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Azerbaijani people
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approx. 28–35 million[1][2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Predominantly Shia Islam; minorities practice Sunni Islam, Christianity[citation needed], Bahá'í Faith,[30][31] and Zoroastrianism[citation needed] |
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Other Turkic peoples, Iranian peoples, peoples of the Caucasus |
The Azerbaijanis (/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni/; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار) are a Turkic people[32] living mainly in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran, as well as in the neighboring states. Also referred to as "Azerbaijani Turks"[33][34] (Azərbaycan türkləri, آذربایجان تورکلری) or "Azeris" (Azərilər, آذریلر), they live in a wider area from the Caucasus to the Iranian plateau. The Azerbaijanis are predominantly Shi'a Muslim[35][36] and have a mixed cultural heritage including Persian,[37] Turkic, Iranian[38] and Caucasian elements.
Following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1813 and 1828, the territories of the Qajar Persian Empire in the Caucasus were ceded to the Russian Empire and the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran.[39][40] The formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Despite living on two sides of an international border, the Azeris form a single ethnic group.[36] However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution in Iranian Azerbaijan and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz and Anatolian Turkish (including the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen), all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages.[41]:105 Also, it is known that national identity of "Azerbaijani" is a recent formation as the people of the region were alternatively referred to as Turks, Tatars and Caucasian Muslims before.[42]
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Azerbaijan is believed to be named after Atropates, a Persian[43][44][45][46] satrap (governor) who ruled in Atropatene (modern Iranian Azerbaijan).[47][48]:2 The name Atropates means "protected by fire". An alternative theory is that Azerbaijan is the combination of two Persian words, "Āzar" meaning "(holy) fire" and "pāygān" meaning "the place of".[49]
Ancient residents of the area spoke the Ancient Azari language, which belonged to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.[50] In the 11th century A.D. with Seljukid conquests, Oghuz Turkic tribes started moving across the Iranian plateau into the Caucasus and Anatolia. The influx of the Oghuz and other Turkmen tribes was further accentuated by the Mongol invasion.[51] Here, the Oghuz tribes divided into various smaller groups, some of whom – mostly Sunni – moved to Anatolia (i.e., the Ottomans) and became settled, while others remained in the Caucasus region and later – due to the influence of the Safaviyya – eventually converted to the Shia branch of Islam. The latter were to keep the name "Turkmen" or "Turcoman" for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they gradually Turkified the Iranian-speaking populations of Azerbaijan, thus creating a new identity based on Shia and the use of Oghuz Turkic. Today, this Turkic-speaking population is known as Azeri.[38]
Ancient period[edit]
Caucasian Albanians are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the region where the modern day Republic of Azerbaijan is located.[52] Early Iranian settlements included the Scythians in the ninth century BC. Following the Scythians, the Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras River.[49] The Medes forged a vast empire between 900–700 BC, which was integrated into the Achaemenids Empire around 550 BC. During this period, Zoroastrianism spread in the Caucasus and Atropatene. The Achaemenids in turn were defeated by Alexander the Great in 330 BC, but the Median satrap Atropates was allowed to remain in power. Following the decline of the Seleucids in Persia in 247 BC, an Armenian Kingdom exercised control over parts of Caucasian Albania.[53] Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the first century BC and largely remained independent until the Persian Sassanids made the kingdom a vassal state in 252 AD.[54]:38 Caucasian Albania's ruler, King Urnayr, officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the fourth century AD, and Albania remained a Christian state until the 8th century.[55][56] Sassanid control ended with their defeat by Muslim Arabs in 642 AD.[57]
Medieval period[edit]
Muslim Arabs defeated the Sassanids and Byzantines as they marched into the Caucasus region. The Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince Javanshir, surrendered in 667.[54]:71 Between the ninth and tenth centuries, Arab authors began to refer to the region between the Kura and Aras rivers as Arran.[54]:20 During this time, Arabs from Basra and Kufa came to Azerbaijan and seized lands that indigenous peoples had abandoned; the Arabs became a land-owning elite.[58]:48 Conversion to Islam was slow as local resistance persisted for centuries and resentment grew as small groups of Arabs began migrating to cities such as Tabriz and Maraghah. This influx sparked a major rebellion in Iranian Azerbaijan from 816–837, led by a local Zoroastrian commoner named Bābak.[59] However, despite pockets of continued resistance, the majority of the inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam. Later, in the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of Azerbaijan were ruled by the Kurdish dynasties of Shaddadid and Rawadid.
In the middle of the eleventh century, the Seljuq dynasty overthrew Arab rule and established an empire that encompassed most of Southwest Asia. The Seljuk period marked the influx of Oghuz nomads into the region, and the beginning of the Turkification of Azerbaijan as the West Oghuz Turkic language supplanted earlier Caucasian and Iranian ones.[49][60]
Iranian cultural influence, however, survived extensively, as evidenced by the works of Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi. The emerging Turkic identity was chronicled in epic poems or dastans, the oldest being the Book of Dede Korkut, which relate allegorical tales about the early Turks in the Caucasus and Asia Minor.[54]:45 Turkic dominion was interrupted by the Mongols in 1227. Turkic rule returned with the Timurids and then Sunni Qara Qoyunlū (Black Sheep Turkmen) and Aq Qoyunlū (White Sheep Turkmen), who dominated Azerbaijan until the Shi'a Safavids took power in 1501.[54]:113[58]:285
Modern period[edit]
The Safavids, who rose from around Ardabil in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722, established the modern Iranian state.[61] Noted for achievements in state building, architecture, and the sciences, the Safavid state crumbled due to internal decay and external pressures from the Russians and Afghans. The Safavids encouraged and spread Shi'a Islam, as well as the arts and culture, and Shah Abbas the Great created an intellectual atmosphere that according to some scholars was a new "golden age".[62] He reformed the government and the military, and responded to the needs of the common people.[62]
After the Safavid state came brief Ottoman rule followed by conquest by Nadir Shah Afshar, a Sunni chieftain from Khorasan who reduced the power of the Shi'a.[58]:300 The brief reign of Karim Khan came next, followed by the Qajars, who ruled Azerbaijan and Iran from 1779.[54]:106 Russia loomed as a threat to Persian holdings in the Caucasus in this period. The Russo-Persian Wars began in the eighteenth century and ended in the early nineteenth century with the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, which ceded the Caucasian portion of Qajar Iran to the Russian Empire.[48]:17 While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society, northern Azeris were incorporated into the Russian Empire.
In Iran, Azerbaijanis such as Sattar Khan sought constitutional reform.[63] The Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–11 shook the Qajar dynasty. A parliament (Majlis) was founded on the efforts of the constitutionalists, and pro-democracy newspapers appeared. The last Shah of the Qajar dynasty was soon removed in a military coup led by Reza Khan. In the quest to impose national homogeneity on a country where half of the population were ethnic minorities, Reza Shah banned in quick succession the use of the Azerbaijani language in schools, theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and books.[64]
Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet forces took control of Iranian Azerbaijan and helped to set up the Azerbaijan People's Government, a client state under the leadership of Sayyid Jafar Pishevari backed by Soviet Azerbaijan. The Soviet military presence in Iranian Azerbaijan was mainly aimed at securing the Allied supply route during World War II. Concerned with the continued Soviet presence after World War II, the United States and Britain pressured the Soviets to withdraw by late 1946. Immediately thereafter, the Iranian government regained control of Iranian Azerbaijan.
According to Professor Gary R. Hess:
On December 11, an Iranian force entered Tabriz and the Peeshavari government quickly collapsed. Indeed the Iranians were enthusiastically welcomed by the people of Azerbaijan, who strongly preferred domination by Tehran rather than Moscow. The Soviet willingness to forego its influence in (Iranian) Azerbaijan probably resulted from several factors, including the realization that the sentiment for autonomy had been exaggerated and that oil concessions remained the more desirable long-term Soviet Objective.[65]
Brief independence for northern Azerbaijan in 1918–1920 was followed by over 70 years of Soviet rule.[41]:91 After the restoration of independence in October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan became embroiled in a war with neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.[41]:97
In many references, Azerbaijanis are designated as a Turkic people, due to their Turkic language.[66][67] However, modern-day Azerbaijanis are believed to be primarily the descendants of the Caucasian Albanian[68][69] and Iranic peoples who lived in the areas of the Caucasus and northern Iran, respectively, prior to Turkification. Historian Vladimir Minorsky writes that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkish-speaking:
In the beginning of the 5th/11th century the Ghuzz hordes, first in smaller parties, and then in considerable numbers, under the Seljuqids occupied Azerbaijan. In consequence, the Iranian population of Azerbaijan and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became Turkophone while the characteristic features of Ādharbāyjānī Turkish, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, reflect the non-Turkish origin of the Turkicised population.[70]
Thus, centuries of Turkic migration and turkification of the region helped to formulate the contemporary Azerbaijani ethnic identity.
The earliest major Turkic incursion of the area now known as Azerbaijan began and accelerated during the Seljuk period.[66] The migration of Oghuz Turks from present-day Turkmenistan, which is attested by linguistic similarity, remained high through the Mongol period, as many troops under the Ilkhans were Turkic. By the Safavid period, the Turkification of Azerbaijan continued with the influence of the Kizilbash. The very name Azerbaijan is derived from the pre-Turkic name of the province, Azarbayjan or Adarbayjan, and illustrates a gradual language shift that took place as local place names survived Turkification, albeit in altered form.[50]
Most academics view the linguistic Turkification of predominantly non-Turkic-speaking indigenous peoples and assimilation of small bands of Turkic tribes as the most likely origin for the Azeris.[48]:6–7
Iranian origin[edit]
The Iranian origins of the Azerbaijanis likely derive from ancient Iranic tribes, such as the Medes in Iranian Azerbaijan, and Scythian invaders who arrived during the eighth century BC. It is believed that the Medes mixed with Mannai.[71] Ancient written accounts, such as one written by Arab historian Al-Masudi, attest to an Iranian presence in the region:
The Persians are a people whose borders are the Mahat Mountains and Azarbaijan up to Armenia and Aran, and Bayleqan and Darband, and Ray and Tabaristan and Masqat and Shabaran and Jorjan and Abarshahr, and that is Nishabur, and Herat and Marv and other places in the land of Khorasan, and Sejistan and Kerman and Fars and Ahvaz ... All these lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language ... although the language differed slightly. The language, however, is one, in that its letters are written the same way and used the same way in composition. There are, then, different languages such as Pahlavi, Dari, Azari, as well as other Persian languages.[72]
Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism was prominent throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam.[73] It has also been hypothesized that the population of Iranian Azerbaijan was predominantly Persian-speaking before the Oghuz arrived. This claim is supported by the many figures of Persian literature, such as Qatran Tabrizi, Shams Tabrizi, Nizami Ganjavi, and Khaghani, who wrote in Persian prior to and during the Oghuz migration, as well as by Strabo, Al-Istakhri, and Al-Masudi, who all describe the language of the region as Persian. The claim is mentioned by other medieval historians, such as Al-Muqaddasi.[50]
Encyclopædia Iranica says "The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers" and points out the continued presence of pockets of Iranian Talysh and Tats in Azerbaijan.[74]
Caucasian origin[edit]
According to Encyclopædia Britannica:
The Azerbaijani are of mixed ethnic origin, the oldest element deriving from the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and possibly from the Medians of northern Persia.[36]
There is evidence that, despite repeated invasions and migrations, aboriginal Caucasians may have been culturally assimilated, first by Ancient Iranian peoples and later by the Oghuz. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language, history, early conversion to Christianity, and close ties to the Armenians. The Udi language, still spoken in Azerbaijan, may be a remnant of the Albanians' language.[75]
This Caucasian influence extended further south into Iranian Azerbaijan. During the 1st millennium BC, another Caucasian people, the Mannaeans (Mannai) populated much of Iranian Azerbaijan. Weakened by conflicts with the Assyrians, the Mannaeans are believed to have been conquered and assimilated by the Medes by 590 BC.[76]
Genetic studies demonstrate that northern Azeris are more closely related to other Caucasian people like Georgians and Armenians than they are to Iranians or Turks.[78] Iranian Azeris are genetically more similar to northern Azeris and the neighboring Turkish population than they are to geographically distant Turkmen populations.[79] Iranian-speaking populations from Azerbaijan (the Talysh and Tats) are genetically closer to Azerbaijanis of the Republic than to other Iranian-speaking populations (Persian people and Kurds from Iran, Ossetians, and Tajiks).[80] Such genetic evidence supports the view that the Azeris originate from a native population long resident in the area who adopted a Turkish language through a process of "elite dominance", i.e. a limited number of Turkic immigrants had a substantial cultural impact but left only weak patrilineal genetic traces.[77][78][79]
MtDNA analysis indicates that Iranians, Anatolians and Caucasians are part of a larger West Eurasian group that is secondary to that of the Caucasus.[81][82] While genetic analysis of mtDNA indicates that Caucasian populations are genetically closer to Europeans than to Near Easterners, Y-chromosome results indicate closer affinity to Near Eastern groups.[78]
Iranians have a relatively diverse range of Y-chromosome haplotypes. A population from central Iran (Isfahan) shows closer similarity in terms of haplogroup distributions to Caucasians and Azeris than to populations from southern or northern Iran.[83] The range of haplogroups across the region may reflect historical genetic admixture,[84] perhaps as a result of invasive male migrations.[78]
Historically the Turkic speakers of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Caucasus called themselves or were referred to by others as Muslims, Turks, or Ajams (by Kurds),[85] and religious identification prevailed over ethnic identification. When the South Caucasus became part of the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century, the Russian authorities, who traditionally referred to all Turkic people as Tatars, defined Tatars living in the Transcaucasus region as Caucasian or Aderbeijanskie (Адербейджанские) Tatars to distinguish them from other Turkic groups.[86] The Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, written in the 1890s, also referred to Tatars in Azerbaijan as Aderbeijans (адербейджаны),[87] but noted that the term had not been adopted widely.[88] This ethnonym was also used by Joseph Deniker:
[The purely linguistic] grouping [does not] coincide with the somatological grouping: thus the Aderbeijani of the Caucasus and Persia, who speak a Turkish language, have the same physical type as the Hadjemi-Persians, who speak an Iranian tongue.[89]
In Azerbaijani language publications, the expression "Azerbaijani nation" referring to those who were known as Tatars of the Caucasus first appeared in the newspaper Kashkul in 1880.[90]
Demographics and society[edit]
The vast majority of Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. Between 11.2 and 20 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran, mainly in the northwestern provinces. Approximately 8 million Azerbaijanis are found in the Republic of Azerbaijan. A diaspora of over a million is spread throughout the rest of the world. According to Ethnologue, there are over 1 million speakers of the northern Azerbaijani dialect in southern Dagestan, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[91] No Azerbaijanis were recorded in the 2001 census in Armenia,[92] where the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resulted in population shifts. Other sources, such as national censuses, confirm the presence of Azeris throughout the other states of the former Soviet Union. Ethnologue reports that 1 million South Azeris live outside Iran, but these figures include Iraqi Turkmen, a distinct though related Turkic people.[11]
Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan[edit]
Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in Azerbaijan (over 90%). The literacy rate is very high, and is estimated at 99.5%.[93] Azerbaijan began the twentieth century with institutions based upon those of Russia and the Soviet Union, with an official policy of atheism and strict state control over most aspects of society. Since independence, there is a secular democratic system.
Azerbaijani society has been deeply impacted by the war with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, which has displaced nearly 1 million Azerbaijanis and put strain on the economy.[citation needed] Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry, but high levels of corruption have prevented greater prosperity for the masses.[94] Despite these problems, there is a renaissance in Azerbaijan as positive economic predictions and an active political opposition appear determined to improve the lives of average Azerbaijanis.[49][95]
Azerbaijanis in Iran[edit]
While population estimates in Azerbaijan are considered reliable due to regular censuses, the figures for Iran remain questionable. Since the early twentieth century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups.[96] Unofficial population estimates of Azerbaijanis in Iran range from 16% by the CIA and Library of Congress[3][97] up to 40% by Azeri nationalists. An independent poll in 2009 placed the figure at around 20–22%.[98]
Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces: East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, parts of Hamedan, Qazvin, West Azerbaijan and Markazi.[97] Many others live in Tehran, Fars Province, and other regions. Generally, Azerbaijanis in Iran were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics prior to Iran's Islamic Revolution.[99][100] Despite friction, Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well represented at all levels of "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as the religious hierarchy".[96]
Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the Azerbaijani language in local government, schools, and the press.[101] However with the advent of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor. Within the Islamic Revolutionary government there emerged an Azeri nationalist faction led by Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, who advocated greater regional autonomy and wanted the constitution to be revised to include secularists and opposition parties; this was denied.[102] Islamic theocratic institutions dominate nearly all aspects of society. The Azerbaijani language and its literature are banned in Iranian schools.[103] There are signs of civil unrest due to the policies of the Iranian government in Iranian Azerbaijan and increased interaction with fellow Azeris in Azerbaijan and satellite broadcasts from Turkey have revived Azeri nationalism.[104] In May 2006, Iranian Azerbaijan witnessed riots over publication of a cartoon depicting a cockroach speaking Azeri[105] that many Azeris found offensive.[106][107] The cartoon was drawn by Mana Neyestani, an ethnic Azeri, who was fired along with his editor as a result of the controversy.[108][109]
Despite sporadic problems, Azeris are an intrinsic community within Iran, and living conditions of Azeris in Iran closely resemble those of Persians:
The life styles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers.[97]
Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat, and their music & dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated, and many Azeri-Iranians are prominent in Persian literature, politics, and clerical world.[110]
There is cross-border trade between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Azeris go into Iran to buy goods that are cheaper, but the relationship is tense.[103]
In many respects, Azerbaijanis are Eurasian and bi-cultural, as northern Azerbaijanis have absorbed Russo-Soviet and Eastern European influences, whereas the Azerbaijanis of the south have remained within the Turko-Iranian and Persianate tradition. Modern Azerbaijani culture includes significant achievements in literature, art, music, and film.
Language and literature[edit]
The Azerbaijanis speak Azerbaijani (sometimes called Azerbaijani Turkish or Azeri), a Turkic language descended from the Western Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th and 12th century CE. Early Oghuz was mainly an oral language, and the later compiled epics and heroic stories of Dede Korkut probably derive from an oral tradition. The first accepted Oghuz Turkic text goes back to 15th century. The first written, classical Azeri literature arose after the Mongol invasion.[111] Some of the earliest Azerbaijani writings trace back to the poet Nasimi (died 1417) and then decades later Fuzûlî (1483–1556). Ismail I, Shah of Safavid Persia wrote Azerbaijani poetry under the pen name Khatâ'i. Modern Azeri literature continued with a traditional emphasis upon humanism, as conveyed in the writings of Samad Vurgun, Shahriar, and many others.[112]
Azerbaijanis are generally bilingual, often fluent in either Russian (in Azerbaijan) or Persian (in Iran). As of 1996, around 38% of Azerbaijan's roughly 8,000,000 population spoke Russian fluently.[113] An independent telephone survey in Iran in 2009 reported that 20% of respondents could understand Azeri, the most spoken minority language in Iran, and all respondents could understand Persian.[98]
The majority of Azerbaijanis are Twelver Shi'a Muslims. Religious minorities include Sunni Muslims (mainly Hanafi, but also Shafi'i such as Sunni Azeris in Dagestan),[114][115] Christians and Bahá'ís.[116] An unknown number of Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan have no religious affiliation. Many describe themselves as cultural Muslims.[49] There is a small number of Naqshbandi Sufis among Muslim Azerbaijanis.[117] Christian Azeris number around 5,000 people in the Republic of Azerbaijan and consist mostly of recent converts.[118][119] Some Azerbaijanis from rural regions retain pre-Islamic animist or Zoroastrian-influenced[120] beliefs, such as the sanctity of certain sites and the veneration of fire, certain trees and rocks.[121] In Azerbaijan, traditions from other religions are often celebrated in addition to Islamic holidays, including Norouz and Christmas. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijanis have increasingly returned to their Islamic heritage as recent reports indicate that many Azerbaijani youth are being drawn to Islam.[122]
Performance art[edit]
Azerbaijanis express themselves in a variety of artistic ways including dance, music, and film. Azerbaijani folk dances are ancient and similar to that of their neighbors in the Caucasus and Iran. The group dance is a common form found from southeastern Europe to the Caspian Sea. In the group dance the performers come together in a semi-circular or circular formation as, "The leader of these dances often executes special figures as well as signaling and changes in the foot patterns, movements, or direction in which the group is moving, often by gesturing with his or her hand, in which a kerchief is held."[123] Solitary dances are performed by both men and women and involve subtle hand motions in addition to sequenced steps.
Azerbaijani musical tradition can be traced back to singing bards called Ashiqs, a vocation that survives. Modern Ashiqs play the saz (lute) and sing dastans (historical ballads).[124] Other musical instruments include the tar (another type of lute), balaban (a wind instrument), kamancha (fiddle), and the dhol (drums). Azerbaijani classical music, called mugham, is often an emotional singing performance. Composers Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Gara Garayev and Fikret Amirov created a hybrid style that combines Western classical music with mugham. Other Azerbaijanis, notably Vagif and Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, mixed jazz with mugham. Some Azerbaijani musicians have received international acclaim, including Rashid Behbudov (who could sing in over eight languages) and Muslim Magomayev (a pop star from the Soviet era).
In Iran, Azerbaijani music has taken a different course. According to Iranian Azerbaijani singer Hossein Alizadeh, "Historically in Iran, music faced strong opposition from the religious establishment, forcing it to go underground."[125] As a result, most Iranian Azerbaijani music is performed outside of Iran amongst exile communities.
Azerbaijani film and television is largely broadcast in Azerbaijan with limited outlets in Iran. Some Azerbaijanis have been prolific film-makers, such as Rustam Ibragimbekov, who wrote Burnt by the Sun, winner of the Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1994. Many Iranian Azeris have been prominent in the cinematic tradition of Iran, which has received critical praise since the 1980s.
Sports have historically been an important part of Azerbaijani life. Horseback competitions were praised in the Book of Dede Korkut and by poets and writers such as Khaqani.[126] Other ancient sports include wrestling, javelin throwing and fencing.
The Soviet legacy has in modern times propelled some Azeris to become accomplished athletes at the Olympic level.[126] The Azeri government supports the country's athletic legacy and encourages youth participation. Football is popular in both Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. There are many prominent Azerbaijani soccer players such as Ali Daei, the world's all-time leading goal scorer in international matches and the former captain of the Iran national soccer team. Azeri athletes have particularly excelled in weight lifting, gymnastics, shooting, javelin throwing, karate, boxing, and wrestling.[127] Weight lifters, such as Iran's Hossein Reza Zadeh, world super heavyweight lifting record holder and two times Olympic champion in 2000 and 2004, and Nizami Pashayev, who won the European heavyweight title in 2006, have excelled at the international level.
Chess is another popular pastime in Azerbaijan.[128] The country has produced many notable players, such as Teimour Radjabov and Shahriyar Mammadyarov, both highly ranked internationally.
In Azerbaijan, women were granted the right to vote in 1919.[129] Women have attained Western-style equality in major cities such as Baku, although in rural areas more traditional views remain.[49] Violence against women, including rape, is rarely reported, especially in rural areas, not unlike other parts of the former Soviet Union.[130] In Azerbaijan, the veil was abandoned during the Soviet period.[131] Women are under-represented in elective office but have attained high positions in parliament. An Azeri woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan, and two others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. In the 2010 election, women constituted 16% of all MPs (twenty seats in total) in the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.[132] Abortion is available on demand in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[133] The human rights ombudsman since 2002, Elmira Suleymanova, is a woman.
In Iran, a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender equality since the 1980s.[97] Protests in defiance of government bans are dispersed through violence, as on 12 June 2006 when female demonstrators in Haft Tir Square in Tehran were beaten.[134] Past Iranian leaders, such as Mohammad Khatami, promised women greater rights, but the government has opposed changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine. In the 2004 legislative elections, nine women were elected to parliament (Majlis), eight of whom were conservatives.[135] The social fate of Azeri women largely mirrors that of other women in Iran.
See also[edit]
- ^ "Azerbaijani". Joshua Project. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Sela, Avraham (2002). The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Continuum. p. 197. ISBN 0-8264-1413-3. "30–35 million"
- ^ a b "Iran". CIA: The World Factbook. CIA. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 04 Octoboer 2012. "16% of 77,891,220 [12.5 million]"
- ^
- Michael Knüppel, "TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW", Encyclopaedia Iranica [1] "Altogether, one-sixth of today's Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13).
- Mehrdad Izady – Columbia University – Gulf 2000 Project – Language Map of Iran – 2012 http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/maps.shtml"
- Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3550-9. "15 million (1999)"
- ^
- Shaffer, Brenda (2003). Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. MIT Press. pp. 221–225. ISBN 0-262-19477-5"There is considerable lack of consensus regarding the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran ...Most conventional estimates of the Azerbaijani population range between one-fifth to one-third of the general population of Iran, the majority claiming one-fourth" Azerbaijani student groups in Iran claim that there are 27 million Azerbaijanis residing in Iran."
- Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1765. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3"Approximately (2002e) 18,500,000 Southern Azeris in Iran, concentrated in the northwestern provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. It is difficult to determine the exact number of Southern Azeris in Iran, as official statistics are not published detailing Iran's ethnic structure. Estimates of the Southern Azeri population range from as low as 12 million up to 40% of the population of Iran – that is, nearly 27 million..."
- ^ a b
- Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"
- Rasmus Christian Elling,Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini , Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 percent to 24 precent -- that is, 12-18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [2]
- ^ *Alieva, Leila (2007). Promoting Cooperation and Integration in the Wider Black Sea Area. In Volten, Peter M. E.; Tashev, Blagovest. "Establishing security and stability in the wider Black Sea area: international politics and the new and emerging democracies". NATO Science for Peace and Security, Volume 26: Human and societal dynamics (IOS Press). p. 157. ISBN 1-58603-765-X. "... large number of Azerbaijanis (30 million in northern Iran and 8 million in present Azerbaijan), ..."
- ^ "Population by ethnic groups". The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ "Итоги переписи". 2002 census. Russian Federation State Statistics Service. 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ a b van der Leeuw, Charles (2000). Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-312-21903-1.
- ^ a b Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Azerbaijani, South". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. SIL International. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ "Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units" (PDF). 2002 census. National Statistics Office of Georgia. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ "Azerbaijani-American Council partners with U.S. Census Bureau". News.Az. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ http://www.azeris.org/images/proclamations/May28_BrooklynNY_2011.JPG
- ^ "Obama, recognize us – St. Louis American: Letters To The Editor". Stlamerican.com. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
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- ^ "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001". Ukraine Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ "The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan". Umid World. 1989. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
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- ^ "The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora" (PDF). Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
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- ^ "Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics". Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). Retrieved 3 February 2012.[dead link]
- ^ Oguz-Gassanly, Murad (2001). "Azeri Diaspora. The Case of the United Kingdom". Azeri Voice. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
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- ^ Bani-Shoraka, Helena (2005). "Language Policy and Language Planning: Some Definitions". In Rabo, Annika; Utas, Bo. The Role of the State in West Asia. Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. p. 144. ISBN 91-86884-13-1.
- ^ Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar (1981). Harvard Encyclopedia of American ethnic groups. Harvard University Press. p. 171. "In their homeland the Azerbaijanis, or Azerbaijani Turks as they are sometimes called..."
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- ^ a b c "Azerbaijani (people)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Washington Post Country Guide; Azerbaijan
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- ^ a b c d Nasidze, Ivan; Sarkisian, Tamara; Kerimov, Azer; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus" (PDF). Human Genetics 112 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4. PMID 12596050.
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- ^ [3]
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- ^ "Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan" (in Azerbaijani). Tehran Radio. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
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- ^ "Azerbaijan: Culture and Art". Embassy of the Azerbaijan Republic in the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ Amirova, Leyla (28 August 2007). "Azerbaijan young increasingly drawn to Islam". Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ "Avaz". Stanford University Persian Student Association. Retrieved 11 June 2006.
- ^ Perry, John R. (2011). "Cultural currents in the Turco-Persian world of Safavid and post-Safavid times". In Mitchell, Colin P. New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. ISBN 0-203-85463-2.
- ^ "Hossein Alizadeh Personal Reflections on Playing Tar". Azerbaijan International. Winter 1997. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Sport History in Azerbaijan". Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ Deck, Laurel (Winter 1996). "The Ministry of Youth and Sports". Azerbaijan International. Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2006.
- ^ "Tourism and sport". Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Italy. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "US Suffrage Movement Timeline, 1792 to present". Susan B. Anthony Center for Women's Leadership. 2006. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- ^ "Women's rights in Azerbaijan". OneWomen. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- ^ Heyat, Farideh (2002). Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 80–113. ISBN 0-7007-1662-9.
- ^ "2010 Parliamentary Election Results". Day.az. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ Abortion Policies: a Global Review 1. United Nations. 2001. p. 41. ISBN 92-1-151351-0.
- ^ Harrison, Frances (12 June 2006). "Iran police beat women activists". BBC. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
- ^ Sadr, Shadi (9 June 2004). "Women's Gains at Risk in Iran's New Parliament". Women's Enews. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
External links[edit]
- Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the United States of America
- BBC News: Azerbaijan country profile
- BBC Azeri (Azerbaijani)
- Azeri.net
- Azerbaijan International


text:
You can get in touch with Linguatec here.
Breaking the Language Barrier
ContactYou can get in touch with Linguatec here. |
25 Mar 2013
In a film co-financed by the Bavarian Radio, Julia lends her Voice Reader voice to a newsreader.
Together with prominent animated guests like Aristotle or Karl Marx she really does a good job for a newcomer. For listening to Julia, click on the video to the right.
12 Mar 2013
While visiting the booth of Linguatec, the German Minister of the Interior Friedrich was interested in our speaker-independent speech recognition.
He was surprised of the good recognition of Voice Pro Enterprise. You will find some of the videos presented to him on our website.
07 Mar 2013
If you visit the website of Baden-Württemberg you have now the chance to listen to the articles in German or English read by the voices of
Voice Reader Web.
Sit back and be informed – with ease and comfort!
19 Feb 2013
Visit us at the CeBIT in hall 9, Stand A50, where we will present our speaker independent speech recognition Voice Pro Enterprise.
We are looking forward to seeing you! |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
B's tradeThomas toIslandersBy IRA PODELL
The Associated Press | February 08,2013NEW YORK — Veteran goalie Tim Thomas, who has said he won't play this season, was traded by the Boston Bruins to the New York Islanders on Thursday for a conditional second-round draft choice either next year or in 2015.
Thomas chose to take this season off following the NHL lockout and was suspended by the Bruins after he didn't report to training camp last month. The 38-year-old goalie is in the final season of a four-year deal that counts for $5 million against the salary cap.
The Islanders have plenty of room to fit Thomas' salary on their cap, and this deal provides financial flexibility for the Bruins. Boston was up against the upper salary limit of $70.2 million, with Thomas' salary factored in, and New York is only marginally above the minimum payroll.
NHL teams must be in full compliance of the salary cap by Friday, the 20th day of the league season.
Thomas is unlikely to play for the Islanders this season or in the future. The draft pick conditions are expected to center around whether or not he suits up for New York.
"We have acquired an asset for our organization," Islanders general manager Garth Snow said Thursday night. "This acquisition allows us flexibility with our roster moving forward."
Thomas, a two-time Vezina Trophy winner as the NHL's top goalie, has played in 378 regular-season games — all with the Bruins. He has gone 196-121-45 with a 2.48 goals-against average and 31 shutouts. Thomas ranks fourth on Boston's career wins list and third in shutouts,
He also has a 29-21 mark in the postseason with a 2.07 GAA and six shutouts. Thomas won the Vezina and Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP when the Bruins won the Stanley Cup in 2011.MORE IN Wire SportsTORONTO With every outing, R.A. Full StoryMILWAUKEE Beleaguered manager Don Mattingly insisted Monday he doesnt feel hes about to be... Full StorySAN JOSE, Calif. Full Story -
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Now a days, Indian TV serials have become as equally popular as Hindi movies. Not only India but also people of Bangladesh, Pakistan, Middle East and many other countries watch Hindi serials. Here is a list of Top 10 most beautiful Indian Television Couples.
Check out these hot new Television Couples 2011 on TV with sizzling chemistry that has attracted viewers towards their shows and vote for your favorite couple.
Their relationship started on a love and hate relationship which slowly and gradually turned into love. Initially both were completely different from each other but still they used to think of each other, they supported each other in every situation. Maan gave Geet strength to fight against the her enemies. Their chemistry clicked as they were a new pair but at the same their love and hate sometimes converted into humour which is the plus point of the their jodi.
really naksh were the ebst couple guys no oen match them hina karan as naksh rocks rocks
well said swti .akshar and naitik are the best they have got the tittle of num1 jodi…naksh always rox!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
i wish hina karan shid marry in real also bcoz people r understanding they r real life couples bcoz of such hot beauiful chemistry nd my frnds were also saying this but i told then kaan is engaged to nisha but they say akshara naitik r always the best nd thei jodi is perfect
yes tellys bet jodi akshara naitik
i dont beleive in votings i beleive in TITLE bcoz title is a gr8 thing the personalities who r not in this world now but their title is alive with them……………….and i think akshara neithich has got the ttle of best jodi no 1
naksh the bst jodi of telly nd no one can beat them and compare pther fucking jodis i hate ll other jodis sanaya barun navya annant i only like naksh and ankita sushants jodi they both reall rock especially nakshhhhhhhhh
love u nakshhhhhhhhhhh
maksh r the best and barun and sanaya r also gud but this geett sickssssssssss
naksh i mean naitik akshara r the best and sanaya and barun nut this geet suckssssssss
naksh r the best
nakshhh always ROXXXXXXXXX!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! love u naitiuk and akshara .u desreves to be at num 1 NO MATTER KI RIT NOW U R AT 4TH BUT BELEVE UR FANS DYLL BRING U TO NUM1 SOON BEFORE VOTING LINES CLOS……….love u naitik and akshara…………..
according 2 me i also like naksh why they r like frnds nd they sshare each thing when akshi suffered a miscarriage how naitik supported him nd akshi also supports naitik in difficult times thats whyyyyyyy they r the best
yayaaaaa ofcourse even gr8 personalities like srk nd kareena like akshara and naitik srk really likes hina nd their jodi nd sara khan also loves this beautiful jodiiiiiii
naksh they won the award of jodi 2 times nd telly has also declared them best nd no 1 coupleeeeeeeeeeeeee
karan mehra hina khan as akshara naitik simply the bestesttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
nakshara the besttttttttttttttttttt
no doubt akshara naitik…………………………………………………..
No doubt Arnav & Khushi…….
My Vote goes for Arnav & Khushi…..
I vote for Arnav & Khushi.I think they look good together


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Watch a scene from Degrassi's Graduation Special
Finale Friday 9E/6P
'A' gets violent with the Pretty Little Liars on Tuesday's episode
Watch Tuesday 8E/5P
Teen Wolf Ep. 302: Chaos Rising
Watch online!
Marianas Trench lead the 2013 MMVAs with six nominations
Vote now for Your Fave!
October 19th, 2012
Carly Rae Jepsen was interviewed by none other than Nardwuar the Human Serviette and it seemed that she was impressed by his skills as a detective as he found out some pretty cool factoids about her that aren't quite available on her Wikipedia page. Nardwuar was about to piece together that CRJ used to work a lot with Kevin "Kevvy Mental" Maher of the band Fake Shark – Real Zombie! and that he had helped produce her Kiss album. Narduwar also quizzed the Call Me Maybe star on fellow labelmate Louise Burns who also happened to be in the band Lilix. Also, if you didn't know already, Carly Rae Jepsen is a fan of the Bangles!
Watch the interview here and tell us what you think in the comments section below!
Tags: Carly Rae Jepsen, Nardwuar the Human Serviette
Posted on Friday, October 19th, 2012 at 1:30 pm by Aimee and is filed under Blog, Celebrities & Pop Culture, News.


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Wednesday, February 22, 2012
The Man In The Gray Gwlanen Suit
The Oxford English Dictionary says the etymology is uncertain, but the 15th century origin of the word flannel likely was the Welsh gwlanen, from gwlan or wool. All of which has only a little to do with the role of the mid-gray flannel suit in the winter wardrobe, where it should have a place as soon as the wearer's life allows it to have the required two (three is better) days of rest between outings.
That rest is required because that same softer finish that makes it desirable in the first place leaves flannel prone to wrinkling somewhat easier than its worsted cousins. Though it should not be the first or second suit in a weekly rotation, the stuff functions perfectly when it is worn only once a week.
What makes the mid-gray flannel suit suit such a prize are its combination of the aforementioned softness, its warmth and its flexibility. Dressed up with a white shirt and dark four in hand, the gray flannel works in the boardroom, and is equally appropriate dressed down for suburbia with a checked shirt and wool challis necktie. Indeed, the only thing I would not recommend is wearing the gray gwlanen suit for travel as Mr. Bond is doing, at gunpoint or otherwise. That propensity to wrinkle you see.
6 comments:
- rjmanbearpig said...
Bah, the weight of the stuff means that wrinkles don't last long, so it's perfect for those short hops across the Iron Curtain -- and nearly bulletproof. Perfect for nearly any odd jobs you may need to take care of, including putting the pussycat out.
- February 22, 2012 at 8:18:00 AM PST
- Turling said...
"equally appropriate dressed down for suburbia"
Music to my ears, as that is where I am stuck. My first humble request for more suburbia type posts, please. - February 22, 2012 at 8:24:00 AM PST
- jim said...
Great post! James Bond is the kind of dresser that I aspire to be. Simple, comfortable, with what appears to me to be a nice touch with regards to texture. There are no suits that I like more than my flannel suits. Any man that can kill an assassin underwater, in scuba gear, come ashore, take off the gear and brush of his tux for the party on the beach can certainly handle a few wrinkles!
- February 22, 2012 at 9:12:00 AM PST
- oldsarj said...
Turling, Will has an entire page devoted to the suburban gentleman's suggested attire. Do a search for 'suburb'. You will find it enlightening. I certainly did.
- February 22, 2012 at 9:29:00 AM PST
- Turling said...
Thank you oldsarj, I took your suggestion and found that post. I am, of course, a glutton though and am going to ask for more, more, more. Although, I do have my wife nearly convinced to move to San Francisco simply so I can wear a city wardrobe.
- February 22, 2012 at 11:00:00 AM PST
- oldsarj said...
You're younger than I am. Having retired from two careers, both of which took place in the suburbs, and having grown up in them and still live in them, the 'burbs are my native habitat. Let there be glencheck!
- February 22, 2012 at 11:13:00 AM PST


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Back in January I had the good fortune to be traveling in Colombia. I found myself up in coffee country at the time of a festival in Manizales and this, to my great interest, included a type of bull fight called a rejoneo. In rejoneo, the matador, now called a rejoneador, is on horseback and it is his skill as a horseman that is the better part of the performance. One of the finest exponents of this sport, Pablo Hermoso de Mendoza, was in Manizales; he travels with a stable of 9 horses, several of which got a chance to strut their stuff in the course of the corrida. Continue reading
About the Author
Born in New York, Andrea Downing has only recently returned from the UK where she lived for most of her life. Having traveled extensively through Europe, Africa and Latin America, she now divides her time between NYC and the east end of Long Is., punctuated by frequent journeys out west---the area of the USA she loves best. Her first book, Loveland, was published August 10th by The Wild Rose Press.
My historical western romance, now available in paperback from the Wild Rose Press and Amazon Learn more →
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Our team is dedicated to the ancient tradition of maintaining a Beaconfire to help others to succeed in their mission. Sometimes that means we need to use old webpages as kindling. Unfortunately, it appears the page you are looking for has gone up in smoke.
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Know Before You Go SitePop-out: 2 either side. Notes SiteDriveway Length: 59'X11' LegendA : Available for online reservation (click to book arrival date)L : Accepting Lottery Application (click to apply for the lottery) W : First-come-first-served at facility (subject to availability) R : Reserved X : Not Available ** Arrival dates earlier than the online-reservation-window may also be available at the facility. |


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Displaying items by tag: Google Voice
Monday, 27 June 2011 06:07
How Do I Get On Google Places?I was chatting with a small business owner at a chamber mixer last week and she asked "How do I get listed on Google Places?" I suggested that she get a virtual business telephone number from All Call Technologies and have it listed. Listing her telephone number would get her business added to Google Places, Yahoo Local, Merchant Circle, YP.com, Superpages.com, Yelp.com and many others.
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Wednesday, 11 May 2011 09:20
Listing your business phone number, is it still important?Phone books are becoming a thing of the past. They are being replaced by online directories and local business listing web sites. So, is it still important to have your phone company list your business phone number? And does every phone company list your phone number?
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Tuesday, 16 February 2010 17:52
Caution using Google Voice numbers for businessI spoke with a business owner today that has been advertising a Google Voice phone number as his business number for a while. He was disappointed to learn that Google does not allow anyone to port their phone number to another service.
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Irish pound Pumas
24 Nov 2012
Ireland scored seven tries to thrash Argentina 46-24 in Dublin.
The hosts led 24-9 at half-time after tries to debutant winger Craig Gilroy, flyhalf Jonathan Sexton, South African-born hooker Richardt Strauss and fullback Simon Zebo.
Two tries from winger Tommy Bowe and another from Sexton sealed an emphatic win, although Argentina scored two consolation tries through replacement Tomas Leonardi and captain Juan Martin Fernandez Lobbe in the last 10 minutes.
The result means that Ireland will be seeded for the 2015 World Cup, with Argentina slipping to No 9 in the rankings.
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24 Nov 2012, 21:32 pmPuma dragons pounded
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John Lewis Barbican Chairs, Dark Leg , Bark / Dark Leg
Click on the image to zoomProduct information
Retro-inspired with Modernist touches, the Barbican chair is upholstered in Cossette fabric (34% viscose, 25% polyester, 21% cotton, 20% linen). A wooden glued and stapled frame make up the base whilst the zig zag sprung foam seat is fibre wrapped for added comfort.Completing the look is a contrasting Andrew Martin scatter cushion (Fry Multi/Virginia Multi - 60% viscose, 30% cotton, 10% linen), and splayed oak legs with a dark finish.
Please note: comes delivered with the legs off.
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This item is made to your specification and so is excluded from our usual returns policy. Find out moreThis does not affect your statutory rights
- Assembly Required
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- H88 x W86 x D103cm
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- 34% viscose, 25% polyester, 21% cotton, 20% linen
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- Glued, screwed and stapled
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We're fresh off the plane home from the annual user conference of Lectora,
the leading eLearning software and authoring tools provider. We're inspired by the creativity and accomplishments of the eLearning community we saw on display in San Antonio. And we have a keen sense of the role translation will play in the future of eLearning…
Culture and Translation
On a blog appropriately called "The Translation Blog, " LinguaLinx took a look at cross-cultural business communication.
We focused on three common examples of cultural mistakes: mistranslations, cultural incompatibility and bad associations with the way a brand, product or company name sounds.
You can read the full blog post here.
Some excerpts and paraphrases follow:
LinguaLinx Goes Green
LinguaLinx has announced a twenty year commitment to using an environmentally friendly solar power unit. Read about about how it works – and why it's important – to the language translation provider in upstate New York. By utilizing solar panels, the company will replace much of its traditional energy consumption with environmentally friendly electricity. Excess power created by the solar panels can be provided to the utility grid, further increasing the availability and use of green energy.
By choosing to use green electricity, LinguaLinx is reducing environmental impact and supporting the development of renewable generation in New York's capital region. This reduces the need for power from a utility provider and promotes energy independence.
While LinguaLinx estimates a 76.52% reduction in energy costs, the price to install and maintain solar power is often prohibitive. To overcome this barrier, LinguaLinx has entered into a 20 year Solar Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with New York Light Energy, a Latham New York-based company offering cost-effective solar power.
According to the agreement, New York Light Energy conducts a structural and electrical analysis of facilities prior to installation. The company then designs, installs and operates a photovoltaic (PV) power system. LinguaLinx pays for the green electricity produced by the solar paneling with no required investment in equipment or maintenance.
David Smith, president of LinguaLinx, said the company is active in practicing social and environmental responsibility. The company won the 2012 "Spirit of Cohoes" award for outstanding service to local community residents and businesses. The new 30,000 kW solar unit will help LinguaLinx maintain its environmental stewardship during periods of growth and expansion.
"Consistent with our mission to be an ecologically responsible company, LinguaLinx is pleased to be working with New York Light Energy in providing a solar power solution to help us increase our power independence and reduce our energy costs."
Alex Lieb, New York Light Energy's CEO, echoed Smith's conviction that green energy is a win-win proposition for preserving the environment and reducing utility costs.
"New York Light Energy is proud to support LinguaLinx, a leader in multicultural marketing, during its transition to renewable solar energy that will power LinguaLinx for decades to come," said Lieb. "Customers and employees will all benefit from a commitment to environmentally friendly renewable energy which will help to power the growth of LinguaLinx."
While companies such as New York Light Energy make green power feasible, Smith also stressed that companies not taking advantage of green initiatives can start with small steps to lessen environmental impact.
Suggestions include recycling programs and reducing the amount of documents printed. For large documents that require printing such as business proposals, contracts and reports, it is beneficial to print two-sided on recycled paper when possible.
About LinguaLinx, Inc.
LinguaLinx, Inc. is a full-service international communications company providing an array of services ranging from outsourced documentation, XML migration and content authoring to multilingual solutions in over 100 languages such as translation, interpreting and desktop publishing. LinguaLinx partners with clients to enhance all aspects of their content lifecycle and achieve a greater return on their multicultural marketing efforts. More information can be obtained by visiting http://www.lingualinx.com
LinguaLinx, Marketing and SEO
LinguaLinx and its clients were recently featured in SEOMOZ, a much respected blog for professionals in the marketing and Search Engine Optimization (SEO) fields.The blog post was entitled Beyond SEO: Why Good Translation is the Secret Sauce for Successful International Projects. It made the point that technical SEO expertise on things like website architecture and page titles isn't enough. Expert translation is also essential.
You can read the full blog post here. Some excerpts follow.
Survey Says…The Top 10 Translation Problems – Part 2
In an earlier post, we listed and commented on five of the most common problems with translation projects. You can read the results here. Today, we'll go over the rest of our findings and offer more insight.
Survey Says…The Top Ten Translation Problems – Part 1
Working with new clients and speaking with potential clients, we noticed many of the same issues showing up. We put the ten most common problems into a survey to see how widespread they are. Popular response confirmed these issues happen frequently. Since most of the problems go back to the basics, we thought it would be useful to share them along with our commentary.
Do I Need a Certified Translator?
Certification for translators can be an important credential. It also has limitations. Certification is according to language combinations. A translator might be certified for English into Spanish or Chinese into English. Since there is no certification for many language pairs, translation agencies need more ways to pick the right person for the job.
LinguaLinx Launches "LSP 101″ Blog Series
(COHOES, NEW YORK, September 13, 2012) – LinguaLinx, Inc., a language service provider featured on the 2012 Inc. 5000 list of America's fastest-growing companies, is launching an "LSP 101" series on its blog to cover topics that are basic fundamentals of the industry. The first post will cover the difference between Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese for translation projects.
LSP 101 – Traditional v. Simplified Chinese
Jim Rohn once said "Success is the natural consequence of consistently applying the basic fundamentals." The success of LinguaLinx and our clients has been recognized by Inc. Magazine this year, and we believe adhering to the basics has been a key factor.
Webinar: 6 Ways to Control Localization Costs
When you focus on price per word, there is a limit to how low you can negotiate your rates. After reaching this point – presumably with no problems in quality or service – translation savings will plateau.
Would you now consider your translation process to be optimized?


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Name | Azim Mahmood |
Job Title | Head Of Technical Operations |
Organisation | Mediasyndicator |
Registered Since | 28 Dec 2012 |
Areas of Expertise | Email Marketing, Online Advertising, Web Analytics, Optimization, Video & Rich Media |
Contact Details |
Mobile: 07727699103 |
About Me
1 year 5 months, Head of Technical Operations @ Mediasyndicator (Publisher Network)
1 year 1 month, Display & Lead Generation Tech. Op.'s Manager @ AdPepper (Ad Network)
2 years 1 month, Estate & Letting Agent @ Beaumont Estate & Letting Agents
8 months, Digital/E-Commerce Sales Account Manager @ AutoTrader (Publisher)
4 years, Graphic & Web Design/Print Publishing @ Al-Haq Printing & Publishing
1 year, 2nd Level Technical Support, IT Department @ Birmingham City Council
A highly technical, analytical and commercially minded individual, with in-depth knowledge and experience of the digital advertising landscape from 'display' demand & supply, creative and lead generation sectors of the industry. Closely follows the latest trends in digital developments and ensures that the company benefits from his educated suggestions on company strategy.
Has a keen passion for technology and experienced in integrating RTB's/exchanges, audience targeting platforms and web analytics/verification tools across multiple premium publisher's/publisher networks and ad-servers. Furthermore had oversight and management of ad server customisation and improvement based on company need; integration of Salesforce CRM and the building, testing and implementation of a customised reporting tool for campaign delivery using server to server integration between SalesForce and an ad-server.
Managed the ad operation's teams at both Mediasyndicator and AdPepper, including the development and establishment of clear process guidelines to ensure smooth running of core ad op's functions and all queries were addressed in SLA timeframes. Took responsibility of ad op's personnel and introduced job-remit descriptions, appraisal processes, personal development planning, KPIs and succession planning/handover across teams. Also directly responsible for the development, implementation, management, reporting, reconciling and invoicing of digital media campaigns (between 250 to 400 campaigns across 40-60 IO's per month) from agencies and direct clients across display and lead gen.
More-over acquired business acumen through entrepreneurial pursuits such as an educational toy company 'http://www.iplayandlearn.com' as well as volunteering, for the past nine years, as a Project Manager for a charity building orphanages and schools in the Indian sub-continent.
Education and Qualifications
To be taken in Apr 2013: Academy Class JavaScript Certification 3 day course - JavaScript to intermediate level
2011: DotPeak Web Development & Graphic Design - HTML, CSS, basic JavaScript, basic Flash, Adobe CS Suite 5
2000-2003: Birmingham City University - BSc (Hon.'s) Multimedia Technology, Upper Second Class (2:1)
- Website Design – Adobe CS Suite, UI design & testing; Website Authoring – HTML, JavaScript, web development / web server management
- Knowledge of electronic marketplace, technologies, information systems and marketing strategy (SEO/SEM, mobile, email, online PR).
- Quantitative and qualitative analysis of complex, varied statistical data.
- Project management covering strategies for e-business, financial & legal responsibilities.
Final Year Dissertation – 'Educational Toys and E-Learning'
- Researched topic on the growth potential of e-learning and educational toys.
- Received departmental recognition for innovative study that led to an actualised business - 'http://www.iplayandlearn.com'.


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Sep 19, 2012 | 10:46 AM | Catherine Ngai
Tags slab, imports, slab imports, Port of Mobile, Port of Los Angeles, Columbia-Snake, Charles Bradford, Bradford Research Inc. ThyssenKrupp
NEW YORK U.S. steel slab imports fell some 9.6 percent in July compared with the previous month, led by a plunge in shipments into the district of Mobile, Ala. Slab imports totaled 472,929 tonnes in July, down from Junes 523,341 tonnes, according to data compiled by AMM from the U.S. Census Bureaus Foreign Trade Division.....
NEW YORK U.S. steel slab imports fell some 9.6 percent in July compared with the previous month, led by a plunge in shipments into the district of Mobile, Ala.
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Do you think steel mills will succeed in their efforts to stop selling at a discount to the CRU index?
June 20-21, 2013 New York
This whole thing is becoming a game of smoke.
Midwest service center


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Holly, Bradley, and I set out on a blistering day to grab some engagement pics. We started out with their darling puppy, Bowie. Bowie is possibly the quickest little bugger I've ever had the pleasure of working with. Note to self: Buy a squeaky toy. We wandered our way through the streets and squares making…
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My name is Alexis Sweet and I am a Savannah based Wedding and Lifestyle Photographer. After studying photography at Columbia College Chicago I migrated South to enjoy the warm weather and beaches. I couldn't be happier with my decision. I have found a wonderful niche in photography and have enjoyed every second of exploring it.
My style is honest and candid. It is the moments that make the photograph, not the other way around. I also throw in a dash of editorial polish because who doesn't want to feel like a supermodel. I don't weigh down my images with crazy textures and colors. I believe that it is the subject (you) that should shine, not my editing abilities.
As for the stuff that no one cares about? I love a good Chicago hot dog. My dog, Molly, makes me smile at least a dozen times a day. I love when the wind catches a bride's veil in just the right way. I want to see the entire world, and can't decide between India and Thailand for my next excursion. Mostly I enjoy laughing. That's what I do.
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chicago bears sa-weet snapback hat (a-frame)
$17.99 $32.00
The Chicago Bears Sa-weet snapback hat (A-Frame) by New Era features:
- Embroidered Chicago Bears logo on front
- Embroidered contrasting New Era flag logo on left side
- Embroidered team logo on right side
- Green undervisor
- Official sticker on bill
- Grommet ventilation
- 7 hole snapback adjustment
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af 5
(141 umsagnir)
(Meðaltal hverfis
Einkunnagjöf gesta á Hotels.com
Einkunnagjöf gesta á Hotels.com
Einkunnagjöf TripAdvisor
Overall, I was pleased with the Hotel and what it had to offer. It was very clean, the staff at the front desk were very nice, the beds were very... comfortable and it was convenient to have breakfast right at the hotel. A couple of noteworthy points though. If you are going on a weekend, be prepared for kids...lots of kids! The 1 night we stayed there(Saturday), my 2 kids were unable to swim as there was an outside birthday party happening at the same time and the hot tub was not so hot, it was more lukewarm. Besides these 2 things, I would still consider staying there again. Sett inn af Trish frá Dartmouth, NS frá 07.05.2013


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Some of my favorite childhood memories from summer are when my family would have friends and relatives over for cookouts. My dad would grill the best burgers, hot dogs and chicken. My brothers, sisters, and friends would all play games in our backyard until it was time to eat. It was great to be outside in the summer breeze, hearing the sounds of summer and playing with friends and family.
Although my dad still makes the most amazing barbecue food, I no longer get to enjoy it since I don't eat meat. With 4th of July coming up, I guess I'm feeling nostalgic for these past cookouts. Therefore, I've compiled some pictures of friends and families doing just that. Do you have any upcoming barbecues or cookouts that you are looking forward to?


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Get flash to fully experience Pearltrees
Horizons Teaser A few short clips from my upcoming timelapse film titled Horizons. The online short will feature an original score by Bear McCreary. http://www.bearmccreary.com There will also be an extended cut, available for download at http://www.dakotalapse.com Music is "Nebula Drift" by Simon Wilkinson http://www.thebluemask.com Sponsors: Borrowlenses http://www.borrowlenses.com Dynamic Perception dollies http://www.dynamicperception.com Read more ›


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West St. Mary opened with a 14-13 first-quarter lead before clinging to a 31-25 advantage at intermission. West St. Mary stretched its lead to 42-36 at the end of three quarters. In the fourth quarter, the Lady Wolfpack benefited from a 13-7 run to cap the 55-43 triumph.
Wells tossed in a game-high 15 points for the Lady Wolfpack on seven floor shots and 1 of 7 free throws. Wells also grabbed five rebounds with four steals and four assists.
Cross pumped in 14 points on six floor shots and 2 of 10 charity shots along with 15 rebounds, four steals and two assists.
Rounding out the scoring for the Lady Wolfpack were: Amber Joe, 9 points, 14 rebounds; Chi'Kira Tillman, 8 points, 8 rebounds, 1 steal, 1 assist; Sequoya Ferguson, 8 points, 12 rebounds, 6 steals, 3 assists and Gerianna Lyons, 1 point.
West St. Mary improved to a sparkling 6-1 record in District 6-2A while moving to 13-7 overall with the win.
West St. Mary will play host to Catholic High of New Iberia on Friday in District 6-2A.


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Assistant Professor of Forest Ecology
My primary research interests include long-term change in forest ecosystems, especially as related to natural disturbance and forest structural development. I am particularly interested in the use of ecological theory to establish forest restoration targets and guide restoration treatment design.
PhD, Forest Resources, University of Washington, 2009
BS, Forest Resources, University of Washington, 2003
Disturbances and structural development of natural forests
Ecological forestry and restoration silviculture
Spatial ecology and methods of spatial pattern detection and analysis
Churchill, D.J., A.J. Larson, M.C. Dahlgreen, J.F. Franklin, P.F. Hessburg, and J.A. Lutz. 2013. Restoring forest resilience: from reference spatial patterns to silvicultural prescriptions and monitoring. Forest Ecology and Management 291: 442-457. (doi)
Supporting information: Implementation Guide for Managers
Gabrielson, A.T., A.J. Larson, J.A. Lutz, and J.J. Reardon. 2012. Biomass and burning characteristics of sugar pine cones. Fire Ecology 8: 58-70. (pdf)
Larson, A.J., K. Stover, C.R. Keyes. 2012. Effects of restoration thinning on spatial heterogeneity in mixed conifer forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42: 1505-1517.
Lutz J.A., Larson A.J., Swanson M.E., Freund J.A. 2012. Ecological importance of large-diameter trees in a temperate mixed-conifer forest. PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036131
Larson, A.J. and Churchill, D. 2012. Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 267: 74-92. (DOI)
Larson, A.J. and J.F. Franklin. 2010. The tree mortality regime in temperate old-growth coniferous forests: the role of physical damage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40:2091-2103.
van Mantgem, P.J., N.L. Stephenson, J.C. Byrne, L.D. Daniels, J.F. Franklin, P.Z. Fulé, M.E. Harmon, A.J. Larson, J.M. Smith, A.H. Taylor, and T.T. Veblen. 2009. Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the western United States. Science 323:521-524.
Larson, A.J. and D. Churchill. 2008. Spatial patterns of overstory trees in late-successional conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:2814-2825.
Larson, A.J., J.A. Lutz, R.F. Gersonde, J.F. Franklin, and F.F. Hietpas. 2008. Potential site productivity influences the rate of forest structural development. Ecological Applications 18:899-910.
Larson, A.J. and R.T. Paine. 2007. Ungulate herbivory: Indirect effects cascade into the treetops. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104:5-6.
Larson, A.J. and J.F. Franklin. 2006. Structural segregation and scales of spatial dependency in Abies amabilis forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 17:489-498.
Larson, A.J. and J.F. Franklin. 2005. Patterns of conifer tree regeneration following an autumn wildfire event in the western Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 218:25-36.


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March 14, 2010 - by Barbara Anderson
A tremendous amount of information and resources are available to today's project manager. Much has been written and documented about the craft and complexity of effective project management. If you conduct a search at a book retailer, you'll discover more than 2,500 pu... More »
March 14, 2010 - by Lois J. Zachary, Lory A. Fischler
The first decade of the century is behind us, and we are on the threshold of a new one, having learned many lessons about mentoring and leadership during the last 10 years. Perhaps the most significant is that study after study has shown that the majority of leaders att... More »


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Flora Nikrooz Ruffle Chemise
Flora Nikrooz creates magic with tiers of ruffled chiffon and European lace of the finest delicacy. Top with the exquisite Flora Lace Wrap.
- .
- Scalloped lace frames the plunging V neckline.
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- Elegant option for a bridal trousseau.
- From Flora Nikrooz.
- 100% Polyester. Hand wash, cold. Made in USA of imported fabric.
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Well this is my first post. I am new to the whole Medical aspect of the civil war, not living history though. I guess I decided that if I didn't want to be a real doctor I would reenact one. Anyways to the question. I have found this item on 'ebay'. Yes I know.. ebay is evil. Could you fellos take a look at it and tell me if it fits. From the research I have done it seems to and at $58. I couldn't turn it down. I know the lining is incorrect but a quick fix at wal-mart should do the trick yes? Let me know..
- Lewis