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Bite mechanics and feeding behaviour in Tyrannosaurus rex are controversial. Some contend that a modest bite mechanically limited T. rex to scavenging, while others argue that high bite forces facilitated a predatory mode of life. We use dynamic musculoskeletal models to simulate maximal biting in T. rex. Models predict that adult T. rex generated sustained bite forces of 35 000–57 000 N at a single posterior tooth, by far the highest bite forces estimated for any terrestrial animal. Scaling analyses suggest that adult T. rex had a strong bite for its body size, and that bite performance increased allometrically during ontogeny. Positive allometry in bite performance during growth may have facilitated an ontogenetic change in feeding behaviour in T. rex, associated with an expansion of prey range in adults to include the largest contemporaneous animals.
1. Introduction
Attaining quantitative measures of mechanical performance for extinct animals is notoriously difficult and involves numerous assumptions, particularly when a close living analogue is lacking. This has frustrated attempts to definitely assess the feeding strategies of large carnivorous dinosaurs, particularly one of the largest and best-known taxa, Tyrannosaurus rex [1–4]. Some studies contend that a modest bite limited T. rex to scavenging [3], while others have argued that high 'bone-crushing bite' forces facilitated a 'puncture–pull' mode of predation [1,2,4]. Resolving this issue would not only enhance understanding of the palaeobiology of T. rex, but would also provide a clearer understanding of trophic ecology in dinosaurian ecosystems.
Addressing this issue directly requires a model to be constructed that makes explicit assumptions about musculoskeletal geometry, mass and inertia, together with muscle properties in T. rex (figure 1). These factors have a determinate effect on mechanical performance [5–8] and such a model would provide reasonable estimates of the quantitative data required to test hypotheses regarding bite performance, facilitating meaningful comparisons between T. rex and other taxa, both living and extinct. Here, we use the computational engineering technique multi-body dynamic analysis (MDA) to investigate bite performance in T. rex. Specifically, we test the hypotheses that T. rex had an extremely (i) high absolute and (ii) relative bite force, and (iii) that bite performance increased in relative terms during ontogeny.
2. Material and methods
A Z&F 5600i laser scanner was used to digitize skulls of an adult Alligator mississippiensis (skull length 0.53 m), Allosaurus (SMA0005), and near-complete juvenile (BMRP2002.4.1) and adult (BHI3033) T. rex. A juvenile Alligator (skull length 0.188 m) and adult human model were derived from computer tomography data. Volumetric reconstructions of the upper and lower jaw segments were produced in Maya to provide inertial properties ([9], figure 1a). Upper and lower jaw segments were joined by a single hinge joint, orientated perpendicular to the cranial–caudal axis of the skull (figure 1). We reconstructed the main jaw-closing musculature in Alligator and the dinosaurs using simplified functional groups ([2]; figure 1). The temporalis, masseter and pterygoideus muscles were reconstructed in the human model.
To investigate bite performance, we used the MDA package GaitSym. Models required physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), fibre length (FL), maximum contraction velocity (Vmax) and force per unit area (FPUA) to be specified for each muscle. FPUA was initially set to 300 000 N m2 [10,11] and Vmax to 8 s−1 to represent mixed slow–fast twitch fibre types [10,11]. For our human and juvenile Alligator models, all subsequent input data were available in the literature [6,12]. Quantitative muscle data were unavailable for adult Alligator and parameters were estimated in the same manner as for the dinosaurs. FLs of jaw-closing muscles in our human model ranged between 10 and 40 per cent of maximum muscle length across the range of joint motion investigated. We therefore set FLs in our adult Alligator and dinosaur models to 25 per cent maximum length over the same range of joint motion, testing 10–40% maximum lengths in our sensitivity analysis (table 1). Muscle PCSAs were calculated by dividing a volume for each muscle by its FL. Initial muscle volumes were derived by reconstructing three-dimensional volumes within the skull models in Maya (figure 1). Repeating this approach with our human and juvenile Alligator models resulted in volumes with 5–12% error in most muscles, but a 22 per cent overestimation in the human medial pterygoid muscle relative to measured values [6,12]. We therefore tested muscle volumes ±20% initial estimates for the dinosaurs and adult Alligator (table 1). Pennation effects were tested in two ways: first we produced models in which PCSAs were increased by 6.04 per cent, equivalent to that expected from 20° pennation angle (3° greater than the maximum angle reported in Alligator [12]). Second, we produced models with both increased PCSAs and shorter FLs to mimic the expected contractile effects of pennation angle [10,11]. We varied Vmax between 4 and 12 s−1, consistent with the range found in the literature ([10,11]; table 1). For biting simulations, the jaws in each model were opened to 45° and all jaw-closing muscles activated maximally for 1 s. Forces were measured in stiff springs (stiffness 2 000 000 N m2) positioned on the teeth.
To assess our scaling hypotheses, we isometrically scaled (i.e. length ∝ mass1/3, areas ∝ mass1/3) all our MDA models to the mass of the adult T. rex model and repeated our analysis. This allows direct comparison of size-normalized bite performance, and consideration of soft tissue uncertainties when testing scaling hypotheses.
3. Results
Initial simulations produced the bite forces shown in figure 2 and summarized in table 2. Muscle FL and Vmax had little effect on sustained bite force (±5% initial models) across a large range of input values tested. However, both parameters did have a considerable impact on bite velocities (figure 2b). PCSA had a significant effect on absolute bite force; ±20% PCSA yielding forces 18–25% higher and lower than initial models (figure 2b). Increasing PCSA to mimic the effects of a 20° pennation angle increased bite force by approximately 6 per cent in any given model (figure 2b). Increasing PCSA and decreasing FL produced increasingly forceful but lower velocity bites, respectively (figure 2b). Overall this yielded a range of maximum bite forces at posterior tooth positions of 2565–4012 N and 35 640–57 158 N for the juvenile and adult T. rex models, respectively (figure 2).
Bite force remained lower than adult T. rex in all taxa when MDA models were isometrically scaled to the same mass (figure 2d,e). However, uncertainties in muscle PCSA means error bars show considerable overlap with Allosaurus and slight overlap with adult Alligator (figure 2d,e). Large error bars on bite velocity predictions mean all taxa show considerable overlap (figure 2d).
4. Discussion
(a) Validation
Predicted bite force in our human and Alligator models closely match previous values (figure 2a,f). Our human bite forces (700–1020 N) overlap experimental values of 730–749 N [5,6] and lie within estimates in earlier modelling studies of 678–1080 N [7,8], with variability across studies attributed to significant variation in muscle size between individuals and the level of muscle activation associated with different biting activities [5–8]. Erickson et al. [13] reported peak forces of 500–765 N and 9000–11 125 N in alligators of equivalent size to our models. Peak forces in the initial biting impact overlap these values (figure 2a,f; juvenile 601–801 N, adult 9800–13 135 N). Sustained bite force in the juvenile model (202–266 N) overlaps the higher end values of Porro et al. ([12]; 120–215 N), and shows even closer agreement (148–209 N) if we use the lower value for FPUA (250 000 N m−2) preferred by these authors.
(b) Bite performance in Tyrannosaurus rex
We are aware of two previous quantitative estimates of bite force in T. rex. Indentation experiments, which estimated the force required to replicate a fossilized bite mark, produced values of 6400–13 400 N for a single posterior tooth [4]. Meers [1] used allometric scaling arguments to suggest that T. rex could have generated on average 7600–9800 N at a single tooth. Even with more conservative estimates for muscle mass our model suggests that these earlier analyses significantly underestimated bite performance in adult T. rex. Even the lowest forces predicted at the most anterior teeth in our model are nearly double that predicted by indentation simulations [4], while forces at posterior teeth are three times higher. Adult T. rex magnitudes are 8–10 times greater than those predicted for Alligator, Allosaurus and juvenile T. rex, and consequently are significantly higher than values measured or predicted for any terrestrial animal (figure 2f).
(c) Scaling bite performance
Uncertainty in muscle properties means we are unable to reject the hypothesis that T. rex had a relatively high bite performance for its body size. Considerable overlap in error bars with Allosaurus, owing largely to the latter's high mechanical advantage (figure 2c), perhaps suggests that large-bodied theropods in general were capable of generating proportionally high bite forces. Our initial adult T. rex reconstruction has a higher proportion of muscle mass (6.89% skull mass, versus 1.2–5.64% in other models), consistent with anatomical studies that have postulated relatively large jaw-closing muscles, based on lateral expansion of the temporal box and parietal crests, deepening of the posterior mandible and overall massive skull construction [1,2]. Our prediction of relatively higher muscle mass in our adult T. rex model appears insensitive to the scaling metric used; for example, PSCA remains considerably higher in adult T. rex if linear skull dimensions, rather than mass, are used to derive scaling exponents (electronic supplementary material, table S14). Slight overlap in bite force error bars with the adult Alligator model (figure 2d) offers weak support for a proportionally higher bite performance relative to living carnivorous archosaurs. Muscle data for adult Alligator would refine this prediction.
Our models provide strong support for the hypothesis that bite performance experienced a large absolute and relative increase during tyrannosaur ontogeny. Juvenile T. rex possessed a lower, longer snouted skull than adult T. rex. Deepening of the rostrum and expansion of the posterior skull with maturity potentially provided greater volume for jaw-closing musculature and increased moment arms (figure 2). Relative shortening of anterior elements brought the tooth row closer to the jaw joint, further increasing mechanical advantage (figure 2).
The age of BMR P2002.4.1 has been estimated at 11 years indicating that this animal died at the beginning of the exponential growth phase [9]. Tyrannosaur body proportions changed appreciably during ontogeny, and biomechanical analyses have provided strong evidence that young individuals were more athletic than adults [9]. With bite forces comparable to Alligator and lions (figure 2g), combined with relatively long forelimbs and cursorial hindlimbs, juvenile T. rex appears well equipped to pursue and dispatch small to medium-sized prey. Forelimbs became significantly reduced (approx. 3% body mass in BMR P2002.4.1, approx. 0.1–0.4% in adults [9]), and our results strongly suggest increasing importance of the skull in food procurement as compensation.
In living carnivores, such as Alligator, strong positive allometry in bite performance is typically associated with an ontogenetic shift in feeding ecology [13]. Enhancement of an already highly competent biting apparatus during the exponential growth phase may be indicative of a change in feeding behaviour as T. rex reached adulthood. Living carnivores preying on large animals have relatively high bite forces, while carnivores preying on small prey have more moderate bite forces for their size, suggesting that bite force represents an important adaptation to differing feeding ecologies, at least throughout carnivoran evolution [14]. Attaining adult body sizes, combined with specialized craniofacial anatomy underpinning high mechanical performance, may have allowed adult T. rex to function as a 'large prey specialist', alleviating direct competition from smaller, more agile carnivores, including juvenile T. rex.
- Received January 19, 2012.
- Accepted February 7, 2012.
- This journal is © 2012 The Royal Society


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January 18, 2011
Eisenhower's military industrial complex warning, 50 years later
Yesterday marked the 50th anniversary of Eisenhower's infamous speech on the dangers of a military industrial complex. The outgoing president gave the speech just three days before President Kennedy's inaugural and warned of the dangers of a growing military, even as he had presided one the fastest expansions of nuclear arsenal in U.S. history. And yet in his speech, he seemed conflicted about what he had done and its impact on the future. That expansion was a product of the Cold War, and he asked the public to consider the costs. In his speech, he said:
Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense. We have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security alone more than the net income of all United States cooperations -- corporations.
Now this conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence -- economic, political, even spiritual -- is felt in every city, every Statehouse, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet, we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources, and livelihood are all involved. So is the very structure of our society.
Perhaps the most notable we say we see this growing complex today is in the use of contractors in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. At one point during the Iraq war, contractors outnumbered soldiers. In Afghanistan, the ratio is currently 1:1. And yet contractors make far more and are not bound by the same rules of warfare as soldiers. In fact, some would argue they are free to behave as they like.
We see the military industrial complex in the defense budget as well, which has steadily risen in the last 14 years and is slated to go up again, albeit at a smaller rate. Given the nation's current economic state and the fact that the DoD is expected to unveil its full budget in just a few weeks, on this anniversary it seemed appropriate to draw your attention to the speech, which still sparks debate. You can read the full speech here. And you can listen to an enlightening debate about the topic from On Point with Tom Asbrook here.
- Posted by Nancy Youssef at 11:13 AM
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January 17, 2011
Palestinian flag to be raised in DC
We received an invitation over the weekend for a very interesting event on Tuesday. For the first time, the Palestinian flag will be officially raised in the United States. The event will take place at the Palestinian delegation to the United States in Washington, DC.
The delegation--a sort of proto-embassy--dates to 1994, and came into being after the 1993 Oslo peace accords between Israel and the Palestinians. Prior to that, there had been a "Palestine Information Office."
According to Israel's Haaretz newspaper last year, the move stems from the Obama administration's decision to officially upgrade the status of the Palestinian mission.
- Posted by Warren Strobel at 12:06 PM
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January 13, 2011
U.S. diplomat warned of potential trouble in Tunisia nearly two years ago
If the Obama administration didn't see the anti-government riots now convulsing Tunisia coming, it should have.
That's because the former U.S. ambassador to Tunis, Robert F. Godec, warned his superiors nearly two years ago of rough times ahead for the country's authoritarian ruler, President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali.
"President Ben Ali is aging, his regime is sclerotic and there is no clear successor. Many Tunisians are frustrated by the lack of political freedom and angered by First Family corruption, high unemployment and regional inequities," Goden wrote in a classified July 17, 2009, cable leaked last month by WikiLeaks. "Extremism poses a continuing threat. Compounding the problems, the GOP (government of Tunisia) brooks no advice or criticism, domestic or international. Instead, it seeks to impose ever greater control, often using the police. The result: Tunisia is troubled and our relations are too."
Godec went on to describe the country as "a police state, with little freedom of expression or association and serious human rights problems."
Godec, who became the State Department's deupty coordinator for counter-terrorism after leaving Tunis in 2009, reviewed some of the Tunisian government's more progressive policies, pointing to efforts to increase jobs, advance women's rights and a "long history of religious tolerance," including the protection of the Jewish community.
He lamented that U.S. relations with Tunisia were not better, but largely blamed the regime, which he said had resisted better ties and strictly limited contact by U.S. diplomats with Tunisian officials, opposition members and civil society activists.
"Too often, the GOT prefers the illusion of engagement to the hard work of real cooperation," he wrote.
Godec reported that Ben Ali and his regime were increasingly focused on "preserving power. And corruption in the inner circle is growing. Even average Tunisians dislike, even hate, First Lady Trabelsi and her family. In private, regime opponents mock her."
In his most prescient observation, Godec warned that "anger is growing at Tunisia's high unemployment and regional inequities. As a consequence, the risks to the regime's long-term stability are increasing."
Nearly two years later, the high jobless rate, soaring food prices and anger at government repression and corruption are being blamed for the worst anti-government unrest that Ben Ali has faced in almost 24 years in power. Whether he and his embattled regime will succeed in crushing the riots, in which more than 20 people had been killed as of this writing, remained to be seen.
One thing, however, seemed all but certain. As Godec wrote, "In the end, serious change here will have to await Ben Ali's departure."
- Posted by Jonathan Landay at 02:44 PM
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January 12, 2011
Hillary: Tucson shootings "a form of extremism"
SecState Hillary Clinton, who has been traveling in the Middle East this week, has reiterated her comments that the attempted assassination of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords and the deaths of six others were carried out by an "extremist."
In an interview with CNN while in Oman (full transcript available here), Clinton said that "when you cross the line from expressing opinions that are of conflicting differences in our political environment into taking action that's violent action, that's a hallmark of extremism, whether it comes from the right, the left, from al-Qaida, from anarchists, whoever it is. That is a form of extremism."
Clintion was referring to the alleged shooter, 22-year-old Jared Lee Loughner.
- Posted by Warren Strobel at 05:27 PM
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January 11, 2011
The last SecState visit to Yemen
As most of our readers surely know by now, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made a surprise stop today in Yemen, a country of growing counter-terrorism concern to the United States. According to the State Department Historian's website, it was just the third visit to Yemen by a U.S. Secretary of State.
The last was by Secretary of State James A. Baker III on November 22, 1990. It's worth recalling.
I travelled extensively with Baker during that period, especially following Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, although I wasn't on this particular trip. (My Reuters colleague at the time, Alan Elsner, was on the flight and recounted it last year for Huffington Post).
Baker was trying to get the maximum possible support for a UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait, and he visited virtually every member at the time of the Security Council, including Yemen. As Elsner recounts, Baker warned Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh (yes, he's still president now) that he risked $70 million in annual U.S. aid if he voted against the resolution.
When UN Security Council resolution 678 came up for a vote a week after the Baker visit, it got 12 votes. But Cuba and Yemen voted against, and China, which holds a veto as a permanent council member, abstained. Baker was reported to have told a Yemeni diplomat afterward, "That's the most expensive vote you ever cast."
Elsner, in his Huffington Post piece, quoted from Baker's memoir, The Politics of Diplomacy, about the SecState's reaction to the Yemeni UN ambassador's speech attacking the resolution and U.S. policy toward Iraq:
Baker wrote: "I scribbled a quick note to Bob Kimmitt (a senior aide). 'Yemen's permanent rep. just enjoyed about $200 to $250 million worth of applause for that speech'." In a footnote, Baker explained that while Washington's aid amounted to around $70 million, other coalition partners and allies also had assistance programs which would now be affected.)
Of course, nations, as Lord Palmerston said, have no permanent friends or allies (the same could be said for enemies), just permanent interests. U.S. aid to Yemen increased significantly in fiscal year 2010 to about $67 million, and is due to increase in the current fiscal year to $106 million.
- Posted by Warren Strobel at 04:13 PM
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January 10, 2011
Gates' trip to China
Today, Secretary of Defense kicked off the first of his two-day trip to China, the beginning of his week-long visit through Asia. For many, this leg of his trip is the most important and yet no one knows how to measure whether it is successful or not. Here is a brief summary of the issues on this trip.
The United States wants to promote transparency and re-establish military-to-military relations. And yet it is unlikely that Gates will walk away with tangible progress. Rather, at best it will be the beginning of a long dialogue. As we watch the trip unfold, I think it is worth asking whether these efforts to improve relations will have a long-term effect. Gates is doing many of the same things he did during his last trip to China in 2007; indeed, his agenda even resembles former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld's visit to China. And yet, there seems to be an annual ritual of the U.S. selling weapons to Taiwan, followed by a break in U.S./Chinese relations only to resume again. That is, despite all these visits, rather than improving military-to-military relations, they remain stagnate and disjointed.
That said, it is encouraging that China is even welcoming Gates, some believe. Others argue China is rolling out the red carpet for Gates in anticipation of President Hu visit to Washington next week. In addition, China's effort to mitigate North Korea's act of provocation will also dominate discussion during this the trip, experts believe, even it is not the primary topic publically discussed.
You can read a fuller explanation of the first day's event by my colleague, Tom Lasseter, here.
- Posted by Nancy Youssef at 06:16 PM
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January 07, 2011
Retired Israeli spy chief: Iran still years away from having a nuke
Israel's premier intelligence agency has changed its estimate of when Iran could develop a nuclear weapon. Again.
Meir Dagan, who retired on Thursday as head of the Mossad, asserted in his final report to a parliamentary committee that Iran - which denies that it is seeking a nuclear arsenal - won't be able to develop a warhead until at least 2015, according to Israeli media reports.
Dagan's assessment for the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee reportedly said that Iran's effort has been dealt a series of setbacks, which were not disclosed.
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad admitted in November, however, that a computer virus of mysterious origin, known as Stuxnet, last year struck the centrifuges that are producing low-enriched uranium that Tehran claims will be used to power civilian reactors. The same machines also can produce highly enriched uranium for bombs.
Israel has repeatedly revised its estimate of when Iran could produce a nuclear bomb. In 2003, Israel believed that Iran could have one within four years. It then put the date at 2009, and then at 2011. And less than two weeks ago, Israeli Strategic Affairs Moshe Yaalon, who also serves as deputy prime minister, told Israel Radio that Iran could have a weapon by 2013.
"These adjustments were not the result of mistaken evaluations, but due to difficulties Iran has encountered in advancing its program, largely because of the Mossad's efforts," said the Israeli newspaper, Haaretz.
- Posted by Jonathan Landay at 06:47 PM
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Dempsey slated to be next Army Chief of Staff
Overshadowed by yesterday's announcement about budget savings and the like, there was some important news that came out of the Pentagon. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates nominated Gen. Martin Dempsey to replace Gen. George Casey as the Chief of Staff of the Army when Casey's term expires in April.
Dempsey is one of the most well liked four-star generals in the service and has played a key role not only in the wars but in the training of the force. Indeed, over the last few yeas, he has been a part of some of the biggest challenges facing the Army. He will take over at a precarious time. As the military draws down in Iraq and presumably in Afghanistan, the Army will face greater budgetary pressures and calls to shrink. In addition, it will have to determine how to reshape itself in the post-conflict world. How much training should it give to traditional warfare versus counterinsurgency? How will it repair equipment worn down through a decade of war? And can the United States afford to continue to secure the world? If not, how will it adjust?
I unfortunately did not have time yesterday to properly write a story about this, but one of my favorite reporters, Spencer Ackerman, did so I am linking to his piece here for those of you who want to read more about Gen. Dempsey.
- Posted by Nancy Youssef at 06:27 PM
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December 27, 2010
Julian Assange's book deal
WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange has been forced, forced, forced to sign a $1.3 million book deal to pay his mounting legal bills.
New York publishing house Alfred A. Knopf confirmed Monday that it has signed Assange on to write his autobiography. There are no specifics on when it will be published.
"I don't want to write this book, but I have to," Assange told the Sunday Times in an interview. "I have already spent 200,000 pounds for legal costs and I need to defend myself and to keep WikiLeaks afloat." Assange has been charged with sexually assaulting two women in Sweden.
After being held in a London jail for a week, he was released on house arrest in a British mansion owned by one of his supporters. He has vehemently denied the charges, saying he is being chased for publishing government documents on WikiLeaks.
Interestingly, the Wall Street Journal had a piece recently that said Assange paid himself two-thirds of WikiLeaks budget for his salary or $86,000 in 2010.
I wonder how much he will really reveal in light of the furtive public life he has led so far. Either way, it is an interesting development that a man known for publishing what other people write will now have to final produce his own words.
- Posted by Nancy Youssef at 06:08 PM
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December 24, 2010
Tracking Santa Claus' movements
Today's posting is for those who truly believe in the spirit of Christmas. You can track Santa's movement at this site, provided by NORAD, so you know exactly when he is coming to a chimney near you. For the first time, the site provides 3-D images of Santa, his sleigh and reindeer as they fly around the world. Since Christmas is about to begin in Australia, that is where he is at the time of this posting.
We would like to also use this opportunity to say Merry Christmas everyone, especially those of you serving overseas. We are also thinking about your families who will celebrate the joy of the holidays even as they miss you being home alongside them. And to those who lost a loved one in Iraq or Afghanistan or find themselves consoling a loved one injured in the wars, you are in our hearts and prayers everyday, but even more so at time of the year. We wish you all a peaceful holiday season.
- Posted by Nancy Youssef at 09:03 AM
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"Nukes & Spooks" is written by McClatchy correspondents Jonathan S. Landay (national security and intelligence), Warren P. Strobel (foreign affairs and the State Department), and Nancy Youssef (Pentagon).
Landay, Youssef and Strobel.
Send a story suggestion or news tip.
Read more stories by Jonathan Landay.
Read more stories by Warren Strobel.
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- New NIE on Iran nuke program appears to differ little from 2007 findings
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- Senate committee report sees security risks facing U.S. diplomats in Iraq
- Mrs Obama to appear on Oprah to talk about military families
- Petraeus issues state of the Afghan war assessment
- How much did it cost to enforce DADT? On average, $52,800 per service member
- 30 years later, Iran hostages try to bridge gap between Tehran, Washington
- Lunch at the State Department
- Project on Nuclear Issues
- SpyTalk
- U.S. Army Combined Arms Center
- The Dreyfuss Report
- Federation of the American Scientist: Secrecy News
- Wired: Danger Room
- U.S. Government Interagency Counterinsurgency Initiative
- CounterTerrorism Blog
- National Counter-Terrorism Center
- State Department annual terrorism reports
- Treasury Department Office of Terrorism & Financial Intelligence
- Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism
- Combating Terrorism Center at West Point
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subset: commoncrawl


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Stockton, CA
La'Krecia I. Williams
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Outdoor Living Inspiration: Garden & Patio Dining
There's not much better than spring and summertime outdoor dining. The warm breezes, the fireflies (okay, those are still to come) and the celebrations with family and friends. Here are a few inspirations that won't break the bank but will perpetually inspire your table setting.
1 via Inspire Bohemia
2 via My Home Ideas
3 via Inspire Bohemia
4 via House to Home
5 via Room Envy
6 via Brabourne Farm
7 via Inspire Bohemia
8 via Brabourne Farm
9 via Inspire Bohemia
10 via Four Walls and a Roof
(Images: as linked)


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Fallbrook High field hockey coach Kristen Mueller believes goalies are born, not made.
Imagine Mueller's surprise when she discovered that her starting goalie, Jordan Dues, actually began her career as a field player far from the cage.
"Her hand-eye coordination is phenomenal," the second-year coach said. "She knows where the ball is going even before it goes there. That's great intuition.
"Goalies like Jordan come naturally."
If another player had opted to share the goal-tending duties with Dues, she would probably be a field player today.
But no one wanted to put on the goalie gear, except Dues.
"Sometimes I miss playing in the field," Dues said. "That feeling comes when I'm in one of those games where I stand around a lot and don't see much action."
When the action does come her way, the 5-foot-6 senior stands tall in goal.
Not only has she helped lead the Warriors to a 58-17 record in her three varsity seasons, but Dues also was a major factor in Fallbrook beating Scripps Ranch 3-2 in the San Diego Section Division I championship match last year.
"That's the best feeling I've ever had," Dues said. "We actually won CIF. It was unreal. Still is.
"I don't think it has fully sunk in even now, a year later. It's hard to put into words. All that work we put in paid off.
"I slept great that night and woke up as CIF champion. It was an unforgettable night."
That once-in-a-lifetime night helped take some of the sting out of Fallbrook losing 5-0 in the 2010 semifinals to Scripps Ranch.
"I never realized how tough it is to defend a title," Dues said. "It feels different mentally getting ready for a game.
"Everyone wants to beat you when you're the champion, but you can't give in to that fear.
"You almost have to play with an attitude or teams will roll right over you."
Dues has the necessary attitude, believing she can stop every shot.
During stroke play last week against Rancho Buena Vista, Dues made two saves to help lift the Warriors (15-6 overall) to a victory that kept them in the hunt for the Avocado West League crown.
"She elevated her play for the playoffs last year, and it's never gone down since then," Mueller said. "I know if the other team threatens to score, Jordan will take care of it.
"Either she'll make the save or she'll get the defense where they need to be to deflect the threat."
Once Dues made the move into the cage four years ago, she was certain it was for good.
She was just as certain during her introduction to field hockey. As a seventh-grader at Potter Middle School, she heard about tryouts for the field hockey squad and earned a spot on the team.
All she was trying to do was find a different sport than soccer, where she was, coincidentally, a goalkeeper from age 7 until she reached eighth grade.
"As soon I tried field hockey, I liked it," said Dues, who was named the outstanding goalie at this year's Serra Tournament. "I knew I'd found my sport. Soccer was done."
Next fall, Dues will be back in the cage playing for Ball State University in Muncie, Ind.
"I'm kind of scared of the cold," Dues said. "I visited last year at Christmas time, and it was really cold then. I've never lived in snow before, but I have some family back there, so maybe they can teach me how to do that.
"I really don't know what it will be like after living my whole life in California."


text: Empath™, our latest recliner, is a crucial step forward in the patient care process ― one developed entirely from real-world insights. Our team spent more than 2,000 hours observing the relationship between caregivers and patients. We saw how current environments can be enhanced to reduce risks to both patients and caregivers, while increasing physical and emotional connectedness. Empath is designed to reduce the stress and potential for injury, not only for patients, but for caregivers too. It also addresses the interpersonal side of healing with design advances that help remove the barriers to patient-caregiver connection. The patient transfer process is essential to the design of Empath. For patients, the move from bed to chair is a milestone in their journey toward recovery. For caregivers, it's an inherently difficult process due to patient limitations and the sheer number of times it's performed. The thoughtful design of Empath considers both the patient and caregiver, and helps to provide a safer, easier transfer process.


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Welcome Back
If you are a member of my family STOP READING right now or this will spoil your surprise!!! Having spent this year learning and practising bookbinding I decided to create leather journals for the families Christmas presents. It is not always easy to decide what to get people especially when we often only see each other occassionally and I wanted gifts that were created with the most special gift one person can give another TIME.
My journals were created using the most wonderful shade of red leather it was advertised as Paprika but I think it is a little more like Cranberry which was perfect for Christmas. As ever the binding is Long Stitch. I decided not to colour the thread as I thought it would look more distinctive in the natural linen as a contrasting colour. Spine detail showing the longstich binding
I struggled for some time about the closures for the journals, not having had much practise and not wanting to wreck an otherwise tidily finished book, I took the lead from Kiley and made the leather wrapping strap a totally seperate piece, this also gave me a way of adding initials to the books, without risking ruining the book if I made a hash of the stamping. The strap wraps all the way around the book and then up behind the strap so that only the smooth face of the leather shows, rather than the suede side.
I am very pleased with how these turned out, especially as they were the first full sized leather books I had made. I just hope the family will like them as they took several hours each to make.
Best wishes and thanks for reading
Billie 🙂
PS Experimenting a bit with the blue backgrounds added later to the images, not sure if it works, leave me a comment to see what you think. I still need to work out how to remove more of the orignal background.


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Monday, 23 April 2012 12:09 PM
Prime Minister David Cameron ordered judge Brian Leveson to examine standards after Murdoch's now-defunct News of the World tabloid admitted hacking thousands of phones to produce ever-more salacious stories.
BSkyB, the highly profitable satellite broadcaster 39-percent owned by Murdoch, had previously avoided any fall-out from the hacking scandal but its admission this month that it accessed private emails for a story in 2008 on insurance fraud risked dragging the company into the frame.
John Ryley, the head of Sky News, has defended the channel's actions and said it was acting in the public interest, but Leveson appeared annoyed as Ryley and a barrister in the inquiry discussed whether the action broke the Ofcom broadcasting code.
Ryley had just taken the oath at the high profile media inquiry and had started to explain the 2008 email hacking when Leveson interjected.
"What you were doing wasn't merely invading somebody's privacy, it was breaching the criminal law," Leveson said to Ryley.
"It was," Ryley replied after a pause.
"Well where does the Ofcom broadcasting code give any authority to a breach of the criminal law," Leveson asked.
"It doesn't," Ryley replied.
Britain's media regulator Ofcom said earlier on Monday it had launched its own investigation into Sky News over the email hacking admission. Sky said it passed information onto the police that helped to secure a criminal conviction.
"Ofcom is investigating the fairness and privacy issues raised by Sky News' statement that it had accessed without prior authorization private email accounts during the course of its news investigations," an Ofcom spokesman said.
"We will make the outcome known in due course."
The story involved was the bizarre case of the so-called "canoe man" who faked his own death after paddling out to sea. Sky News said the information it found was given to police and helped to secure the conviction of the man's wife over an insurance fraud.
Ofcom is already looking closely at parent company BSkyB as to whether its owners and directors are fit to own a broadcast license in line of the problems at the newspaper division.
The influential Sky News channel is the only challenger to the state-funded BBC in British 24-hour television news, and is often first to break stories.
Ryley also apologized for an earlier statement made to the Leveson inquiry asserting that no Sky journalists had intercepted communications, but at the end of the 80 minute hearing was given the chance to state that Sky News was entirely separate from the newspaper division of News Corp.
"Our journalistic endeavors, our journalistic activities, our management structures are very separate," he said.
Financial and media analysts have said that although the timing of the admission was unfortunate for BSkyB, they did not see the issue as causing any long-term damage to the company.
"Ofcom wouldn't want to be in a position where it says we would allow a news editor to make a judgment of this kind any time they feel like it," media consultant Claire Enders told Reuters.
"It will result in a slap on the wrists for John Ryley. But we're not expecting anything serious."
The Leveson Inquiry has gripped audiences around the world as evidence from celebrities, politicians and crime victims whose phones were hacked by Murdoch journalists has been shown live on the Internet.
The investigation is now turning its attention to the relationships between Britain's press and politicians and James Murdoch, who has stepped down as chairman of BSkyB but remains on the board, will appear before the inquiry on Tuesday.
His father Rupert will appear on Wednesday and Thursday.
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My Tech Top 10: Jaime Derringer and Caroline Williamson of Design Milk
Design Milk, a longtime favorite site of mine, describes itself as "always fresh + never sour", and I can't disagree. Their fortified daily feed spans from the world of art to design to architecture and beyond all with a modernist's sensibility (but I think as an animal lover, I may enjoy their pet site, Dog Milk, a whisker more). Founder Jaime Derringer and associate editor Caroline Williamson were kind enough to share their daily tech tool favorites all within arm's reach of their desk, splitting our usual My Tech Top in half...
Jaime's My Tech 5
- Apple MacBook Pro 15" (and iMac + Mac Monitor): I sit at a desk and use an iMac all day, but whenever I'm traveling or want to sit on the couch or lay in bed and work, I jump onto my MacBook. I use Mac sharing and Dropbox to keep all my files organized and current with both computers.
- Space I'm always cold. Maybe I'm cold blooded (that's what my husband says!)? I could live in the desert and still be freezing. I always have a space heater going. There's no need to heat the entire house when I spend all day in just one room. I need to get an Aeron chair-shaped heating pad? Herman Miller, are you listening?
- Apple iPhone: I actually have two phones - one for business and one for personal. However, the iPhone is the one that ends up making all the trips with me.
- Moleskine Notebook and I love all things digital, and I even moved to a digital to-do list, but I still can't stop taking notes, doodling or sticking reminders to my monitor. There are some old school habits that I just can't (or don't want to) shake. I typically use Moleskine notebooks and Post-it Notes. I like Sharpie pens, but I also love a Pilot Easy Touch ball point.
- Canon 60D: Not pictured, because I'm actually using it to take this photos! I've had a few Canon DSLRs and I've loved them all. When I'm not an iPhone-ographer, I'm using my Canon to take photos.
Caroline's Top Tech 5
- ZAGGfolio iPad Wireless Bluetooth Keyboard with Cover: Whether I'm traveling or lounging around on the sofa, I keep my iPad handy and I love this keyboard/case combo just as much as the iPad itself. Instead of hauling my MacBook Pro everywhere when I want to check emails or surf the internet, I whip this out and type to my heart's content. No more pecking on the screen when I want to write more than three words.
- Doxie Go Scanner: I keep this mini scanner in my desk drawer or pack it when I'm on the road for quick scans and it more than does the job. I can scan receipts, documents, or even photos in a matter of seconds and it takes up no more room than a 3-hole punch.
- Apple Magic Mouse: I'm not sure what I did before I had my Magic Mouse... Oh yeah, I had carpal tunnel syndrome from using the trackpad day and night. It might eat batteries like there's no tomorrow, but it's a lifesaver.
- Poketo Stick-Up Weekly Calendar: While I love any and all things digital, I still love paper to make lists. I mean, I am never far from a stack of Post-it Notes. Lately, I've fallen in love with this weekly calendar as I can lay out tasks for the whole week and check them off as I finish them. It sits in front of my laptop so it's within eyesight but not in my way.
- Wacom Bamboo Capture Pen Tablet: If you use Photoshop for just even part of the time, this tablet will make your life easier. It makes your movements that much more precise than using a mouse or a trackpad. It's definitely more ergonomic when you're in design mode and it's a must-have in my desktop repertoire.
Special thanks to Jaime and Caroline!
(Images: Jaime Derringer and Caroline Williamson)
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Canaries Capture Both Weekly League Awards
SIOUX FALLS, SD -- Fresh off of a four-game series sweep of Sioux City, the Sioux Falls Canaries swept the weekly American Association awards on Monday.
The league announced that Canaries pitcher Kyle Ruwe was named Pitcher of the Week, and leadoff hitter Nick Van Stratten was named Hitter of the Week for the period of July 8-14.
Both selections were made by Pointstreak, the official statistician of the American Association.
Ruwe went 2-0 in two starts and gave up just one run in 16 1/3 innings pitched. He beat the Lincoln Saltdogs on July 9 with a five-hit, complete-game shutout in nine innings, a first for the Canaries since 2009. He followed that with just one run allowed in 7 1/3 innings against Sioux City on Saturday night. He did not walk anybody in either start. The veteran right-hander is now 6-5 with a 3.80 ERA for the season, and he is 3-0 in his last four starts.
Van Stratten kept up a torrid hitting pace in the month of July, in which he is batting .520. In six games he was a combined 13-for-23 (.565) with two doubles, two triples, two home runs and five RBI. He scored seven runs and stole two bases. The former Kansas City Royals prospect recorded multiple hits in four games, falling one hit shy of a cycle on two occassions. On July 9, he collected his 10th triple of the season to set a new team single-season record. Van Stratten is currently second in the league in average (.358), tied for second in runs scored (49), first in hits (82), and tied for first in total bases (131). He also has 11 triples, most in the league.
"Both Nick and Kyle are having tremendous seasons and deserve these awards," Canaries manager Steve Shirley said. "They work very hard in order to be successful, and they are great people in the clubhouse."
Ruwe and Van Stratten have helped the Canaries win five games in a row and 10 of their last 13 contests.
The Birds begin a critical three-game road series against the first-place Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks Monday night in Fargo.
Courtesy: Sioux Falls Canaries


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Formula One remains largely a man's world
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates (AP) — From the moment Susie Wolff first got into her Williams car, she heard the snickers from those questioning whether women belong in Formula One.
There were more than a few cynical looks from teammates before the development driver completed 100 kilometers (62 miles) of Silverstone's international circuit last year. And more recently, the series' only female driver has been the target of Stirling Moss, who suggested women don't have the mental aptitude to compete at the highest level.
Rather than let the doubters discourage her, the unflappable Scot said she is focused on achieving her dream of becoming the first women on the grid in more than three decades.
"You can let it bother you or you can carry on and don't pay much attention to it," Wolff told The Associated Press.
"I chose the second one," she said. "There will always be the comments. There always will be stereotypes that women can't drive. When I hear the comments, it just makes me more determined to prove them wrong."
Danica Patrick's high-profile role in IndyCar and NASCAR, where she became first woman to win the pole at the Daytona 500, has spurred expectations that Formula One would follow suit.
But it hasn't happened, partly due to what Wolff and others said is a more conservative attitude about women in motor sports in Europe and the big financing needed for a driver to succeed. Wolff also said Americans "love to see the underdog do well, love to cheer someone on."
Still, Wolff is being billed as the best chance for a woman to break a Formula One drought that dates to the 1970s.
Italy's Lella Lombardi was the last woman to race in F1, finishing sixth at the 1975 Spanish GP, which was shortened due to a fatal accident. The first woman to race was another Italian Maria Teresa de Filippis, debuting in 1958 and taking part in five races.
Several others since then have been signed by teams but never made a start.
Maria de Villota, a Spaniard who drove for Marussia, was the sport's last full-time female driver since Italy's Giovanna Amati was with the Brabham team in 1992. But de Villota's career ended prematurely in July when she crashed into a team support vehicle in her first test of the team's MR-01 car. She lost her right eye in the accident and has not returned.
The absence of women in a sport that otherwise has plenty of diversity has been the talk of the paddock in recent weeks after Moss suggested they weren't cut out for F1 racing. The 83-year-old Brit won 16 Grand Prix races and raced against de Filippis.
"We've got some very strong and robust ladies, but, when your life is at risk, I think the strain of that in a competitive situation will tell when you're trying to win," Moss told the BBC. "'The mental stress, I think, would be pretty difficult for a lady to deal with in a practical fashion. I just don't think they have the aptitude to win a Formula One race."
Three-time Formula One champion Jackie Stewart said Moss was wrong, telling the AP that women have the mental and physical skills to succeed in F1 — just as they do in tennis or swimming. He said it would be "fantastic" to see a woman on the starting grid, especially in terms of attracting a new audience for the sport and sponsors that cater to women.
But he said there just aren't enough women getting into the sport.
"There are a huge number of boys who are karting week in and week out. The number of young girls doing the same is a fraction of the number of boys doing it," Stewart said. "There is no single driver in F1 today who has not spent the early part of their life in karting. Now, if you very conservatively have a million karting who are male and you have got 10 or 20 or 30 or even 100 women, the batting average would tell you there's not a big chance of them getting through to be the extraordinary talents that take a driver to Formula One."
Wolff, who started racing at the age of 8 after her parents bought her and her brother karts, was often one of the only girls on the track for most of her career.
"I realized at 13 or 14 when I said, OK, I wanted to be professional racing driver, there wasn't anyone to look up to that I could aspire to or get inspiration from," said Wolff, who is now 30. "That somehow didn't stop me. I just figured I would do it because it was my passion. I wasn't on a path to prove a point about women drivers."
Her early success led her to Formula Renault, the British F3 Racing Series and then, in 2006, she joined Mercedes-Benz as one of its drivers for the German Touring Car Championship. Her high point in DTM came in 2010 when she became the first woman in 20 years to finish twice in the points and ahead of colleagues and former F1 drivers Ralf Schumacher and David Coulthard.
Even with her success, Wolff was constantly reminded that she was a woman in a man's world.
One of her favorite stories involved an award in which she was up against five other men. Stewart, who was presenting, came to her and asked where the sixth male driver was. He was taken aback when he learned it was Wolff.
And then there was the pink car she drove for Mercedes-Benz.
"It was marketing ploy I wasn't complete happy with. Blond girl in pink car is a real cliche," she said. "But there was a positive in that a lot of little girls started watching racing and came to the race track to see the pink car. For all the negatives, at least there was one positive that came out of it."
When she joined Williams in April 2012, some critics seized on the fact that her husband, Toto Wolff, was an executive and shareholder with Williams. He has since left for Mercedes but there are those who still suggest she got the seat because of their relationship.
Through it all, Wolff hasn't let the off-track chatter rattle her. She has helped by what she said was widespread support up and down the paddock, especially from her team which is one of only two with a female executive, Claire Williams. The team has extended her contract through this year and promised her a bigger role this season.
Williams, the daughter of team founder Frank Williams, said she is seeing changes.
"I have noticed an increase in women in the paddock," she said. in an email interview. "Williams takes gender equality seriously — the fact that I am now in this role, that we have Susie Wolff on our driver roster and that 50 percent of our executive committee is female is an indication that things are changing. I think having more women in more prominent roles helps highlight that these jobs are here for both men and women to aspire to."
The challenge now for Wolff is to show she belongs. She rarely gets track time and must make due proving herself in simulators and doing data analysis for the team. She doesn't yet have an F1 super license, hasn't done a pit stop or started a race in an F1 car.
"I haven't put myself at the level where I would be ready to do a race," she said. "You have to be realistic. You would never put someone in car who wasn't ready to deliver the best performance."
Still, she doesn't want special treatment. She dismissed suggestions that F1 should be doing anything to make the path toward the grid easier for women and said she won't try her luck in the United States.
"It doesn't matter about my gender or how tough it is away from the race track to cope in a male environment. It comes down to showing performance," she said. "I'm very much on a path. I followed my dream as a child and I'm loving every minute of it."


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Whether you're training for your first marathon or looking to crush a personal record, Forerunner 630 provides all the extensive data you need for training and racing. Check your form by pairing your 630 with the HRM-Run monitor (sold separately) to measure cadence, vertical oscillation and ground contact time. Additional running dynamics include ground contact time balance, stride length and vertical ratio.
- Touchscreen GPS running watch with a high resolution color display
- Advanced running dynamics include ground contact time balance, stride length and vertical ratio (when paired with optional HRM-Run monitor)
- Features stress score, performance condition and lactate threshold (when paired with optional heart rate monitor)
- Connected features: automatic uploads to Garmin Connect, live tracking, audio prompts, music controls, smart notifications and social media sharing (when paired with compatible smartphone)
- Download data fields, watch faces, widgets and applications from Connect IQ
|Manufacturer's Part Number
|Store SKU
|Midnight Blue


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We love games, and most of the time they love us back. But games that actually tell a great love story? Those are as rare as The One. Most of what we see involves either the romance of a damsel in distress or the bromance of space marines bonding over a pile of bullet-riddled alien corpses. But occasionally a game creates such a special link between two characters that their romance lingers with us.
Its a pity the love triangle between Nate, Elena and Chloe was gone in Uncharted 3 and they killed Harry "Incoming" Flynn. They will surely be missed. What was Naughty dog thinking?
But don't get me wrong Uncharted 3 more than made up for its excellent graphics, character design and fully procedural water system.
Rhinoa and Squall? Sora and Kairi?
Tidus and Yuna was good but not as good as those two.
Both were great told love stories :)
I loved the Cloud & Aries love story.
The Uncharted Elena & Drake love story was great to.
And my favorite The Boss and big boss/Naked Snake/John/Vic Voss.
Everyone needs to play To The Moon. It's #1 spot is well deserved.


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Texas A&M scored the last eight points of the game on free throws, sending Army to a 61-55 non-conference loss in College Station, Texas on Saturday.
Kyle Wilson's layup with 2:25 remaining gave the Black Knights a 55-53 lead. Wilson finished with 15 points for Army (6-6), which trailed 31-28 at halftime, and Kyle Toth added 13. Army's leading scorer this season, Ella Ellis, was held to just eight points.
He was coming off a season-low six points in a win over Division III Rosemont on Dec. 22. Ellis entered the Texas A&M game averaging 18.2 points. Saturday's game was the Black Knights' first against an SEC opponent since the 1998-99 season-opener at Vanderbilt. Army is 0-7 all-time on the road against SEC opponents.
Army held Texas A&M (9-3) without a field goal during the final four minutes, 34 seconds. The game featured 11 ties and 10 lead changes.
Canisius scored the first three goals of the game en route to an Atlantic Hockey win in Buffalo.
Matthew Grazen had two goals for Canisius (6-7-4, 5-3-2, Atlantic) and Torrey Lindsay had two assists. Preston Shupe added a goal and an assist for Canisius. Zak Zarembi scored for Army (5-8-2, 5-3-2 Atlantic). Canisius hosts Army again at 7:05 p.m. on Sunday.


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- Specifications
DetailsEnvironmentally safe, rugged drum excellent for handling and storage of chemicals, food, cosmetics, electronic parts, small parts, solids, hardware, samples, household products, and many more commercial uses. Seamless one piece construction with industrial strength and chemical resistance. Drums are rust resistant, stackable, reusable, recyclable, and made for easy handling and protecting product integrity in outdoor environments. Ample space on top and sides for labels and marking. Roughened chimes for easy gripping by equipment and personnel. Drums will incinerate cleanly.
Key benefits:
- Lightweight and durable
- Environmental stress crack resistant
- Practically indestructible
Material:Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) is commonly found in food packaging and industrial products from pallet wraps to trash bags. LLDPE is flexible, has a higher gloss, natural color, and good impact and chemical resistance. Our company stocks LLDPE plastic tub lids that can be used with hot and cold foods, tight head drums, and can liners.
Disclaimer:This information has been provided as a general guide. It is the customer's responsibility to select the proper container for product and application compatibility.
Additional Information
Capacity 20 gal. Condition New Color Black Material LLDPE Closure Cover w/Lever Lock Ring Closure Dimensions 18" Dia. x 26-1/8" H (Outside Dimensions) Pallet Pack 24 drums Country of Manufacture
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New disk
Landoll Corporation offers the 2220-DCD for farmers who want to disk-rip-disk but do not want to deep-till. The 32-in. spring clamp assemblies are set on 15-in. centers. The 2220-DCD features simple disc gang angle settings at 10°, 15° or 20°. Disc gang depth is controlled from the tractor cab. Shanks can be fitted with different ground-engaging tools such as the standard 2-in. chisel spike or 3- and 4-in. twisted shovels for additional mixing of residue.
Two sizes are available. The 2225 has single axles and is available in 7-, 9- and 11-shank sizes. The 2227 has walking tandem axles and is available in 9-, 11-, 13- and 15-shank sizes. Horsepower requirements vary according to depth and soil types.
To learn more, call 800/428-5655 or visit www.landoll.com/ag.
Disc harrow
The new 8000 series tandem disc harrow from Krause solves the problem of transport height for large harrows. The new series features a Quad-Fold system that reduces the transport height for 36- to 38-ft. models to only 13 ft. 5 in.
The 8000 series consists of two models. The 8200 is a Class II all-purpose tandem. The 8300 is the industry's first Class III primary tandem. Sizes range from 31 to 38 ft. in width.
The new disc harrows feature more weight per blade and a more aggressive gang angle for residue cutting, mixing and soil penetration. A new Hi-Clearance disc blade scraper system and dual scrapers at the Rock-Flex bearing mount locations are standard equipment.
For more information, call 800/957-2873 or visit www.krauseco.com.
New tractor series
Farmtrac North America launches the new-generation 7-series tractors in 75- to 115-hp models. The 4-wd Farmtrac 7-series tractor line includes three open-station models at 75, 85 and 95 hp, and one 115-hp cab model. A full synchromesh, five main-speed gearbox is coupled with a mechanical shuttle reverser. The tractors have 15 forward and 15 reverse speeds. The 7115DTC comes standard with five additional forward speeds and five reverse creeper speeds. Separate PTO and transmission clutch packs help increase service life.
The company plans to launch 14 more models of open-station tractors and nine models of cab tractors to expand its product offering to more than 50 tractor models over the next two years. Learn more at www.farmtrac.com.
Rotary cutter
The new Schulte Industries XH1500 series 3 rotary cutter is designed to operate smoothly on rough surfaces. Tandem walking axles contribute to smoother operation. Cutter sections ride over obstructions thanks to a patent-pending, pentagon blade bolt design on ¼-in.-thick stump jumpers. The single-domed, sweep-clean deck eliminates excess weight and helps prevent debris buildup and rust on the top side of the deck. Increased frame depth and blade tip speed help keep material flowing. A low-maintenance constant velocity tractor shaft or patent-pending equal angle hitch are available options. For more information, call 800/404-6044 or visit www.schulte.ca.
Flex-wing rotary cutter
Rhino introduces the Flex 20 Nitro, a 20-ft. flex-wing rotary cutter built to handle demanding cutting or shredding situations. The divider gearbox is rated at 325 hp, and the outer gearboxes are rated at 285 hp. The supersize gearboxes, massive drivelines and reinforced blade carriers combine with high blade tip speeds and a strong mainframe to give the FL20 Nitro the ability to cut grass, weeds, crop material or brush up to 4½ in. in diameter. A smooth-topped Tuff-Hide deck is designed for easy cleaning. Deck rings prevent the blades from cutting into the deck if they become bent. A special free-float, wing-cylinder lug design reduces wear on internal components of the wing cylinders.
To learn more, call 877/408-3297 or visit www.servis-rhino.com.
Hay-handling systems
MDS Manufacturing Company offers a variety of hay- and material-handling systems including both Double-Prong and Single-Prong Bale Stabbers. The Double-Prong Bale Stabber has a 4,400-lb. lift capacity, while the Single-Prong Stabber lifts 2,200 lbs. Fully tapered tines allow for easier penetration and withdrawal. A tapered socket provides support for the spear.
The Sur-Grip Bale Grabber handles 4- to 5-ft.-dia. bales with a lift capacity up to 2,200 lbs. and is an ideal tool for stacking bales, moving bales for tub grinding or loading round bales. The bales can be handled from any direction, side or end. The arms open and close simultaneously. Hydraulic cylinder and OEM loader-mounting brackets are standard features. The Sur-Grip Bale Grabber is recommended for use only on wide front-end tractors.
Tractor attachments can be changed in 90 seconds with the MDS Sur-Lock Quik-Tach system. The fully automatic attachment system for farm-duty loaders uses a vertical, spring-loaded latch system to provide the Sur-Locking force to secure the attachments. Once the Sur-Lock has been reset, an operator can drive up and attach a pallet fork, bucket, bale stabber or other equipment. The Quik-Tach system is manufactured for more than 40 different models of tractors and loaders.
Pallet fork systems from MDS Manufacturing use industrial-grade tines for up to 5,500 lbs. of lift capacity. Booms adjust to five different lengths in 8-in. increments. All models have a standard, see-through roll guard. To learn more, call 800/658-4703 or visit www.mdsmfg.com.
Brush crusher
Westendorf Manufacturing introduces an innovative new multiuse tool that adds fingers to the end of a tractor loader or skid steer. The Brush Crusher is a material-handling attachment that allows the operator to see and penetrate through branches or brush to reach into the bulk of the debris and position a load close to the loader's arms. The Brush Crusher jaws operate independently of each other to aid in handling unruly or lopsided loads. Hydraulic hoses and cylinders are protected and enclosed inside the teeth to prevent hose snags and damage. One-size-fits-all quick couplers adapt the unit to a loader or skid steer by just snapping into place. The Brush Crusher will handle trees, brush, fence posts, culverts, debris, lumber, old equipment, tires and more.
To learn more, call 712/423-2762 or visit www.loaders.com.
Loader line
Westendorf Manufacturing adds two more loaders to its TA-26 line. The TA-26 Plus brings modern shape and styling plus a new bright black color and a new rotational level indicator to the line. The new loader has a 10-ft. 5-in. lift height, 72-in. bucket and 3,000-lb. lift capacity.
The TA-26 12 offers a 12-ft. lift height and rotational height indicator for full range-of-motion readings at all times. The added lift height and 3,200-lb. lift capacity make the loader ideal for handling hay.
Both new loaders have a low profile and custom-adjust brackets. A standard Hydra-Snap feature consists of a one-step, multiunit coupling manifold to keep hoses from getting mixed up after disconnecting. The full-range level indicator monitors the bucket position at multiple positions, ranging from rolled back to fully dumped. The TA-26 series features the Power Mount system, which allows the operator to hydraulically mount or remove the loader in minutes with no tools or dangerous stands. The operator can take off the bucket and change attachments without leaving the tractor seat by using the Snap Attach feature.
To learn more, call Westendorf Manufacturing at 712/423-2762 or visit www.loaders.com.
Cart lock
Yetter introduces the All Steer Sure Lock enhancement for the 2000 series All Steer high-capacity cart. The All Steer Sure Lock features a cam action locking mechanism. A one-handed pull makes it easy for one person to use. The cam action feature uses leverage to aid in unlatching the locking pin, saving time when making the switch from field use to road transport. The spring-loaded cam-lock also self-engages to ease locking. The All Steer Sure Lock retrofits to all in-service All Steer carts.
Contact Yetter Mfg. Co., Box 358, Colchester, IL 62326-0358, call 800/447-5777, or visit www.yetterco.com.
Skid loader series
Gehl Company announces the new E-series skid loaders. The line of six new skid loaders ranges from the compact model 3640E with a rated operating load of 1,175 lbs. to the model 6640E with a rated operating load of 2,900 lbs. when equipped with optional counterweights. Large operator compartments have abundant head, shoulder and leg room. Rollover protection cabs have Level II falling-object protection built in for added operator safety.
Learn more about the specific models at www.gehl.com, or contact the Gehl literature hotline at 800/628-0491.


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8DN9 Switchgear up to 245 kV
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8DN9 Switchgear up to 245 kV
Gas Insulated Switchgear
The Siemens 8D range of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), for rated voltages from 72.5 kV up to 550 kV, is an extremely successful product concept.
Since its introduction back in 1968, Siemens has installed more than 34,500 bays worldwide in all climatic zones of the earth. More than 420,000 years of bay operation have been recorded since. The experience gained from over 45 years with SF6 technology together with continuous development based on the latest research findings, assures demand-oriented technology and the highest possible level of quality and cost-effectiveness. All requirements, which are nowadays usually specified for modern and advanced switchgear with respect to performance and reliabiliy, are met by Siemens-switchgear.
Cost-effectiveness, reliability and customer support are the distinctive features of Siemens gas-insulated switchgear for rated voltages from 72.5 kV up to 800 kV.
Their compact design allows their use in the most confined spaces, whether in the basement of a high-rise building, in a department store, in an industrial plant, on the first floor of an old historic building or in a mobile container. The modular structure of the switchgear permits flexible designs and problem-free extension.
Siemens' gas-insulated metal-encapsulated switchgear, a world leader in terms of:
In addition to gas-insulated switchgear, we also supply gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL) for transmitting high capacities of power over long distances.
With the intelligent control and monitoring solution SICAM, Siemens has created a new system of hard- and software components for the automation of switchgear in the field of electrical energy supply.
The flexible protection and control system offers a sequence of new functions:
Partial discharge monitoring increases the reliability of high-voltage switchgears. It enables any changes in the insulation to be detected at an early stage during normal operation so that appropriate remedial action can be taken. Maintenance measures can thus be controlled according to requirements, thereby reducing operating costs. The measurement data is displayed and archived in the control room. With the aid of an expert system the user can produce trend forecasts from long-term archive data so that potential faults can be eliminated at an early stage. Thanks to the built-in self-monitoring, the system can also be used in unmanned substations.
The PD monitoring system is a sophisticated measuring system, by means of which it is possible to monitor internal partial discharges in gas-insulated switchgear (GIS).
It comprises a number of components:
1 SF6 gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear
2 Coupler : act as UHF antennas, integrated in the GIS at a number of points
3 PD converter box (node) : Measuring device, connected to the PD couplers of the three phases of a point of installation
4 Optical-fibre bus system : Device for data transmission between the measuring points and the contral processor unit
5 Central processor unit : Monitoring of the data stream from up to 90 measuring points
6 Operator unit : PC for visualisation, archiving and automatic interpretation of the measured data
Modem : for remote operation and data telecommunication
Product Information
Gas-Insulated High-voltage Switchgear
All requirements, which are nowadays usually specified for modern and advanced switchgear with respect to performance and reliability, are met by Siemens-switchgear type 8DN9 for rated voltages of up to 245 kV.
It is one of the most compact designs available worldwide. This compact design has been made possible by use of improved insulating materials, optimisation of the enclosure form and utilisation of computer-aided design methods in conjunction with modern casting techniques and improved manufacturing technology.
The space-saving design, low weight, long operating-life associated with low operating costs contribute to making this switchgear extremely economical.
Since the levels of noise and field emission (EMC) are extremely low, it is possible to integrate them even in sensitive environments, residential quarters and city centers.
By virtue of these characteristics, our 8DN9 switchgear fulfils all the requirements for environmentally compatible high-voltage switchgear.
|Rated voltage
|up to
|245 kV
|Rated frequency
|50/60 Hz
|Rated short-duration power-frequency
withstand voltage (1 min)
|up to
|460 kV
|Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage (1.2/50 µs)
|up to
|1050 kV
|Rated normal current - busbar
|up to
|Rated normal current - feeder
|up to
|Rated short circuit-breaking current (< 3 cycles)
|up to
|50 kA
|Rated peak withstand current
|up to
|135 kA
|Rated short-time withstand current (up to 3 s)
|up to
|50 kA
|Leakage rate per year and gas compartment
|< 0.1 %
|Driving mechanism of circuit breaker
|stored-energy spring
(single pole drive)
|Bay width
|1500 mm
|Ambient temperature range (indoor)
|-25 °C up to +55 °C
Other values on request
Customer Support Center
Phone: +49 180 524 70-00 *
* Charges depending on provider; from the German fixed network € 0.14/min. and from the German mobile phone networks max. € 0.42/min.


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As a user of the OOPIC microcontroller, I have been frustrated now for a while at the lack of good development tools for that micro. This primarily means a good development IDE/debugger, and a good compiler. Ths existing IDE and compiler have many known bugs which add to the frustrations of OOPIC code development and testing. In addition, the C language support of the compiler is rather non-standard with many features missing, and other language details wrongly implemented (eg locally declared variables are actually created as globals, and function return values simply do not work!).
In addition, the existing OOPIC development tools only run on Windows, and the IDE in particular has problems with certain versions of Windows related to VB dependencies.
With all this in mind, myself and a few other OOPIC users have started a project to create a high quality, open source, cross platform compiler for the OOPIC microcontroller, which will have as close to standard C support as is possible for that microcontroller, along with BASIC and Java syntax support with many features and fixes above the existing proprietary compiler.It will run on Linux, Windows, and potentially OSX.
We have a SourceForge project set up for this, which we are currently using to discuss design issues prior to implementation, using Sourceforge's mailing list feature. If you would be interested in participating, please take a look here


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Corporate Information
Learn about Delta leadership and corporate information. Find out how a small crop dusting company transformed, with Delta headquarters in Atlanta. Corporate Information
What started as a humble, little aerial crop dusting operation called Huff Daland Dusters in 1924 has now grown into one of the world's largest global airlines, helping more than 160 million travelers get to the places they want to go to each year.


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Frankincense Resin Burner
Use the whispering essences from Young Living's Frankincense Resin Burner to transport yourself to the ancient lands of Arabia. Simply place a few pieces of resin on the burner and take in the aromatic spirit of the desert.
The Frankincense resin's vapor will deepen your meditation and invite a sacred atmosphere. The Resin Burner comes with a complimentary bag of frankincense resin.
Desert Mist Diffuser
Young Living's Desert Mist Ultrasonic Diffuser has 11 different light settings that can be turned on or off independent of the diffuser function. It also includes a light cycle mode which transitions gently from one color to another. High mode 5 hours and a Low mode of 8 hours continuously. Also includes a romantic candle-like flicker mode.
Home Diffuser
The Home Diffuser, with its rose-inspired design, combines a humidifier, air purifier, atomizer, and aromatherapy diffuser into one simple-to-use product that safely releases essential oils into the air to eliminate odors and create a relaxing atmosphere.
Young Living's Home Diffuser can transform any space into a spa-like atmosphere. The Home Diffuser comes with *free 5-ml bottles of Peppermint and Tangerine essential oils. Dimensions: 13.5cm Diameter x 17cm Tall
*The free oils mentioned above are not included with diffusers that come in Premium Starter Kits.
Bamboo Diffuser
The Bamboo Diffuser utilizes ultrasonic technology to break up the mixture of essential oils and water into extremely fine micro-particles and disperses the ingredients in essential oils into the air. It provides an excellent method of calming and moisturizing to build a healthy, natural, and pure living environment.
Dolphin Reef Diffuser
Young Living's Dolphin Reef Diffuser features a playful mother dolphin and her calf swimming through color-illuminated vapor released by pink sea sponges. The colorful coral, starfish, sea anemones, and a pearl-bearing giant clam will captivate your children's imaginations and transport them into an undersea wonderland, all while enjoying the benefits of diffusing Young Living's 100% pure, therapeutic-grade essential oils.
Sundance Ultrasonic Diffuser
The KidScents Sundance Ultrasonic Diffuser is an atomizer, aroma diffuser, and night-light all in one simple-to-use product that is great for kids!
The Sundance Ultrasonic Diffuser features a wild stallion exhaling color-illuminated vapor while rearing skyward on a clifftop landscape.
AromaLux Atomizing Diffuser
Young Living's AromaLux Atomizing Diffuser functions as an aroma diffuser, air purifier, and atomizer in one simple-to-use product. Its atomizing technology transforms essential oils into a vapor of millions of micro particles, dispersing them into the air and releasing the powerful plant constituents found in Young Living essential oils.
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Kanye West and Jennifer Hudson Attend Versace Store Opening in SoHo
Kanye West is making his fashion rounds in New York City this week. After helping Maison Margiela launch their H&M collaboration line, 'Ye showed up in eccentric pants and Yeezys to help Donatello Versace open their new store in SoHo. (The afterparty was a performance at Samsung's Galaxy Note II event alongside 2 Chainz.)
Other attendees included singers Jennifer Hudson, Maxwell and Melanie Fiona dripping in designer threads. Check out photos of the fashion elite below.
Via: TheYBF.com


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Searching for nearby schools...
School rankings provided by The Fraser Institute. Rankings are from 1 to 10.
A limited collection of elegant suites created for discerning individuals who appreciate fine architecture, superb amenities, refined appointments and an unsurpassed level of luxury in a river setting, beside the Old Mill.
Trademarks owned or controlled by The Canadian Real Estate Association. Used under license.
The information provided herein must only be used by consumers that have a bona fide interest in the purchase, sale or lease of real estate and may not be used for any commercial purpose or any other purpose.
Information is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate by TREB.
Toronto Real Estate Board - IDX Last Updated: 11/15/2018 1:14:59 PM


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Car Review
2011 Certified Infiniti FX35: Family of 3 Road Trip
In a quest to find the perfect vehicle for day-to-day driving plus occasional road trips with the family, I recently put our long-term certified pre-owned 2011 Infiniti FX35 to the test. The FX35 is well known for its sporty attributes, but I questioned whether it could provide the comfort and space required for a family of three with all the cargo necessary for a week-long beach trip.
While packing the FX35, the first thing I noticed was how well my daughter's car seat fit. The LATCH anchors were easy to access, and with the reclining rear seats, she was in the perfect position for safety and comfort. The front passenger seat also had plenty of leg room, even with the child seat directly behind. I was surprised to find the cargo space more expansive that I had originally thought - large enough to handle a full-size 60-qt cooler, along with luggage and a few beach toys. Interestingly, however, we found the cargo space to be more accommodating with all the seat backs in their original positions, as opposed to folded forward in the 40/60 split option.
Packed up and ready to go, we hit the open road and were very quickly impressed with the plethora of technology features the FX35 offers. The safety features, such as forward collision warning, lane departure warning, intelligent cruise control, intelligent brake assist, and distance control assist, were not only easy to use, but they dramatically improved the highway driving experience. With the distance control assist, it actually nudges the gas pedal up to alert you to decrease the vehicle's speed when approaching another vehicle. Once I got used to this feature, I found it very useful. Another technology feature we really appreciated was the Around View Monitor that makes parking in tight or unfamiliar spaces a breeze.
The driving dynamics were exactly as expected, very sporty with terrific acceleration and braking. What I was surprised about, however, was how composed the FX35 remained when loaded with the three of us and our gear. I could hardly tell any difference in how it drove. Unfortunately, all of this performance does come at a cost, as we only averaged 18.3 mpg during our mostly-highway 1,100-mile trip, and that's with premium grade fuel.
We all found the interior very luxurious and loved the look of the Bentley-like seat stitching. One of the best features of this car for my family was the heated and cooled seats. Typically, we can have disagreements on the ambient temperature inside of our car, but not this time; I simply turned on the cooled seat for my driver's seat and we all found ourselves extremely comfortable.
At the end of each of our 8-hour drives, I found myself less worn out and tired than normal, which I largely attribute to the safety features. It's simple to set the intelligent cruise control and let the vehicle make adjustments as necessary. And since I heard no complaints from my fellow passengers, I would conclude that the FX35 was quite comfortable for them as well.
When we returned home, I unpacked the FX35 and headed to the dog kennel to pick up my two Labradors. They both fit easily in the back with the rear seat backs up or down.
I will soon be in the market for a vehicle that can carry my family of three comfortably (plus two dogs on occasion), is a good daily driver, has some luxurious features, and can handle long trips with moderate cargo. A used FX35 is going to be on the top of our consideration list.


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|NYU Psychology
|Adelbert Jenkins
Associate Professor of Psychology
Psychology and the Ethnic Minority ExperienceI am interested in the traditional clinical topics of psychodynamically oriented psychodiagnosis and psychotherapy and in the psychological experience of people of color in America, especially the psychological experience of African-Americans. I am also quite interested in the recent resurgence of humanistic and "teleologic" themes in psychology and the implications of these notions for psychodynamic clinical psychology and for multicultural psychology. The psychological perspectives I am interested in try to spell out the nature of "agency" in human behavior. Such points of view note that people are not just reactive to stimuli and events but are proactive in the situations they confront. One perspective that explicates this idea argues that 1) subjectively held intentions and purposes are as important as environmental contingencies in governing the way people behave; 2) "dialectical" thinking, the capacity to imagine opposite or alternative conceptions of life situations, is frequently used by people to guide their behavior; and 3) human mentality actively constructs the psychological reality it experiences as being meaningful.
In most of my writing I have attempted to apply these notions to an analysis of the psychology of the Black experience in America. In my book, Psychology and African Americans: A humanistic approach, I present the thesis that Blacks have survived their oppressive history in the United States by actively and intentionally bringing to their lives conceptions of their competence that have been at (dialectic) variance to the judgments made of them by the majority society. I maintain that the same psychological process applies to other non-White minorities in America. In other writing I discuss how a systematic teleologic point of view can elucidate some of the basic underlying assumptions of psychodynamic psychology more generally.
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ABPP, Diplomate in Clinical Psychology
Fellowships and Honors:
- President, Division 24, Theoretical and Philosophica Psychology, American Psychological Association, 2003-2004
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Jenkins, A.H. (2004). A humanistic approach to Black psychology. in R. Jones (Ed.), Black Psychology, 4th ed, (pp.135-155). Hampton, VA:Cobb & Henry.
Jenkins, A.H. (2001). Individuality in cultural context: The case for psychological agency. Theory and Psychology, 11, 347-362.
Jenkins, A.H. (1997). Free will and psychotherapy. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 17, 1-13.
Jenkins, A.H. (1995). Psychology of African Americans: A humanistic approach. Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon. (Also published as Turning corners: The psychology of African Americans. Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon.)
Jenkins, A.H. (1992). Hermeneutics versus science in psychoanalysis: A "rigorous" humanistic view. Psychoanalytic Psychology.
Jenkins, A.H. (1990). Self-disclosure and the non-White ethnic minority patient, in G. Stricker and M.N. Fisher (Eds.), Self-disclosure in the therapeutic relationship. New York: Plenum.
Jenkins, A.H. (1989). Psychological agency: A crucial concept for minorities. Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 9, 4-11.
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Department of Psychology
Email: email@example.com


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Main Site - :: Why Won't God Heal Amputees? ::
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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
Johnny if you know of anyone involved in teaching creationism in your area, report it to your education authority. They will sack anyone who teaches it.


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Car Deals
Luxury Car Deals: June 2013
If you're interested in a luxury car, now is a great time to start your search. A long list of luxury car deals are available this month for shoppers, whether they're buying, leasing or financing their next new car.
Acura TL
The Acura TL is a midsize luxury sedan available with front- or all-wheel drive. In June, Acura is offering several deals on the TL. Shoppers interested in leasing can get a 30-month term with payments from just $299 after $2,499 due at signing. For those who would rather not make a down payment, Acura offers a zero-down lease on the TL. That offer includes monthly payments from $390 for 35 months. Finally, all 2013 TL models are available with interest rates as low as 0.9 percent for shoppers financing their next car.
Buick Verano
The 2013 Buick Verano is a compact sedan that offers entry-level luxury. In June, it's available with incentives for shoppers financing, leasing or buying the sedan outright. For qualified finance customers, the Verano is available with 0.9 percent interest for up to 60 months. Drivers paying with cash can get any trim level of the 2013 Verano with up to $750 cash back. And for lease shoppers, Buick is offering the Verano with a 24-month term with payments starting at just $199 per month after $1,739 down at lease signing.
Infiniti G37
The 2013 Infiniti G37 is a sporty luxury car available as a sedan or a coupe. In June, Infiniti is offering two tempting 24-month lease deals on both models. For shoppers interested in the G37 sedan, monthly payments start at $299 after $2,499 at lease signing. Drivers who need the year-round security of all-wheel drive can get it for the same monthly figure, though the down payment increases to $2,699. The sporty G37 Coupe, meanwhile, starts at $329 per month or $339 for shoppers who want all-wheel drive. While the coupe is also available for 24 months, its down payment is a pricier $3,199.
Mercedes C-Class
The 2013 Mercedes C-Class is a compact luxury sedan available as a coupe or sedan. In June, the C-Class is offered with three enticing lease deals. For a base-level C250 sedan, Mercedes is offering a 27-month term with payments from just $349 per month after $4,049 down at lease signing. Those who want all-wheel drive can get a C300 4Matic for just $369 per month with the same down payment. And the sleek C250 Coupe is available for $379 per month after $3,773 down, though the term is a longer 36 months.
Find a Mercedes C-Class for sale
Volvo S60
The 2013 Volvo S60 is a midsize luxury sedan with sporty styling. In June, it's available with a few incentives for drivers on the fence about their next luxury car purchase. Qualified shoppers financing an S60 can get one with 0 percent interest for up to 48 months. That deal is sweetened by a whopping $1,000 cash back -- a rare figure in the luxury car world. For those looking to lease, Volvo offers an alluring 24-month term. It's available with payments from $279 per month after $2,628 due at lease signing.
What it means to you: Some of today's best luxury car deals are available on a wide variety of popular models.


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Over the years, FLEURCO has become a leading provider of top-quality shower doors, bases and bathtubs.
FLEURCO is a Canadian company that specializes in the design, manufacture and distribution of a full range of glass shower and bathtub doors. Our company relies on the latest technology and designs to offer you top quality products. At FLEURCO, we use holistic design principles where performance, quality, functionality and ultimately, customer satisfaction, are just as important as the aesthetics. Fleurco's comprehensive product line features stylized hinges and rolling systems, classically-designed shower bases, and finishes that easily adapt to both traditional and contemporary bathroom decors.
Browse through our online catalogue and discover our series: KINETIK, K2, GLIDE, NOVARA, GEMINI, HORIZON, PLATINUM, EVOLUTION, SORRENTO, APOLLO, ARIA, LUNA, AND OPUS.
Leveraging on the ever increasing popularity of our shower doors, on their aesthetics and functionality, FLEURCO now adds a classical and modern touch to your bathroom with its new Collection of Aria bathtubs. Once again, FLEURCO's dedicated team of in-house industrial designers has created a product that satisfies the need for the comfort of its clients while continually improving beauty and functionality even further.
FLEURCO is recognized in both Canada and in the United States for our outstanding QSD: Quality - Service - Design.