text:
Labour law
This article uses bare URLs for citations. (June 2013) |
Part of a series on |
Organized labour |
Academic disciplines
Labour law (also spelled as "labor" law or called "employment law") mediates the relationship between workers, employers, trade unions and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union. Second, individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work and through the contract for work. The labour movement has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting labour rights in the 19th and 20th centuries. Labour rights have been integral to the social and economic development since the Industrial Revolution. Employment standards are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors will work. Government agencies (such as the former U.S. Employment Standards Administration) enforce employment standards codified by labour law (legislative, regulatory, or judicial).
Contents |
Labour law history[edit]
Labour law arose due to the demand for workers to have better conditions, the right to organize, or, alternatively, the right to work without joining a labour union, and the simultaneous demands of employers to restrict the powers of workers' many organizations and to keep labour costs low. Employers' costs can increase due to workers organizing to achieve higher wages, or by laws imposing costly requirements, such as health and safety or restrictions on their free choice of whom to hire. Workers' organizations, such as trade unions, can also transcend purely industrial disputes, and gain political power. The state of labour law at any one time is therefore both the product of, and a component of, struggles between different interests in society.
Individual labour law[edit]
Contract of employment[edit]
The basic feature of labour law in almost every country is that the rights and obligations of the worker and the employer between one another are mediated through the contract of employment between the two. This has been the case since the collapse of feudalism and is the core reality of modern economic relations. Many terms and conditions of the contract are however implied by legislation or common law, in such a way as to restrict the freedom of people to agree to certain things to protect employees, and facilitate a fluid labour market. In the U.S. for example, majority of state laws allow for employment to be "at will", meaning the employer can terminate an employee from a position for any reason, so long as the reason is not an illegal reason, including a termination in violation of public policy.[1]
One example in many countries[2] is the duty to provide written particulars of employment with the essentialia negotii (Latin for essential terms) to an employee. This aims to allow the employee to know concretely what to expect and is expected; in terms of wages, holiday rights, notice in the event of dismissal, job description and so on. An employer may not legally offer a contract in which the employer pays the worker less than a minimum wage. An employee may not for instance agree to a contract which allows an employer to dismiss them unfairly. There are certain categories that people may simply not agree to because they are deemed categorically unfair. However, this depends entirely on the particular legislation of the country in which the work is.[3]
Minimum wage[edit]
There may be law stating the minimum amount that a worker can be paid per hour. Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Paraguay, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Spain, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Vietnam and others have laws of this kind.[citation needed] The minimum wage is usually different from the lowest wage determined by the forces of supply and demand in a free market, and therefore acts as a price floor. Each country sets its own minimum wage laws and regulations, and while a majority of industrialized countries has a minimum wage, many developing countries have not.
- Minimum wages are regulated and stipulated also in some countries that lack specific laws. In Sweden, for instance, minimum wages are negotiated between the labour market parties (unions and employer organisations) through collective agreements that also cover non-union workers and non-organised employers.
Minimum wage laws were first introduced nationally in the United States in 1938,[4] Brazil in 1940[5] India in 1948, France in 1950,[6] and in the United Kingdom in 1998.[7] In the European Union, 18 out of 25 member states currently have national minimum wages.[8]
Working time[edit]
Before the Industrial Revolution, the workday varied between 11 and 14 hours. With the growth of industrialism and the introduction of machinery, longer hours became far more common, with 14–15 hours being the norm, and 16 not at all uncommon. Use of child labour was commonplace, often in factories. In England and Scotland in 1788, about two-thirds of persons working in the new water-powered textile factories were children.[9] The eight-hour movement's struggle finally led to the first law on the length of a working day, passed in 1833 in England, limiting miners to 12 hours, and children to 8 hours. The 10-hour day was established in 1848, and shorter hours with the same pay were gradually accepted thereafter. The 1802 Factory Act was the first labour law in the UK.
After England, Germany was the first European country to pass labour laws; Chancellor Bismarck's main goal being to undermine the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1878, Bismarck instituted a variety of anti-socialist measures, but despite this, socialists continued gaining seats in the Reichstag. The Chancellor, then, adopted a different approach to tackling socialism. To appease the working class, he enacted a variety of paternalistic social reforms, which became the first type of social security. The year 1883 saw the passage of the Health Insurance Act, which entitled workers to health insurance; the worker paid two-thirds, and the employer one-third, of the premiums. Accident insurance was provided in 1884, while old age pensions and disability insurance were established in 1889. Other laws restricted the employment of women and children. These efforts, however, were not entirely successful; the working class largely remained unreconciled with Bismarck's conservative government.
In France, the first labour law was voted in 1841. However, it limited only under-age miners' hours, and it was not until the Third Republic that labour law was effectively enforced, in particular after Waldeck-Rousseau 1884 law legalizing trade unions. With the Matignon Accords, the Popular Front (1936–38) enacted the laws mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid vacations for workers and the law limiting to 40 hours the workweek (outside of overtime).
- Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), a notorious, and now defunct case by the US Supreme Court that regulation of working time (for bakeries) to limit workers to a 10-hour day.
Health and safety[edit]
Other labour laws involve safety concerning workers. The earliest English factory law was passed in 1802 and dealt with the safety and health of child textile workers.
This clause means that discrimination against employees is morally unacceptable and illegal, on a variety of grounds, in particular racial discrimination or sexist discrimination.
Unfair dismissal[edit]
Convention no. 158 of the International Labour Organization states that an employee "can't be fired without any legitimate motive" and "before offering him the possibility to defend himself". Thus, on April 28, 2006, after the unofficial repeal of the French First Employment Contract (CPE), the Longjumeau (Essonne) conseil des prud'hommes (labour law court) judged the New Employment Contract (CNE) contrary to international law, and therefore "illegitimate" and "without any juridical value". The court considered that the two-years period of "fire at will" (without any legal motive) was "unreasonable", and contrary to convention no. 158, ratified by France.[10][11]
Child labour[edit]
Child labour is the employment of children under an age determined by law or custom. This practice is considered exploitative by many countries and international organizations. Child labour was not seen as a problem throughout most of history, only becoming a disputed issue with the beginning of universal schooling and the concepts of labourers' and children's rights. Child labour can be factory work, mining or quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents' business, having one's own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters). Other children are forced to do tedious and repetitive jobs such as assembling boxes, or polishing shoes. However, rather than in factories and sweatshops, most child labour occurs in the informal sector, "selling on the street, at work in agriculture or hidden away in houses — far from the reach of official inspectors and from media scrutiny."[12]
Collective labour law[edit]
Collective labour law concerns the tripartite relationship between employer, employee and trade unions. Trade unions, sometimes called "labour unions"
Trade unions[edit]
Some countries require unions to follow particular procedures before taking certain actions. For example, some countries require that unions ballot the membership to approve a strike or to approve using members' dues for political projects. Laws may guarantee the right to join a union (banning employer discrimination), or remain silent in this respect. Some legal codes may allow unions to place a set of obligations on their members, including the requirement to follow a majority decision in a strike vote. Some restrict this, such as the 'right to work' legislation in some of the United States.
Strike action is the weapon of the workers most associated with industrial disputes, and certainly among the most powerful. In most countries, strikes are legal under a circumscribed set of conditions. Among them may be that:
- The strike is decided on by a prescribed democratic process. (Wildcat strikes are illegal).
- Sympathy strikes, against a company by which workers are not directly employed, may be prohibited.
- General strikes may be forbidden by a public order.
- Certain categories of person may be forbidden to strike (airport personnel, health personnel, teachers, police or firemen, etc.)
A boycott is a refusal to buy, sell, or otherwise trade with an individual or business who is generally believed by the participants in the boycott to be doing something morally wrong. Throughout history, workers have used tactics such as the go-slow, sabotage, or just not turning up en-masse to gain more control over the workplace environment, or simply have to work less [1]. Some labour law explicitly bans such activity, none explicitly allows it.
Picketing is a tactic which is often used by workers during strikes. They may congregate outside the business they are striking against to make their presence felt, increase worker participation, and dissuade (or prevent) strike breakers from entering the workplace. In many countries, this activity is restricted by labour law, by more general law restricting demonstrations, or sometimes by injunctions on particular pickets. For example, labour law may restrict secondary picketing (picketing a business not directly connected with the dispute, such as a supplier of materials), or flying pickets (mobile strikers who travel to join a picket). There may be laws against obstructing others from going about their lawful business (scabbing, for example, is lawful); making obstructive pickets illegal, and, in some countries, such as Britain, there may be court orders made from time to time against pickets being in particular places or behaving in particular ways (shouting abuse, for example).
Workplace involvement[edit]
Workplace consolation statutes exist in many countries, requiring that employers consult their workers on issues that concern their place in the company. Industrial democracy refers to the same idea, but taken much further. Not only that workers should have a voice to be listened to, but that workers have a vote to be counted.
Originating in Germany, some form of co-determination (or Mitbestimmung) procedure is practised in countries across continental Europe, such as Holland and the Czech Republic, as well as Scandinavian countries (e.g. Sweden). This involves the rights of workers to be represented on the boards of companies for whom they work. The German model involves half the board of directors being appointed by the company trade union. However, German company law uses a split board system, with a 'supervisory board' (Aufsichtsrat) which appoints an 'executive board' (Vorstand). Shareholders and unions elect the supervisory board in equal number, except that the head of the supervisory board is, under co-determination law, a shareholder representative. While not gaining complete parity, there has been solid political consensus since the Helmut Schmidt social democrat government introduced the measure in 1976.
In the United Kingdom, the similar proposals were drawn up, and a command paper produced named the Bullock Report (Industrial democracy). This was released in 1977 by the James Callaghan Labour government. This proposal involved a similar split on the board, but its effect would have been even more radical. Because British company law requires no split in the boards of directors, unions would have directly elected the management of the company. Furthermore, rather than giving shareholders the slight upper hand as happened in Germany, a debated 'independent' element would be added to the board, reaching the formula 2x + y. However, no action was ever taken as the UK slid into the winter of discontent. This tied into the European Commission's proposals for worker participation in the 'fifth company law directive', which was also never implemented.
In Sweden, this is regulated through the 'Law on board representation' (Lagen om styrelserepresentation). The law covers all private companies with 25 or more employees. In these companies, workers (usually through unions) have a right to appoint two board members and two substitutes. If the company has more than 1,000 employees, three members and three substitutes are appointed by workers/unions. It is common practice that seats are divided between representatives from the major union coalitions.
International labour law[edit]
Since the industrial revolution the labour movement has been concerned how economic globalisation would weaken the bargaining power of workers, as their employers could move to hire workers abroad without the protection of the labour standards at home.[13] The International Labour Organization and the World Trade Organization have been the primary focus among international bodies to reform labour markets. Conflict of laws issues arise, determined by national courts, when people work in more than one country, and EU law has a growing body of rules regarding labour rights.
International Labour Organization[edit]
Following World War One, the Treaty of Versailles contained the first constitution of a new International Labour Organisation founded on the principle that "labour is not a commodity", and for the reason that "peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice".[14] The primary role of the ILO has been to coordinate principles of international labour law by issuing Conventions, which codify labour laws on all matters. Members of the ILO can voluntarily adopt and ratify the conventions by enacting the rules in their domestic law. For instance, the first Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 requires a maximum of a 48 hour week, and has been ratified by 52 out of 185 member states. The UK ultimately refused to ratify the Convention, as did many current EU members states, although the Working Time Directive adopts its principles, subject to the individual opt-out.[15] The present constitution of the ILO comes from the Declaration of Philadelphia 1944, and under the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work 1998 classified eight conventions[16] as core. Together these require freedom to join a union, bargain collectively and take action (Conventions Nos 87 and 98) abolition of forced labour (29 and 105) abolition labour by children before the end of compulsory school (138 and 182) and no discrimination at work (Nos 100 and 111). Compliance with the core Conventions is obligatory from the fact of membership, even if the country has not ratified the Convention in question. To ensure compliance, the ILO is limited to gathering evidence and reporting on member states' progress, so that publicity will put public and international pressure to reform the laws. Global reports on core standards are produced yearly, while individual reports on countries who have ratified other Conventions are compiled on a bi-annual or perhaps less frequent basis.
World Trade Organization[edit]
Because the ILOs enforcement and sanction mechanisms are weak, there has been significant discussion about incorporating labour standards in the World Trade Organisation's operation, since its formation in 1994. The WTO oversees, primarily, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which is a treaty aimed at reducing customs, tariffs and other barriers to free import and export of goods, services and capital between its 157 member countries. Unlike for the ILO, if the WTO rules on trade are contravened, member states who secure a judgment by the Dispute Settlement procedures (effective a judicial process) may retaliate through trade sanctions. This could include reimposition of targeted tariffs against the non-compliant country. Proponents of an integrated approach have called for a "social clause" to be inserted into the GATT agreements, for example by amending article XX, which gives an exception to the general trade barrier reduction rules allowing imposition of sanctions for breaches of human rights. An explicit reference to core labour standards could allow action where a WTO member state is found to be in breach of ILO standards. Opponents argue that such an approach could backfire and undermine labour rights, as a country's industries, and therefore its workforce, are necessarily harmed but without any guarantee that labour reform would take place. Furthermore it was argued in the Singapore Ministerial Declaration 1996 that "the comparative advantage of countries, particularly low-age developing countries, must in now way be put into question."[17] Accordingly it is argued that countries ought to be able to take advantage of low wages and poor conditions at work as a comparative advantage in order to boost their exports. Similarly it is disputed that business will relocate production to low wage countries from higher wage countries such as the UK, because that choice depends mostly on productivity of workers. The view of many labour lawyers and economists remains that more trade, in the context of weaker bargaining power and mobility for workers, still allows for business to opportunistically take advantage of workers by moving production, and that a coordinated multilateral approach with targeted measures against specific exports is preferable.[18] While the WTO has yet to incorporate labour rights into its procedures for dispute settlements, many countries began to make bilateral agreements that protected core labour standards instead.[19] Moreover, in domestic tariff regulations not yet touched by the WTO agreements, countries have given preference to other countries who do respect core labour rights, for example under the EU Tariff Preference Regulation, articles 7 and 8.[20]
Workers in multiple countries[edit]
While the debate over labour standards applied by the ILO and the WTO seeks to balance standards with free movement of capital globally, conflicts of laws (or private international law) issues arise where workers move from home to go abroad. If a worker from America performs part of her job in Brazil, China and Denmark (a "peripatetic" worker) or if a worker is engaged in Ecuador to work as an expatriate abroad in France, an employer may seek to characterise the contract of employment as being governed by the law of the country where labour rights are least favourable to the worker, or seek to argue that the most favourable system of labour rights does not apply. For example, in a UK labour law case, Ravat v Halliburton Manufacturing and Services Ltd[21] Mr Ravat was from the UK but was employed in Libya by a German company that was part of the American multinational oil conglomerate, Halliburton. He was dismissed by a supervisor based in Egypt. He was told he would be hired under UK law terms and conditions, and this was arranged by a staffing department in Aberdeen. Under the UK Employment Rights Act 1996 he would have a right to unfair dismissal, but the Act left open what the territorial scope of the statute was. The UK Supreme Court held that the principle would be that for an expatriate worker, although the general rule is that they will not have UK labour law rights, there would be an exception if the worker could show a "close connection" to the UK, and this was established through the contractual assurances given to Mr Rabat.[22]
This fits within the general framework in the EU. Under the EU Rome I Regulation article 8,[23] workers will have employment rights of the country where they habitually work. But exceptionally they may have a claim in another country if they can establish a close connection to it. The Regulation emphasises that the rules should be applied with the purpose of protecting the worker.[24]
It is also necessary that a court has jurisdiction to hear a claim. Under the Brussels I Regulation article 19,[25] this requires the worker habitually works in the place where the claim is brought, or is engaged there.
EU law[edit]
The European Union, unlike most international organisations, has an extensive system of labour laws, but officially excluding (according to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) matters around direct wage regulation (e.g. setting a minimum wage), fairness of dismissals (e.g., a requirement for elected workers to approve dismissals) and collective bargaining. A series of Directives regulate almost all other issues, for instance the Working Time Directive guarantees 28 days of paid holiday, the Equality Framework Directive prohibits all forms of discrimination for people performing work, and the Collective Redundancies Directive requires that proper notice is given and consultation takes place before any decisions about economic dismissals are finalised.
However, the European Court of Justice has recently expanded upon the Treaties through its case law. As well as having legal protection for workers rights, an objective of trade unions has been to organise their members across borders in the same way that multinational corporations have organised their production globally. In order to meet the balance of power that comes from ability of businesses to dismiss workers or relocate, unions have sought to take collective action and strikes internationally. However, this kind of coordination was been recently challenged in the European Union in two controversial decisions. In Laval Ltd v Swedish Builders Union[26] a group of Latvian workers were sent to a construction site in Sweden on low pay. The local Swedish Union took industrial action to make Laval Ltd sign up to the local collective agreement. Under the Posted Workers Directive, article 3 lays down minimum standards for workers being posted away from home so that workers always receive at least the minimum rights that they would have at home in case their place of work has lower minimum rights. Article 3(7) goes on to say that this "shall not prevent application of terms and conditions of employment which are more favourable to workers". Most people thought this meant that more favourable conditions could be given than the minimum (e.g., in Latvian law) by the host state's legislation or a collective agreement. However, in an interpretation seen as astonishing by many, the ECJ said that only the posting state could raise standards beyond its minimum for posted workers, and any attempt by the host state, or a collective agreement (unless the collective agreement is declared universal under article 3(8)) would be an infringement of the business' freedom to provide services under TFEU article 56. This decision was implicitly reversed by the European Union legislature in the Rome I Regulation, which makes clear in recital 34 that the host state may allow more favourable standards. However, in The Rosella, the ECJ also held that a blockade by the International Transport Workers Federation against a business that was using an Estonian flag of convenience (i.e., saying it was operating under Estonian law to avoid labour standards of Finland) infringed the business' right of free establishment under TFEU article 49. The ECJ said that it recognised the workers' "right to strike" in accordance with ILO Convention 87, but said that its use must be proportionately to the right of the business' establishment. The result is that the European Court of Justice's recent decisions create a significant imbalance between the international freedom of business, and that of labour, to bargain and take action to defend their interests.
National labour laws[edit]
British labour law[edit]
The Factory Acts (first one in 1802, then 1833) and the 1832 Master and Servant Act were the first laws regulating labour relations in the United Kingdom. The vast majority of employment law before 1960 was based upon the Law of Contract. Since then there has been a significant expansion primarily due to the "equality movement"[27] and the European Union.[citation needed] There are three sources of Law: Acts of Parliament called Statutes, Statutory Regulations (made by a Secretary of State under an Act of Parliament) and Case Law (developed by various Courts).
The first significant modern day Employment Law Act was the Equal Pay Act of 1970 although as it was a somewhat radical concept it did not come into effect until 1972. This act was introduced as part of a concerted effort to bring about equality for women in the workplace. Since the election of the Labour Government in 1997, there have been many changes in UK employment law. These include enhanced maternity and paternity rights,[28] the introduction of a National Minimum Wage [29] and the Working Time Directive[30] which covers working time, rest breaks and the right to paid annual leave. Discrimination law has also been tightened, with protection from discrimination now available on the grounds of age, religion or belief and sexual orientation as well as gender, race and disability.
Canadian labour law[edit]
In Canadian law, 'labour law' refers to matters connected with unionized workplaces, while 'employment law' deals with non-unionised employees.
Chinese labour law[edit]
Labour Law in the People's Republic of China has become a very hot issue with the soaring numbers of factories and the fast pace of urbanization. The basic labour laws are the Labour Law of People's Republic of China (promulgated on 5 July 1994) and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Employment Contracts (Adopted at the 28th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress on June 29, 2007, Effective from January 1, 2008). The administrative regulations enacted by the State Council, the ministerial rules and the judicial explanations of the Supreme People's Court stipulate detailed rules concerning the various aspects of the employment relationship. Labour Union in China is controlled by the government through the All China Federation of Trade Unions, which is also the sole legal labour union in Mainland China. Strike is formally legal, but in fact is discouraged.
French labour law[edit]
In France, the first labour laws were Waldeck Rousseau's laws passed in 1884. Between 1936 and 1938 the Popular Front enacted a law mandating 12 days (2 weeks) each year of paid vacation for workers, and a law limiting the work week to 40 hours, excluding overtime. The Grenelle accords negotiated on May 25 and 26th in the middle of the May 1968 crisis, reduced the working week to 44 hours and created trade union sections in each enterprise.[31] The minimum wage was also increased by 25%.[32] In 2000, Lionel Jospin's government then enacted the 35-hour workweek, down from 39 hours. Five years later, conservative prime minister Dominique de Villepin enacted the New Employment Contract (CNE). Addressing the demands of employers asking for more flexibility in French labour laws, the CNE sparked criticism from trade unions and opponents claiming it was lending favour to contingent work. In 2006, he then attempted to pass the First Employment Contract (CPE) through a vote by emergency procedure, but that it was met by students and unions' protests. President Jacques Chirac finally had no choice but to repeal it.
German labour law[edit]
Indian labour law[edit]
Iranian labour law[edit]
This section requires expansion. (June 2008) |
Japanese labour law[edit]
Mexican labour law[edit]
Mexican labour law governs the process by which workers in Mexico may organize labour unions, engage in collective bargaining, and strike. Current labour law reflects the historic interrelation between the state and the Confederation of Mexican Workers, the labour confederation officially aligned with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (the Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI), which ruled Mexico under various names for more than seventy years. While the law, on its face, promises workers the right to strike and to organize, in practice it makes it difficult or impossible for independent unions to organize while condoning the corrupt practices of many existing unions and the employers with which they deal.
INTRODUCTION After Independence it was largely felt that the labour policy must emphasize upon self-reliance on the part of the workers. Since independence til 1954, all official pronouncement emphasize that labour shall become self-reliant. An equally forcefull view had been to prefer relance upon the government paid reliance on three party approach, namely the Trade union representing the workers, the employers, and the government. Out of the three the role the government is more important. Annual labour conferences and the permanent standin labour committee serverd as the chief instrument of tripartism. These conferences advocates, amongst amny things: viz, wokers participation in management, worker's education, worker's committees and minimum wage legislations.
Swedish labour law[edit]
Swedish labour law is from an international perspective comparatively 'thin'. This is because many of the issues and areas that in other countries are regulated through state or federal law, e.g., working hours, minimum wage and right to overtime compensation, in Sweden instead are regulated through collective agreements between trade union and employer organisation representatives.
United States labor law[edit]
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set the maximum standard work week to 44 hours, and in 1950 this was reduced to 40 hours. A green card entitles legal immigrants to work just like US citizens, without requirement of work permits. Despite the 40-hour standard maximum work week,[33][citation needed] some lines of work require more than 40 hours to complete the tasks of the job. For example, if you prepare agricultural products for market you can work over 72 hours a week, if you want to, but you cannot be required to. If you harvest products you must get a period of 24 hours off after working up to 72 hours in a seven-day period.[citation needed] There are exceptions to the 24-hour break period for certain harvesting employees, like those involved in harvesting grapes, tree fruits and cotton. Professionals, clerical (administrative assistants), technical, and mechanical employees cannot be terminated for refusing to work more than 72 hours in a work week.[citation needed] These high-hour ceilings, combined with a competitive job market, often motivate American workers to work more hours than required. American workers consistently take fewer vacation days than their European counterparts, and on average take the fewest days off of any developed country.[34]
The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution limit the power of the federal and state governments to discriminate. The private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution, but several laws, particularly the Civil Rights Act of 1964, limit the ability of the private sector to discriminate against certain classes in employment. The Fifth Amendment[35] has an explicit requirement that the Federal Government not deprive individuals of "life, liberty, or property", without due process of the law and an implicit guarantee that each person receive equal protection of the laws. The Fourteenth Amendment[36] explicitly prohibits states from violating an individual's rights of due process and equal protection. Equal protection limits the State and Federal governments' power to discriminate in their employment practices by treating employees, former employees, or job applicants unequally because of membership in a group, like a race, religion or sex. Due process protection requires that employees have a fair procedural process before they are terminated if the termination is related to a "liberty", like the right to free speech, or a property interest.
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prohibits employment discrimination based on age with respect to employees 40 years of age or older. This Act was created to promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment because in the face of rising productivity and affluence, older workers find themselves disadvantaged in their efforts to retain employment, and especially to regain employment when displaced from jobs; the setting of arbitrary age limits regardless of potential for job performance has become a common practice, and certain otherwise desirable practices may work to the disadvantage of older persons; the incidence of unemployment, especially long-term unemployment with resultant deterioration of skill, morale, and employer acceptability is, relative to the younger ages, high among older workers; their numbers are great and growing; and their employment problems grave; and the existence in industries affecting commerce, of arbitrary discrimination in employment because of age, burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in commerce.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act[37] is the principal federal statute with regard to employment discrimination prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination by public and private employers, labour organizations, training programmes and employment agencies based on race or colour, religion, sex, and national origin. Retaliation is also prohibited by Title VII[37] against any person for opposing any practice forbidden by statute, or for making a charge, testifying, assisting, or participating in a proceeding under the statute. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 expanded the damages available to Title VII[37] cases and granted Title VII[37] plaintiffs the right to jury trial.
The National Labor Relations Act, enacted in 1935 as part of the New Deal legislation, guarantees workers the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. This legislation and its subsequent amendments are also key elements of U.S. labour law.
See also[edit]
- Collective bargaining
- Contingent work
- Employment contract
- Industrial relations
- Journal of Individual Employment Rights
- Labour market flexibility
- Labour movement
- Legal working age and child labour
- Master and Servant Act
- Protective laws (on gender)
- Right-to-work law
- Social security
- Sweat shops
- Unfair labor practice
- Union Organizer
- Vicarious liability
- Weekends
- WorkChoices
- Workplace Fairness
- ^ For example, an employee's refusal to violate law or an employee's assertion of rights.
- ^ e.g. In the European Union, Directive 91/533
- ^ In the US, under the National Labor Relations Act, a worker has no right to organize where he is considered a manager, see NLRB v. Kentucky River Community Care, 532 U.S. 706 (2001)
- ^ "History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 - 1996". Department of Labor. March 31, 2006.
- ^ Senado.gov.br
- ^ "Minimum wage (guaranteed)". European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. March 31, 2006.
- ^ "National Minimum Wage". dti. March 31, 2006.
- ^ Eurostat (2005): Minimum Wages 2005: Major Differences between EU Member States (PDF)
- ^ Child Labor and the Division of Labor in the Early English Cotton Mills
- ^ "Un contrat en CNE jugé contraire au droit international". Reuters. April 28, 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-05. (French)
- ^ "Bernard Thibault au plus haut". L'Express. April 28, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2006-05-05. (French)
- ^ "The State of the World's Children 1997". UNICEF. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ K Marx, Report of the General Council to the Fourth Annual Congress (1969) quotes "the extension of the principle of free trade, which induces between nations such a competition that the interest of the workman is liable to be lost sight of and sacrificed in the fierce international race between capitalists, demands that such [unions] should be still further extended and made international."
- ^ Treaty of Versailles 1919, Part XIII, Section I and art 427
- ^ See generally, KD Ewing, Britain and the ILO (2nd edn IER 1994) 16. Two further general working time conventions are the Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935 No 51 and the Holidays with Pay Convention, 1936 No 52
- ^ There are 189 Conventions, however some have been superseded by others. For instance, Conventions Nos 2, 34, 96 and 181 all concern private employment agencies, but only Convention 181 is in force.
- ^ Singapore Ministerial Declaration (13 December 1996)
- ^ See KA Elliott and RB Freeman, Can Labor Standards Improve under Globalization? (Institute for International Economics 2003)
- ^ eg EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (14 May 2011) OJ 2011 L127, article 13
- ^ Tariff Preference Regulation (EC) No 732/2008 arts 7, 8, 15 and Annex II and III
- ^ See also Lawson v Serco Ltd [2006] UKHL 3 and Duncombe v Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families [2011] UKSC 36
- ^ Rome I Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008)
- ^ See Rome I, recital 23 and Brussels I, recital 13
- ^ Brussels I Regulation (EC) No 44/2001
- ^ Equality In British Employment Law
- ^ http://www.citation.co.uk/employment-law/maternity-paternity
- ^ Statutory Regulations In British Employment Law
- ^ http://www.citation.co.uk/employment-law/working-time-regulations
- ^ Section syndicale d'entreprise (French) December 27, 1968 law
- ^ SMIG (French)
- ^ Deskinlawfirm.com
- ^ Infoplease.com
- ^ Finduslaw.com
- ^ Finduslaw.com
- ^ a b c d Finduslaw.com
Further reading[edit]
- Stephen F. Befort and John W. Budd, Invisible Hands, Invisible Objectives: Bringing Workplace Law and Public Policy Into Focus (2009) Stanford University Press
- Norman Selwyn, Selwyn's Law of Employment (2008) Oxford University Press
- Simon Honeyball, Honeyball and Bowers' Textbook on Employment Law (2008) Oxford University Press
- Keith Ewing, Aileen McColgan and Hugh Collins, Labour Law, Cases, Texts and Materials (2005) Hart Publishing
- Simon Deakin and Gillian Morris, Labour Law (2005) Hart Publishing ISBN 978-1-84113-560-1
- Keshawn Walker and Arn Morell, "Labor and Employment: Workplace Warzone", Georgetown University Thesis (2005)
External links[edit]
- Labour Legislation from 1911encyclopedia.org, Encyclopædia Britannica's 1911 edition
- California Labor Code
- HG.org States Labor Departments and Law
- Indian Labor Law
- Labor law attorneys
- EU Labour Law


text:
Undergraduate Admission Readmission Request More Information Schedule a Campus Visit How to Apply Freshman Requirements Home School Applicants International Students Transfer Students Transient Students Tuition and Fees Summer Session Credit by Examination FAQ
Undergraduate Program Degrees and Programs Core Curriculum Regulations and Policies
Scholarships & Financial Aid Merit Scholarships
Honors Program Urban Leadership Urban Ecology
Educational Enrichment Sophomore Choices Making a Life and a Living Experiential Education Students Abroad (OUSA) Academic Success Center
Admitted Student Days are a great opportunity to learn about OU and meet other future Petrels!
Oglethorpe is pleased to provide one set of complimentary round-trip airfare to each admitted student and one parent or guardian traveling to Atlanta from outside a commutable distance. If you have not already traveled via a complimentary flight to OU, we encourage you to consider this option for Admitted Student Day. Visit the airfare request form to request your flights. New! View a sample schedule for the April 2-3 Admitted Student Day.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A collection of news and information related to Assault published by this site and its partners.
Displaying items 1-12 of 14084
» View courant.com items only
Next >
Casey Anthony trial: My verdict is in
Mayo on the Side: Michael Mayo | Sun Sentinel BlogsAt some point, there???s going to be a verdict in the Casey Anthony murder trial. (UPDATE: Anthony was acquitted on all the major charges, including first-degree murder, manslaughter and aggravated child abuse.The jury found her guilty of multiple...Tags: Justice System, Crime, Law and Justice, Casey Anthony, Crimes, Murder
LeBron, D-Wade fall out of top 10 most marketable NBA players; Dirk tops Nielsen list
Business & Pleasure of Sports | Sun Sentinel blogsThe nationwide disdain directed toward the Miami Heat as they lost the NBA Finals led to a steep decline in the endorsement potential of their biggest stars. LeBron James and Dwyane Wade have fallen out of the top 10......Tags: Brandon Marshall, National Basketball Association, Steve Nash, LeBron James, Dirk Nowitzki
America's Next Great Restaurant: The lost recaps, Episode 5
Dining@LargeBob Swank's lost recaps of America's Next Great Restaurant are a millenarian weekend bonus feature on Dining@Large. Enjoy. - RGAmerica's Next Great RestaurantEpisode 5 – Dippity To Do, Duh In the last episode Sudhir's Indian Lite /...Tags: Crime, Law and Justice, Celebrities and Bad Behavior, Crimes, Breads, Sandwiches
2010-11 Snowfall Contest opens
Maryland WeatherWith the return of cold weather, last Friday's flurries, and the mayhem that resulted on the roads north and west of Baltimore, the winter weather season is undeniably here. So let's have some fun with it.The Friday Flurrimageddon put a TRACE......Tags: Crime, Law and Justice, Weather, Crimes, Fuel-efficient Vehicles, Pacific Ocean
Golf course shooting: New low for South Florida crime?
Mayo on the Side: Michael Mayo | Sun Sentinel BlogsBack in my golf writing days, I heard stories of the occasional mugging in remote corners of the Van Cortlandt Park Golf Course in the Bronx, the country's oldest public golf course, but I never knew if it was urban......Tags: Theft, Health, Crime, Law and Justice, Crimes, Hospitals and Clinics
Palm Beach County drops proposal for local ban on extended-size ammunition magazines
Palm Beach Politics | Sun Sentinel blogsPalm Beach County Commissioner Burt Aaronson Tuesday gave up his push for a local ban on the sale of high-capacity ammunition magazines, like those used in last month???s Tucson shooting. Aaronson just four days earlier had called for a local......Tags: Gabrielle Giffords, Florida Legislature, Personal Weapon Control, Crime, Law and Justice, Unrest, Conflicts and War
How to Take Apart a Chevy Volt
KickingTiresWith journalists and firefighters gathered nearby, members of the Chicago Fire Department ripped apart an already battered Chevy Volt last week. No, it wasn???t retribution for Chevrolet???s sponsorship of last season???s Green Bay Packers. It???s part of...Tags: Health and Safety at Work, Disasters and Accidents, Journalism, Health, Transportation Accidents
Hey thrift store thief, have you no sense of decency?
Who's on Team Gloucester?In the interest of expanding our coverage of metropolitan Gloucester, we bring you today the weekly crime report. It's provided courtesy of the Gloucester County Sheriff's Office for your perusal. One thing that jumped out at us in this week's report...Tags: Crime, Law and Justice, Crimes, Domestic Violence
Friday Prediction Post: FAU at WKU
FAU Sports | Sun-Sentinel BlogsFAU had forgotten what it felt like to win, and now hopefully they want to feel that again a couple more times this season. I heard estimates that it felt like ???a decade??? and ???three years??? since their last......Tags: Crime, Law and Justice, Crimes, Kentucky
Gov.: Pardon for "Slick Rick"
Spin CycleGov. Paterson has issued his first pardon, for Ricky Walters, aka "Slick Rick," a 1980s rapper who pled guilty in 1991 to attempted murder and weapons charges, did his time, and was released in 1997. He was born in the......Tags: Migration, Executive Branch, Crime, Law and Justice, Crimes, Slick Rick
Back in the swing of things
Reality CheckI don't know about you, but after all that American Idol and Dancing With the Stars madness, I needed a little bit of a break from reality TV. So it has been a little quiet around here, I have to......Tags: Dancing, Popular Music (genre), Sports, John F. Williams, American Idol (tv program)
Tribune: 'Repeal the 2nd Amendment'
The Swampby James Oliphant Reaction in Chicago was fast and mostly furious among city officials to Thursday's Supreme Court decision that found a constitutional right to gun ownership and struck down Washington D.C.'s ban on handguns. While Mayor Richard M. Daley....Tags: Richard M. Daley, Crime, Law and Justice, Murder, Crimes
Jul 5, 2011
|Blog| Sun-Sentinel
Jul 30, 2011
|Blog| Sun-Sentinel
May 22, 2011
|Blog| Baltimore Sun
Dec 13, 2010
|Blog| Baltimore Sun
Jan 14, 2011
|Blog| Sun-Sentinel
Feb 1, 2011
|Blog| Sun-Sentinel
Aug 31, 2010
|Blog| Cars.com
Oct 12, 2010
|Blog| Daily Press
Nov 5, 2010
|Blog| Sun-Sentinel
Jul 23, 2008
|Blog| Newsday
Jul 23, 2008
|Blog| Baltimore Sun
Jul 23, 2008
|Blog| Chicago Tribune
Original site for Assault topic gallery.


text:
Regional Science and Urban Economics
Regional Science and Urban Economics exists to facilitate and encourage high quality scholarship on important theoretical and empirical issues in urban and regional research. Given a rapidly changing field, the Journal's emphasis is on microeconomic analyses of spatial phenomena. The Journal solicits original research contributions in spatial economics, economic geography, and related disciplines. The editors encourage the submission of theoretical and empirical contributions related to market organization in space, housing and labor markets, transportation, and local public economies.
Benefits to authors
We also provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, special discounts on Elsevier publications and much more. Please click here for more information on our author services.
Please see our Guide for Authors for information on article submission. If you require any further information or help, please visit our support pages: http://support.elsevier.com
Editors: D.P. McMillen, Y. Zenou, G. Peri
View full editorial board
At Elsevier, we are committed to supporting authors and reviewers. We have developed several series of freely-available, bite-sized training webcasts containing some useful tips and tricks on a range of valuable topics.


text:
4dr Sdn SE *Ltd Avail*
Starting at $12,050 | Starting at 21 MPG City - 30 MPG Highway
Provided by NADAguides.com
The 2009 Dodge Avenger is a 4-door, 5-passenger sedan with a sporty appearance. For 2009, the Dodge Avenger has reduced-interior-noise levels, a cabin air-filter system and sunglass holders throughout all trims. A leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, a rear spoiler, fog lamps and ABS are now standard on the SXT and R/T trims. The R/T now has 18-inch chrome wheels standard. The base model Dodge Avenger has a 2.4L 4-cylinder engine under the hood. This generates 173 hp and is controlled with a 4-speed automatic transmission. The R/T trim benefits from the larger 3.5L V6 and 6-speed automatic transmission; however, the 4-cylinder gets 21 miles to the gallon around town and 30 miles to the gallon out on the highway compared to 16 mpg city/27 mpg hwy for the V6. The 2009 Dodge Avenger standard features include a AM/FM stereo with CD/MP3 player, Sirius satellite radio, Multistage Front airbags, side curtain airbags, keyless entry and an electro-luminescent instrument cluster, which makes reading the gauges at night much easier. The Dodge Avenger is an affordable option in the American sedan market.
The 2009 Dodge Avenger is a smart, boldly styled mid-size competitor to the Chevy Malibu, Ford Fusion and Toyota Camry. The Avenger has expanded standard-feature content, including side air bags, anti-lock brakes, an alarm and the innovative Chill Zone cooler system. Several options, such as the MyGig audio/navigation system and heated/cooled cup holder, also differentiate it feature-wise from other mid-size sedans.
Following its introduction in 2008, the Dodge Avenger receives few changes for 2009. For starters, the lineup shrinks, as the base SE has been dropped, leaving only the SXT and R/T models. The availability of all-wheel drive has also been dropped.
The 2009 Avenger has an upright and angular appearance that borrows styling cues from the big Charger sedan and Dodge's muscle-car past. But the Avenger's appeal goes beyond outward appearance; the model offers several innovative interior features not often seen in its class.
Safety Ratings |
Driver Crash Grade |
Passenger Crash Grade |
Rollover Resistance |
Side Impact Crash Test - Rear |
Braking & Traction |
4-Wheel ABS | Opt |
Tire Pressure Monitoring System | Std |
Passenger Restraint |
Driver Air Bag | Std |
Passenger Air Bag | Std |
Side Air Bag | Std |
Side Head Air Bag | Std |
Rear Head side Air Bag | Std |
Child Safety Locks | Std |
Road Visibility |
Daytime Running Lights | Opt |
Electrochromic Rearview Mirror | Opt |
Intermittent Wipers | Std |
Variable Inter. Wipers | Std |
Accident Prevention |
Handsfree Wireless | Opt |
Security |
Alarm | Std |
Anti-theft System | Std |
Original Warranty |
Miles |
Months |
Basic | 36,000 | 36 |
Drivetrain | 0 | 0 |
Corrosion | 100,000 | 60 |
Roadside Assistance | 36,000 | 36 |
Dodge Certified Pre-Owned Warranty |
7-Years/100,000-Miles (whichever comes first) for 2010 model year and newer vehicles; 6-Years/80,000-Miles for 2009 model year and earlier vehicles. Powertrain Limited Warranty runs from the date vehicle was sold as new. A deductible may apply. See dealer for details. 3-Months/3,000-Miles (whichever comes first). Maximum Care Limited Warranty runs from the date of sale of the vehicle or at the expiration of the 3/36 Basic Limited Warranty. For more details and a copy of the limited warranties, see your dealer or call 1-800-677-5782. | |
Age/Mileage Eligibility | 5 years / 75,000 miles |
Lease Term Certified | No |
Point Inspection | 125 |
Return/Exchange Program | No |
Roadside Assistance | Yes |
Special Financing | Yes |
Transferrable Warranty | Yes |
Warranty Deductible | $150 |
Please enter your ZIP code to find vehicles for sale in your area.
Data on this page may have come in part, or entirely, from one or more of the following providers.


text:
In Pokemon White 2, after you beat the gym leader 8 you will go to team plasma ship. There you will battle a girl then she will give you plasma card to open the computer there was an password. What is it?
The password varies in each game. Mine was 9909, but others are apparently 2202 or 7707. It may just be a random digit in that pattern, xx0x.
Update: the password can also be Zekrom or Reshiram (in the English games that is, in the Japanese games I guess it's their Japanese names).
If you check what the plasma grunts say, you should get a clue. For me one of them said "2 [Japanese text] 9" and the other said "4 [Japanese text] 9" so I assumed the 2nd and 4th numbers were 9.
I tried thenumbers and it didnt work but what worked for me was going to bulbapedia and looking at the japanese names for reshiram (white 2) and zekrom (black 2) then typing it in. before you do this go to you settings and to the bottom setting and making it the first option. this is the type of japanese text they will read. hope this helped it worked for me
How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ
Type a Pokemon name, type, move or ability to see instant results.


text:
Good evening you
My pee is orange cos I take vitamin B complex.
It turns greeen when I p i s s into my toilet cos I've got one of those blue things in the cistern
Groove Mission - Surfing Portugal - Algarve 2012-2013 RELATED: Photos and Surf Photography Author: surfing_sunset Replies: 0 |
Heeey dudes RELATED: Hey I'm new - Introduce Yourself Author: Tuey Replies: 2 |
FS Yak mission wetsuit boots! 2/3m £15 size 8 RELATED: Surf Classifieds: Buy, Sell and Exchange Author: stevedude888 Replies: 0 |
HELP a FLORIDA SURFER CHOOSE a BOARD... RELATED: Surfboard Advice Author: vanfossenator Replies: 4 |
whats up dudes and dudettes RELATED: General Chat Author: esiegel91 Replies: 2 |


text:
Arts Funding Information
David Thomas makes a fair point a few posts above, but still, add me to the list.
Gareth White
I'm not a fan of david shrigley and think his crap style is, well, a little bit crap but my main beef with this vdeo is that it re-states and reinforces the lie that cuts are inevitable. OK, there probably will be cuts but every time I hear someone say that something is 'inevitable' or that 'there is no alternative' I seem to hear the baaing of sheep queuing at the abattoir. I'd really expect a little bit better in the way of thinking from what is, i suppose, a major campaign for the arts.
© 2013 Created by Marcus Romer. Powered by


text:
Showing research by
- Bayan: Company Data Reports - Kuwait Slaughter House Company (07-Oct-08) 07 October 2008 - Bayan Investment Company
- Bayan: Company Data Reports - Kuwait Slaughterhouse Company (4Q07) 13 March 2008 - Bayan Investment Company
Begin your journey with a Zawya membership.
Key Features:
- Over 23,360 company profiles with 290,980+ officers
- Comprehensive equity capital market data
- Zawya Dow Jones live news and over 300 aggregated news sources
- Company, Sector, Market, and Macro Research
- Investment intelligence including Funds, Sukuk, Private Equity, M&A, IPO and Bonds
- Over 5,710 in-depth Project Reports and Monitoring
- Up-to-date construction and non-construction tender issues
- Community tools Zawya Network, Events, Blogs and more
- Intuitive tools to customize your experience with support & training
- Full fledged access to Analytical tools such as Companies Monitor
Learn More Already a member? Sign In


text:
HealthWise KnowledgeBase
Asthma in Teens and Adults
The cause of asthma isn't known. Health experts believe that inherited, environmental, and Reference immune system Opens New Window factors combine to cause Reference inflammation Opens New Window Reference Opens New Window of the airways. This can lead to asthma and asthma attacks.
Family history
Asthma may run in families (be inherited). If this is the case in your family, you may be more likely than other people to get long-lasting (chronic) inflammation in the airways.
Immune system
In some people, an Reference allergic reaction Opens New Window causes asthma symptoms. An Reference allergen Opens New Window makes the immune system cells release chemicals that cause inflammation.
Studies show that exposure to allergens such as Reference dust mites Opens New Window, cockroaches, and Reference animal dander Opens New Window may influence asthma's development.Reference 1 Asthma is much more common in people with allergies, although not all those who have allergies get asthma. And not all people with asthma have allergies.
Environmental factors and today's germ-conscious lifestyle may play a role in the development of asthma. Some experts believe that there are more cases of asthma because of pollution and less exposure to certain types of bacteria or infections.Reference 2 As a result, children's immune systems may develop in a way that makes it more likely they will also get allergies and asthma.
Asthma in adults also can be related to work. This is called Reference occupational asthma.
By: | Reference Healthwise Staff | Last Revised: Reference October 22, 2012 |
Medical Review: | Reference E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine
Reference Rohit K Katial, MD - Allergy and Immunology |
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Reference Terms of Use. Reference How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.


text:
Advanced Search
2 Wheel Fiends
47 Industries
50weight Love
74's Forever
American Cycle Service
Barnstorm Cycles
Bear Haughton
Beer Breed
Biltwell Inc.
Black Sheep Misfits
Blood Falcons
Blotto Parts
Boltes Actiones
Born Free
Caleb Owens
Chop Cult
Chop Shop Cycles
Chopped Out
Chopper Dave
Custom Destruction
Dan Collins
Death Science
DicE Magazine
Dills Paintworks
Dixie Roundup
Doom Cycle
El Diablo Run 2013
Evil Spirit Engineering
Flathead Jedd
Flatiron Mike
Flying Monkey Fabrication
Freak Out The Squares
G. Griffin
Garage Company Customs
Garage Company
Gophers And Cheese
Greasy Kulture
Gypsy Run
Heavy Clothing
Imperial House 71
Irish Rich
Irish Rich
Josh Gilbow
Kendall Lutchman
Kevin Baas
Kevin Moore
Kickstart Cycle Supply
Kim Boyle
King Kustoms
Lady Hump
Lead Fist Cycles
Lisa Ballard
Lowbrow Customs
Matt Olsen
Matt Olsen
Mike D. (1 of 3)
Mike Davis
Mulligan Machine
Old Stf
One Sick Race
Paul DeJong
Peanut City Geeks
Prism Motorcycle Co.
Redliners Racing
Richie Pan
Rob Rouser
Rum Runner
Show Class
Slim's Fab
Special Seventynine
Speed Club Inc.
Speed Metal
T- Bone
Tear it up Fix it Repeat
The Ruiners
The Donutt Hole
The Horse Magazine
The Lost Highways
Vintage Pure Heaven
Violation Tour
Vise Grip
Wargasser Speed Shop
Warren Heir
Wes White
Wrench Monkees
Zen Of Neato
Recent Blogs
Almost Time
For sale
Trip to Harley
Sportster Chopper For Sale
Service work
Bikini Sunday at the Gasser Lounge, why not... ???
Trade Request for FXR or Dyna
Dark and Dawn
San Felipe 2011 (post 2) Just reminding you the EDR5 is THIS WEEK ...
Another Happy Customer.
Written By:
Flying Monkey Fabrication
Categorized in:
Larry's sweet pan and nice old Ford Truck.
Comment with Facebook
Comment with Chopcult (1)
Commented on
01:59 am
fuck ya larry your bike looks bitchen
Please Login to Comment
Recent Blogs
Almost Time
El Diablo Run 2013
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
Alright, things are heating up. People are rolling into town already. Bikes are getting furiously worked on and last-minute shake-downs are happening all over. Here's a few things to note:
Turn right here, towards the 8 on S2. Or just follow the pack...
There will gas stops every 50-ish miles between Temecula and the border in Calexico.
On the map, I should have put highway S2 where it shows the Biltwell gas stop on 79. That road has a couple names on google, but it is clearly marked S2 with signs when you are actually on it.
Here's a more accurate and detailed map:
We are leaving the shell station at Front St and the 79 at 7:00AM on Thursday morning. (29115 Front St.) and will gather up near the border at the Jack in the Box (just north of the old Pizza Hut) at 703 Imperial Ave in Calexico. I'd imagine we'll be there about 11:00 and leave within an hour after everyone has had a chance to top off and grab some lunch.
First gas stop after leaving Temecula is about 50 miles in Santa Ysabel. (Warner Springs gas station is closed.)
Once we leave that stop, we will go through Julian. When we leave Julian, the road called the Banner Grade drops elevation fast and gets super twisty. BE CAREFUL. Someone is going to get hurt on this road, don't let it be you. Give some extra distance between yourself and other riders. You are not going to get lost, and you don't need to pass other people on this section. It's only a few miles, so hang tight. DO NOT jam on your brakes and wad up the whole pack. DO NOT ride over your head.
At the bottom of Banner Grade, we hook a right on county road S2. I marked this 79 on the shop rag map, so be advised: I'm a moron. We have a gas stop set up on S2 between mile marker 48 and 49. There should be plenty of room to pull over into a little clearing and top off. It is about 50 miles from the last gas stop in Santa Ysabel to this set up. Gary and Kenzie will be filling gas jugs and it'll be up to you to fill your own tank. Yes, they work for tips! If you have a giant tank, save time and gas by letting the dudes with small tanks fill up. No need to top off your five-gallon tanks at this spot.
From the roadside pit stop to the Jack in the Box in Calexico is about another 50 miles. Like I mentioned, that's our rally point. We will give a little time to gas up and grab some lunch, then we're crossing the border. Once we cross, there is no way that we'll all stay together. This is where your adventure starts! Just keep pointing south, try to stay on highway 5 and follow signs to San Felipe. Once you get to SF, get to the lighthouse and follow the coast north for about a mile. We'll be at Kiki's and Ruben's campos.
For sale
Death Science
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
5500 88inch s and s super stock motor and trans belt drive needs gas tank runs grate hitme up
Trip to Harley
Mike Davis
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
I just had the pleasure of being invited to the Harley Davidson Headquarters in Milwaukee for a full tour.Amazing is an understatement! From the minute we got to the Hotel I knew Milwaukee was a special place..Super nice city and the nicest people you will meet.It was a very quick trip but what we saw really was awesome. The Power Train plant was state of the art but ran by people who actually care what about are the doing.The Corporate Headquarters had an old tyme charm & nostalgic feel that really surprised me.Lastly the HD Museum was unreal! The history in that place hits you in the stomach as soon as you walk in....and what's inside is indescribably.... and the Jeff Decker Bronze out front left a lump in my throat. It's a pretty magical place. Our guy at Harley and the folks involved in making this trip happen..I truly want to thank. When you come out to Born-Free we will return the hospitality. If you have never gone ....GO!! Here are a few pics I took.
Sportster Chopper For Sale
Mike Davis
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
li has a Sporty chop for sale or maybe trade. Email him directly for all the details@
Service work
Barnstorm Cycles
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
I really do enjoy and like a wide variety of motorcycles... but certain bikes we get in the shop for service work make me smile, more than usual. Its always nice to see these old beauties being ridden and loved. Warms my heart.
Bikini Sunday at the Gasser Lounge, why not... ???
Lady Hump
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
Short notice event sponsored The Cruise In n' Creep Out bikini party at the Gasser Lounge hosted by Girlfriends Bikinis. Dozen bikes showed up and the models took some photographs... these pics by CRFyou and Yanny Cash.
Trade Request for FXR or Dyna
Mike Davis
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
Kerry wants to trade this project & parts lot for a FXR or Dyna. Contact directly for all the details...
Dark and Dawn
Caleb Owens
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
Sometimes building a custom bike involves tapping the talents of other artist to help fulfill the final vision of the bike. I knew I wanted a skull shift knob and a hobo nickel to incorporate in to the bike, both very easy to find, but I wanted something special and not "store bought". So I turned to Tyler Durtschi of Dark and Dawn. Tyler handcrafted these two pieces specifically for the bike. The results are so much better than I imagined. This is sterling silver skull and I can't wait to mount it on the bike!! Please check out Tyler's work and support American Craftsmen and Artist.
Go here to check out Dark and Dawn
San Felipe 2011 (post 2) Just reminding you the EDR5 is THIS WEEK ...
Lady Hump
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
Dan Collins
May 20, 2013
May 20, 2013
No comments
Touched down in London on Friday. Picked up the bikes Saturday and rode all over the city, hung out at the Black Skulls garage, then there was a little get together in Chelsea. Visited the house my mom was born in and my grandparents lived in until they moved to the states. Leaving Tuesday for Copenhagen Denmark. So far so good.
Share This
| ©2009ChopCult |
Report Abuse


text:
Nebraska assistant coach says he's praying for Sandusky
LINCOLN, Neb. (AP) — Nebraska assistant coach Ron Brown, who drew national attention last year for leading a midfield prayer before the first post-Joe Paterno game at Penn State, said he spent a lot of time praying for Jerry Sandusky on Saturday.
Sandusky, an assistant coach for decades on the Penn State football staff, is serving a 30- to 60-year prison sentence after being convicted on dozens of counts of sexually abusing boys. He has maintained his innocence.
Brown, who has been a polarizing figure for voicing his strong Christian beliefs, said after No. 18 Nebraska's 32-23 win that he hoped "the Lord would reach down and touch (Sandusky's) life."
"No matter how atrocious the sin was or how little it was, it's a failure before God. God is willing to forgive every sin," Brown said. "My main thought was, to be honest with you, 'Is he sitting in some cell somewhere, and I wonder what is going on and I hope he recognized Jesus Christ died for him and loves him.'"
The Penn State and Nebraska staffs asked Brown to lead a midfield prayer before kickoff at Beaver Stadium, days after the Sandusky case broke last November. More than 100,000 fans fell silent as Brown spoke to the players, coaches and staffers, many holding hands.
Brown has been criticized for using his position as an assistant to proselytize at a major public institution.
He has never been deterred by his naysayers in his 21 years over two stints on the Nebraska staff.
Last spring he was criticized for testifying before the Omaha city council against an anti-discrimination ordinance that extended protections to gay and transgender people.
Critics called for former Nebraska coach Frank Solich to fire Brown in 1999 after Brown, on his weekly radio show, condemned homosexuality.
Brown is co-founder and co-director of a statewide Christian ministry that helps fund numerous Christian radio stations. He also writes a column in the Fellowship of Christian Athletes' "Sharing the Victory" magazine.
Philadelphia Sports By Bleacher Report
Local Guide
Business Name
Location, ST | website.com
Social Wire
National Sports Videos
Blog Center
Phollowing the Phillies
Insight, observations on the first team in professional sports to reach 10,000 losses and the latest Philly team to make the playoffs - the Philadelphia Phillies.
You Don't Know Jack!
Jack McCaffery is the lead sports columnist for the Daily Times and delcotimes.com. He has spent several decades covering everything from the Phillies, Eagles, Flyers and Sixers, to college hoops, to high school sports in Delco.
The Good Phight
The SB Nation blog about the Philadelphia Phillies.
Bleeding Green Nation
The SB Nation blog about the Philadelphia Eagles.
Broad Street Hockey
The SB Nation blog about the Philadelphia Flyers.
The Liberty Ballers
The SB Nation blog about the 76ers.
The Nova Blog
The SB Nation blog about the Villanova Wildcats.
XML_Parser: mismatched tag at XML input line 207:2
Top Sports Stories
- Mike Vick unlikely to make start in Washington after concussion
- QB switch adds to Andy Reid's woes as Giants drop Eagles
- Arcidiacono helps Villanova basketball tame Marshall
- College Football: Widener proud to be called playoff participant
- O'Brien: There's no conspiracy against Penn State football
- Colleges: Haverford's postseason run ends in shutout
- After Dallas loss, time for Lurie's Eagles rebuilding process to commence


text:
Ta da! Insight just released their new ad campaign. Here are a few images of my work, but go check out the official site and then Facebook for more images and info. So lucky to have worked with so many talented people on this project. See the installation process here, here, and here. Cheers!
3 thoughts on "Bali, revealed"
Just one burning question: did you need to use non-flammable yarn for this project?
The bikini used in the main back shot might be the cutest bikini bottom I've ever seen. I even called Insight's marketing to find it…only to hear that it's not sold anywhere. So sad! Make more!!!


text:
Assign a priority to your activities and check them off when complete with this Checkmark To Do List.
This To Do List is free to download and print.
Download this Printable To Do List:
I accept the PrintableToDoList.com Terms of Use
This Printable To Do List belongs to these categories: simple checklist
Copyright © 2009-2013 by Savetz Publishing, Inc. Contact us. Privacy Policy.
Subscribe to the Free Printable newsletter. (No spam, ever!) Your e-mail address:
This Printable To Do List is available to download for free.
The free version is available in your choice of DOC or PDF formats. The DOC version can be opened, edited, and printed using Word, Google Docs, etc. The PDF version can be opened and printed with Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Simple To Do Lists
Complex To Do Lists
Multiple To Do Lists
Informal To Do Lists
Newest Additions
Search All Printables


text:
Set your phone to see if this item is compatible.
Use the Nokia phone selector.
Fat Effect
by: Twist Mobile
Entertainment - 0.45 MB
How you will look with extra 30 pound weight?
Contact publisher for issues found in content:
twistmobile.in |
For all other issues, please go to support.ovi.com
Powered by Nokia Drop
Sorry. Downloading from a text message is no longer available, but you can still use the Store app on your phone to get this item.


text:
New Release (EMI/Martha's Music)
Before Billy Corgan pushed the band over the edge into prog excess, Smashing Pumpkins were getting deep into melody, releasing two albums (Mellon Collie & the Infinite Sadness and the underrated Adore) that were all about the songwriting. Oceania finally picks up that thread, and it's good enough to excuse all the confusion of the past decade and a half. The first surprise is how warm and inviting it sounds, steering clear of the brittle metallic sound that's been Corgan's default mode since Machina. Which isn't to say there aren't walls of guitar; "The Celestials" and "The Chimera" should satisfy anyone who never got past the first two Pumpkins albums. But this disc is proudly eclectic, from the jangle pop of "My Love is Winter" to the multipart epic of the title track. And if the song titles make it sound like Corgan's got lost in prog-rock abstraction —something he's done in the past — then check out the lush synth-pop number "One Diamond, One Heart" whose chorus ("In your darkest night, I'm always on your side") is the most direct and most generous statement he's made in years.
Copyright © 2013 Bonnier Corp. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.


text:
Your PetCareRx Points (0)
Kent Marine Phytoplankton Kent Marine Coral & Invertebrate Kent Marine Invertebrate Kent Marine Phytoplex Plankton
Kent Phytoplex is a highly concentrated complex of aqua cultured, naturally occurring marine phytoplankton • It contains Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis and Isochrysis sp. Tahitian ranging in size from 2 to 15 microns • Phytoplex provides necessary proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids for live hard & soft corals, tube worms, clams and other invertebrates • It is rich in the omega-3 fatty acids, DHA and EPA and is useful in feeding rotifers and other plankton and in raising larval fish. Phytoplex is grown in cold saltwater under laboratory conditions. It contains over 3 billion cells per capful and is typically about 15 times as concentrated as competing live cultures, meaning that one 8 oz. bottle of Phytoplex has more phytoplankton cells than 1 gallon of the competition. It is free of viruses, toxins and heavy metals which can be a problem when using live algae cultures, cultured in outdoor ponds. Phytoplex contains Nannochloropsis, a small green flagellate and Tetraselmis, a large green flagellate both containing high EPA lipid levels as well as high protein contents. It also contains Tahitian Isochrysis, a small yellow flagellate which is rich in protein, carbohydrates and DHA lipids. Phytoplex is very useful in SPS and soft coral propagation as well as overall reef maintenance. Considerations for use: For SPS or soft coral propagation, Kent Phytoplex can be used daily. For best results, use Coral Accel simultaneously. Keep a close watch on water quality and do not overfeed! Feed Micro•Vert once weekly in lieu of Coral Accel on that day. Continue your normal regimen of Kent Kalkwasser, Tech CB and Coral-Vite. Kent Marine Essential Elements should be used simultaneously to replace those minerals lost to protein skimming and carbon or resin filtration. Tech•I Iodine will provide excellent results. Live corals require strong lighting, with proper spectrum and strong water movement in a well established aquarium. Regular water changes with Kent Sea Salt are encouraged. Use Kent Marine Superbuffer-dKH or new Pro•Buffer dKH to control alkalinity, prevent pH swings, and encourage deposition of new coral structure. Active Ingredients: Nannochloropsis, Tetraselmis and Isochrysis sp. Tahitian. (All aqua cultured, naturally occurring marine phytoplankton.)
Fish (5)
Dogs can have food allergies too with sometimes serious consequences. Learn how to recognize and treat a dog food allergy at PetCareRx.
Owning pets is fun and rewarding, but it is important to be aware of how much maintaining a pet will cost you each month and how much you can realistically afford to spend. Learn how to manage the costs.
Just like other animals, fish differ in what they like to eat and in what is good for them to eat. Read about different fish, different diets at PetCareRx.
A balanced aquarium keeps your fish healthy and happy. Read about tricks to keeping a balanced aquarium at PetCareRx.
We all love our furry buddies, but it's not so pleasant when they have sensitive systems. Both you and your pet will be happier if you learn how to address stomach problems.
Freshwater fish are the easiest to care for and provide many hours of enjoyment. Read about the best care tips for freshwater fish at PetCareRx.
Cloudy water in fish tanks reduces your enjoyment of the fish and could impact their health. Read about what causes cloudy water in fish tanks at PetCareRx.
We accept:
Orders of in-stock, non-prescription items placed before 2pm EST will usually ship the same day. Please allow 24-48 hours for prescription order processing. You should expect any order shipped via Standard shipping to arrive at your door within 3-7 business days.
Orders shipping to Hawaii, Alaska, and New Mexico can take up to 10 business days to arrive. Visit our Shipping Policy for additional information.
*Restrictions Apply. Please Click here to see restrictions.
You can return any product purchased from us within 30 days of the order date. To find detailed instructions on how to return items please visit our Customer Service section. If for some reason you need to exchange an item or cancel an order, please call us toll free at 1-800-844-1427 as soon as possible. Visit our Customer Service section for additional information.
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Acry/Glass Cleaner/Polisher 8oz. Kent Marine is Pleased to Announce the Release of our Acrylic/Glass Cleaner-Polisher. Kent Marine Acrylic/Glass Cleaner-... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Salt Creep Eliminator 8oz Kent. Kent Marine is Pleased to Announce the Release of our Salt Creep Eliminator. Kent Marine Salt Creep Eliminator is a Nontoxic ... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Pro Plant 8oz. Kent Marine Pro-Plant Provides Nitrogen, Magnesium and Micronutrients for Lush Freshwater Plant Growth. Phosphate Free. [33179]
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Essential Elements 8oz. Kent Marine Essential Elements Replaces Biologically Important Trace Minerals which are Removed by Marine Fish and Invertebrates, and... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Iron & Manganese 8oz. Kent Marine Super Chelated Iron Supplement with Manganese Provides Bio-Available Iron to all Reef Inhabitants. Although Present in ... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Nano Reef Part a & B 8oz. Kent Marine Nano Reef Parts a & B Provide Important Major, Minor, and Trace Elements in the Proper Ratios and Balances them... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Pro Clear Marine Clarifier 8oz. Kent Marine Pro-Clear Marine Clarifier Clears Cloudy Water from Water Changes, Chemical Reactions and Disturbed Detritus. ... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Superiodine 8oz. Kent Marine Super Iodine Supplement Provides Bio-Available Iodine to Reef Inhabitants. Although Present in Salt Mixes, Iodine is Rapidly ... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Tech Iodine 8oz. Kent Marine Tech•I is the Most Significant Breakthrough in Marine Additive Technology in the Last Five Years! Although Present in Salt Mixes... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Phos Reactor. Is a Multi-Purpose Filter that is Rated for Freshwater Aquariums Up to 300 Gallons and Marine Aquariums Up to 150 Gallons. For Larger Systems, ... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Zoecon 4oz. Kent Marine Zoecon Prevents Head and Lateral Line Erosion and Contains Natural Immune System Stimulants. Provides the Essential Marine Omega-3 ... Read More
Kent Marine Presents Kent Marine (Kent) Zoomax 1oz. Kent Marine Zoomax is a Concentrated Suspension of Bio-Engineered Marine Zooplankton Rich in Essential Hufa's, Protein, and Beneficial ... Read More
Never run out of your pet's medications or food again.
How it works:
* Auto Delivery discounts only apply to select products and cannot be combined with other promotions or offers, including PetCareRx Points and Sale Pricing.


text:
We provide specialist training by industry experts to local employers and their staff. Our Skills at Work team is made up of expert managers, assessors, verifiers and tutors who are sector specialists with a solid history of both working and delivering industry training in their field.
We offer a range of training opportunities for your staff, which include NVQs, Apprenticeship training and short, bespoke training options across a range of sectors.
Please note: We are now operating the new Qualifications and Credit Framework. This is a new way of recognising skills and qualifications, by awarding credit for qualifications and units. It enables people to gain qualifications at their own pace along flexible routes. Our courses will be updated shortly but in the meantime please refer to courses listed in our Part time and Employment Based courses prospectus. A pdf version of this prospectus is available to download from this website.
We welcome enquiries from employers and employees looking to boost their qualifications. Call our friendly team direct on 020 7501 5313 or e-mail us to learn more about our team, our services and our standards.
Sorry we couldn't find any courses in this category.


text:
In addition to downhill skiing in the winter, Winter Park Resort offers a variety of activities in the Summer and Fall including: the all-famous Alpine Slide, the Zepher Express scenic chair lift, Mini Golf, Human Maze, Outdoor Climbing Wall, GyroXtreme and Leaps & Bounds Bungee.
The ranch provides complimentary shuttle service to and from Winter Park Resort. We can also offer curb to curb service with Winter Park Ski & Ride School. For more information and pricing for Winter Park Resort, visit the Ranch Concierge.
We're in the book! The C Lazy U Ranch is listed in the new edition of the "Top 1000 Places to See Before You Die"
The C Lazy U is listed on the Top 50 Ranches website as one of the best in the world! Read more...
Top Location for Incentives & Relaxed Gatherings Award by


text:
This article was originally distributed via PRWeb. PRWeb, WorldNow and this Site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith.
SOURCE: North American Sportsman Show
New technology transforms the traditional sports show environment--highlights all the gear and destinations tied to fishing, boating, camping, wildlife viewing and hunting.
Crystal Bay, MN (PRWEB) December 08, 2012
New technology benefits the outdoorsman in many ways, and starting in 2013 their Sportsman Show experience will be included on the list. Exhibitors like the virtual concept, a consumer sports show that highlights what outdoorsmen love about traditional shows at a convention center—and none of the down side of being confined to a specific location. For exhibitors that means no days away from home, no airfare or travel expense, no meals in restaurants, no worry about snow days and no shipping of booth materials. It does mean tapping into avid outdoor-oriented show goers from across North America without the constraints of geography. Tried and true consumer show attendees from dynamic expo towns like Harrisburg, Chicago, Minneapolis, Cleveland, Spokane and Kansas City (just to name a few) will be able to attend. So will avid anglers, boaters and hunters from just about any town in North America.
The North American Sportsman Show, online at nasportsmanshow.com, will be a 90 day, 24/7 home to anglers, boaters, campers and hunters. The show holds everything outdoor folks love about show season—discovering hot new products and exciting show specials, even making boat shopping for new or used boats easier. This virtual show is accessible without traveling downtown, fighting rush hour traffic or paying high parking ramp fees. One ticket, costing less than most would pay for a one-day ticket at a convention center show, is valid for 90 full days, 24/7. Show attendees can come in as many times as they would like. Just like a traditional show, there are incentives for attending and walking the aisles and chatting with exhibitors, including winning a new Ranger Boat. Entering drawings is easy and there will be over $50,000 worth of prizes. Attendees can view the show directory via categories and visit the companies within areas of interest. Or another option is just to move around the aisles and find new tackle or other interesting products and travel destinations that make enjoying the outdoors even better.
The show is the brainchild of industry veteran David Gray of Kansas City, Missouri. "We are outdoor people creating this," shared Gray as he recently returned from a hunting trip with friends. "We live this and we know what both sides of the aisle—exhibitors and attendees—want from the show. This virtual show does it all. You haven't seen anything like it. Exhibitors are already telling us they love it, and attendees will too."
Doug Warren, fishing guide and website builder agrees. "This is a natural progression of the traditional sports show in today's fast-paced, web-based world. I am excited to be a part of the next big thing in the outdoor industry," shared Warren, whose company—Up North Outdoors—will host the website. "David had a great idea developing this concept and it will be a big hit. Many companies are getting in. The price is a great value and there is no down side with travel and being away from home and office like a regular show. Plus folks can attend from anywhere – not just a 100 or 200 mile radius."
Exhibitors can choose from booth space ranging in price from $1,250 to $3,500. In addition, sponsorships for large banners are also available for companies that want a bigger footprint outside of their booth. "We have a sales team in place calling on tourism, boat companies and dealers as well as tackle companies large and small," shared Kristine Houtman, handling the marketing effort. "We're seeing good traction and companies coming on as soon as they see the show sample. It's a no-brainer for the cost to get in on the ground floor and have 90 show days. Many are thrilled they don't have to physically stand in a 10x10 booth away from home. They get plenty of time to achieve ROI and the lead generation is even better than through a traditional show."
For additional information on exhibiting contact Kristine Houtman at 612.710.5584 or email: khoutman(at)nasportsmanshow(dot)com. The virtual doors will open on January 23, 2013 and run through April 23, 2013. See nasportsmanshow.com for more details.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prweboutdoor_sports/virtual_consumer_show/prweb10211296.htm


text:
Apr 12, 2012 10:21 AM
Which CoD has been the most fun for you?
Like (0)
Now i'm not asking your favorite but it may very well be your favorite too. I had the most fun on MW2 and it's also my favorite. I know a lot of you are going to say CoD4 but i didn't really enjoy that game to much but that's just me. So which have you had the most fun on?
Well, to be honest it all started with CoD1 but what really brought into the realm of MP was CoD2. Simple, yet very enjoyable.
I would say World at War gave me the most fun. I felt my skills grow the most while playing that game mainly because most of the guns took a respectable degree of skill to use. The semi-auto ARs, the bolt action rifles, the recoil on the guns, etc. I didnt really like the MP40 but many believe it was overpowered but other than that it was a very balanced game when it came to the weapons. I think WaW had some of the best maps too. Awesome maps for sniping and LMG usage and great maps catered towards shotgun and SMG usage as well. I felt the tanks were a nice twist to the mp aspect of CoD but they frustrated a lot of people. Regardless I think I enjoyed WaW the most because I raged at it far less than I did with other CoDs.
Me too, also, i loved zombies and the 4 player campaign with deathcards
Mw2 was my favorite because of the maps and how the game played, but CoD2 and Cod4 are a close tie for second.
cod4 it was less complicated back then none of these over powered killstreaks and deathstreaks
Modern Warfare 3 is actually the most fun and favorite for me. I felt I have a great degree of freedom on what I can/choose to do within the system.
MW2 and WAW are not far from MW3, but I'd play MW3 over the others.
However cheaters ruined this great game. Lagnet wouldn't be an issue if kids wouldn't throttle their bandwidth in order to gain advantage. Imagine a 4 bar got beaten by 2 bar just because the 2 bar player limited the upload speed.
Call of Duty 4, because it was the first game that I played online.
Call of duty 4 by far
modern warfare 2
CoD4 because it wasn't made for braindead people.
Cod 4
Black Ops.
First CoD was CoD4 but I played that solo for the most part so eh. Black Ops, I had a party of friends and it was fun most of the time. Also, Black Ops is by far the most balanced of the recent CoDs.
As much as it pains me to say this MW3 has been the most fun for me. Here is why.
I was late to the FPS online multiplayer party. I picked cod4 mw2 and black ops at the same time it was about 6 months post release on Black ops. I only did campaign on cod4. Played about 10 games on mw2 before I was lobby hacked. I was flat out terrible in Black Ops. Just about the time I started to figure out how to play a bit better mw3 came out.
I struggled with the game for the first month or two then it started to click for me. I finally got my play to what most on this board would call average which for me is way ahead of where I was in Black ops. Add to that putting together a clan of 9 guys that play well together and it has been quite a bit more fun for me than the hacks on mw2 and the beatdowns I was taking in Black Ops
COD4 was the most fun for me. It was my first FPS multiplayer experience. I knew nothing about overpowered this, cheap that. I didn't know any of the things I know now to complain about. Ignorance was truly bliss then. I played the game without caring about dying and had no expectactions. It was a blast having no expectactions. It has become less fun the better I get at the game, as I come to expect more and also know every little thing that is out of place.
mw2 and cod 4 i loved the multiplayer of both of them. single player is wow because me and my brother did it together, now that was fun besides all the bloody granades lol.
i have never enjoyed single player, but doing the campaign with fam or friends is amazing.
lag ops was boring for me. not sure why, i think maybe it was the kill streaks.
and now mw3 is just to laggy. what ever they did in lag ops and mw3 to the connection has ruinned cod for me.
but i will always remember all the fun i had in the other cods.
ALL weapon balance problems:
M16 slightly underpowered
G36C should have more range than M4.
R700 slightly underpowered.
Maps were uncomplicated, some of them based on real locations, and there wasn't clutter all over all the places.
They had a sense of direction, as the enemy spawned on the opposite side of your spawn, with three main roads to take to come to you instead of 5+.
(Yes, most maps in MW3 have 3 main roads, but they are not where enemies are.
Enemies are where there's 5 roads each leading to a hotspot where you'll die if you go into the open, all the while you have to enter that hot-spot if you want to find the enemy.)
Some maps were unique, open and were challenging without being mazes.
Wet Work?
Some maps had good long range combat.
Some maps were uncomplicated (nothing like a maze-layout; only two enterances to each hot-spot and combat is mostly on one level AND less random):
Most importantly:
MOST of the maps were rectangular, and had spawns on and near the ends, giving them direction.
I miss not constantly being shot by someone I killed 2 seconds ago, getting double and tripple killcamss
I miss KNOWING that there aren't enemies behind me when I spawn, and knowing that there certainly aren't enemies behind me when there's teammates behind me.
Wow. Remembering all the cod4 maps just makes me realize how much i hate these mw3 maps...
World at War was probably my favorite and most enjoyable game. Even above CoD4. I really liked the weapons, map design, and even kill streak set-up. War was an amazing game mode, and tanks were a nice change of pace because it encouraged teamwork.
The addition of Nazi Zombies was also great, because it provided a relaxing alternative to competitive MP that you could play with friends. IW has tried to replicate it with their Spec Ops and Wave Survival modes, but it simply hasn't caught on like Zombies did.
CoD3 has to my choice with vehicles, ranked or player and 24 player online.
WaW comes a close second with it's bolt action rifles and zombies.


text:
No properties found
Get involved! Send your photos, video, news & views by texting HT NEWS to 80360 or e-mail us
Sorry, we couldn't find any properties matching your criteria. See all 4 properties in this area, search again, or use one of the links below.
- Bourton-on-the-water (1)
- Charlton Kings (1)
- Draycott (1)
- Naunton (1)
- Stow On The Wold (1)
Local Advertisers


text:
Lloyds Banking Group boss Antonio Horta-Osorio has been awarded a £1.5 million shares bonus while staff will share a £365 million total pot despite further losses in the wake of mammoth provisions for mis-selling claims.
The taxpayer-backed bank remained in the red with pre-tax losses of £570 million in 2012 after setting aside £3.6 billion for compensation relating to the payment protection insurance (PPI) scandal and £400 million for the mis-selling of interest rate swaps to small businesses.
Lloyds said Mr Horta-Osorio's bonus has been deferred for five years and will only be paid out if shares reach and remain at 73.6p for a sustained period, or if the Government is able to sell at least a third of its stake at a profit.


text:
Hi All,
I have a friend who has a selection of pearls he collected in New Guinea a little over 30 years ago. He is not sure from what oysters he got them just that he found them in oysters he collected for food. Four in particular are a spectacular pale blue colour baroque in shape and would make awesome earrings. The others are creamy and some of them are quite round. What I would like to know is how to clean them up. He has a tumbler (he is a jeweller) but doesn't know what material (I read somewhere maybe it is pumice?) to tumble them in. Could someone please advise me as to technique for tumbling pearls.
Thank you in anticipation,


text:
Reviews (0)
Contact Us
Product Description:
Men's Merrell Olmec :: Mangroves, Mayan ruins or Main Street, the Olmec gives you trip support and comfort to take in the sights sunrise to sunset. Easy-flexing Strobel construction gets support from an arch shank, while an air cushion in the heel absorbs shock and keeps your foot centered. Durable, rich full grain leather uppers are first class, with a recycled, antimicrobial mesh lining to clear the air. 1lb 10 ounces Category Type:
[?] Features & Benefits:
Your Help Is HereShop with confidence knowing your team of Fit Experts is waiting to answer all your questions. You can always find your perfect product and your perfect fit. Your Road Runner Sports Fit Experts will make sure you get exactly what you want and have tons of fun in the process! Give us a call, chat, or email! Call 800-743-3206 to
Send us an email and count on a Fit Expert to reply to you as quickly as possible
You May Also Like
More Related Products
- Men's Shoes
- Women's Shoes
- Men's Apparel
- Women's Apparel
- Socks
- Insoles
- GPS Watches
- Heart Rate Monitors
- Monitors & Accessories
- Watches
- Injury Treatment & Prevention
- Fitness Equipment
- Bottles & Hydration Packs
- Bags, Holders & Pouches
- Safety & Reflective Gear
- Caps, Visors & Headbands
- Armwarmers & Compression
- Gloves
- Skin Care
- Sunglasses
- Strollers
- Shoe Products & Laces
- Team Sports Gear
- Triathlon Shop
- Nutrition
- Brands
VIP Family Membership Terms


text:
Now Playing
Connect with Us
Podcasts & RSS Feeds
All Content |
View all podcasts & RSS feeds |
Most Active Stories
- Poll Shows Major Support for Medical Marijuana in Kentucky
- Department of Education Says Midnight Meetings for Dropout Grants Unnecessary
- Recurring Trials for an Iranian Family – A Microcosm of the Persecution of the Baha'is in Iran
- Murray Woman Shares Story of Ongoing Persecution of Baha'is in Iran
- USEC Operations at PGPD Won't Continue
Adam Davidson is co-founder and co-host of Planet Money, a co-production of NPR and This American Life. He also writes the weekly "It's the Economy" column for the New York Times Magazine.
His work has won several major awards including...
Bitten by the radio bug as a teenager, Alan Lytle got his start start more than 30 years ago volunteering in Clermont County, Ohio for WOBO-FM. He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in Broadcasting from the University of Cincinnati...
Alex Blumberg is a contributing editor for NPR's Planet Money. He is also a producer for the public radio program This American Life, and an adjunct professor of journalism at Columbia University. He has done radio documentaries on the...
Award-winning science journalist Alison Richards is deputy supervising senior editor for NPR's science desk.
On a daily basis, she manages the desk's output of science, environmental and technical stories; edits Robert Krulwich's pieces;...
NPR correspondent Alix Spiegel works on the Science desk and covers psychology.
Arriving at NPR in 2003, much of Spiegel's reporting has been on emotion mental health. She has reported on everything from the psychological impact of...
Allen Fowler is the Chief Engineer for WKMS and our technical guru. He enjoys working at WKMS and largely remains a mysterious guy.
Allison Aubrey is a correspondent for NPR News. She contributes to The Salt, NPR's James Beard award-winning food blog. And her stories can be heard on Morning Edition and All Things...
Allison Keyes is an award-winning journalist with almost 20 years of experience in print, radio, and television. She has been reporting for NPR's national desk since October 2005. Her reports can be heard on Morning Edition, All...


text:
Well, we have some new numbers on Second Founding chapters, at least of the Ultramarines, as per ADB"s great Void Stalker.
'It was the Ultramarines'. Talos lowered his head, surrendering to the memory now.
'A thousand warriors?' The Apothecary's eyes widened.'That's all?'
'You think in such small terms,' Talos chuckled. 'The Ultramarines. Their sons. Their brothers. Their cousins. The entire Legion, reborn after the heresy, wearing hundreds of icons proclaiming their new allegiances. They called themselves the Primogenitors. I believe their descendants still do.'
'you mean the ultramarines' kindred chapters?" Variel could almost picture it now. 'How many of them?'
All of them, Variel,' Talos said softly, seeing the sky once again on that distant day. 'All of them.'
With the more recent numbers, it makes sense to basically take the numbers of successor chapters for each legion and add a zero to the end of it.
Ultramarines would have about 230 chapters, after losing a lot of troops from their initial 250,000 at Calth and then restocking from local worlds as they expand during the Scouring
Most of the other Legions would have around 30 to 60 successors, due to taking losses but not rebuilding as quickly as the Ultramarines.
There are 21 listed second founding chapters for the other chapters, while Ultramarines have 16 named but 23 mentioned in total. Multiply that out, and you have something close to 440 successor chapters, 450 with the originals. The rey Knights number 666 thus would not be too far off in that scenario. The slight majority of Ultramarines successors over everyone else's also fits well with the 60% total of all chapters later.