The seating area can accommodate nearly 1,000 Tiger fans.
The divers make use of a 13-1/2 foot diving well complete with durafirm standards and Maxiflex model "B" diving boards. The diving well features two one-meter boards on concrete foundations and two three-meter boards on durafirm standards. The well is also equipped with dryland facilities.
When the Tiger swimmers are not in the water, the Clemson campus features 1,400 beautiful acres to conduct dryland workouts in the off-season.
Between November 2001 and October 2003, McHugh Natatorium underwent a series of renovations. These renovations included new starting blocks and decking, as well as new team locker rooms and improved lighting. The bottom of the pool and the diving well were also retiled.
First Meet | January
14, 1984 vs. Virginia (Men and Women) |
First Victory | January
14, 1984 vs. Virginia (Men: 73-40, Women: 72-41) |
Longest Dual Meet Winning Streak | Men:
9 (11/5/84 to 1/19/85) Women: 15 (1/6/88 to 1/19/91) |
Most Wins at Home (Season) | Men:
6 (1983-84) Women: 5 (1983-84) |
Largest Margin of Victory | Men:
114 points (vs. Emory 1/19/02) Women: 138 points (vs. Emory 1/19/02) |
First ACC Championship Hosted | 1985
(Men: Second Place, Women: Third Place) |


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Welcome International Customers
We're excited to share our jewelry collection with you!
Just choose your country and currency to personalize your shopping experience.
We're excited to share our jewelry collection with you!
Just choose your country and currency to personalize your shopping experience.
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2. | triads | ||
Triad (Simplified Chinese: ÈýºÏ»á; Traditional Chinese: ÈýºÏ•þ; Pinyin: S¨¡nh¨¦hu¨¬; literally "Triad Society") or (Simplified Chinese: ºÚÉç»á; Traditional Chinese: ºÚÉç•þ; Pinyin: {{{p}}}; literally "Black Society") is a collective term that describes many branches of an underground society and organizations based in Hong Kong and also operating in Macau, Taiwan, Mainland China, and Chinatowns in Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.
There are more than 57 triad groups that are active in Hong Kong; some of them are no more than small, local street gangs. The larger groups, including the Sun Yee On, Wo Shing Wo and 14K, are syndicates of sophisticated criminals, mirror images of such similar western empires of crime as the mafia. Their activities include drug trafficking, money laundering, illegal gambling, prostitution, car theft and other forms of racketeering. A major source of triad income today comes from the counterfeiting intellectual property such as computer software, music CDs and movie VCDs/DVDs. They also trade in bootleg tobacco products. Triads can fuck up the crips, bloods and everyother dirty mexican gang
1. | triads | ||
Chinese Mafia that is known to be the largest gang in China. Similiar to the yakuza These men are Triads! The most deadliest gang in China!
3. | triads | ||
One of the most dangerous gangs in GTA III. Triads are ramming your car.
4. | Triads | ||
A term used to describe many Chinese criminal organizations. They are the most well-known organized crime group in China, Hong Kong, and Macao. They originated in the anti-Manchu resistance in China. The term "triad" comes from the three dots which form part of the Chinese character for the Ming Emperor Hung Wu. The Triads began as "Men of Hung." They were both part of the political resistance of the Han Chinese to the Manchu dynasty, as well as outlaws who "Ta fu — chih p'in" (Hit the Rich and help the poor). Both the Chinese Triads and the Italian Mafia and Camorra have existed at least since the early 1800s. The Triads spread all over the world and control much of the illegal and informal economy in overseas Chinese communities.
5. | triads | ||
ping pong mo fo's that slang rock, and pimp out biotches....run that shit
NAWMEAN Triads from fah East Coast
Yao Ming |


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| Link Code |


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Use promo code: G13PLUSAIR100
+see offer terms and conditionsThat's right. Book your airfare when you book your G Adventures trip and we'll slice $100 off the price for you. Simply enter promo code G13PLUSAIR100 when prompted and we'll do the rest.
Offer valid for new bookings only with international air travel originating in North America added to a land booking. Not valid with any other discount, offer or promotion. Subject to availability. Must book by July 31, 2013, for travel by February 1, 2014. Subject to airline regulations and restrictions.
This compact adventure offers maximum Egypt at minimum cost. Stare in amazement at the pyramids and float down the Nile on a felucca. Embrace the culture and meet remarkable people as you dine on traditional fare with a local family in a Nubian village. You'll enjoy basic accommodation and transport to the best sights. Walk through the Valley of the Kings or explore Karnak—it's your call. Don't just dream of Egypt, wake up in the 'Land of the Pharaohs' and open your eyes to adventure.
Arrive at any time.
Guided tour of the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx. Guided tour of the Egyptian Museum (entrance fees not included). Overnight sleeper train to Aswan.
Visit a Nubian village and enjoy a home-cooked dinner with locals. Optional trip to the magnificent temples of Abu Simbel.
Felucca sailing with support boat, overnight on board.
Visit Kom Ombo and Edfu on our way to Luxor (entrance fees not included). Opt to visit Karnak Temple and the Valley of the Kings. Overnight sleeper train back to Cairo.
Tour ends on arrival.
Find dates, prices, and more trip options.
Book Now


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Our #feedspringfever Instagram Contest is coming to a close! Thanks to everyone who entered so far, and a big congrats to this week's five random winners! Keep sharing your #feedspringfever pics on Instagram through tomorrow - 4/26 to win a Free Honey Whole Grain Pretzel Card! Rules: bit.ly/10GbsS9
auntieannespretzels - 4/25/2013
Happy National Pretzel Day! Celebrate with some twisted trivia: the fastest recorded time to roll an Auntie Anne's pretzel is 3.5 seconds, the same amount of time it takes for a Mercedes McLaren to go from 0-60 mph! So get on rollin' down to your local Auntie Anne's today!
auntieannespretzels - 4/26/2013
It's Ntl Pretz Day! Twisted trivia:fastest time 2 roll our pretz =3.5 sec, same time 4MercMcLaren 2go 0-60!Let'sroll! http://t.co/erZ047IlcR
@AuntieAnnes - 4/26/2013
We're celebrating National Pretzel Day with the launch of our Blogger Ambassador Program! Welcome to Pretzel HQ, ladies! #imapretzelpro
@AuntieAnnes - 4/26/2013
Check out our awesome Blogger Ambassadors with Pretzel Prez @BillPDunn http://t.co/lbtYO75HGk
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Great morning spent @ Pretzel HQ teaching the biz to our Blogger Ambassadors. Off to @LancCentMarket for lunch! #imapretzelpro
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Our Blogger Ambassadors are ready to get rollin' @ Pretzel University! #imapretzelpro
@AuntieAnnes - 4/26/2013
Auntie Anne herself stopped by Pretzel U to visit with our Blogger Ambassadors! #imapretzelpro http://t.co/iiLPErorVI
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What a great day spent here @ Pretzel HQ with our amazing Blogger Ambassadors... certainly a great way to spend National Pretzel Day!
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Had a #pretzelperfect time with our 2013 Blogger Ambassadors! #imapretzelpro http://t.co/Oyno4ieg2Y
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Congrats to this week's #feedspringfever Instagram contest winners! Thanks to everyone who entered over the last 5 weeks - we saw some really great pics! Stay tuned for some more fun contests coming your way soon. In the meantime, give us a follow @auntieannespretzels for Pretzel Perfect Instagrams from our crew!
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Salon and Barbershop
Monday, February 18, 2013 • 4:00 PM
On Monday, February 18th, in Trinity Hall (Rushford Commons) from 4PM- 10PM, we have invited professional stylists and barbers to campus. They will be providing services at half price for our community. All are welcomed to use their services. This is a great opportunity to learn firsthand from professional hair stylists, a little bit about African American hair and its uniqueness. There is a lot of cultural identity that African Americans align with hair. Come and partake in great and entertaining conversation.
Gay Marriage and the Christian
Tuesday, February 19, 2013 • 6:30 PM
"It's not gay couples that are destroying marriage—it's the fault of heterosexual divorce rate."
"Marriage should not be controlled by the state."
"What's the problem with two committed, monogamous people vowing to marry?"
"Two gay people getting married doesn't affect you."
"Christians are more passionate against gay marriage than they are passionate for Jesus."
How should Christians respond to these common arguments for gay marriage? Dr. Bob Moeller, marriage counselor, author, and speaker (and TEDS alum) will address these issues and many more on Tuesday, February 19, at 6:30 p.m. in the Lantern Lounge.
High Definition
Thursday, February 21, 2013 • 9:30 PM
On Thursday, February 21, 2013 in Hinkson Hall (Rodine) at 9:30PM, the Multicultural Department will highlight urban styles and "swag," interspersed with a showcase of talent from poetry and drama to rap and drill with a Chicagoland Step Team. Come out, dressed to impress and be blown away in high definition!
Sneak Preview Parking Changes
Friday, February 22, 2013 • 12:00 AM
On Friday, February 22, part of the Mansion parking lot will be blocked off to accommodate guests attending the undergraduate Sneak Preview event. We would like to encourage staff and faculty who typically park in this lot to park in an alternate lot for this day. If you have any questions, or wish to inquire as to where you are authorized to park, please contact Security by email or at x6400.
Women's Theology Conference
Saturday, February 23, 2013 • 8:30 AM
Identity - A Women's Theology Conference
Saturday, February 23, 2013 - 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 pm.
TIU Campus
Keynote speaker: Rosalie de Rosset
Sponsored by Trinity Society of Women


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Live from Vancouver, it's the Winter Olympics closing ceremony
L.A. Times Olympics Blog8:00: The show is over. One of the best closing ceremonies you will ever want to see. Well done, Canada. Thank you, Vancouver, for your hospitality and personal warmth. I consider myself part Canadian now. 7:55: Hip-hop dancers XXS and......
Feb 28, 2010
| Los Angeles Times


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Mark Grace has no hard feelings toward D-backs
Originally published: Jan 14, 2013 - 1:36 pm
In early 2013, that figure is back with the team in a diplomatic capacity.
Former broadcaster Mark Grace, who was arrested on DUI charges for the second time in 16 months last August, is representing the Diamondbacks at their annual Fantasy Camp in Scottsdale.
Grace took a leave of absence to deal with his issues and was officially let go by the team at the conclusion of the season, but he holds no ill will for the decision the organization ultimately made.
"They had no choice," Grace told the media Monday. "One thing I try to teach my children and I expect from myself and expected from my teammates is accountability. The Diamondbacks didn't do anything wrong, I did."
Despite still dealing with the legal ramifications of his actions, Grace is thrilled to be wearing the Sedona red again this week for the annual event.
"Because of some circumstances, I wasn't real sure if I was going to be able to get out here or not, but about two weeks ago, I got the call and I obviously jumped at the chance and I'm thankful for the opportunity," Grace said. "A lot of guys in my situation don't get these kind of opportunities so kudos to such a class move on the Diamondbacks' part."
Grace played three seasons for the Diamondbacks, which included the 2001 season that ended in the franchise's only World Series championship. In 2004, Grace took over the color commentator role on D-backs television broadcasts, a role he held until his second arrest.
The Diamondbacks tabbed former manager and broadcaster Bob Brenly to take over Grace's position in the offseason.
"I'm doing as good as I can possibly do," Grace said. "I'm getting to spend a lot of time at home which means a lot of time with my two boys. A lot more fatherhood is always a good thing."
Grace joins other former Diamondbacks Luis Gonzalez, Matt Williams, Steve Finley, Reggie Sanders, Damian Miller, Mike Morgan, Mike Fetters, Greg Swindell and Jay Bell for the eighth annual Fantasy Camp. Eighty participants will spend the week living their own baseball dreams and will play in a game against the former stars to end the week.
"There's nothing better for a player or a former player than putting a uniform back on," Grace said. "It's probably like a soldier feels if they get back in uniform. It's a special thing to wear this, and once again, I'm thankful to the Diamondbacks for letting me put on the colors again, it's great."
- Didi Gregorius, D-backs' shortstop - Friday May 24Doug & Wolf get to know the D-backs' shortstop.
- Daniel Hudson, D-backs' pitcher - Friday May 24Doug & Wolf ask Huddy how he's feeling, how his rehab is going and is he regaining control of his pi
- Josh Collmenter, D-backs' pitcher - Friday May 24The D-backs' pitcher sat down with Doug & Wolf at Chase Field.
- Brad Ziegler, D-backs' pitcher - Friday May 24Doug & Wolf had a great conversation with the D-backs' pitcher.
- Derrick Hall, D-backs President & CEO - Thursday May 23Hall talks to Doug & Wolf about injured players and the upcoming series


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Our next Autism Friendly Film screenings take place on Sunday 30th June, and this time we have 2 different films showing!
Sammy's Great Escape will be showing at Vue Cinemas for their debut Autism Friendly Film showing in partnership with us, and ODEON Cinemas will host animated adventure Despicable Me 2.
More info, tickets and your nearest cinema.
Paul is in the driving seat to achieve his goals
Hard work and ambition have paid off for 47-year-old Paul, who has learning disabilities and has gone from 24-hours-a-day support to owning his own flat and passing his driving test.
Vue's social stories
Vue cinemas have produced unique social story templates for each of their outlets participating in Autism Friendly Films. The templates enable visitors to create a story about their own visit, unique to the cinema location. Head to their website, find your nearest cinema, click the 'accessibility' tab and download the social story for that location before their debut Autism Friendly showing on 30th June.
The Rise School Granted Approval
We are delighted to announce that The Rise School has been granted approval to open in September 2014 by the Department for Education.


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Work underway on major new Stanway store (From Essex County Standard)
Get involved: send your pictures, video, news and views by texting ECS to 80360, or email »
Work underway on major new Stanway store
3:11pm Tuesday 8th January 2013 in News
WORK has begun to create a major new store in Stanway.
Argos is expected to open its new £1.1 million shop at Tollgate Retail Park in May.
This week work began on transforming the site, which was formerly an Allied Carpets shop.
When the new Argos store opens later this year it will create 40 new jobs.
See Wednesday's Gazette for the full story and reaction.
3:47pm Tue 8 Jan 13
Say It As It Is OK?
5:51pm Tue 8 Jan 13
6:42pm Tue 8 Jan 13
it will be even better when KFC opens up here .this will make my traumatic shopping trip more pleasant and i may start shopping at sainsburys loads more
leaving my parking money all mine and not the parking meters
9:38pm Tue 8 Jan 13
Say It As It Is OK? wrote:Parking outside Jack's is no problem provided two of you go, so the driver can drive round the block if necessary while you are in the shop buying your goods. My wife and I did this several times in December for bulky purchases at Jack's or Argos, and only once did a traffic warden move her on.
The new Argos in Stanway will make it easier to pick up orders made online. The town store has no nearby parking and bulky items are difficult to collect.
Red Tape 2
10:46pm Tue 8 Jan 13
Say It As It Is OK? wrote:Exactly! I emailed their HO years ago to suggest that an out of town site would be much more sensible. It seems at last they agree!
The new Argos in Stanway will make it easier to pick up orders made online. The town store has no nearby parking and bulky items are difficult to collect.
10:53pm Tue 8 Jan 13
9:02am Wed 9 Jan 13
Acejax wrote:Probably costs you more in petrol.
Yes please! Much more convenient then going to town. I'm one to drive to Braintree cinema instead of Odeon so the colchester council don't get the satisfaction of thefting my change!
11:43am Wed 9 Jan 13
3:18pm Wed 9 Jan 13
beckncall wrote:And what has this to do with the Council? A private company on private land is revamping a private building.
another nail in the coffin for the town centre. more support for out of town shopping from a council that is not supporting local traders
11:52am Thu 10 Jan 13


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Ben Nelson
Democrat • 2 Terms • Sworn In 2001
Last Term
2007 - 2013
View All
- 27 Sponsored Bills (Ranks 23 of 440) 0 Made Into Law (Ranks 10 of 440)
- 124 Co-Sponsored Bills (Ranks 17 of 440) 3 Made Into Law (Ranks 7 of 440)
- Most often votes with:
- Sen. Bill Nelson
- Sen. Susan Collins
- Least often votes with:
- Sen. Maria Cantwell
- Sen. Mike Lee
- Votes with party 83%
- Abstains: 0%
Person's Views
- Today: 31
- Past Seven Days: 95
- All-Time: 60,510
Recent Voting History
The votes below were taken by roll call, a voting procedure that records a vote from every Senator or Representative on the bill under consideration. This Member of Congress may have voted on other bills by the process known as "voice vote", but these votes are not recorded.
H.R.8 "Fiscal cliff" bill
On Passage of the Bill H.R. 8Aye (with party)January 01, 2013
On the Nomination (Confirmation Carol J. Galante, of California, to be an Assistant Seceretary of Housing and Urban Development)Aye (with party)December 30, 2012
On the Nomination (Confirmation William Joseph Baer, of Maryland, to be an Assistant Attorney General)Aye (with party)December 30, 2012
Videos of Ben Nelson
Featured Members of Congress
On March 10, 2009 Ben Nelson was featured on the homepage of OpenCongress:
Centrist Democrat Sen. Ben Nelson (D-NE) today told the Huffington Post that he opposes the Employee Free Choice Act. "I'm not in favor of the bill as it -- I haven't seen exactly what was put in, but if what was put in is the same as it's been described, I'm not in support of that," he said. Nelson voted "aye" last year on a motion to overcome a Republican filibuster of the bill.
Official website: http://www.bennelson.senate.gov/
OpenGovernment Profile
720 Hart Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20515
720 Hart Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20515
Phone: 202-224-6551
Fax: 202-228-0012
Fax: 202-228-0012
OpenGovernment Profile


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Posts Tagged 'mummies'
Mummies, Pyramids, The Nile and Modernity
A land where the Sun was once sacred, offers to the world the same glorious sun in a time when Europe is covered with ice and turned into a white desert with chilling cold. It is a land where one the oldest civilization of the world started and nurtured with times. It is a land which has been mentioned in the holy Bible and the holy Quran from the times of Prophet Moses.
Egypt is Islamic but fairly open to western world. Research on test tube babies is legal in Egypt. It is also home to the Head Quarters to the Arab league. Egypt is also home to BPO's from USA after India.
Egypt is one of the favorite destinations of tourist especially during the time of winter as it is quite warm and offers the beautiful Mediterranean climate at a time when you can hardly see the sun in European continent. It is home to a number of ancient architecture like the Giza pyramids to the Sphinx.
Egypt was ruled by a number of dynasties since 3000 B.C and was invaded by a number of foreign invaders who left back their own traits of culture and religion in the country. Egypt was ruled by the natives as well as by Persians, Romans and Arabs. So you will find famous architects like the famous hanging church of Coptic Christians to the famous Mosques from during the Ottoman Empire.
Egypt was a republic since 18 June 1953. Egypt was ruled by President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak as President of the Republic since 14th October 1981. He is the leader of the ruling National Democratic Party.
So imagine yourself amidst monuments from ancient times which will take you on a ride in those times when kings ruled the land and when religion carved the structure of the Egyptian society. The beautiful boating experience in the most beautiful rivers of the world will take away all the stress from your life. The river Nile is truly the life giver to this region which is surrounded by the Sahara desert.
Egypt has always been a destination point for many shooting of many Hollywood movies. The famous Mummy movies have been shot and conceptualized around Egyptian civilization.
Mummies have always been a very interesting part of the civilization. Even today many scientist and archaeologist are trying hard to get the core of the art of preserving bodies for centuries. It was anticipative about the final virtue and need for the mummies. But from the culture of ancient Egyptians it has been a way of preserving the bodies so that the soul can return to it in the future. These thinking in the ancient Egypt gave rise to the wonderful Pyramid chain around the banks of river Nile.
So Egypt welcomes you in this beautiful land of wonders from the ancient world and they assure that never before you would have taken back with you so many memories and had wonderful time in natural environment.


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Sparklers are a wonderful way to add glamour and excitement to your grand exit. Guests will be thrilled to participate in your send off. And with a little coordination with your photographer, the energy and dramatic lighting of the moment creates amazing photographs.
Visit our website to view pictures and read more about our sparklers. Choose from three recommended lengths of sparklers for weddings: 14 inches, 20 inches and 36 (incredible!) inches. All are made by the same manufacturer and feature metal rods which produce less smoke than sparklers made of bamboo sticks. We carry the 14 inch and 20 inch sparklers in our exclusive white with black and silver packaging. These boxes can be displayed at your event and were designed with the most elegant wedding in mind.
Try our new Heart Sparklers designed specifically for brides to add elegant romance to their grand exit. Heart sparklers of this size cannot be found from any other vendor at this time.
All orders are made through our easy to use website. We use UPS Ground Service for customers who need to ship their order. San Antonio customers can make a purchase online and schedule a pick up at our distribution center located on the southeast side of San Antonio (China Grove/Hwy 87).
We highly recommend that you ask your wedding venue coordinator if sparklers are permitted to be used on their property. Some locations may have restrictions. For additional safety, use BBQ lighters to light the first sparklers (then dip unlit sparklers into lit sparklers) and provide buckets or trays filled with a little sand or water for easy disposal.
BuySparklers.com also has champagne poppers available in our exclusive white with black and silver packaging. Champagne wedding poppers are safe to use indoors. You can scatter them on cocktail or reception tables with other decorations.
Please email us at email@example.com with any questions you have about using or buying our sparklers. We look forward to hearing from you!


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Webster University has helped thousands of military and civilians in San Antonio achieve their professional goals since 1976, when we opened campuses at Brooks Air Force Base and historic Fort Sam Houston.
Today, we offer students an opportunity to earn an M.B.A., an M.H.A., and six M.A. programs at three area locations: Fort Sam Houston, Lackland AFB and Randolph AFB.
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