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MilitaryHistoryOnline.com World War II Wargame*
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Member Articles
Dutch Harbor: Unraveling of Japan's Pacific Strategy
The Third Day at Gettysburg
From Small Causes, Great Events Pt2
Ed Ramsey, 26th Cav Reg (Philippine Scouts)
Response to Everett L. Wheeler's review
Marching to Timbuktu
US Army in Czechoslovakia '45: An Operational Overview
Strategic Culture of the IJN
Battles of Luneville: September 1944
Adolphus, Genius of Sweden
Visual Guide to US Fleet Subs Pt 1
British Infantry Tactics in WWI
Lodge Act Soldier
The Sharif and the Sultan of Fishermen
The Fate of the Kido Butai
From Small Causes, Great Events
Charge of the Polish Light Horse at Somosierra
Second Samnite War Phase 2
Air Recon in WWII
The Roman Disaster at Adrianople
Cyberwar in the 21st Century
Ninety Five Theses and the Revolution
Bullets Quickly Write New Tactics
Second Lebanon War
WWII Veteran Interview - Walter Holy
The influence of Neurotechnology on Just War
Turning East: Hitler's only option
Fury, Fumaroles and Brimstone
Resupply Operations to Malta, 1942
Son of an Artilleryman Follows Father's Footsteps
Colonel Patrick O'Rorke
Plague of the Spanish Lady
Cairo's Fortress on the Mountain
WWII Veteran Interview
Why Arnhem?
Hell Ship - From the Philippines to Japan
The Battleship
USS Oregon
SMS Dresden's War
Air Recon in WWI
US Army in Czechoslovakia '45 to '48
Jewish Resistance in WWII
Betrayed by a Mason?
Angel of Mons
Who Killed the Red Baron?
Armenian Warriors, Japanese Samurai
Benedict Arnold in Canada
D-Day Gate Crasher
Vets Tell All -- He Listens
308th Infantry during Argonne
Battle for the Seaports
British Officers and Gentlemen
Banzai Attack on Attu
End of the Battle of the Java Sea
Texas National Guard in WWII
How Arnhem was Lost
The War between Norway and Sweden 1808
Armenians in
Suez Canal Guerrillas
Birth of a PMC
Sir Thomas Stukeley
Cuban Missile Crisis
Saga of Ormoc Bay
Memorials Past and Future
Second Samnite War
Korea: Study In Unpreparedness
Intelligence in the Philippine Insurrection
Stanley at Shiloh: A Improbable 'Indiana Jones'
The Green Beret Affair: A Factual Review
Silent Service of the Pacific
USS Wahoo
Gulf War Press Mobilization
Special Order 191: Ruse of War?
Mexican Revolution and US Intervention 1910-1917
Polish Cavalry: A Military Myth Dispelled
Confucian Martial Culture
Operation Market Garden
War in So. Italy 342-327 BC
Avoiding World War III
Legacy of WWII Sub Veterans
Chosin Reservoir
Lausdell Crossroads
Asian Art of War
Kasserine Pass
Gonzales: Crucible of Texas Revolution
Sheridan's Southern Plains Campaign
Milvern Harrell: Dawson Massacre
Arnhem Startline
Roman Army Field Manual
15th Illinois Infantry
Bushido: Valor of Deceit
British Lion Polish Eagle
British Offensive Operations
Decisions of Disaster: Jutland 1916
Endgame in Flanders, 1918
Constantinople - Citadel at the Gate
Bacon's Rebellion
First Samnite War
Phoenix Reven
USS Charger
English Way of War
Roman Expedition into Dacia
Sir Winston Churchill
Chinese Support for Vietnam
Fannin's Regiment
Battle of Poyang Lake
German Commerce Raiders
Indecisiveness of Battles
8th New Hampshire Infantry
American Stubbornness at Rimling
Mexican American War
The OSS in Greece
China Marines
Pompey and Ancient Piracy
The Northwest Army
MacArthur and the Cavalry
Naval Infantry in US Military History
Strategy of Blitzkrieg
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Breaking Seelow Heights
Soviet Experience in Afhanistan
Apocalypse Then
American Revolution
Western Way of War
American Way of War
The Battle Tannenberg
The Rape of Nanking
The Kitona Operation
Solferino: Slaughter and Rebirth
Siege of Osaka
Confederate Railroad
Shenandoah Campaign
Fredericksburg Campaign
Commanders and Censors
Tet Offensive
Battle of Lundy's Lane
Battle of Paris
Flip Side of Containment
Small Battle: Big Implications
Unconventional Warfare
Harris Class APA
Aerial Defense of East Indies
Sun Tzu and Overland Campaign
ACW Military Theory
Why the Bulge Didn't Break
MacArthur: 1931-1935
American Forces in WWII
Shadow Warriors
Bear River Massacre
Reflections on Iran
The Success of Napoleon
Battle of Surigao Strait
Cuba's Operation Carlotta
Panzer Brigades
Adolf Eichmann
Battle of Great Bridge
Seapower in the Yuan Dynasty
Frederick: Battle of Leuthen
Nutmeggers on Antietam Creek
Nathan Bedford Forrest
G. Washington and J. Monroe
Mao and Giap On Guerrilla Warfare
Interview of a WWII Veteran
Stephen Douglas and Popular Sovereignty
The "Green Beret Affair"
The Start: Ft. Necessity
Napoleon's Campaign of 1809
Clark Field, Philippines
Winter Warfare
The Great Retreat
The Raid on Thurso, 1649
The City Point Explosion
Capture of USS President
Operation Rusty: The Gehlen-U.S. Army Connection
The Hundred Years War: An Analysis
Why France Lost the Seven Years' War
A Cold War Retrospective
Dalton to Atlanta-Sherman vs. Johnston
The Fenian Raids
Military History of War of 1812
Hitler, Germany's Worst General
A Path Across the Rhine: Remagen
Failures during the Spanish Civil War
Surface Actions of World War II
Austerlitz: Napoleon Makes His Own Luck
MacArthur's Failures in the Philippines
The Battle of Cowpens
The Failures at Spion Kop
Combatants in Black Hawk War
Japan's Monster Sub
Britain's Participation Justified?
Popski's Private Army
The Maple Leaf Adventure
An Odd Way to View WWII
America's Paradoxical Trinity
The Soviet Formula for Success
Basic Counter-Insurgency
The Onin War
The Battle of Pea Ridge
Tunisian Army in Crimean War
Japan's TA-Operation
The Cambodian Incursion
Hitler Youth: An Effective Organization
Dien Bien Phu: A Battle Assessment
After Midway: The Fates of the Warships
Lafayette Escadrille Pilots
Governor Kieft's Personal War
Barbarossa: Strategic Miscalculation
History of 138th PA
Giuseppe Garibaldi
The Story of a "Go Devil"
Long Range Desert Group
Island of Death
The Caterpillar Club
Foundation of Modern Army Regiments
One of Ten Thousand
The Design Was Not Passed On
Subverting the Sultan
John Paul Jones and Asymetric Warfare
The Liberation of Czechoslovakia 1945
Dien Bien Phu 50 Years Later
The Battle of Mogadishu
"A Time of Testing": Battle for Hue
StuIG at Stalingrad
Only the Admirals were Happy
Bicycle Blitzkrieg - Singapore
What if?
The Effect of Industrialization
Tanks in the Garden of Eden
Early Texas Military History
Office of Strategic Services
The Mitrailleuse
The Grande Armee of 1812 in Russia
Role of Artillery in Korea
Thermopylae, Balaklava and Kokoda
Battle of Mantinea
Pearl Harbor
American Revolution in the Caribbean
The French Campaign of 1859
The Battle of Midway
The Battle of Franklin
Waffen SS - Birth of the Elite
Want of a Nail: Confederate Ironclads
Changing Generalship and Tactics
Nomonhan and Okinawa
Der Bund Deutscher Mädel
Boudicca: What Do We Really Know?
Rulers of the World: The Hitler Youth
The Master's Misstep
The Order of St. Lazarus
Breakout From the Hedgerows
St. Etienne: US 36th Division in WWI
Memories of D-Day
Life and Death of the 10th NJ Infantry
The Raid on Dieppe
More Archived Articles...
Dutch Harbor: The Unraveling of Japan's Pacific Strategy
by Del C. Kostka
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto drew his hand across a map of the northern Pacific Ocean in a long, sweeping arc. From Attu Island on the far western edge of the Bearing Sea, the admiral traced his finger along the Aleutian archipelago to the island of Amaknak near the Alaskan mainland. There, in June of 1942, Yamamoto intended to strike the American forces at Dutch Harbor. As a strategist, Yamamoto had achieved near deity status among the Japanese Imperial High Command. His crushing attack on Pearl Harbor just six months prior was followed by quick and decisive victory in the Philippines, Malaya, and the East Indies. Now, with the southwest Pacific under firm Japanese control, Yamamoto looked to expand offensive operations to the north and central Pacific. By attacking key strategic points in the Aleutians, as well as Midway Island on the western tip of the Hawaiian chain, he intended to lure the already weakened U.S. Pacific fleet from Pearl Harbor to its final destruction.[1] Yet despite his meticulous planning, his intellect and his vaunted reputation, the attack on the remote Alaskan harbor upon which he now rested his finger would prove to be one of Yamamoto's greatest strategic blunders.
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2,723 words
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Member Article: Four Attacks – Four Failures: The Third Day at Gettysburg
by Bryan J. Dickerson
The Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War is one of the most researched and written about events in world history. A great many historians have researched, interpreted, analyzed and re-interpreted what happened leading up to, during and after these three epic days of battle in the Pennsylvania countryside. Run a search through Barnes & Noble or Amazon's websites on Gettysburg and you will find literally several thousand books on the subject. Historians, scholars, and persons from all walks of life have debated and argued over these three days like few other events in history. The Battle of Gettysburg occupies a unique place in American history. Taken together with the surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi on the day following the battle's conclusion, Gettysburg marks a dramatic and decisive turning point in the Civil War. With Vicksburg in Union hands, the Confederacy was split in two and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River in its entirety. With defeat at Gettysburg, the Confederacy would never again be able to mount a major offensive in the East. The momentum of the war swung irrevocably against the Confederacy.
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4,654 words
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From Small Causes, Great Events - Part 2
by Larry Parker
History fascinates me therefore, unless they were inadequately introduced to the subject in the early years of school, I cannot comprehend why so few people share my fondness for this field of study. No television show can rival the passion and intrigue of the Tudors or the Romanovs. No movie, no matter how convoluted, can equal the devious machinations of the Borgia's or the Medici. No work of fiction comes close to the true story of Rasputin or Robespierre. No video game can match the real exploits of Julius Caesar or Hannibal Barca. Suppose you were to go to the local theater for a few hours of escapist fantasy. As you settle into the plush seat, popcorn and soda in hand, the lights dim and the movie begins. It is the improbable tale of a minor warlord who seizes power in a poor country torn by civil war. Once in control he rules as a brutal tyrant quickly dashing the peasants' dreams of a just peace. Rebellion follows and the protagonist survives numerous attempts on his life only to fall victim to his own greed when he defaults on a debt owed a more powerful despot. As his enemy closes in, the man who would be king loots the treasury and flees the country.
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Soldier: Ed Ramsey, 26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts)
by Bob Seals
This meeting engagement on Bataan at the village of Morong, led by then First Lieutenant Ed Ramsey on 16 January 1942, was to be the last horse mounted charge by U.S. Army Cavalry in military history. Surviving early days of defeat and disaster, Ed Ramsey was destined to have one of the most challenging and interesting wartime careers of the Pacific theater during the Second World War. His action packed four years of combat, mostly spent behind Japanese lines, reads like a pulp fiction novel written by a Hollywood screen writer. An illustrative example of an interwar generation of hard-charging Cavalry Army Officers, who worked hard and played hard, Ramsey rose to the occasion after the 8th of December 1941. Refusing to surrender on Bataan in April of 1942, he led tens of thousands guerrillas on Luzon in one of the most successful resistance campaigns of the war against ruthless Imperial Japanese Army occupation forces. His remarkable career in the Second World War encompassed the end of several storied American military institutions, to include the Philippine Scouts and Army horse cavalry, while helping to lay the doctrinal foundation of an Army branch not born until after the war, the U.S. Army Special Forces.
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2,963 words
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Member Article: A response to Everett L. Wheeler's review of
The Armenian Military in the Byzantine Empire
by Dr. Armen Ayvazyan
I considered it a great honor, both for myself and my book,
The Armenian Military in the Byzantine Empire: Conflict and Alliance under Justinian and Maurice
(hereafter – the AM), that it was reviewed in
The Journal of Military History
(hereafter – JMH, 2013, No. 1, pp. 318-320), one of the most authoritative periodicals in the field it designates. The review, written by Everett L. Wheeler of the Duke University, presents the contents, the imprint and other particulars of the publication as follows:
Glendale, Calif. (sic): Editions Sigest, 2012. ISBN: 978-2-91-732939-9
Note on Armenian personal names and toponyms. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. Pp. 127
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5,653 words
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Member Article: Marching to Timbuktu: The Unwanted Conquest of Mali that Made a Marshal of France
by Dr. Andrew McGregor
When French troops launched a military intervention against Islamist militants in Mali in January 2013, many of those advancing on the legendary city of Timbuktu may have been unaware that it had been 119 years since a French colonial army column under Major Joseph Joffre had entered that ancient trading capital. Rather than a triumph for France, the 1894 occupation was in fact a planned act of insubordination by Joffre and other French colonial officers. The truth was France didn't want Timbuktu. Joffre is best known as the commander of all French armies in World War 1 after his victory at the Marne in 1914 was credited with saving France. At the height of his fame in 1915 his military report of the 1894 occupation of Timbuktu was reprinted under the title
My March to Timbuctoo
. Unfortunately, Joffre's account of his campaign along the Niger River disappoints adventure seekers; it is instead a model of dryness and economy of words devoid of personal observations or impressions. Brevity was no doubt called for, as the true story of insubordination, atrocities and war for war's sake that was behind the conquest of Timbuktu was hardly the material with which to build the reputation of a Marshal of France.
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2,372 words
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The U.S. Army in Czechoslovakia 1945: An Operational Overview
by Bryan J. Dickerson
From April to December of 1945, the Third U.S. Army conducted operations in and around the western region of Czechoslovakia. Altogether, three of its corps (XII, V and XXII) and nine infantry and four armored divisions and two cavalry groups participated in these operations. The Czechoslovak operations fell into three distinct phases: Border Operations, Liberation and Occupation. The Border Operations Phase occurred from 15 April until 5 May. During this time, the 90th and 97th Infantry Division and 2nd Cavalry Group screened the Czechoslovak border and conducted several limited offensive operations across the border to protect Third U.S. Army's left flank as Third Army drove south-eastward into rumored Alpine Festung (National Redoubt) area of southern Germany / western Austria. During the Liberation Phase (5-8 May 1945), V Corps and XII Corps conducted a major offensive to liberate western Czechoslovakia from Nazi German occupation. The 1st, 2nd, 5th, 26th, 90th and 97th Infantry Divisions, 4th, 9th and 16th Armored Divisions and the 2nd and 102nd Cavalry Groups all participated in liberating over 3,400 square miles of Czechoslovakia. Their irresistible drive was only halted by the orders of Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower approximately on the line Karlovy Vary – Plzen – Ceske Budejovice. Having been oppressed by the Nazis for six long years, Czechs in small villages, towns and the large city of Plzen greeted their liberators with exuberant public celebrations. The phase ended with the German High Command surrender and the termination of all hostilities.
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6,250 words
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The Strategic Culture of the Imperial Japanese Navy
by Gary A. Gustafson
With the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Japan entered into a war against the two most powerful navies in the world, the United States and Britain. An Imperial Liaison Conference on 6 September 1941 approved the "Outline Plan for the Execution of the Empire's National Policy." The plan called for three phases. The first phase required the destruction of the US battle line at Pearl Harbor and the capture of resource-rich Southeast Asia. Phase 2 required the consolidation of a defensive perimeter from Burma to Sumatra to the Gilbert Islands to the North Pacific. Phase 3 looked to exploit the natural resources of the captured territory while the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) exhausted American attempts to retake the newly formed Empire of Japan.[3] At a Cabinet Liaison Conference on 1 November 1941, Admiral Nagano Osami, Naval Chief of Staff (NCS), echoed Yamamoto's earlier thoughts, "We can fight effectively for about two years, but no prediction can be made for after that." [4] Despite unprecedented success in the first phase of the plan, within ten months the IJN had lost two thirds of its fleet carriers, was quickly losing an attritional campaign in the Solomon Islands, and had completely relinquished the initiative to the enemy.
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15,220 words
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The Battles of Luneville: September 1944
by Bryan J. Dickerson
The catalyst for this paper was Jenna Carpenter Smith. On Veterans Day 2012, she contacted me seeking information about her late grandfather, Staff Sergeant Joseph Carpenter, who had served in the 2nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Group [Mechanized] in World War Two. Jenna had contacted me after reading about her grandfather in my article "The Liberation of Western Czechoslovakia 1945" which is also posted on Military History Online. I knew Joe Carpenter and his wife Ellin for several years before their deaths. Joe was one of the many World War Two veterans who have assisted me with my research on World War Two in Europe and the liberation of Czechoslovakia. That night, Jenna and I spoke by phone, during which time I shared my memories of her grandfather and grandmother. I explained to her the role that her grandfather and the 2nd Cavalry Group played in the European Campaign and share with her some of the stories that Joe had told me a number of years ago.
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6,693 words
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Book Review:
No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan
Review by Bob Seals
The Silver Star is our nation's third highest award for valor. As per regulations, recipients of the award must distinguish themselves by extraordinary heroism during armed conflict. To date, after a decade of combat in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, the United States Army has awarded some three hundred Silver Star medals to soldiers. For ten of these prestigious awards to be earned for one engagement indicates a level of heroism rarely seen during the ongoing War on Terror. Furthermore, such a high number of decorations for valor can, at times, indicate a mission gone wrong. This is the case very vividly described in the recent book published,
No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan
, by the noted authors Mitch Weiss and Kevin Maurer. The book is a quick, gripping read but one that is deadly serious and should serve as a sober warning to all Special Operations commanders contemplating sending men into a high risk operation in any theater of operations.
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Book Review:
Into the Fire: A Firsthand Account of the Most Extraordinary Battle in the Afghan War
Review by Bryan Mitchell Marsh
Dakota Meyer jumps out of the bullet-ridden Ford Ranger, dodging Taliban machinegun fire and the occasional rocket propelled grenade as he maneuvers through the mud-brick walls of Ganjgal, Afghanistan. It seems that every time he moves, he runs into more wounded Afghan soldiers. Unwilling to leave them to fend for themselves, Meyer keeps picking the wounded up and hauling them back to the sputtering truck. While he's glad to help these men, they aren't who he's really searching for. As the hours pass and the Taliban's attacks intensify, Meyer begins to wonder if he'll ever see his friends again.
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Member Article: Military History Online - World War II Game
by Ed Druback
This "After Action Report" (AAR) was intended to be written for a dual audience even though it is a review of one game played of the infinite variety of possible outcomes. First and foremost this AAR was written for someone who has never played a table top war game. If you are interested in the early stages of WWII (through the fall of France) whether you have ever played a war game or not, I hope I have made this AAR an enjoyable read.
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Member Article: The genius of Sweden's 'Lion of the North'
by Steve Wilson
In the skies over a modern battlefield a joint tactical air control team is often credited for carrying their platoon's "big gun," or radio, as devastating airstrikes are vectored in from aircraft loitering in the battle space where friendly forces are taking fire. Laser guided munitions, global positioning systems, joint direct attack munition technology and real-time communications make it possible for military units to shape the battlefield to their advantage.
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2,112 words
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Visual Guide to the U.S. Fleet Submarines: Part 1
by David L. Johnston
A cursory review of photographs of the U.S. fleet submarines of World War II often leaves the reader with the impression that the boats were nearly identical in appearance. Indeed, the fleet boats from the Porpoise class all the way to the late war Tench class were all similar enough in appearance that it is easy to see how this impression is justified. However, a more detailed examination of the boats will reveal a bewildering array of differences, some of them quite distinct, that allow the separation of the boats into their respective classes. Ironically, the rapidly changing configuration of the boats' appearances often makes it difficult to get down to a specific boat identification. However being familiar with all of the wartime changes will allow you to narrow down the date of the photo and when combined with other data will sometimes get you the specific name.
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6,423 words
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Member Article: The Evolution of British Infantry tactics in World War One
by Roger Daene
World War One on the Western Front is often times depicted as a series of senseless battles where infantry ran across open fields only to be slaughtered by machinegun and artillery fire. The popular conception is that there were little innovations in tactics. Wilhelm Balck, a German division commander, had written many articles and manuals on tactics before the Great War.[1] He said, "Bullets quickly write new tactics." After the Battle of the Marne in 1914 and the subsequent German retreat, the war on the western front became more of a positional war rather than a war of maneuver. The goal of the Allies and the Germans was to penetrate the enemy's main defense lines and exploit any breakthrough. The goal would be hard to attain because of the unique nature of warfare in World War One. Never before in the history of the world were so many new weapons introduced or old ones that suddenly became practical enough to use on a wide scale. World War One would see the introduction of the airplane, tank, and poison gas which had never been used on any battlefield. Although artillery had been around for centuries, recent innovations allowed for larger pieces to be developed that fired a heavier shell even greater distances than ever before.
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7,835 words
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Lodge Act Soldier: Henryk "Frenchy" Szarek
by Bob Seals
No nation of the world suffered more during World War II than Poland. Having the geographical misfortune to exist between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Poland sustained more losses as a percentage than any other belligerent; an estimated twenty percent of every man, woman or child in the nation, some 6 million or so by best estimate.[2] Enduring six hellish years of occupation, partition, deportations, slave labor and mass executions, the Polish suffering did not end with the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich on May 7, 1945. Thousands of Polish nationals, to include soldiers who had faithfully served the Allied cause on various fronts, faced an uncertain future, part of the enormous 14 million refugee population of Europe displaced by war.[3] With the Iron Curtain stretching from "…Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic," in the words of Winston S. Churchill, individuals displaced by the war faced the agonizing choice of remaining in the west or returning eastward to live in their Stalinist dominated communist homelands.[4]
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3,402 words
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Member Article: The Sharif and the Sultan of Fishermen: Mohammed ash-Shaykh, the Rise of the Saadians, and the Emergence of Modern Morocco
by Comer Plummer
It was in Constantinople, perhaps in 1558, or even years later, that on a certain day a weathered basket containing the rotten head of Mohammed ash-Shaykh toppled from the ancient Walls of Theodosius. It had hung there for a long time. Just how long, no one quite remembered. It tumbled into the refuse that collected along the base, a forgotten memento, uninteresting to even the wild dogs that scavenged there. Such a spectacle was, for the era, both callous and insipid. Eventually, it would become a dubious distinction for a Moroccan sovereign. In the final analysis, it might be described as a nadir that underscored an audacious life. Youngest son of Shaykh Mohammed ibn 'Abd ar-Rahmān, Mohammed ash-Shaykh was born in 1488 in the arid hamlet of Tagmadert, in the Draa Valley of southeastern Morocco. At first, he was called Mohammad el-Aςghar (Berber for 'The Younger'), but later he cultivated the nickname of
(Berber for 'tribal leader'), which, in turn, eventually became the Arab equivalent,
. Moroccan historian Mohammad el-Oufrani described him as an erudite young man, expert in the Qur'an, and with a lively interest in philosophy and poetry. And, as one of his favorite verses would indicate, Mohammed ash-Shaykh also had more than a hint of ambition.
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14,441 words
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Book Review:
Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II
Review by Larry Parker
An editorial in the 20 July 1939
New York Times
described the conflict between the Soviet Union and Japan on the border of Outer Mongolia and the puppet state of Manchukuo as, "A strange war raging in a thoroughly out-of-the-way corner of the world where it cannot attract attention." Indeed, geography, the compulsive secrecy second nature to both combatants and the subsequent outbreak of World War II in Europe combined to overshadow this little known but nonetheless critical, battle. Boasting the most extensive use of tanks and aircraft since World War I, Nomonhan, or Khalkin Gol as it was called by the Soviets, impacted World War II in areas far beyond the immediate scope of the battlefield.
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Member Article: From Small Causes, Great Events
by Larry Parker
Everyone should understand and appreciate the significance of great events and great men upon history. Had either Darius or Xerxes emerged victorious in any of the Graeco-Persian wars, Greek and, as a result, Western civilization would have been terminated in its infancy, completely changing the world as we know it. Had Islam triumphed at Chalons (451), Poitiers (732), Lepanto (1571) or Vienna (1529 & 1683) Mohamed's vision of a worldwide caliphate might now be a reality. Had the Battle of the Virginia Capes (1781) followed the usual course of events in English versus French encounters during the period when the Royal Navy ruled the waves, the American Revolution might have ended in defeat rather than victory at Yorktown. Everyone should also understand the relationship of cause and effect upon history. Everyone should appreciate that in the interplay of the myriad details that bring history into being everything is connected, yet nothing about the chronicle is inevitable, nothing about the saga is fixed. Few, however, do. Indeed some experts would have us believe there are no great events, that history is the inexorable result of wide spread trends, mass movements, the realm of ideas; that individuals do not matter, there are no great men; that details are inconsequential, minutiae swept up in the vast and overwhelming tide of human actions. Nothing could be further from the truth.
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12,473 words
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Member Article: Sow the wind, reap the Whirlwind - The Fate of the Kido Butai
by Larry Parker
Standing on the bridge of his flagship, the converted battle cruiser
[1] , Admiral Chuichi Nagumo watched with satisfaction as his well trained air crews moved purposefully about the flight deck refueling and rearming the Nakajima B5N (97-2) 'Kate' torpedo bombers, Aichi D3A (99-1) 'Val' dive bombers and Mitsubishi A6M (0-3) 'Zeke' or 'Zero' fighters. Scanning the task force steaming with Akagi, Nagumo noted similar activity on the fleet carriers
, and
. Escorting the aircraft carriers of the Kido Butai were the battleships
, the heavy cruisers
, and the light cruiser
. Twelve destroyers and seven auxiliary oilers completed the Pearl Harbor Strike Force.[2]
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3,559 words
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Member Article: The Second Samnite War Phase 2: The Caudine Peace
by Gordon Davis
Following the disaster of the Caudine Forks in 321 BC, the Roman state was forced into an unexpected and unwanted peace with the Samnites. For the balance of 321 BC and the following four years down to the end of 317 BC, there followed a cessation of direct hostilities between Rome and Samnium. Livy (9.1) calls this interlude the 'Caudine Peace' ("Caudina pax") and as such the period may be viewed as a distinct phase of the Second, or Great, Samnite War of 327 – 306 BC.[1] The moniker of peace for the short five-year period, however, needs to be interpreted in a very narrow sense. The annalistic tradition clearly indicates that there was little actual peace in central Italy during these five years. The crisis caused by the military disaster, the most significant to befall Rome since defeat by the Gauls at the river Allia in 390 BC, quickly led to further misfortune and setbacks for the Latin state. Within a year, various uprisings rose up on the frontiers of city's hegemony, which the
's were obliged to move against in force. Such was the Roman's success in these operations that by the end of 317 BC they had effectively restored the limits of their previously gained influence. In the final year of the peace, we can also discern an intent to prepare for the resumption of direct war with Samnium, which did indeed come to pass in the following year with Rome's move to besiege the Caudine fortress of Saticula.
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10,048 words
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Air Reconnaissance in the Second World War
by Del C. Kostka
In 1919, the great arsenals of the world lay in ruins. After four years of bitter conflict, weary governments eagerly scrapped the instruments of war that spread so much carnage and destruction across the continent of Europe. A global peace movement and tight fiscal budgets conspired to keep military development to a minimum during the post-war era, and in almost every nation's air service the discipline that suffered the most was aerial reconnaissance. It would be a shortsighted policy. Just twenty years after "the war to end all wars," an even greater global crisis would once again prove the indispensable nature of strategic aerial reconnaissance in modern, mechanized warfare. Without question, air reconnaissance had an enormous impact on military operations during the First World War. Airborne observers provided clarity and situational awareness for battlefield commanders (Tactical Intelligence), and air photo interpreters provided information about the enemy's strength, logistics and capabilities (Strategic Intelligence). But the intelligence value of air reconnaissance in the First World War was considered secondary to the role that aviation played in guiding artillery fire. Airborne artillery spotting, when combined with new wireless communication and artillery technologies, constituted the most lethal weapon system of the war. In fact, airborne artillery spotting was so effective that most post-war military strategists considered air reconnaissance simply an extension of ground operations.
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5,501 words
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The Armenian Military in the Byzantine Empire Conflict and Alliance under Justinian and Maurice
by Armen Ayvazyan
This book brings to light one of the least known, yet most turbulent periods in the history of the Armenian military and its complex relationship with the Byzantine Empire. In its first part, Armen Ayvazyan embarks on a military-historical analysis of the Armenian uprising against Emperor Justinian's government in 538- 539. While revealing and evaluating various tactical elements and stratagems employed by the Armenian forces, he carefully considers earlier and later evidence regarding their military operations, including both conventional warfare and high risk missions such as targeting killings of enemy commanders-in-chief and assassination plots against the heads of colonial administrations. And in the second part, Ayvazyan examines the Byzantine attitudes towards the Armenians and their armed forces, revealing, inter alia, that the underlying source for continuity of the anti-Armenian images with the analogous Roman tradition of prejudice was essentially geopolitical.
Read more...
* * *
Book Review:
The Blood of Heroes: The 13-Day Struggle for the Alamo
Review by Bruce L. Brager
On March 6, 2012, the thirteen day siege of the Alamo ended with just about an hour of fighting in the virtual dark. The Mexicans had the place, not surprising when some 2,000 soldiers fight about 200. Their commander, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, also president of Mexico, commanded that "Much blood has been shed, but the battle is over; it was but a small affair."[1] Santa Anna had a strong streak of self-aggrandizement, so in his report to Mexico City the battle took on elements on one of the major battles in history. Militarily, it might not have been a major battle, as these things go. But in its influence on history, the Alamo, and its follow up, was a key turning point in the history of two nations.
Read more...
* * *
Member Article: Cascading Failure: The Roman Disaster at Adrianople AD 378
by Jeffrey R. Cox
So long as humanity has existed, war has existed as well. Yet given the size of the earth, the relative youth of humanity the limitation of human habitation to certain climates and environments, is should come as no surprise that the portion of the earth that has experienced war, including major battles or significant combat actions, is very small. What should be much more surprising is that relatively few places have experienced such combat actions on more than one occasion. Of those that do, most were the subject of a single campaign. For instance, two American Revolutionary War battles near Saratoga, New York, combined to stop the British drive down the Hudson River. Multiple major combat actions were fought in and around Atlanta during the Civil War campaign to control that city. No less than five naval clashes were fought in the waters immediately north of Guadalcanal as part of the World War II campaign to control that island.
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43,643 words
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Giulio Douhet's Command of the Air: Designing the Principles for Cyberwar in the 21st Century
by Holly Senatore
This piece will demonstrate that the theoretical basis for counter cyber offense is innately related to the conceptual argument proposed by the early air war theorist, Giulio Douhet (1869-1930). He foresaw the offensive use of aircraft/ bombers strategically employed in warfare to aim at the psychological, moral, and physical destruction of the enemy's homeland in order to bring about swifter end to combat. In the World War II Pacific Theater, in 1945 General Curtis Lemay successfully utilized Douhet's teachings and helped to facilitate the surrender of the Japanese Imperial Forces. This piece will secondly explore an overall methodology for forming a cyber- strategy (the end goal) as it relates to the argument espoused by this early air war theorist who presaged the vulnerabilities of government, economic, and civilian institutions caused by air attacks. The means of implementing and executing this goal would loosely be based upon the US Intelligence Cycle. Since cyber threats are also offensive in nature, the cyber strategy posed in this discussion would counter these threats by creating a counter cyber - offense strategy based on denial and deception, and strategic deflection. Theoretically, this strategy can be accomplished by enacting the steps of the Intelligence Cycle in reverse.
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5,543 words
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Ninety Five Theses and the Revolution that followed
by Thomas Leckwold
Martin Luther's Ninety Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences was nailed to the castle church in Wittenberg, in now modern day Germany, on October 31, 1517. This document was a protest that strongly criticized the practice of selling indulgences of the Roman Catholic Church, known here after as the Church. The document was a challenge to church authority that set forth events that permanently changed the religious, political, and social factors of central Europe, and led to a series of wars using the pretext of faith, and the role of the Church in the political structure of Western Europe. Luther's document was not meant to be a call to revolution, but the social conditions, and economic factors, along with religious convictions did set in motion a revolution and subsequent conflicts in central Europe.
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6,438 words
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Member Article: Bullets Quickly Write New Tactics
by Roger Daene
Wilhelm Balck said about tactics, "Bullets quickly write new tactics." He was a divisional commander in the First World War and had written many articles and manuals on tactics before the Great War.[1] After the Battle of the Marne in 1914 and the subsequent German retreat, the war on the western front became more of a positional war rather than a war of maneuver. The Allied and German nearly unattainable goal was to penetrate the enemy's main defense lines and exploit any breakthrough. New tactics would be developed after the bullets started flying. The German Army made some fundamental changes to both its offensive and defensive tactics during the winter of 1916/1917 and again in the winter of 1917/1918. In spite of all the adjustments, the spring offensive of 1918 failed. The Germans began questioning and studying why they failed in their last gamble to win the war.
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7,223 words
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Member Article: Who Won the Second Lebanon War of 2006?
by Robert Werdine
On the morning of July 12, 2006, members of the Reserve Battalion of the IDF's 300 Brigade, 91 Division were en route to a routine border patrol on the Israel-Lebanon border around milepost 105. At about 9:00am, one of their two HUMVEE utility vehicles struck an IED, and a hailstorm of ATGMs (Anti-Tank Guided Missiles) blanketed both vehicles, killing three and wounding four. Hezbollah militants at once pulled two of the wounded Israeli soldiers from the wrecked vehicles, and made off with them across the border. As a diversion, Hezbollah militants elsewhere then launched a salvo of rockets, mortars, and sniper fire at several Israeli villages and IDF outposts in the vicinity of milepost 105 to sow confusion and cover the kidnapper's escape. A few Israeli Merkeva tanks sent across the border in pursuit yielded nothing, and one of the tanks hit an IED and was blown to bits, killing the crew. A rescue attempt to retrieve the dead crew encountered a firefight with Hezbollah, killing two IDF, and a stream of airstrikes hitting some 69 bridges in S. Lebanon failed to cut off the kidnappers escape. The Hezbollah cross-border raid/kidnapping was a complete success.[1]
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5,292 words
* * *
Interview with WWII Veteran Walter Holy
Interview by Tony Welch
An astounding number of American teenagers, both male and female, altered their birth dates in order to serve their country during World War 11. The practice reached its peak in 1943. Over time, nearly 50,000 were detected and sent home. Among the many who eventually managed to enlist, a handful was discovered – court martialed – and then stripped of any valor awards they might have earned. But the great majority – some 200,000 -- went unnoticed and served honorably for the duration. Among those sworn in was Walter Holy (rhymes with 'moly,' as in 'holy moly'). Walter and his wife Frances reside in Vancouver, Washington, just over the Columbia River from Portland. There's a possibility that Walt's combat boots are still stashed in the hall closet, just in case. What might Walter be thinking? If you're never too young, then you're also never too old…?
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3,360 words
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Book Review:
Midnight Rising: John Brown and the Raid that Sparked the Civil War
Review by Bruce L. Brager
At night, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, can be a world class spooky place. The tiny town sits in a triangle of land, a valley surrounded on all sides by hills, at the point where the Shenandoah River flows north into the Potomac River. Across the Potomac is Maryland, most dramatically represented by Maryland Heights, almost literarily looming over the town. Just a few hundred years to the east is the border of Virginia. To the south and west is West Virginia. Harpers Ferry was part of Virginia before the American Civil War, before the creation of the state of West Virginia. Militarily it was in an odd situation. Before the war, one of the two major Federal armories was in Harpers Ferry, taking advantage of the ready source of water for hydropower. The war took care of the armory rather quickly. The Federals tried to burn; the Confederate took what did not burn.
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Book Review:
Lions of Kandahar: The Story of a Fight Against All Odds
Review by Bob Seals
Since the horrific events of September 11, 2001, the United States Army has been engaged continuously in combat operations across the globe. Army Special Forces, employed in the Foreign Internal Defense mode, have often been the nation's weapon of choice against terror, working "by, with and through," a partner nation's security forces. Perhaps due to the nature of Special Forces operations, and the "quiet professionals" themselves, realistic and first person accounts of Army SF operations during the past ten years have not been plentiful, or particularly well written. The recently published Lions of Kandahar, by U.S. Army Special Forces officer Rusty Bradley and journalist Kevin Maurer, has now broken this paradigm. The two authors have crafted a superb work which gives the reader a thorough understanding of SF operations masterfully executed in Afghanistan by the basic building block of the branch, the Special Forces Operational Detachment-Alpha (SFODA). Commonly known as the "A Team," these small, highly trained 12-man units are often little understood, or appreciated. This book should help to correct any misunderstanding.
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Member Article: The influence of Neurotechnology on Just War
by Holly Senatore
This paper will discuss the use of neuroscience[3] by the United States Armed Forces to further develop emerging technologies in the field of neurotechnology for purposes of National Security in conjunction with a discussion of its use in terms of Just War Theory. It will secondly pose the question as to whether or not it is ethical to continue the use of human research experimentation within the United States Armed Forces for the development of neurotechnology. The second portion of this question is examined in conjunction with regard to the possible undermining effects that this emerging military technology will have on integral aspects innate to any warrior ethos, such as courage, bravery, and honor and are hence trans-cultural. Neurotechnology is intended to alter the capability of human cognitive[4] function and manipulate mental states of US Service-members. As such, neurotechnology and the testing of it on human research subjects within the United States Armed Forces, or the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa) sponsored human experimentation for the development of neurotechnological enhancements or should only be considered moral or ethical if used in a defensive war waged for a Just Cause.
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11,702 words
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Member Article: Turning East: Hitler's only option
by Thomas Tripp
The invasion of the Soviet Union arguably was the most important military decision Adolf Hitler made in his life. In just a little under four years, it destroyed the Thousand Year
along with tens of millions of innocent lives. Did this fatal decision go against his belief of avoiding a two-front war or did Hitler feel he had a small window of opportunity to win a campaign in the East, provided it was swift, while the British remained isolated on their island? He felt this would bring about a settlement with Great Britain without the risk of a cross channel invasion. Hitler in one of his last recorded conversations in the
Chancellery Bunker in April 1945, stated:
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11,396 words
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Member Article: Fury, Fumaroles and Brimstone - Interview with George Pickett
by Tony Welch
For seven months – May through November, 1945 – George E. Pickett and three fellow sailors held sway over what would soon become the world's most iconic and instantly recognizable piece of real estate. None of them held a trust deed to the property, and yet this foursome lorded over their patch of ground with all the authority of a cop on the beat. Trespassers and interlopers were warned away by a sign reading: "DANGER – 5,000 VOLTS! KEEP OUT."
Read more...
2,713 words
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Dear visitor, welcome to SCOOTERTECHNO.COM. If this is your first visit here, please read the Help. It explains in detail how this page works. To use all features of this page, you should consider registering. Please use the registration form, to register here or read more information about the registration process. If you are already registered, please login here.
Hungarian is nice. And Hungary is a nice country too. I like it more and more everyday.I love english too even if i don't know it perfectly as i want. I know hungarian perfectly,romanian obvious and a bit of german.
So what's up?
Na mi van itt?
Deci,ce se intampla aici?
This post has been edited 1 times, last edit by "Traxx" (Dec 14th 2009, 3:54pm)


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Dahlia Wall Mirror
Reflecting a '50s aesthetic, a burst of petals fans out around an 11¼" mirror. The graceful ironwork glows with a bronze patina and casts intriguing shadows on walls.
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Jan 16, 2013 | 03:56 PM | Lisa Gordon
Tags scrap metals, recycling, Momentum Metals & Recycling, Texas site, Lisa Gordon
PITTSBURGH Momentum Metals & Recycling is planning to open its third facility in Texas. The Burleson, Texas-based company has submitted a site-development plan for a property in Granbury, about 40 miles southwest....
PITTSBURGH Momentum Metals & Recycling is planning to open its third facility in Texas.
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Do you think steel mills will succeed in their efforts to stop selling at a discount to the CRU index?
June 20-21, 2013 New York
This whole thing is becoming a game of smoke.
Midwest service center


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Quickie is nasty
But since yall got that collab with those niggas from CA can we assume yall gonna perform out here jimmy
Download Jimmy
What's good with that tee =x
Don't badmind me.
Damn rape prices for a tee lol
what is that beat from?
them niggas are craaaaaaaaaaaazy $64 for that tee? shit is dope tho but gahdamn. helll naaaaaaaah.
Hahaha. I can't front on that. They are some high prices.


text:
ST. PAULS — A teenager and a pastor from St. Pauls were killed Saturday night in a two-vehicle accident on U.S. 301 near St. Pauls.
Details of the accident are unknown, as the Highway Patrol office is closed until Monday, but according to posts on the Facebook page for Chick-fil-A in Lumberton, one of the dead is an employee who was on his way to work, Zack Murdock. The other is Frank Strickland, pastor of New Beginnings Church of God in St. Pauls.
The restaurant is closed today, but opened this afternoon to those who wanted to gather in rememberance of Murdock and Strickland.
There were multiple passengers in Strickland's vehicle, including his wife Stacy and daughter Gabby, who were taken to UNC Hospitals in Chapel Hill. Their status was not available Sunday.
The St. Pauls Review will update the story at stpaulsreview.com and in Thursday's print edition.


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Temms was captured on her farm in Calhoun, in late 1864, during General William T. Sherman's "March to the Sea" campaign. She allegedly alerted the Confederacy that the Union was fast approaching, which prompted her capture and imprisonment.
Temms was imprisoned and died in a Union prison in Lousiville, Ky. At her dying request, she said, "Bury me with my people," which is how she was buried amongst the Confederate soldiers in Cave Hill Cemetery. Her marker even reflects this last sentiment.
Today, Temms' headstone stands weathered from nearly 150 years of acid rain and pollution, rendering the stone virtually unreadable, however the Cave Hill Heritage Foundation is asking for donations to replace the historical headstone.
A 501(c)3 public charity, and associated organization of Cave Hill Cemetery, the Cave Hill Heritage Foundation has currently collected $250 to date and is seeking the needed $300 to replace the headstone of Elizabeth Temms and its original writings.
Contributions are tax deductible, as allowed by the extent of the law, and can be made payable to the Cave Hill Heritage Foundation. Checks can be sent to our mailing address, 701 Baxter Avenue, Louisville, Kentucky 40204. For further information, please contact J. Michael Higgs, Foundation Coordinator, Cave Hill Heritage Foundation, at 502-451-5630, EXT. 5.
The Cave Hill Heritage Foundation is a 501 (c) (3) public charity devoted to the restoration, preservation and development of educational opportunities involving Cave Hill Cemetery. For more information on Cave Hill Cemetery or the Cave Hill Heritage Foundation, please visit our website at www.cavehillcemetery.com.


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Sat, May 06, 2006
Designed to be a daily reminder of the terms, names, acronyms and explanations of the unique language that populates the aviation world, ANN Contributor Aleta "I'm Not Making An Asterisk Of Myself" Vinas will be selecting... and presenting unique aeronautical terms each day from all tiers of the aviation world...
Aerospace, sport aviation, fixed wing, helo, you name it... it's all fair game and with a full year's selection already coming together, we can assure you that Aero-Terms should serve as a quick but intriguing reminder of the terms you may use every day or an introduction to an aspects of the Aero-World you may not yet be familiar with. ANN also encourages readers to go beyond the FMI link, and further research any intriguing terms.
Cool, no?
Suggestions for future Aero-Terms are ALWAYS welcome, as are additions or discussion of the explanations given for each Aero-Term.
Essential Elements of Friendly Information -- In the context of "friend or foe," these are specific pieces of information regarding friendly (i.e., our) intentions, capabilities, and activities which are likely to be sought by our foes (i.e., our enemies/competitors). What happened to name, rank and serial number?
Airborne 05.24.13: FAA To EAA: PAY UP!, PC-24 Unveiled, Cessna JT-A 1st Production Flight
Airborne 05.21.13: Cirrus Chute Fails, NASA Record, More NIMBY Nonsense
Airborne 05.17.13: X-47B Carrier Launch, New Base For CAF, Space Oddity... For Real!
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