text:
Choose Display Currency
Kingsgate Sweater
Pattern Type: Knit
Difficulty Level: Intermediate
Sizes Included: XS - 30" Bust, S - 34" Bust, M - 38" Bust, L - 42" Bust, XL - 46" Bust
Yarn Lines: Gloss DK Yarn
Yardage: 1000 - 1400
Needles/Hooks Suggested: Size 6 (4.0mm): 24" and 32" circulars
Fiber Type: Wool & Blends
Weight: DK
I'm a self-taught knitter. So, when trying to redesign ageneral sweater from Jacqueline Fee's The SweaterWorkshop to be worked top down, I didn't know thatone couldn't start with the neckband.
This fitted raglan is worked from the top down, startingwith a garter-stitch neckband. It has a scoop neck andfull-length sleeves. Increases for the raglan shaping aremade on either side of a 3 stitch raglan "seam".
The sweater is named after Kingsgate Bay, one of myfavorite places to walk to for the couple years we livedin Kent. Kingsgate is named for King Charles II (and theRestoration of the Monarchy).
Erratum: Row 2 (on page 2) -- ?sm, p to beginning of round marker, sm? should just be ?sm?.
To view this content please ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 10.0.0 or greater is installed.
Or you may use the classic version of the Kit Builder instead.
- Need Needles?


text: Restorative justice (RJ) is often associated with mediation and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). I was reminded of this at the Conference of the European Forum for Restorative Justice in Bilbao, Spain, this spring. Victim offender "mediation" was the practice most commonly mentioned and the lines between ADR and restorative justice often seemed unclear. Confusion about… Read more »

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- No arrests in downtown Mpls. shooting that wounded three
- Brooklyn Park Police search head stabbing suspect
- California wildfire burns camp used by Minneapolis non-profit
- Proposed streetcar line connecting St. Paul to the airport and MoA advancing quickly
- Sheriff not giving up hope in finding Jayme Closs alive
- Saint Paul bumps pay to $15 minimum wage, not everyone happy
- Will a New Minimum Wage Hurt St. Paul Restaurants?
- St. Paul's Rivercentre parking ramp reopens
- 'Hutch' focused on assuming role as Hennepin County sheriff
- Thank you, from WCCO!
- California wildfire burns camp used by Minneapolis non-profit
- Migrant caravan groups arrive by hundreds at US border
- Congress bound, Minnesota's Ilhan Omar enjoys another first
- Migrant caravan demands transport as 2nd group enters Mexico
- As political strain grows, pipe bombs target Democrats, CNN
- Massive group of volunteers searches for clues in Jayme Closs disappearance
- Caravan migrants break Guatemala border fence, rush Mexico
- Bono resigns as USA Gymnastics president after 4 days
- Housley fires back after article reveals she compared Michelle Obama to a chimp in 2009 Facebook post
- White house reportedly rattled by Haley resignation
On Air Now
Minneapolis, MN VIEW FULL FORECAST
Amazon Scam
There is currently no content classified with this term.


text:
Historical Developments from Middle to Early New Indo-Aryan
Summary and Keywords
While in phonology Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) dialects preserved the phonological system of Old Indo-Aryan (OIA) virtually intact, their morphosyntax underwent far-reaching changes, which altered fundamentally the synthetic morphology of earlier Prākrits in the direction of the analytic typology of New Indo-Aryan (NIA). Speaking holistically, the "accusative alignment" of OIA (Vedic Sanskrit) was restructured as an "ergative alignment" in Western IA languages, and it is precisely during the Late MIA period (ca. 5th–12th centuries ce) when we can observe these matters in statu nascendi. There is copious literature on the origin of the ergative construction: passive-to-ergative reanalysis; the ergative hypothesis, i.e., that the passive construction of OIA was already ergative; and a compromise stance that neither the former nor the latter approach is fully adequate. In the spirit of the complementary view of these matters, more attention has to be paid to various pathways in which typological changes operated over different kinds of nominal, pronominal and verbal constituents during the crucial MIA period.
(a) We shall start with the restructuring of the nominal case system in terms of the reduction of the number of cases from seven to four. This phonologically motivated process resulted ultimately in the rise of the binary distinction of the "absolutive" versus "oblique" case at the end of the MIA period). (b) The crucial role of animacy in the restructuring of the pronominal system and the rise of the "double-oblique" system in Ardha-Māgadhī and Western Apabhramśa will be explicated. (c) In the verbal system we witness complete remodeling of the aspectual system as a consequence of the loss of earlier synthetic forms expressing the perfective (Aorist) and "retrospective" (Perfect) aspect. Early Prākrits (Pāli) preserved their sigmatic Aorists (and the sigmatic Future) until late MIA centuries, while on the Iranian side the loss of the "sigmatic" aorist was accelerated in Middle Persian by the "weakening" of s > h > Ø. (d) The development and the establishment of "ergative alignment" at the end of the MIA period will be presented as a consequence of the above typological changes: the rise of the "absolutive" vs. "oblique" case system; the loss of the finite morphology of the perfective and retrospective aspect; and the recreation of the aspectual contrast of perfectivity by means of quasinominal (participial) forms. (e) Concurrently with the development toward the analyticity in grammatical aspect, we witness the evolution of lexical aspect (Aktionsart) ushering in the florescence of "serial" verbs in New Indo-Aryan.
On the whole, a contingency view of alignment considers the increase in ergativity as a by-product of the restoration of the OIA aspectual triad: Imperfective–Perfective–Perfect (in morphological terms Present–Aorist–Perfect). The NIA Perfective and Perfect are aligned ergatively, while their finite OIA ancestors (Aorist and Perfect) were aligned accusatively. Detailed linguistic analysis of Middle Indo-Aryan texts offers us a unique opportunity for a deeper comprehension of the formative period of the NIA state of affairs.
Keywords: nominal system, phrasal case, pronominal system, lexical aspect, grammatical aspect, tense, ergative alignment, Middle Indo-Aryan
The Indo-European phylum consists of twelve families of languages (Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Greek, Anatolian, Armenian, Indo-Aryan, Iranian and Tocharian). The Ancient language of India is known to us through its old texts called Vedas (Sanskrit veda 'knowledge'), the sacred writings of the Hindu religion. Its later stage is referred to as Classical Sanskrit, a language of an enormous literary output (religious, scientific, poetry, drama) written during the 1st millennium bce and continued during the medieval period. The Iranian languages are closely related to the Indo-Aryan languages in their grammar and lexicon (their earlier common stage is called Indo-Iranian).The earliest literary documents of the Iranian family came down to us in the form of Avestan, the liturgical language of the religion founded by Zarathustra (ca. 900 bce). Its later stage is known to us through the cuneiform inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings (6th–4th c. bce). The Middle Iranian period is documented by several extinct languages (Parthian, Middle Persian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian). The New Iranian languages – Farsi, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi and others – arose after the Arab conquests of the Iranian regions (beginning in the 7th c. ce).
1. Middle Indo-Aryan Period
The Middle Indo-Aryan period comprises all the varieties, called Prākrit 'dialects'/'languages' (< prākrta 'vernacular language' as opposed to Sanskrit < saṁskrta 'cultivated language'). They were used in an oral and literary form from the middle of the 1st millennium bc down to the 11th and 12th centuries ce. Its early period is represented by inscriptions and in literature by Pāli (4th century bce–2nd century ce); its middle period by various Prākrits (Māhārāṣṭrī, the language of the lyric poetry; the stage Prākrits of Sanskrit drama; Ardha-Māgadhī, the dialect of the Jain Canon; Jain-Māhārāṣṭrī and Jain-Śaurasenī in post-canonic writings; and Paiśācī, known from the statements by grammarians). Several Late MIA varieties, referred to by the pejorative term Apabhraṁśa ("vulgar dialect") were in use between the 5th and 12th centuries ce. They are known to us from the Jain poetic works (virtually no prose works came down to us).
There are two comprehensive comparative grammars of MIA. The earlier was published in the Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde by Pischel in 1900 (since 1965 it has been available in Jha's English translation). The other, A Comparative Grammar of Middle Indo-Aryan, was written and published in India by Sukumar Sen (1960). Both works are valuable for data on phonetics/phonology and morphology of MIA dialects. In 1953, Sen published a long article entitled "Historical Syntax of Middle Indo-Aryan." In 1934 Bloch's masterpiece Indo-Aryan from the Vedas to Modern Times appeared. His introduction of the diachronic dimension into Indo-Aryan studies set up an example for the studies of individual New Indo-Aryan languages on historical principles in India. Bloch viewed the MIA period only as a transitional stage between OIA and NIA and did not try to elaborate on MIA dialects systematically in terms of their morphology and syntax. In the meantime, Indian scholars devoted their energy to the editing of Prākrit and Apabhraṁśa manuscripts, whose editions usually contain useful grammatical sketches and lexica. A number of linguistic analyses dealing with MIA phonology, morphology, semantics, and various literary problems were written during the previous decades by both Indian and Western scholars, but, on the whole, syntactic matters of MIA were seriously neglected (Bender's 1969 bibliography of MIA studies lists 147 titles but only one devoted to syntax). Singh's Syntax of Apabhraṁśa (1980) contains a wealth of morphological and syntactic data from the final stages of MIA but does not offer any theoretical framework for their evaluation. In 1982 Misra and Misra published a historical grammar of Ardha-Māgadhī, and in 1989 Bhayani published a short study of Apabhraṁśa. In the 1990s, Bubenik attempted to synthesize the previous research in phonology, morphology, and syntax in the monograph The Structural Development of Middle Indo-Aryan Dialects (1996). Another Bubenik monograph, A Historical Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan (1998), exploring the issues of the restructuring of the nominal and pronominal systems, the evolution of the grammatical and lexical aspect, the emergence and development of the ergative construction, and the scope of the causative, was designed to fill in the gap of MIA syntactic studies.
During the past few decades a number of articles addressing the fundamental typological issue of "ergativity" and "alignment" in New Indo-Aryan languages in terms of their synchronic and diachronic perspective have been written, mainly by Western scholars. Most recently, there has been a surge of interest in the origin and development of the ergative alignment in IA, which crystallized in the Late MIA and Early NIA periods (see Bubenik, 2016). The present essay is meant to synthesize my and other scholars' salient findings in this demanding field of inquiry.
Innovative features during the Late MIA period—measured against the earlier stage of conservative Prākrits—usher in the Early New Indo-Aryan state of affairs. While in phonology Apabhraṁśa preserved the Prākrit phonological system virtually intact, morphology and morphosyntax underwent far-reaching changes that altered fundamentally the synthetic morphology of earlier Prākrits in the direction of the analytic typology of NIA. We will study these changes in the following sections:
Section 2: Restructuring of the nominal system and the evolution of the phrasal case
Section 3: Restructuring of the pronominal system
Section 4: Complete remodeling of the aspectual system as a result of the loss of earlier synthetic forms expressing the past tense; evolution of lexical aspect (Aktionsart) leading to the florescence of "serial" verbs as known from NIA
Section 5: The coexistence of the old synthetic and the new analytic passive
Section 6: The development and the establishment of the ergative construction during the Late MIA period.
2. Restructuring of the Nominal System and the Evolution of the Phrasal Case
The nominal system of Old Indo-Aryan underwent a gradual erosion of case contrasts during its long MIA period of one and half millennia (5th century bce–10/11th century ce.) At the end of this long period Apbhraṁśa ended up with only one form for earlier Nom vs. Acc, Instr vs. Loc, and Gen vs. Abl. Table 1 puts these matters into the diachronic perspective of Old (Sanskrit) and Middle IA (Old and Middle Prākrits represented by Pāli and Ardha-Māgadhī).
Table 1. The Nominal System (a-Stems) of Old and Middle Indo-Aryan
Old Prākrits
Middle Prākrits
Late Prākrits
Sg Nom
-assa, -āya
-aho, -ahu
-ahe, -ahu
By the end of the MIA period the seven fusional cases of OIA were reduced to four: Nom/Acc –u, Instr –eṁ, Dat/Gen/Abl –aho/-ahu, and Loc –i/e: in more general terms Direct versus Oblique cases. As a consequence of phonological changes, the polysemous morphology of oblique cases became insufficient to express the notions of spatial removal (Ablative), possession (Genitive), reference (Dative), and location (Locative).
In early MIA the distinct ablative suffix –āt lost its –t, but its homophony with the Nom Pl was prevented by the adoption of the pronominal suffix –asmā in Pāli (< OIA t–asmāt 'from him'): OIA putr-āt 'from the boy' > Pāli putt-asmā. Another replacement for the ablative suffix was the derivational suffix –to ( < OIA –tas), which was continued in the form –āo in AMg. The source of the ablative suffix –he in Apabhraṁśa is uncertain (the OIA feminine pronominal form t-asyai 'to her' ended up as tahe 'from her' in Ap).
In the possessive construction the nominal or pronominal possessor stands before the possessed (the head of the construction): OIA putr-asya grhaṁ 'the son's house', tasya grhaṁ 'his house' > Pāli putt-assa gharaṁ, tassa gharaṁ. In OIA and Middle MIA agreement with the possessed object was not shown on the pronominal possessor. This state of affairs changed fundamentally when Apabhraṁśa introduced two genitival postpositions, kera and tana, in that they display full adjectival agreement with the possessed object:
At that point Apabhraṁśa reached the NIA state of affairs. In Hindi the genitival postposition is=kā bhāī his=GEN/M brother 'his brother' displays adjectival agreement with the possessed. In historical retrospective in Hindi the genitival postposition preserved its adjectival characteristics (agreement in gender and number), and the Apabhraṁśa stage shows how it happened. The adjectival form kera (allegedly from the gerundive kārya 'to be done, made') was cliticized to the pronoun and underwent some phonological erosion. Precious evidence comes from the westernmost Indo-Aryan variety, European Romani, which preserved essentially the late MIA state of affairs in not showing any phonetic attrition of the original adjectival postposition: les=ker-o phral his=GEN/M brother 'his brother'. Romani also preserved the distinction of gender on the possessor which was lost in Hindi. Here are the other forms:
Some other IA languages have also preserved distinction of gender on the 3rd Pers personal pronouns (e.g., Marathi tyā-cā mulgā 'his son', tī-cā mulgā 'her son').
The notion of reference (tādarthya) could be expressed by a number of postpositions (enumerated by Hemacandra in his Prākrit grammar of the 12th century): kehiṁ, kesiṁ, resi, resiṁ, and taṇeṇa. The form kehiṁ (< Instr M Pl form of ka 'who') corresponds to Hindi lie 'for (the sake of)'
The notion of spatial and temporal location was expressed by the locative in OIA as in grh-e 'in the house'. Given the phonetic attrition of the case morphology in MIA it became necessary to use the adverb majjhe/i 'inside' (< OIA madhy-e 'in the middle') with the depending noun in the genitive: ghar-aho majjhe ~ majjhe ghar-aho 'in the house'; subsequently, the adverb majjhe/i 'inside' was grammaticalized as the postposition meṁ in NIA: ghar=meṁ in the house'.
The notions of accompaniment and instrumentality were expressd by the postpositions/prepositions samau/samāṇu (< OIA adverb samānam 'jointly') sahũ/sahu/sau (continuing OIA postposition saha 'with' < adverb saha 'jointly') with the noun in the instrumental:
3. Restructuring of the Pronominal System and the Rise of "Double-Oblique" Alignment
The pronominal subsystem of the third person remained practically unchanged during the whole MIA period, as can be seen in Table 2 (only the singular forms of 'he, that' are shown).
Table 2. The Pronominal Subsystem (3rd Sg) of Old and Middle Indo-Aryan
Sg Nom
so (sa)
so, se
so, su
teṇa, teṁ, tiṁ
tasmā, tamhā
tasmiṁ, tamhi
taṁsi, tammi
At the end of the MIA period the pronominal subsystem of the first and second person (participants in discourse) reduced the six distinct pronominal forms of earlier MIA to four: Nom vs. Acc/Instr vs. Abl/Gen (in Sg), and Nom/Acc vs. Instr vs. Abl/Gen vs. Loc (in Pl). In semantic terms, both subsystems differentiate between the agent/subject and patient; the notions of spatial removal and appurtenance are syncretized (Abl/Gen); and there was the general locative case. A salient feature of the Western Ap system (as described by Hemacandra in his Prakrit grammar of the 12th century ce) was the existence of the morphological syncretism of the Acc Sg and the Instr Sg mai(ṁ) 'I' and pai(ṁ)/tai(ṁ) 'you'. In merging the locative maiṁ with Acc/Instr, Western Apabhraṁśa created a new typology of direct vs. oblique forms (anticipating the NIA state of affairs). In (3) the state of affairs in early Prakrits (Pāli) is contrasted with that found in Western Ap:
This unusual distribution of pronominal forms in (3), called "double-oblique" alignment (see Harris & Campbell, 1995, p. 240), did not exist in OIA. As far as I can tell it made its first appearance in the Ardha-Māgadhī texts of the 4th–3rd centuries bce. Its appearance in the AMg pronominal system was an extension of the situation that already existed in the system of pronominal clitics in OIA. The conservative Prākrit dialects preserved the OIA accusative forms maṁ and tvaṁ (> taṁ in Pāli), but AMg started using the universal clitic forms me and te instead. Here are some salient AMg examples (after Bubenik, 1998, p. 89):
The earliest pieces of evidence for the double-oblique alignment with orthotonic (non-clitic) pronominal forms in Apabhraṁśa are found in Kālidāsa's Vikramorvaśīya of the 5th century ce (assuming that the Apabhraṁśa songs in the Fourth Act are genuine). Here the same pronominal form paiṁ encodes both the agent in the passive construction (in the past) and the object in the active construction (in the present):
The double-oblique system with full pronouns is amply documented in the Jain texts composed in Western and Southern Apabhraṁśa during the 10th to 12th centuries.
In the westernmost periphery of India, the double oblique alignment survived in modern Sindhi and Lahnda. In Grierson's description of Sindhī (1919) there is a set of pronominal suffixes that may express the possessor with nouns (piu=me 'my father'), the agent (in ergative tenses), and the object (in non-ergative tenses):
Nowadays the use of pronominal clitics of the first and second person has become obsolete (see Bubenik, 2016).
4. Evolution of Grammatical and Lexical Aspect
4.1. Grammatical Aspect
During the MIA period we witness the gradual loss of the synthetic morphology of OIA aspectual and tense forms. Pāli syncretized the aorist and the imperfect into a single past tense form called usually "aorist/preterit." Mayrhofer (1951, p. 153) presents it as a category consisting of four conjugations which continue the root, thematic, sigmatic, and iș-aorists of OIA: ahū 'he was' (< a-bhūt); agama 'he went' (< (a-gama-at); assossi 'he heard' (< (a-śrau-ṣ-īt); and agam-is-aṁ 'I went'. Their ancestral imperfects are seen in forms such as abravi/ī 'he spoke' (< a-brav-īt) and agacchi 'he went' (< a-gacchat). In Ardha-Māgadhī and Māhārāṣṭrī we witness a complete loss of the finite morphology of the aorist/preterit and its replacement by the passive/ergative construction based on the PP with the agent expressed by the instrumental: Pāli mayā kataṁ 'it was done by me' ~ 'I did (it)' and Mah mae kaaṁ, Ap maiṁ kiu 'I did (it)'. The present and sigmatic future survived much longer: Pāli karomi 'I do'; karissāmi 'I will do'; Mah karemi, karissaṁ; and Ap karauṁ, kare/isami ~ karihimi. Both forms are still found in NIA: Hindi subjunctive karuṁ continues Apabhraṁśa karauṁ; the sigmatic future predominated in Southern Apabhraṁśa ( > Marathi); in Western Ap both types existed (in NIA the s-future is found in Gujarati and Lahnda, the h-future (< -s-) in Marwari, Braj, Awadhi, and Bundeli).
The rise of analytic formations in both the Imperfective and Perfect(ive) categories was the main morphosyntactic innovation during the MIA period. At its end the Late MIA aspectual system presents periphrastic counterparts to the Imperfective (Present, Imperfect) and Perfect (Perfect, Pluperfect) categories, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. The Rise of the Late MIA Aspectual System
akarot (Imperfect)
akārṣat (Aorist)
acakrat (Pluperfect)
tena kataṁ
kar-antu acch-ai
ki-u acch-ai
kar-antu acchi-u
ki-u acchi-u ~ ṭhi-iu
In Pāli the imperfective aspect in the present and the past could be realized by combining the present participle of the main verb with the verb tiṣṭh-ati 'stand' or vicar-ati 'walk':
The continuous action in the future may be expressed by combining the gerundive or the PP with the copula in the future tense: 'tapo car-itabbo (GERUNDIVE) bhav-issati (FUT) 'he will be doing penance'. Habituality may be expressed by combining the gerund (absolutive) with the verb vat-ati 'become' (< OIA vart-ate 'turn; remain; exist');
These rare formations were employed to express finer nuances of the imperfective aspect (continuous/progressive and habitual). During the MIA period they were continued, further developed, and grammaticalized in the following fashion in Apabhraṁśa:
The progressive aspect could also be expressed by the present participle in its gerundial (absolutive) function:
A remarkable innovation of Apabhraṁśa is the imperfective passive participle formed by the suffix –anta (Pres Part) from the passive stem in –ijj, e.g., k-ijj-anta 'being made' (replacing OIA kr-iya-māṇa):
The form hamm-antu 'being killed' (< han-y-ant) is opaque; the contrast between the active participle 'killing' and the imperfective passive participle was apparently not particularly viable (compare han-antu 'killing' with hamm-antu 'being killed') and the latter form was discontinued in Early NIA.
4.2. Lexical Aspect
Apabhraṁśa data contain examples of verbal compounds expressing several Aktionsart (lexical aspect) categories. As in NIA languages, they are composites of main verbs with one of a small number of "auxiliary" verbs. Cross-linguistically, the lexical meaning of the auxiliary has been grammaticalized toward various actional notions such as inception and completion of the event expressed by the main verb, its continuity, its resumption, its subitaneity (suddenness), and others. New Indo-Aryan languages offer some of the most studied examples of these "serial" verbs (see Hook, 1974; Nespital, 1997). Compared with NIA, languages that compound either the oblique infinitival form (of the Hindi type bol-ne lag-nā speak.INF/OBL be-attached.INF 'begin to speak') or the bare verbal roots with the auxiliaries (of the Hindi type ro uṭh-nā cry rise.INF 'burst into tears'), we find an earlier state of affairs in Ap. Here the main verb may be realized by one of the quasinominal forms: the gerund (-vi, -viṇu, -eppi, -eppiṇu), the infinitive (-aṇahaṁ, -ahuṁ), or the gerundive (-ev(v)ae).
Our Apabhraṁśa data allow us to identify two exponents of the notions of inception and completion, expressed by the Aktionsart auxiliaries, namely lag(g)- 'begin' (as a lexical verb lag-nā means 'seem, appear', 'be attached' in Hindi) and jā- 'go' (< OIA yā-). The inceptive auxiliary may combine with any of the quasinominal forms of the main verb, i.e., gerund, infinitive, or gerundive. Apabhraṁśa examples of all the three available combinations (from Svayaṁbhūdeva's Paumacariu of ca. 700 ce) are provided in (13):
The completive/resultative auxiliary jā 'go' stresses the fact that an action is completed or carried through as a process (see Mc Gregor, 1977, p. 99, regarding Hindi jā-). While Hindi jā- is suppletive in forming the PP gayā (< OIA ga-ta 'gone' belonging to another root gam-), the Apabhraṁśa form jā-u contninues the OIA PP yā-ta 'gone'.
Thus a typical completive event such as 'he (has) died', vah mar gayā in Hindi, would be realized as jā-u mu-u in Apabhraṁśa:
The other auxiliary, ga-u go+PP 'gone', is used as the marker of the passive voice (ushering the 'go'-passive of NIA languages):
The PP ga-u is common with intransitive verbs, but there are also instances of the collocations with transitive verbs such as le- take':
There is some evidence in our Apabhraṁśa data that the notions of version and ablation could be expressed by the auxiliaries le- 'take' (also nī- 'take') and de- 'give'. The auxiliary le- 'take', heralding the NIA state of affairs, has a general reflexive (selfbenefactive) sense. Functionally, it may be understood as the OIA mediopassive, which was lost in MIA (Pāli kariyati/kayirati and Ap karijjai continue the OIA finite passive kri-ya-te). This loss was compensated for by the grammaticalization of lexical verbs 'take' and 'give':
These (rare) examples should be distinguished from numerous instances of the compound verbs consisting of de- as a fully meaningful lexical verb 'give' combined with nouns such as 'command', 'fight', etc. to yield compound verbs 'to command', 'to fight', etc. The most numerous are the compound verbs consisting of kar 'make' and nouns. There are quite a few doublets, such as jujjhu kar- ~ jujjhu de- 'to fight', rakkhaṇu kar- ~ rakkhanṇu de- 'to protect', etc.
5. The Old Synthetic and the New Analytic Passive
The MIA passive in –ijja- continues the OIA passive in –ya-, e.g., kri-ya-te 'is made' > Pāli kari-ya-ti (with metathesis kayirati) > Ap kar-ijja-i; drś-ya-te 'is seen' > Pāli dissai; dī-ya-te 'is given' > dī-ya-ti; uh-ya-te 'is carried' > vuyhati (root vah-). The passive may be used not only in assertions but also in modalized statements to express demands and deontic modality; it is also used in expressions of ability and cohortation (referring to the first person).
Unlike in OIA (kri-ya-te Present vs. a-kri-ya-ta Imperfect), only the present tense forms are available in Apabhraṁśa. The future tense forms (k-ijji-hi-i 'it will be done') are isolated, and their OIA ancestry is doubtful.
The use of the passive in modal contexts of dialogues can be understood as an option left to the speaker of not expressing the addressee as the subject (in the second person), or, positively, as the option of expressing the object of the action as the subject:
(19.b) can be classified as a demand whose addressee is not necessarily the interlocutor as is the case of the command in (19.a). The potential performer of (19.b) can be any other third person (lit. 'may the penitence be practiced by whoever'). The generic performer brings us into the domain of deontic modality, whose chief exponent in OIA was the gerundive. With the recategorization of the gerundive as the infinitive in late MIA, it became possible to use the finite passive in its stead:
The form kar-ijja-hu corresponds to the OIA imperative kri-ya-tām (or rather *kri-ya-tu with the suffix of the active imperative). The above deontic statement could be expressed in two ways in Sanskrit either by the gerundive idaṁ karman kar-tavy-am or by the passive "imperative" idaṁ karman kri-ya-tām 'may this deed be done by whoever'. Because of the recategorization of the gerundive in late MIA, the passive 'imperative' in (20) would be ambiguous between a deontic statement and a demand. The latter interpretation became appropriate when the addressee was expressed by the personal pronoun, as in (21):
(Another spelling of the same passage, dijjau, goes back to *dī-ya-tu, with the suffix of the active 'imperative' versus the OIA mediopassive form dī-ya-tām).
The irregular active imperatives of Hindi (kīj-ie 'do', līj-ie 'take', dīj-ie 'give, pīj-ie 'drink') go all the way back to the OIA passive 'imperatives' in the third person:
The finite passive may be used in various modal meanings such as abilitative and cohortative:
The form vaṇ-ijja-i goes back to an earlier indicative *varṇa-ya-te 'it is depicted/described' used as an impersonal construction (see Latin Quo modo describitur X?)
The source of the form gammau is the 3rd Sg mediopassive imperative gam-ya-tu (see OIA gam-ya-tām) used impersonally (see Russian idët=sya). In Sanskrit it was possible to express the subject by the instrumental form gam-ya-tām asmābhiḥ'let us go' (lit. may it be gone by us).
A remarkable innovation of MIA was the rebuilding of the OIA imperfective passive participle kri-ya-māna 'being made' by means of the active suffix –ant (see OIA kurv-ant- 'making') > k-ijj-anta 'being made'. Its extensive usage in the absolute constructions in late MIA texts (such as Svayaṁbhūdeva's Paumacariu of ca. 700 ce) are probably sanskritisms (see Bubenik, 1998, p. 202).
Constructions with the PP and the auxiliary 'be' (=mhi 'I am', =si 'you are', atthi 's/he is', āsi 's/he was') may be interpreted passively or ergatively (i.e., actively). The passive interpretation is available in the context when the agent is either unknown or too obvious to be mentioned:
In dialogues and with verbs of speaking, the ergative interpretation is more likely:
The ambiguity between these two interpretations (passive in the past and the active perfect) is symptomatic of the shift toward ergative typology during the Late MIA period.
6. The Emergence and Development of the Ergative Construction
The subject of the rise of tense/aspect-conditioned split "ergativity" can be approached in "holistic" terms (considering ergativity as a major typological parameter that correlates significantly with a number of other syntactic and semantic features) or in terms of "contingency" (considering the rise of ergativity as a by-product of low-level phonological and morphological innovations, which ultimately introduced changes in the morphosyntactic profile in the language). Both approaches offer certain advantages, especially the latter, which is vital for addressing diachronic issues endemic in the topic.
There is copious literature on the origin of the ergative construction in NIA languages: (a) passive-to-ergative reanalysis (Anderson, 1977); (b) the ergative hypothesis, i.e., that the passive construction of OIA was already ergative (Klaiman, 1978); and a compromise stance that neither (a) nor (b) is fully adequate (Andersen, 1986; Hock, 1986,). All these theories explain the state of affairs in NIA from the oldest recorded stages without paying sufficient attention to the crucial MIA stage, which was exactly the period when the typological passive-to-ergative shift was running its course. The crucial form in all discussions of ergativity in IA languages is the ta-form of OIA ( < Proto-Indo-European form *-to), classifiable as a verbal 'noun/adjective'. In IE languages it is documented as a past passive participle (PP). In PIE the *to- form could be used in equational predication with intransitive verbs ('he is gone' *so gwm-tós) and with transitive verbs in the construction *toi (INSTR) or tosyo (GEN) wīr-os gwhn-tós 'by him / of him the man was killed'. In IA the latter construction should be interpreted as passive in the absence of the finite passive in the perfective aspect (mediopassive forms were available in the imperfective aspect: Present kri-ya-te 'it is being made', Imperfect a-kri-ya-ta, but there was also the medio-passive Aorist form a-kār-i). To express the active voice 'he killed the man' one could use the finite form of the aorist *é-gwhen (> *a-han, the undocumented form of the root aorist was replaced by the sigmatic aorist a-hāniș-at) or the perfect *gwe-gwhon-e (Vedic ja-ghān-a). Classical Sanskrit and contemporary MIA dialects show an increase in the use of the construction of the type tena krtam 'by him done' but as long as the finite Aorist and Perfect were available, there was no need to interpret the construction tena krtam as ergative. To stay with 'killing' an example such as mayā naro hatah could be interperetd alternatively as 'a/the man was killed by me' ~ 'I killed the man' where the active or passive interpretation can be argued for by the postulates of the functional sentence perspective. To express unambiguously 'I killed the man' one could use the finite active Imperfect (naram ahanam) or the sigmatic Aorist (naram a-hāniṣ-am) or the Perfect (naram jaghana), i.e., there is not much point in characterizing OIA and early MIA as an ergative-absolutive language (especially in view of their nominative–accusative morphology). In OIA the ta-form and the gerundive could be accompanied by the agentive phrase in the instrumental or in the genitive (the latter case is found verbs of perception, consumption, and 'enjoyment'). In MIA the agentive phrase with the ta-form could be expressed by either the Instr or the Gen. Statistics for the inscriptions by the King Aśoka (3rd century bce) were elaborated by Andersen (1986), and they may be interpreted in the sense that verbs denoting activities favor the instrumental agent in the passive construction, whereas the "ingestive" verbs favor the genitival agents. The situation is complicated by the neutralization of the contrast between the Instr and the Gen in pronominal clitics in favor of the latter case (Pāli mayā 'by me' mama/mayhaṁ 'of me/to me' vs. clitic me Gen/Dat). Thus it is debatable whether the following example featuring the pronominal agent in the clitic form should be given an active or passive interpretation:
But on the whole the ergative interpretation of mayā krtam 'by me done' > 'I did (it)' (i.e., passive-to-ergative shift) became readily available with the gradual attrition and final loss of the finite morphology of Imperfect, Aorist, and Perfect during the Late MIA period (see Table 3). At the same time we witness the appearance of the absolutive case (see Table 1). Contrast Apabhraṁśa absolutive marking—mae (INSTR) nar-u (ABS) mār-i(y)a(u) (PP) 'I killed the man' and naru (ABS) calai the man walks'—with OIA nominative marking—mayā naro (NOM) hataḥ and nar-aḥ (NOM) carati.
It could be pointed out that the seeds of this state of affairs were already present in the OIA stage in the case of neuters that do not distinguish formally between the Nom and the Acc. Thus a fictive Sanskrit sentence such as
can be given either interpretation. Under the passive interpretation of (29), the NP mitram would be considered to be a grammatical subject, and the sentence would be translated "the friend was killed by me." Under the ergative interpretation the NP mitram could be taken for the absolutive case (neuters display same suffix –am for both Nom and Acc), which expresses the patient, and the sentence would be translated "I killed the friend." However, in OIA there were not too many animate neuters (kalatram 'wife, female' is another one), whereas in Late MIA this morphosyntactic ambiguity spread to all nouns as a result of the Nom/Acc syncretism; that is, the same suffix –u would be used with the intransitive subject, the subject of the passive sentence, and the object of the active sentence. The preference for the passive or active interpretation would ultimately be dictated by the postulates of FSP (functional sentence perspective), which is not easy to demonstrate in our earlier MIA texts exhibiting "free" word order. We stand more chance of demonstrating the pragmatic effects (in terms of topic and focus) with pronominal arguments. To judge by the behavior of pronominal clitics in contemporary languages, it could be that the contrast of the type clitic form of the personal pronoun versus its orthotonic form was exploited in context-dependent sentences to implement pragmatic contrasts such as that of the unmarked statement versus a statement with the subject in focus: 'I heard it' versus 'I (not YOU) heard it'. Other options of putting the subject in focus are the passive construction 'It was heard by ME' or (in English) the clefted contruction 'It was I who heard it'.
In the latter example the full pronominal form could carry the sentential stress. (Clearly, coming up with minimal pairs of this nature in our written texts is extremely difficult; see Bubenik, 1998, pp. 140–141.)
In Section 2 we studied the emergence of the double-oblique system in the pronominal forms of the 1st and 2nd Sg [examples from Ardha-Māgadhī and Apabhraṁśa were given in (3)–(5)]. The case marking with the verbs of speaking is of a particular interest from the point of view of later developments in NIA. In Apabhraṁśa verbs of speaking pattern both ergatively (express their speaker by the instrumental case) and nominatively (express their speaker by the absolutive case). Some of them allow both patterns (volliu 'said, spoke', pajaṁpiu 'said' (< OIA pra-jalp-), pabhaṇiu 'addressed'), and some are documented only in the ergative construction (kahiu 'told', pucchiu 'asked'); see Hindi, where kahnā and pūchnā are always used with the ergative postposition =ne but bolnā (< Ap voll-) only rarely so. Their addressee may be expressed by the absolutive or the 'oblique' case (Gen/Dat):
vuttu 'said' (< OIA uktam), volliu 'said, spoke' and kahiu 'told' appear also in in the finite passive form vuccai, volijjai, and kahijjai with the speaker in the instrumental (in Svayaṁbhūdeva's Paumacariu this construction was actually more common than its non-finite counterpart tena V+PP):
Summarily, the OIA system was aligned accusatively. The construction tena krtam 'it was done by him' was interpreted as the perfective passive (its imperfective counterpart was provided by the finite passive tena kriyate 'it is being done by him'). In the Early MIA stage (represented by Pāli) we witness the spread of the construction tena kata '(it) was done by him' ~ he did (it)' into the domain of earlier finite perfective forms but the choice of expressing the perfective aspect by the finite form (akāsi < OIA aorist akārṣat 'he did') was still readily available, and the case system was still solidly of the Nom-Acc typology (see Table 1). In the Late MIA period we witness the crucial step to the establishment of the ergative alignment in the rise of the absolutive case. The construction tena kiu (<tena kata < tena krtam) replaced completely earlier finite forms of the 'preterit/aorist' but it remained ambiguous between ergative and passive interpretation ('(it) was done by him' ~ he did (it)'). Complicated matters in the following centuries cannot be addressed here; but ultimately in NIA the construction us=ne kiyā he.OBL=ERG do.PP is consistently interpreted as an ergative construction 'he did (it)'. The innovative passive (in Hindi as of 17th century ce) is marked by a different "instrumental" postposition, =se 'by, with' (its other meanings are 'from' and 'to'), and the PP has to be reinforced by the auxiliary gayā 'gone' (from OIA ga-ta go.PP): us=se kitāb likh-ī ga-ī he.OBL=INS book write.PP/F go.PP/F. Over the centuries before NIA the Vedic agentive adjunct in tena krtam 'done by him' was replaced by the postposition, whose source is not quite clear (Braj and Marwari = nai, Nepali = lāī (< the participial form lāgi 'stick, adhere' ?), and the quasi-nominal participial form krta 'done' underwent a functional shift toward the quasi-verbal semifinite perfective form kiyā 'did'. In Marwari and Nepali these are dative postpositions. In Old Nepali le and lai were used interchangeably—now it is only le that is used as an ergative postposition. In Hindi, unlike the present forms, which are fully finite (person, number, tense), the perfective form kiyā is only 'semifinite' (marked for number and gender, but NOT for person). The OIA exponents of the perfective aspect (finite forms of the aorist) marked morphologically for person and number are contrasted in (33) with their NIA counterparts, where the person has to be expressed by the free personal pronoun (hosting the ergative postposition):
7. Desiderata for Further Research
Different alignments arose in different subdomains of the grammar of Middle Indo-Aryan dialects as a result of independent factors. The syncretism of case leading to the appearance of the absolutive case in the nominal system was caused by phonological change. On the other hand, the way case marking alignment was distributed over the pronominal system can primarily be attributed to the effects of animacy. However, the Apabhraṁśa "double-oblique" pronominal system differs from the usual predictions in that the 1st and 2nd Pers Sg should be aligned accusatively. Table 3 shows the "intrusion" of the non-finite construction te/iṁ ka(d)a (later kiu) 'done by him' into the domain of the erstwhile finite forms expressing the notion of perfectivity; we observed its coexistence with the finite 'preterit'/'aorist' in Early MIA (Pāli) and its complete demise during the Late MIA period. The inherited finite and the new analytic passive were shown to be coexistent. The gerundive (modal passive participle) was recategorized as the (polite) active imperative in the context of the passive-to-ergative shift. In Section 6 we saw that all of the typological changes analyzed in Sections 2, 3, and 4 were instrumental in the establishment of the ergative construction during the Late MIA period. Various "inconsistencies" in case marking with the verbs of speaking were of particular interest from the point of view of later parallel developments in NIA.
The detailed diachronic narrative of the "contingency" view of alignment may be summarized in holistic terms (see example 34) as the restoration of the OIA aspectual triad Present-Aorist-Perfect on the basis of two participles: imperfective and perfective (the PP form). The NIA Perfective and (analytic) Perfect categories are aligned ergatively, while their monolectal OIA ancestors (Aorist and Perfect) were aligned accusatively. The imperfective forms of NIA (Present vah kar-tā hai 'he does' and Imperfect vah kar-tā thā 'he did/was doing') are built on the grammaticalized nominal form kar-tā (< OIA kar-tr -'doer'), which replaced the Late MIA participial form kar-antu 'doing' (< OIA kar-ant-). The perfective (simple Past) and perfect forms (Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect) are built on the OIA PP form kr-ta 'done' (> NIA semifinite ki-yā 'did'). The present tense auxiliary h-ai 'is' goes all the way back to OIA bhav-ati 'becomes', and the past tense auxiliary continues the PP form sthi-ta (> thā) of the root sthā- 'stand'
Further progress in our comprehension of these matters during the early NIA centuries (12th–16th centuries) can only be achieved by close cooperation among historical linguists and connoisseurs of Old, Middle, and New Indo-Aryan languages and dialects on the basis of Early NIA literary works. Dahl and Stroński's Indo-Aryan Ergativity in Typological and Diachronic Perspective (2016) represents a step in this direction.
Further Reading
Andersen, P. K. (1986). The genitive agent in Rigvedic passive constructions. In Collectanea linguistica in honorem Adami Heinz (pp. 9–13). Wrocław, Poland: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk.Find this resource:
Anderson, S. R. (1977). On mechanisms by which languages become ergative. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Mechanisms of syntactic change (pp. 317–363). Austin: University of Texas.Find this resource:
Bubenik, V. (2016). On the establishment of ergative alignment during the Late Middle Indo-Aryan period. In E. Dahl & K. Stroński (Eds.), Indo-Aryan ergativity in typological and diachronic perspective (pp. 111–133). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Find this resource:
Bubenik, V., & Paranjape, Ch. (1996). Development of pronominal systems from Apabhraṃśa to New Indo-Aryan. Indo-Iranian Journal, 39, 111–132.Find this resource:
Haig, G. (2008). Alignment change in Iranian languages. A construction grammar approach. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Find this resource:
Hock, H. H. (1986). P-oriented constructions in Sanskrit. In B. Krishnamurti, C. P. Masica, & A. K. Sinha (Eds.), South Asian languages: Structure, convergnece and diglossia (pp. 15–26). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.Find this resource:
Khokhlova, L. V. (2001). Ergativity attrition in the history of Western New Indo-Aryan languages (Punjabi, Gujarati and Rajasthani). The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, pp. 159–184.Find this resource:
Klaiman, M. H. (1978). Arguments against a passive origin of the ergative. Chicago Linguistic Society: Papers from the 14th Regional Meeting, pp. 204–216.Find this resource:
Sukumar, S. (1953). Historical syntax of Middle Indo-Aryan. Indian Linguistics, 13, 355–473.Find this resource:
Sukumar, S. (1960). A comparative grammar of Middle Indo-Aryan. Pune, India: Deccan College.Find this resource:
Andersen, P. K. (1986). The genitive agent in Rigvedic passive constructions. In Collectanea linguistica in honorem Adami Heinz (pp. 9–13). Wrocław, Poland: Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk.Find this resource:
Anderson, S. R. (1977). On mechanisms by which languages become ergative. In C. N. Li (Ed.), Mechanisms of syntactic change (pp. 317–363). Austin: University of Texas.Find this resource:
Bender, E. (1969). Middle Indo-Aryan. In T. E. Sebeok (Ed.), Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 5, pp. 46–54). The Hague: Mouton.Find this resource:
Bhayani, H. C. (1989). Apabhramśa language and literature. Delhi: B. L. Institute of Indology.Find this resource:
Bloch, J. (1933). L'indo-aryen du véda au temps moderne. Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve.Find this resource:
Bubenik, V. (1989). An interpretation of split ergativity in Indo-Iranian languages. Diachronica, 6(2), 181–212.Find this resource:
Bubenik, V. (1996). The structure and development of Middle Indo-Aryan dialects. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.Find this resource:
Bubenik, V. (1998). A historical syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan (Apabhraṁśa). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Find this resource:
Bubenik, V. (2003). Prākrits and Apabhraṁśa. In G. Cardona & Dh. Jain (Eds.), The Indo-Aryan languages (pp. 204–249). London: Routledge.Find this resource:
Bubenik, V. (2016). On the establishment of ergative alignment during the Late Middle Indo-Aryan period. In E. Dahl & K. Stroński (Eds.), Indo-Aryan ergativity in typological and diachronic perspective (pp. 111–133). Amsterdam: Benjamins.Find this resource:
Bubenik, V. (forthcoming). Development of tense and aspect from Old to Middle Iranian. Fausböll, V. 1877–1896. The Jātaka together with its commentary. London: Trübner.Find this resource:
Dahl, E., & Stroński, K. (2016). Indo-Aryan ergativity in typological and diachronic perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Find this resource:
Grierson, G. A. (1903–1928/1968). Linguistic survey of India. Calcutta: Motilal Banarsidass.Find this resource:
Haig, G. (2008). Alignment change in Iranian languages. A construction grammar approach. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Find this resource:
Harris, A. C. & Campbell, L. (1995). Historical syntax in cross-linguistic perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:
Hock, H. H. (1986). P-oriented constructions in Sanskrit. In B. Krishnamurti, C. P. Masica, & A. K. Sinha (Eds.), South Asian languages: Structure, convergnece and diglossia (pp. 15–26). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.Find this resource:
Hook, P. E. (1974). The compound verb in Hindi. University of Michigan.Find this resource:
Jain, B. D. (1923). Ardha-Māgadhī reader. Lahore, Pakistan: Panjab University Oriental Publications.Find this resource:
Karmarkar, R. D. (1932). Vikramorvaśīya of Kālidāsa. Pune, India: Karmarkar.Find this resource:
Klaiman, M. H. (1978). Arguments against a passive origin of the ergative. Chicago Linguistic Society: Papers from the 14th Regional Meeting (pp. 204–216)Find this resource:
Mayrhofer, M. (1951). Handbuch des Pāli. Heidelberg, Germany: Winter.Find this resource:
Mc Gregor, R. S. (1977). Outline of Hindi grammar. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Find this resource:
Misra, S. S., & Misra, H. (1982). A historical grammar of Ardhamāgadhī. Varanasi, India: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.Find this resource:
Nespital, H. (1997). Dictionary of Hindi verbs. Allahabad, India: Lokabharti Prakashan.Find this resource:
Pischel, R. (1900). Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen. Strassburg, Austria: Trübner (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1965; English translation by S. Jha.).Find this resource:
Rhys Davids, T. W., & Carpenter, J. E. (1890–1911). Dīgha-Nikāya. London: Pali Text Society.Find this resource:
Sen, S. (1953). Historical syntax of Middle Indo-Aryan. Indian Linguistics, 13, 355–473.Find this resource:
Sukumar, S. (1953). Historical syntax of Middle Indo-Aryan. Indian Linguistics, 13, 355–473.Find this resource:
Sukumar, S. (1960). A comparative grammar of Middle Indo-Aryan. Pune, India: Deccan College.Find this resource:
Singh, R. A. (1980). Syntax of Apabhraṁśa. Calcutta: Simant Publications India.Find this resource:
Vaidya, P. C. (1958/1980). Prakrit grammar of Hemacandra. Pune, India: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.Find this resource:


text:
I'm a freelance artist, webcomic creator, novelist, and more.
Welcome to my Ko-fi Page. If you enjoy my content, please consider supporting what I do. Thank you.
Ko-fi helps creators get support from people who love what they do.
Ko-fi Gold helps creators build a monthly income stream. A Ko-fi Gold membership helps keep the community free.
Add to Your Page


text:
Meet others in your local area who enjoy Dessert! From simple sweets and treats to creating a work of art, enjoy meeting others who love dessert!
Dessert Meetups are just getting started. You can
start your own or check out related topics
Or sign up with email
Already a member? Log in.


text:
Victim's Advocacy Program
The Victim Advocacy Program provides free information, advocacy and support to students and employees who may be victims of crime, violence or abuse. The victim advocate is a confidential resource on all three campuses.
The Victim Advocate strives to treat victims with compassion and respect and provides education and training to the Pacific Community.
Confidentiality Policy
The University of the Pacific's Victim Advocacy Program assures confidentiality. Student's names and personal information will be kept confidential unless written permission is received to release the information to a third party or unless one of the following exceptions is met:
(No personal information will be given to authorities).
Contact Information
The Victim Advocate is on call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for all three campuses and can be reached by calling 209.403.0250.
|Office location
|Public Safety - Lower Level Cowell Wellness Center
|Office phone
Our program is independent of the police. Police reports are encouraged; however, reports are not required for information and referral assistance.
Sexual Misconduct
Sexual Misconduct may be self-reported.
Download the confidential report for sexual assault.
Instructions for Mailing the Sexual Misconduct Form
- Please send the completed form in a sealed envelope marked confidential.
- Address the envelope to the Victim Advocate - Department of Public Safety.
- If you would like to remain anonymous please only include your initials at the top of the form.


text:
14 Nov 2013 08:07:52 AM
Is Georges St. Pierre's Retirement Talk Misdirection for a Bigger Announcement?
(Georges St. Pierre, getting his lunch money stolen by Midoux and Zahabi. / Photo via LaPresse)
By Elias Cepeda
I may be wrong, but I'm pretty sure Georges St. Pierre and his camp are messing with us. In recent months, speculation that the UFC welterweight champion might soon retire after he fights Johny Hendricks this Saturday at UFC 167 has run rampant.
For the most part, St. Pierre himself and his head trainer Firas Zahabi have pretty much been the sources of this speculation, and since then they've attempted to discredit the rumor that they themselves got started. The latest "Georges should/might retire" item came from none other than St. Pierre's long time mentor Kristof Midoux, a.k.a. the big old school fighter guy that recently appeared on the third episode of UFC Primetime: St. Pierre vs. Hendricks.
Midoux recently did an interview with French Canadian publication La Presse where he revealed that he told St. Pierre that, should he beat Hendricks in impressive fashion, the champion should retire right there in the Octagon. (Rough translation via Google/us):
"I said, after this, it's over! Shine that night. Finish this guy in front of everyone. Shut the mouths of your critics. If you finish this guy, if you knock him out, then you will be free, you'll be happy to take the microphone and tell everyone you're done — to say that you will leave room for others.
"I told George, have the courage to take the microphone and say thank you to everyone. Those who do not understand are those who have nothing to understand, those who are selfish. It is time to think about him. This is the greatest gift that he could have. He could enjoy life, spend time with his family.
"I want it to happen like that. I really wish he doesn't make the mistake of so many fighters. I do not want him to keep competing when he's 35."Read More DIGG THIS


text:
Improved handling of author list in tools
The specification / addition of authors to an existing tool becomes cumbersome when one wants to arrange a list of 10 or so people. Currently there are only "Move Up/Down" buttons available to do that. Why not have a comma-separated list of login names and that at the same time determines the final order?
Besides, I think there is a bug: when I try to move up an uthor that author seems to get duplicated.


text:
Grand Prix Mini Galway
Sean Connolly is crowed Grand Prix Mini Galway Champion rounding off an excellent weekend at Galway Bay Hotel!
- Total Prizepool: €59,200
- Total entries: 592
Sean Connolly is crowed Grand Prix Mini Galway Champion rounding off an excellent weekend at Galway Bay Hotel!
© 2017 ElectraWorks Limited Suite 6, Atlantic Suites, Europort Avenue, Gibraltar. We are licensed by the Government of Gibraltar and regulated by the Gibraltar Gambling Commissioner under the Gambling Act 2005, and our games are tested by iTech Labs, an independent tester of gaming and wagering devices to ensure that the games are fair and operate correctly. ElectraWorks Limited has been granted a fixed-odds licence (RGL No. 051) and casino licence (RGL N0. 50) for the operation of remote gambling.
ElectraWorks Limited, the provider of this website, is licensed and regulated by the UK Gambling Commission under the Gambling (Licensing and Advertising) Act 2014. ElectraWorks Limited has been granted an Operating Licence no. 000-039011-R-319371-004 for the operation of remote gambling in Britain.
We use cookies and third party cookies to improve our services, analyse and personalise your preferences and to show you advertisements. If you continue the navigation, we consider that you are accepting its use. You can modify the settings and obtain further information in our Cookie Policy.


text:
Reserve online or call 01993 824 252
Start your shortlist by clicking on the icon next to any property
Situated close to the Principe Felipe Hotel and overlooking the South Golf Course, the golf bungalows are always a popular choice with guests.
This property is well presented and enjoys full air-conditioning and wireless internet access, both of which are included in the price. Access is easy with only 4 steps, and there is also a ramp to the front door. Car parking is located a short distance away, although the property can be accessed by car for loading and unloading purposes.
Enter the property into the air conditioned open plan living/dining room/kitchen with satellite TV, video player, and ceiling fan. Patio doors lead to an open terrace with table, chairs and barbeque, and lovely views to the golf course. The kitchen area is well equipped with dish washer, oven, hob and extractor, microwave, and fridge freezer.
The master bedroom has twin beds, a portable fan, and air conditioning. It has an en-suite shower room with a tumble dryer. The second bedroom has a double bed, music system, air conditioning, and an en-suite full bathroom, which also houses the washing machine.
Terrace with table, chairs and barbeque. A well presented property in a great location.
Please note Saturday to Saturday bookings only in July and August and all school holidays.
Please note Saturday to Saturday bookings only in July and August and all school holidays.


text:
From Openmoko
(→gllin options: The executable is installed in its own folder)
|Line 14:
|Line 14:
== gllin options ==
== gllin options ==
The /home/root/gllin file installed by the new (legitimate!) .ipk package is really just a shell script. You can modify the options passed to gllin.real by editing that script. Here are the options:
The /home/root/gllin file installed by the new (legitimate!) .ipk package is really just a shell script. You can modify the options passed to gllin.real by editing that script. Here are the options:
Revision as of 14:33, 12 January 2008
gllin is an userpsace driver for a hammerhead GPS chip. It was distributed on phase1 openmokos.
Thanks to a tremendous amount of hard work by many people, we have ready a release of gllin, the GPS drives. Here is how you can get it:
Instructions, how to use the driver, are give at:
The similar instructions are described in more details at getting GPS console output with gllin.
gllin options
The /home/root/gllin/gllin file installed by the new (legitimate!) .ipk package is really just a shell script. You can modify the options passed to gllin.real by editing that script. Here are the options:
Usage: -help Help -board <type> Defines board type Ex: '-board matchbox' supported: matchbox, trident -com <com port> GPS com port; Ex: '-com com6' -baud <baud rate> Set baud rate; Ex: '-baud 115200' -rft <RF type> Set RF type; Ex: '-rft RF_LN22OUT' -freq <freq plan> | ? set frequency plan for GPS or show the list of all available plans Ex: '-freq FRQ_PLAN_OCXO_10000' Ex: '-freq ?' -- Show all available plans -g <URL> SUPL Server URL or IP address; Ex: '-g 184.108.40.206' -p <port> SUPL Server port number; Ex: '-p 9118' -udp <port> Local UDP port to send NMEA to. '-udp 6000' [default] -gsm_cell <cell ID> set GSM Cell ID information cell ID has the following format: '<MCC>.<MNC>.<LAC>.<CI>' Where: MCC - Mobile Country Code MNC - Mobile Network Code LAC - Location Area Code CI - Cell Identification Ex: '-gsm_cell 310.170.367.25732' -set_assisted_off disable SET assisted capability -set_based_off disable SET based capability -msisdn <MSISDN> set value for MSISDN (international phone number) as SET id Ex: '-msisdn 14081234567' -nai <nai> specify Network Access Identifier as SET id Ex: '-nai email@example.com' -periodic <s> make periodic request every s second (-1 to 64) -1 single shot: perform one fix, then quit 0 native: perform fixes as fast as possible <s> timed: report a position every <s> seconds where <s> is 1 to 64 -recover recover GLLIN after signaled exit -low [<count>] low level test. Default <count> is 1 -low_debug Low level debug ON +low_debug Low level debug OFF -train <count> Send train data <count> times +pty | -pty Enable or disable NMEA output to pty "/tmp/nmeaPTY" Default is off [-pty] +np | -np Enable or disable NMEA output to named pipe "/tmp/nmeaNP" Default is on [-np] +nmea | -nmea Enable or disable NMEA output to log file Default is off [-nmea] +daemon | -daemon Become a daemon (or not) Default is -daemon -a2 | -a3 | -a0 Select a GTA01 board revision. Default is a3 -batch <st> <n> <fix> perform batch test of <n> starts of type <st> <st> is hot, warm, cold, or SNR. Each start has <fix> fixes. -i start GLLIN command line +pnd optimize for PND -pnd look for low signal strength signals +sim using simulator so don't use almanac -sim not using simulator SNR manufacturing SNR test mode hot hot start [default] warm warm start cold cold start -v[n] Report GLLIN version string. n is 1234 to report selected versions. version 1.1.7
Using gpsd with gllin
edit /etc/default/gpsd and set the GPS_DEV to /tmp/nmeaNP start gpsd before gllin.
Some notes:
The listed defaults don't seem to be correct. By default it DOES generate NMEA data in log files. These log files are on your flash (/home/root/gllin/log/*) and are written to once every second. Ridiculous!
To stop this, add the option "-nmea" to the second of the two gllin.real commands in the startup script.
But note further that the startup script also spawns a command to 'cat' the output of the /tmp/nmeaNP named pipe to a gzipped file in /home/root. If you want this to stop, you can do one of two things:
* cat to /dev/null instead of | gzip >> file
* add "-np" to the second gllin.real command
You can't just take the 'cat' command out of the script, because with the named pipe activated, gllin will QUIT if it doesn't see anybody taking the output from the pipe. To keep it going, either open that pipe or turn it off.
You can use this gllin initscript to start and stop gllin


text:
Egypt B – 052
Posted by taver on 2007-06-19 15:36:38
Tagged: , africa , egypt , abusimbel , 27032005
Thinking of visiting Egypt?
Click Here to get the best deals for accomodation in Egypt
Our hotel search engine compares the best hotel deals from all the top travel sites.
Have you ever visited Egypt?
We would love to hear about your experience. Leave a message below to help guide others with their travel plans.


text:
Economics examines how individuals
and societies use their scarce resources.
While many economic concepts are directly
applicable to business and household
decisions, economics is better understood,
as economist John Maynard Keynes said,
as "a method rather than a doctrine, an
apparatus of the mind, a technique of
thinking that helps its possessor to draw
correct conclusions." This economic way
of thinking has been applied to issues
as diverse as religion and crime and as
timely as proposals for health care and
immigration reform. Regardless of the
issue, economics has relevance; virtually
every decision made by individuals and
societies has an economic dimension.
What makes Berry's faculty standout?
What degree options are available?
Economics majors can choose either
the Bachelor of Arts degree or the
Bachelor of Science degree. While the
requirements for the two are largely
the same, this option provides students
the flexibility of tailoring their course of
study to their interests. Many students
have taken advantage of this flexibility by
adding a minor or a second major.
What distinguishes the Berry economics program?
What are the topics of some recent student/faculty collaborative research?
What kind of work do Berry economics graduates do?
Since economics is excellent
preparation for a wide range of careers
and postgraduate studies, it is not
surprising that our students have followed
many paths after graduation. Some use
Economics as a springboard for advanced
studies in law, economics and public
policy; studies have shown that Economics
majors often have the highest scores on
the LSAT and that lawyers who majored
in economics as undergraduates typically
have higher salaries than other attorneys.
Other students opt to enter the workforce
after graduation; Berry Economics
graduates are successful in many fields
including insurance, finance and banking.
Some of our recent alumni have
secured positions at firms including
GEICO, Home Depot Corporate, Citizens
First Bank, McKinsey & Company
consulting, SAP and the Princeton
University Investment Company. Those
choosing to pursue graduate study have
enrolled in institutions such as Harvard,
Yale, Dartmouth, Emory, Michigan State,
Clemson, Georgia State, the University of
Maryland and the University of Chicago.
What about internships?
Meaningful summer experiences are
one reason for the postgraduate success
of Berry Economics students. Recently,
Berry students have been selected for
prestigious Washington, D.C. internships,
have enrolled in selective summer economics
programs and have interned for local law
firms, banks and insurance agencies.
What special programs are available?


text:
Welp, it appears it is the kernel…I installed the stock 3.7 kernel from testing and the exact same thing happened (except this time I got to see it panic; I switched out of graphical.target and stayed in tty1 for good measure ).
I guess I'm waiting for 3.8, then (or a patched 3.7).
Last edited by MrCode (2012-12-15 09:15:52)
1) Remove LMU and see if it happens after a reboot.
@b9anders - Can you try the ARCH kernel from [testing] and see if it gives the same? Need to see if it's a 3.7 problem or a 3.7-ck1 problem.
I am kinda scared to. I like being able to fall back on a safe kernel when one doesn't work. Pulling in the testing kernel could leave me with no working kernels (and I don't currently have livecd-/usb to bail me out) if it's a 3.7 problem.
1) Remove LMU and see if it happens after a reboot.
<sigh> I suppose this means I'll be waiting for one or the other, then…it doesn't happen after removing LMT.
(I was hesitant to try this at first because I was worried about having to restore configs, but everything was fine after reinstalling and merging the .pacsave backups of my config files.)
Last edited by MrCode (2012-12-16 01:21:26)
@MrCode - That's good... you have found the problem. It appears that there is a patch on lkml:
That's good... you have found the problem. It appears that there is a patch on lkml:
Apologies for dragging this thread off-topic.
Using kernel v3.7.0-1-ck , I notice the following WARN_ON() triggering with rt2500usb and no wireless interface appears.
[ 11.302224] WARNING: at net/wireless/core.c:389 wiphy_register+0x5ad/0x5f0 [cfg80211]()
[ 11.302228] Hardware name: System Product Name
[ 11.302232] Modules linked in: reiserfs i2c_nforce2 rt2500usb(+) rt2x00usb rt2x00lib mac80211 i2c_core shpchp pci_hotplug cfg80211 rfkill r8169 mii joydev fuse usblp snd_hda_codec_hdmi snd_hda_codec_via psmouse serio_raw snd_hda_intel snd_hda_codec snd_hwdep snd_pcm snd_page_alloc snd_timer snd soundcore pcspkr evdev wmi processor coretemp microcode asus_atk0110 button ext4 crc16 jbd2 mbcache hid_logitech_dj hid_logitech ff_memless usbhid hid ohci_hcd ehci_hcd usbcore usb_common sd_mod ahci libahci libata scsi_mod
[ 11.302315] Pid: 140, comm: systemd-udevd Not tainted 3.7.0-1-ck #1
May need this patch?
Last edited by ccpaging (2012-12-17 13:25:02)
@ccpaging - I don't wanna start applying unmerged patches to the package. Plz open a bug against the ARCH kernel if upstream isn't moving fast enough or consider build from AUR and adding to your personal copy.
Ooooooh, new kernel... thanks graysky. You are so on top of the updates here.
I am curious, you used to do kernels pretty much in line with the main repo, but now you are more in line with testing.
I'm loving the new optimized kernels! I hadn't updated in a few weeks and now my system is back up with a shiny new linux-ck-sandybridge. Thanks for all the work!
http://counter.li.org/ - Registered User # 286669 | My AUR Packages | Arch Linux Installation on a Thinkpad X60
@WW -mainly upstream. https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Li … ease_Cycle
Hey graysky, thanks for bulldozer :]
No signature currently stored in profile.
Using a AMD A4-3305M 1.9 Ghz x86_64 processor. So a build for the AMD Fusion Family 12h microarchitecture "Llano" would be nice.
Thank you!
@yxol - I don't have a set of compile options for that specific processor, but it appears to be a k10 which is covered in the kx set.
Last edited by graysky (2012-12-18 15:19:52)
Hi! I have processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i3 CPU M 380 @ 2.53GHz Code name: Arrandale
http://ark.intel.com/products/50178/Int … e-2_53-GHz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_In … 2832_nm.29
What kernel for me?
cat /proc/cpuinfo
Last edited by lybin (2012-12-18 19:13:33)
Is normal that /proc/cpuinfo give me ssse3 in the intrucctions in an Atom processor? as far I remmeber the ssse3 inot present in Atoms
I beggin to think that probably Atom isnot the best oftion for my Attom if the question is 'no'
Last edited by Jristz (2012-12-18 19:03:05)
Well, I suppose that this is somekind of signature, no?
@lybin - Does this help? https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Re … _to_Select
@Jristz - No idea. See the above link.
@lybin - Does this help? https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Re … _to_Select
Thanks, corei7 ck-nehalem
Why not linux-ck-barcelona for i686? And what is the ideal kernel for march = amdfam10?
Arch Linux: The power in your hands!
And what's the ideal kernel for
? The CPU is the E450 in a Netbook. Right now I use linux-ck-kx.
@dapolinario - Haven't built it yet due to no one asking until now - it and other packages for i686/barcelona should be online in 10 min or so.
@dapolinario - I am not building a package that has that particular option at the moment.
@army - See, this table.
Last edited by graysky (2012-12-19 20:03:30)
Welp, it appears it is the kernel…I installed the stock 3.7 kernel from testing and the exact same thing happened (except this time I got to see it panic...
Plz try v3.7.1-3 which should fix this issue for you:
Changelog: Added ARCH fix or watchdog regression, see: https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/33095
EDIT: Repo has been populated.
Last edited by graysky (2012-12-21 02:05:59)
And what's the ideal kernel for
? The CPU is the E450 in a Netbook. Right now I use linux-ck-kx.
May try ck-bulldozer(bdver1). My another CPU is E350 and use bulldozer now.
Last edited by ccpaging (2012-12-21 11:16:43)
@army - See, this table.
I looked at this table, but it only contains bdver1, not btver1, so I'm not sure.
May try ck-bulldozer(bdver1). My another CPU is E350 and use bulldozer now.
Ok I'll install it and see how it works.
I looked at this table, but it only contains bdver1, not btver1, so I'm not sure.
OK... that corresponds to a Bobcat processor for which I am not currently building. I don't mind building them if I know people will use them.
EDIT: Built and uploaded.
% sudo pacman -S ck-bobcat
:: There are 7 members in group ck-bobcat:
:: Repository repo-ck
1) broadcom-wl-ck-bobcat 2) linux-ck-bobcat 3) linux-ck-bobcat-headers 4) nvidia-304xx-ck-bobcat 5) nvidia-ck-bobcat
6) virtualbox-ck-guest-modules-bobcat 7) virtualbox-ck-host-modules-bobcat
Last edited by graysky (2012-12-21 18:25:20)


text:
FALLON by Dana Lorenz is a designer jewelry collection of graphic layering pieces. The collection evokes the aspirational feeling of fine jewelry, but with a clash of pop references and street sensibility. The collection is designed to be mixed, layered and collected season after season.
Diamonds as adornment date back as far as 3rd century BC in India. Later exported to Europe, diamonds became a symbol of wealth and gave rise to "paste", or cut glass, gems - the first costume jewelry. Elaborate paste gemstone jewelry became it's own artform and now crystal and cubic zirconia jewelry are cornerstones of iconic fashion houses. You can see the real jaw dropping diamond jewels, and the inspiration for modern costume jewelry, in our Smith Gem Vault.
In Stock: 1 · For in-store inquiries, use PLU 24500061


text:
Domestic wiring Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
Based in the Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17 area of London, we have extensive experience in domestic electrical wiring services. We cover all types of domestic wiring work which complies to the latest Electrical Safety Regulations. Our professional, fully insured, fully trained and highly experienced engineers can carry out the following tasks:
– Inspection and testing of existing wiring
– Property rewiring
– Installation of extra sockets, television and telephone points
– Electrical provision to extensions in existing properties
– Garden power and lighting
– New lighting design and installation
– Domestic wiring for security lighting and cameras
– Domestic wiring for burglar alarms
We have the knowledge and expertise to provide a comprehensive domestic wiring service across Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17 and the surrounding areas. Our dedicated team of electricians always maintain high standards of customer satisfaction, giving you complete peace of mind at all times. Whatever your domestic wiring requirements are, we are happy to take the time to discuss your needs and provide a solution.
Domestic wiring services in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
We provide comprehensive, commercial and domestic electrical services. These include electrical repairs, electrical appliance repair, emergency repairs, electrical installations and fault finding. Our electrical wiring services come with free no-obligation quotations for large projects. Most of our work is guaranteed for a minimum period of 12 months. Here are just a few of the domestic wiring services we offer:-
Electrical testing in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
Our committed electrical engineers are experts in testing domestic as well as commercial properties to ensure the fixed wiring is safe and in good working order. It's very important that your electrics within the building are in good condition. Electrical testing and inspection of your property will identify any problems which we can then rectify.
Electrical surveys in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
If you're thinking of buying a new property or moving into a different commercial unit, let us provide you with an electrical survey service. By inspecting and testing all circuits in a property, our experts can provide you with a detailed report on the condition of the existing electrical system. We can then advise you on any areas that may need electrical wiring improvements or upgrading.
Rewires in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
If you need to have your property rewired or if you are doing a renovation job, let us carry out the electrical work. We provide a great service and adhere to the guidelines The Institute of Electrical Engineers have laid out.
Fuse and consumer units
The modern consumer unit is now at the heart of the wiring system in the home. This unit enables electricity to flow to all of the circuits in the property. If there's a need to remove or replace a consumer unit, the operation must be done by a professional electrician. If needed, we will install your new consumer unit promptly and efficiently.
Lighting installation in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
We will be delighted to help you with all of your indoor and outdoor lighting needs. This may be replacing existing lighting or installation of new or additional lights. Our electrical engineers specialise in designing circuits for loads and optimum performance in terms of:
-lighting levels
-power sockets
-switch arrangements
-emergency power supplies
Having the right lighting can make such a difference to your home or commercial building. There are many options available, spotlights, dimmers and halogen lights, to name but a few. We can also supply, design and install a whole range of outdoor lighting that can be operated by hand, automatically or remote-controlled.
Security systems in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
Let our domestic electrical wiring engineers install security systems for your domestic, commercial or industrial property. This can be anything from intruder alarms to video entry systems, wireless alarms to CCTV cameras. These security systems will provide 24-hour protection with possible remote trigger notification to national alarm monitoring services.
Fire and smoke alarms in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
Safety is the one thing you simply cannot compromise on. Whether you need a simple mains-powered smoke alarm installing or a more complex fire alarm system, we can help. Let us maintain, upgrade and install, as well as test an extensive range of commercial and domestic fire alarm systems. This will ensure the earliest possible warning of a fire and ultimately save lives. All of our work is carried out to the British Standards and Regulations.
Contact us about wiring and re-wiring
Planning a refurbishment or extension to your home? This can often reveal old wiring that at best is inefficient or at worst unsafe and a potential fire hazard. If your electrical wiring is dated, it could be a problem during a survey and will devalue the property.
We can install replacement or new wiring according to your architect's plans or provide you with a new design service. Old fuse boxes and circuit breakers have to be replaced to ensure the property is always safe. This service can include:
A new fuse box
Circuit breakers
Sufficient outlets located in the right places to accommodate your property's electrical requirements
Rewiring a house is a major undertaking which inevitably causes some disruption. Our domestic wiring team are always very conscious of this and do everything within their power to ensure any disruption is kept to an absolute minimum. All the work will be completed as quickly and efficiently as possible.
Thousands of satisfied customers in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17
We have been trading since 2008. In that time, we have successfully completed tens of thousands of jobs. Our customers include:
Private homeowners and landlords
Housing associations
Estate agents and property management companies
Broadcasting companies
Foreign government embassies
Film studios
High Street banks
High Street retail chains
We offer cost-effective electrical wiring services to many other businesses and institutions in Ewell, Stoneleigh, KT17 and surrounding areas. We charge for most of our work on an hourly basis and provide domestic electrical wiring services 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
If you've got a domestic wiring emergency, no problem, contact us. We also provide a one-hour emergency response 24 hours a day, seven days a week. An outstanding customer service is at the core of everything we do. Whatever the job, big or small, business or home, we have the experience and expertise to handle it.
(- KT1, – KT2, – KT3, – KT4, – KT5, – KT6, – KT7, – KT8, – KT9, – KT10, – KT11, – KT12, – KT13, – KT14, – KT15, – KT16, – KT17, – KT18, – KT19, – KT20, – KT21, – KT22, – KT23, – KT24) Kingston upon Thames, Hampton Wick, Norbiton, Coombe, New Malden, Old Malden, Worcester Park, Surbiton, Berrylands, Tolworth, Long Ditton, Thames Ditton, Weston Green, East Molesey, Hampton Court Palace, Bushy Park, West Molesey, Chessington, Hook, Malden Rushett, Esher, Claygate, Hinchley Wood, Cobham, Stoke d'Abernon, Downside, Hatchford, Walton-on-Thames, Hersham, Whiteley Village, Weybridge, Oatlands, Saint George's Hill, Byfleet, West Byfleet, Addlestone, New Haw, Woodham, Chertsey, Ottershaw, Longcross, Lyne, Epsom, Ewell, Stoneleigh, Tattenham Corner, Headley, Langley Vale, West Ewell, Horton, Longmead, Tadworth, Kingswood, Lower Kingswood, Walton-on-the-Hill, Burgh Heath, Mogador, Box Hill, Ashtead, Leatherhead, Oxshott, Fetcham, Great Bookham, Little Bookham, West Horsley, East Horsley, Effingham, Guildford, Mole Valley, Sutton
We Provide The Following Products And Services:
Telford Tempest, Unvented Vertical Hot Water Cylinders, Unvented Horizontal Hot Water Cylinders, Baxi boiler, Megaflo Cylinder, Megaflow System, Potterton boiler, Ariston electric water heater, Elson water heater, Hyco water heater, Redring water heater, Zircon cylinder, Heatrae Sadia Megaflo, Elnur Electric Central Heating Boiler, Elektra boiler, Vokera, Gold, Heatline, Worcester Bosch, Viessmann, Vaillant, THERMAflow, Electric Heating Company, Electric Combi Boilers Co., direct electric boilers, storage electric boiler, Electric CPSU, Combined Primary Storage Unit, Dry Core Storage boilers, Solar Compatible boiler, Immersion Heater, hot water storage tank, Triton electric shower, Orchard Wye thermostatic shower, Mira electric shower, Aqualisa electric shower, Redring electric shower, Bristan Glee shower, Gainsborough shower, Power shower, Mixer shower, Danfoss pump, wireless room thermostat, Grundfos pump, Salamander pump, negative head shower pump, Twin Impeller, Stuart Turner pump, Amazon pump, Monsoon pump, Niagara pump, Nile pump, Showermate pump, Positive Head Shower Pump, electrician, emergency electrician, electrical companies, 24 hour electrician, electrical installation, fridge repair, electrical repairs, electric cooker repairs, electric boiler repair, electrical appliance repair, electrical services, fuse box replacement, consumer unit replacement, consumer unit fuses, electric shower installation, power shower installation, electric shower installation cost, shower installation cost, fitting an electric shower, electric boiler repair, electric combi boiler, electric boiler installation, electric boiler service, house electrical wiring, electrical wiring, domestic wiring, home electrical wiring, domestic electrical wiring, household electrical wiring, electrical wiring residential, electric cooker repair, electric cooker installation, electrical installation condition report, electrical contractors, Electrical Earthing , Rewiring, Electrical Surveys, Security Light Installations, Fuse Box Rewiring, Commercial Electricians, Outdoor Electrical Wiring Inspecting & Testing , Electrical Design, Storage Heater Repair, Water Heater Repair, Hot water cylinder repairs, Electrical services, Fault finding, Consumer unit repairs, Consumer unit repairs, fuse box repairs, fuse box installation, fuse box replacement, Immersion heaters repairs, Immersion heaters Tripping circuits, Fitting new lights, Faulty extractor, heater repairs, Smoke alarm installation, Electric showers repairs, Electric showers installations, Towel rail repairs, towel rail installations, new socket installations, socket replacement, electric boiler repairs, Part P electrician, emergency electrician, water heater repairs, water heater installation, macerator repairs, sani flo repairs, light installations, office wiring, wiring repairs, electric cooker repairs, electric cooker installations, electric oven repairs, electric oven installations, Periodic electrical test, electrical inspection, Landlord electrical inspection, Homebuyers electrical inspection, Portable Appliance Testing (PAT), Visual inspections, BS7671 IEE tests, Domestic testing, Commercial testing, Rewires, Extra sockets, Kitchen rewires, Lighting / switches, Cooker installations, Downlighters, Outside lighting / sockets, Electric Car Charging Sockets, Towel rails, Door entry systems, Fridge Freezers repairs AEG, Fridge Freezers repairs Amica, Fridge Freezers repairs Beko, Fridge Freezers repairs Bosch, Fridge Freezers repairs Candy, Fridge Freezers repairs Cda, Fridge Freezers repairs Fisher And Paykel, Fridge Freezers repairs Fridgemaster, Fridge Freezers repairs Gorenje, Fridge Freezers repairs Hisense, Fridge Freezers repairs Hoover, Fridge Freezers repairs Hotpoint, Fridge Freezers repairs Indesit, Fridge Freezers repairs Lec, Fridge Freezers repairs Lg, Fridge Freezers repairs Liebherr, Fridge Freezers repairs Miele, Fridge Freezers repairs Montpellier, Fridge Freezers repairs Neff, Fridge Freezers repairs Russell Hobbs, Fridge Freezers repairs Samsung, Fridge Freezers repairs Servis, Fridge Freezers repairs Sharp, Fridge Freezers repairs Siemens, Fridge Freezers repairs Smeg, Fridge Freezers repairs Whirlpool, Fridge Freezers repairs White Knight, Fridge Freezers repairs Zanussi, dishwasher repairs AEG, dishwasher repairs Amica, dishwasher repairs Beko, dishwasher repairs Bosch, dishwasher repairs Belling, dishwasher repairs Candy, dishwasher repairs Cda, dishwasher repairs electriQ, dishwasher repairs Fisher And Paykel, dishwasher repairs Fridgemaster, dishwasher repairs Gorenje, dishwasher repairs Hoover, dishwasher repairs Hotpoint, dishwasher repairs Indesit, dishwasher repairs Lg, dishwasher repairs Miele, dishwasher repairs Montpellier, dishwasher repairs Neff, dishwasher repairs Russell Hobbs, dishwasher repairs Samsung, dishwasher repairs Servis, dishwasher repairs Sharp, dishwasher repairs Siemens, dishwasher repairs Smeg, dishwasher repairs Whirlpool, dishwasher repairs White Knight, dishwasher repairs Zanussi, washing machine repairs AEG, washing machine repairs Amica, washing machine repairs Beko, washing machine repairs Bosch, washing machine repairs Belling, washing machine repairs Candy, washing machine repairs Electrolux, washing machine repairs Gorenje, washing machine repairs Hoover, washing machine repairs Hisense, washing machine repairs Hotpoint, washing machine repairs Indesit, washing machine repairs Lg, washing machine repairs Miele, washing machine repairs Montpellier, washing machine repairs Neff, washing machine repairs Russell Hobbs, washing machine repairs Samsung, washing machine repairs Sharp, washing machine repairs Siemens, washing machine repairs Smeg, washing machine repairs Whirlpool, washing machine repairs White Knight, washing machine repairs Zanussi, electric cooker repairs AEG, electric cooker repairs Amica, electric cooker repairs Beko, electric cooker repairs Bosch, electric cooker repairs Gorenje, electric cooker repairs Hisense, electric cooker repairs Hotpoint, electric cooker repairs Indesit, electric cooker repairs Montpellier, electric cooker repairs Russell Hobbs, electric cooker repairs Servis, electric cooker repairs Siemens, electric cooker repairs Smeg, electric cooker repairs Stoves, electric cooker repairs Zanussi,


text:
Congo's army continues slow advance
GOMA, Congo (AP) — Congo's government forces continued their slow advance in a fourth day of fighting against M23 rebels near the eastern Congolese city of Goma.
An intelligence officer said front-line units had moved forward 300 meters (328 yards) by mid-afternoon after two hours of shelling on both sides. Congolese army lieutenant Kandu Matata Elie said M23 started the fighting on Wednesday with a salvo of mortar bombs at midday.
The rebels appeared to be targeting three tanks in the village of Kanyaruchinya and two shells landed close by, but after a brief panic among the government troops, they responded with sustained tank and artillery fire. After about an hour of artillery fire government troops followed the tanks forward.
The M23 rebels, who seized Goma last November but eventually withdrew, now seem to be heavily outgunned by the army, which pounded their positions with helicopters, tanks and artillery.
A report by the United Nations panel of experts studying Congo, made public in June, alleges that Rwandan soldiers have joined the M23 in recent months, a claim that Rwanda adamantly denies.
North Kivu, a highly fertile and densely populated region rich in minerals, has since 1996 been wracked by repeated rebellions. Most of the M23 leaders, who launched their rebellion last year and now have about 2,000 in their group, took part in previous rebellions led by ethnic Tutsis.
Peace talks between the Congolese government and the M23 stalled again last week as the head of the M23 delegation, Rene Abandi, complained that the head of the government delegation had left the talks.
The Congolese army's recent successes against rebels have prompted euphoric scenes in Goma with civilians waving leafy branches staging victory runs on the outskirts of town. On Tuesday the government said 120 rebels had been killed in the fighting since Sunday, a claim that could not be independently verified.
Fouraha Kanamu, a 40-year-old woman who has had to flee the recent fighting told The Associated Press she would be very happy to see her village liberated from the rebels and she was hopeful the army could do it.
Jules Akili, who traveled 32 kilometers (20 miles) through the M23 zone on Wednesday and crossed to the government side told AP he had seen few M23 fighters along the route, which had been guarded by rebel police.
The United Nations mission in Congo (MONUSCO) said Wednesday it had not been targeted by M23 during the past four days of fighting and had not taken part in the fighting.
The South African National Defense Force (SANDF) which has a battalion deployed with MONUSCO issued a statement late Tuesday denying its troops had been fighting M23 and stating that the Congolese army's attacks on the had been " premeditated", a comment that runs counter to the government line that its army has been responding to attacks.


text: Formidable outdoor a wooden hang bench then pure draperies with outdoor patio drapes and backrest featurea rattan chair create a dramatic look to your patio. sunshiny outdoor decor gazebo stripe grommet outdoor curtain panel hayneedle. mesmerizing patio artdreamshome artdreamshome together with outdoor curtains along with patio ideas plus ideas plus outdoor curtains lovely cabana makeover patio makeover as wells as diy drop cloth curtains. modish patio as patio furniture clearance along with patio idea in patio idea patio curtains as outdoor patio furniture. particular summer sun beating down onyour se diy patio curtains from drop cloths may be exactly whatyou need diy patio curtains from drop cloths no scattered for are you looking plus a solution.


text:
Friday, February 03, 2012
Unboxing Kindle 3G
20 comments:
Bear is so cute!ReplyDelete
You will have so much pleasure with this..:) I had the Fire for a few days the color was fab..but as you read..it's oa no go in Canada..
I find the reg Kindle reads better at the beach..but then the Fire reads at night:) Can't ahve everything..
My friend cracked me up..she is an AVID reader and when she goes to a real book now sometimes she just touches the book to make the page turn:)
There are some great books under $3.00 also..I bought Entangled and quite enjoyed it:)
happy for you!
Your DL issue looks wonderful..
Good ole bear to the rescue!ReplyDelete
Oh we are so alike.. I HATE opening and setting up new electonic equipment. I have to get in the right frame of mind to do it. And lately the instructions all seem to have to be downloaded onto the computer to read. If you knew how to do that you wouldnt need the blame instruction book. Sigh. lol I do love your new painting tho.ReplyDelete
It's other mail (the dreary bills to pay type) that I leave around unopened, usually to my cost.ReplyDelete
I hope the Kindle brings you joy and many new pastry inspirations!
Oh goodie Karena!ReplyDelete
do you need a special night lite?
I actually haven't figured out yet how to turn the @#$%thing on & off yet :(
Must read the instructions!!
Unopened bills...hmmm
mais oui :)
THANKS Cheryl!!ReplyDelete
Funny I have NO problem opening sent boxes of candy or cookies or immediately diving into them either...
No instructions required :)
Hi Carol..it's me:) I have the one w/out keyboard..but I think apart from that it's the same thing..ReplyDelete
I hate instructions.So here is my way:
you turn it off like you turn it on..Mine is a small rectangle beside the USB port connection If you are looking at your kindle lift it up and look at it as if it was the the side of a French pie:) I don't know that expression..that's where it is..
Anyways if you push once quickly..it's off but usually still WIFI connected and does use up some battery..But the battery life is AMAZING compared to my Fire..If you push longer..the whole thing turns off..I never turn it all off...I should probably....But I like opening it and seeing.."Well Offed In Vermont~ Which I bought..Vermont..I can't resist..I live next door:)
If I can help with anything in my limited knowledge..let me k now.
You need to charge it and then when I am done reading I push the little button next to the charger slot.ReplyDelete
It goes into sleep mode.
You don't need to have the wireless on when reading either.
I think I read just enough of the instructions to get it going!
Do Not like reading Instruction booklets!
Please come and join my Valentine Giveaway!
It would even be cute to give someone!
- Aida7:37 AM
I would like to wish you, first of all, the greatest year, since so many of your dreams are about to come true and I truly wish you the best, eventhough I do not know you in person; but I guess that when a person decides to share a bit of her life for years with total strangers, and those on the other side decide to follow those flashes willingly, effortlessly and eagerly we kind of become friends. I´m from Portugal, I do not post very often but I follow your blog daily, anticipating with excitment what the news are going to be this time, never disappointing and always revigorated and inspired. Secondly I'd like to thank you for letting a door open for us, so that we could appreciate through the years the way you've evolved into someone so inspiring, so creative, so meticulous, so spontaneous, but above all, so genuinely true to yourself. Thank you, for I have also grown with you. I'll keep on coming here, visiting you, hoping that if you come to my country one day, I'll have the pleasure of welcoming you personally, opening then the doors of my house to you and hoping that you'll feel at ease, just like I do, everytime I come to your blog.ReplyDelete
Cheers to you!
Keep on being very Happy!
Love that water color, Carol.ReplyDelete
A dear friend just bought me a new Verizon cellphone plus extras when driving, etc, and whatever.
Like peeling back an onion, I'm slowly sneaking up on how to do all the "stuff."
But on a good day I can draw pretty well.


text:
Drake had barely arrived on stage Saturday at the packed First Midwest Bank Amphitheatre in Tinley Park and already he was wrestling with his contradictions.
"Lookin' for the right way to do the wrong things," he announced in "Lord Knows." Drake, born Aubrey Drake Graham 25 years ago in Toronto, mixes swagger with regret, strip-club boasting with humble introspection. The sensitive hustler routine was massaged into a 90-minute show that affirmed his status as hip-hop's new ladies man, hitmaker and powerbroker all rolled into one.
Drake leap-frogged from an acting career into hip-hop, and his wounded vulnerability and innocent swagger were soon championed by Lil Wayne. He capitalized on the hype with a series of song-stealing cameos on other artists' singles, a well-received 2009 EP and mix tape, a million-selling 2010 debut album, "Thank Me Later," and a 2 million-selling 2011 follow-up, "Take Care."
On Saturday, he was a hip-hop king dressed in a drab T-shirt and baggy jeans. He's playing venues 10 times the size of his first major tour two years ago, and the show has expanded accordingly. He was backed by a full band and a massive grid of 40 video screens that doubled as light portals. Despite the bigger production values and higher stakes, the show still had a loose feel, and the pacing sometimes lagged. It was marbled with cameos and a numbing 10-minute series of shout-outs to various audience members; the latter gambit was a charming detour on his first tour, but now it served only to bring a massive arena show to a grinding stand-still.
Yet Drake's charisma as a performer and prowess as a hip-hop MC who's not afraid to slip into some gray emotional areas was evident from the start. He channeled Southern gangsta rap on "Underground Kings" and then dealt with the consequences of an over-the-top lifestyle in "Over" ("I'm really too young to be feeling this old"). The sweetly yearning "Crew Love" professed devotion to family as greater than any personal accomplishment, while the gothic "Up All Night" indulged in puffed-up ego-tripping.
Drake opened up the stage to a series of protégés and friends, including 2 Chainz, Waka Flocka Flame and rising Chicago teen rapper Chief Keef who dutifully supplied the requisite stand-on-your-chair party rap. But once you've heard a song about ogling strippers, you probably don't need to hear four.
Indeed, as Drake's audience widens, the temptation to pander will intensify. Raps rhapsodizing about cash, hookers and hustlers will never go away, and Drake's set had its share. "I guess it really is just me, myself and all my millions," he crowed as "Headlines" filled the aisles with deliriously gyrating fans, vicariously sharing in the wealth.
But what makes Drake compelling is that he realizes the characters in his songs sometimes just sound like jerks. Guilt, remorse and vulnerability – he's prone to all three. In "Amen," performed with Meek Mill, Sunday morning gospel backslides into Saturday night decadence. The protagonists in Drake's songs feel trapped between those two worlds, unable to fully commit to either.
Little wonder the most moving portions of this otherwise big, brassy concert were its most intimate. In "Take Care," Drake responded to the recorded vocals of Rihanna, as if to underline the distance between a couple who can't come clean about their true feelings for each other. The song concluded with a tumbling African rhythm, over which Drake danced, alone.
The repressed emotions spilled out in "Marvin's Room," in which the narrator drunk-dials his ex-girlfriend. Drake stood head bowed in a spotlight, mumbling and slurring his regrets into a microphone while thousands joined in.
The sing-along as pity party? Drake may not have invented that concept, but he sure owns it now.


text:
View current page
...more recent posts
Duke Ellington & John Coltrane
In an article by Gene Lees in the monthly magazine, "Jazz," there is an intimation that Coltrane's playing may have "undergone another spurt of rapid evolution" as a result of this relatively brief association with Ellington. It is more than possible, for Duke's catalytic influence is unique in jazz. The one certainty is that there is warm, exciting music here which will pleasantly surprise Coltrane and Ellington fans both.