text:
Plant a shrub or tree; true roots +, origin endogeneous, root cap +, apex multicellular; endodermis +; shoot apical meristem multicellular; lateral meristems +, cork cambium producing cork abaxially, vascular cambium producing phloem abaxially and xylem adaxially; lamina with mean venation density 1.8 mm/mm2 (to 5 mm/mm2).
Plant woody, evergreen; nicotinic acid metabolised to trigonelline, (cyanogenesis via tyrosine pathway); primary cell walls rich in xyloglucans and/or glucomannans, 25-30% pectin [Type I walls]; lignins derived from (some) sinapyl and particularly coniferyl alcohols, thus containing p-hydroxyphenyl and guaiacyl lignin units, so no Maüle reaction; root xylem exarch, cork cambium deep seated; arbuscular mycorrhizae +; shoot apical meristem interface specific plasmodesmatal network; stem with vascular tissue around central pith [eustele], vascular bundles with interfascicular tissue, ectophloic, endodermis 0, xylem endarch; wood homoxylous, tracheids and rays alone, tracheid/tracheid pits circular, bordered; mature sieve tube/cell lacking functioning nucleus, sieve tube plastids with starch grains; phloem fibres +; stem cork cambium superficial; branches exogenous; leaves with single trace from vascular sympodium ["nodes 1:1"]; vascular bundles collateral [stem: phloem external; leaf: phloem abaxial]; stomata morphology?, pore opening controlled by abscisic acid; leaves with petiole and lamina, spiral, development basipetal, blade simple; axillary buds +, not associated with all leaves; prophylls two, lateral; plant heterosporous, sporangia borne on sporophylls; microsporophylls aggregated in indeterminate cones/strobili; true pollen +, grains mono[ana]sulcate, exine and intine homogeneous; ovules unitegmic, parietal tissue 2+ cells across, megaspore tetrad tetrahedral, only one megaspore develops, megasporangium indehiscent; male gametophyte development first endo- then exosporic, tube developing from distal end of grain, to ca 2 mm from receptive surface to egg, gametes two, developing after pollination, with cell walls, flagellae numerous; ovules increasing considerably in size between pollination and fertilization, female gametophyte endosporic, initially syncytial, walls then surrounding individual nuclei; seeds "large" [ca 8 mm3], but not much bigger than ovule, with morphological dormancy; embryo cellular ab initio, endoscopic, plane of first cleavage of zygote transverse, suspensor +, short-minute, embryo straight, shoot and root at opposite ends [allorrhizic], white, cotyledons 2; plastid transmission maternal; ycf2 gene in inverted repeat, two copies of LEAFY gene, PHY gene duplications [three - [BP [A/N + C/O]] - copies], nrDNA with 5.8S and 5S rDNA in separate clusters; mitochondrial nad1 intron 2 and coxIIi3 intron and trans-spliced introns present.
Lignans, O-methyl flavonols, dihydroflavonols, triterpenoid oleanane, non-hydrolysable tannins, quercetin and/or kaempferol +, apigenin and/or luteolin scattered, [cyanogenesis in ANITA grade?], S [syringyl] lignin units common, positive Maüle reaction [syringyl:guaiacyl ratio more than 2-2.5:1], and hemicelluloses as xyloglucans; root apical meristem intermediate-open; root vascular tissue oligarch [di- to pentarch], lateral roots arise opposite or immediately to the side of [when diarch] xylem poles; origin of epidermis with no clear pattern [probably from inner layer of root cap], trichoblasts [differentiated root hair-forming cells] 0, exodermis +; shoot apex with tunica-corpus construction, tunica 2-layered; reaction wood ?, associated gelatinous fibres [g-fibres] with innermost layer of secondary cell wall rich in cellulose and poor in lignin; starch grains simple; primary cell wall mostly with pectic polysaccharides, poor in mannans; tracheid:tracheid [end wall] plates with scalariform pitting, wood parenchyma +; sieve tubes enucleate, sieve plate with pores (0.1-)0.5-10< µm across, cytoplasm with P-proteins, cytoplasm not occluding pores of sieve plate, companion cell and sieve tube from same mother cell; sugar transport in phloem passive; nodes unilacunar [1:?]; stomata brachyparacytic [ends of subsidiary cells level with ends of pore], outer stomatal ledges producing vestibule; lamina formed from the primordial leaf apex, margins toothed, development of venation acropetal, secondary veins pinnate, overall growth ± diffuse, venation hierarchical, fine venation reticulate, veins (1.7-)4.1(-5.7) mm/mm2, endings free; most/all leaves with axillary buds; flowers perfect, pedicellate, ± haplomorphic, parts spiral [esp. the A], free, numbers unstable, development in general centripetal; P not sharply differentiated, with a single trace, outer members not enclosing the rest of the bud, often smaller than inner members; A many, filament not sharply distinguished from anther, stout, broad, with a single trace, anther introrse, tetrasporangiate, sporangia in two groups of two [dithecal], ± embedded in the filament, with at least outer secondary parietal cells dividing, each theca dehiscing longitudinally, endothecium +, endothecial cells elongated at right angles to long axis of anther; tapetum glandular, cells binucleate; microspore mother cells in a block, microsporogenesis successive, walls developing by centripetal furrowing; pollen subspherical, tectum continuous or microperforate, ektexine columellar, endexine thin, compact, lamellate only in the apertural regions; nectary 0; G superior, free, several, ascidiate, with postgenital occlusion by secretion, stylulus short, hollow, cavity not lined by distinct epidermal layer, stigma ± decurrent, dry [not secretory]; ovules few [?1]/carpel, marginal, anatropous, bitegmic, micropyle endostomal, outer integument 2-3 cells across, often largely subdermal in origin, inner integument 2-3 cells across, often dermal in origin, parietal tissue 1-3 cells across [crassinucellate], nucellar cap?; megasporocyte single, hypodermal, megaspore tetrad linear, functional megaspore chalazal, lacking sporopollenin and cuticle; female gametophyte four-celled [one module, nucleus of egg cell sister to one of the polar nuclei]; ovule not increasing in size between pollination and fertilization; pollen binucleate at dispersal, male gametophyte trinucleate, germinating in less than 3 hours, pollination siphonogamous, tube elongated, growing between cells, growth rate 20-20,000 µm/hour, outer wall pectic, inner wall callose, with callose plugs, penetration of ovules via micropyle [porogamous], whole process takes ca 18 hours, distance to first ovule 1.1-2.1 mm; male gametes lacking cell walls, flagellae 0, double fertilization +, ovules aborting unless fertilized; P deciduous in fruit; seed exotestal, becoming much larger than ovule at time of fertilization; endosperm diploid, cellular [micropylar and chalazal domains develop differently, first division oblique, micropylar end initially with a single large cell, divisions uniseriate, chalazal cell smaller, divisions in several planes], copious, oily and/or proteinaceous; embryogenesis cellular; germination hypogeal, seedlings/young plants sympodial; Arabidopsis-type telomeres [(TTTAGGG)n]; whole genome duplication, ndhB gene 21 codons enlarged at the 5' end, single copy of LEAFY and RPB2 gene, knox genes extensively duplicated [A1-A4], AP1/FUL gene, paleo AP3 and PI genes [paralogous B-class genes] +, with "DEAER" motif, SEP3/LOFSEP and three copies of the PHY gene, [PHYB [PHYA + PHYC]].
[NYMPHAEALES [AUSTROBAILEYALES [[CHLORANTHALES + MAGNOLIIDS] [MONOCOTS [CERATOPHYLLALES + EUDICOTS]]]]]: vessels +, elements with elongated scalariform perforation plates; wood fibres +; axial parenchyma diffuse or diffuse-in-aggregates; pollen monosulcate [anasulcate], tectum reticulate-perforate [here?]; ?genome duplication; "DEAER" motif in AP3 and PI genes lost, gaps in these genes.
[AUSTROBAILEYALES [[CHLORANTHALES + MAGNOLIIDS] [MONOCOTS [CERATOPHYLLALES + EUDICOTS]]]]: essential oils in specialized cells [lamina and P ± pellucid-punctate]; tension wood 0; tectum reticulate; anther wall with outer secondary parietal cell layer dividing; carpels plicate; nucellar cap + [character lost where in eudicots?]; 12BP [4 amino acids] deletion in P1 gene.
[[CHLORANTHALES + MAGNOLIIDS] [MONOCOTS [CERATOPHYLLALES + EUDICOTS]]] / MESANGIOSPERMAE: benzylisoquinoline alkaloids +; polyacetate derived anthraquinones + [?level]; outer epidermal walls of root elongation zone with cellulose fibrils oriented transverse to root axis; P more or less whorled, 3-merous [possible positiion]; embryo sac bipolar, 8 nucleate, antipodal cells persisting; endosperm triploid; ?germination.
[CHLORANTHALES [[MAGNOLIALES + LAURALES] [CANELLALES + PIPERALES]]]: sesquiterpenes +; seed endotestal.
[[MAGNOLIALES + LAURALES] [CANELLALES + PIPERALES]] / MAGNOLIIDS / MAGNOLIANAE Takhtajan: (neolignans +); vessels solitary and in radial multiples; (sieve tube plastids with polygonal protein crystals); lamina margins entire; A many, spiral [possible position here], extrorse; ovules with hypostase, nucellar cap +, raphal bundle branches at the chalaza; antipodal cells soon die.
[MAGNOLIALES + LAURALES]: palmitol the main wax; A whorled; pollen with lamellate endexine; carpel cross-zone initiated late; ovules 1(-2)/carpel, basal, erect, apotropous; fruitlets 1-seeded.
LAURALES Berchtold & Presl Main Tree, Synapomorphies.
(Cork subepidermal); sieve tube plastids with polygonal protein crystalloids and starch; nodes 1:?; petiole bundle(s) arcuate; leaves opposite; inflorescence ± cymose; hypanthium +, P spiral; inner staminodia +; receptacle ± concave, stylulus long, (extragynoecial compitum +); megaspore mother cells several; fruits indehiscent, hypanthium persistent; mesotesta crushed, seed endotestal, endotesta tracheidal, tegmen crushed; embryo long; duplication of the PI gene. - 7 families, 91 genera, 2858 species.
Note: Possible apomorphies are now being added throughout the site; they are in bold. However, the actual level at which many of these features, particularly the more cryptic ones, should be assigned is unclear. This is because there is very considerable homoplasy, with variation within and between clades, for most characters. Furthermore, the basic information for all too many characters is very incomplete, often coming from taxa well embedded in the clade of interest and so making the position of any putative apomorphy uncertain. Then there is the not-so-trivial issue of how ancestral states are reconstructed...
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. Magallón and Castillo (2009: relaxed and constrained penalized likelihood datings) suggest ages for the crown group of ca 171.4 and 119.3 m.y., while Magallón et al. (2013) suggested an age of around 117.5 m.y..
See Renner (2005a) for details of diversification within Laurales.
The young fruits of Protomonimia, in Turonian deposits from Japan that are ca 91 m.y. old, have several carpels borne in spirals on a concave axis; there is a stigmatic crest. The young seeds have a thick testa, the exotesta being palisade and with sinuous anticlinal cell walls (Nishida & Nishida 1988). If a member of Laurales, it would probably be assigned to stem Laurales if only because there are several ovules/carpel.
Soltis et al. (2005b) summarize information on possible synapomorphies for the clade (see also Staedler et al. 2009); von Balthazar et al. (2011) map the distributions of many characters in the order.
Genes & Genomes. Oginuma and Tobe (2006) suggest that the base chromosome number for Laurales is x = 11.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Isorhamnetin occurs in Lauraceae, Gomortegaceae and "Monimiaceae" (Crawford et al. 1986). The apex of the ovule in some Atherospermataceae, and perhaps also in Siparunaceae and Calycanthaceae, is exposed (Endress & Igersheim 1997). Little is known of obturator presence in the order, and of many other embryological details, although Endress (1972a) suggests there is considerable variation, some of which may link nicely with phylogeny.
See also Metcalfe (1987) for anatomy, Endress and Igersheim (1997) and Eklund (1999) for general information, Endress (2011a) for the distribution of an extragynoecilal compitum, and Kimoto and Tobe (2001) for embryology.
Phylogeny. Calycanthaceae are sister to other members of the clade, but there is little other well-supported structure in interfamily relationships. [Siparunaceae [Gomortegaceae + Atherospermataceae]] form a moderately-supported clade, relationships between the last two being supported strongly in D. Soltis et al. (2000, 2011), [Monimiaceae + Lauraceae + Hernandiaceae] another, sister-group relationships between the last two had no support (D. Soltis et al. 2000). However, in a morphological study [Hernandiaceae + Lauraceae] has strong support (Doyle & Endress 2000, see also Renner & Chanderbali 2000). However, the [Monimiaceae + Lauraceae + Hernandiaceae] clade is one of the few cases where there seems to be persistent disagreement between morphology and molecules (Renner & Chanderbali 2000). Here I follow morphology (see Renner 2005a for the most recent study, see also Renner et al. 1997 and Renner 1998, 1999).
Classification. The contents of Cronquist's (1981) Laurales and Takhtajan's (1997) Lauranae are largely the same as Laurales as they are circumscribed here.
Thanks. I am grateful to S. Renner for comments.
Includes Atherospermataceae, Calycanthaceae, Gomortegaceae, Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, Monimiaceae, Siparunaceae.
Synonymy: Atherospermatales Martius, Calycanthales Link, Gyrocarpales Dumortier, Hernandiales Martius, Illigerales Martius, Monimiales Berchtold & Presl - Lauranae Takhtajan - Calycanthidae C. Y. Wu, Lauridae C. Y. Wu - Lauropsida Horaninov
CALYCANTHACEAE Lindley Back to Laurales
Deciduous or evergreen shrubs to trees; tryptamine [calycanth(id)ine] alkaloids +; primary stem ± with vascular cylinder; cortical bundles +, inverted; vessel elements with simple perforation plates; sieve tube plastids also with peripheral protein fibres; pericyclic fibres 0; nodes 1:2 [see below]; petiole bundle arcuate, with wing bundles; hairs unicellular; buds with scales; lamina vernation flat to curved; flowers large [³3 cm across], (terminal); cortical receptacular vascular system; P many, spiral; A with prolonged connective, nectariferous staminodes ³10; (pollen trinucleate); stigma dry; ovules (2/carpel), micropyle exostomal, outer integument 6-15 cells across, inner integument 4-5 cells across, hypostase +; embryo sac long; fruits ± achenes; testa multiplicative, exotestal cells cuboid, slightly lignified; endosperm lacking paternal contribution, 0; n = 11.
5[list]/11 - two groups below. East Asia, North America, N.E. Australia (map: from Wu 1983; Endress 1983; Hong 1993; Fl. N. Am. III 1997; Qian & Ricklefs 2004). [Photo - Fruit © Robert Kowal, Flower.]
1. Idiospermoideae Thorne
Flavonols 0, but luteolin, etc. +; (vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates); stamens almost P like, thick, subsessile; G 1-2(-5), style 0, stigma stout, fleshy, extragynoecial compitum +; outer integument 12-15 cells thick, nucellar beak +; seed large [³3 cm across], cotyledons (3-)4, peltate.
1/1: Idiospermum australiense. Queensland, Australia.
Synonymy: Idiospermaceae S. T. Blake
2. Calycanthoideae Burnett
P 10³; A 5-18, filaments rather slender, (anthers valvate - Sinocalycanthus), pollen equatorially and vertically disulcate; G ³5, stigma filiform, compitum by style coherence; outer integument 5-6(-8) cells thick; cotyledons spirally twisted; (n = 12).
4/10. China, Korea, Taiwan, North America.
Synonymy: Butneriaceae Barnhart, Chimonanthaceae Perleb
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. Crown group Calycanthaceae may have started to diverge in the Campanian, ca 110 m.y.a. (Zhou et al. 2006). Divergence within Calycanthaceae had begun by about 90 m.y.a. (Jerseyanthus: Crepet et al. 2004)
Fossils are interesting. Araipa florifera, from the Lower Cretaceous of Brasil, has flowers that externally are very like those of Calycanthaceae, but its leaves are lobed (Mohr & Ecklund 2003); unfortunately, nothing is known of the internal structure of the flower. The late Cretaceous Virginianthus calycanthoides (98-113 m.y. old) has been placed in Calycanthaceae. It has small flowers, anthers dehiscing by lateral hinges, and reticulate pollen with a single sulcus (Friis et al. 1994). Its anasulcate pollen is like that of Idiospermum, plesiomorphic for the order. Assuming the lateral hinges on the anthers of Virginianthus are equivalent to the rather differently oriented hinges found in most other taxa (c.f. also those of Sinocalycanthus - parallelism?), hinged anthers may be a synapomorphy for the order, and anthers with slits a synapomorphy for crown-group Calycanthaceae. However, the phylogenetic position of Virginianthus has been questioned, and whether it is in Calycanthaceae, sister to Calycanthaceae (e.g. Doyle & Endress 2010), sister to all other Laurales, or even to be included in Laurales at all is unclear (Eklund 1999; Crepet et al. 2005; Zhou et al. 2006; Doyle & Endress 2007; Doyle et al. 2008b), although the latter idea is least likely. The Australian Lovellea also has disulcate pollen, but phenetic analyses suggest that it may be sister to Laurales minus Calycanthaceae (see below: Dettmann et al. 2010). The rather younger (Turonian, ca 90 m.y. old) Jerseyanthus is more certainly Calycanthaceae, and it may even be sister to Calycanthus; it has the same distinctive disulcate pollen (Crepet et al. 2004, 2005). However, Jerseyanthus is remarkable in having flower parts in the sequence petal-like tepal (outside) - introrse staminode - extrorse stamen - abaxially curved "petal-like staminode" - pistillode (inside), an arrangement of parts quite unlike that of any other angiosperm, although Staedler et al. (2007) interpret the outer staminode series as being inner tepals.
For possible apomorphies of the two subfamilies in addition to those suggested above, see Staedler et al. (2009).
Genes & Genomes. Isozyme duplication in Calycanthus suggests that this clade shows ancient polyploidy (Soltis & Soltis 1990).
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. The two rings of vascular tissue in the stem are quite distinct from the seedling stage onwards. The leaf is innervated by paired traces from the inner vascular ring which very soon fuse and form the median petiole bundle, and then by two traces from the cortical bundles that form the lateral or wing bundles (Beck et al. 1982), however, I could not see these central paired traces in Chimonanthus (stem too old?). Odd teeth are sometimes found on the lamina of Calycanthus virginianus, at least on the plant in my back garden.
Calycanthus occidentalis has inverted recurrent vascular bundles in the hypanthium, perhaps evidence of receptacular epigyny (Dengler 1972). Staedler et al. (2007a) note that the numbers of floral parts, tepals, stamens, staminodes, etc., are more or less Fibonacci numbers (3, 5, 8, 13,....). The carpels in general are more or less plicate. The ovules of Calycanthus are close to tenuinucellate, but have a nucellar cap (Dahlgren 1927) and the micropyle is bistomal (Yamada et al. 2003). There is no triple fusion during fertilisation, and the endosperm develops autonomously. The seeds are poisonous and have characteristic alkaloids.
In morphology and anatomy, Idiospermum is similar to Calycanthaceae s. str., although the alkaloids and the distribution of xylem parenchyma differ in detail. For the morphology of Idiospermum, see Blake (1972), for chemistry, see Crawford et al. (1986).
For general information, see Nicely (1965) and Kubitzki (1993b), for the chloroplast genome, etc., see Goremykin et al. (2003b), for disulcate pollen of Calycanthus, see Albert et al. (2011), for floral development, see Rauh and Reznik (1951), for gynoecial development, see Staedler et al. (2007b).
Phylogeny. Li et al. (2004) clarify phylogenetic relationships in the family; Idiospermum is sister to the rest.
Classification. Although Idiospermum is a very distinctive genus and has sometimes been recognised as a separate family (e.g. Cronquist 1981), it is monotypic and shares many features with the rest of the family.
[[Siparunaceae [Gomortegaceae + Atherospermataceae]] [Monimiaceae [Hernandiaceae + Lauraceae]]]: evergreen trees; (plants Al accumulators); vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates; hippocrepiform sclereids in pericycle; mucilage cells + [this level; lamina with rather distant teeth, one vein entering opaque, persistent glandular cap; flowers rather small, inconspicuous; A whorled, stamens with paired nectaries/glands at base, anthers bisporangiate, monothecal, valvate, valves apically hinged; tapetum ?; pollen inaperturate, exine thin, ± spinulose, intine thick, outer part with radial channels; ovule median, on early-initiated cross-zone, vascular bundle not branching in chalaza; fruit fleshy, (splitting irregularly).
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. Fossils estimates of the age of this clade are ca 91 m.y. (Crepet et al. 2004: note topology). Fossils of Lovellea wintonensis from the upper Albian of Queensland, Australia, have characters suggesting Laurales, although they do not suggest any particular family; morphological cladistic analyses place it somewhere around here (Dettmann et al. 2010). It has disulcate pollen, an inferior ovary, partly fused carpels with long styluli, the ovule has a hypostase, and the seed has two layers of cells, the inner being made up of transfer cells, each including a crystal; it lacks staminodes (Dettmann et al. 2010). Dettmann et al. (2010) compare Lovellea wintonensis most closely with Gomortega (Gomortegaceae) and Tambourissa (Monimiaceae), i.e. taxa on both branches of this clade.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Leitão et al. (1999) summarize alkaloid distribution in Monimiaceae in the old sense, which includes Atherospermataceae, Monimiaceae s. str., Siparunaceae and sometimes even Hernandiaceae.
Staedler and Endress (2009) discuss floral phyllotaxis; there is considerable variation, with whorled and spiral phyllotaxis occurring in all families that are not monotypic and phyllotaxis even varying within a species. There is also variation in exine structure in this part of the tree, the pollen of many taxa having an infratectum that is more or less intermediate between granular and columellar (Doyle 2009).
There is little information on tapetal development and most other embryological details and of seed anatomy; this is especially true of the first three families (Kimoto & Tobe 2001 for a summary; Bello et al. 2002a for Siparuna). See Doyle (2007) for leaf teeth and Hesse and Kubitzki (1983) for pollen ultrastructure. For information on Monimiaceae and the other families previously included in them, see Schodde (1970), Philipson (1993), Sampson (1993, 1997, 2007) and Foreman and Sampson (1987: pollen), Romanov et al. (2007: fruit anatomy) and Kimoto and Tobe (2008b: embryology).
[Siparunaceae [Gomortegaceae + Atherospermataceae]]: acicular crystals +; hypanthium closed by roof; pollen with columellar infratectum; embryo very small, endosperm copious.
SIPARUNACEAE Schodde Back to Laurales
Also lianes; plants Al accumulators; indumentum often stellate; vessel elements also with simple perforation plates; no hippocrepiform sclereids in pericycle; primary stem?; nodes 1:1; petiole bundles flattened-annular, (medullar plate +); cuticle wax?; bud scales 0; lamina vernation curved-conduplicate, (margins entire); plants monoecious or dioecious, P 4-6(-7) or obscure, calyptrate; A (1-)2-many [e.g. 2 + 2 + 2], paired glands 0, anthers often with one flap, tapetum secretory; G 3-many, occluded by secretion as well, stylulus short; ovule unitegmic, integument 3-4(-5) cells across, hypostase +; megaspore mother cells several, embryo sacs several, starch-rich, elongating [Siparuna]; fruit splitting, (drupelet with a fleshy appendage - "stylar aril"); (seeds bilaterally flattened - Glossostigma), endotegmen with reticulate thickenings; n = 22.
2[list]/75: Siparuna (74). Tropical America (Siparuna), W. Africa (Glossocalyx) (map: S. Renner). [Photo - Flower] [Photo - Fruit]
Evolution. Pollination Biology & Seed Dispersal. Dioecy seems to have evolved several times from monoecy in Siparunaceae (Renner & Won 2001). Pollination is by genera of cecidomyid gall midges, which lay eggs mostly in male flowers; the larvae destroy the flower (Feil 1992).
The fruits of Siparuna may be a particulary valuable resource for frugivores (P. Jorgensen, pers. comm.). In most taxa the hypanthium splits irregularly when the fruits are ripe, the walls spreading widely and exposing the drupelets inside. The drupelets, and/or their fleshy appendages, differ strikingly in color from the inside of the fruit (see also Monimiaceae). This fleshy appendage is called an aril by Renner and Hausner (1997) and occurs only in dioecious taxa.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. The ovule is interpreted as having lost its outer integument by Kimoto and Tobe (2003).
General information is taken from Philipson (1993), details of embryology may be found in Heilborn (1931) and Kimoto and Tobe (2003), floral morphology in Endress (1980c), and of pollen development, etc., in Bello et al. (2002a).
Phylogeny. For phylogenetic relationships in Siparunaceae, see Renner and Won (2001).
[Gomortegaceae + Atherospermataceae]: bud scales +; sieve tube plastids also with peripheral protein fibrils; outer A staminodial, inner A not staminodial; style short; endotesta tracheoidal.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Doweld (2001b) emphasized the similarities between Atherospermataceae and Gomortegaceae, especially the tracheoidal endotesta. Both have fruits (drupaceous, achenial) in which the seed coat would be expected to have lost its protective function.
GOMORTEGACEAE Reiche Back to Laurales
Alkaloids?, Al accumulation ?; primary stem with separate bundles; nodes 1:2; secondary phloem with flaring rays; cuticle wax?; lamina entire; flower parts between spiral and whorled, hypanthium 0; P 5-7(-9); A 7-13, filaments rather slender; microsporogenesis modified simultaneous; G inferior, [2-3(-5)], style stout, branches erect, stigmatic, extragynoecial compitum?; ovule apical, hemianatropous [or straight?]; megaspore mother cell 1; fruit drupaceous; seed single (usu.), pachychalazal; n = 21.
1/1: Gomortega keule. C. Chile, rare (map: from Donoso Z. 1994). [Photo - Flower]
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Vessel elements in young wood may have simple perforation plates (Metcalfe & Chalk 1987). Stern (1955) thought that nodal anatomy was unclear; here I follow Howard (in Metcalfe & Chalk 1987). The inflorescences, often described as being racemose, have a terminal flower. Although the body of the ovule is straight, its insertion on the funicle is oblique (c.f. Endress & Igersheim 1997). Ovule development and fruit and seed anatomy would repay investigation.
Some information is taken from Kubitzki (1993b: general), Doweld (2001: seed) and Heo et al. (2004: embryology).
ATHEROSPERMATACEAE R. Brown Back to Laurales
Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids +, Al accumulation 0; (hairs T-shaped); nodes 1:1; primary stem?; stomata anomocytic; lamina vernation involute [Laurelia] or conduplicate; inflorescence racemose; flowers ± polysymmetric; P = K + C; K, C; anthers bisporangiate, tapetum plasmodial; pollen polar di- or meridionally syncolpate, reticulate; G 4-many, occluded by secretion as well, (stylulus none); (megaspore mother cell 1); fruit achenial, plumose, hypanthium woody; embryo also medium; n = 22, 57.
6-7[list]/16. New Guinea to New Zealand and New Caledonia, Chile, scattered (map: Philipson 1986a; Andrew Ford, pers. comm. [Australia]). [Photo - Fruit]
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. The family is known from forests on the Antarctic Peninsula of the late Cretaceous/early Tertiary, with wood recorded from the Upper Eocene of Germany; the oldest fossils are ca 88 m.y.. An age for the clade as a whole of ca 140 m.y. has been suggested (Renner et al. 2000).
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. The plants do not accumulate aluminium (Webb 1954). Atherosperma has two sepals completely enclosing the bud, and then eight petals. The vasculature of the anther glands is independent of that of the anthers (Canright 1952).
Some information is taken from Philipson (1993), Endress (1980c: flower), and Stanstrup et al. (2010: chemistry); for wood anatomy, see Poole and Gottwald (2001).
Phylogeny. Renner et al. (2000) suggest that a clade made up of Doryphora and Daphnandra, from the Queensland-New South Wales area of Australia, is sister to the rest of the family.
[Monimiaceae [Hernandiaceae + Lauraceae]]: aporphine alkaloids and variants +; (cork cambium outer cortical); crystals +, small; A whorled; pollen columellae foot layer and endexine 0; ovule apical, pendent, (micropyle bistomal).
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. The distinctive Mauldinia (see below under Lauraceae) has been placed sister to this clade in a constrained morphological analysis by Doyle and Endress (2010) - this would date crown group diversification to something under 113 m.y.a. (actually, it has nothing much to do with this date). Diversification within Monimiaceae may have begun some 20 m.y. or more after it started within Hernandiaceae (c.f. Renner et al. 2010 [Monimiaceae] and Michlak et al. 2010 [Hernandiaceae]).
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. See Kimoto and Tobe (2008a) for a comprehensive summary of the variation in embryology and seed of the whole group.
MONIMIACEAE Jussieu Back to Laurales
Also shrubs or lianes, climbing by scrambling; (plants Al accumulators); primary stem with cylinder or separate bundles; (vessel elements with simple perforation plates); wood with broad rays; nodes 1:1-7; sieve tubes with rosette-like non-dispersive protein bodies; cuticle wax?; (stomata anomocytic); lamina vernation conduplicate, (margins entire); plants monoecious or dioecious, (flowers perfect - Hortonia); flowers medium-sized, (hypanthium closed by roof); P 3-many, (much reduced), sepaloid, petal-like or calyptrate; A 3-many, anthers tetrasporangiate, dehiscing longitudinally, (annular), ± sessile or filaments rather slender, connective produced; paired nectaries 0, tapetum secretory [Peumus]; (pollen grains with encircling aperture); G (1-few)-many, occluded by secretion as well, stylulus short-0, stigma broad, dry, (extragynoecial compitum +); outer integument 2-4 cells across, inner integument 2-3 cells across, hypostase +, funicle stout, obturator + (0); hypanthium fleshy or not, fruit drupelets, (with fleshy appendages); mesotesta usu. tracheidal, (endotesta not tracheidal); embryo short to quite long.
22[list]/200. Tropical-Southern Hemisphere, but esp. Australasia.
1. [Peumus [Palmeria + Monimia]]
Lianes to trees; septate fibres 0; sieve tube plastids with starch (not Peumus); hairs often stellate; (bud scales +); plants dioecious; (anthers bisporangiate, dehiscing transversely - Monimia), staminodes +, (paired nectaries + - Peumus); endocarp massive; fruit splitting irregulary at maturity, or circumscissile; n = 39, ca 46.
3/19: Palmeria (15). Scattered: Chile, the Mascarenes, east Australia, New Guinea (Map: in part from Fl. Australiense 2. 2007).
[Hortonia + The Rest]: secondary phloem with flaring rays; septate fibres +; endocarp thin.
2. Hortonia
Shrubs; hairs stellate; flowers perfect; staminodes +; paired nectaries +; pollen with hollow, spiral sexinous strands, intine with tangential channels; fruit a drupe; n = 19.
1/3. Sri Lanka. (Map above: green)
Synonymy: Hortoniaceae A. C. Smith
3. The Rest
Lianes, shrubs or trees; (sieve tube plastids with starch - Tambourissa); plants monoecious; (extragynoecial compitum +); (paired nectaries + - Mollinedia); (cotyledons 4 - Kibaropsis); n = 19 [several], 22, 36, 39, 40-43.
18/180: Mollinedia (90 [?20 - S. Renner, pers. comm.]), Tambourissa (45), Kibara (45). Tropical-Southern Hemisphere, esp. Australasia.; fossil wood from the Campanian in Antarctica, etc. (map: from Renner et al. 2010, fossil localities in green; Jordaan & Lötter 2012, Xymalos).[Photo: Fruit, Flower, Fruit, Levieria fruit, Wilkiea fruit.]
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. Wikström et al. (2001) date diversification within the clade to (96-)78(-70) m.y.a.; Renner et al. (2010) suggest that crown Monimiaceae are (93-)90(-87) m.y. old (there are ca 85 million year old fossil woods), with diversification between Hortonia and the rest occuring (85-)71(-57) m.y.a. (95% HPD values); dates in Michalak et al. are 80-40 m.y., depending on the clock. Within the rest, divergence of Xymalos occured (33-)30(-28) m.y.a. (fossils) or (58-)44(-31) m.y.a. (Renner et al. 2010). The separation of Monimia from its sister genus, the East Malesian Palmeria dates to (48-)32(-16) m.y.; the former is endemic to the Mascarenes, which are a mere 15-8 m.y. old (Renner et al. 2010), so Monimia must have dispersed on to the islands from elsewhere (?Malesia). In general, there is little evidence of Gondwananan vicariance in the family (Renner et al. 2010).
Pollination Biology & Seed Dispersal. A hyperstigma or extragynoecial compitum may be present, the pollen germinating on a mucilaginous secretion at the entrance to the hypanthium (Endress 1980c; Friis & Endress 1990). A variety of small insects pollinate the flowers the parts of which may be more or less exposed or enclosed in a fig-like structure. In the latter case, thrips (Thysanoptera) lay their eggs in young inflorescences, adults covered in pollen emerging when the flowers are mature, although the evidence for this is little better than anecdotal (c.f. Siparunaceae: Gottsberger 1977; Philipson 1986a).
In genera like Palmeria, Tambourissa, etc., the drupelets are surrounded by a fleshy, accrescent hypanthium. This splits, exposing the fruits, and the colour of the inside sometimes forms a striking contrast with that of the drupelets.
Plant-Animal relationships. Papilio dardanus caterpillars have been found on Xymalos (Jordaan & Lötter 2012).
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Decaryodendron has flowers with up to 1000 carpels, and flowers of Tambourissa have up to 2000 carpels; Mollinedia has carpels that are initially unsealed, but are later occluded by secretion; it also has a whorled perianth. Since the ovules are initiated on the cross-zone, in their apical position they have effectively been inverted 180o.
For the Malagasy taxa, see Lorence (1985), for floral development, see Endress (1980b: but Hortonia neither notably intermediate nor archaic, 1980c), von Balthazar et al. 2011, for wood anatomy, see Poole and Gottwald (2001), and for fruit anatomy, see Romanov et al. (2007).
Phylogeny. A [Peumus [Palmeria + Monimia]] clade [= Monimieae] is sister to the rest of the family (Renner 2002 and references), Hortonia is isolated, but then relationships are unclear, although the monotypic Xymalos, the only mainland African member of Monimiacaee, is likely to be sister to the remainder. Fruit anatomy correlates quite well with phylogeny, e.g., Monimieae have a massively thick endocarp, alone in the family (Romanov et al. 2007).
Previous Relationships. Only three of the subfamilies (Monimioideae, Hortonioideae and Mollinedioideae) of Monimiaceae as circumscribed by Money et al. (1950), Cronquist (1981), and Takhtajan (1997) are included here; for the rest of the family, see Siparunaceae and Atherospermataceae.
[Hernandiaceae + Lauraceae]: primary stem ± with vascular cylinder; vessel elements with simple perforation plates; hippocrepiform cells in pericycle?; leaves spiral, lamina margins entire, (lobed); P whorled; (filaments slender); tapetum amoeboid; microspore mother cells in single layer; exine thin, spines set in a reduced granular layer, intine very thick, outer layer with a radially oriented microfibrillar structure; G 1, stylar canal 0, stigma dry; ovule pachychalazal, outer integument ³4 cells across, (micropyle not covered), hypostase 0; embryo sac more or less linear; testa thick, multiplicative; endosperm 0; germination epigeal.
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. The fossil Mauldinia may best be placed here, rather than within Lauraceae (Doyle & Endress 2007). Bandulskaia, from the Early Eocene of Tasmania and identified as Lauraceae based on several distinctive epidermal features, has huge leaf teeth 2000+ µm long that lack the glandular cap of teeth of other Laurales; if the fossil is correctly identified, independent origin of these teeth is likely (Carpenter et al. 2007). Cohongarootonia (it has a hollow style) and perhaps Powhatania, both from Early-Middle Albian sediments 125-118 m.y. old in Virginia probably belong in this general area (von Balthazar et al. 2011).
For additional possible synapomorphies, see Doyle and Endress (2000). A scenario for ovary evolution is that it became inferior in the common ancester of Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae, being lost (?more than once) in the latter family - both require two steps (two gains, versus gain and subsequent loss). Protrusion of the embryo sac from the nucellus may ultimately go here, too.
Pollination Biology. Rohwer (2009) compares the heterodichogamous flowers of Lauraceae with those of Hernandiaceae (for Hernandia, see Endress & Lorence 2004) and suggests that heterodichogamy may be common to the two. he interprets the floral morphology of Hernandiaceae in this context; heterodichogamy may be another synapomorphy at this level.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. For the distinctive pollen of these two families, see Kubitzki (1981).
HERNANDIACEAE Blume Back to Laurales
Trees or lianes; hippocrepiform sclereids in pericycle?; nodes 1:3-9; petiole bundles horizontally [Valvanthera] or vertically elliptic; (stomata anomocytic); branching from previous flush; lamina venation ± palmate; breeding system very variable; flowers (3-)4-5-merous; P 3-10; A 3-5(-7); (nectaries outside A, 0, or much reduced); ovary inferior, usu. facing abaxially, stigma peltate; ovule micropyle variable, endostome lobed, outer integument 9-23 cells across, inner integument 3-8 cells across; fruit dry, (a samara).
5[list]/55 - two subfamilies below. Pantropical.
(Climbing by twining petioles); Al accumulation?; glandular hairs in leaf epidermis; plant heterodichogamous; inflorescence thyrsoid; anther valves laterally hinged; tapetal cells radially elongated; pollen grains 90-160 µm across; parietal tissue 6-8 cells across, nucellar beak +, suprachalazal nucellus massive; bracteoles accrescent in fruit [not Illigera]; (seeds ruminate - usu. Hernandia), testa vascularized, spongy, tanniniferous, walls unthickened, mesotesta massive, 7-17 cells across; n = 18, 20.
3/44. Tropical, esp. Madagascar and Indo-Malesia (map: from Kubitzki 1969; van Balgooy 1975; Trop. Afr. Fl. Pl. Ecol. Distr. 1. 2003). [Photo - Hernandia Flower, Fruit, Illigera Flower, Fruit.]
Synonymy: Illigeraceae Blume
Leaves with cystoliths, strong higher-order vein areolation; inflorescence dichasial, ebracteate; flowers very small; P uniseriate; ?microspore mother cells?; pollen grains 19-45 µm across; ovule with nucellar cap; apical part of embryo sac protruding from nucellus; cotyledons contortuplicate [much folded!]; n = 15.
2/10. Pantropical, esp. America (map: from Kubitzki 1969; van Balgooy 1975; Trop. Afr. Fl. Pl. Ecol. Distr. 1. 2003).
Synonymy: Gyrocarpaceae Dumortier
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. Stem Hernandiaceae are ca (102-)97(-92) m.y. old (Wikström et al. 2001). However, Michlak et al. (2010) suggest that crown-group diversification began (130-)112-108(-89) m.y.a., and there has been widespread dispersal subsequently.
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Some 128 alkaloids assignable to 17 different structural types have been found in the family; about half of them are aporphine alkaloids (Conserva et al. 2005; see also J.-J. Chen et al. 2011). They show no obvious correlation with phylogeny.
For floral morphology in Hernandia, see Endress and Lorence (2004); see Heo and Tobe (1995) and Kimoto and Tobe (2008) for embryology, etc., and a nice summary in the latter. Some information is also taken from Kubitzki (1969, 1993b).
LAURACEAE Jussieu Back to Laurales
Flavones, 5-O-methyl flavonols, polyketides [acetogenins], (tryptamine alkaloids) +, (plants Al-accumulators); vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates; wood often fluorescing; (secondary phloem stratified); nodes 1:2 (1:3); also crystals and crystal sand +; (stomata anomocytic); bud scales + (0); branching from current flush; leaves (opposite), lamina often glaucous below, vernation conduplicate or supervolute, higher-order vein areolation stong; plants heterodichogamous (polygamous to dioecious); inflorescence umbellate to thyrsoid; hypanthium often short, T 3 + 3 (2 + 2; K + C); A 3 [introrse] + 3 [often introrse] + 3 [extrorse; with glands], sporangia widely separated on broad connective; (microsporogenesis simultaneous); (pollen monosulcate); (stylulus 0), stigma also capitate; outer integument 3-5(-11) cells across, inner integument 2-4 cells across; megaspore mother cells usu. 1; fruit a drupelet [endocarp palisade], pedicels (and tepals) often thickened and colored; (seed ruminate), testa vascularized or not, often multiplicative, (exotestal cells cubic), endotestal cells longitudinally or transversely elongated; endosperm nuclear; n = (11-)12, chromosomes 1-5 µm long.
Ca. 50[list]/2500. Pantropical (temperate), lowland to montane. Some of the distributional area of the family, e.g. in most of West Australia, is attributable to Cassytha alone (map: from Heywood 1978; modified as in Richter 1981; Fl. N. Am. III 1997; Trop. Afr. Fl. Pl. Ecol. Distr. 1. 2003; FloraBase 2005; Cassytha, The Parasitic Plant Collection).1. Hypodaphnis
Anthers tetrasporangiate; tapetum?; staminodes 0; G inferior.
1/1: Hypodaphnis zenkeri. Tropical West Africa.
[[Beilschmiedia, Cryptocarya, Endiandra, etc.] [Cassytha [[Caryodaphnopsis + Neocinnamomum] + The Rest]]]: subsidiary cells of paracytic stomata envelop the guard cell both above and below, the guard cells having outer and inner cuticular ledges; staminodes +, (4-several whorls of stamens; when dioecious, 3 whorls of staminodes in male plants, the third whorl of stamens=staminodes in female plants); glandular tapetum +; ovary superior to inferior; embryo sac protruding from nucellus: fruit type?
2. Beilschmiedia, Cryptocarya, Endiandra, etc.
Stamens in two whorls (three whorls, many); (G inferior); fruit a berry; (n = 15 - Eusideroxylon, Endiandra).
6/710: Cryptocarya (350), Beilschmiedia (250), Endiandra (80). Pantropical, some subtropical, to New Zealand.
[Cassytha [[Caryodaphnopsis + Neocinnamomum] + The Rest]]: ?
3. Cassytha L.
Parasitic herb; micropyle bistomal, nucellar cap 0, pachychalaza 0; endosperm cellular; chromosomes to 7 µm long..
1/16. Tropics, warm temperate regions in Australia - see The Parasitic Plant Collection. [Photo - Parasite.]
Synonymy: Cassythaceae Lindley, nom. cons.
4. [Caryodaphnopsis + Neocinnamomum] + The Rest]: ?
[Caryodaphnopsis + Neocinnamomum]
Anthers tetrasporangiate.
2/21. Central and South America, South East Asia to the Philippines and Borneo.
5. The Rest.
(Plant deciduous); (cork pericyclic - Cinnamomum); (flowers 2-merous - Potameia); (paired nectaries/glands 0 - Mezilaurus clade); tapetum amoeboid; embryo sac not protruding.
Ca 40/1730: Ocotea (350), Litsea (?400), Persea (200), Cinnamomum (350: cinnamon), Lindera (100). Pantropical (temperate). [Photos - Flower, Fruit.]
Synonymy: Perseaceae Horaninow
Evolution. Divergence & Distribution. Chanderbali et al. (2001) suggest a stem age of 174 ± 32 m.y. for the family, but its diversification may be as recent as (93-)61(-26) m.y.a. (Michalak et al. 2010).
Lauraceae are prominent in Mid to Late Cretaceous floras. Labandeira et al. (2002b) assigned many fossil leaves from the earliest Tertiary of North America to extant genera of Lauraceae, while wood very similar to that of sassafras is known the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica ca 83 m.y.a. (Poole et al. 2000). Early Cenomanian Mauldinia, ca 100 m.y. old (Drinnan et al. 1990; Viehofen et al. 2008), has remarkable inflorescences in which the lateral units are flattened and bilobed, bearing sessile flowers on their adaxial surfaces. The flowers are very like those of extant members of the family (see also Crepet et al. 2004; Friis et al. 2006b for references), but the distichous bracts/prophylls of the inflorescence units is a distinctly unusual feature here. A flower provisionally assigned to Lauraceae, although with a unusual combination of floral characters - there are only two whorls of stamens and no nectaries/glands - has been described from deposits in Virginia some 112-105 m.y. old (von Balthazar et al. 2007). The Upper Cretaceous Marmarthia has leaf blades with palmate venation; the margins are lobed or perhaps toothed (Peppe et al. 2007).
A better understanding of biogeographic relationships will depend on a more complete phylogeny. The Macaronesian Persea indica is part of a New World clade - and sister (but with rather poor support) to this clade is another Macaronesian member of the family, Apollonias barbujana (Rohwer et al. 2009). Diversification in the speciose New World Ocotea is likely to have been rather recent (Renner 2005a). It is unclear what to make of wood identified as the north temperate Sassafras that turned up at 60o S on Seymour Island in the Antarctic in rocks ca 83 m.y. old (Poole et al. 2000).
Ecology & Physiology. The family is prominent in the lowland tropical rainforests of South East Asia-Malesia and America in particular, much less so in Africa, and in tropical montane forests in South America it may be the most speciose family (Gentry 1988). Eusideroxlum zwageri dominates (or used to - it has been heavily logged) several thousand square kilometres of West Malesian forests (Hart et al. 1989), while Litsea is one of the five most diverse genera in West Malesian t.l.r.f. (Davies et al. 2005).
Pollination Biology & Seed Dispersal. The basic mode of flowering in the family may be heterodichogamy or dianthesis. Plants are of two types, and one plant will be in the staminate phase while the other is in the carpellate phase, and vice versa. The staminodes produce nectar when the plant/flower is in the carpellate phase and the staminal glands of the third staminal whorl produce nectar when the plant/flower is in the staminate phase (Rohwer 2009, see also above).
Dispersal of the fruits is by animals, specialized frugivores for the most part. The seeds are relatively large, and the pericarp, although thin, is nutritious (Snow 1981).
Chemistry, Morphology, etc. Lindera, at least, has distinctive C10, C12 and C14 monounsaturated fatty acids in its seeds (Badami & Patil 1981). Vestured pits are apparently absent; rays alone may be storied (Metcalfe 1987: P. van Rijckevorsel [pers. comm.] clarified reports of vestured pits and wood storying in the family). Distinctive paracytic stomata in which the subsidiary cells almost envelop the very small guard cells, the latter having outer and inner cuticular ledges, may be an apomorphy for all Lauraceae except Hyphodaphnis (Carpenter et al. 2007), however, Nishida and van der Werff (2007) found more conventional stomata in at least some Lauraceae other than Mezilaurus (for stomata, see also Hill 1986). Indeed, from a surface view it may seem as if the stomata are anomocytic, the guard cells being totally obscured.
It has been suggested, largely on the basis of gene expression, that the perianth in some Lauraceae - Persea, at least - may represent modified stamens (Chanderbali et al. 2004, 2006). Both the tepals and the stamens of Persea have three traces (Reece 1939: the ovule is reported to be anatropous!). However, other reports suggest that the stamens have single traces, even if both whorls of tepals have three traces (Laurus) or one trace in the inner whorl alone (Umbellularia: Kasapligil 1951). More work is needed here. Multistaminate Lauraceae attain this condition by the increase in number of the stamen whorls. Dahlgrenodendron has pollen grains with exine, columellae, etc. The orientation of the single carpel varies (Ronse de Craene et al. 2010 and literature). Kimoto et al. (2006) summarize embryological findings in Lauraceae. Variation in the anatomy of the pericarp, development of the cupule in fruit, etc., is summarized by Little et al. (2009). The testa is not always multiplicative. Kasapligil (1951) described a tracheidal endotegmen at the radicular end of the seed. Both isozyme duplication and stomatal size increase over time suggest ancient polyploidy in this clade (Soltis & Soltis 1990; Masterson 1994). Is the base chromosome number 6?
Kimoto et al. (2006) note that a minor change on the tree that they used would mean that a glandular anther tapetum and possibly also protruding embryo sac arose on a single clade and did not reverse; they thought that characters like a glandular tapetum and an embryo sac protruding from the nucellus arose in parallel. However, in the topology suggested by Rohwer and Rudolph (2005, not cited by Kimoto et al. 2006) these characters appear in all (glandular tapetum) or most (protruding embryo sacs) members that have been examined on three successive branches of the tree, but are not, or only very rarely, found in the Mezilaurus group and other core Lauraceae ("The Rest" above). Thus there may have been reversal/loss of these characters in other Lauraceae; protruding embryo sacs are also found in Hernandiaceae-Gyrocarpoideae. I have optimised these and some other characters (see von Balthazar et al. 2007) in the context of a the phylogeny of Lauraceae suggested by Rohwer and Rudolph (2005: see below). However, where many of these characters will end up on the tree is very uncertain; the topology is uncertain and our basic understanding of the morphological variation is poor.
General information is taken from Rohwer (1993a), some embryological details from Heo et al. (1998) and Endress and Sampson (1983), wood anatomy from Richter (1981) and van Rijckevorsel (2002), fruit anatomy from Heo (199-), stomata from van der Merwe and van Wyk (1994), cuticle from Christophel et al. (1996) and Nishida and van der Werff (2011), cytology from Oginuma et al. (1998), chromosome size from de Moraes et al. (2007), and androecial development from Buzgo et al. (2007).
Phylogeny. Hypodaphnis, with an inferior ovary, is sister to the rest of the family, then Cassytha (but a long branch), then [Beilschmeidia + Cryptocarya + Endiandra], then Caryodaphnopsis, then [Chlorocardium + Mezilaurus + Williamodendron] (Rohwer 2000: matK); for more details, see Chanderbali et al. (2001). There are a number of taxa with long branches, and complex analyses by Rohwer and Rudolph (2005) strongly suggest a slight modification of these relationships: [Hypodaphnis [[the Cryptocarya group] [Cassytha [[Caryodaphnopsis + Neocinnamomum] [[the Mezilaurus group] [core Lauraceae]]]]]] - most of these clades have about 100% posterior probabilities. If this topology is confirmed, it will have considerable implications for character evolution (see above).
Litsea is polyphyletic, although section Litsea is monophyletic, and Lindera is also polyphyletic (Fijridiyanto & Murakami 2009). The recognition of Neolitsea appears to make Actinodaphne paraphyletic (Li et al. 2007, esp. 2008). For relationships in the Persea area, see Rohwer et al. (2009); Phoebe and Persea are para/polyphyletic.
Classification. The classical genera are very difficult to recognise without flowers and are rather unsatisfactory even with them. They are often based on single character differences in the androecium, such as sporangium number and direction of sporangium opening. However, both extrorse and introrse anthers can occur in the same flower, although the extrorse condition seems to be developmentally derived (Buzgo et al. 2007), thecae may be 2 or 4, their arrangement on the connective varies, etc. (e.g. Kopp 1966; Rohwer et al. 1991; Rohwer 1993, 1994a; van der Werff & Richter 1997); substantial changes in generic limits are to be expected.


text:
We were founded on the ideal that a clean and beautiful community helps to improve the economic vitality, health, safety, and quality of life for everyone.
Our programs center on educating and building partnerships and volunteer opportunities with citizens, civic organizations, businesses, and governmental agencies, to eliminate litter, minimize waste, recycle, and improve our community's appearance with the natural beauty of trees, flowers, landscaping, and green spaces.
Keep Brazos Beautiful is proud to present the new 2013-2014 Green Thumbs Reward Card as a thank you to our Members. The Rewards card is both a display of gratitude to our generous members and a great source of advertisement for many of our wonderful local businesses.
Thank you to the following businesses who are partnered with us for the 2013-2014 year!
Briarcrest Country Club • Chuck E. Cheese's • Cold Stone Creamery • Corner of Time • Double Dave's Pizzaworks • Fat Burger (Bryan) • George Bush Presidential Library and Museum • Harley's • Hot Dogs, etc. • Kolache Rolf's • Leaning Tower Pizza • Luby's (Bryan) • Sassy Sheree Skin • Shammy Express Car Wash • Spoons Yogurt • The Children's Museum of the Brazos Valley • U Paint It • Villa Maria Cleaners • What's The Buzz Coffee Co.
Click here to register as a volunteer, then click here to sign up for events!
Click here to view what people are saying about KBB!
You won't want to miss this fun and very colorful 5k run/walk/stroll benefiting Keep Brazos Beautiful!
Hosted by:
Saturday June 1, 2013
For more information please visit the race website at
Registration for Great American Campus Cleanup 2013 is now open to CSISD and BISD schools! Click here.
Email firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
Follow us on Facebook
Join our email list
Why Do I Volunteer?
I chose KBB so that I can work with like minded people who want to give back to the community and educate others about caring for the environment.
-Chris Eggleston
Why Am I A Member?
"Education is the best tool we can give today's youth, and the environment is their legacy. We must show them how to use the tools to protect what is theirs."
-Cody Cravatt

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Rain and thunderstorms Wednesday evening through Friday afternoon Details >
May 18, 2013; 1:48 AM ET Showers and a thunderstorm Monday morning through Monday evening
Showers and a thunderstorm Monday morning through Monday evening
While there is a threat for a shower in spots in Baltimore, Md., today, it will not be a washout like the day of the Kentucky Derby.
Short-Range Weather forecast overview for the Northeast United States
Isolated thunderstorms threaten to bring potentially damaging wind gusts to the mid-Atlantic.
Despite record-breaking flooding in parts of the Midwest this year, budget cuts threaten to shut down hundreds of stream gauges across the United States.
The sirens have silenced and it is time to see the damage. What can you expect to see?
Extended Weather forecast overview for the Northeast United States
Mount Saint Helens has erupted several times since the destructive 1980 eruption, and likely will again in the future.
Read Story >A new species of dinosaur-era reptile is rewriting the books on the evolution of so-called sea monsters, a new study claims.
Read Story >


text:
Print Document
Close Preview
By Mr. Jones of North Reading, a petition (accompanied by bill, House, No. 2207) of Bradley H. Jones, Jr., and others relative to identity fraud in the Commonwealth. The Judiciary.
Bradley H. Jones, Jr.
Print Preview
Download PDF
View & Print Full Page
Petitioners: Bradley H. Jones, Donald F. Humason, F. J. Barrows, Shaunna N. O'Connell, Donald H. Wong, Todd M. Smola, Sheila C. Harrington, Steven L. Levy, Paul K. Frost, Bruce E. Tarr, George N. Peterson, Bradford Hill, Elizabeth A. Poirier, Viriato M. deMacedo


text:
This was fun.
Video: Brook Lopez swats shot into the stands
Devin Kharpertian
Please, login or register here to post a comment.
The BK Playoff Game Leaderboard
quietstorm_32: #Shoutout to toms for the care package. #OneForOne #TomsAmbassador http://t.co/8hk1mppcW2
15 hours ago#NETS
LordxDevoneir: lmaoooo "@mccreav: That made me laugh out loud, not gonna front RT @realest2everdo: #Nets"
8 hours agocfattovw: Just imagine how much better Indy would be with granger??? #Nets one of few teams with success vs pacers this year.
8 hours agoTHE BK GAME STAFF
uuords: Eeeeeeee. RT @SportsCityCom: Twitter should probably disable the @JoseCanseco account right about now.
16 hours ago-
Most Recent Forum Topic
- 1. Bojan
- 2. Brooklyn Nets Won't Offer Contract...
- 3. Hey guys
- 4. Nets' Heart
- 5. Hello.
Most Popular Forum Topic
- 1. Eric Gordon,
- 2. Mike Brown
- 3. Agree with this statement?
- 4. Who Will Finish Second In The East?
- 5. Harden Trade
About | Contact Us | Advertise
© 2012 The Brooklyn Game | Built by Intellisys


text:
Bloom Nano Folding Highchair inc Pack 36 - Red
Complete With Snug
We will send you an email as soon as this product is back in stock.
You are not committed to buying by giving us your details,
and we promise not to pass them on to any third parties.
Bloom Nano Folding Highchair inc Pack 36 - Red Description
With its European styling and flat fold design the Nano Bloom is suitable for children from 6 months - 3 years ideal for contemporary families living in smaller urban spaces. The highchair has leatherette upholstery for comfort which is easy clean, a 5-point padded safety harness and a 2 position footrest.
The Nano has a plastic & stainless steel tray which is removable to offer "up-to-the table" or the traditional tray feeding modes and is also dishwasher-safe.
- Sleek, minimalist design
- Space-saving flat-fold mechanism for easy storage
- 'up-to-the-table' and traditional (tray) feeding modes
- Super sized adjustable feeding tray (3-position) with deep lip to prevent spills - made of FDA compliant food contact grade plastic and stainless steel, removable and dishwasher-safe
- 5-point padded safety harness, adjustable for growing baby
- Leatherette seat upholstery for comfort and easy clean in contemporary colors
- 2-position adjustable footrest
- Light weight for easy carry
- Net weight: 5.5 kg/12 lbs
- Suitable for children from 6 months - 3 years
Bloom Nano Folding Highchair inc Pack 36 - Red Specifications
- Adjustable Footrest: 2 Positions
- Adjustable Tray: 3 positions
- Age: From 6 Months
- Colour: Red
- Folding: Yes
- Harness: Yes
- averageRating: 4.0
- numOfReviews: 11
- Brand: Bloom Baby
These are exclusive customer reviews unless otherwise stated. Specifications of goods are subject to change.
Kiddicare Service Comments
Community and FAQs
Direct Delivery Explained
Click for audio and text help.
Out of Stock Explained
Click for audio and text help.
Stock Level Explained
Click for audio and text help.
Pre-Order Explained
Click for audio and text help.
This product is available as a pre-order. This means that we do not currently have the item in stock but we are expecting it shortly. You can place an order for this product now your expected shipping date will be 12-03-2012
The Kiddicare.com Community
A place where people come together to discuss our products and services, ask questions and seek advice.
Click here
to be a part of it.


text:
Ann Romney looked A-M-A-Z-I-N-G last night as she addressed the Republican Convention. She wore a bright red silk taffeta Oscar de la Renta dress that made '60′ look 'sensational.' Seriously, Suzanne Somers should interview Ann for a sequel to her best-selling book, The Sexy Years"!
Her dress was stunning — a plain dress, the cut was plain, but the color and the material were spectacular; it fit her image and what she wanted to communicate. She was dressed in a way that women would like, and not be threatened by. No matter what your political beliefs, there's no denying this woman's inner and outer beauty.
Ann Romney gave a 'diagnosis to diva!' speech. What's not deeply appealing about a woman who has struggled with illness (breast cancer, and multiple sclerosis) and miscarriages and emerged with grace? Surely the day that Ann and Mitt Romney stood in the doctor's office and heard her diagnosis, they didn't think she would be onstage the way she was tonight. She said she hasn't lived a storybook marriage because she and her husband have faced hard knocks. But isn't that what a storybook marriage is? A love that can withstand everything?
Ann Romney was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1998 and has credited a mixture of mainstream and alternative treatments with giving her a lifestyle mostly without limitations. In one of those activities, equestrianism, she has consequently received recognition in dressage as an adult amateur at the national level and competed professionally in Grand Prix as well. In 2008, she was also diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ, a non-invasive type of breast cancer. She underwent a lumpectomy in December of the same year and has since been cancer-free.
GET READY FOR YOUR CLOSE-UP! The happy healthcare host, Mr Divabetic will be at Central Farm Market in Bethseda, MD on Sunday, September 2, 2012 starting at 11 AM. He will be filming videos for the better part of the afternoon. Raise awareness for diabetes in a fun new way – Be interviewed on camera!
Central Farm Market
7600 Arlington Blvd. at Old Georgetown Road
Bethesda, MD 20814
For more details, e-mail: email@example.com


text:
out of curioustiy, i've wondered about Fleet positioning and formations. Has anyone ever looked into how a mod could be built to provide say 5 different formations?
Do you realize you are replying to a thread that has been dead for about 5 years? Better start a new topic next time...
do you realize that after 5 years it is still perfectly relivant? which is kinda, a bad thing?
really kinda sad. really kinda needs fixing.
Yeap it would be nice to manually configure your fleet a bit more. It would only add another layer of strategy to the game. Couldn't do much harm I suppose.
which might be the point in my question.
if its been 5 years, how come that problem is not fixed yet?
wait... how is a 5 year old topic... in the 'Sins Rebellion' beta feedback forum?!
heck, how is it 5 year old topics are still around and yet topics from a less than a year ago are deleted?
I guess that the "Beta Feedback" subforum is reused when a new sins game is released. (As of a way to save space?)
This would be handy mainly as a timesaver for me though I admit, I really haven't found myself ingame thinking "gee, if only I could rotate that fleet, then I wouldn't have to move it back and forth..."
Yeah it would be nice if this was put in.
Gotta love necroes...
I figured it was an old post, Stardock responded to it.


text:
There are four FIDM campuses: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Orange County, and San Diego. Each campus is strategically located in the cultural meccas of California, teeming with energy, activity, and creative jobs.
FIDM Campuses
See what makes each campus unique and take a virtual tour.
Visit FIDM
Campus visits are one of the most important aspects of a college search. We strongly encourage all prospective students and their families to visit - the earlier in the process, the better. Check out Visit FIDM and take a virtual online tour of our campuses.
Email A Friend - Include this link
Embed - Paste this code on your blog or web page
Share - Post to your favorite sites


text:
Researchers find zero evidence for Lyme-induced autism.
Researchers find zero evidence for Lyme-induced autism.
Manipulating a gene that regulates folding in the cerebral cortex can make mouse brains look more human.
Double helix celebrates 60; detecting calories without taste; bacteria vs. tumor; perceptual consciousness in babies
A new study of brain activity patterns suggests that babies as young as 5 months old have the neural mechanisms to register that they've seen a face.
Researchers are identifying distinctive brain activity patterns that can be used to monitor patients under anesthesia and assess consciousness in "vegetative" patients.
A newly developed drug, modeled after a bacteria-infecting virus, is less likely to become antibiotic resistant.
A new study blames the unreliable nature of some research in the field on underpowered statistical analyses.
Just the flavor of beer is enough to boost dopamine in brain areas related to reward—especially in men with alcoholic relatives.
Mutations tied to autism in mice lead to deficits in the signaling pathway activated by marijuana.
Starting in 2014, the federally funded initiative will seek to develop new technologies capable of mapping the activity in the human brain.


text:
This is my entry for the "Dont Fu(n)k Up Our Lyrics" producer contest. I took quite a different approach than most other producers. It's different. Check it out. Any feedback, good or bad, is highly appreciated. Leave a comment or holla at me. thx!
If you like it, feel free to vote for my entry right here:
thanks for listenin! turn it up y'all!
Tags: contest, drummer, drums, funkvolume, hopsin, kevlionel, trampoline
This is fuckin dope man, one of the best ive heard so far
Thank you so much Mike! really appreciate it!!
C'mon guys, gimme some feedback. You like it? think it's ok? hate it? love it? please lemme know...
Keep Doin ya thang dawg is all imma say, cause dat was fresh
many thanks for your comment StaKcaChip! appreciate it!!
C'mon guys... gimme some feedback y'all
Tech N9ne "Something Else" Pre-Order Now!
¡MAYDAY! "Believers" Pre-Order Now Available
Wrekonize "The War Within" Pre-Order Available!
Rittz "The Life And Times Of Jonny Valiant" Purchase Now!
CES Cru "Constant Energy Struggles" Purchase Now!
Kutt Calhoun "Black Gold" Album Now Available!
Brotha Lynch Hung "Mannibalector" Album In Stores Now!
Tech N9ne's Hostile Takeover: The Story Behind The Tour
Prozak "Nocturnal" EP Now Available!
Krizz Kaliko "Neh' Mind" EP Now Available!
Tech N9ne – 'E.B.A.H.'/'Boiling Point' Combo EP Now In Stores!
Tech N9ne "Boiling Point" EP Now Available!
Stevie Stone "Momentum" EP Now Available!
Tech N9ne "E.B.A.H." EP Now Available!
Kutt Calhoun "Kelvin" EP Now Available!
Ces Cru "13" EP Now Available!
¡MAYDAY! "Thrift Store Halos" EP Now Available!
© 2013 Created by Strange Admin.


text:
i love my boyfriend
This great product in black/white from our department Men and T-Shirt category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design i love my boyfriend by wam was created by WAM-US and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a T-Shirt. Next to a host of other great designs, you can find this i love my boyfriend by wam design in Spreadshirt's Romance category. If you are interested in topics like Birthday or DJ, then you'll love i love my boyfriend by wam designs by WAM-US. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of t-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Romance as well as top Fashion clothing. WAM-US's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your address for great designs of all kinds – whether it's Birthday, DJ or Fashion. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing Romance t-shirts, hoodies or accessories for you to find!Tags: Design ID: 10117717
Hey girls and guys ! Discover my work in stores: Humoristic and Grafiks ---> http://www.weareallmodels.com ----Classical I LOVE t-shirts , new designs every day , or design yo'self ---> http://www.t-shirtstore.fr
Black i love my dad by wam T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
Black i love redheads by wam T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
Gray i love life by wam T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
Ash i love italy T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
Black i love sluts by wam T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
i love washington dc T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
brooklyn new york T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
Navy kentucky bluegrass state T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
i love vermont T-Shirts Designed by WAM-US
This men's t-shirt has 3/8" color-contrasting cuff on the sleeves and neckline. The fitted sleeves create a snug but comfortable fit which makes this shirt ideal for the smaller-framed male. The fine 100% jersey cotton presents a soft feel and has a fabric weight 4.3 oz.
"Black/white i love my boyfriend by wam T-Shirts" is a and was designed by WAM-US.
At Spreadshirt you will find just the right t-shirt for any occasion. Of course we also have tops, hoodies and other clothing and accessories. And in case you cannot find the perfect t-shirt, hoodie or cap here, you can design any product in the T-Shirt Designer for t-shirt printing .


text:
Obama v. Obama
Note how smooth and confident he is in 2007, and how halting and unsure he is in 2013.
"Well written, well researched, and the thesis put forth is well argued.... Woods has opened up an area of historical analysis that should invite further study."
-Journal of American History
Note how smooth and confident he is in 2007, and how halting and unsure he is in 2013.
Courtesy of my LibertyClassroom.com, here are the first 15 lectures from our course on U.S. Constitutional History. Neither left-liberal nor neocon. Enjoy!
Apparently there's been a series against me over at the Daily Kos by a left-liberal lawyer. I no longer pay attention to left-wing attacks. It's the same arguments every time. They pretend I haven't answered them. I have. They idiotically call me a "neo-Confederate" (have they really not seen the zombie video, or are they trying to caricature themselves?).
The most recent one is only slightly different. For some reason, central to his argument is his claim that Thomas Jefferson was an Antifederalist. He was not. Jefferson was a supporter of the Constitution, though he wanted term limits for the president, as well as a Bill of Rights. This is all explained in a basic text like David N. Mayer's The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson.
I am then accused of "mendacity" (because I stand to gain a lot by lying about nullification!) because I do not note that nine states spoke out against the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, which laid out the doctrine of state nullification. By my count, seven states issued statements against the Resolutions, and I have discussed them repeatedly, both in my book (which the author has not read, naturally) and online.
I am "mendacious" for leaving this out, even though I didn't leave it out, but my critic is absolutely not mendacious for himself leaving out the reason that six of those seven states opposed Virginia and Kentucky: they favored the Sedition Act, and the principle that journalists should be thrown in jail for criticizing the president. Oops!
In fact, only one state actually spoke against the compact theory of the Union on which nullification is based. That was not controversial.
And as I also note in my book, within less than a decade, some of the very states that were lecturing Virginia and Kentucky in 1799 were suddenly all in favor of nullification when a Virginian president was in charge. Ever heard the expression "actions speak louder than words"?
And finally, my critic says I defend a "right to oppress." This is preposterous, needless to say. I have repeatedly made clear that I hold no brief for the states. They are states, after all, and I am a libertarian (not a "neo-Confederate," whatever that Marxoid neologism is supposed to mean). The point is that the federal government is far more likely to be a threat to our liberties, indeed to civilization itself, than the states — from which, in any case, exit is rather easier. There is absolutely nothing the states could do that would amount to a grain of sand on the beach compared to a new Middle Eastern war, but I am supposed to be super worried about what Montana might do next. Nice priorities.
And of course, nothing centralized regimes do ever, ever, ever discredits centralization.
As usual, I refer people to my Nullification FAQ.
Directed by Ron Maxwell (of Gettysburg and Gods and Generals fame) and based on the novel by Harold Frederic, Copperhead looks well worth seeing. A bunch of people have sent me the link, and I thank them for it, but I've known about the movie for a while. I tried to get the writer — who turns out to be my old friend Bill Kauffman — on the Peter Schiff Show the last time I hosted but the scheduling didn't work. I'm hoping to be able to watch a pre-release version of the movie within the next few days and I'll be able to comment then.
Unfortunately, this movie, starring Peter Fonda, won't necessarily be coming to your local theater. Check the site for theaters showing it, or to demand it at your local theater.
Please reply in the comments. A reader writes with the following question:
I talked to my father about the NSA spying and asked him what he thought. He gave me a rational answer (and I consider libertarianism itself nothing if not rational). He said "who would want to listen to me? They'll get bored if they do. This could save lives". I went on an ideological spiel about slippery slopes and current socialist presidents. I also told him about how small of a chance it is that he will get blown up. Then I realized, he's probably right in a way. What are the chances that we'll see a REAL totalitarian president, or dictator in our lives? I mean we all love to hate Obama, but he's not a dictator. I think for the vast majority of citizens to be listened to that's what needs to happen. Then you have to think about the chances of a relative few listening in to 300 million people's conversation. Seriously what are the chances of that? It also probably has to be every minute of every conversation. I can't imagine going on anti-government spiels very often, so the government has to listen in at the exactly right time. I'm tempted to say that the chances of all of this happening are smaller (if not far smaller) than getting blown up in a bus in NY (where I live). Where I live also shouldn't matter, because libertarianism should prevail in NY as much as Kansas for it to be an honest ideology.
However, say the odds of getting blown up and thrown into prison for speaking ill of the government are the same. Assume you don't get the death penalty for saying the standard "Obama is an idiot" remark that one may make. Is liberty really more important than life? We all love Patrick Henry's speech of "give me liberty or give me death". Something tells me however, normal human instinct of self preservation will take over and the majority of us will take life. I know libertarians like to pretend they'd take liberty because of cognitive dissonance. Or maybe libertarians are outliers. Consider this though, from 2000-2002 the amount of death by suicide in prison (don't know if this includes short term though) was less than a third. So the MOST restrictive lack of freedom resulted in less of a 3rd suicides. I don't know how many were lifers and how many attempts failed. Even if you bump it up to 50%, this is prison. My family comes from a totalitarian state (Soviet Union). Most people made due. No one lived in a cell. No one had a limit for how long they can stay out. No one was forced to eat one type of food. No one was forced to go to the bathroom in front of someone else. No one had a good chance of getting killed or raped. Let's face if, 50% of the people attempting suicide in prison probably translates to far less people in a totalitarian state choosing death over tyranny. That's not even taking into account the fact that we probably won't have a totalitarian state that will monitor every minute of every phone call. Is it possible that NSA spying is the only rational way?
I don't have time to follow sports anymore, and frankly I've lost interest in it, but when I was growing up in Massachusetts I followed the Celtics closely. This video of Larry Bird brings back memories. Later in the video you see a few games in which he scores the winning points in the waning seconds. What makes this all the more impressive is that the opposing team knew full well that the ball would be passed to Bird in that situation, and they still couldn't stop him.
Also, I like the reaction — utter disbelief — of the opposing bench between 3:16 and 3:20 of the video.
That's what Michael Lind is saying now.
You see, we're not "experimental" like he is. He's willing to try out lots of things: freedom, semi-freedom, and full-on coercion. And we keep sticking to our whole freedom thing, and our view that the same moral code ought to govern all individuals, whether they belong to that mystical thing called "the state" or not.
In case you missed it, you might enjoy my first reply to Lind, and then my reply to the Washington Post's poor E.J. Dionne, who tried to help out the hapless, ill-read Lind.
Here's a passage from Lind's latest:
And what exactly does the libertarian movement contribute to contemporary American debate? Here are a few of the ideas that the rest of us, from center-left to center-right, are supposed to treat with respectful attention: calls for a return to the gold standard; the abolition of the Federal Reserve; the abolition of the Internal Revenue Service; and the replacement of all taxes by a single regressive flat tax that would fall on low-income workers while slashing taxation of the rich.
My critic in The Economist, Will Wilkinson, writes:
"The ideal of anti-theoretical experimentalism leads me to a preference for policies that promote the sort of cosmopolitan pluralism in which cultural synthesis and invention thrives. It leads me to favour decentralised authority over monumental central administration. It leads me to suspect that it would be better if America were twelve separate countries, or had 200 states. It leads me to think seasteads are a great idea."
Ron Paul, who merely wants to abolish the Federal Reserve, looks like a boring centrist, compared to Will Wilkinson, who thinks it might be worthwhile to abolish the United States, subdividing it into a dozen separate countries. (My Southern ancestors who supported the Confederacy would have been satisfied with two).
(Will Wilkinson, in turn, looks like a boring centrist compared to me, but I'll leave Wilkinson out of this.)
So let's review the positions that are just too juvenile and unreasonable for us to ask others to entertain. According to Lind:
(1) We can't return to the gold standard. It is vastly preferable for money creation to be untethered to anything but political will. There is no chance such a system will undermine money's purchasing power, interfere with economic calculation, cause resource misallocation, be used to bail out influential firms, etc. Also, the creation of money can lift us out of recessions — which, in turn, are of course not caused by misallocations or entrepreneurial errors brought on by the fiat money itself.
(2) We can't abolish the Federal Reserve. Why, we need the experts in charge of the money supply! Sure, they gave us the Great Depression, the stagflation of the 1970s, and the current disaster, but nobody's perfect! We need monopoly provision of the medium of exchange, and we need government-granted privileges for the Fed as the supplier of that medium of exchange. The Fed has been super-awesome: it's given us fewer and shallower recessions than we had before!
(3) We can't abolish the Internal Revenue Service. That's right: it's unthinkable for us to live the way the vast majority of mankind lived for 99 percent of its history, and how Americans lived a mere 100 years ago. It is essential that the federal government be able to decide what percentage of the fruits of people's labor they are allowed to keep, and what percentage will be seized by means of threats of violence. Libertarians are childish and moronic to think civilization could survive without institutionalized expropriation.
(4) We can't substitute the current income tax with a flat tax. On this, libertarians agree. There's little point in substituting one kind of institutionalized expropriation for another.
(5) The United States cannot be one square inch smaller than it is now. It is inconceivable to imagine the division of the United States into 12 or more political units. The United States as it exists today occupies the precise, heaven-sent amount of square mileage — namely, three million, seven hundred ninety-four thousand, one hundred — that God and destiny demand she hold.
The U.S. is not a practical arrangement to be evaluated according to objective criteria. It is a mystical, self-justifying entity. It is metaphysically impossible that it should ever grow so large as to be dysfunctional. Other countries may split into smaller units by mutual consent, but being the awesomest of the awesome, our political unit is not subject to such considerations. We are to treat it with reverence and devotion.
(By the way, there is absolutely nothing cultish about treating a political unit as sacred and inviolable. It's only the libertarians who are cultish.)
Now sure, if the U.S. were 12 units, maybe all 12 wouldn't be the basket cases that our giant fiefdom now is, and probably not all 12 would have engaged in the idiotic, impoverishing foreign policy of the past century, which has yielded the American public nothing but grief. But I have forgotten myself, citizen! I am speaking of the United States as if her dismemberment were conceivable! Those libertarians have driven me to the very edge of blasphemy.
OK, back to Woods again. I realize Michael Lind is a Serious Person whose time must be spent contemplating various ways in which he might experiment on the American public, but I think he is perhaps too dismissive of views that happen to fall outside the 3×5 card of approved opinion from which he insists we draw our views.
(1) A return to the gold standard is still a statist solution, but it's better than nothing, and eminently defensible.
What about all those panics we had under the gold standard? See my resource page: Economic Cycles Before the Fed.
But there isn't enough gold! Gold causes deflation! For replies to the standard objections, see my resource page: An Introduction to Sound Money.
(2) The abolition of the Fed would be a major economic step forward. For a reply to the customary pro-Fed claims, see my Can We Live Without the Fed?
(3) and (4). Yes, we can live without institutionalized expropriation. E.J. Dionne, in his effort to help out Lind, listed a whole bunch of things we need government intervention for: why, we'd have poverty, monopolies, no stimulus to help us through recessions, etc. I answered him here. And yes, there is a moral point as well:
(5) Why are decentralization and secession unthinkable? Lind's religious reverence for the present size and makeup of the United States, which is a mere human contrivance, is a little creepy. The twentieth century showed us what nationalism and megastates can do, and it wasn't all fun and games.
On secession:
Bob Taylor of Taylor Guitars talks about his efforts to preserve sources of ebony. It's not a totally free-market story — the government of Cameroon is still in charge — but still suggestive of how a free market might operate. (Thanks to Michael Hutchison.)
If you're like me and really like Jon Anderson and sort of like Vangelis, you will enjoy this funny story. Jon still has a lovely voice, even though he is nearly 69 years old.
Find me on Google


text:
World Scouting @ COP17
The environment is our playground and we are sharing with the tens of thousands of international non-governmental and governmental delegates at the event how scouting has always cared for the planet, not because we had to, but rather, simply that we are in the business of creating a better world.
The first day began with all accredited members of the delegation, Jared Abayo the Youth Director WOSM-CO, Amos Ndegwa the IT Officer and Communications Assistant WOSM-Africa,Magdalena Elisabeth Werner, Antje Kathrin Schroeder, Lars Martin Kramm, Daniella Drilling from DPSG, Jessica Von der Meden, Quintin Combrink, Sally Makofane, Previn Vedan, Ivan Povall, Yubishin Moodley from South Africa Scout Association.
YOUNGO is the officially recognised constituency of the Youth Non-Governmental Organisations by the UNFCCC, of which the World Oganisation of the Scout Movement is a part. The spokes council is the decision making body of YOUNGO, and is formed by representatives of the Youth Non-Governmental Organisations participating in COP17.YOUNGO makes statements and carries out actions on behalf of YOUNGO but at the same time it is representing all of its members.
The spokes council provides for a transparent and formal method of decision-making that includes all of its members in a meaningful and constructive way.This first meeting of YOUNGO saw the constituency having to elect five of its members who would then go on to have access seats inside for the Plenary session for the official opening of the conference.
At this opening, the president of the Republic of South Africa, Jacob Zuma reinforced the importance of the next two weeks, he said, "Climate change poses serious threats especially in the developing world," he added, "Africa is more vulnerable because of poverty which limits the ability of most African nations to cope with the impact of climate change."
WOSM, as a leading global youth movement, will demonstrate its leadership and commitment to broadening the climate change dialogue. This follows a successful high profile discussion on climate change, involving Scouts aged 14–17 from 68 countries represented at the United Nations Simulation on Climate Change which was held at the Parliament Hall of the Region of Skåne, in Kristianstad, Sweden during the World Scout Jamboree.
Zuma ended off his opening address by saying that 'Change and solutions are always possible. In these talks, States parties will need to look beyond their national interests to find a global solution for the common good and benefit of all humanity. We have come a long time since Copenhagen and Cancun. Durban must take us many steps forward towards a solution that saves tomorrow today.'
More Information
World Scouting Team @ COP17 on Facebook


text:
Your Shopping Cart:
Your Cart is Empty
You are not currently logged in. Login | Register
Check out the NEW WEBstaurantStore.com!
Product Search
Browse by Category
Browse by Business Type
We Securely Accept
Whether you need cooking and frying oils for cooking, baking, frying, or making dressings, we've got an extensive selection with many benefits! Also make sure to check out other great items from Admiration.
Sort results:
Some manufacturers do not like it when we sell their products below their required minimums. In order to offer you the best possible deal, we ask that you simply place the item in your shopping cart to see our great price!
We can sell this product for less than we're allowed to advertise!
Call 717-392-7472 (Monday - Friday, 8 AM - 8 PM EST)
One of our friendly Customer Service reps will be happy to give you a lowest possible price for this item! Click here for live chat, or call 717-392-7472 Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. EST.
Click here for live chat, or call 717-392-7472 Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. EST.
$26.75 CS for lots of 60!
$28.49 CS for 1!
$25.60 CS for lots of 60!
$38.07 CS for lots of 27!
$39.49 CS for 1!
$26.19 CS for lots of 60!
$28.99 CS for 1!
$30.24 CS for 3 or more!
$31.49 CS for 1!
$39.85 CS for lots of 45!
$41.99 CS for 1!
$27.59 CS for lots of 52!
$29.49 CS for 1!
$61.02 CS for lots of 26!
$62.99 CS for 1!
We offer plenty of oils that provide an economic alternative to expensive liquid butter and margarine, while many of our cooking and frying oils are made with your health in mind, featuring zero trans fats and no cholesterol. The health benefits don't end there, however--our pure vegetable salad oil from Admiration contains OMEGA-3 fatty acids that have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease!
Cooking / Fryer Oils
Fryer Oil Stabilizer and Fryer Filter Powder


text:
Home Page Our Commitment General Information Locations/Hours What's New Business Spotlight Current Rates Lending Products Deposit Products Investment Products Online Banking Online Bill Pay Calculators Interesting Links Privacy Policy Disclosures Secure Contact Us
Select the answer that best describes your situation in each question below. When you're finished, click Add Up My Points. Continue... I'll take the test later.
To Find Out What Your Score Means, Click HERE
©1985 The Forms Group, All Rights Reserved


text:
Lenox Laurel Leaf 4 Piece Placemat Set
$23.99Featuring a luxuriously rich striped damask with a regal leaf pattern, and a true hemmed finish Learn More -
Lenox® Butterfly Meadow 4 Piece Napkin Set
$19.99Complement your Lenox® Butterfly Meadow Tablecloth with its matching napkin set. Learn More -
Lenox Laurel Leaf 4 Piece Napkin Set
$19.99A stunning napkin set featuring a luxuriously rich striped damask with a regal leaf pattern and a true hemmed finish. Learn More -
Simply Fine Lenox® Chirp 4 Piece Napkin Set
$19.99Complement your Lenox® Chirp Tablecloth with its matching printed napkin set. Learn More -
Lenox Holiday Nouveau Shower Curtain
Regular Price: $50.00
Special Price: $29.99
Inspired by the classic Lenox Holiday Nouveau design Learn More -
Lenox Butterfly Meadow Shower Curtain
$29.99Inspired by the Lenox Butterfly Meadow design Learn More -
Lenox® Chirp Shower Curtain
Regular Price: $49.99
Special Price: $29.99
Illustrating a watercolor scene with birds, florals and a unique aqua border on its side. Learn More


text:
Or does it just need one to be from a different country?
If it doesn't than I will be trying it a lot more!
No, it does not need to be a shiny Soure:Once again,my experience! By the way:I hope you get a shiny!
No it does need to be shiny.But you can have a shiny if you want.
Unfortunately, no you need to have two Pokemon from different countreys.
How to change your username How to add a user avatar Why was my post hidden? The points system Question etiquette Flags vs Downvotes Anime FAQ
Type a Pokemon name, type, move or ability to see instant results.


text:
Traffic stop leads to pot bust
A street crimes deputy stopped a car Friday on a traffic violation and wound up arresting the driver after finding more than 2 pounds of marijuana and $550 in cash, according to a Charlotte County Sheriff's report.
Arrested was Vladimir Morrobel, 24, of the 1000 block Corktree Circle, Port Charlotte, on charges of possession of marijuana with the intent to sell, possession of more than 20 grams marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was released from the Charlotte County Jail Saturday after posting $13,500 bond.


text:
Patrick O. Brown
Publication Details
Molecular characterisation of soft tissue tumours: a gene expression study.
Lancet. 2002; (9314): 1301-7
Soft-tissue tumours are derived from mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, muscle cells, or adipocytes, but for many such tumours the histogenesis is controversial. We aimed to start molecular characterisation of these rare neoplasms and to do a genome-wide search for new diagnostic markers.


text:
Current Articles | RSS Feed
That's right, one of our VistMammoth facebook fans claimed that the 2013 Mono County fishing opener was the best in 15 years! We agree!
This Year's Highlights included:
Did you miss out on the action? Check out some of this year's highlights:
Anglers weren't the only ones enjoying the fine weather and abundant recreational opportunities on opening weekend. Here cyclists ride up Lake Mary Road in the Mammoth Lakes Basin.
Anglers of all ages woke up early on opening day to fish Convict Lake. Area lakes all benefitted from Eastern Sierra Fishing Coalition stocking efforts this year!
Lake Mary Road was open all the way to Lake Mamie for opener this year. While only Twin Lakes was clear for fishing, the snow is melting fast and in the three days since fishing opener, Lake Mary is already fishable at the far side by the marina. With the weather forecasted to stay warm, Lakes Mamie and George aren't far behind.
Jeffery James and the Wanted Gang played a free concert at the Village at Mammoth for the second annual "Merry Fishmas" festival, sponsored by the Eastern Sierra Fishing Coalition. Anglers, families here to sightsee, and skiers and snowboarders just getting off the Mountain enjoyed the free concert and activities. That's one of the things that makes spring in Mammoth Lakes awesome; there's so much to do!
Families with childern are always welcome in the village where patio games like Giant Jenga and bean bag tosses line the pominade. Parents can relax and watch free concerts in outdoor seating while kids play.
The Eastern Sierra Fishing coalition sold raffle tickets for a 14' Klamath boat, an 8hp Honda Marine Motor and an EZ Loader Trailer. Proceeds from last year's raffle went to stocking 10,000 pounds of Alpers Trout in area lakes this year.
This year the Eastern Sierra Fishing Coalition has anoth boat for raffle. Click to buy your tickets online now!
Make your 2013 Fishmas weekend unforgettable with Fishmas Weekend Events. Looking for a campground? No problem, scroll down for a list of campgrounds that will be open this weekend! And don't forget to check out our new App, your on-the-go guide to dining, lodging, sightseeing and adventure in Mammoth Lakes!
Mammoth Lakes Sunrise Rotary Fishmas Dinner from 6:00pm- 9:00pm: Hosted by CJ's Grill on Old Mammoth Road and full of fun, auction items and raffles you will wonder how you ever started fishing season in the Eastern Sierra without it! Buy tickets now. http://bit.ly/ZmLvrN
Annual Fishmas Festival from from 4:00pm-7:00pm: Celebrate with friends and family at the Village at Mammoth with live music from Jeffrey James and The Wanted Gang, dine on Gomez's 2-for-1 fish tacos and toast with a Mammoth Brewing Co. beer. There will also be balloons, face painting and a chance for the kids to have their picture taken with Woolly who will be sporting his fishing vest.
Crowley Lake Resort Opening Day Big Fish Contest Win the Fred Hall Memorial Trophy, plus cash, tackle, boat rentals, fish mountings and more!
Fishmas Day at Tom's Place: Fishing Derby and Raffle Contests.
For more information on Fishing in the Eastern Sierra, visit EasternSierraFishing.org
Opening Day of Fishing Season in Mono County is April 27, 2013. Looking for a campground? No problem. Here is a list of campgrounds that are opening April 24, 2013:
This FREE VisitMammoth app is your on-the-go guide to dining, lodging, sightseeing + adventure in Mammoth Lakes—California's Gateway to Natural Wonders!
Find things to do, places to eat and stay, tap-to-call phone numbers, turn-by-turn directions, and social sharing features.
More than just a directory app, the VisitMammoth app is your guide to everything Mammoth Lakes!
Planning to Visit Mammoth Lakes this St. Paddy's Day Weekend? Check out all of the best events and specials at local hotspots:
Z Ranch is opening early and we will be pouring $2 GREEN BEER AND $3 GREEN CHAMPAGNE starting at 11am! Corned beef specials all day–show up in your best Leprechaun costume to WIN a pot of GOLD!
Irish food and drink specials all day. Open noon to close, with Mammoth's hot local DJ's starting at 8 PM. $3 green beers, $4 Guinness $5 Jameson shots & Irish car bombs.
760-934-7447 http://www.lakanuki.net/
$200 best costume prize. Two local bands playing from 7:30 PM to midnight: The Andrew Weber Blues Band as well as Johnny and the Ready Rocks starting at 7:30 PM to midnight. Also Irish car bomb specials and, of course, corned beef and cabbage.
760-934-8511 ext. 103http://www.snowcreekathleticclub.com/bistro.html
MEXICAN LEPRECHAUN -(Elevation event) St. Patrick's Day Brunch - with DJ BLACKLOW 11 AM to 3 PM at Gomez's. You'll want to stay an additional night and ski on Monday, too.
CJ's Grill is serving delicious corned beef and cabbage as well as scotch eggs for an appetizer and leprechaun cider to wash it all down. CJ's will be open sunday from 11 AM to 9 PM
On St. Patricks Day Grumpy's will be serving delicious corned beef and cabbage for $10.99 along with $1 jello shots, $5 Irish Car Bombs, $4 guinness, and Jameson shots for only $3.
The conditions on Mammoth Mountain are excellent as we move into Second Season. This weekend's storm dropped 8" of fresh snow of the Mountain. The weather today was perfect and the snow was soft. We're expecting another 1-2 feet over Wednesday and Thursday. Powder Hounds will want to start their weekend a day early for the freshest freshies. Trust us, you don't want to be anywhere else!
We're moving into second season here at Mammoth Lakes, when the days get longer, the temperatures get warmer and the snow remains in fantastic mid-winter conditions. Cool nights are keeping the snow firm and fast in the mornings and ridge top winds are keeping it soft as wind-buffed snow gets deposited into bowls, chutes, nooks, and crannies all over Mammoth. Start over by Little Eagle and Cloud Nine Express in the cool mornings and make your way to Main Lodge and the top of the Mountain in the afternoon as temperatures warm.
Last weekend brought over eight inched of snow on the Mountain. This week calls for lots of beautiful California sunshine is in the forecast throughout the week and into President's Day weekend. Be sure to bundle up early in the week as temperatures remain somewhat cold. Later in the week, temperatures will warm and stay warm throughout weekend.
Who: Larry RhodsWhat: Ski Sales RepWhere: Footloose Sports
Larry's Answer:
It's not just about cuter graphics. You often hear the phrase, "shrink it and pink it" to describe women's skis. Meaning, aside from the graphics, women tend not to want as long a ski as men do. Why? Because most women aren't 220-pound athletes.
It's about Weight. Women's skis typically weigh less and their center of gravity and power are in different areas, so they need a differently constructed ski. In order for most women to be able to flex a ski the same way a 180-220 lb man can, the ski needs to be a bit lighter. So typically a manufacturer will either thin out the metal, or take it out completely. They may they also change the dimension a little bit.
It's about size underfoot. Another example is fat skis. When we talk about fat skis, a 100 mm underfoot might be appropriate for a 190 lb man. But for a 140 lb woman, that may equate to a 90mm.
So it's not just the graphics, the size of the ski is also what's behind the whole shrink it and pink it model.It's about ramp angle. Women's center of gravity is in their hips, whereas a man's is in his chest. So another thing a ski manufacturers will do is put a little ramp angle on the ski. This moves a woman's lower center of gravity forward. Finally, ski techs may opt to mount part the binding a centimeter forward to get the same effect on different skis
In short. All of these differences are designed to get women skiing a "unisex" (read: men's) style of ski, and enhance the skiing experience for her.
Get Larry's gear picks as well as gear picks from Mammoth's top retail staff.