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|Bibliography of Studies of the Energy Cost of Physical Activity in Humans (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 1997, 162 pages)
1. Banerjee B & Saha N (1972): Energy intake and expenditure of Indian schoolboys. Br.J.Nutr. 27, 483-490.
Sixteen Indian schoolboys, aged 12-14 years and resident in Singapore, were tested for the determination of energy cost, pulmonary ventilation (PV) and oxygen (02) consumption at rest and at various daily activities; their height, body-weight, pulse and blood pressure were also measured. An energy balance study was made by estimating from a diary of measured activities the 24 h energy intake and output. PV and 02 consumption during running showed positive correlations (r=0.4 and r=0.3 respectively) with mean height and body-weight. High positive correlations (r=0.8) were obtained between mean post-excercise recovery pulse, 02 consumption and PV. The daily mean calorie intake and output of the subjects were found to be 2108 kcal (8.85 MJ) and 1811 kcal (7.60 MJ) respectively. The boys gained an average of 2.2 kg in weight and 0.7 cm in height in 2 months. They did not suffer from any mental retardation, they were physically fit, free from disease and did their daily routine work satisfactorily.
2. Banerjee B & Saha N (1982): Energy cost of some common physical activities of Chinese schoolboys. Ann.Nutr.Metab. 26, 360-366.
Fourteen Chinese schoolboys aged 12-14 years, resident in Singapore coming from affluent homes, were tested for the determination of energy cost, pulmonary ventilation (PV) and oxygen (02) consumption at rest and during some common physical activities by using a Max-Planck respirometer and Lloyds gas analysis apparatus. The study was undertaken for comparison with the results of a similar investigation of Indian schoolchildren of the same age-group living in a hostel under hostel discipline and diet in Singapore reported earlier. The energy cost (kcal/min, kJ/min) in these Chinese children was found to be significantly higher, but the energy cost per kilogram body weight per hour was found to be significantly lower than in the Indian children. PV in litres per minute was significantly higher in Chinese schoolboys during all physical activities except lying at rest, sitting and running. O2 consumption in litres per minute was also significantly higher during all activities except lying at rest and sitting.
3. Blackburn ML & Calloway DH (1974): Energy expenditure of pregnant adolescents. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 65, 24-30.
Energy expenditure of female adolescents residing in a metabolic unit was measured at rest and during various household activities and standard work task performed during pregnancy and in some cases, postpartum. Diaries of daily activities were kept by a second, comparable group of free-living pregnant adolescents enrolled in a city high school program. Energy cost of activities measured in the first group was used to estimate the daily energy needs of the second group. Basal metabolic rate was 17% higher during the third trimester of pregnancy than postpartum, but there was no difference between the data if values were corrected for the difference in body weight. Energy expenditure per unit of mass was also the same for quiet sitting and standing activities during and after pregnancy. When work levels were heavier and involved body movement, work pace was slowed, and energy expenditure per unit of time was less during pregnancy than postpartum. Pace appeared to the dominant variable, since the cost of fixed work tasks (treadmill and bicycle) was the same per kilogram per minute during pregnancy and postpartum. The energy cost of a task, eg stair climb, was greater for the pregnant woman, in proportion to her increased body mass. Pregnant adolescents were extremely sedentary, spending about 90% of their time lying down or seated. Their average energy expenditure for basal metabolism and activity was computed to be 2,200 kcal per day. With a daily allowance of 150 kcal for deposition of maternal tissues and conceptus, total metabolizable energy need was about 2,400 kcal per day. If there were continued maternal growth, need would be increased proportionately.
4. Bradfield RB, Chan H. Bradfield NE & Payne PR (1971): Energy expenditures and heart rates of Cambridge boys at school. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 24,1461-1466.
The energy expenditure of 54 primary school boys in Cambridge, England, was measured for 3 to 5 days during classes, and organized and unorganized play, using a technique that does not interfere with usual activities. The measurement of weight, height, and skin folds indicated the boys were on the high side of normal for both height and weight as judged by British standards. The central tendency of classroom activities was 2.1 to 2.7 kcal/min and the lunch play period 3.0 kcal/min. There was no significant difference between the energy expenditures of the fattest and leanest children of the group. The school program and types of games are described.
5. Bradfield RB, Paulos J & Grossman L (1971): Energy expenditure and heart rate of obese high school girls. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 24,1482-1488.
The energy expenditure and physical activity of nonobese and obese high school girls participating in the same school program were assessed by three different methods over different periods of time. The continuous monitoring of heart rate and use of individual regressions of heart rate on oxygen consumption to estimate energy expenditure showed no significant differences between nonobese and obese girls during physical education classes, during school classroom activities, and after school work or play. Three-day activity assessments showed that both groups were very inactive, 70% of the time was spent either in sleep or very light activites. Assessment of relative participation in physical education class did not reveal different trends between obese and nonobese subjects.
6. Brooke OG, Alvear J & Arnold M (1979): Energy retention, energy expenditure, and growth in healthy immature infants. Pediatr.Res. 13, 215-220.
Energy balance studies were done during 10-29 days on 15 immature infants of mean birth weight 1581 9. Mean gross energy intake was 757 kJ/kg (181 kcal) and 79% of this was retained, so that metabolizable energy was 602 kJ/kg (143 kcal). Mean resting metabolic rate was 244 kJ/kg (58.1 kcal), and it increased with advancing maturity. Minimum resting metabolism averaged 199 kJ/kg (47.5 kcal). Energy expended in activity increased with maturity, but amounted to less than 17% of the total energy turnover. Postprandial metabolism caused the mean VO2 to rise by 17% in the hour after a feed, and during 24 hrs resulted in consumption of energy equivalent to about 10% of the resting metabolism. Stored energy amounted to 230 kJ/kg (55 kcal) and was linearly related to weight gain (r = 0.92). Energy cost of weight gain was 24 kJ/g (5.7 kcal) and energy stored in new tissue was 16.8 kJ/g (4.0 kcal). Maintenance energy requirement at zero growth rate was about 270 kJ/kg (64 kcal).
7. Chessex P. Reichman BL, Verellen GJ, Putet G. Smith JM, Heim T & Swyer PR (1981): Relation between heart rate and energy expenditure in the newborn. Pediatr.Res. 15, 10771082.
This study defines the relationship between heart rate and metabolic rate in newborn infants and evaluates the accuracy of prediction of metabolic rate from heart rate. Continuous measurements of oxygen uptake, CO2 production, respiratory quotient, and cumulative heart rate were performed using computerized, open-circuit indirect calorimetry and on-line electrocardiogram monitoring over periods of 1 to 24 hr (mean 4.5 fur). Metabolic rate was calculated from the individual oxygen uptake and respiratory quotient. Thirty-five studies were performed in 16 infants (birthweight 0.75 to 3.1 kg; gestational age, 26 to 42 wk; mean +/- S.D. age at study, 26.5 +/- 15.7 days; study weight, 1.78 +/- 0.5 kg). Metabolic rate (car/kg . min) and heart rate (beats/min) were compared minute by minute (8269 measurements) and showed a close third degree polynomial relationship for heart rates of 110 to 230/min (y = 0.0000291x3 + 0.01685x2 -2.93x + 197; r = 0.99; P less than 0.001); however, at heart rates above 140 beats/min, a linear relationship was found (r = 0.997; P less than 0.001). From cumulated heart rate measurements, factors defining metabolic rate per heart beat were also determined: for each beat 51.8 +/- 6.8 microliter of oxygen/kg are consumed and 0.258 +/0.03 car/kg (1.1 J/kg) are expended. Despite the wide variation in birthweight, gestational age, method of feeding, and clinical characteristics, there was a remarkable consistency in the heart rate-metabolic rate relationships. A further 10 studies were performed in a similar group of infants to assess the predictive value of the previously defined relationships and showed a mean percentage deviation of 5.7 +/- 4% from the measured value. It was concluded that in the varied group of newborns studied, heart rate correlates closely with metabolic rate and that cumulative heart rate measurements enable the estimation of metabolic rate in newborn infants. This provides a method of monitoring energy expenditure and caloric requirements over long periods.
8. Cooke CB, McDonagh MJ, Nevill AM & Davies CT (1991): Effects of load on oxygen intake in trained boys and men during treadmill running. .J.Appl.Physiol 71, 1237-1244.
Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. This investigation examines the effects of vertical and horizontal loading on the 02 intake (V02) response of children (n = 8) and adults (n = 8) to treadmill running. In unloaded running, the children required a significantly greater VO2 (P less than 0.001) than the adults [mean difference 7 ml.kg-1.min-1 (18.5%)]. There was no significant difference in the VO2 response of the children and the adults to either vertical or horizontal loading. Vertical loading with 5 and 10% of body mass did not produce a significant increase in the VO2 response of either group. In contrast, horizontal loading produced a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in both groups. The consistent response to the two forms of loading suggests that there is no difference between children and adults in the apparent efficiency of running with an external load. Stride frequency showed a significant increase with vertical loading (P less than 0.001) and a significant decrease with horizontal loading (P less than 0.001) in both groups.
9. Davies CT (1980): Metabolic cost of exercise and physical performance in children with some observations on external loading. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol 45, 95-102.
The metabolic cost (VO2) of running was studied on a motor-driven treadmill in nine athletic boys, five athletic girls, and nine active boys aged 11-15 years and the results compared with their performance times during racing out of doors. On 15 of the children additional observations of the effects of external loading on aerobic power output were made. The results showed that VO2 was proportional to body weight in children but when expressed ml.kg-1.min1, VO2 for a given speed of running was significantly higher in children than expected from previously collected data on adults. There were no significant differences between aerobic cost of running of the athletic boys, girls, or the active boys. The increased VO2 ml.kg-1.min-1 in children appeared to be independent of stride length and frequency but external loading equivalent to 5% of body weight reduced VO (ml.kg-1.min-1), particularly at the higher speeds. It was suggested in young active and athletic children due to their relatively light body weights and highly developed aerobic power outputs, that the required frequency of leg movement was not optimally matched to the force necessary to produce the most economic conversion of aerobic energy into mechanical work. Thus, in competitive events their performance times were related to their maximal aerobic power output (r=-0.75) but their times were always inferior to those which one might have expected from previous aerobic power weight data collected on adult male and female athletes.
10. Devadas RP, Anuradha V & Mathai J (1977): Energy intake and expenditure of selected adolescent girls. Ind.J.Nutr.Diet. 14, 31-37.
The energy intake and expenditure of 12 adolescent Indian college girls were studied. Basal metabolic rate was between 31.59 and 55.80 kcal/m²h. Energy expenditure of girls residing in a hostel, 2843 kcal, was higher than that of girls staying with their families, 2642 kcal. Energy expenditure of both groups appeared to be higher than energy intake, 2460 and 2412 kcal daily
11. Duggan MB & Milner RDG (1986): The maintenance energy requirement for children: an estimate based on a study of children with infection associated to underfeeding. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 43, 870-878.
An estimate of the maintenance energy requirement (MER) has been based on energy balance data from children fed at different levels of intake during and after acute measles. The relationship between apparent energy balance (B) and the metabolizable energy (ME) was investigated by regression analysis. The relationship between B and ME in 34 balance studies is given by B = 0.79 ME - 211.9 (r = 0.91). The ME at zero B [268.3 kJ (64.1kcal)/kg/24h] is equivalent to the maintenance energy requirement (MER). Paired data on 16 children were used to study the relationship between MER and the resting metabolic rate (RMR). The relationship between MER and RMR during measles, is at low levels of energy intake, is given by MER = 1.52 RMR - 140.9 kJ/kg/24h (r = 0.79). The factorial relationship between MER and RMR was estimated, and also the safe level of intake to supply the MER when ME represents between 76% and 84% of gross energy (GE). The safe level of GE intake, between 381 and 416 kJ/kg/24h (ie between 91.1 and 99.4 kcal/kg/24h) is very close to the WHO/FAD (1973) recommendations for growing children.
12. Duggan MB & Milner RDG (1986): Energy metabolism in healthy black Kenyan children. Br.J.Nutr. 56, 317-328.
Twenty-four healthy black Kenyan children, mean age 29 (SD 19) months, were studied over a 24 h period. Energy expenditure (EE) was determined using a ventilated-hood indirect calorimeter; measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Metabolizable energy intake was measured in twenty children. Anthropometric measurements were used to estimate surface area and lean body weight. The mean daily intake of metabolizable energy was 338.4 (SE 28.4) kJ; 70% of gross dietary energy being provided by carbohydrate. The level of postprandial EE was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the resting level (112.6 (SE 0.47) and 11.38 (SE 0.37) kJ per h respectively) while the level of the postprandial respiratory quotient (RQ) was similar to the resting level (0.94 (SE 0.02) and 0.98 (SE 0.03) respectively). In 33% of total observations of the resting RQ the value was more than 1.0. These findings suggest that short-term fat storage may be a normal feature of metabolism in children, and also that the energy cost of (postprandial) fat synthesis is increased by a high-carbohydrate diet. Values for the resting metabolic rate and various estimators of body size were compared using regression analysis. It was evident that, in these young children with considerable variation in body composition, body weight remained a satisfactory metabolic size estimator.
13. Freedson PS, Katch VL, Gilliam TB & MacConnie S (1981): Energy expenditure in prepubescent children: influence of sex and age. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 34, 1827-1830.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between energy expenditure and speed for 6- and 7-yr-old children and to compare these data to published data for adults. Eight subjects (four boys, four girls) completed three treadmill tests at 67, 94, and 127.5 m . min-1 (k = 12 trials for the boys, 12 trials for the girls). Heart rate was monitored continuously and oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were determined at each speed in order to estimate caloric expenditure. Sex differences were observed in the metabolic and heart rate responses to exercise. In comparison to the females, the energy expenditure (kcal . min-1) was 16 (p less than 0.05), 11 (p greater than 0.05) and 14 (p less than 0.05) percent higher for the males at the slow, medium, and fast speeds, respectively. Additionally, heart rate was 13 beats . min- 1 lower (p less than 0.05) for the males at a speed of 94 m. min-1. Differences in kcal . kg . min-1 between children and adults were observed (children higher). In contrast to adults' linear increase in energy expenditure with increasing speed, a curvilinear pattern was observed for prepubescent children. It was concluded that these sex and age effects must be considered when attempting to quantify children's daily energy expenditure and caloric requirements.
14. Gandra YR & Bradfield RB (1971): Energy expenditure and oxygen handling efficiency of anemic children. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 24, 1451-1456.
The energy expenditure and oxygen handling efficiency of nonanemic and anemic primary school children was measured at school and at play in an isolated jungle fishing village before and after iron therapy. Typical daily energy expenditure was not dependent upon the degree of anemia. Standardized tests of oxygen handling efficiency showed that 88% of the variations in energy expenditure could be accounted for by multiple regression of heart rate, weight, and hemoglobin. Oxygen handling efficiency was affected adversely by abnormal hemoglobin levels.
15. Goran Ml, Kaskoun M, Johnson R. Martinez C, Kelly B & Hood V (1995): Energy expenditure and body fat distribution in Mohawk children. Pediatrics, 95, 89-95.
Department of Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington. Epidemiologic studies suggest that Native Americans, including the Mohawk people, have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. However, current information on alterations in related variables such as energy metabolism and body composition in Native Americans is almost exclusively limited to already obese Pima adults living in the Southwest. The aim of this study was to characterize energy metabolism and body composition in young Mohawk children (17 girls, 11 boys; aged 4 to 7 years) as compared to Caucasian children (36 girls, 34 boys; aged 4 to 7 years). Total energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water, postprandial resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, and activity energy expenditure was derived from the difference between total and resting energy expenditure. Fat and fat-free mass were estimated from bioelectrical resistance, and body fat distribution was estimated from skinfolds and circumferences. RESULTS. There were no significant effects of ethnic background or sex on body weight, height, or body mass index. Fat free mass was significantly higher in boys and fat mass was significantly higher in girls, with no effect of ethnic background. Chest skinfold thickness, the ratio of trunk skinfolds: extremity skinfolds, and the waist: hip ratio were significantly higher in Mohawk children by 2.5 mm, 0.09 units, and 0.03 units, respectively, independent of sex and fat mass. Total energy expenditure was significantly higher in Mohawk children compared to Caucasian (100 kcal/day in girls, 150 kcal/day in boys), independent of fat free mass and sex, due to a significantly higher physical activity-related energy expenditure. CONCLUSION. These data suggest that: 1) body fat is more centrally distributed in Mohawk relative to Caucasian children, and this effect is independent of sex and body fat content; 2) Mohawk children have a greater total energy expenditure than Caucasian children, independent of fat free mass, due to greater physical activity-related energy expenditure.
16. Ho Z. Zi HM, Bo L & Ping H (1988): Energy expenditure of pre-school children in a subtropical area. Wld.Rev.Nutr.Diet. 57, 75-94.
This study examines the appropriate energy intakes for preschool children in a subtropical area of China. A series of measurements were made on 181 children in four different seasons over a period of 1.5 years: body surface area, basal metabolic rate, dietary intakes, and the specific dynamic action of 8 common foods. The total energy expenditure of a sub-sample of children was calculated via daily activity records and measurements of the energy costs of 21 routine activities made using indirect calorimetry. The average daily energy expenditure for boys was 1,077.6 +- 37.0 kcal and for girls was 1,020.5 +- 43.7 kcal. Using this as the basis to calculate energy intake requirements and making allowances for growth and digestibility, an RDA of 1,500 of kcal/d was calculated as acceptable for this group of 5 year old children. [not original abstract].
17. Holmer I (1972): Oxygen uptake during swimming in man. .J.Appl.Physiol 33, 502-509.
It is possible to set the water flow rate with great accuracy in a recently constructed swimming flume, i.e., a kind of swimming "treadmill". Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and blood lactate concentrations were measured in three female and six male adult subject, with varying proficiency in swimming, while subjects swam three styles at different speeds. The same determinations were made during exercise on a Krogh bicycle ergometer and on a treadmill. The same determinations were made in 12 girl swimmers, 13-18 years old, but only during maximal running and maximal swimming. Minimal oxygen uptake during floating in a vertical position in nine subjects varied from 0.9 to 2.0 I.min-1. At a given swimming speed the trained swimmers were able to swim with a much lower oxygen uptake than subjects who were not trained swimmers. At a given oxygen uptake trained swimmers also swam much faster than the untrained swimmers. The front crawl proved to be the most economical style, as is the case in competition swimming. The back crawl was somewhat less economical and the breaststroke was the least economical style. Maximal oxygen uptake, maximal pulmonary ventilation, and maximal heart rate were significantly lower in swimming than in running or cycling, respectively.
18. Katch V, Becque MD, Marks C, Moorehead C & Rocchini A (1988): Oxygen uptake and energy output during walking of obese male and female adolescents. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 47, 2632.
Department of Kinesiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Oxygen uptake and steady-rate energy output of 7 obese male and 13 obese female adolescents (greater than 178% ideal body weight) walking at four different speeds (1.167, 1.5667, 1.7833, and 2.125 m/s) were studied. Body composition was measured by hydrostatic weighing, and steady-rate energy output by open circuit spirometry. Energy output was expressed as kJ/min (kcal/min) and indexed to body mass and fat-free mass. A 2-by-4 ANOVA (sex by speed) revealed significant differences in the energy output between the speed conditions. There was no significant difference between the sexes. A nonlinear increase in calorie output with increasing speed indicated a decreasing efficiency with increasing speed of walking. Possible reasons include biomechanical factors such as increased upper-body forward lean needed to maintain balance at faster speeds of movement, increased energy output due to increased inertia, extra energy output needed to accelerate the limbs and torso, and increased body fat.
19. Knuttgen HG (1967): Aerobic capacity of adolesents. .J.Appl.Physiol 22, 655-658.
Average values for a variety of anthropometric and physiologic parameters have been obtained for a representative group of American adolescents (15-18 years old) and of European ancestry. Both male (N = 95) and female (N = 95) subjects were studied at rest and at work on a bicycle ergometer. The mean values for the boys generally exceeded those for the girls, as body size exerted an important influence. At rest the boys had higher values for oxygen consumption, pulmonary ventilation, and metabolic rate VO2 per unit body size); the girls had a higher average heart rate. At maximal work the boys had higher values for oxygen consumption (for boys mean value = 3.34 liters/min, for girls mean value = 1.90 liters/min), pulmonary ventilation, and heart rate (for boys mean value = 196/min, for girls mean value = 193/min); the girls had a higher average ventilatory equivalent. When aerobic capacity was expressed in terms of body weight, the girls had a mean value of 33.6 and the boys 50.3 ml/kg per min. The prediction of aerobic capacity from steady-state heart rate reactions to submaximal work was enhanced by including the person's body weight in the calculation.
20. MacDougall JD, Roche PD, Bar-Or O & Moroz JR (1983): Maximal aerobic capacity of Canadian schoolchildren: prediction based on age-related oxygen cost of running. Int.J.Sports Med. 4, 194-198.
Timed distance runs were administered to a random sample of 2,683 schoolchildren aged 716 years. Oxygen uptake was then measured during level treadmill running over a range of submaximal speeds in a randomly selected subsample of 134 children with approximately equal representation according to age and sex. The VO2 - running speed relationship was found to be related to age, with the younger children having a greater VO2 per kg body weight than the older children when running at the same absolute speed. Based on the relationship found between measured VO2max and VO2max predicted according to field test performance, corrected for age-related differences in running efficiency, VO2max was predicted for all 2,683 children. When expressed per kg of body weight, VO2max was highest in girls at age 11 (approximately 44 ml/kg) and in boys at age 14 (approximately 54 ml/kg); however, differences among ages were nonsignificant. At all ages VO2max for the boys was significantly higher than that for the girls. At all ages, values were higher than those previously reported for Canadian schoolchildren.
21. Maffeis C, Schutz Y. Schena F. Zaffanello M & Pinelli L (1993): Energy expenditure during walking and running in obese and nonobese prepubertal children. J.Pediatr. 123, 193-199.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy. We measured body composition and energy expenditure during walking and running on a treadmill in 40 prepubertal children: 23 obese children (9.3 +/- 1.1 years of age; 46 +/- 10 kg (mean +/- SD)) and 17 nonobese matched control children (9.2 +/- 0.6 years of age; 30 +/- 5 kg). Energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry with a standard open-circuit method. At the same speed of exercise, the energy expenditure was significantly (p < 0.01) greater in obese than in control children, in both boys and girls. Expressed per kilogram of body weight or per kilogram of fat-free mass, the energy expenditure was comparable in the two groups. Obese children had a significantly (p < 0.01) larger pulmonary ventilatory response to exercise than did control children. Heart rate was comparable in boys and girls combined but significantly higher (p < 0.05) in obese subjects, if boys and girls were analyzed separately. These data indicate that walking and running are energetically more expensive for obese children than for children of normal body weight. The knowledge of these energy costs could be useful in devising a physical activity program to be used in the treatment of obese children.
22. McNaughton JW & Cahn AJ (1970): A study of the energy expenditure and food intake of five boys and four girls. Br.J.Nutr. 24, 345-355.
Assessments were made of the energy expenditure and food intake of five boys and four girls aged between 16 and 20 years. 2. The subjects recorded their activity over a 7-day period and weighed and recorded their food intake over the same period. The energy expended by them in performing specific activities, such as sitting, standing and walking, was measured by indirect calorimetry. The total daily energy expenditure of each subject was then counted. (Values were selected from the literature for the energy cost of the activities which were not measured.) 3. The following range of values was obtained for the energy cost per min of various activities: sitting 1.0-1.8 kcal; standing, 1.2-2.0 kcal; walking 2.0-7.5 kcal; office work 1.1-1.9 kcal; laboratory work 1.4-2.3 kcal; playing table tennis, 4.6 kcal; riding a bicycle, 3.66.0 kcal; running, 5.2-7.5 kcal. 4. The means and standard deviations for daily energy expenditure and for calorie intake. respectively, expressed in kcal, of the individual subjects were: for the boys 2677 +184 and 3348±668, 2285±91 and 2652+418, 2730±263 and 2985±625, 2638±338 and 2379±204, 2594±244 and 3150+692; for the girls 1939±234 and 2340+524, 2261±175 and 2064+376, 2131±148 and 2011±389, 2104±171 and 2454±469. 5. There was no correlation between the daily energy expenditure and calorie intake of any subject, nor was there any relation between the weight of individual subjects and either their total energy expenditure or calorie intake. 6. It is concluded that more precise methods of measuring the energy expenditure and calorie intake of individual subjects would need to be used in order to determine if there is any correlation between these two variables over short periods. 7. The results of this study tend to confirm the findings of other workers that calorie balance is only achieved over periods longer than 7 days.
23. Moore ME, Pond J & Korslund MK (1966): Energy expenditure of pre-adolescent girls. Measurements taken in the basal state and while walking. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 49, 409-412.
The energy expenditure of twelve pre-adolescent girls was determined when each was in the basal state and while walking at a self-chosen speed. All basal metabolic rates were within +-9 per cent of the standard. Energy used for walking ranged from 53.3 to 90.8 calories per square meter of body surface per hour, or an increase of 119 and 206 per cent, respectively over basal metabolism. Differences in energy used for the same activity may be a factor in the relative ease with which an individual maintains caloric balance.
24. Morgan J & Mumford P (1981): Preliminary studies of energy expenditure in infants under six months of age. Acta Paediatr.Scand. 70, 15-19.
In the study energy expenditure measurements have been made by open circuit calorimetry on a number of occasions on four infants, with special reference to the energy cost of resting metabolism, activity and diet-induced thermogenesis. In addition, for two subjects the energy cost of growth was determined. The energy expended with respect to activity was highly variable among all subjects and it was postulated that this was a factor of great importance in the energy balance of young infants; indeed, the effect of diet-induced thermogenesis was enhanced by activity. A calculation of the total energy required to gain 1 g of wet tissue in two infants was found to be different. As their intakes were 'low' and 'high' though their weight gains were accelerated and slow respectively, the difference in the energy cost of growth has been discussed as a reason for this paradox.
25. Rose J. Gamble JG, Burgos A, Medeiros J & Haskell WL (1990): Energy expenditure index of walking for normal children and for children with cerebral palsy. Dev.Med.Child Neurol. 32, 333-340.
Children's Hospital at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA 94304. Energy expenditure indices (EEI) based on oxygen uptake and heart rate were used to compare the economy of walking at various speeds by normal and cerebral-palsied children. At low walking speeds, EEI values were high, indicating poor economy. At higher speeds the EEI values decreased until a range of maximum economy was reached. For normal children who were capable of walking beyond this range at higher speeds, the EEI increased again. This pattern was noted for both oxygen uptake and heart-rate indices. Mean EEI values based on oxygen uptake and heart rate for normal children were significantly lower and occurred at faster walking speeds than values for children with cerebral palsy. EEI based on either oxygen uptake or heart rate can be used clinically to provide objective information to help evaluate the influence on gait function of surgical intervention, ambulatory aids or orthotics.
26. Rose J. Gamble JG, Lee J. Lee R & Haskell WL (1991): The energy expenditure index: a method to quantitate and compare walking energy expenditure for children and adolescents. J.Pediatr.Orthop. 11, 571 -578.
Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, California. Heart rate and walking speed were used to calculate an energy expenditure index (EEI), the ratio of heart rate per meter walked, for 102 normal subjects, age 6-18 years. Heart rate was measured at self-selected slow, comfortable, and fast walking speeds on the floor and on a motor-driven treadmill. At slow walking speeds (37 +/- 10 m/min) the EEI was elevated (0.71 +/- 0.32 beats/m), indicating poor economy. At comfortable speeds (70 +/- 11 m/min) the EEI values decreased to the maximum economy (0.47 +/- 0.13 beats/m). At fast speeds (101 +/13 m/min), the EEI increased (0.61 +/- 0.17 beats/m), indicating poor economy relative to comfortable speeds. A graph of the EEI versus walking speed provides a way to evaluate and compare energy expenditure in a clinical setting.
27. Rose J. Gamble JG, Medeiros J. Burgos A & Haskell WL (1989): Energy cost of walking in normal children and in those with cerebral palsy: comparison of heart rate and oxygen uptake. J.Pediatr.Orthop. 9, 276-279.
Division of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital, Stanford, Palo Alto 94304. The rate of oxygen uptake can be used to assess energy expenditure during walking, but the necessary instrumentation is cumbersome, expensive, and usually unavailable in the clinical setting. Heart rate is an easily measured parameter, but its use as an index of energy expenditure in children has not been validated previously. The relationship between oxygen uptake and heart rate was found to be linear throughout a wide range of walking speeds for both children with cerebral palsy and normal children. There was no significant difference between the slope or the gamma-intercept of the lines For the two groups. These findings validate the use of heart rate as an index of energy expenditure for normal children and for children with cerebral palsy.
28. Silverman M & Anderson SD (1972): Metabolic cost of treadmill exercise in children. .J.Appl.Physiol 33, 696-698.
Four healthy children, aged 6-11 years, were studied while walking and running on a treadmill at speeds of between 1.6-6.4 km/hr and gradients of 0-20%. Measurements were made at each work level, of minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production. A total of 98 work loads was studied. The results are expressed in terms of multiple linear regression analyses relating oxygen consumption, body weight, treadmill speed, and treadmill gradient. Differences from previously published studies are discussed.
29. Spady DW (1980): Total daily energy expenditure of healthy, free ranging school children. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 33, 766-775.
This study present estimates of the energy expenditure of a group of school children. Two data sets were used; one based on the direct measurement of oxygen consumption VO2 of 36 children while sitting and used to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) during the day and one based on the indirect estimation of VO2 by the use of heart rate counters and used to measure energy expenditure while awake (EEA) in 22 children. In all cases night-time energy expenditure was estimated from tables of basal metabolic rate (BMR). These measures permitted estimates to be made of maintenance energy expenditure (MEE) when MEE = (REE x time out of bed) + (BMR x time in bed); total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) when TDEE = (EM x time out of bed) + (BMR x time out of bed); and energy for activity (EAc) when EAc = (TDEE - MEE). Mean TDEE for boys was 2164 kcal/day and for girls 1716 kcal/day; mean MEE for boys was 1503 kcal/day and for girls 1263 kcal/day; mean EAc for boys was 673 kcal/day and for girls was 434 kcal/day. All differences are statistically significant and, with the exception of EAc, remain so when expressed in terms of lean body mass. Estimates of MEE are close to the theoretical estimates for MEE of 105 kcal/kg. The lower TDEE in girls suggests that the recommended dietary allowances for energy should be less than for boys.
30. Spurr GB & Reina JC (1986): Marginal malnutrition in school-aged Colombian boys: body size and energy costs of walking and light load carrying. Hum.Nutr.Clin.Nutr. 40C, 409-419.
The energy expenditure of 93 Colombian boys aged 6-16 years of age and 10 adult American males was measured while walking on a treadmill at 3 mph and 0, 4, 8 and 12 per cent grades with and with backpack loads of 3 (6-8 year), 6 (10-12 year) and 9 kg (14-16 year and adults). The boys were also divided into nutritionally normal and marginally malnourished, based on their weight-for-age and weight-for-height. The primary dependence of energy expenditure on body weight or body weight plus load was not affected by nutritional status, and the results of both adults and control and malnourised children fell on the same straight line at a given treadmill grade, indicating that the undernourished subjects would expend the same energy as nutritionally normal boys and adult subjects for a given load carried. The undernourished boys worked at a higher percentage VO2max than control subjects when load carrying.
31. Spurr GB & Reina JC (1989): Energy expenditure/basal metabolic rate ratios in normal and marginally malnourished Colombian children 6-16 years of age. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 43, 515527.
Measurements of basal (BMR) and resting (RMR) metabolic rates, maintenance (MEE) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) have been made in Colombian children 6-16 years of age classified as nutritionally normal (boys, n = 129; girls; n = 72) and marginally malnourished (bodys, n = 171; girls, n = 74). TDEE/BMR ratios were calculated for comparison with those suggested by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) and to provide data for children less than 10 years of age. TDEE was measured in free-living, individually calibrated subjects by the heart-rate method. TDEE/BMR increased significantly with age in boys from 1.60 to 1.84 in control subjects and 1.16 to 1.92 in malnourished boys. There was no significant increase with age in the girls. There were no statistically significant differences between nourished groups but girls had significantly lower values than boys. There was a greater rate of increase in TDEE than BMR with age and girls spent more time in light activities and less in high level activities than boys.
32. Spurr GB, Reina JC & Barac-Nieto M (1986): Marginal malnutrition in school-aged Colombian boys: metabolic rate and estimated daily energy expenditure. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 44, 113126.
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and energy expenditure in activity (EAc) were estimated in 114 free-ranging, nutritionally normal, and undernourished boys 6-16 yr of age by measuring basal and resting metabolic rates, average daily heart rate while awake, and oxygen consumption and heart rate during exercise on a treadmill. Mean daily heart rates were in the range of exercising heart rates and gave reasonable estimates of TDEE and EAc. TDEE increased with age (p<0.001) and was reduced in undernourished boys (p=0.011). Results indicate that nutritional group differences in TDEE were due to differences in body size. EAc increased with age but did not show significant differences between nutritional groups, indicating that in the marginal malnutrition of school-aged children, reduced growth and associated economy of energy expenditure in locomotion is sufficient physiological adaptation. Peer pressure in school and play activities may interfere with the protective mechanism of reduced activity.
33. Thorstensson A (1986): Effects of moderate external loading on the aerobic demand of submaximal running in men and 10 year-old boys. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol 55, 569-574.
The effects of moderate external loading on the aerobic demand of submaximal running were studied in habitually active adult men (29-37 yrs) and 10 year-old boys. The load was symmetrically placed around the trunk and adjusted to correspond to 10% of body weight. Running was performed on a treadmill at 8, 10 and 11 km.h-1 (2.2, 2.8 and 3.1 m.s-1). A small, but consistent decrease in net oxygen uptake (gross oxygen uptake in ml.kg-1.min-1 minus calculated basal metabolic rate) with load was observed in both groups at all speeds, except for the men at 8 km.h-1. The decrease was larger for the boys and tended to enhance with speed. The boys had a higher net oxygen uptake than the adults at all unladen running velocities, whereas the difference in the loaded condition was significant only at the highest speed. The decrease in net oxygen uptake with load could not be directly correlated with differences in body weight or step frequency. It is hypothesized that a difference in the utilization of muscle elastic energy could underlie part of the age and load dependent changes observed in running economy.
34. Torun B. Chew F & Mendoza RD (1983): Energy costs of activities of preschool children. Nutr.Res. 3, 401-406.
Energy expenditures were measured in 47 children, 17-45 months old, under basal metabolic conditions (mean ± sd: 38 ± 5 cal/kg/min) and while resting supine (44 ± 5), sitting (47 ± 6), walking leisurely on level ground (,71 +- 8), walking rapidly at a grade (98 +- 11), climbing and descending ramps (87 ± 7), climbing stairs (94 ± 8) and riding on a tricycle (73 ± 5). These values are greater than those reported in adults per unit of body weight. Consequently, the energy costs of activities determined in adults should not be applied to preschool children. Our results support the following recommendations to calculate the energy expenditure of preschool children in time-and-motion studies: a) use the energy costs of activities that have been measured in children, whenever available; and b) use 1.2, 2 and 2.5 times the child's basal metabolism, respectively, for sedentary, light and moderately heavy activities, or use the values determined in adults per unit of body weight multiplied by 2 for sedentary activities, and by 1.2 for all other activities.
35. Waters RL, Hislop HJ, Thomas L & Campbell J (1983): Energy cost of walking in normal children and teenagers. Dev.Med. Child Neurol. 25, 184-188.
Oxygen consumption during free level walking was determined in 114 children and teenaged subjects between the ages of 6 and 19 years and compared with a group of 47 normal adults. Subjects were divided into two age groups: children (6-12 years) and adolescents (13-19 years). The mean rate of oxygen uptake for children was significantly greater, 15.3 ml/kg/min, than the value for teenaged subjects, 12.9 ml/kg/mint The oxygen cost to walk a unit distance (meter) was higher in children than adolescent subjects. The mean values averaged 0.22 ml/kg/min and 0.18 ml/kg/min respectively. The data on heart rate paralleled the findings on oxygen consumption. The mean heart rate for children, 114 beats per minute (bpm), was significantly higher than the mean values for adolescent subjects, 97 bpm.
36. Waters RL, Lunsford BR, Perry J & Byrd R (1988): Energy-speed relationship of walking: standard tables. J.Orthop.Res. 6, 215-222.
Department of Surgery, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey 90242. The energy expenditure of level walking was measured in 260 normal male and female subjects walking around a 60.5m-circular outdoor track. Subjects were divided into four age groups (children, 612 years; teens; young adults, 20-59 years; and senior adults, 60-80 years). Oxygen consumption was measured with a modified Douglas Bag technique during the fourth and fifth minutes of each trial. Standard tables according to age and sex were derived for the average energy expenditure (rate of oxygen uptake, energy cost per meter, and heart rate) and for the gait characteristics (speed, cadence, stride length) at the subjects' customary slow, normal, and fast walking speeds. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the energy-speed relationship for the different age groups to derive normative tables for the rate of oxygen uptake throughout the range of customary walking velocities.
37. Waxman M & Stunkard AJ (1980): Caloric intake and expenditure of obese boys. J.Pediatr. 96, 187-193.
Caloric intake and expenditure of children in four families were assessed by nonparticipant observations of family dinners and school lunches. In each family there were one obese boy and one nonobese brother whose ages were within two years of each other. For family dinners the nonobese brother served as a control; for school lunches, a nonobese peer served as a control. The obese boys consumed more calories (766 +/- 290) than did their nonobese brothers at dinner (504 +/- 183) and far more (907 +/- 217) than their nonobese peers at lunch (500 +/- 386). The obese boys also ate faster (65.7 +/- 37.0 kcal/minute) than their brothers at dinner (31.7 +/- 13.8 kcal/minute) and far faster (103.5 +/- 40.9 kcal/minute) than their nonobese peers at lunch (46.2 +/- 22.5 kcal/minute). Time-sampled activity assessments showed the obese boys far less active than their controls inside the home, slightly less active outside the home, and equally active at school. When these activity values were converted into energy expenditure by measurement of oxygen consumption, obese boys expended more calories in moving than did their controls; as a result, there was no difference in energy expenditure between obese and nonobese boys at home and greater energy expenditure outside the home and at school. Increased intake, thus, and not decreased caloric output maintained the obesity of these four boys. In this respect, obesity in childhood may differ from obesity in adult life.
Foreign language references
1. Voronina NV (1994): [Daily energy expenditures and energy requirements of pupils at general education schools in the Republic of Uzbekistan]. Gig.Sanit. 20-21.
Evaluation of daily energy expenditures was made on the basis of study of schoolchildren's time budget and their energy expenditures at the main body postures and during various types of activity. The data were used for substantiation of the physiological energy requirements to schoolchildren of different age and sex. Recommendations on the rations for schoolchildren with consideration for age and sex were made


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Pop star Lily Allen is a mum again after giving birth to a baby girl
called Marnie on her heroes David Bowie and Elvis Presley's birthdays, according
to reports from the U.K. The Smile singer, who adopted her husband Sam Cooper's
surname and became Lily Rose Cooper, gave birth on Tuesday (08Jan13), according
to The Sun. A source tells the tabloid, "Marnie is a real cutie. Sam and Lily
are ecstatic about adding another girl to the family." The couple already has a
14-month-old daughter, called Ethel. The birth comes after a week of tweets in
which the singer told followers she was desperate to give birth - even trying
hot, spicy food to lure her baby out. In one post, she wrote, "3rd curry this
week... cosywomb." The hitmaker, who is the daughter of actor Keith Allen, and
Sam Cooper wed in June, 2011.

subset: commoncrawl


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Drew Millard takes life one step at a time. The 24-year-old isn't always sure of what's next, but his sharp wit and intelligence have taken him far in life.
Drew Millard takes life one step at a time. The 24-year-old isn't always sure of what's next, but his sharp wit and intelligence have taken him far in life.
So far, in fact, that the former Polk County High student is living the life he's always dreamed of in Brooklyn, N.Y. Millard is the editor of an edgy music blog called "Noisey" and has interviewed well-known artists across many genres.
As a high school student, Millard showed flashes of skills with a blog called "The Modern Age of Drew Millard." The blog captured the attention of his classmates and was even picked up by a local newspaper.
After graduating from Polk, Millard enrolled at UNC Chapel Hill. Four years later, he graduated with a degree in Communications, but wasn't sure what he was going to do with it. He didn't want a career in advertising.
A survey of his interests came back to one of his biggest loves — music.
A popular topic of his high school and college blogs was music, specifically the rap group Wu Tang Clan. In college, Millard was a disc jockey at the Chapel Hill radio station, WXYC.
"I gained an appreciation of the spectrum of popular music," Millard said of his time at 89.3 FM.
Once he zeroed in on his love for music and a desire to possibly make a career out of it, Millard enrolled at the Publishing Institute in New York. The summer program is run by New York University and is a crash course on book, magazine and digital publishing.
The transition from Chapel Hill to New York wasn't an easy one.
"It's not an easy place to live," Millard said. "You just have to figure things out for yourself. It's like jumping into the deep end of the pool and sort of knowing how to swim."
Millard had some money saved and was able to adjust. He began freelancing and, after a "few lucky breaks," found himself interning at VICE, which handles the "Noisey" blog. By the spring of 2012, Millard was working full-time as the blog's editor.
In the last year, he has landed interviews with artists such as Fayetteville rapper J. Cole, country superstar Dwight Yoakam and R&B singer and producer The-Dream.
His interviews sometimes come to fruition in weird ways. He interviewed The-Dream in the backseat of the star's car. He talked to Yoakam over the phone from Los Angeles. His favorite interview, however, came on the sidewalk in front of his office.
Rapper Mac Miller came to the "Noisey" office and the pair walked down to the street for an interview. The young rapper opened up about lessons learned, drug abuse and growing up within his rap persona.
"I think I'm most proud of that one because people read it and gained a different perspective for Mac Miller," Millard said.
It's just a way of life for Millard nowadays. He wakes up in his Brooklyn home and makes the a 35-minute trek to work, listening to new music as he walks. Once in his office, he checks emails and updates blogs. He writes, edits, interviews and writes reactions to music and breaking news. He visits clubs and concerts, but it's not just for fun. It's education.
"A lot of my job is being aware of what's happening and offering my perspective on things," Millard said. "I try to stay in touch with what's going on in hip-hop and popular music."
The evolution from small-town kid to big-city blogger has been "natural," Millard said, and it hasn't changed him. He's just an older form of the kid writing humorous blogs for his classmates' benefit.
"I'm definitely very grateful for everything that's happened," he said. "I really have my dream job, which is really strange to say at age 24."
Reach Millwood at 828-694-7881 or at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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International Racing Champion, CEO and Founder of MotorVation and Best-Selling Author
Types: Author, Entrepreneur, Male, Motor Sports Racer, Sports Broadcaster
Bio Info
Derek competed as a professional race car driver for 17 years before becoming a television motor sports personality and businessman. Derek raced in Formula One, Indy Car and World Sports Cars. He now uses the analogy of racing to address issues relevant to business success and identify the skills of winners. See speeches tab for details.
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (2011-2015); Chief of Staff, U.S. Army (2011); Chairman, USA Basketball; Professor at Duke University's Fuqua School of Business and Sanford School of Public Policy
Types: Male, Military Service
Bio Info
A specialist in leading effectively and operating in complexity, General Martin Dempsey shares experienced insight on security in a multifaceted geopolitical environment, the 21st-century challenges facing the U.S., and capturing innovation.
Topics: Achievement - Business, Achievement - Personal, Africa, Asia, Business Growth/Strategy/Trends, Change: Managing/Leading It, China, Communication Skills, Corporate Culture, Corporate Governance, Courage, Crisis Management, Current Events, Cyber Security, Emerging Markets, Ethics, Europe, Foreign Policy - U.S., Global Economy, Global Trade, Information Technology, Innovation, Latin America, Leadership, Middle East, Motivation, National Security, Negotiation, Overcoming Obstacles and Challenges, Peak Performance, Personal Growth, Risk Management, Teamwork, Terrorism , Workforce Issues
Chairman and CEO, XPRIZE Foundation; Executive Chairman, Singularity University and Author
Types: Astronauts/Aviators, Author, Entrepreneur, Futurist, Male, Philanthropist, TED, Top Executives
Bio Info
Passionate about solving some of the world's grand challenges, Dr. Peter Diamandis is focused on driving breakthroughs in products, companies, industries—and humanity.
Decision Strategist; World Series of Poker Bracelet Winner; and Best-Selling Author
Types: Author, Entrepreneur, Female, Philanthropist
Bio Info
Annie Duke merges her poker expertise with her scientific cognitive psychology graduate work to help audiences and organizations focus on improving decision-making and critical-thinking skills to enhance their lives as well as gain the competitive advantage in today's marketplace.


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Vote on Gunns future delayed
Administrators for the collapsed Tasmanian timber giant Gunns have won a court order delaying a vote on the future of the company.
Gunns creditors were due to vote today on whether to liquidate the 130-year-old company.
Late yesterday, the Victorian Supreme Court granted administrators PPB Advisory a one-month extension.
Gunns went into receivership in September with debts of more than $500 million.
Receivers Korda Mentha, representing Gunns' biggest creditors including ANZ Bank, wanted the meeting to go ahead.
Spokesman Mike Smith says the value of Gunns' assets, including its proposed pulp mill, would have been made clear at the meeting.
Mr Smith says Korda Mentha is keen to begin the sale process.
"The second meeting of creditors may have brought some more clarity to some of those assets and allowed a clear path to be able to set up a strategy to for selling those assets," he said.
"But having said that, the delay is one more month, we just need to work around those new timelines."
The administrators say the extension gives them more time to sell some of Gunns' plantation schemes.
But contractors are frustrated.
Ulverstone haulage contractor Ross Woodhouse is one of four north-west contractors owed a total of $1 million.
"I think people just need to be able to move forward and get on with their lives," he said.
"The more of the delays they have, the worse it is for other people to try and move on and, perhaps, for even Gunns to even sell their business and hopefully it can be sorted and settled."
But Les Walkden, who is owed $3.7 million, says the delay could be to creditors' advantage.
"It's a fairly big mess I would suggest, four weeks may help them sell some assets...but I think we need to be patient."
Tasmania's peak farming body says farmers are stressed by the delay.
The Tasmanian Framers and Graziers Association's Jan Davis says the delay is frustrating farmers.
"Every delay is a distressing thing for the farmers that are involved," she said.
"Some of these farmers, their only source of income has been Gunns' leases and the longer this gets put off, the less they can draw a line under it and move on."
Topics: company-news, timber, tas, hobart-7000, launceston-7250
First posted


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The CSRA Vegetarian Society (CSRAVS), founded in January 2007, is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing resources to local vegetarians/vegans, and education of the community as a whole about vegetarianism, and other plant-based diets. Our members consist of culturally diverse individuals, and families, who follow a vegetarian-based diet (and other plant-based diets), and those interested in the lifestyle as well. We organize monthly potlucks, meet at local restaurants for dinner, exchange recipes, and share knowledge about grocery stores and other health-oriented information. We also attempt to provide education and lifestyle awareness to the local community.
The CSRAVS is run 100% by volunteers, and is always looking for members who would like to play a more active role in the organization. Join us at a local Meetup, and get to know others who share a similar lifestyle. Here's what our organization has been up to lately: Our Past Events Recipes Raw Food Intro Check out our local restaurant and shopping guide: Veg-Friendly Businesses in the CSRA Check out these local organizations: Helping Animal Rights Through Education Aiken SPCA CSRA Humane Society CSRA Life Saver Golden Harvest Food Bank Our affiliates: International Vegetarian Union North American Vegetarian Society Green People Request a free vegetarian starter kit: Get Your Free Kit Here You can contact us at www.meetup.com/csravs
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Wellness Mats Anti-Fatique Floor Mat - Motif Bella Antique Dark - 6 Ft. x 2 Ft.
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|Description Author
|Alecia K
|WellnessMats Floor Mats - 6' x 2' Motif Bella Antique Dark
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|Wellness Mats
|Kitchen Comfort Mats
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|7 Year Limited Manufacturer Warranty
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|United States
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Larry Eugene Disbrow, 78, of Morenci, Mich., formerly of Clarklake, Mich., died Jan. 3, 2006 at Toledo Hospital after a long illness.
He was born March 30, 1927 in Wauseon, Ohio, the son of Walter and Rosella (Crew) Disbrow. He married Doris Jane Ottmer on May 5, 1956 in Brooklyn, Mich., and she preceded him in death in 1995 after 39 years of marriage.
Larry was a long-time business owner in Brooklyn. He was a member of the First Congregational Church in Morenci where he was also chairman of the deaconate. He was a member of the American Legion, Kiwanis, Masons, Zouaves and Community Chest.
Larry is survived by one daughter, Patricia; one son, Walter; a special friend and companion, Katherine Wollter; one sister, Geraldine; one brother, David; five granddaughters; two great-granddaughters; several nieces and nephews and many beloved family members and friends.
Besides his wife, Larry was preceded in death by his parents and a brother, Richard.
A celebration of Larry's life is scheduled at 11 a.m. Friday at the Brooklyn Presbyterian Church with Rev. Robert Malsack officiating. Visitation is planned from 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 p.m. today (Thursday) at Borek Jennings Funeral Home in Brooklyn and from 10 a.m. until the time of the service on Friday at the Brooklyn Presbyterian Church. Burial will follow in Highland Cemetery. Memorial contributions may be made to the American Legion Wilber Bartlett Post #315.


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- Overall Length:7.625"
- Blade Length:3.125"
- Cutting Edge:3.00"
- Blade Thickness:0.19"
- Blade Material:Niolox
- Hardness:61 RC
- Blade Style:Drop Point
- Blade Grind:Flat
- Finish:Gray
- Edge Type:Plain
- Handle Length:4.50"
- Handle Thickness:0.67"
- Handle Material:Paracord
- Color:OD Green
- Weight:4.02 oz.
- Sheath:Nylon
- Knife Type:Fixed Blade
- Brand:DPx Gear
- Model:HEST II
- Designer:Robert Young Pelton
- Country of Origin:Italy
- Best Use:Tactical
- Product Type:Knife
The original DPx H.E.S.T. changed the way adventurers think of a brutal-use survival blade, but some customers wanted more: more cutting, more hardness, more options. Enter the DPx HEST II.
The Assault Version of the DPx Hest II is bound to be a big hit with LEO and military personnel. It has a full-tang blade made from 0.187" thick Niolox steel with a gray TiCN PVD coat. The skeletonized handle has an angle pry bar pommel and an OD Green paracord wrapping. Item comes with a Cordura nylon sheath.


text:
Seems kind of blasphemous to me, but then I'm not a christian. What next, Jesusburgers, Jesusmobiles, JesusDay?
Makes me want to give out atheist tracts with the little obesity-producing cavity-generating candy bars.
Views: 461
Let's hope few Travelers stop there to rest! :)
I grew up Baptist. Every Sunday was Judgement House in one form or another. And every wednesday. There was much to judge, with much of the church showing up hung over. But that's not who was being judged.....
One time my bff put about a dozen condoms in my large candy bucket and I handed out a few before I noticed. Of course, then I just kept handing them out with the candy.
Stop giving me ideas, You are challenging my self restraint.
via buzzfeed.... official candies of jesusween.... I never know whether stuff on the web is real.
The comments on that buzzfeed link.... some of the comments are hilarious - Nexus is so civil in comparison!
"I'm just gonna say that I think its negative for you to use the word idiotic."
"you're just being a self-righteous moron"
and this one.....
"This reminds me of when I was a kid and there was this house that gave out pamphlets with a picture of Jesus and the cheapest sucker possible taped inside with the words ONLY A SUCKER DOESN'T BELIEVE IN JESUS! DON'T BE A SUCKER! The moral I took from this was that Evangelical Christians were cheap, rude, smug, and overweeningly pleased with what they considered their own cleverness, even when it was embarrassingly lame."
There is a huge market for Christian-branded merchandise, reported in Reason a few years ago. You can get a porcelain statue of Jesus helping someone with his golf swing. Another place to find Jesus merged with pagan gods -- Haiti.
Every year Halloween seems weirder to me...
If Halloween gets weirder, it's only because of the attempted christian influence.
If that's not blasphemy, what is?
Blasphemy? Try this. "Suffer the little children unto me."
This is such a good example of what cracks me up about religious people. They so earnestly come up with ways to express their faith, but they don't have the slightest idea about the implications of the outcome. Their naivety really is astounding.
Right...and thanks to S/B for the pic. So why is this not blasphemy? As long as you don't say anything bad about their Savior, associate him with sex/sin (you don't find Jesus-branded condoms - I don't think), or imply that the story is untrue, it seems anything goes.
Genesis 1:3-4 "And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, and it was good"
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KILMARNOCK held on for their first victory of the campaign thanks to goals from Josh Magennis and Tope Obadeyi either side of the interval.
County substitute Liam Boyce pulled one back with nine minutes left on the clock but Killie held on for all three points.
County started on the front foot and Yoann Arquin tested Killie's Craig Samson in the first minute with a rasping drive but the keeper got a finger tip to the ball.
Graham Carey was looking lively early on he left a couple of defenders for dead on the left but his cross into the box was poor.
The County fans showed their appreciation for departing fans favourite Stuart Kettlewell after four minutes with a round of applause.
County won a free kick in a dangerous position and Carey's effort stung the gloves of Samson but the keeper recovered to smother the ball.
Killie were seldom seen as an attacking force in the early stages but Ross Barbour shipped in an inviting ball into the danger area in the 17th minute but there were no takers.
Carey was prominent in County's forays in the final third and after playing a neat one-two with Uros Celcer his across the six yard line was just missed by De Leeuw.
The County wide man threatened again just before the half hour mark when he cut inside and let fly with his right foot but Samson saved comfortably.
Killie started to push forward towards the end of the half and a good run and cross by Obadeyi was scrambled away.
The visitors came close again seconds later when Mark Connolly got on the end of a Craig Slater free-kick but his header on the six yard line was well saved by Antonio Reguero.
But Slater's next delivery into the box proved fatal for County. Magennis rose highest and nodded past Reguero for the opener.
County had a great chance to level right at the start of the second half. Jordi Balk sent over a superb ball for Jervis but the big forward miss-controlled the ball at the vital moment and Samson gratefully pounced on the loose ball.
But it was Killie who doubled their lead in the 56th minute when Ross Barbour sent over an innocuous looking cross and the County defence parted as Obadeyi headed into the corner of the net.
County immediately made a double substitution with Joe Cardle and Richard Brittain coming on for Filip Kiss and Arquin.
The home side kept pushing to get back into the match and Carey made a darting run into the box only to be denied by a last ditch tackle by Magennis.
But County were thrown a lifeline in the 81st minute when substitute Boyce got on the end of a deep cross from Cardle to head in from close range.
But despite a late flurry of activity towards the Killie goal the visitors held out for their first win of the campaign.


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SEVEN Gwent police stations will re-open from 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday, Gwent's police and crime commissioner Ian Johnston confirmed yesterday, with two more opening for a few days a week.
Caerphilly, Ystrad Mynach, Risca, Pontypool, Maindee in Newport, Chepstow and Monmouth police stations will see front counter services brought back, while Brynmawr and Abertillery will reopen for two to three days per week each, sharing resources.
Caerphilly's front counter will be set up in the town's library while across Gwent; Raglan, Cwm, Llanhilleth, Cwmfelinfach and Newbridge police stations are being sold.
Options to provide Duffryn with some kind of front counter service are still being looked at, said Mr Johnston while his deputy Paul Harris said similar plans were "well advanced" for Alway and Bettws.
The decision by the commissioner follows extensive public consultation, spurred on by "the public's disquiet about police stations closing" in 2012.
In April 2012 the then chief constable of Gwent police, Carmel Napier said she would press ahead with the force's programme to close front counters in 17 stations despite a backlash from politicians.
The Argus reported in November last year that Mr Johnston was considering fully re-opening some of those stations, after he admitted police had "got it badly wrong" over the closure of Caerphilly police station's front desk.
Speaking at yesterday's police and crime panel meeting, which met at Monmouthshire council's headquarters in Usk, Mr Johnston said: "The constant message from the public was, that's what they want. The Chief [Constable Jeff Farrar] and I are at one on this, we are going to look at how we get it done in financial terms but it needs to be done.
"This will all be reviewed in 12 months," he added.
UNISON branch secretary for Gwent Police, Linda Sweet said it was "really good news" and said it has become evident that the decision to close the stations was a bad one.
"A lot of my members, the station enquiry officers, were the first face that the public saw," she said. "They were such an important cog in the wheel that has been lost. The job they still do in Newport and some other stations and their knowledge is invaluable."
A document outlining the changes, written as a result of recent public consultation, is due to be published online on the commissioner's website in the next few days.


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Troy Aikman thinks Jerry Jones 'needs to accept responsibility for the state of the Cowboys'
11:15 PM CST on Wednesday, November 10, 2010
By GERRY FRALEY / The Dallas Morning News
[email protected]
IRVING – Troy Aikman, the Cowboys' Hall of Fame quarterback, said Wednesday that owner-general manager Jerry Jones must take some of the blame for the flagging state of the franchise.
Jones on Monday changed coaches for the sixth time since the 1993 season, firing Wade Phillips and replacing him with offensive coordinator Jason Garrett on an interim basis. At 1-7, the Cowboys are in danger of winning fewer than five games for the first time since 1989, Jones' inaugural season.
"Jerry Jones needed to do something but needs to accept responsibility for the state of the Cowboys as well," Aikman said in a wide-ranging statement released by FOX Sports.
Aikman said talk of Jones stepping aside as general manager "is pointless to talk about," because it will never happen. Aikman also said Jones can attract a quality head coach because of his willingness to devote resources to the club.
"No one wants to win more than Jerry Jones," Aikman said. "But there are some real challenges. How you navigate them is going to determine your success with the Cowboys. You'd better be a strong individual.
"The two head coaches who have enjoyed great success in Dallas have been Jimmy Johnson and Bill Parcells. That's because the players knew who they were answering to. Players knew if you didn't make their head coaches happy, there was going to be hell to pay."
Aikman will be the analyst on FOX's telecast (Ch. 4) of Garrett's head coaching debut at the Giants on Sunday.
Troy Aikman thinks Jerry Jones 'needs to accept responsibility for the state of the Cowboys' | Dallas Cowboys News | Sports News | News for Dallas, Texas | Dallas Morning News
No Asterisks in this life, it's all about scoreboard - Ari Gold
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The Colonial Virginia SIG will not meet in November. Our next meeting is scheduled for Friday, December 30, at 1:00 in the Genealogy Rooms. Happy Holidays to all of you.
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Monday's disappointing market reception to the bailout package for Spanish banks is a reminder to European policymakers of something that is more than familiar to veteran sovereign crisis managers in emerging countries: The greater the erosion of policymaking credibility, the harder it is to get the private sector to buy into your plans.
As a result, rather than crowd in private capital, seemingly bold policy measures end up facilitating its exit. The answer is not to do less but, rather, to be more comprehensive and coherent in what you do.
On paper, the Spanish package seemed impressive. Specified at up to 100 billion euros, it was notably larger than the range of estimates of the hole in Spanish banks (40 - 90 billion euros, with the IMF coming out on the low side).
It was agreed quickly on a Saturday. And, through its design, it sought to avoid some of the features that have turned the other three bailout countries into quasi-permanent wards of the European state (Greece, Ireland, and Portugal).
After an initial welcome, markets comprehensively dismissed the Spanish bank rescue as insufficient and poorly designed. Most worrisome of all, the yield and risk spreads on Spanish sovereign bonds ended Monday higher than before the announcement of yet another costly bank bailout.
In addition to increasing – rather than lowering the cost of borrowing – this sent a very negative message about policy effectiveness. And, to make things worse, other vulnerable and potentially-vulnerable European sovereign bonds were negatively impacted.
There are valid reasons for the market disappointment. The package did not rupture the increasingly problematic link between weak Spanish banks and deteriorating sovereign creditworthiness. Too many operational details remain unclear; others raised questions about the seniority of existing investors. And the unconfirmed reaction of Spanish banks, which reportedly sold some of their government bond holdings, added to the uncertainties.
These are all legitimate but they do not explain the extent of the selloff in key financial assets. Indeed, the price action suggests that markets overall are losing confidence in the policy response function, and doing so in an accelerated fashion.
As such, rather than encourage the private sector to co-invest along the public sector, the provision of official financing is seen as facilitating its disengagement. In turn, this serves to aggravate the economic implosion and mounting joblessness; it also makes bank bailouts even harder to defend, politically and otherwise.
The vicious cycle is familiar to those who lived through the debt crises of emerging economies in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s. The more the private sector losses confidence in the policy response, the harder it is for these responses to stabilize the situation let alone get ahead of it. As private sector de-leveraging accelerates, the already-serious policy challenges become all the more daunting.
This unfortunate reality has two immediate implications for Europe when it comes to the what, how and when of crisis management.
First, governments must pivot quickly to policy responses that are much more comprehensive in recognizing and addressing the enormity of the problems. My column last week for the Financial Times detailed what that would look like in the specific case of Spain. And what was announced on Saturday by European Ministers of Finance was too partial when judged against these suggestions.
Second, policymakers must evolve from their coyness on "Plan B." When policy credibility is low, the conventional dictum – i.e., continue to insist that there is no "Plan B" so to avoid further disruptions – does not work. Indeed, in the absence of any clarity on Plan B, the private sector will significantly increase its self-insurance and extend technical contagion, making bigger the hole that the public sector faces.
European policymakers should consider carefully the reaction of markets on Monday – and especially so for the leaders of the big four (France, Germany, Italy and Spain) who are scheduled to meet before the big summit at the end of the month. The time for partial policy reactions is past. Difficult decision need to be made now, and not just about individual countries but also about the composition and functioning of the euro zone as a whole.
There is still time for policymakers to regain control. But not much.
Dr. Mohamed El-Erian is CEO and Co-CIO of PIMCO, the global investment manager.


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October 24, 2013
Adventist Schools, Security Leaders,
Unite to Keep Campuses Safe
PASS group to hold conference in July 2013 (Posted March 14, 2013)
media relations specialist, Andrews University, writing from Berrien Springs, Michigan
s national debates intensify over how to effectively safeguard our educational institutions against future acts of violence, Professional Adventists for Safety and Security (PASS) is preparing for their third annual meeting, to be held in July 2013. PASS was organized in 2010 to bring together safety and security professionals serving at Seventh-day Adventist schools, hospitals, and other institutions to discuss best practices, provide community resources, and maintain an Adventist network of security personnel to allow the distribution of important information.
SECURITY FOCUS: PASS officers. Back row, left to right: Lewis Eakins, vice president (chief of the Oakwood University Police Department); Melvin Harris, sergeant at arms (captain of the Oakwood University Police Department); Dale Hodges, president (director of the Office of Campus Safety, Andrews University). Front row, left to right: James Vines, General Conference director at large (director of Security and Safety for the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists); Blaise Adams, secretary (office manager, Campus Safety, Southern Adventist University); Paul Muniz, chaplain (director of Agency Safety and Security for ADRA); Brian Worden, treasurer (foreman for Plant Services, Review and Herald Publishing Association). [PHOTO: AU]
To date, there has been active involvement in PASS from campus security directors of Oakwood Adventist University, Southern Adventist University, Andrews University, and Loma Linda University, as well as the directors of security at ADRA, the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, and the Review and Herald Publishing Association.
For years there were discussions about the need to establish an organization that would connect the various safety and security departments at Adventist institutions. Although there was an acknowledged need for communication between the different entities, attempts to form a professional network never moved beyond preliminary stages.
When Dale Hodges became the director of the Office of Campus Safety at Andrews University, he was concerned about the negative perceptions that had developed between students and campus safety. The term "veggie cop," a slang term commonly used in Adventist settings to refer to safety or security professionals, was new to Hodges. As a retired homicide detective, Hodges wanted to repair any negative perceptions while building the professionalism of his office.
"It was my desire to establish standards of service and levels of professionalism that had not been seen before," he says, hoping such improvements would eliminate negative perceptions. "When we raise the standards, everybody wins."
CONFERENCE ORGANIZER: Suzy Douma, a retired police captain, is director of security at Loma Linda University. She is organizing this year's meeting of the Professional Adventists for Safety and Security, scheduled for July 15-16. [PHOTO: LLU]
Hodges felt the best way to raise standards, both at Andrews and other Adventist institutions, was to develop an organization to provide models and lists of best practices for safety and security offices in the Adventist community. During the summer of 2010 Hodges contacted his counterparts at various Adventist colleges and institutions to see whether there was interest in forming such an organization. The response was overwhelming. Some departments committed to attending the meetings, and those that could not stated their support. Meeting dates and an agenda were set and the rest fell into place. Hodges learned that many of his counterparts were also retired law enforcement or active members of their local law enforcement communities with a diversified knowledge base and experience to share.
"It's my desire that this association will bring a level of professionalism across the board to all Adventist entities, so we're all providing similar services in a professional manner," says Hodges. "Setting the bar, so to speak."
During its second annual meeting in 2012, PASS adopted an official constitution and bylaws in addition to laying out several goals. One goal is the development of a Web page under the umbrella of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. This Web site will allow PASS to provide its members with resources of working policies and guidelines for emergency management that include requirements published by the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Education. Other goals include the development of a peer review team to evaluate the security services of institutions at their request and suggest possible improvements; the collection of a database for persons or things of interest; and recommendations for Clery Act compliance and adherence to NFPA, OSHA, and EPA regulations and guidelines within our institutions.
The 2013 PASS conference is scheduled for July 15-16, 2013, at Loma Linda University. For information on attending, contact Dale Hodges, current PASS president and director of the Andrews University Office of Campus Safety, at email@example.com.
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SARASOTA, Fla. — Kevin Gausman, the Orioles' first-round pick last season out of LSU, threw his first bullpen session with the big league club Thursday.
Gausman said he hasn't been informed of any innings count limit for this season, but Orioles manager Buck Showalter has indicated that Gausman and Dylan Bundy will be paced so that they are available to the major league club in September and October.
Gausman, a 22-year-old right-hander, threw in front of pitching coach Rick Adair late last season during a road series in Tampa Bay, but Thursday's was his first structured session in his first big league camp.
"It's all good," Gausman said. "First time in front of the coaches in front of the mound. They've seen me in Tampa when I was kind of in season and after it. Nobody's expecting me to throw 95 [mph] today. It's more, get used to being out there and throwing off the bump."
Gausman has been working out in Sarasota with other minor leaguers the past two weeks, and this offseason he's focused on refining his slider, which he hopes can complement a plus fastball and changeup.
"Gausman's got a pretty good look," Showalter said. "I think physically he's going to be fine. I like where he is physically. Look at what great shape he's in. To the eye he may look a little slight compared to a 28-year-old established guy. It's a lot of new stuff for him. I'm more inclined to kind of leave him alone. He's had a lot of success doing it the way he's doing it. I don't see a whole lot there to change."
Other pitchers who threw bullpen sessions on Thursday included Wei-Yin Chen, Jason Hammel, Chris Tillman, Miguel Gonzalez, Mark Hendrickson, Pedro Strop, Daniel McCutchen, Troy Patton, Daniel Schlereth, Mike Belfiore and Eduardo Rodriguez.


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Preds Hand Wild First Loss
ST. PAUL, Minn. -- Martin Erat scored an unassisted goal for Nashville with 8:15 left when Minnesota goalie Niklas Backstrom couldn't clear the puck cleanly, and the Predators earned their first victory by beating the Wild 3-1 on Tuesday night.
Ryan Spaling had a goal late in the first period, and Chris Mason made 29 saves for the Predators in his first start of the season. He denied Dany Heatley off a rush and then on a rebound around the 5-minute mark. He stayed steady while the Wild tried to tie it.
Heatley scored for the third time in three games for the Wild, who failed to finish their three-game homestand unbeaten. The Predators, who lost in a shootout in their previous two games, started a franchise-record-tying, seven-game trip with a strong finish.
David Legwand added another goal for the Predators with 16.2 seconds remaining, taking advantage of a Wild turnover and catching defenseman Ryan Suter with his back turned to the play.
Erat took advantage of a rare mistake by the Wild's relentless star Zach Parise, who sent a pass out from behind his own net to a spot where none of his teammates were close enough to corral. Defenseman Jared Spurgeon was going the wrong way, and the puck kept streaking into the Wild zone with only Erat near it.
Backstrom came out quickly enough to stop the breakaway with his stick beyond the top of the left circle, but Erat blocked the clearing attempt with his legs and chased down the puck at the goal line. He maneuvered it in toward the net and dumped it in before Backstrom could recover and Spurgeon could dive to stop it.
The fluke goal spoiled Suter's first game against his former team. Suter left the Predators, who drafted him seventh overall in 2003, for a 13-year, $98 million contract with the Wild that is identical to Parise's deal that was also signed last summer.
Suter, who turned 28 on Monday, tallied 200 assists in 542 regular-season games for the Predators. Both totals are the fourth-most in franchise history. His departure angered general manager David Poile, but Suter and Poile spoke genially in the morning before the teams skated.
The 36-year-old Mason, in his third stint with the Predators, got the start ahead of Pekka Rinne because of the back-to-back games. Rinne is 8-3-1 with a 2.20 goals against average and three shutouts in 13 games against the Wild in his career. Mason was just 6-5-2 with a 3.20 GAA entering the game. He played for Winnipeg last season.
The Wild owned the first period, posting a 12-5 shots advantage, but the Predators made the most of their limited time in the home team's zone. Spaling capped a brief flurry of scoring chances by parking himself to Backstrom's left and knocking in the rebound of Kevin Klein's slap shot with 3:19 left.
The Predators had to be happy with a tie at the first intermission with the way the Wild were racing all over the ice and snagging most of the loose pucks.
Their third line of Spaling, Brandon Yip and rookie Gabriel Bourque was as active as any. Bourque, just recalled from the AHL affiliate in Milwaukee, had a breakaway attempt thwarted by Backstrom's poke check. Bourque crashed into Backstrom and dislodged the net from the moorings.


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Atlantic Forests, South America
Second only to the Amazon
The forest is home to around 20,000 species of plants. Some 450 tree species have been found in just one hectare.
There are also thousands of species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, including endangered jaguars, golden lion tamarins, woolly spider monkeys, maned three-toed sloths and red-tailed parrots.
Conserving what's leftVery little of the Atlantic Forest remains and what does is highly fragmented.
The forests continue to be vulnerable to logging and agricultural expansion, particularly soy production. Habitat loss and hunting put many species in danger of extinction.
WWF is working in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina to encourage forest conservation and better management of protected areas.
Join the movement now!
Protected areas
In Paraguay, Mbaracayu National Park and San Rafael Lagoon National Park - 2 of the most important blocks of Atlantic Forest remaining in the country - have been recognized by UNESCO as Biosphere Reserves. WWF has awarded the Paraguayan government with the Leaders for the Living Planet Award in recognition of its efforts to conserve the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest.
Where is the Atlantic Forest region
View WWF Critical Regions of the World in a larger map


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Are you interested in environmental law? Do you want to participate in a challenging but rewarding experience that will offer you the opportunity to hone your legal writing and oral argument skills? If so, you are invited to apply for a position on Chicago-Kent's 2011-12 National Environmental Law Moot Court Team. The team will consist of three students (second and third year only) who will represent Chicago-Kent at the nation's premier environmental law moot court competition: Pace National Environmental Law Moot Court Competition, which draws students from more than 70 law schools around the country. Chicago-Kent has participated in this event for more than 10 years, reaching the quarterfinals several times and winning the Best Oralist award in 2007. You can be a part of this tradition, but you have to get your application in by September 6, 2011.
The 2012 Pace Law School National Environmental Law Moot Court Competition will be held February 23-25, 2012, in White Plains, N.Y. (Travel expenses will be paid by Chicago-Kent.) The moot court problem will be available on or around October 3, the brief is due November 29, and oral argument practices begin after the holidays in January. During brief-writing and oral argument preparation periods, you should be prepared to spend approximately six to 10 hours per week on this project.
If you are interested in participating, please email the following information to team coaches Kristin Munsch (firstname.lastname@example.com) and Bess Schenkier (email@example.com) no later than Tuesday, September 6:
Team interviews will be held during the week of September 6, 2011. Please contact co-coaches Kristin Munsch (312-814-8496 or email@example.com) or Bess Schenkier (312-726-2938 or email@example.com) if you have any questions. For more information about the 2011-12 National Environmental Law Moot Court Competition, please visit www.law.pace.edu.
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