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Individuals face evolutionary trade-offs between the acquisition of costly but accurate information gained firsthand and the use of inexpensive but possibly less reliable social information. American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) use both sources of information to learn the facial features of a dangerous person. We exposed wild crows to a novel 'dangerous face' by wearing a unique mask as we trapped, banded and released 7–15 birds at five study sites near Seattle, WA, USA. An immediate scolding response to the dangerous mask after trapping by previously captured crows demonstrates individual learning, while an immediate response by crows that were not captured probably represents conditioning to the trapping scene by the mob of birds that assembled during the capture. Later recognition of dangerous masks by lone crows that were never captured is consistent with horizontal social learning. Independent scolding by young crows, whose parents had conditioned them to scold the dangerous mask, demonstrates vertical social learning. Crows that directly experienced trapping later discriminated among dangerous and neutral masks more precisely than did crows that learned through social means. Learning enabled scolding to double in frequency and spread at least 1.2 km from the place of origin over a 5 year period at one site.
1. Introduction
An animal's world includes environmental challenges that select for adaptive traits across generations [1], as well as those that change within individual lifetimes and necessitate adaptive learning [2]. Learning from direct trial and error experiences allows for a wide range of species to rapidly adjust their behaviour to changing conditions [3–5], but errors can be costly [6,7]. Species able to observe and imitate others [8], even crudely [9], can forgo this cost by adjusting to changing environments through social learning and cultural evolution [10,11].
In our increasingly human-dominated world, animals frequently face new dangers and opportunities that would profitably be solved through social learning. Nowhere may this be more apparent than in our cities, where changing abiotic conditions; novel anthropogenic foods and other subsidies; and exotic predators, diseases and competitors are potent, novel and erratic selective forces [12,13]. The behaviour of individual people towards animals is often changing, and recent studies have demonstrated that an ability to discern differences between humans [14,15] may enable successful species to adapt to, and even coevolve with, human behaviour [16]. Because human actions often threaten animals, learning socially about individual people's habits would be advantageous.
Learning dangers by observing others is well understood in the laboratory [17], but difficult to demonstrate in nature because public information can influence an animal's behaviour without the need for imitative social learning [18,19]. Society can influence an individual's behaviour by stimulating (contagion), exposing or supporting an action that already exists in the animal's repertoire. Such socially influenced traits are subject to cultural transmission, but at best provide weak evidence for social learning as new behaviours need not be acquired [20,21]. By contrast, social animals often model adaptive traits that enable individuals to learn the object, location or circumstances that enhance fitness. Such social learning (i.e. stimulus enhancement or observational conditioning; [19]) is more rudimentary than imitating complex behaviours or learning about goals from others, but it is common among socially tolerant animals [22,23].
The American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) is a successful resident of North American cities [24] with a typical fission–fusion social structure within which many traditions and vocalizations appear to be socially learned [16,25]. One such tradition is the tendency of some crow groups to habitually follow or scorn particular humans. In experiments that we expand upon here, crows were capable of discriminating among individual people and remembering those who have aided or threatened them in the past [26]. Threatening people are scolded with harsh vocalizations and may be mobbed by groups of scolding crows. Individual crows learn from a single experience when they are captured and scold their captors, but in our experiments many more crows appeared knowledgeable than the few with direct, individual experience. Crows recruit and tolerate others of their own and different species in mobs that form around dangerous people. This social tolerance during a situation when a typically neutral stimulus (a person) is paired with a signal of danger (scolding) could allow naive crows to learn about dangerous situations, locations and individual humans. Alternatively, many naive crows may simply be stimulated to mob dangerous people because of the contagious nature of a mob [27].
Mobbing is a compound social stimulus that includes both visual and auditory signals in response to predators that is found in a variety of taxa including fishes, birds and mammals [28]. Mobbing has multiple functions including predation, deterrence and learning to identify predators [29–32]. Here, we are concerned with the latter and seek to distinguish contagious from socially acquired behaviour to understand the relative roles of individual learning and social learning in the acquisition of knowledge about people by crows. We test the hypothesis that observing others mob an object conditions an individual to react to that object and thus subsequently scold it [29]. Our experiments in a field setting advance the relatively poor understanding of social learning pathways in nature [22].
2. Methods
(a) Field procedures
We experimentally investigated the roles of individual and social learning by pairing an aversive experience (capture, banding and release) with a novel human face (a full face mask worn by people trapping and handling the birds). After trapping, we investigated the strength of the ecologically relevant, unconditioned response (fear, scolding or mobbing) to the conditioned stimulus (people wearing the mask used during trapping, 'dangerous face') and to similar stimuli (people wearing other masks not used for trapping or no mask, 'neutral faces'; see the electronic supplementary material, also see Marzluff et al. [26] for details on masks, previous research at sites and discriminatory abilities of subjects).
We trapped and then observed crows respond to masks at five sites. We began research at the University of Washington (UW) main campus, where we contrasted crow responses over a 5 year period (and ongoing) to an extraordinary dangerous mask. To test the generality of our findings at UW, and test discrimination among ordinary faces in a fully balanced design, where each mask was dangerous at one site and neutral at all other sites, we conducted five-month long observations at four additional sites (see the electronic supplementary material).
While our goals varied among sites, our field procedures were standardized. Two trappers each wore the same mask during capture with a net launcher and banding. In total, birds were held for 10–30 min by the masked trappers, during which time groups of crows who were not captured circled and gave alarm vocalizations (the electronic supplementary material). After releasing the banded birds, we removed our masks while inside a nearby building. Each bird was aged based on plumage and colour of the mouth lining ([33]; electronic supplementary material). Adults were only marked using leg bands (including colour bands that did not reinforce coloration known to be associated with status) to minimize long-term stress on the crows. All trapping was carried out at the start of experiments; once trapping was completed, no additional individual learning by experiencing or observing trapping was possible.
To assess the responses of the crow populations at each site to people with masks after capture, we surveyed crows and their responses to a person slowly walking a 2–3.8 km-long route for 1–2 h (figures 1 and 3; electronic supplementary material). Surveys were carried out by the authors and others who were blind to the experimental objectives and expectations. Observations made by blind observers are conservatively biased (typically ascribing less discriminatory ability to crows because some scold vocalizations were not recognized as such; [26]). Each route included the trapping sites. At each site, the order of trials in which observers wore the dangerous trapping mask and the neutral masks was randomized. During surveys, which were limited to no more than one per day, observers paused briefly to look at each crow encountered and categorized its behaviour. We defined scolding as a harsh, alarm 'kaw' directed repeatedly at the observer accompanied by agitated wing and tail flicking [34]. Mobbing (or a mob) is defined as contagious activity where more than one crow jointly scolds. Mobbing may be accompanied by diving and following the masked observer. Observers did not carry binoculars (so as not to cue birds), but noted the unique band combination of each crow when possible, enabling us to determine if a particular individual was previously captured. Although attraction of birds along the route to mobs may increase the chance of repeatedly counting the same birds within an experiment, we have no suggestion that it occurred. Our routes were long, many of the crows were territorial and wandered little beyond their centres of activity, and we never observed a banded bird in more than a single mob within a trial.
(b) Temporal and spatial effect of social learning at the University of Washington
Ongoing observations at our single long-term research site (UW) enabled us to describe the potential effect of social learning by detailing the nature of involvement in scolding by birds that were not trapped. We did this on a temporal basis by comparing the change in the number of birds scolding after trapping with two typical models of population-level cultural learning: linear and exponential rise to maximum [35,36]. Network-based approaches [37] were not possible because many birds were not individually marked. Rejection of the linear model would be consistent with lack of social learning. Support for the linear model would be consistent with ongoing social learning. Support for the exponential rise to maximum model would be consistent with learning by observation of the trapping event, but little or no further learning by observing scolding.
We quantified the geographical spread in scolding by mapping the locations and average number of scolding birds during the first two weeks immediately after trapping, 1.25 years after trapping, and 2.7 years post-trapping (9, 31 and 38 cumulative number of times crows were exposed to the dangerous mask prior to each time point, respectively). Since the first 2 years of data suggested that the response area was increasing, we expanded our search of knowledgeable birds off of the typical route at the 2.7 year mark. We surveyed in a circular search area with a radius of 1160 m, positioned around our typical route. We started at the perimeter of the circle and worked our way in towards the centre. We drove until we saw a crow perched within 10 m of the ground, put on the mask, approached the crow on foot to observe its response, then removed the mask once back inside the vehicle. We surveyed this area on a weekly basis from 9 October 2008 until 30 November 2008.
(c) Distinguishing contagion from horizontal social learning at new sites with a short-term experiment
To differentiate horizontal social learning from contagious behaviour, we investigated the temporal change in scolding by lone crows that had never been trapped. The responses of lone unbanded crows during the first trial after trapping at each of the four non-UW sites indicate the degree to which crows may have learned about the dangerous mask by observing us during the previous week's capture events. The responses of lone unbanded crows in 10 subsequent trials could indicate the extent to which they learned about the dangerous mask via observation of trapping or horizontal transmission of social information within mobs. Because these birds were not marked, we cannot tell whether observing trapping or horizontal learning is responsible for changes in the behaviour of lone crows. But, we believe the latter is most probable, especially in the second half of the experiment, as we have no reason to suspect some crows who observed trapping then left the study area for a time or remained silent when initially, but not subsequently, encountering the dangerous face. Limited observations at UW, where some crows were banded prior to the start of our mask experiments, support this belief. Lone crows that were present but not trapped at UW remained consistent in their behaviour during subsequent experimental trials (six consistently scolded, three consistently did not and one scolded after exposure to a mob).
Because we could not individually identify lone, unbanded crows, we used the less precise approach of analysing the behaviour of crows at discrete locations where they were encountered along the route. We did this only at sites A, B, C and D because the short duration of experiments (five months), the defence of small exclusive territories by adult crows (territories typically include no more than 200 m of the survey route [24], while adjacent lone crows were 100–1000 m apart; figure 1 and the electronic supplementary material), and the fact that scolding crows never followed us for more than 100 m before they returned to the place we originally encountered them makes it likely that some of the unbanded crows we repeatedly encountered within 100 m of a location were the same individuals. We assumed this to be the case and mapped the locations of lone unbanded crows and mobs encountered during trials with the dangerous masks at each of the four sites. We classified each location as either being exposed (within 100 m) to a mob or not, and as having a lone unbanded crow that scolded or did not during each of the 11 trials described above (see figure 1 and the electronic supplementary material for layout of routes, trapping locations, occurrence of mobs and responses of lone crows).
(d) Distinguishing contagion from vertical social learning at short- and long-term study sites
To determine the occurrence of vertical transmission of social information, we exposed adult pairs to the dangerous mask and observed their responses and those of their dependent young to that mask and to a paired control trial when no mask was worn. Development of a response to the dangerous mask that was eventually given by young birds without the contagious stimulation of their parents is consistent with vertical transmission of information. Discrimination by young birds between a person wearing the dangerous mask and a person not wearing a mask indicates learning about a new danger from the actions of their parents. We did not test the ability of young birds to discriminate among dangerous and neutral masks because previously we demonstrated that crows respond similarly to neutral people whether they are masked or not and readily distinguish both types of experimental controls from people wearing dangerous masks [26]. All exposures were begun early in the fledgling period when young crows typically communicate with parents via begging vocalizations and do not yet utter scolding calls. The response of young crows was monitored later in the nestling period when they were beginning to disperse from the natal territory.
We monitored 24 young from 10 different pairs of crows at the UW site in 2007. The 10 adult pairs, who all reliably scolded the dangerous mask were identified by either having unique colour-bands from a previous banding event or by nest location. To reduce direct learning by the young, we did not capture and band them, thus we could only follow them until they regularly left the natal territory. Because we could not reliably distinguish among multiple unmarked young on each territory, we considered them as 10 families not 24 individuals in our analyses (see the electronic supplementary material). In 2008, we included banded young from the other four sites. At three to five weeks of age, within a week of fledging, we captured by hand, banded and radio tagged the young of four adult pairs of crows in which at least one bird had previously been captured by the dangerous mask and both members of the pair consistently scolded the mask. We reinforced the association between the mask and danger that these adult crows had previously learned by approaching the nest and climbing the nest tree while wearing the dangerous mask. We did not directly expose the young to the mask; while just underneath the nest we took off the mask and quickly put the young into a pouch preventing their view. These capture attempts took 20 min per bird in which we put on a unique colour-band combination and attached 11 g radio transmitters (total weight less than 3% of body weight) by a backpack harness [38]. During tagging, we took 300 ml blood samples from the ulnar vein of juvenile birds to determine sex.
To initiate learning, we presented the dangerous mask (and at UW the neutral unmasked face) to both banded and unbanded juvenile crows while they were still on the natal territory, letting them observe their parents scold us wearing the mask. We visited each of the 14 territories 10–24 times for 5–20 min while wearing the mask to allow the parents to scold while their offspring had clear view of us. After this period, we tested the reaction of fledglings to the dangerous mask and neutral face. In 2007 at UW, we tested families 25–35 days after fledging only on the natal territory when parents were and were not present. In 2008 at the other four sites, we tested radio-tagged young while on the natal territory with their parents, and after dispersal from the territory without their parents. We exposed families to either the dangerous or neutral face no more than once per day in a random order. Because mortality is frequent on fledglings, we were unable to observe some families respond to both stimuli when the parents were not present (11 families were exposed to the dangerous face, nine to the neutral and eight to both). During each presentation of the mask, we categorized behaviour as mobbing, scolding or neither for adults and either begging, scolding or neither for the young.
(e) Analyses
All general statistical tests were performed using SPSS for Windows v. 12.0 [39]. Curve-fitting was done with SigmaPlot v. 11 [40]. Exact tests were conducted using StatXact v. 6 [41]. We used ordinary least-squares regression to quantify the degree and pattern of temporal autocorrelation among repeated trials within a site to the same type of mask. We assumed the responses of individual crows to various masks were independent when we could not identify specific individuals, and where repeated encounters were spread over weeks to years and were directed at many different observers over a range of environmental conditions. Where possible (repeated tests on known crow families; balanced and repeated testing of dangerous and neutral masks at sites A, B, C and D) we employed repeated-measures analyses. In one such analysis, the responses of birds to dangerous versus neutral masks during the first and second half of trials were square root-arcsine-transformed and analysed as repeated measures scored by each of n = 10 blind observers at four sites.
3. Results
(a) Observations consistent with social learning over a 5 year period
We previously demonstrated an immediate increase in scolding the dangerous mask relative to neutral masks at our long-term study site (UW) after trapping [26]. The number of crows scolding the dangerous mask continued to increase for 5 years after trapping, as expected if social learning or social stimulation were present (adjusted r2 = 0.17; F1,37 = 8.75, p = 0.005; figure 2a). As we conducted trials at UW, walking with the dangerous mask along the route, our actions presented opportunities for crows to observe or be stimulated by scolding. The number of crows encountered was consistent across trials (n = 38, r = −0.11, p = 0.51), but the number that scolded the dangerous mask increased steadily (figure 2b). The temporal increase in the number of crows scolding the dangerous mask was consistent with the linear model (Y = 22.3 + 1.0X; adjusted r2 = 0.27; F1,37 = 14.49, p = 0.0005), and not with the exponential rise to maximum model (Y = 15.0 + 35 (X/0.75X); adjusted r2 = 0.00; F2,37 = 0.95, p = 0.40). No change in the rate of scolding over time to the neutral mask was evident (poor fit to the data of the linear model: Y = 12.8–0.03X; adjusted r2 = 0.00; p = 0.93).
Scolding the dangerous mask at UW has gradually involved more crows, spread over a larger area (figure 3). In the first two weeks after trapping, an average of 26 per cent of crows encountered ( individuals) scolded the dangerous mask consistently at one location covering 3060 m2 and intermittently at seven locations (9000 m2). By 1.25 years post-trapping, 30.4 per cent of crows encountered ( individuals) scolded the dangerous mask consistently at two locations (6000 m2) and intermittently at 15 (16 900 m2). In autumn, 2008, 2.7 years after trapping ceased, 66 per cent of crows encountered ( individuals) scolded the dangerous mask consistently at seven locations (10 922 m2) and intermittently at six locations (8050 m2). At this time, we expanded surveys beyond the original route and four out of 65 individuals encountered scolded the dangerous mask at three new locations 541, 667 and 1248 m away from the trapping locations. Considering that only 3.0 per cent of 167 crows scolded the dangerous mask on campus prior to trapping in 2005 [26], we expected only 3 per cent of naive crows to respond to the dangerous mask in 2008 (two of 65 encountered). The frequency of scolding at UW has continued to increase beyond this time (figure 2a), but we have not reassessed the spatial extent of scolding.
(b) Public information available to crows at all sites
We documented three distinct sources of public information revealing the identity of dangerous people. Each of these sources could have produced the increased frequency and extent of scolding that we documented over a 5 year period at the UW site.
— At the time of capture, a number of crows, whose identities were not known, witnessed people trapping and wearing the dangerous mask. After birds were trapped, masked people were exposed for 15–45 min marking, measuring and releasing birds. At each site, except D, a mob of 15–40 crows circled above each trap site at a height of 10–30 m in response to capture, and scolded for up to 10 min before dispersing (see the electronic supplementary material). At site D, where crows were occasionally killed by homeowners, such a group (five crows) only assembled in response to one of four trapping events.
— After trapping, during our experiments, crows that did not have a direct, negative experience with the mask associated with other crows that were captured by a person wearing the dangerous mask. Scolding vocalizations directed at the dangerous mask typically (82% of 126 scolding events) attracted a mob of crows who scolded the masked person. Mob size averaged 6.4 crows (range 2–21, n =103) and included both crows previously captured and those not previously captured by masked people. Most of these birds were not trapped by us while we wore the dangerous mask; 86.9 per cent of the 160 scolding birds we identified as either not banded or trapped and banded at least 2 years earlier by unmasked people. While scolding, crows maintained a consistent minimum distance of 17.4 m (n = 126, s.e.m. = 1.20) between themselves and the masked person while the mob perched around and moved with, but rarely dove at, the person. Mobs escorted the masked person for distances of 10–100 m before returning to their previous activities.
— Young birds hatched after our trapping was concluded, observed and joined their parents scolding the dangerous mask. We observed fledglings scold the dangerous mask in the company of their parents at all territories where parents had previously been conditioned (n = 10 at UW in 2007 and n = 2 at other sites in 2008). By contrast, fledglings and parents rarely (n = 2 of 9 territories) scolded neutral observers (n = 8 territories at UW in 2007, and n = 1 territory at other sites in 2008).
(c) Use of public information for stimulus enhancement during the short-term study
Scolding the dangerous mask by lone, unbanded individuals in the first trial after capture is consistent with learning about the trapping site and the trapper from observation or participation in the mob that formed in response to the capture event (i.e. stimulus enhancement). We only have evidence consistent with this mode of learning for one lone crow (figure 1). This bird was near the trap site on our first trial and a mob had also formed 0.5 km earlier on the route. In each study area, we also recorded mobs forming on our first trials, typically near the trap sites (figure 1 and the electronic supplementary material), suggesting that other crows learned by observing the capture, or were influenced by the contagion of those who had so learned.
(d) Use of public information for observational conditioning during the short-term study
The contagious nature of scolding behaviour was indicated by the formation of mobs (see above). Many or all individuals in a mob may have learned the identity of the dangerous person by observation, but our tagging design only enabled us to answer this question outside of the mob. The actions of lone, unbanded crows are consistent with both horizontal and vertical social learning.
Consistent with horizontal transmission of information, as the number of opportunities to observe mobs scold the mask increased, birds that had never been captured increasingly scolded the mask used for trapping, and more accurately discriminated it from the neutral mask. An opportunity to observe other crows scold the dangerous mask occurred each time we used the dangerous mask in an experimental trial. Scolding by lone, unbanded crows to the dangerous mask was more likely in the second half of our trials at sites A, B, C and D (9.9% of 158 birds encountered scolded) relative to the first half (4.5% of 124 scolded). During these same trials, lone unbanded birds reduced their scolding of neutral masks (5.6% of 562 scolded during the first half of trials; 3.4% of 732 scolded during the second half). The increasing ability of lone, unbanded birds to discriminate dangerous from neutral faces was significant (interaction of mask type with trial half: F1,32 = 4.44, p = 0.043).
The population-level increase in mobbing by lone, unbanded birds throughout our experiments was mirrored at the individual level. At locations where we repeatedly observed the actions of lone, unbanded crows and where we never observed a mob scold the dangerous mask, only 3.3 per cent of 181 lone, unbanded crows scolded the dangerous mask (see figure 1 and the electronic supplementary material). However, at locations where we recorded mobs scolding the dangerous mask, subsequently observed lone, unbanded crows were significantly more likely to scold the dangerous mask (27.8% of 54 crows; , p < 0.0001).
Consistent with vertical transmission of information, young crows that never witnessed the capture of their parents by people wearing the dangerous mask learned to scold the dangerous mask by observing and participating in mobs with their parents. Fledglings rarely scolded a masked or unmasked person in their natal territory that was not previously scolded by their parents (this is typical in our study area as in previous experiments only 3% of crows spontaneously scold a neutral mask or unmasked person; [26]). When parents were not present, families of fledglings who had observed their parents scold the dangerous mask were significantly more likely to scold the dangerous mask (7 of 11 territories) than they were to scold the same person without a mask (one of nine territories; Fisher's exact test: 1 d.f., p = 0.03). Increased likelihood of scolding the dangerous mask remained evident in a subset of eight families that were exposed to both the dangerous mask and the unmasked (neutral) observer when parents were not present (seven scolded only the dangerous, one scolded neither; McNemar's Test using the binomial distribution: p = 0.035).
(e) Accuracy of social learning
Whether crows directly or indirectly experienced the dangerous mask affected their discrimination abilities. At all sites, crows directly experiencing trapping by the dangerous mask later discriminated among dangerous and neutral masks more precisely than did crows only indirectly exposed to the danger of the trapper's face. We recorded the responses of 10 crows previously captured by masked trappers (of the 40 trapped) on a total of 41 instances as they later encountered masked people. These crows immediately and consistently scolded anyone wearing the dangerous mask (21 out of 23 encounters, 91.3%), but rarely scolded people wearing one of the neutral masks (2 out of 18 encounters, 11.1%: Fisher's exact test: 1 d.f., p < 0.0001). By contrast, crows that were not captured by masked trappers scolded people wearing the dangerous mask less frequently (137 out of 421 encounters, 33.0%). While this response was significantly below the response of crows captured by people wearing the dangerous mask (Fisher's exact test: 1 d.f., p < 0.0001), it was significantly greater than their response to neutral masks (birds not captured by the dangerous mask scolded neutral masks on 107 of 904 encounters, 11.8%; Fisher's exact test: 1 d.f., p < 0.0001).
4. Discussion
Individuals face evolutionary trade-offs between the acquisition of costly but accurate information gained firsthand and the use of inexpensive but possibly less reliable social information [7]. Theoretical models investigating the adaptive advantages of different forms of learning conclude that individuals should adopt flexible strategies that dictate the circumstances under which they copy others [42–45]. Our study exemplified such flexibility as American crows garnered knowledge of a dangerous event through direct experience, direct observation and subsequent horizontal and vertical transmissions of information about the event. Direct individual experience with a dangerous human enabled more precise learning by crows, but through observation of trapping and observing or joining others in mobs scolding the dangerous person [46], individuals also learned to accurately identify dangerous people. Few studies have demonstrated the combined influence of individual and social learning on alarm calling [47].
Mobbing of potential predators by corvids and many other birds is risky [48], but extremely beneficial as it enables self advertisement [49], reduces future predation risk [50], and may facilitate social learning of predator [29]. Our observations confirm the latter benefit, which is not mutually exclusive of other benefits. Scolding birds provide public information [8] that is used by members of the mob to learn about novel threats. Social learning from public information enables rapid information sharing among peers (horizontal transmission) and from parent to young (vertical transmission; [8,29,51]). Horizontal and vertical transmissions of information about danger for months to years after the dangerous act was committed appeared to account for much of the scolding we observed. In our experiments, direct experience with danger or direct observation of the dangerous activity accounted for less, albeit immediate, learning in the population. Mobs where the social learning occurred included groups of knowledgeable parents and naive offspring as well as groups of territory neighbours and non-breeding individuals. Learning by young birds provides a mechanism for threat recognition to spread several kilometres per generation with normal dispersal [38]; a distance consistent with our observations around the UW site.
The type of danger we simulated may in part account for the responses and routes of learning that we observed. While we demonstrated to crows a sure risk (being captured), we released all captured birds unharmed. Learning by observing a killing, rather than capture and release, may involve more direct use of public information at the scene. If true, our experiment may have underestimated the role of this learning pathway in more typical natural encounters with deadly predators. Continued learning from peers and parents however should remain important, perhaps even increasing in accuracy in response to increasing risk.
Our estimation of social learning by unbanded, lone crows is surely biased, but we do not think this bias is substantial. Our assumption that repeated observations of lone birds at a particular location were of one individual might overestimate social learning if these crows were actually different individuals in each trial. Such birds may have learned about the dangerous mask by watching the trapping event, then left the area immediately afterwards, only to gradually return and scold us. Our results suggest this is unlikely (there were only three locations where scolding by a lone crow after exposure to a mob had been preceded by an unexposed lone crow that also scolded (sites A and B; figure 1 and the electronic supplementary material). It is also likely that we underestimated horizontal social learning because some lone crows who scolded the dangerous mask at locations where mobs did not previously form may have experienced a mob elsewhere. We cannot estimate the frequency of this bias. However, the number of unbanded birds throughout each study area that scolded increased as the occurrence of mobs increased, suggesting that biased overestimation of peer-to-peer learning is less than biased underestimation.
In our long-term study area, a linear increase in scolding over a 5 year period as the number of opportunities to observe scolding, but not trapping, increased was most consistent with our observations. Steady increase in scolding for years after trapping is consistent with models of ongoing social learning [35,36], and suggests that mobs contain contagious naive observers who are learning and socially informed or directly experienced knowledgeable scolders who are demonstrating [25,29,52]. It is unlikely to result from a changing population (during the course of our research, the crow population in Seattle has remained high [38]; and more recently fluctuated between 93.4 crows per party-hour in 2005 and 80.7 crows per party-hour in 2009). Increased scolding, rather than extinction of it, years after trapping, may also demonstrate an ongoing, reinforcing reward of learning. In response to scolding, masked observers eventually left the study area, so preventing another aversive event (more trapping) by scolding, mobbing and becoming increasingly alert may reinforce mobbing by crows.
Our juvenile crows that learned of the dangerous mask by observing their parents, both joined in scolding with mobs of knowledgeable crows and also scolded without any other knowledgeable birds present. However, when the juveniles were scolding on their own, they never attracted other birds to join them and mob. Strength of response depends on age in a variety of animals [47,53–55]. In corvids, mobbing Florida scrub-jay fledglings were often ignored by adults that could not see the predator [53]. Thus, over time as the knowledgeable juveniles mature and fully develop their calls, we expect them to attract others to mob the dangerous mask.
The ability to recognize individual conspecifics is an essential feature for forming affiliative relationships, understanding relationships between third parties and classifying individuals based on their social class [56]. Thus, it stands to reason that it would be beneficial to recognize individual members of a potential predator species, especially one in which the individuals vary in their behaviour. Perhaps, no predator is as individualistic as a human. Humans can be beneficial, for example, during our study, several people we encountered said they fed the crows at their homes, or deadly; three crows were shot at one of our study sites. Thus, flexibility in response is crucial in order to maximize fitness by taking advantage of friendly humans and avoiding potentially lethal ones.
All crows were trapped, handled and marked using devices and protocols supported by the United States Bird Banding Laboratory (permit 22489) and the University of Washington Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol 3077-01).
The authors thank L. Aguirre, A. Borte, M. Brown, M. Campbell, C. Chan, F. Clinch, S. Collins, J. Eager, S. Hardwick, K. Helem, L. Hudnell, R. Kahlo, S. Kim, C. Larkin, J. Marzluff, K. Oh, H. and S. Pecararo, C. Perez, J. Phipps, B. Pochmershi, G. Rimbey, L. Sandstrom, J. Shen, K. Shipe, E. Shulenberger, T. Stilson, J. Tomasevic, W. Trepel, J. Vanderhoof, B. Wang, J. Warner, M. Whittaker, G. Wibisono and A. Yahnke for conducting blind trials. D. Craig provided field and intellectual assistance. J. DeLap prepared the figures. B. Clucas, J. DeLap, K. Dial, P. Marra, B. Shryock, C. Templeton, J. Tomasevic, M. Colon, K. Swift and M. Thomas provided editorial comments. Funding was provided by the US Army, the Denman professorship in the College of Forest Resources at the University of Washington, and by a Research Opportunity Award for NSF BCS Award no. 0508002.
- Received May 9, 2011.
- Accepted June 8, 2011.
- This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society


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Roughly 110 miles from Freeport, I plunged six feet down from the M/V Fling, into the Gulf of Mexico to explore the Flower Gardens Banks National Marine Sanctuary. Here, rays of sun stream through Jolly Rancher-blue waters, a setting unlike anything near the shore. A school of fish gathered under the boat and a torpedo-shaped barracuda hung motionless in the water 20 yards away. Admiring his buoyancy control, I swam down to the reef, clearly visible 80 feet below.
This sanctuary protects the northern-most coral reefs in the continental United States, including the West and East banks, 65 to 120 feet below the surface, and Stetson Bank, a 1,500-foot-long ridge of pinnacles.
The sheer variety of marine life and endless blue in all directions takes hours to explore.
Most divers come here from Freeport aboard the Fling, as I did. In spring, some brave 70° waters and often-rough seas for the chance to see schools of hammerhead sharks. But summer water temperatures approach the mid-80s, and divers enjoy more tranquil conditions for exploring the reef and its residents: shellfish, sea urchins, 280 species of fish (including 20 species of sharks and rays), loggerhead and hawksbill sea turtles, and the occasional visiting dolphin.
The sheer variety of marine life and endless blue in all directions takes hours to explore, but a dwindling air supply forced me to surface after 40 minutes of awe. Breakfast awaited on board; wet and happy divers crowded into the galley's long booths, devouring eggs, bacon, and biscuits while swapping tales of what we'd seen below.
Soon it was time to gear up again. In fact, the weekend schedule typically reads dive, eat, sleep, dive, eat, sleep—with a total of five dives on Saturday and two on Sunday. Generally, it includes two dives at the West Bank, an old oil rig platform (always one of my favorites), and two at the East Bank, one of them a night dive, then two at Stetson on Sunday morning. Three-day trips include a total of 11 dives—five at the West Bank, four at the East, and two at Stetson.
We sleep in bunks below deck, four to a room, and nap on lounge chairs on the sun deck.
The distance from shore, depth, and often-strong currents make this an experience for advanced divers only. The Fling welcomes non-divers age 13 and older, but given the depth of the reefs, there is little to see from the surface.
Flower Gardens Banks National Marine Sanctuary, 409/621-5151. Fling Charters, 979/233-4445. Arrange trips through your local dive shop, and bring all necessary gear.
Also see:

subset: commoncrawl


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Archdiocese of Chicago
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Tuesday, October 30, 2012
There is an amazing event on the horizon, November 16-18, and you are invited to be part of One Sacred Communion, developed by the Office for Divine Worship with the support of Liturgy Training Publications. It will be hosted at the Motherhouse of the Congregation of St. Joseph in La Grange Park. Fondly called OSC, One Sacred Communion is a prayer service, study day, and festival liturgy, all wrapped into one around the theme of cultural pluralism in the liturgy.
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|Episode Description
|Friday, Mar 15, 2013 - 2:00 AM
Tonight on Nightly Business Report, the Dow aims for 10 in a row. The S&P aims for an all-time high. But, even with stocks climbing to unprecedented levels, there is a tug-of-war going on in the economy that could influence which direction the market heads from here. D
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One of the styles of beer I like the most is a beer brewed with wheat. This particular style can go by many different names, with each one having a slightly different type of flavor.
For example, a Weissbier (or Weizen) is a Bavarian style beer where they replace most or all of the malted barley with malted wheat. Generally, these have hints of banana and clove flavors, owing to the style of the yeast being used. The name "weissbeer" means "white beer", and it is called that because of the pale appearance of the beer.
Among the weizens you also have the style known as Hefeweizen. This is an unfiltered version, with a very cloudy appearance, because it still contains a significant proportion of the yeast used to brew the beer. This adds a distinctive flavor, although because of that, the initial taste can sometimes seem a bit rough. It is fairly common (though disputed by enthusiasts) to add lemon to the beer, to help with that initial sharp taste of the beer. The hefeweizen style is fairly low in hops and usually highly carbonated, to help offset the sweetness of the malt and provide balance.
And then there is the style known as Witbier, which is also an unfiltered wheat, but flavored with "gruit" instead of hops. Gruit is generally a mix of coriander, orange, and sometimes a little bit of hops as well. Witbiers therefore have a fruity flavor, and can also be slightly sour.
One of my favorite wheat beers though, doesn't much fall into these categories.
Technically, I suppose you could consider Boulevard Unfiltered Wheat to be a hefeweizen, except that it's made in Kansas City, and probably doesn't follow all the same guidelines as your more German hefe's would follow. So it fits into the category of American Wheat Ale, realistically. It it a blend of a number of these styles, as it uses both malted and unmalted wheats, three different varieties of hops, and even though it is unfiltered, it has a relatively low cloudiness.. unless you deliberately stir up the yeast which have settled to the bottom, which you should absolutely do.
When bottled, Boulevard takes the extra step of adding small amounts of live yeast to the bottle, to give it a small amount of bottle fermentation during shipping, and to leave the yeast in to get that extra cloudy profile and flavor that is just awesome.
It is a very popular beer in the midwest region, and can be found on tap in all the states surrounding Missouri and Kansas. You can sometimes find it on tap elsewhere as well.. I've seen it in Nashville, TN and Atlanta, GA, but generally speaking you will only find it elsewhere in bottles. This is significant because it's a different beer on tap than in bottles, and though similar, the difference between the yeast in the keg and the bottle fermented yeast is a big one. If you find it on tap, try it. And yes, you'll probably want a slice of lemon. Not orange. Putting a slice of orange in a wheat beer is blasphemy.
Also, recently Boulevard announced that they're teaming up (or being sold, depends on who you ask) with Duvel. I am uncertain whether this is a good or a bad thing. If it means improved distribution channels for Boulevard, so I can finally get it on tap regularly here, then I'm all for it. I don't expect Duvel to try to change the beer though. You don't mess with a damn good thing.


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Golden Gate Bridge to Sausalito Bike Tour
The Golden Gate Bridge to Sausalito Bike Tour will take you on the ride of your lifetime! Starting in one of the only true Fisherman's Wharf left in the U.S., the tour guide will take you on a journey along the coastal shore to see sea lions, dolphins, military forts, wave and wind organs and some of San Francisco's most beautiful neighborhoods.
As you bike over the Golden Gate Bridge takes in the unique topography and skylines that lead you from one waterfront to the next. Once you are on the other side of the bridge it's downhill into sunny and beautiful Sausalito. From here you catch a ferry back to San Francisco with the bikes.
On this tour we'll visit the following neighborhoods and landmarks:
- Fisherman's Wharf
- Fort Mason
- Marina District
- Presidio/Crissy Field
- The Golden Gate Bridge
- Vista Point
- Sausalito
Duration: 2-3 hours
Important information:
- Shortly after your booking is complete, you will receive an e-ticket by mail. Please print out your ticket and bring it with you on your tour.
- Children's tickets are available for children between age 5-11. Children under 5 cannot participate on this tour.
- You can choose between a comfort bike or an electric bike.
- Helmets are required.
- The Golden Gate Bridge to Sausalito Bike Tour is approx. 13 kilometers and lasts 2-3 hours.
- The ferry ride is not included.
Reserve tickets
Golden Gate Bridge to Sausalito Bike Tour
Golden Gate Bridge to Sansalito Bike Tour departs out of our Tour Destination Center:
2661 Taylor Street (Located between North Point & Beach Streets)
Golden Gate Bridge to Sausalito Bike Tour
Golden Gate Bridge to Sansalito Bike Tour departs daily at 10 AM and 1 PM.
The nearest bus stop is on the corner of Beach Street & Taylor Street.
View map


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Warped Reflections
Sherran Andersen 1/19/2013 9:55:31 PMSo cool... love the colour and reflection. #1509899
Colette M. Metcalf 1/20/2013 1:47:32 AMWow! Great capture on the reflections!!! #10523701
Jeff Robinson 1/20/2013 3:40:47 AMExcellent capture Carol! #10523777
Leslie McLain 1/20/2013 5:04:50 AMTerrific capture, reflections, and perspective, Carol. #10523851
Ellen Hodges 1/20/2013 6:39:54 AMLooks sooooo cool, Carol!! Awesome reflections and color!!! #10524070
Lindley Johnson 1/20/2013 12:50:49 PMFantastic composition, Carol! Terrific reflections and color, too. #10524746
Stephen Zacker 1/20/2013 2:11:15 PMAwesome.. I need to get some pointers from you :-) #10524905
Terry Cervi 1/20/2013 2:21:31 PMFantastic!! I love the reflections in the car! Outstanding work, Carol!! A fave! #10524934
Ann Lyssenko 1/20/2013 4:09:27 PMWonderful light and graphics in this image Carol! Ann #10525037
Barbara Mason 1/21/2013 5:13:25 PMGood job Carol - well spotted - love the checkered reflections and leaving a piece of the actual floor makes a wonderful composition #10526724
Photographer 1/22/2013 7:10:10 AMNicely done Carol..Great details and great capture #10527823
Stefania Barbier 2/25/2013 1:09:56 AMcongratulations on your beautiful finalist!!! #10582603
Leslie McLain 2/25/2013 4:48:24 AMCongrats on your beautiful finalist from the Volo outing, Carol. #10583001
Liz blahh 2/25/2013 6:16:02 AMAwesome finalist, congratulations! #10583198
Ellen Hodges 2/25/2013 6:21:26 AMHuge congrats and very best lick, Carol, with this fabulous finalist!! #10583223
Carol Eade 2/25/2013 9:00:52 AMFabulous shot, congratulations! #10583717
Nancy Marie Ricketts 2/25/2013 9:05:34 AMYou are truly a photographic artist of th first order, Carol! Congratulations on this superb finalist! #10583732
Stephen Zacker 2/25/2013 10:38:50 AMFantastic! :-) Congratulations #10584091
Peggy Pfister 2/25/2013 6:59:17 PMTerrific, Carol, no one would guess this is your first time to shoot cars! Well done, congrats! #10585182
LeAnn Wood 2/26/2013 6:14:14 AMCarol, Congratulations on your Finalist Award for this beautiful image with the very distinctive reflection! #10586089
Renee Doyle 2/26/2013 3:23:38 PMFantastic capture and finalist Carol! Congratulations! #10587089
Lindley Johnson 2/26/2013 7:32:38 PMOne of my favorites from the day at the Auto Museum - congratulations, Carol! #10587384
JO ANN CLEVELAND 2/27/2013 7:42:00 AMWowwww ... Congratulations on this outstanding finalist Carol...think we will see this in Gold!!
jo ann c. #10588028
Linda S. Smith 2/27/2013 4:01:29 PMHuge Congrats Carol on your finalist! It's a beauty!!! #10588807
Colette M. Metcalf 3/1/2013 3:47:07 AMCongratulations!!! Love it! #10591004
Ellen Hodges 3/1/2013 3:54:45 AMHuge congrats on a fabulous winner, Carol!!! #10591028
Katarina Mansson 3/1/2013 4:12:25 AMVery cool, well seen and beautifully captured. Congratulations on your winner Carol! #10591081
Leslie McLain 3/1/2013 4:12:39 AMCongrats on your fantastic winner, Carol. #10591083
Nancy Marie Ricketts 3/1/2013 6:44:26 AM!Congratulations, Carol, on your Gold Win! #10591389
Bojan Bencic 3/1/2013 7:15:03 AMFantastic reflections, Carol. Congratulations on your win! #10591505
Stefania Barbier 3/1/2013 7:17:41 AMcongratulations on another fantastic winner! #10591522
Debra R. Harder 3/1/2013 8:26:53 AMLove, love, love this, Carol! Huge congratulations on your brilliant GOLD WINNER!!! #10591693
Emile Abbott 3/1/2013 8:35:36 AMFirst time out with cars and you get a well deserved gold badge. Huge congratulations Carol. #10591706
Peggy Pfister 3/1/2013 10:18:00 AMCongrats on another super winner, Carol! #10591835
Lindley Johnson 3/1/2013 4:09:25 PMI loved this from the very beginning, Carol! So happy to see it with a gold badge - congratulations! #10592233
Renee Doyle 3/1/2013 5:06:32 PMWTG Carol!! BIG congrats to you on this wonderful winner! #10592335
Carla Capra 3/1/2013 5:10:48 PMLov'n this!!
Claudia Kuhn 3/1/2013 6:36:06 PMGreat reflection and perspective, congratulations #10592487
Phyllis H. Burchett 3/1/2013 7:08:00 PMWay cool....congrats on your win Carol! #10592551
Val Feldman 3/2/2013 7:51:58 AMWhat an eye you have...When you think of the many photo possibilities lending itself at a car show, you picked out the perfect car at the perfect angle, with perfect (and interesting!) reflections and with perfect great lines and great color...well, all I can say is - Perfect! :):)
Merna L. Nobile 3/2/2013 11:45:48 AMWhat a great way to start a new year! Your award winning photographs go from Editors Pick to Finalist and hopefully to Gold.
Stephen Zacker 3/3/2013 9:12:06 AMGreat eye on this. Congratulations #10594682
Carmody Baker 3/6/2013 6:40:07 AMLove the reflection. Congratulations Carol! #10598538
Kathryn Wesserling 3/13/2013 3:21:51 AMThis feels as though it's parked in a diner - very 50's look. Can't believe that I missed this wonderful Gold, Carol.
Double congratulations because it is also featured in SnapShot #619. #10607319
Leslie McLain 3/13/2013 4:12:05 AMCongrats on being featured in Snapshot, Carol. #10607417
Robert Jensen 3/13/2013 6:14:07 AMlove this image #10607599
Rona L. Schwarz 3/13/2013 7:35:21 AMFabulous capture of this car and of those reflections, Carol! And to think you were a neophyte with cars, lol! Sorry I missed it until now, and being out of town I never individually congratulated Winners and Finalists this past month. So a belated Super Congrats on this really great Winner, and congrats also on being featured in today's SnapShot! WTG girl! #10607762
Phyllis H. Burchett 3/13/2013 4:32:59 PMOne of my favorites Carol, congrats on your feature in SnapShot! #10608298
Susan D. Royce 3/13/2013 4:40:16 PMGorgeous shot, Carol! Congratulations on your win and Snapshot selection! #10608302
Mary Beth Aiello 8/12/2014 7:16:32 AMJust saw this in the contest winners window. LOVE those reflections, Carol, and huge congrats on this beautiful win. #11106355
Leslie organized a photo shoot at the Volo Auto Museum with Lindley, Ann and Midge. This was my first venture in photographing cars. The reflections from the lights were a challenge, but it was a lot of fun!
Thanks for looking!
(Monhly Theme - All Indoors)
Exif: F Number: 16, Exposure Bias Value: 0.33, ExposureTime: 6/1 seconds, Flash: did not fire., ISO: 400, White balance: Auto white balance, FocalLength: 105.00 mm, Model: NIKON D300
Uploaded on 1/19/2013 8:00:13 PM
Camera: Nikon D300 Digital SLR Camera
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to Carol Flisak. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer.
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Actor-producer-director Tom Hanks has listed a house for sale in Pacific Palisades for $5.225 million.
The Spanish-style villa, built in 1929, features archways, frescoed ceilings, a library, a loggia, a sky-lit kitchen, a sun room, a beauty salon, four bedrooms, 5.5 bathrooms and 6,289 square feet of living space.
This is not the contemporary home he and wife Rita Wilson bought from veteran producers Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall three years ago for more than $26 million. That 14,513-square-foot house, built in 1996, has four bedrooms and five bathrooms.
Hanks, 56, won Oscars for his work in "Forrest Gump" (1994) and "Philadelphia" (1993) and received lead actor nominations for "Big" (1988), "Saving Private Ryan" (1998) and "Cast Away" (2000), which he also produced. He played symbolist Robert Langdon in "The Da Vinci Code" (2006) and "Angels & Demons" (2009) and is the voice of Woody in the "Toy Story" movies. He directed, wrote and starred in the 1996 film "That Thing You Do!"
Wilson, 56, appeared opposite Hanks in "Sleepless in Seattle" (1993). Her film work also includes "Jingle All the Way" (1996), "Runaway Bride" (1999) and "It's Complicated" (2009).
The couple also own a house in gated Malibu Colony.
Mary Lu Tuthill and Kathleen Tuthill of Coldwell Banker's Brentwood office are the listing agents, the Multiple Listing Service shows.
'E.T' writer Melissa Mathison lists Malibu retreat
Soap opera actress Tracy Bregman lists Malibu estate
Jodie Foster puts Hollywood Hills West home up for sale


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Inno3D GTX 470 Hawk Review
The video card landscape has changed drastically over the past nine months. ATI really has thrown down the gauntlet with it's HD 5xxx series cards that feature DirectX 11 support from the top to the bottom of the segment. At that point, Nvidia had nothing to compete with the 5970, much less the 5870 and 5850. The GTX 285 and 295 were good efforts, but still lacked DirectX 11 support. The green-faithful had to sit back and wait, as the Fermi bugs were worked out to bring the architecture to market. The wait allowed Nvidia to deliver a card that outperformed the HD 5870 with the GTX 480, and quickly took back the single GPU performance crown. The Inno3D GTX 470 on the other hand, is designed to compete with the HD 5850 and is what we will be looking at today. One of the drawbacks on most stock, high performance video cards, is the reference cooling solution. The GTX 470 is not immune to this criticism. To solve this problem, Inno3D has put together a card that incorporates a massive cooling solution to allow the card to run cooler, with less noise, to provide a better experience for the end user. This is a "Win-Win" situation. It helps prolong the lifespan of the card, while allowing the enthusiast the ability to bump the clock speeds up without fear of cooking what has already been shown to be a hot running chip. Lets see if the Hawk will to fly with the eagles, or roost with the chickens.
Closer Look:
The packaging for the Inno3D GTX 470 has a unique look with the holographic imagery on the front panel that is flanked on either side by a solid black accent that has the letters "GTX" embossed on it. On the front panel, the highlights list includes the included mouse pad as part of the bundle with the Nvidia technologies supported along the bottom. These include 3D Vision Surround (Nvidia's Eyefinity), Physx, Cuda and SLI. The rear panel highlights the GTX 470's DirectX 11 functionality, a quick look at 3D Vision Surround and an image that looks straight out of Nvidias Design Garage that shows off real time ray tracing for a realistic image.
Inside the flashy exterior wrapper is a plain cardboard box that houses the GTX 470 Hawk. Opening this box up, you can see the cooling solution used by Inno3D to keep the thermals of the 448 CUDA cores in check. Hopefully this will pay dividends when it comes time to overclock this card.
The bundle that comes with the Hawk is kind of slim. This is in part made up with the inclusion of a full sized mouse pad that is close in size to the Razer eXactMat I use. What you get is a DVI to to d-sub adapter, a molex to 6 pin PCIe power adapter, the iChill branded mouse pad, a driver disk and an application disk. This application disk includes two Nvidia programs to test out the capabilities and performance of the GTX 470 Hawk. Supersonic Sled is a short game that uses GPU Physx effects for the fluids, smoke, dust and pilots joints. Particle simulation is used for the rocket dust, fireballs and smoke trails. Tessellation is used for the terrain and image processing for the motion blur. The object of the game is to go as fast as you can, without blowing up the sled. Nvidia has also set up a site so you can post up your best scores. Design Garage illustrates the strength of the GT 400 architecture by using Ray tracing to render a photo-realistic image of some high end supercars.
The external packaging does not give any indication of whether this is a bone-stock or factory overclocked card, or even whether there's a little something special about the Hawk besides the bundle. Time to take a look and find out!


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I play in Concord with a group at Willow Pass Park. We are about 3.0-3.5 as well. I am also from WC, it's only about 15 drive. Let me know if you're interested in joining us! :)
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"VME/VXS boards.(LITERATURE MARKETPLACE)." EE-Evaluation Engineering. NP Communications, LLC. 2006. HighBeam Research. 15 Nov. 2018 <https://www.highbeam.com>.
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"VME/VXS boards.(LITERATURE MARKETPLACE)." EE-Evaluation Engineering. NP Communications, LLC. 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2018 from HighBeam Research: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-148960859.html
The Acqiris new family of single-channel and dual-channel 1.2-GS/s VME/VXS data conversion boards provide a data bandwidth greater than 3. …
EE-Evaluation Engineering; October 1, 2006
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An intriguing new study has found a connection between women who had flu and fevers in pregnancy and those who went on to have kids with autism. Women who had the flu while pregnant were twice as likely to later have a child with autism; those who had a fever for a week or more were three times as likely to have a child on the spectrum.
In the study, published in Pediatrics, researchers looked at more than 96,000 children born in Denmark between 1997 and 2003. Mothers were asked about infections, fevers and antibiotic use during their pregnancies and during the first few weeks postpartum. Researchers also found a connection between antibiotics and autism, but its unclear if the culprit is the antibiotics themselves or if women who took them were just sicker. Researchers also looked at common illnesses like respiratory or urinary tract infections, but found no connection.
Plus: Autism Spectrum Disorders Health Guide
While this study would probably send most pregnant women into a panic, the researchers want to stress that the great majority of women who did fight fever or flu in pregnancy did not go on to have a child with autism.
Did you get sick while you were pregnant? Leave a comment.


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An Antioch man and his 14-year-old daughter were killed when their plane crashed as it approached a small airport just north of the Wisconsin-Illinois border, according to police and relatives.
Todd Parfitt, 50, and Nicole Parfitt, 14, died after the single-engine Grumman plane crashed into a cornfield about 1:25 p.m. Sunday as it approached the airport in Burlington, Wis., about 20 miles north of the state line, officials said. Both victims were thrown from the plane, they said.
"The preliminary information is that it crashed while attempting to land," said Lynn Lunsford, a spokesman for the Federal Aviation Administration.
Lunsford said the Burlington airport has no control tower, and the pilot was not in contact with air traffic controllers when the plane went down in a cornfield.
Investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board were at the airport today, according to Burlington Municipal Airport officials. The plane wreckage will be taken into a hanger so investigators can inspect it, an official said.
Nicole was a freshman at Antioch High School and was a popular member of the dance team, which huddled with counselors at school Monday.
Todd Parfitt, who had just turned 50, was a flight dispatcher for United Airlines, said a friend, Brent Bluthardt of Antioch.
"It's bad enough to lose a good friend, but with a child involved, it's worse," said Bluthardt, whose daughter also is on the dance team. "I know that Nicole loved going flying with her dad.
I am sure it was a beautiful Sunday afternoon, and they were probably hoping for a last flight before the plane goes away for the winter."
The principal of Antioch High School said many students were wearing purple today, the color of the freshman class and Nicole's favorite color. The dance team, about 30 to 40 kids, and their two coaches were meeting with counselors.
"Evidently, it's a pretty emotional meeting," said Principal John Whitehurst, adding that the hallways were "eerily silent."
A Facebook page was created Sunday in honor of Nicole.
"They may have not made it to the runway that they intended, but they did land safely in heaven," one message reads.
Bailey Walker, who called herself a best friend of Nicole, said in a post: "Nicole, I love you so much. I will never forget all of our inside jokes and all of the times you made me laugh. How much I loved hanging out with you and just talking to you when I was upset made me feel so much better. You just knew how to cheer people up and you were always such an amazing person."
Twitter: @ChicagoBreaking


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|Episode Description
|Saturday, Mar 2, 2013 - 7:00 AM
"Arthur: The Once & Future King"
In the second segment, Wood explores the greatest British myth: the tale of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Traveling around the Celtic world, Wood uncovers the extraordinary story of how a shadowy Welsh freedom fighter became a medieval superman and, finally, the model of a Christian hero. On the way, viewers discover the real stories behind the Round Table, Excalibur and the Holy Grail itself. Part 2 of 4 G
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Time Traveler Technology Designs Now Available As Poster Prints
We've spotlighted one of Alex Varanese's time-traveler tech illustrations as a Final Frame a few years back and decided to check what he's been up to. We're happy to see several of the designs are now available as 18x24 poster prints, ready to decorate your retro-futuristic room...
I've explored that idea in this series by re-imagining four common products from 2010 as if they were designed in 1977: an mp3 player, a laptop, a mobile phone and a handheld video game system. I then created a series of fictitious but stylistically accurate print ads to market them, as well as a handful of abstract posters (you know, just for funsies).
The full gallery of Alex Varanese poster print illustrations here.


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SMPTE Details IP Networking, Cloud, File-Based Workflow Panels For SMPTE 2012 Annual Technical Conference & Exhibition
Pre-Conference Symposium: High Frame Rates for Digital Cinema ● 22 October
White Plains, NY, 14 August 2012 – The Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers (SMPTE), the worldwide leader in motion-imaging standards and education for the media, entertainment, communications, and technology industries, today detailed a series of presentations at the SMPTE 2012 Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition that will focus on fundamental, A/V-based changes to IP networks in advance of a predicted explosion in bandwidth use – as well as smart strategies for cloud migration and leading advances in file-based workflows.
SMPTE 2012 will take place 23 – 25 October in Hollywood. A special pre-conference symposium –High Frame Rates for Digital Cinema – will take place on 22 October. Registration and program information are available at www.smpte2012.org.
Premier Annual Event Draws Broadcast, Cinema, IT Thought Leaders
As the premier event for motion-imaging industry, the annual SMPTE conference enables technical and high-level business professionals to hear from and engage with academic, engineering, executive, and standards thought leaders across the broadcast, cinema, and IT industries.
SMPTE 2012 lives up to this standard, with scheduled presentations from the BBC, Belden, Cisco, Dolby Laboratories, Ericsson, FUJIFILM, Harmonic, Harris, HBO, IBM, Microsoft, NHK, NVIDIA, Motorola Mobility, Qualcomm, Snell, Skywalker Sound, Sony Electronics, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Technicolor, and Verizon. Also participating will be leading vision-science researchers from around the world – as well as representatives from the European Broadcasting Union and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission.
IP Networks Set For Fundamental Improvements As Bandwidth Set To Explode
While the use of Internet Protocol (IP) networks for real-time digital workflows is increasing, media and entertainment organizations face unique technical challenges to simultaneously route multiple video and audio formats, on a variety of physical interconnections, to an ever-growing array of devices. SMPTE 2012 will highlight how meeting those challenges is spurring changes to some basic network building blocks.
Belden, for example, will describe a rewrite by the IEEE of that organization's Ethernet standard designed to help audio and video devices interoperate more easily. Meanwhile, researchers from the Japan Broadcasting Corporation will detail a modified transmission control protocol (TCP) – one of the core rule sets in the IP suite used to ensure the reliable transfer of data between computers – that dynamically allocates bandwidth to news stories based on their priority rather than being forced to share that bandwidth equally, as is the case today.
Other presentations will focus on improving network performance amid a predicted explosion in bandwidth requirements, including an evaluation of the new HEVC compression algorithm; the use of modern graphics processing units (GPUs) to support RAW format 4K workflows; and a review of the SMPTE BXF standard for moving commercial schedules and related metadata across a broad array of distribution platforms.
Smart Cloud Migration, Real-Time File-Based Workflows
Continuing the discussions that began in May at its Forum on Emerging Media Technologies held in Geneva, Switzerland, SMPTE 2012 will explore the use of cloud-based infrastructures in media and entertainment operations. To date, organizations have been reluctant to move to the cloud because of issues including available bandwidth, content security, and the still-complex nature of some workflows.
To that end, Deloitte Consulting will present three sample use cases to conference attendees, each focusing on the most commonly cited benefits of cloud service providers and highlighting considerations when assessing if the cloud is right for an organization's digital content needs.
As for the workflows within digital infrastructures, SMPTE 2012 attendees will get a deep view into a scalable file system developed by researchers at Fraunhofer IIS in Germany – one that offers real-time access and enabling consumers to receive a different version of an image or video, depending on their current access rights.


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There's a lot of talk of ecosystems with modern smartphones and the war raging around where you buy your content and where you consume it. In an ideal world you're free to move your content around and do with it what you want: it is, after all, your content.
Buying books online has never been easier and Amazon has put the tools at your disposal to do almost everything you want. Yes, it uses its own protected format, but it also gives you the apps to view that content on just about any device you like.
Kindle for Android
- Format
- Android
- Price
- Free
- Where
- Google Play
The Amazon Kindle, in all its different guises, is one of the most popular reading devices around. You just have to step on to any train and you'll see one. It's also a device that refuses to be pushed into the shade by tablets.
There's a good reason for that: the Kindle is affordable, it's easy to use and the content that Amazon offers is often competitively priced against other online retailers, and almost always beats the print pricing.
However, you don't have to buy the hardware to benefit from Amazon's pricing on Kindle books as you can access them through any smartphone. Here we're looking at the Android version of this app, and although it isn't new, it's certainly one of our favourites.
Sign in with your Amazon account and you'll get access to those Kindle books you've purchased in the past. Rather than downloading them all, they sit in the cloud, waiting for you to retrieve them. There's no syncing from your computer, no moving of files or worries about format, it all just works.
But this isn't just about access to books, it's about making the reading process seamless across all devices. That's where Whispersync comes in. It's a fancy name for syncing, but it means that as you read, your progress is logged, so instantly accessible elsewhere. No need to remember where you got to.
You can also drop bookmarks manually, as well as make notes, perhaps if there's something of interest that you want to come back to later. When you pick up a Kindle device, or something with the Kindle app, it will ask you if you want to move to the last read location, which is really handy.
That means you can be reading on a Kindle Paperwhite in bed, for example, and then read another chapter while waiting for the train, or in the park at work and you'll never lose your place.
Kindle for Android is optimised for tablets, so rather than just getting an enlarged version of the app on a bigger screen, it makes better use of space on a larger display. You get a four-column grid rather than two, and in reading there's a more substantial top navigation bar and it doesn't use overlays like the smartphone app.
There are a range of reading view options on offer too, so you can change the margins, spacing, font size and the screen colour, selecting from white, black and sepia. This enables you to get Kindle for Android to whatever your situation: white text on a black background is better for reading in the dark, for example.
Beyond all these key functions though, what the Kindle for Android app means is that you can buy from Amazon without having to first buy one of its devices. Of course, if you already own one, then you win too, as all these things work together.
READ: Amazon Kindle Paperwhite review
Amazon isn't the only company to offer these services: Kobo has a rival offering, but Amazon seems to lead the way with pricing and it's certainly Kindles that we see in the hands of most people reading.
Kindle for Amazon is an important app. We've used it since launch and it's a great example of how a content provider can expand access simply and easily.


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Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch
Unselective fishing catches non-target organisms as 'bycatch'—an issue of critical ocean conservation and resource management concern. However, the situation is confused because perceptions of target and non target catch vary widely, impeding efforts to estimate bycatch globally. To remedy this, the term needs to be redefined as a consistent definition that establishes what should be considered bycatch. A new definition is put forward as: 'bycatch is catch that is either unused or unmanaged'. Applying this definition to global marine fisheries data conservatively indicates that bycatch represents 40.4 percent of global marine catches, exposing systemic gaps in fisheries policy and management.
Reference: DAVIES RWD, et al. Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatch. Marine Policy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2009.01.003.


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NTSB asks Metro-North to scrutinize track conditions further
A Metro-North visual inspection failed to spot a badly joined rail two days before a derailment in Bridgeport last year because inspectors were on a different track and not close enough to spot the defect, according to a finding released by the National Transportation Safety Board on Monday.
In response, the NTSB is calling on Metro-North and other commuter railroads to visually inspect every track at least twice a month and eliminate an exemption allowing commuter railroads to delay inspections of individual tracks when it interrupts train schedules.
The cracked assembly joining the track where the New Haven-bound set of M8 cars derailed was on the interior side of the rail and hidden from the view of inspectors as they went by it, according to the NTSB.
"The NTSB notes that the (inner) side of the rail on track 4, including the gauge side of the compromised joint bar, would not have been visible from a high-rail vehicle that traveled on track 2," the NTSB advisory said.
The NTSB is also calling on the Federal Railroad Administration to mandate the same standard for all commuter railroads.
"We remain concerned about the practice of inspecting adjacent track without traversing it, either on foot or with inspection vehicles on a periodic basis," the advisory said.
While the NTSB has yet to complete its full investigation of the May 17, 2013, derailment and collision that injured 76 people aboard two M8 trains, the failure of the assembly that had joined the sections of broken track has been identified as a primary cause.
Aaron Donovan, a spokesman for Metro-North Railroad, said the railroad will adopt the NTSB directive into its track-maintenance program.
"MTA Metro-North Railroad inspects all its tracks on foot or on a high-rail vehicle twice a week," Donovan said. "As allowed under existing FRA waivers, these inspections have been performed from either of two parallel tracks. Following the NTSB's new recommendation, Metro-North will ensure each track is inspected at least every two weeks from within that track. This new inspection regimen is expected to be accommodated with minimal impact on railroad operations."
Donovan said the railroad also is boosting track inspections from 2 to 5 times using specialized equipment to find misaligned track that could cause accidents.
In preliminary findings, the agency said investigators were focusing on two sections of broken rail near the crash.
U.S. Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., said he supported the NTSB's move to urge the FRA to eliminate the exemption on inspections. The FRA should eliminate that exemption, and issue a revised mandatory standard of inspecting each individual track at a minimum of every two weeks, Blumenthal said.
Citing a May 15 inspection by Metro-North, the NTSB said inspectors flagged the insulated rail joint at the site of the derailment was lacking necessary support from the underlying stone rail bed and was moving up and down out of position. A joint bar assembly had been installed on the track 43 days earlier.
Most of the New Haven Line has continuously welded 1,500-foot pieces of rail, but the placement of insulating joints at intervals for signaling purposes is required, so sections of rail are cut and reconnected, usually using joint bars.
The railroad has now eliminated the joint bar assemblies for sections of deteriorating tracks, as well as the signal insulating joints.
"All railroads, especially Metro-North, should implement this rule immediately because it will greatly enhance the quality and number of track inspections -- improving safety and reliability," Blumenthal said. "This rule strengthens the first line of defense against track defects, knowing about them, so they can be repaired before they cause horrific derailments like Bridgeport."


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We here at MRW Racing have a huge selection of hobby grade nitro rc cars.
We have cars form all the big brands such as Traxxas, Maisto, Himoto Racing, XTM, Redcat Racing, and HPI Racing.
All the cars can travel well over 30 miles an hour with some even able to reach 60 70 miles per hour.
The Pure extreme octane rush experienced when driving these machines is like an addictive drug and thats not to mention when racing.
Got a competitive streak? If so get a race with 3 or 4 fellow nitro rc hobbyists to experience the ultimate rush.
Monster truck racing in the mud to buggy racing in the sand, drift car racing to rock climbing, the various race challenges available with nitro rc racing is plentiful, with each variant race providing its own challenges and thrills.
Fill up the nitro tank, pull out the nitro glow plug and pull that cord.
BOOM You are off like a firework
If you enjoy hobby grade nitro rc racing then you have to get your hands on the one of the machines shown in the video.
Likewise, if you are a beginner and looking to get into the wonderful world of rc racing we recommend starting off with the brushless rc cars.
These may not be as fast as the nitro cars but they can still reach ridiculous speeds, are easier to run and are easier to maintain.
For any beginner looking to dive straight onto nitro rc cars be warned They are a labour of love and will cause you some pain along the way but we have to admit, there is no better smell than gasoline, oil and burning rubber.
Check out our range of hobby grade rc nitro cars here: http://www.modelraceway.co.uk/collections/rcnitrocars
Our next product view video will cover our brushless range of rc cars.
Find us on
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mrwracing
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mrwracing
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvXFiW_m9GgmwzftxOHj3Rw
Pinterest: https://uk.pinterest.com/mrwracing/
Website: http://www.modelraceway.co.uk/


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CERC: Making a Difference for Children and Their FamiliesEinstein's Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC) provides evaluation and treatment to children with developmental conditions. One of the largest centers of its kind, CERC provides diagnostic, therapeutic and related services to 8,000 children and families a year. Robert Marion, M.D., director of CERC, as well as patients and their parents describe the center's services and share success stories. (April 28, 2009)
Five Bronx Women: Mother-Advocates Who Changed the System
for Children and Adults with Developmental Disabilities (11:36)
for Children and Adults with Developmental Disabilities (11:36)


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quote:Originally posted by Blayne Bradley: get a Chinese girlfriend. Something tha I have been working on for quite a while now.
quote:Originally posted by Tatiana: I enjoyed this landmark very much! Have you read a book called Iron and Silk by Mark Salzman? It's a wonderful account of his time in China. I think you would love it.
quote:I love these stories like the chess players and the man in McDonalds.
quote:Originally posted by Earendil18: What's 2nd hardest? O.o
quote:Originally posted by The Pixiest: belle wa wrong is.japanese no structure wa very different is.gomen nasai
quote:Originally posted by Mucus: I wonder why Cantonese is easier than Mandarin for English speakers. From my experience, it is very much easier for Cantonese speakers to learn Mandarin than vice versa.
quote:How the descent of the Japanese people happened is not entirely clear, but it is clear that they were never 'simply Chinese folks who hopped across a pond'.
quote: I'd just hate to see every Japanese person speaking an artificially constrained language like that instead of using the full range of expression available to them through their linguistic heritage and adopted expressions (including the thousands of English words along with the hundreds of Portuguese words and thousands of Chinese and Korean words that have all become or are becoming part of Japanese over the last several thousand years).


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Tulowitzki, Gonzalez lead Rockies over Brewers
Milwaukee, WI – If the Colorado Rockies are going to contend this season, Troy Tulowitzki and Carlos Gonzalez need to lead the way.
They've done so thus far, at least through two games.
Tulowitzki and Gonzalez both homered for the second straight day and Walt Weiss earned his first win as manager in the Colorado Rockies' 8-4 win over the Milwaukee Brewers in the middle test of a three-game set.
Tulowitzki and Gonzalez had two RBI apiece for Colorado, which racked up 14 hits. Gonzalez also scored twice.
One time 16-game winner Jorge De La Rosa, who made just three starts late last season after undergoing Tommy John Surgery in 2011, surrendered four runs on five hits and three walks over 4 1/3 innings.
"I felt good, I was surprised they took me out because I only had 70-some pitches," De La Rosa said. "It's special to come back here because this is where I started."
Edgmer Escalona (1-0) tossed 1 2/3 frames of shutout ball to pick up the win, while Rafael Betancourt got the final out in the ninth for his first save of the year.
Ryan Braun cracked a two-run homer for the Brewers, who won the opener of this set 5-4 in 10 innings after John Axford blew a two-run lead in the ninth. Milwaukee recorded an MLB-high 29 blown saves a year ago.
After the Rockies pushed across two runs in the top half of the fifth to knot the score at 4-4, they added three more in the seventh to take the lead.
Michael Gonzalez (0-1) began the seventh for the Brewers and gave up a walk to Dexter Fowler, followed by singles by Josh Rutledge and Carlos Gonzalez to load the bases with none away.
Burke Badenhop came in from the bullpen and Tulowitzki lifted a sacrifice fly to center to plate Fowler for the go-ahead run. Base hits by Michael Cuddyer and Todd Helton brought home Rutledge and Gonzalez, respectively, to make it 7-4.
"What was really disappointing to me was walking the first batter," Gonzalez said. "That just kind of opened up the inning."
Colorado added an insurance run in the eighth on Rutledge's sacrifice fly to right field.
Earlier, Chris Nelson singled home Cuddyer in the second for the game's first run before the Brewers answered with two runs in the home half. Carlos Gomez ripped an RBI double down the left-field line before Marco Estrada helped his cause by lining a run-scoring single to right for a 2-1 Colorado advantage.
Tulowitzki's solo shot to left-center in the third tied the contest, but Braun's two-run opposite-field homer in the bottom half put Milwaukee back on top, 4-2.
Gonzalez launched a two-run shot to right-center in the fifth.
Game Notes
The Brewers' starter Estrada fanned eight, but surrendered four runs on nine hits over five innings ... Cuddyer had three hits ... Colorado was 5-for-11 with runners in scoring position.


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Interview: Behind the Scenes at Celestion
In this interview, North America sales manager and gigging guitarist Rick Skillman talks about his gear and some of the secrets behind Celestion and behind great tone.
August 15, 2013
Rick talks about the gear he uses (around 6.30 into the recording) and goes on to talk about his long involvement and career with Celestion.
Tune in to find out answers some of the questions you've always wanted to know about tonal differences and the characteristics of different Celestion guitar speakers; some of the history behind the products; and what terms like power handling really mean.


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BitDefender Internet Security 2010 has seen something of a change in focus from previous versions and is aimed more at the home user.
At this price you'll find a license for three machines and one year's worth of updates, which represents great value for money.
We found the installation and registration process quick, and the first sign of BitDefender switching emphasis to home use is the addition of BitDefender User Profiles, where a series of questions helps define your competency level. This works well as, depending on whether you're a novice or more experienced user, the interface will change to reflect this level of expertise.
Parental controls
If you're looking to protect laptops in the home where children will have access to them, the addition of new parental control tools will certainly appeal. These tools allow you to restrict access, set user times and generally keep an eye on the sites and applications your children are accessing.
These tools can often be heavy on system resources, but we found this not to be the case here, and BitDefender integrated the tools quite seamlessly.
What you won't find in BitDefender Internet Security 2010 are any back-up or fine-tuning tools. You will need to opt for BitDefender Total Security 2010, which ships with the same security engine, but adds a host of system improvement tools. You will also find Gamer Mode, which works the same way as in the Kaspersky product below.
BitDefender claims the major improvement with this latest version is one of speed, with a claimed 30 per cent boost in scanning speed. We found it very fast and there was no real impact on performance, allowing us to carry on working while it ran in the background.
BitDefender Internet Security 2010 is fast, easy to use and also has price on its side, making it one of the most cost-effective solutions out there.
Follow TechRadar Reviews on Twitter: http://twitter.com/techradarreview
- Also check out the best antivirus


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New 'Baby Daddy' Tonight!
Matt Dallas gets sized up by Derek Theler in this new still from Baby Daddy.
In "There's Something Fitchy Going On," Ben (Jean-Luc Bilodeau) discovers a shocking secret about Riley's (Chelsea Kane) new beau, Fitch (Dallas), and tries to warn her.
Meanwhile, Bonnie (Melissa Peterman) accidentally sends a revealing message from Danny (Theler) to Riley's cell phone; things heat up between Danny and his new model girlfriend, Milena, and Tucker (Tahj Mowry) pounces on an opportunity to shine with his boss, Chase (Wayne Brady).
"There's Something Fitchy Going On" airs TONIGHT, Wednesday, June 5th @8:30PM ET/PT on ABC Family. 20+ pics inside…
Posted to: Baby Daddy, Chelsea Kane, Derek Theler, Jean-Luc Bilodeau, Matt Dallas, Tahj Mowry


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Design : Barber Shop
Style : Street Wear
Collar : Hoodie
Sleeve : Long
Color : Multi
Size : S, M, L, XL, XXL, 3XL, 4XL, 5XL
Condition : Brand New
Material : Mix Cotton
- Pictures shown are of the exact product.
- Thick material.
- Each hoodie will be delivered to you in a bubble wary for maximum protection during shipment.
Additional Information
- Brand new hoodie
- Pictures is of the exact product
- We guarantee you the highest quality possible
|Item As Described
|Shipping Time


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In the society, there are many pros and contras about having life insurance as one of the pillars of your personal finances. It is okay to rely on life protection since you don't know if you will live longer and you can't provide any income for your family members. The main reason why many people get this protection is because they don't want their whole family will be suffering if you are not with them anymore and none of your family have a job.
Why Do You Need To Choose Life Insurance?
Before thinking the negativity about this insurance, you have to know the facts of this life protection for your personal finance and the sake of your family as the following:
• You need protection if your family members count on you financially
Life protection is designed as the foundation of your finance. If your families rely on your finance or it means you are the one who work in your family, you need this life protection. Also, if you have children which are dependant on you, you have to work harder in order to fulfill their needs together. Most of the independent workers who work for their families have protection because you might not know what will happen in the future. Perhaps, you can get into accident and you die because of it. If this moment happens, your family will be in trouble to survive without you.
• It is not only exchanging your life with money
Perhaps the only thing you can remember from this protection is you will get compensation on behalf of the insured people if they die. Basically, the work of this protection is just like that but you may not realize that it will cover all your expenses, debts and other needs you need to pay. If the insured people get the accidental death, it is a big loss for the family because you might leave the financial burdens and they don't know if they have to deal with your burdens.
Hope these facts may help you in considering choosing life insurance in order to give you better and peaceful life without worry about unexpected things in the future.


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|Palo Alto
|High School:
|Palo Alto
|Previous College:
High school: Lettered in baseball three years under head coach Erick Raich at Palo Alto High School … as a senior captain he started in all games … lead the team to it's 3rd consecutive SCVAL League title … named 2nd Team All-Santa Clara Valley Athletic League … team Ranked 1st in California for D2 schools and 40th for D1 ...As a junior Jack started in all games … helped lead Vikings to a SCVAL league title ... helped lead Vikings to the Central Coast Section Championship title … team ranked 25th in California by MaxPreps … Palo Alto Weekly athlete of the week, March 18th, 2011.
2013: As a freshman playing for CMS Jack started in 36 of 37 games for the STAGS… in conference, he co-led the team in triples (1) …co-led the team in doubles (9) …second in slugging percentage (.417) …second in homeruns (2) …second in runs scored (18) …second in total bases (45) …second in extra-base hits (12) …committed 3 errors in 155 total chances for a .981 fielding percentage.
Personal: Jack was born and raised in Palo Alto, Ca …is the son of Mike and Sharon Witte …has two siblings, Kristen and Scott …Kristen graduated from Bucknell University …Scott is a senior at CMC and plays shortstop for the Stags …Jack is an Economics—Psychology dual major at CMC.


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Merry Go Round Book Caddy
What would summer be without trips to the library? But we noticed that our kids' library books have a tendency to wander around the house and get mixed in with books we own. We came up with this DIY book caddy for a fun solution to keeping the library books separate. We also think it's a great way to display favorite books that are in heavy rotation (no pun intended).
• wooden lazy susan
• 4 ft of 1/4" PVC pipe
• 10 1/4" PVC end caps
• 10 1/4" PVC 90 degree elbows
• acrylic paint in various colors
• water based polyurethane
• silver spray paint for plastic
• PVC cement (optional)
• 10 screws
Step 1
Cut the PVC pipe into 15 pieces that are each 3 inches in length. PVC is very easy to cut with a handsaw, but a power saw is much faster. We used the tan pipes that are made for hot and cold water because they are narrower than the white 1/4" pipe.
Step 2
Put the pieces together as shown in the picture to form 5 little handrails. Don't glue them together because you'll be taking them apart later. Spray paint the handrails with spray paint intended for use on plastic.
Step 3
Paint your lazy susan with acrylic paints. If you are using a new or thrifted one, you will need to scuff the surface with fine sandpaper so the paint will adhere. We actually made ours with a pre-cut unfinished wood circle and a lazy susan gear. Seal with a coat of water based polyurethane. Let dry.
Step 4
Set one handrail onto the lazy susan where you want it to be attached. Lift the upper pieces off while leaving the endcaps sitting on the lazy susan. Drill a small hole into the center of each endcap and into the wood. Drive a screw into the hole. Make sure your screws are not too long. You don't want them to poke down onto the bottom of the lazy susan and impede the turning action. Repeat for all the handrails.
Step 5
If you want to, you can glue the handrail structure together before attaching it to the endcaps. This is optional. We just popped ours into place, and it fits really tightly. If you are concerned about your kids pulling the handrails off, you can purchase some PVC cement or plastic adhesive and follow the manufacturers directions.
You're done! Great job!
(Images: Katie Steuernagle)


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|The Paper Iris
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Do you have Earth Day photos to scrap? Do you want to memorialize your contribution in taking care of our planet? We have the template set for you!
This is a set of three 24 in by 12 in double page templates. The set has space for up to 25 of your precious pictures! Each template also includes a guide for placing your title and journaling to make creating a layout as simple and quick as possible! Happy Scrapping!
*This is not an ebook, but a Photoshop template set. The set contains three 24 in by 12 in photoshop templates. In total the templates contain space for up to 20 photos.
***BONUS: Using Photoshop Templates, A Tutorial:
Do you have pictures sitting on your memory card, just waiting to be loved? Do you want to scrapbook, but find it time consuming and tedious? Here's your solution! All you need is a computer with a version of Adobe Photoshop(Elements, Photoshop, or Creative Suite), a digital page kit, and a Paper Iris Template, and you can have a layout done in just a few minutes! This tutorial offers click-by-click detailed instructions to teach you how to turn a Photoshop template into a lovely scrapbook layout.
Pages: 25 Photographs: 40
*Note: These are downloadable templates with instructions. Since it is a download, you will receive this by email and it will also be located in the "My Library" section of your user account immediately after purchase.
The copyrights for all contents within this zip file belong to Lesli Gibbs AKA The Paper Iris. Each THE PAPER IRIS template is 12 inches by 12 inches (Double pages are 24 inches by 12 inches) and created at 300DPI.These files are for use on one computer only. They may be shared within a family using the same computer, but not transfered to another computer or shared via the internet. Copies of these files are not to be made for anything other than backup. These template files are for personal use and limited commercial use. With these files you may:
1. Create layouts for your own use.
2. Create layouts as a gift for others.
3. Create layouts in a scrap for others business when the following conditions are fulfilled: a. You credit THE PAPER IRIS and include the website:www.thepaperiris.blogspot.com somewhere in the final files you send your
customer. b. You pass on only flattened JPEG files. The original template files are not to be transmitted in any form. c. You must purchase a template set from THE PAPER IRIS for each customer you use these for.4. Submit your scrapbook layouts using these templates to online or print publications so long as credit is given to THE PAPER IRIS and the website is included www.thepaperiris.blogspot.com
You may not:
1. You may not use any graphic(s) from this zip file to create obscene, defamatory, or immoral works. Nor is it permitted to use content (graphic(s)) for any other purpose which is prohibited by law.2. Resell, sublicense or otherwise make
available the graphic(s) for use or distribution separately or in a format designed or intended for permanent storage or re-use by others.
Note: www.YouCanMakeThis.com provides this copyright & terms of use policy review as a courtesy to our site users and eBook authors. The copyright policy applies to the associated eBook and is specified and owned by the individual eBook author.
Note: www.YouCanMakeThis.com provides this copyright & terms of use policy review as a courtesy to our site users and eBook authors. The copyright policy applies to the associated eBook and is specified and owned by the individual eBook author.


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IT Management Slideshow: Enterprise CIO Priorities: All About The Business
By Don Reisinger | Posted 03-07-2011
Business objectives, rather than the latest and greatest solutions, are driving tech decisions made by CIOs and CTOs, according to a report from Yankee Group. The research firm surveyed 100 CIOs and CTOs in enterprises ranging in size from 500 to 10,000 employees. The vast majority of respondents rank "improving customer experience" as their No. 1 corporate goal, according to the "2010 CIO FastView Survey: CIOs Make Business the Priority," released March 1, 2011.
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