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Bakeries Strive for Clean and Green
Clean labels, increased hygiene and greener operations driving bakery operations.
The bread and snack aisles of the supermarket have changed dramatically in the past few years, and some of those changes have impacted the manufacture of those products. But perhaps more significantly, bakery processing is being pushed further than ever by concerns about food safety and sanitation. Additionally, manufacturers of bakery and snack products are finding plenty of opportunities for improvement in the areas of energy consumption and environmental impact.
Even before the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) implementation process came upon them earlier this year, bakers were seeking a higher level of sanitation — through best practices and more hygienic hardware. The segment seems to seek that higher level of sanitation that has been associated with the dairy and meat segments of food processing.
Saving energy and reducing environmental impact was once considered a luxury item (or perhaps a gesture of altruism) that was difficult to reconcile with the razor-thin margins and steep competition of the food industry. In 2012, however, those goals have become an essential part of a company's bottom line and its brand-building efforts and public image.
While the twin priorities of food safety and energy savings have been the driving forces of innovation in baking operations, higher-value grocery products with at least whole grains if not multi grains have in fact led to some changes in technologies and practices as well.
Stainless and recovery
When bakers want new technologies, they turn to suppliers like Heat and Control Inc. (www.heatandcontrol.com), Hayward, Calif. Such equipment suppliers have been busy in recent years responding to the evolving needs of their clients in baking and snacks.
"Everything we are putting out now is primarily stainless steel with post-CIP capabilities," says Doug Kozenski, sales manager of Heat and Control's process systems division. "Our customers want stainless steel construction and they want to have clean-in-place sanitation incorporated into the systems."
Ovens and fryers consume significant amounts of energy and can produce excessive residual heat. In an effort to improve their green scorecard, many bakers have begun recapturing some of that heat and putting it to work.
Heat and Control's FastBack conveyors are at work distributing cookies.
"Our clients are working to maximize the efficiency of the entire line, and energy efficiency is a big priority," says Kozenski. "Heat recovery from cooker and combustion exhaust is an inexpensive source of energy. We have systems for recovering heat coming off of fryers, ovens and heat exchangers. That heat can then be used for combustion air pre-heating, to heat water, to heat cooking oil or even to heat a building."
Marty Tabaka, director of Americas sales for Ashworth Bros. Inc. (www.ashworth.com), Winchester, Va., agrees that bake and snack manufacturers are seeking equipment with improved hygienic design and cleanability.
"Our customers are looking for designs that are easier to clean and more resistant to build-up. Our major R&D focus right now is on improvement to sanitation," he says.
While sanitation and green technologies have driven many of the changes on the bakery floor, the evolution of consumer preferences has had its own impact, says Karl Seidel, marketing manager at Cablevey Conveyers (www.cablevey.com), Oskaloosa, Iowa.
"Many more bakeries are producing things like 12-grain breads and breads made from whole grains, and people actually want to see those ingredients in the bread," he says. "Because of this, the ingredients and the products can require gentler handling."
More value added-products often mean more expensive ingredients, which can mean different considerations in terms of efficiencies and waste and how they both relate to the bottom line.
Cablevey's solution is a unique conveyer system that is similar to an auger. It uses rotating discs on a central cable to gently pull products or ingredients through a vertical or horizontal tube.
It doesn't rely on air pressure or the rotation of auger blades. At the end of the day, this leads to less ingredient loss and degradation, Seidel says.
Productivity and flexibility
A baking line begins with a mixing and blending step. This is typically achieved with the aid of ribbon mixer or a high-speed rotor-stator mixer. Equipment in that portion of the line has evolved to provide more effective and more efficient mixing and blending.
As is the case elsewhere in the bakery, mixers are more hygienic and easier to clean than ever. Properly-sized motors with new motor technologies allow for greater throughput and lower energy waste.
The chief aim of the mixing process is to efficiently combine the ingredients. For bakers, that usually means flour, sugar, water, salt and yeast. Mixing of dough ingredients also helps develop the required gluten strength to capture, maintain and disperse gas bubbles in the dough.
There is a variety of designs of mixing machinery, and each has its place in the efficient production of dough at the capacity required. The selection of mixer style relates to the product range the baker wishes to produce, and the size relates to the capacity or production output required.
Dough mixers can be categorized into three groups — low-, medium- and high-intensity mixers. Intensity is related more to the degree of kneading, folding and stretching. The goal at the end of the mixing process is to have a fully developed dough mass ready for the next stage of the bread process.
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Alternative Encryption Schemes: Targeting the weaknesses in static WEP
For a long time, most people considered VPN as the definitive solution for handling wireless security. The idea behind this security measure is to consider the wireless network equivalent to the Internet. Companies use a firewall device at the point where their network connects to the Internet, and only allow users in via an encrypted, secure channel. The same idea applies to their wireless networks. Using the VPN solution, all wireless network traffic is segmented behind a firewall. Each client is then configured with a VPN client and tunneled over the wireless network to a VPN concentrator on the wired network. This security setup uses a secure, proven technology to prevent outsiders from gaining access to your wired network. Also it reuses a technology many companies have already deployed, so there is very little added expense in those cases.
There are a few weaknesses with this setup however. The process of gaining legitimate access to a wireless network begins with the client booting up and getting an IP. Once the client has an IP, through either static addresses or more commonly DHCP, the client can then negotiate a tunnel over the wireless network to begin its communications. Illegitimate users go through the exact same process, except that they do not gain direct access to the wired network. Because the attacker has been given an IP, though, there is nothing preventing him from communicating with other wireless clients on their side of the firewall. By communicating with other wireless clients the attacker has the possibility of breaking into an authorized user and gaining access through their client. It is possible to prevent this by allowing the wireless user to only communicate with the VPN concentrator point, but that feature is available in only some of the VPN clients out there. The added burden of having to lock down each client as well as the wireless-to-wired network connection makes this a more difficult situation to implement than it might seem on the surface.
Even if you do manage to lock down the clients on your network and prevent them from accessing the wired network at all, you are still handing out IP's to anyone who asks. This means that it is possible for unauthorized wireless users to piggyback your wireless connection to communicate to other non-VPN clients on the same network segment. This means that Joe Cracker and Suzy Cracker can communicate with each other across your campus, but not your other internal networks. Because network bandwidth is shared on a wireless connection and there is only currently 11Mbits to go around, this type of piggybacking can cause extreme performance hits on your wireless network, and deny legitimate users the bandwidth they need for their applications.
VPN solutions can be an effective way of preventing unauthorized users from gaining entry to your wired network as long as they are implemented correctly. There are other concerns though which might make a wireless administrator think twice about implementing it.
802.1X is a standard which was ratified in early April by the IEEE regarding port level security. Initially it was intended to standardize security on wired network ports, but it was found to be very much applicable to wireless networking as well. This new layer 2 (MAC address layer) security protocol exists at the authentication stage of the security process. Using 802.1X, when a device requests access to the AP, the AP demands a set of credentials. The user then supplies some form of credentials which the AP then forwards to a standard RADIUS server for authentication and authorization. RADIUS stands for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service, and is commonly used to authenticate dial-in users. The exact method of supplying credentials is defined in the 802.1X standard EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol). EAP is an authentication "bucket" that allows developers to create their own methods of passing credentials and is the main security measure in 802.1X. There are four commonly used EAP methods in use today. They are EAP-MD5, EAP-Cisco Wireless (also known as LEAP), EAP-TLS, and EAP-TTLS.
- EAP-MD5 relies on an MD5 hash of a username and password to pass credentials to the RADIUS server. EAP-MD5 offers no key management or dynamic key generation, requiring the use of static WEP keys. This prevents unauthorized users from accessing your wireless network directly, but offers nothing over the proven insecure static WEP encryption scheme. Attackers can still sniff your airborne traffic and decrypt the WEP key. Once the key is decrypted they can easily watch all data running over your wireless network. Another flaw in EAP-MD5 is that it offers no way for the wireless client to verify the AP. Because of this, a determined attacker could plant a rogue AP on your network and fool your wireless clients into thinking that it is a secure communications point. Because it offers no other features over the
standard 802.1X, EAP-MD5 is considered the least secure of all the common EAP standards.
- EAP-Cisco Wireless, or LEAP, is a standard developed by Cisco in conjunction with the 802.1X standard, and is the basis for much of the ratified version of EAP. Like EAP-MD5, LEAP accepts a username and password from the wireless device and transmits them to the RADIUS server for authentication. What sets LEAP apart from EAP-MD5 are the extra features it adds over what is explicitly called for within the 802.1X/EAP specification. When LEAP authenticates the user, one time WEP keys are dynamically generated for that session. This means that every user on your wireless network is using a different WEP key that no one knows, not even the user. Also, you can combine this with the session timeout feature of RADIUS to have the user re-login every few minutes (handled behind the scenes, the user doesn't have to
type anything in) and create new dynamic WEP keys that change every few minutes. Setting your RADIUS server up this way effectively nullifies current attacks on WEP because the individual keys are not used long enough for an attacker to crack them. LEAP also stipulates mutual authentication of client-to-AP and AP-to-client above what 802.1X strictly calls for. This prevents a hacker from inserting a rogue AP into your network and fooling your wireless clients into thinking it is a secure connection.
There are presently two drawbacks to running LEAP. First, the mechanism of passing the logon credentials uses MS-CHAPv1 for both the client and AP authentication. This version of MS-CHAP has known vulnerabilities, and can be compromised by a determined enough attacker with the right tools. There are no known instances of LEAP being compromised by this, but MS-CHAPv1 is a weakness. The second drawback in implementing LEAP is that LEAP currently only works on Cisco end-to-end networks, because only Cisco has added LEAP capabilities to their wireless client. Other vendors, however, are working to add LEAP to their wireless client software to allow non-Cisco network cards in established LEAP implementations.
- EAP-TLS was developed by Microsoft, and is outlined in RFC 2716 . Instead of username/password combinations, EAP-TLS uses X.509 certificates to handle authentication. EAP-TLS relies on Transport Layer Security, the IETF's attempt at standardizing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to pass PKI information in the EAP bucket. Like LEAP, EAP-TLS offers dynamic one-time WEP key generation, and authenticates the AP to the wireless client as well as the client to the AP. EAP-TLS runs on any platform that has a client written for it. Currently clients for EAP-TLS are implemented through several vendors for Linux and all flavors of Windows (except CE).
The first hindrance to implementing EAP-TLS is in the burden of PKI. If your organization does not already have a PKI in place handing out certificates to trusted parties there is a potentially steep learning curve in figuring out exactly what PKI is and how to implement it. Once you get the PKI services installed and implemented, handing out certificates is not too much of a burden. The main impedance to EAP-TLS right now is the general confusion surrounding exactly how to do it. The only way to currently easily deploy EAP-TLS is if you are in an Active Directory (AD) using a Microsoft Certificate Server with wireless clients that only log into the AD, and all your certificates are published to the user accounts in the AD. Problems crop up when you want to change any part of that.
If you are using some other directory service such as Open LDAP or NDS, then you can't publish the certificates to the user accounts, and the RADIUS server has no standards-based way to tell if the certificate you are passing it is a valid one for the account you send it. If you want to use some other certificate server you run into issues between the EAP-TLS standard as written and the interpretation of the X.509 standard for certificates. There is an optional field called "Extended Key Usage" that exists in all Microsoft certificates. This field is used to determine what the certificate is used for. Either mail signing, code signing, or user authentication. In a Microsoft Certificate Services certificate, that field always exists and, if you use the certificate for all purposes it contains every value. If you are using a
Verisign issued certificate for every purpose that optional field doesn't exist at all. Since EAP-TLS looks for a specific value in that field, if you have a general Verisign certificate you can't use it. If your wireless client doesn't log into the Active Directory, then the Certificate Services will not issue it a certificate at all.
See, confusion. Unless your organization can take The Microsoft Way? document straight from MS and implement it just how they have it, EAP-TLS should be considered a work in progress, and not quite ready for primetime. Currently there are vendors working to address these confusing issues, however, and in the next few months TLS should be ready for the spotlight.
- EAP-TTLS was pioneered by Funk Software as an alternative to EAP-TLS. The AP still identifies itself to the client with a server certificate, but the users now send their credentials in username/password form. EAP-TTLS then passes the credentials in any number of administrator specified challenge-response mechanisms (PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAPv1, MS-CHAPv2, PAP/Token Card, or EAP). The only challenges to EAP-TTLS are the slightly less secure than dual certificates of EAP-TLS, and the upcoming standard developed by Microsoft and Cisco that works exactly the same way called Protected EAP (PEAP).

subset: commoncrawl


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X-rays have eluded mankind for a long time, since the only natural source of X-rays on earth stems from the decay of rare radioactive substances such as Uranium. The discovery of X-rays was an accident: On November 8, 1895 W.C. Röntgen (Ref: Figure 1), a professor at the University of Würzburg in Germany, had been experimenting with a cathode ray tube, similar in construction to a light bulb. After covering up the tube to shield the visible light emitted from it, he noticed that a fluorescent screen present in the room was glowing. He deduced correctly that he discovered a new, mysterious kind of radiation that was different from visible light. He worked feverishly for the next several weeks, mentioning his discovery to no one. Röntgen quickly realized that these rays could penetrate materials that are opaque to visible light and that photographic film could be used to detect their presence. Roentgen himself produced the first X-ray shadowgraphs of bones by simply placing an object in front of a sheet of photographic film and turning his cathode ray tube on.
On December 22 he took his wife to his laboratory, and made the famous photograph of the bones of her hand. (Ref: Figure 2) He wrote up his findings, calling the new radiation X-rays and submitted his remarkable paper for publication on December 28. He sent out a few preprints, and the news spread like wildfire. His results were confirmed in dozens of laboratories within days. He was invited to show his results to the Emperor, which he did on January 13 1896. The discovery was reported in the February issue of the Scientific American, and on March 1 X-rays were used to locate bullets in soldiers injured in a battle in Ethiopia. Over the same calendar year over 1000 articles were devoted to X-rays.
Figure 1: W.C. Röntgen.
Figure 2: One of the first X-ray shadowgraphs taken by Röntgen showing the bones of his wife's hand including the wedding ring.
The amazing power of X-rays to take internal images of the body to diagnose bone fractures and other medical conditions was quickly realized and the technology was spread quickly to hospitals and doctors. Röntgen received the first Nobel prize awarded.
Xogram & Xografia >


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Mumbai: The wall dividing hell and heaven will come down in "Bigg Boss 7" house.
"Bigg Boss - Saath 7" airs on Colors.
All the contestants in the house will share the same facilities and luxuries. However, the twist will be the lack of sleeping space for the contestants.
The contestants' loo woes will also go up as 12 contestants will have to make do with a single loo and a single bathroom.
Currently VJ Andy, Gauhar, Kushal, Apoorva Agnihotri and his wife Shilpa Agnihotri, Tanishaa, Armaan, Asif Azim, Sangram Singh, Elli Avaram, Kamya Punjabi and Pratyusha Banerjee are fighting for survival on the show.


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"A soldier's soldier." That is what they all said about Lt. Col. William C. "Doc" Stinson, Jr., a native of Laurens County. Members of veteran's and patriotic organizations joined dozens of members of the Stinson family at the First Baptist Family Life Center on Memorial Day to honor the memory of Lt. Col. Stinson, a graduate of West Point, one of the first advisors to serve in Vietnam and one of the highest ranking officers to be killed in battle during the Vietnam War. His memory will be permanently preserved with the naming of the northern leg of the Highway 441 Bypass in his honor.
Last year, Laurens County Commissioner Buddy Adams launched an effort to honor the two-time recipient of the Silver Star, our nation's third highest award for heroism. Adams contacted state officials and worked diligently to make the project a reality. Later this year around Veteran's Day, the southern leg of the bypass will be named for Lt. Kelso Horne, one of the oldest paratroopers on D-Day and whose picture on the cover of Life magazine is still one of the most coveted by military collectors today.
Members of the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars and National Daughters of the American Revolution were present as well as a host of family friends and patriots. The Laurens County Rural Fire Department, led by Dan Bray, the Official State of Georgia bagpiper, posted the colors. Mrs. E.B. Claxton, Jr., John Laurens Chapter, N.S.D.A.R., led the audience in the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance. Elizabeth Holmes, a senior at Trinity Christian High School, sung a stirring rendition of the National Anthem. After a presentation of the life story of Col. Stinson by Scott B. Thompson, Sr., Clay Young, also a senior at Trinity Christian School, inspired those present with his performance of Lee Greenwood's, God Bless the U.S.A..
Mike Letson, a son-in-law of Lt. Col. Stinson, spoke on behalf of the Stinson family. He thanked Buddy Adams for hosting and organizing the event. Letson told the story of a man, he never knew, but reiterated the universal adjectives which described him; courageous, caring, and dedicated. He told of his achievements during his career and that his father-in-law lost his life while rescuing his dead and dying soldiers. Letson spoke of the significant legacy Stinson left to his family by saying,
"He made a huge sacrifice in serving his country, in that he never knew his adult family. "I am sure that Col. Stinson is smiling down on us all today," Letson concluded.
Col. Ray Battle, a classmate of Col. Stinson at West Point, spoke of his days at the Academy with his friend. Before beginning his remarks, Col. Battle recognized the veterans and current members of the armed forces present in the audience.
Battle stated that if he ever wrote about a book about his friend, he would call it Born To Be A Soldier. Battle stated, "It was two young boys from Dublin, Georgia confined to a prison with gray granite walls right in the middle of Yankee land where they taught us everything we did except to pray in their bunks at night."
Stinson and Battle became close friends in same company at Camp Bunker. He remembered the time when he and Stinson learned of the elder Stinson's capture by the enemy in North Korea. Battle continued, " Doc made a friend of all who came his way. He chose to be an infantry officer. His oustanding career was cut short when he was attempting to rescue his men." .
In the beginning of their senior year, Doc volunteered to be a cheerleader for the Army football team. "Back in 1949, men played football and women were cheerleaders," Battle quipped. Battle asked his friend, "What in the world you doing this for?" To which "Doc" responded, "Ray, it is like this: Army is going to play Georgia Tech in Atlanta this year and I will travel with the team. When I get there, Mildred will be there." Battle smiled. Upon graduation Doc and Mildred were married in the chapel at West Point.
Battle hoped, "I wish there was a way to put on that sign, 'Lt. Col. William "Doc" Stinson and family,' because their sacrifice is very real." "Doc Stinson was born to be a soldier. He lived a soldier's life. And, he died being a solider." And, what a magnificent soldier he was." one of Stinson's oldest and dearest friends concluded.
All eyes turned to stage left as Lt. Col. Stinson's first cousins, Buddy Adams and Jimmy Stinson, unveiled one of the official state highway markers which will be put in place on Tuesday. Adams made special arrangements to have four smaller versions of the sign, which he and Jimmy Stinson presented to the Colonel's widow, Mildred Stinson, and his daughters, Dawn, Leigh, and Katherine, along with seven grandchildren, one great-grandchild and a host of other relatives.
The colors were retired to the hauntingly beautiful Amazing Grace and God Bless America. Promptly at three o'clock during the reception, members of the American Legion called for a moment of silence as the crowd paused for the National Moment of Remembrance while bagpiper Bray played taps.
After the meeting, Mrs. Stinson spoke of her husband fondly, "I told him not to go to combat in Vietnam, but he went away." She remembered the good times she and her husband had during his military career. "Some people didn't enjoy it, but we did. We got to meet a lot of people from different backgrounds. My husband never met a stranger," the native of Glenwood and former resident of Dublin concluded.


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An event every week that begins at 12:00pm on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, repeating until August 10, 2018
An event every week that begins at 10:00am on Saturday, repeating until August 11, 2018
An event every week that begins at 11:00am on Sunday, repeating until August 12, 2018
Categories: Visual Arts
Work by the 2018 winners of the Critical Mass Creative Stimulus Award, including Kahlil Robert Irving, Adrienne Outlaw and Sage Dawson, is featured in this exhibit curated by past Creative Stimulus Award-winner Mel Watkin. Creative Stimulus awards unrestricted funding to support artists to pursue special projects, experiment with new techniques and deepen their understanding of their working processes.
Copyright © 2018 Regional Arts Commission of St. Louis. All Rights Reserved.


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Gerontology Programs Home Page
Meuser, Thomas M., Associate Professor, Social Work and Gerontology and Director
Ph.D., University of Missouri-St. Louis
Tang-Martinez, Zuleyma, Professor, Biology *
Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley
Hurwicz, MargoLea, Associate Professor, Anthropology and Gerontology
Ph.D., University of CaliforniaLos Angeles
Isaac-Savage, Paulette, Associate Professor, Education*
Ph.D., University of Georgia
Porterfield, Shirley L., Associate Professor, Social Work
Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison
Steffen, Ann M., Associate Professor, Psychology and Gerontology*
Ph.D., Indiana University
Usui, Chikako, Associate Professor of Sociology*
Ph.D., Stanford University
Hsueh, Kuei-Hsiang (Grace), Associate Professor, Nursing *
Ph.D., University of Arizona
Pickard, Joseph G., Associate Professor, Social Work *
Ph.D., Washington University
Shen, Huei-Wern, Assistant Professor, Social Work
Ph.D., University of Michigan
Boland, Kathleen, Clinical Assistant Professor, Optometry *
O.D., University of Missouri-St. Louis
*Faculty affiliated with the Gerontology Program based on teaching and/or research interests in the field of aging.
Faculty from 11 departments, colleges and schools are involved in the undergraduate and graduate programs in gerontology.
Master of Science in Gerontology
The master of science degree in gerontology program is a multidisciplinary program designed to prepare students for program management or direct service positions working with the aged. The program of study includes courses from a variety of departments including Anthropology, nursing, psychology, sociology, social work, public policy administration, and optometry. Courses are offered primarily in the evening to accommodate part‑time as well as full‑time students.
Admission Requirements
Learning Outcomes
- A detailed appreciation for the aging process with respect to successful aging, health status, physical functioning, cognition and capacity, psychosocial involvement, diversity, cultural influences and competence, and public policy;
- An ability to integrate theoretical perspectives on aging with the practical needs and concerns of individuals in various living environments;
- An ability to interpret and appropriately utilize research findings to inform daily practice, especially with respect to screening, assessment, intervention, and referral activities;
- Professional competence in the areas of ethical practice, participation in multidisciplinary teams, communication with clients and families, assessment and intervention.
Program applicants must have the following:
- Baccalaureate degree.
- 3.0 or B average (students with exceptions should contact the director of the gerontology program).
- Official transcripts of all previous undergraduate/graduate work.
- Three letters of recommendation
In addition, students must meet the other general requirements for admission to the Graduate School as explained in the Graduate Study section of the Bulletin.
Degree Requirements
The students are required to complete 30 credit hours, including 24 hours in gerontology courses, a 3‑hour statistics course, and a 3-hour research methods course. The required courses are listed below.
Gerontology Distribution Requirements
A. Public Policy and Aging-3 credits from the following:
GERON (P P ADM, POL SCI) 6443. Health Care Policy
B. Health and Physical Aspects of Aging - 3 credits from the following:
GERON 5610 (SOC WK 5610), Mechanics of Aging I: The Aging Body (1 credit hour)
GERON 5611 (SOC WK 5611), Mechanics of Aging II: The Aging Brain (1 credit hour)
GERON 5612 (SOC WK 5612), Mechanics of Aging III: Diseases of Aging (1 credit hour)
GERON 6441, Aging and Health Behavior
C. Psychosocial Aspects of Aging-3 credits from the following:
GERON (SOC) 4361, Social Gerontology
GERON (PSYCH) 4376, Mental Health and Aging
GERON (PSYCH) 5376, Psychopathology of Aging
GERON (ANTHRO) 5440, Cultural Aspects of Aging
GERON (SOC) 5361, Advanced Social Gerontology
SOC WK 6120, Theory & Practice with Older Adults
D. Practica in Gerontology, 6 credits from the following:
GERON 6495, Practicum in Gerontology
GERON 6496, Advanced Practicum in Gerontology
E. Gerontology Electives - 9 credits (see Electives listed below)
F. Graduate-level statistics course - 3 credits and graduate level research methods course – 3 credits.
Students should consult Director of Gerontology for approved courses.
The graduate certificate in gerontology is designed for students who wish to receive post-baccalaureate training in gerontology. The certificate can be taken by itself or in conjunction with pursuit of a graduate degree in another field. Eighteen credit hours are required.
Admission Requirements
Program applicants must have the following:
- Baccalaureate degree.
- 2.75 grade point average (students with exceptions should contact the director of the gerontology program).
- Official transcripts of all previous undergraduate/ graduate work.
- Two letters of recommendation.
Distribution Requirements
A. Public Policy-3 credits from the following:
GERON (P P ADM, POL SCI ) 6443, Health Care Policy
B. Health and Physical Aspects of Aging-3 credits selected from the following:
GERON 5610, SOC WK 5610, Mechanics of Aging I: The Aging Body (1 credit hour)
GERON 5611, SOC WK 5611, Mechanics of Aging II: The Aging Brain (1 credit hour)
GERON 5612, SOC WK 5612, Mechanics of Aging III: Diseases of Aging (1 credit hour)
GERON 6441, Aging and Health Behavior
C. Psychosocial Aspects of Aging - 3 credits selected from the following:
GERON (SOC) 4361, Sociology of Gerontology
GERON (PSYCH) 4376, Mental Health and Aging
GERON (PSYCH) 5376, Psychopathology of Aging
GERON (ANTHRO) 5440, Cultural Aspects of Aging
GERON (SOC) 5361, Advanced Social Gerontology
SOC WK 6120, Theory & Practice with Older Adults
D. GERON 6495, Practicum in Gerontology -3 credits
E. Electives in Gerontology - 6 credits
Graduate Certificate in Long-Term Care Administration (18 credit hours)
The graduate certificate in long-term care administration is designed for individuals who either work in or wish to consider entering the field of long-term care administration. This field (home, community, and institutionally-based) is the fastest growing segment of the health care industry, and there is a critical need for professionally trained personnel with the knowledge and skills to address the complex issues in gerontology. This program can be applied towards meeting nursing home administration licensure requirements. (Missouri contact hour requirements vary with education and long-term care experience. Please check with the Missouri Board of Nursing Home Administration, Jefferson City, MO 573-751-3511 for a copy of licensure eligibility requirements.)
The graduate certificate can be earned by itself or in conjunction with the pursuit of the Master of Science in Gerontology, the Master's in Social Work, or a graduate degree in another field.
The graduate certificate in long-term care administration requires the completion of 18 graduate credit hours which will apply toward the Master of Science in Gerontology for students who elect to continue their graduate studies in gerontology at UMSL.
A. Six of these 18 hours are gerontology courses:
- GERON 6441, Aging and Health Behavior (3 hours) or GERON 6443 Health Care Policy (3 hours) (same as SOC WK 6443, P P ADM 6430, or POL SCI 6443)
- GERON 6498, Advanced Seminar in Gerontology: Long-term Care Administration (3 hours)
B. Nine of these hours are in management. Students much choose the selection of courses in either Business Administration (1) or Nonprofit Management (2).
1. 9 hours of coursework in Business Administration
consisting of:
- MGMT 5600, Organizational Behavior and Administrative Process (3 hours) (same as P P ADM 6600)
- ACCTNG 5400, Financial Accounting: Theory and Practice (3 hours)
- MGMT 5621, Managing Human Resources (3 hours)
2. 9 hours of coursework in Nonprofit Management,
consisting of:
- P P ADM 4940, Leadership and Management in Nonprofit Organizations (3 hours)
- P P ADM 4960, American Philanthropy and Nonprofit Resource Development (3 hours)
- P P ADM 4911, Management Issues in Nonprofit Orgs.:Staff Management Issues (1 hour)
- P P ADM 4912, Management Issues in Nonprofit Orgs.:Legal Issues in Governing and Managing Nonprofit Orgs. (1 hour)
- P P ADM 4913, Management Issues in Nonprofit Orgs.:Financial Issues (1 hour)
Three hours of internship (Practicum in Gerontology, GERON 6495), are also required. Graduate students who already have professional field experience equivalent to the internship may request an exemption. Any request for an exemption from the internship requirement must be approved by the gerontology program director after a review of the student's professional or managerial field experience with appropriate documentation. Students who receive an exemption must take another 3 hours of elective coursework from the gerontology program offerings.
Requirements of admission to the graduate certificate program are the same as those required for admission to the Graduate School: an undergraduate degree, 2.75 or better GPA, and three letters of recommendation.
Undergraduate Certificate in Gerontological Studies
A certificate in gerontological studies, a multidisciplinary course of study, is available at the University of Missouri‑St. Louis. This program provides an opportunity for students to obtain a focused specialty in gerontology in addition to their majors. It utilizes offerings in the College of Arts and Sciences, College of Nursing, the College of Business, and the College of Education. It is appropriate for students in any of the colleges of the University.
Certificate Requirements
A student may earn the certificate in gerontological studies by completing a total of 15 hours. Courses must be chosen from at least two of the following four topic areas. No more than 3 credit hours from Research/ Practicum Experience courses will be allowed. The student must have the approval of the director of the gerontology program before enrolling in the course. Courses taken to fulfill the requirements may not be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. New courses continually are added, so it is advisable to check with the director each term. Many courses are cross‑listed and also have a gerontology designation.
GERON (PHIL) 2256, Bioethics
Social Sciences
GERON (INTDSC) 1220, Special Topics in Gerontology
GERON (INTDSC) 2170, Aging in America Concepts and Controversies
GERON (PSYCH) 2272, Developmental Psychology: Adulthood and Aging
GERON (ANTHRO) 3215, Growing Old in Other Cultures
GERON (SOC) 4361, Social Gerontology
GERON (PSYCH/SOC WK) 4376, Mental Health and Aging
Career Outlook
With our growing aging population, the career outlook for gerontology is strong and will continue to be for decades to come. Professionals with specialized training in gerontology find meaningful work in a variety of settings, including management and marketing positions in the senior housing and long-term care industries, program coordination and direct service positions in nonprofit, government and for-profit senior service organizations, in the growing field of Geriatric Care Management, as counselors and support group leaders, and as members of multidisciplinary teams in hospice organizations and other healthcare organizations.
Course Descriptions
GERON 1220 Special Topics in Gerontology (1-3)
Selected topics dealing with various aspects of gerontology. The specific contents of this course will vary from semester to semester. The course may be repeated for credit with permission of the Gerontology director.
GERON 2170 Aging in America : Concepts and Controversies (3)
Same as SOC 2170, SOC WK 2670, and INTDSC 2170. This course examines the major theoretical and service issues connected to the study of older adults and their families, using multidisciplinary perspectives. Students are provided with an introduction to the field of aging through an examination of current social issues and controversies. This course emphasizes student involvement through class discussion , and is appropriate for students in the arts and sciences, business, communication, education, and nursing.
GERON 2256 Bioethics (3)
Same as PHIL 2256. An examination of ethical issues in health care practice and clinical research and in public policies affecting health care. Topics include abortion, euthanasia, health care, experimentation, informed consent, and the right to health care.
GERON 2272 Developmental Psychology: Adulthood and Aging (3)
Same as PSYCH 2272. Personality, social, and physiological development from the onset of early adulthood through maturity and old age.
GERON 2280 Psychology of Death and Dying (3) [V,SS]
Same as PSYCH 2280. Prerequisite: PSYCH 1003. A beginning exploration of end-of-life issues integrating the scholarly, social, and individual dimensions of death and dying. This course provides a solid grounding in theory and research, as well as practical application to students' lives.
GERON 4361 Social Gerontology (3)
Same as SOC 4361. Prerequisite: SOC 1010 and junior standing or consent of instructor. Topics include sociological theories of aging, technological and social change and its effects on the environment of older people, and prejudice and discrimination against the elderly.
GERON 4376 Mental Health and Aging (3)
Same as PSYCH 4376 and SOC WK 4376. Prerequisites: 9 hours of psychology, graduate standing or consent of instructor. (MSW students normally take all foundation courses prior to enrolling in this course.) This course provides a survey of theory and research in mental health issues for older populations, focusing on psychological and social aspects of mental health and impairment. The course details approaches to understanding prevalence, etiology, assessment, and treatment of the psychological disorders most commonly experienced by older adults, including anxiety, depression, delirium, and dementia, among others.
GERON 4490 Directed Readings (1-3)
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Directed readings and research or field work. May be repeated for a maximum of three hours.
GERON 4680 Introduction to Gerontological Practice (3)
Same as SOC WK 4680. Prerequisite: Advanced undergraduate or graduate standing. This course introduces key concepts and practices in the evaluation and care of older adults. It is intended for students considering aging-focused careers in the social service or healthcare fields. Topics include developmental and health related theories of aging, functional and psychosocial aspects of aging, working with older adults in various service settings, multi and inter-disciplinary team approaches, and basic standards of professional conduct that apply across professions.
GERON 5361 Advanced Social Gerontology (3)
Prerequisite: Graduate Standing. An advanced examination of sociological theories of aging, technological and social change and its effects on the environment of older adults. It includes the study of prejudice and discrimination against the elderly.
GERON 5376 Psychopathology and Aging (3)
Prerequisite: Graduate Standing. Recent theory and research in mental health issues for older populations. The primary focus is on major psychological disorders prevalent among older adults and in assessment and treatment approaches for aging populations.
GERON 5440 Cultural Aspects of Aging (3)
Same as ANTHRO 5440. Focuses on the variety of solutions encountered in different sociocultural contexts for dealing with the problems, challenges, and opportunities of growing old. It is organized around topics that are of concern to both anthropology and social gerontology: the status of the aged, intergenerational relations, aging in modernizing societies, ethnic dimensions of aging in complex societies, health in later life, death and dying. Both in‑depth case studies and cross‑ cultural comparisons are examined in an effort to arrive at a culturally informed assessment of factors affecting aging and the aged in the United States.
GERON 5610 Mechanisms of Aging I: The Aging Body
Same as SOC WK 5610 and PSYCH 5610. Prerequisites: Graduate standing and BIOL 1102 or equivalent. (MSW students normally take all foundation courses prior to enrolling in this course). Introduces students with a social sciences/ humanities background to the normal changes in the biology and chemistry of the aging human body and how these changes affect behavior.
GERON 5611 Mechanisms of Aging II: The Aging Brain (1)
Same as SOC WK 5611 and PSYCH 5611. Prerequisites: GERON 5610 or SOC WK 5610 or PSYCH 5610 or equivalent or consent of instructor. (MSW students normally take all foundation courses prior to enrolling in this course.) Provides students with a social sciences/humanities background a basic introduction to the biology and chemistry of the aging human brain and nervous system and how these systems impact behavior.
GERON 5612 Mechanisms of Aging III: Diseases of Aging (1)
Same as SOC WK 5612 and PSYCH 5612. Prerequisites: GERON 5610 and GERON 5611 or SOC WK 5610 and 5611 or PSYCH 5610 and PSYCH 5611 or equivalents or consent of instructor. (MSW students normally take all foundation courses prior to enrolling in this course) Provides students with a social sciences/humanities background with information on how diseases associated with aging exacerbate the effects of aging on the human body, mind, and behavior.
GERON 5620 Dying, Grief & Death in Older Adulthood (3)
Same as SOC WK 5620. Prerequisites: Six hours of graduate level gerontology, psychology, counseling and/or social work, or special approval from the instructor. Undergraduates in their senior year may also request approval for entry from the Director of Gerontology. For those planning to work with older adults in counseling, healthcare, hospices, and/or community support settings. Will examine trajectories to death in older age, the dying process, influences of medical and aging-related conditions, euthanasia and suicide, life extension and longevity, personal beliefs and existential responses, how individuals and families cope, ethical concerns, and strategies for supportive intervention. Topics are addressed from clinical, supportive care, and interdisciplinary perspectives.
GERON 6130 Interviewing Older Adults & Life Review (3)
Same as SOC WK 6130. Prerequisite: Graduate standing. This course combines training in interviewing techniques with video production. Students will learn how to conduct life review interviews with older adults, and then take these skills into the community by interviewing older adults living in various settings. Students will learn how to use a digital video camera and edit video clips on the computer. Student-conducted interviews will be viewed by the instructor and classmates, issues associated with aging will be discussed, and constructive feedback provided. Some of the video clips developed in the course will become part of an educational video clip library.
GERON 6441 Aging and Health Behavior (3)
Same as PSYCH 6441. Prerequisite: Graduate standing. This course examines sociocultural influences on health care practices of older adults. The role of social support and other social resources in the health behavior of older adults is emphasized. Topics include self‑care decisions, formal service utilization, family caregiving, and planned interventions for older adults.
GERON 6443 Health Care Policy (3)
Same as POL SCI 6443, P P ADM 6430, SOC 6443, and SOC WK 6443. Prerequisites: Graduate standing and consent of instructor. (MSW students will normally take the social policy foundation course prior to enrolling in this course). Survey course examining current issues in health policy that face the nation. Policies are placed in a historical context to show how issues have been influenced by different political and economic conditions. Secondary consequences and limitations of current trends in health policy are explored.
GERON 6444 Seminar in Public Policy and Aging (3)
Same as PP ADM 6444, POL SCI 6444 and SOC 6444. Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. The study of specialized issues and methods related to federal, state, and local policies that affect the elderly. Potential policy areas to be covered include housing, taxation, mental health, transportation, etc. May be repeated for credit, provided the subject matter is different.
GERON 6449 Issues in Retirement (3)
Same as SOC 5449. Prerequisite: Graduate standing. This course examines macro and micro issues of retirement in the United States. It considers experiences of older persons in retirement: its processes, causes, and consequences-in relation to economic market conditions, demographic changes, and programs and policies that are targeted to support the elderly (e.g., Social Security). It also examines issues relating to older women and retirement.
GERON 6450 Gerontological Assessment (3)
Same as SOC WK 6450. Prerequisite: Graduate Standing. This course provides an overview of psychosocial assessment with older adults and their family caregivers. Major areas of gerontological assessment practice are considered, including dementia, mood disorders, suicide, grief, alcoholism, elder abuse/neglect, family caregiving, and interdisciplinary team issues.
GERON 6460 Long Term Care Administration (3)
Prerequisite: Graduate Standing. This course provides an overview of long term care programs and services for older adults. Administrative issues are reviewed, including patient services, state licensure requirements, human resource management, and reimbursement practices. Characteristics of well-functioning facilities are addressed, as well as consultation with families during the placement decision process.
GERON 6490 Directed Study (1-3)
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Designed to give the student an opportunity to pursue a more in‑depth study of a problem area in gerontology than is normally covered in more formal courses. May be repeated for a total of 6 credit hours.
GERON 6495 Practicum in Gerontology (3)
Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Supervised work experience in an agency that serves older adults. Students are required to complete a minimum of 150 clock hours at the practicum site.
GERON 6496 Advanced Practicum in Gerontology (3)
Prerequisites: GERON 6495 and consent of instructor. Advanced practicum experience beyond Gerontology 6495. Students must complete a minimum of 150 clock hours of supervised fieldwork (service or research) with older adults.
GERON 6497 Interdisciplinary Geriatric Care (2)
Same as VIS SCI 6497. Prerequisite: Consent of instructor. Interdisciplinary approaches that address the medical and social needs of the elderly will be examined. Information about geriatric care and social issues affecting the well being of older adults will be provided. Clinical, theoretical, and educational perspectives will be presented.
GERON 6498 Advanced Seminar in Gerontology (3)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing. This course will provide in-depth analysis of specialized topics in gerontology, which are not covered in required courses. (Course may be repeated for a maximum of nine credits, assuming topics are different.)
GERON 6499 Topics in Gerontology (1-2)
Prerequisite: Graduate standing. Analysis of a current problem in gerontology. (Course may be repeated for maximum of five credits, assuming topics are different.)


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They all mean the same thing, these NFL games. It says so in the standings every day. A win is a win, a loss is a loss, a tie is a tie, and all had better be forgotten in time for the next weekend. It is the way of their world.
But that is in the accounting sense. In the cosmic sense, some of these games do mean more than others. Count this one among them: Eagles 26, Colts 24.
What the Eagles have done is identify themselves as a contender with this win. With a 5-3 record now, two of the Eagles' wins are against the handful of teams in the two conference's higher echelons (Indianapolis and Atlanta). And coming as this one did, after a game at Tennessee that they absolutely gave away, marks this Eagles teams as both pretty good now and also as pretty resilient. Those are two good things to be.
Playing in his first game back from what he now has described to CBS as three broken ribs, Michael Vick was dynamic again, with 218 yards passing and 75 yards rushing. On the first play of the game, Shady McCoy had a 62-yard run on the first play of the game that announced to the world that this day might be different. And wide receiver DeSean Jackson showed no signs of the concussion he suffered 3 weeks ago, with seven catches for 109 yards and a touchdown.
Still, it was the Eagles' defense that will walk away from this game with the greatest psychic benefits. First, they pressured and bottled up Colts quarterback Peyton Manning, who had tortured the Eagles in three previous career games. Even more important, in some ways, they played a calm, buttoned-up, non-panicky game after their collapse against Tennessee -- even when presented with all manner of obstacles, including a couple of key penalties with which they angrily disagreed.
The end was messy, to say the least. The Colts scored with 1:50 remaining to bring them to within 26-24 -- on a drive that continued only because Trent Cole was called for an inadvertent love tap to the back of Manning's helmet as he was in the process of stripping him of the ball.
After the Colts kicked off, an 11-yard end around to Jackson got the Eagles a first down. Then another end around to Jackson got them 6 more yards. And with the Colts calling their timeouts, and the Eagles needing one more first down to ice the game, a false start penalty on guard Nick Cole on third-and-2 pushed them back 5 yards, and a Vick scramble came up short -- officially, it was a sack for zero yards -- and the Eagles were forced to punt.
Which left Manning on his 26-yard line, with 40 seconds to play, no timeouts, and needing a field goal to win. But he didn't get it, instead forcing a throw over the middle that was intercepted by Asante Samuel with 6 seconds remaining.
In all, there was nothing particularly attractive about it, filled with penalties and mistakes on both sides -- blown coverages, blown opportunities, you know. Along the way, there was a frightening (but, thankfully, not catastrophic) injury to Colts receiver Austin Collie that highlighted both the fragility of players in a brutal sport and the difficulty with which defenders and officials are attempting to deal with the new realities concerning concussion prevention.
But in the end, it was a W. And for the Eagles, maybe, a little bit more.


text:
Parents, are you trying to help your child through the process of Going to College and Paying for it and feel lost in the maze of options? Are you worried that you will leave "money on the table" and cause your child (or you) to pay more for college than necessary? Are you asking who can do my homework for me? Are you stressed because you're not sure what you are supposed to be doing?
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Students, are you looking for scholarships, grants to help you pay for college or maybe reputable essay writing company? Do you want to reduce your out-of-pocket cost for your education? Would you like to save time and money in your search for "free money"?
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Our video "Going to College and Paying for it" is a common sense approach to this process. It explains the "big picture" and the workbook helps you decide how it applies specifically to you. It will help you make some conscious decisions of where you want to go in your life and practical steps to get there.
Watch Denise's introduction on YouTube (about 3 minutes). Sign up for the free monthly newsletter. Use this website as an unbiased information resource. When you are ready, we hope you buy the DVD and workbook ($50) to walk you through this process.
You can do it! Make your future what you want it to be!
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text:
Week 35
(All weights in pounds and ounces)
Amberjack G 59-8 Dan Hurt
Blackfish G 4-4 Heather Leman
Blackfish L 4-10 Tom Benton
Bluefish UL 3-2 Steve Joy
Cobia G 88-6 J.R. Waits
Cobia L 68-0 Whitney Pakalka
Dolphin G 60-10 Sherri Fleming
Dolphin L 45-0 Bill Peebles
Flounder L 7-4 Matt Andrews
King mackerel G 31-0 Alden Sherrill
King mackerel L 28-8 Cotes Simons Jr.
King mackerel UL 34-0 Lee Moyer
Ladyfish L 3-12 Bill Jones
Sheepshead G 12-0 Andrew Michalski
Sheepshead L 12-5 Bill Jones
Sheepshead UL 8-8 Lonnie East III
Spadefish G 10-11 Dan Champlin
Spadefish L 9-4 Eric Hutchinson
Spadefish UL 8-14 Chip Sandifer
Spanish mackerel UL 3-8 Lee Moyer
Trout L 7-4 Bill Jones
Trout UL 6-8 Lonnie East IV
Trout FR 4-4 Eddie Robbins
Tuna G 34-4 Wade Windham
Tuna L 18-9 Steve Gibson
Wahoo L 69-8 Mike Jenkins
Wahoo UL 60-0 Charles Wilson
Whiting L 1-2 Christine Johnson
Whiting UL 1-4 Frank Helms
Saltwater Tackle Categories
General - Over 20-pound test line; Light - Over 8-pound through 20-pound test line; Ultralight - 8-pound test and under. Flyrod - 20-pound tippet or less.
Largemouth bass L 7-14 Eddie Robbins
Largemouth bass UL 4-0 Russ Perkins
Largemouth bass FR 5-13 Eddie Robbins
Striped bass UL 8-5 Johnny Cook
Redbreast bream L 0-12 Allison Dupere
Redbreast bream UL 1-1 Dylan James
All other bream L 1-10 Vandry Kennedy
All other bream UL 1-2 Davian Martin
All other bream FR 1-4 Eddie Robbins
Catfish G 29-0 Lonnie East IV
Catfish L 36-0 Lonnie East III
Catfish UL 35-10 Lonnie East III
Chain pickerel UL 2-10 Mike Borthwick
Crappie L 2-11 Johnny Cook
Crappie UL 2-14 Johnny Cook
American shad L 4-8 George Salvo
American shad UL 6-0 James Lucas
American shad FR 4-9 Lonnie East III
Warmouth UL 0-15 Mike Borthwick
Freshwater Tackle Categories
General - Over 14-pound test line; Light - Over 8-pound through 14-pound test line; Ultralight - 8-pound test and under; Flyrod - 20-pound test tippet or less.
Catch and release
Jason Schall 5050
Lewis Lee 1670
Daryl Johnson 1050
Shane Flannigan 510
Skip Milligan 420


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Santa Barbara Independent Podcast
Santa Barbara City Council (For Dummys)
October 24, 2013
Nick Welsh breaks down the intrigue and issues (or lack there of) surrounding this year's City Council elections.
Independent Discussion Guidelines
As usual, a very left wing slant from Nick. "A Voters' Guide to Who is Running and Why" is full of the usual loaded leftie description we all expect from the Indy. Just don't pretend it's an evenhanded nonpartisan article, Nick, even though the election is supposed to be nonpartisan.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 27, 2013 at 2:16 p.m. (Suggest removal)
"Santa Barbara City Council (For Dummys)"
Dummys (sic)?? Is someone trying to be weirdly ironic or something?
zappa (anonymous profile)
October 27, 2013 at 4:51 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Sorry you weren't endorsed "JohnLocke".
Even if the election is nonpartisan, the electorate has every right to be partisan (and that includes members of the media.)
Ken_Volok (anonymous profile)
October 27, 2013 at 5:15 p.m. (Suggest removal)
And if you've come to expect a "loaded Leftie description", why are you complaining about it? It's like going to the same restaurant repeatedly and complaining about the food each time!
When are you going to complain about "loaded Righty descriptions" on FOX if we're in such an egalitarian moode?
Ken_Volok (anonymous profile)
October 27, 2013 at 5:32 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Partisanship is destroying our government's ability to function.
Nickie is such a predictable and easy target.
I don't watch Fox for just that reason.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 28, 2013 at 8:37 a.m. (Suggest removal)
OK, JL, yet you phrased the podcast as showing "a very lefty slant" meaning you, too, are injecting partisanship... you are the one calling yourself "center left" which is hilarious based on your many posts, plenty of them quite thoughtful and excellent contributions. Sorry you weren't endorsed. For your same reasons, I watch zero TV.
DrDan (anonymous profile)
October 28, 2013 at 8:53 a.m. (Suggest removal)
Here is the biggest challenge facing this city, and whomever you choose to elect to the new city council.
City CFO quoted in an article to the NewsPress that the city faces $200 million (plus) in unfunded employee pension liabilities and $200 million in unfunded city infrastructure repair and maintenance projections.
1. Is the city CFO telling the truth? Then what will city council do about this; and will city staff accept this as the new reality they have to live with.
2. Is the city CFO lying or materially exaggerating this approx $400 millon in unfunded city liabilities? if so, when why does he still have his job.
3. Did the NewsPress inaccurately report what the city CFO stated. Do you have proof this is what they did to corroborate this was inaccurate reporting.
foofighter (anonymous profile)
October 28, 2013 at 9:18 a.m. (Suggest removal)
@JL, it would be interesting to see your candidate summaries so we readers can assess how much less slanted your analyses are compared to Nick's.
EastBeach (anonymous profile)
October 28, 2013 at 9:54 a.m. (Suggest removal)
How about letting the candidates speak for themselves instead of having Nick interpreting their views the way he sees them?
Botany (anonymous profile)
October 28, 2013 at 10:23 a.m. (Suggest removal)
@ DrDan: It is quite simple to be in the center and point out partisan views on both extremes without being partisan oneself. It merely requires the ability to be objective - something in very short supply in our times. With multiple degrees in science and engineering, I have been trained in objectivity all my life.
Wikipedia's description of center left (apparently posted by a Brit) pretty well describes me: "The centre-left also referred to as the moderate left, describes adherence to views leaning to the left but closer to the centre on the left-right political spectrum than other left-wing variants. Centre leftists, such as social democrats or social liberals, believe in working within the established systems to improve social justice. The centre-left promotes a degree of social equality that it believes is achievable through promoting equal opportunity. The centre-left has promoted luck egalitarianism that emphasizes that the achievement of equality requires personal responsibility in areas in control by the individual person through their abilities and talents and social responsibility in areas outside of control by the individual person in their abilities or talents.
The centre-left opposes a wide gap between the rich and the poor and supports moderate measures to reduce the gap, such as a progressive income tax, laws prohibiting child labour, minimum wage laws, laws regulating working conditions, limits on working hours, laws to ensure workers' right to organize] The centre-left, unlike the far-left, typically claims that equality of outcome is not possible (sometimes not even desirable), but that equal opportunity improves social equality in society."
What describes you?
@foofighter: This City has lied repeatedly about its financial condition; why believe them now? The biggest lie is "the budget is balanced". Uh, right, except for hundreds of millions in deferred maintenance and unfunded pension liabilities.
@EastBeach: I pick my candidates based on their published and quoted remarks, not on the editorial regurgitations of media. So I won't regurgitate them for you either. Read their positions and make up your own mind, or better yet, post your own summaries.
Like Botany says.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 28, 2013 at 5:01 p.m. (Suggest removal)
the article also covered democratic socialism, often part of center-left, JL, and from your many prior posts [I won't go back and get them] you are very very far from democratic socialism.
The wiki article also states
"Throughout the world, centre-left groups generally support:
A mixed economy consisting of both private enterprise and publicly owned or subsidised programmes of education, universal health care, child care and related social services for all citizens.
An extensive system of social security, with the stated goal of counteracting the effects of poverty and insuring the general public against loss of income following illness, unemployment or retirement (National Insurance contributions)
Equal rights and opportunity.
Government bodies that regulate private enterprise in the interests of workers and consumers by ensuring labour rights (i.e. supporting worker access to trade unions), consumer protections, and fair market competition.
A value-added tax and/or progressive taxation system to fund government expenditures."
You don't fit the bill here in the above much, weren't you anti Prop 30, for example? Are you for single payer health insurance (National insurance contributions)? It goes on and on.
No, JL, you are being slippery in a way, but betray yourself when asserting your vaunted "objectivity" because you have "multiple degrees in science and engineering, I have been trained in objectivity all my life. " This supposed objectivity -- BTW you have written some very hot and vehement posts here, fella! -- based on degrees in science? but much of the current debate is on social/political/historical stuff. I could claim I'm oh so objective with "multiple degrees in history" and a published scholarly book and so on... but I doubt these claims to objectivity by any of us.
In short, I'm a social democrat who, for example, is not satisfied at all by your moderate attempts to diminish that "wide gap between the rich and the poor" -- we need very vigorous efforts to diminish that gap, especially given that the 1% has accrued almost all of the gains made after 2007.
Luck egalitarianism is pretty suspect.
DrDan (anonymous profile)
October 28, 2013 at 6:51 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Well JL, I see you chose not to defend your characterization of Welsh's podcast and tried to divert attention elsewhere. Well played.
I've watched almost every candidate forum on TVSB (ZZzzzz ...) prior to listening to the podcast and am no newcomer to City Council meetings.
Point blank ... your characterization of Welsh's podcast as "very slanted" is way off base. Listen to it again and you'll see Welsh highlights both "good" and "bad" things about the candidates. And like any political analyst, Nick did a great job underscoring the various groups and individuals who are attempting to influence the election behind the scenes. Plus he critiqued both the "liberal" and "conservative" camps ... nobody got away scott free.
I also have advanced degrees in engineering but would not label your characterization "objective" by any means.
Indeed, I'm amused you'd think your education and work training disciplines your personal perceptions and opinions so well. I know plenty of folks with advanced degrees in the sciences & engineering who are all over the map. Some brilliant, others utter nincompoops.
EastBeach (anonymous profile)
October 28, 2013 at 9:36 p.m. (Suggest removal)
and I know scads of people with advanced degrees in the humanities who are all over the map as well...but many of them have the grace to admit this and they continue seeking.
So JL, you are for "universal healthcare"? great.
DrDan (anonymous profile)
October 29, 2013 at 4:59 a.m. (Suggest removal)
DrDan, While telling me (incorrectly) all the things I don't believe in, you neglected to tell me what you do believe in. But to cut this useless debate short, most of what you mention I do support, in moderation and with proper controls. BTW, a value added tax system is far from progressive.
The 1% has had huge intended help from the gov in the way the banking crisis and mortgage crisis was mishandled and has indeed amassed a disproportional increase in wealth. So....confiscation?
You COULD claim to be objective, but that would just be silly.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 29, 2013 at 12:34 p.m. (Suggest removal)
DrDan, go to http://www.openpolitics.ca/tiki-page...., take the quiz and let's share results. I guarantee you will be amazed.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 29, 2013 at 12:45 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Divide and conquer politics is ugly and unethical no matter what newspaper or politician attempts to shape things that way.
This is an opinion peice.
Georgy (anonymous profile)
October 29, 2013 at 6:31 p.m. (Suggest removal)
That's one of most obviously partisan things Nick did here. He tried to classify the candidates by party when it's a non-partisan race. I think his hope was to engender party loyalty and portray the candidates he doesn't agree with as belonging to the minority party.
Botany (anonymous profile)
October 29, 2013 at 7:04 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Nick is a partisan. The Indy is a partisan rag. No reason to expect reasoned analysis therein; I just read it for laughs.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 29, 2013 at 11:32 p.m. (Suggest removal)
thus, the real JL stands up: objective, non-partisan, emphatically center-left.
DrDan (anonymous profile)
October 30, 2013 at 3:55 a.m. (Suggest removal)
Calling the Indy partisan does not make me partisan, Dr Dan; back to Logic 101 for you. Take the test, Dan. Let's get some external objectivity into this.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 30, 2013 at 12:23 p.m. (Suggest removal)
forget test idea JL, back to Logic 1 for you
DrDan (anonymous profile)
October 30, 2013 at 12:59 p.m. (Suggest removal)
How is this column "Leftist"? It's placed on the left hand side of the page, classic indoctrintion technique. If it were Centrist it'd be in the Center.
Ken_Volok (anonymous profile)
October 30, 2013 at 1:04 p.m. (Suggest removal)
Why not take the test, DrDan? The results of mine (3 different ones, actually) showed clearly center left; my guess, having read the test and your postings, would place you far left. No problem with that. Just the usual optical distortion of those at the extremes thinking of themselves as centrist, and thereby viewing actual centrists as being of the other extreme. Particularly common in these parts, this being a rather far left state, county, and town.
But I'm not surprised you won't take the test. Any more than you would use a dictionary. And I don't understand why I should go back to logic 1 when you have the logic problem. Guess I'm just too logical.
But enough of this useless silliness. Actually, Ken_Volok is right on. The left hand placement of the article, combined with the yellow ink, indicates clear leftiness. That's why the NYT only has left hand pages, MSNBC broadcasts only on the left half of the screen and why Fox is only broadcast on the right hand side of the screen, or so I'm told - I never watch either of the two.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 30, 2013 at 2:34 p.m. (Suggest removal)
JL I'm a little confused by the test, what do you mean you got center left, there are so many scales?
I got DSIRW - Anti-Nationalist
"Not anarchists but something like it, anti-nationalists are sincerely disappointed by the current political world order. These thinkers care much more about quality of life than they do about patriotism, and are likely willing to make do with far less centralized/state power, if it makes empowering the individual more likely. Anti-nationalists take a transformative view of government, favoring anarchism or democratic reform. They are likely to develop plans for a new world order."
Oh, I love me some New World Order :p
My highest ranking dimension was individualist and my second highest ranking dimension was small government.
I was closer to Democratic than Autocratic, much closer to small government than big government, way over on the individualist side opposed to the collectivist side, slightly more rationalist than literalist, a bit more wide focus than narrow focus and slightly more human centric than eco centric (but I think that portion is a little bias b/c that may not be my personal belief but more to do with how I wish to tell everybody else what to believe regarding that topic)
Interesting test.
loonpt (anonymous profile)
October 30, 2013 at 3:17 p.m. (Suggest removal)
ooh, cute dictionary dig there, JL, and so very mature and adult as well; that's all you've got? Maybe find another "test" to help you figure out who you really are, because you need help.
DrDan (anonymous profile)
October 30, 2013 at 7:11 p.m. (Suggest removal)
@loonpt: that was my point. There are several self-tests available on the 'net to allow one to assess one's political position. Yes, the center is a broad place. The purpose of the tests is to come to some common terminology to allow intelligent dialogue. My highest ranking, much to my enduring amazement, was large gov, Social Democrat style, which Iconsider to be rather far left. The rest of my description was pretty much the same as yours.
@DrDan: "Mature and adult"? It was a direct reference to a previous exchange between myself, you, and K_V on the definition of "tarbaby", which you claimed to be a racist term, but according to three dictionaries is clearly not. Still waiting for you to admit your error there - but, nah, that's not your style. Take the test. Tell us about yourself instead of sitting on the sidelines throwing stones.
JohnLocke (anonymous profile)
October 31, 2013 at 11:08 a.m. (Suggest removal)


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Angel Island Immigration Station
Judy Yung and Erika Lee
The Angel Island Immigration Station (1910–1940), located in San Francisco Bay, was one of twenty-four ports of entry established by the U.S. government to process and detain immigrants entering and leaving the country. Although popularly called the "Ellis Island of the West," the Angel Island station was in fact quite different from its counterpart in New York. Ellis Island was built in 1892 to welcome European immigrants and to enforce immigration laws that restricted but did not exclude European immigrants. In contrast, as the primary gateway for Chinese and other Asian immigrants, the Angel Island station was built in 1910 to better enforce discriminatory immigration policies that targeted Asians for exclusion. Chinese immigrants, in particular, were subjected to longer physical exams, interrogations, and detentions than any other immigrant group. Out of frustration, anger, and despair, many of them wrote and carved Chinese poems into the barrack walls. In 1940, a fire destroyed the administration building, and the immigration station was moved back to San Francisco. In 1963, the abandoned site became part of the state park system, and the remaining buildings were slated for demolition. Thanks to the collective efforts of Asian American activists and descendents of former detainees, the U.S. Immigration Station at Angel Island was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997, and the immigration site, including the Chinese poetry on the barrack walls, was preserved and transformed into a museum of Pacific immigration for visitors.
Anna May Wong and Asian American Popular Culture
Shirley Lim
Anna May Wong (January 3, 1905–February 3, 1961) was the first Chinese American movie star and the first Asian American actress to gain international recognition. Wong broke the codes of yellowface in both American and European cinema to become one of the major global actresses of Asian descent between the world wars. She made close to sixty films that circulated around the world and in 1951 starred in her own television show, The Gallery of Madame Liu-Tsong, produced by the defunct Dumont Network. Examining Wong's career is particularly fruitful because of race's centrality to the motion pictures' construction of the modern American nation-state, as well as its significance within the global circulation of moving images.
Born near Los Angeles's Chinatown, Wong began acting in films at an early age. During the silent era, she starred in films such as The Toll of the Sea (1922), one of the first two-tone Technicolor films, and The Thief of Baghdad (1924). Frustrated by Hollywood roles, Wong left for Europe in the late 1920s, where she starred in several films and plays, including Piccadilly (1929) and A Circle of Chalk (1929) opposite Laurence Olivier. Wong traveled between the United States and Europe for film and stage work. In 1935 she protested Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's refusal to consider her for the leading role of O-Lan in the Academy Award–winning film The Good Earth (1937). Wong then paid her one and only visit to China. In the late 1930s, she starred in several B films such as King of Chinatown (1939), graced the cover of the mass-circulating American magazine Look, and traveled to Australia. In 1961, Wong died of Laennec's cirrhosis, a disease typically stemming from alcoholism. Yet, as her legacy shows, for a brief moment a glamorous Chinese American woman occupied a position of transnational importance.
The Anti-Chinese Massacre in Los Angeles as a Reconstruction-Era Event
Victor Jew
Long regarded as a violent outburst significant mainly for California history, the 1871 Los Angeles anti-Chinese massacre raises themes central to America's Civil War Reconstruction era between 1865 and 1877, namely, the resort to threats and violence to preserve traditionally conceived social and political authority and power. Although the Los Angeles events occurred far from the American South, the Los Angeles anti-Chinese massacre paralleled the anti-black violence that rose in the South during Reconstruction. Although the immediate causes of the violence in the post–Civil War South and California were far different, they shared one key characteristic: they employed racial disciplining to preserve traditional social orders that old elites saw as threatened by changing times and circumstances.
Asian American Literature, U.S. Empire, and the Eaton Sisters
Edward Tang
The Eaton sisters, Edith Maude (b. 1865–d. 1914) and Winnifred (b. 1875–d. 1954), were biracial authors who wrote under their respective pseudonyms, Sui Sin Far and Onoto Watanna. Raised in Montreal, Canada, by an English father and a Chinese mother, the sisters produced works that many scholars have recognized as among the first published by Asian American writers. Edith embraced her Chinese ancestry by composing newspaper articles and short stories that addressed the plight of Chinese immigrants in North America. Winnifred, on the other hand, posed as a Japanese woman and eclipsed her older sibling in popularity by writing interracial romances set in Japan.
The significance of the Eaton sisters emerges from a distinct moment in American history. At the turn of the 20th century, the United States began asserting an imperial presence in Asia and the Caribbean, while waves of immigrants entered the nation as valued industrial labor. This dual movement of overseas expansion and incoming foreign populations gave rise to a sense of superiority and anxiety within the white American mainstream. Even as U.S. statesmen and missionaries sought to extend democracy, Christianity, and trade relations abroad, they also doubted that people who came to America could assimilate themselves according to the tenets of a liberal white Protestantism. This concern became evident with the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and the Gentleman's Agreement (1907), legislation that thwarted Chinese and Japanese immigration efforts. The lives and writings of the Eaton sisters intersected with these broader developments. As mixed-race authors, they catered to a growing U.S. consumer interest in things Asian, acting as cultural interpreters between East and West. In doing so, however, they complicated and challenged American beliefs and attitudes about race relations, gender roles, and empire building.
The Asian American Movement
Daryl Joji Maeda
The Asian American Movement was a social movement for racial justice, most active during the late 1960s through the mid-1970s, which brought together people of various Asian ancestries in the United States who protested against racism and U.S. neo-imperialism, demanded changes in institutions such as colleges and universities, organized workers, and sought to provide social services such as housing, food, and healthcare to poor people. As one of its signal achievements, the Movement created the category "Asian American," (coined by historian and activist Yuji Ichioka), which encompasses the multiple Asian ethnic groups who have migrated to the United States. Its founding principle of coalitional politics emphasizes solidarity among Asians of all ethnicities, multiracial solidarity among Asian Americans as well as with African, Latino, and Native Americans in the United States, and transnational solidarity with peoples around the globe impacted by U.S. militarism.
The movement participated in solidarity work with other Third World peoples in the United States, including the Third World Liberation Front strikes at San Francisco State College and University of California, Berkeley. The Movement fought for housing rights for poor people in the urban cores of San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York City, Seattle, and Philadelphia; it created arts collectives, published newspapers and magazines, and protested vigorously against the Vietnam War. It also extended to Honolulu, where activists sought to preserve land rights in rural Hawai'i. It contributed to the larger radical movement for power and justice that critiqued capitalism and neo-imperialism, which flourished during the 1960s and 1970s.
Asian Americans and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots/Uprising
Shelley Sang-Hee Lee
Although the 1992 Los Angeles riots have been described as a "race riot" sparked by the acquittals of a group of mostly white police officers charged with excessively beating black motorist Rodney King, the widespread targeting and destruction of Asian-owned (mainly Korean) property in and around South Central Los Angeles stands out as one of the most striking aspects of the uprising. For all the commentary generated about the state of black-white relations, African American youths, and the decline of America's inner cities, the riots also gave many Americans their first awareness of the presence of a Korean immigrant population in Southern California, a large number of Korean shop owners, and the existence of what was commonly framed as the "black-Korean conflict." For Korean Americans, and Asian Americans more generally, the Los Angeles riots represented a shattered "American dream" and brought focus to their tenuous hold on economic mobility and social inclusion in a society fraught by racial and ethnic tension. The riots furthermore marked a turning point that placed Asian immigrants and Asian Americans at the center of new conversations about social relations in a multiracial America, the place of new immigrants, and the responsibilities of relatively privileged minorities toward the less privileged.
Asian Americans and the Cold War
Madeline Y. Hsu
The global political divides of the Cold War propelled the dismantling of Asian exclusion in ways that provided greater, if conditional, integration for Asian Americans, in a central aspect of the reworking of racial inequality in the United States after World War II. The forging of strategic alliances with Asian nations and peoples in that conflict mandated at least token gestures of greater acceptance and equity, in the form of changes to immigration and citizenship laws that had previously barred Asians as "aliens ineligible to citizenship."1 During the Cold War, shared politics and economic considerations continued to trump racial difference as the United States sought leadership of the "free" capitalist world and competed with Soviet-led communism for the affiliation and cooperation of emerging, postcolonial Third World nations. U.S. courtship of once-scorned peoples required the end of Jim Crow systems of segregation through the repeal of discriminatory laws, although actual practices and institutions proved far more resistant to change. Politically and ideologically, culture and values came to dominate explanations for categories and inequalities once attributed to differences in biological race. Mainstream media and cultural productions celebrated America's newfound embrace of its ethnic populations, even as the liberatory aspirations inflamed by World War II set in motion the civil rights movement and increasingly confrontational mobilizations for greater access and equality.
These contestations transformed the character of America as a multiracial democracy, with Asian Americans advancing more than any other racial group to become widely perceived as a "model minority" by the 1980s with the popularization of a racial trope first articulated during the 1960s. Asian American gains were attained in part through the diminishing of barriers in immigration, employment, residence, education, and miscegenation, but also because their successes affirmed U.S. claims regarding its multiracial democracy and because reforms of immigration law admitted growing numbers of Asians who had been screened for family connections, refugee status, and especially their capacity to contribute economically. The 1965 Immigration Act cemented these preferences for educated and skilled Asian workers, with employers assuming great powers as routes to immigration and permanent status. The United States became the chief beneficiary of "brain drain" from Asian countries. Geometric rates of Asian American population growth since 1965, disproportionately screened through this economic preference system, have sharply reduced the ranks of Asian Americans linked to the exclusion era and set them apart from Latino, black, and Native Americans who remain much more entrenched in the systems of inequality rooted in the era of sanctioned racial segregation.
Asian International Adoptions
Allison Varzally
Although Americans have adopted and continue to adopt children from all over the world, Asian minors have immigrated and joined American families in the greatest numbers and most shaped our collective understanding of the process and experiences of adoption. The movement and integration of infants and youths from Japan, the Philippines, India, Vietnam, Korea, and China (the most common sending nations in the region) since the 1940s have not only altered the composition and conception of the American family but also reflected and reinforced the complexities of U.S. relations with and actions in Asia. In tracing the history of Asian international adoption, we can undercover shifting ideas of race and national belonging. The subject enriches the fields of Asian American and immigration history.
Buddhism in America
Jeff Wilson
Buddhist history in the United States traces to the mid-19th century, when early scholars and spiritual pioneers first introduced the subject to Americans, followed soon by the arrival of Chinese immigrants to the West Coast. Interest in Buddhism was significant during the late Victorian era, but practice was almost completely confined to Asian immigrants, who faced severe white prejudice and legal discrimination. The Japanese were the first to establish robust, long-lasting temple networks, though they, too, faced persecution, culminating in the 1942 incarceration of 120,000 Japanese Americans, a severe blow to American Buddhism. Outside the Japanese American community, Buddhism grew slowly in the earlier decades of the 20th century, but it began to take off in the 1960s, aided soon by the lifting of onerous immigration laws and the return of large-scale Asian immigration. By the end of the 20th century American Buddhism had become extremely diverse and complex, with clear evidence of permanence in Asian American and other communities.
Cambodians in the United States: Refugees, Immigrants, American Ethnic Minority
Sucheng Chan
Cambodians entered the United States as refugees after a group of Cambodian Communists named Khmer Rouge, led by the French-educated Pol Pot, won a civil war that had raged from March 1970 to April 1975 and proceeded to rule the country with extraordinary brutality. In power from April 17, 1975, to January 7, 1979, they destroyed all the major institutions in the country. An estimated 1.7 million people out of an estimated total population of 7.9 million died from executions, hunger, disease, injuries, coerced labor, and exposure to the elements. The refuge-seekers came in three waves: (1) just before the Khmer Rouge takeover, (2) during the regime's existence, and (3) after the regime was overthrown. Some former Khmer Rouge personnel, who had escaped to Vietnam because they opposed Pol Pot's extremist ideology and savage practices, returned in late December 1978, accompanied by 120,000 Vietnamese troops, to topple the government of their former comrades. A second civil war then erupted along the Thai-Cambodian border pitting the rump Khmer Rouge against two groups of non-communist combatants. Though fighting among themselves, all three groups opposed the new Cambodian government that was supported and controlled by Vietnam. When hundreds of thousands of Cambodians, along with Laotians and Vietnamese, showed up at the Thai-Cambodian border to seek refuge in Thailand, the Thai government and military did not welcome them. Thailand treated the Cambodians especially harshly for reasons related to the Thai officials' concerns about the internal security of their country.
Almost 158,000 Cambodians gained entry into the United States between 1975 and 1994, mainly as refugees but with a smaller number as immigrants and "humanitarian parolees." Cambodian ethnic communities sprang up on American soil, many of them in locations chosen by the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement. By the time the 1990 U.S. census was taken, Cambodians could be found in all fifty states. The refugees encountered enormous difficulties adapting to life in the United States. Only about 5 percent of them, mostly educated people from the first wave of refugees who came in 1975 and who, therefore, did not experience the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge era, managed to find white-collar jobs, often serving as intermediaries between their compatriots and the larger American society. About 40 to 50 percent of the Cambodian newcomers who arrived in the second and third waves found employment in blue-collar occupations. The rest of the population has relied on welfare and other forms of public assistance. A significant portion of this last group is composed of households headed by women whose fathers, husbands, or sons the Khmer Rouge had killed. It is they who have had to struggle the hardest to keep themselves and their children alive. Many women had to learn to become the main bread winners in their families even though they had never engaged in wage labor in their homeland. Large numbers of refugees have suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder but have received very little help to deal with the symptoms. Some children, lacking role models, have not done well academically and dropped out of school. Others have joined gangs. Despite myriad difficulties, Cambodians in the United States are determined to resuscitate their social institutions and culture that the Khmer Rouge had tried to destroy during their reign of terror. By reviving Cambodian classical dance, music, and other performing and visual arts, and by rebuilding institutions, particularly Buddhist temples, they are trying valiantly to transcend the tragedies that befell them in order to survive as a people and a culture.
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Lot # 245 (of 1641) < Previous Lot | Next Lot >
1910-1911 M116 Sporting Life Blue Background Honus Wagner
Starting Bid - $1,000, Sold For - $4,444
Graded VG/EX 50 by SGC. Exceptional example of Honus Wagner from the prized "Blue Background" series of M116 Sporting Life. This rare card is popular on many counts, including the fact that the portrait is so similar in appearance to the famous T206 Wagner and dates from the same era. The "Blue Background" series is by far the most desirable series of the 1911 M116 Sporting Life set. These cards have always been especially appreciated by collectors for their scarcity and distinctive style, as well as for the unparalleled concentration of quality players in the series. Honus Wagner, of course, is one of the key cards of the "Blue Background" subset series. This is a gorgeous card. Bright and clean both front and back, with outstanding color, no creases, perfect registration, and an extremely bold blue background. The 35/65 left-to-right centering and just a hint too much light corner wear, primarily in the upper right, keep this beauty from a higher grade, though it certainly has a superior overall Excellent appearance. The blue background of this card defines it at a glance as one of the special 24-card "Blue Background" subset series of the Sporting Life set. This is a magnificent example in a very desirable grade of one of Honus Wagner's most distinctive and popular portrait cards. Reserve $1,000. Estimate $2,000/$4,000+. SOLD FOR $4,444
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JOINT BASE LEWIS-McCHORD, Wash. (AP) � Military prosecutors say the soldier accused of killing 16 villagers in a nighttime rampage in Afghanistan returned to his base with the blood of his victims on his rifle, belt, shirt and pants.
Prosecutor Lt. Col. Jay Morse says Staff Sgt. Robert Bales was incredulous when fellow U.S. soldiers drew their weapons on him when he returned to Camp Belambay in southern Afghanistan last March.
Morse says Bales turned to one sergeant at the scene and said: "Mac, if you rat me out..."
Bales has been charged with 16 counts of premeditated murder and six counts of attempted murder in the attack on two villages. Nine of the victims were children.
The hearing at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Wash., will help determine whether his case goes to a court martial.