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Roadtrek's Hanemaayer Resigns After 31 Years
June 19, 2013 by Dave Barbulesco · 1 Comment
The timing seems right. As Roadtrek Motorhomes Inc. marks its 40th year of operation, Jeff Hanemaayer – the architect behind the company's status as the undisputed market share leader in the Class B motorhome segment – has announced his resignation from day-to-day operations, effective July 31.
During a 31-year run heading the Kitchener, Ontario-based firm founded by his father, Jac, Hanemaayer and his team set the bar for innovation in a niche market that survives on specialization and a cult-like customer base rather than sheer volume.
"The features that have attracted people to Class B's really haven't changed much over the years," Hanemaayer said, noting that Roadtrek has held the No. 1 sales position in the segment since 1990. "The main reason is that it's easy to drive. My dad used to say that the design appeals to RVers who don't want to be weekend bus drivers. We also package units with a lot of the same high-end amenities that are typically reserved for Class A's."
Hanemaayer, 49, set the table for his resignation from Roadtrek in February of 2011 when Chicago-based private equity firm Industrial Opportunity Partners acquired a majority interest with a multimillion dollar investment in the company.
"I gradually became less involved in the day-to-day operations over the last two years," he said, adding that he had retained the real estate. "Another factor in my resignation is that we have a long-term president, Jim Hammill, in place who understands the company and the marketplace. Although I will continue as a director, minority shareholder and the landlord, I will be stepping back from everyday involvement."
He is also stepping down from his board positions with the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA) and its counterpart Canadian Recreational Vehicle Association (CRVA).
"I enjoyed my involvement over the years with both associations," Hanemaayer said. "I joined CRVA in 1990 and served in various capacities, including being the youngest president. It was nice to have the opportunity to work with a lot of the smart minds in our industry."
Hanemaayer reported that Roadtrek had grown to include around 200 full-time employees operating in a 120,000-square-foot facility. "We hit our peak in 2007, but like everyone else were forced to pare back our work force when the market declined," he said. "Interestingly, Class B's bounced back quicker than the the Class A and Class C motorhome segments. After dropping off from 2,000 to 2,400 units a year, B's are back to running at around 1,600 units."
Hanemaayer acknowledged that the marketplace may never achieve the high volume of Class A's and C's as around a dozen OEM's currently build the product.
"The market continues to be fragmented," he said. "Larger manufacturers have never found much success because they are not set up to build 100 or so of one model per year. There is also a lot of specialization and product variation. Right now, Roadtrek builds nine different models.
"Another factor that limits volume is cost. Class B's do not have that lower-end price point. Unfortunately, some consumers equate price with size, so they may gravitate toward a Class C because it's bigger and, in some cases, less money."
One area, however, could change the landscape in the Class B market, according to Hanemaayer, as a number of new commercial van platforms have threatened to cut into the domination enjoyed by the Sprinter chassis produced by Mercedes-Benz.
"I think the new number of platforms will influence volume," he said. "It looks like there will be some direct competition to Sprinter, which should create a lower price point."
For now, Hanemaayer said he is undecided on his career path. First, he is planning to travel, including longer treks with his partner in their Roadtrek motorhome.
"I will take a half year off," he said. "But I'm not interested in retirement. I will probably do something part-time that still gives me the option to travel."
Six Men Elected to RVIA Board of Director Seats
August 27, 2009 by RVBusiness · Comments Off on Six Men Elected to RVIA Board of Director Seats
Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA) members elected two incumbents and four new members to the board of directors in the association's annual elections, which concluded on Monday (Aug. 24), according to RVIA Today Express.
Andrew Baer, vice president of sales and marketing at KZRV LP; John Draheim, president of Fleetwood RV Inc., and Tim Tiffin, general manager of Tiffin Motor Homes Inc. were all newly elected to three-year terms as manufacturer representatives. Jeff Hanemaayer, chairman of Roadtrek Motorhomes, was re-elected to a three-year term manufacturer seat.
Jeff Rutherford, president of Carefree of Colorado, was newly elected for a three-year term as an at-large representative. Incumbent Garry Enyart, director of RV business for Cummins Power Generation, was re-elected to three-year term at-large seat.
Supplier Seat Election to End Sept. 5
The special election for the three-year term supplier seat continues through Sept. 5. The candidates running in the special election are John Juliano of Al-Ko Kober Corp. and Kevin Phillips of Thetford Corp. The official representatives of all RVIA eligible companies were sent instructions regarding voting in this special election.
Each of the newly elected board members will begin serving on Oct.1. The RVIA board has the highest level of authority in the association organizational structure. It is responsible for association matters on a broad policy basis.


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The Havelock High Rams Booster Club voted to purchase a new mat for the wrestling program during its meeting on Monday night.
The Havelock High Rams Booster Club voted to purchase a new mat for the wrestling program during its meeting on Monday night.
The 42- by 42-foot mat was purchased from Resilite Sports Products of Sunbury, Pa., for $8,908.29, the largest single-item purchase in the club�s 51-year history, according to a release.
The seven-section mat includes the letter H in the upper right and lower left corners. Delivery is expected in early December.
Organization treasurer Kelly Webster signed and presented the check to first-year head coach Tommy Andrews and assistant coach Chase Holleman, with both thanking club members for support of the program.
The club also voted to purchase five more black home football jerseys, five more white away jerseys and five pairs of football pants for $1,042 as part of a request from football coach Jim Bob Bryant through athletics director Mitch Williams.
In other business, the club is expected to have several new T-shirts on sale at the Havelock-Northside varsity football game on Sept. 20.
Plans were made to have the annual Alumni Tent set up for the homecoming game against Richlands on Sept. 27. Light refreshments will be served for all Havelock alumni.
The souvenir committee will be selling items out of the school basketball concession stand from Sept. 25 to 27 during Spirit Week leading up to homecoming.
The club is in need of volunteers to work at the concession stand during the Oct. 11 Senior Night football game against Swansboro.
Anyone interested may contact Joe Hailey at 447-4134 or by email firstname.lastname@example.com.
The next meeting is scheduled for 7 p.m. Sept. 23 at the Havelock High library.


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- Prices
- Medicare
- Savings Tips1
- Drug Info
- Side Effects
- Images
- Latest News
What is Monoclate-P?
Commonly Used Brand Name(s)Advate, Adynovate, Afstyla, Eloctate, Helixate FS, Hemofil-M, Hyate:C, Jivi, Koate DVI, Kogenate FS, Monarc-M, Monoclate-P, Obizur, Xyntha
Therapeutic ClassificationsAntihemophilic Agent
- Overview
- Proper Use
- Dosing
- Missed Dose
- Use & Storage
- Before Using
- Allergies
- Pediatric
- Geriatric
- Pregnancy
- Breast Feeding
- Drug Interactions
- Other Interactions
- Other Medical Problems
- Precautions
Antihemophilic factor (AHF) injection is used to treat and prevent serious bleeding episodes in patients with a bleeding problem called hemophilia A. The bleeding episode may be related to an injury (trauma) or a surgical procedure. AHF is a protein that is produced naturally in the body. It helps the blood form clots to stop bleeding and prevents bleeding problems from happening as often.
Hemophilia A, also called classical hemophilia, is a condition where the body does not make enough AHF. If you do not have enough AHF and you become injured, your blood will not form clots properly. You might bleed into and damage your muscles and joints. AHF injection is given to increase the levels of AHF in the blood.
There are several different types of AHF. They are made from human blood or artificially by a man-made process (recombinant). AHF made from human blood has been treated and is not likely to contain harmful viruses, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The man-made AHF products do not contain these viruses.
This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription.
Proper UseTOP
A doctor or other trained health professional will give you or your child this medicine in a hospital or clinic setting. This medicine is given through a needle placed in one of your veins.
This medicine may also be given at home to patients who do not need to be in a hospital or clinic. If you or your child is using this medicine at home, your doctor will teach you how to prepare and inject the medicine. Make sure you understand all of the instructions before giving yourself an injection. Your dose may change based on where you are bleeding. Do not use more medicine or use it more often than your doctor tells you to.
Use only the brand of this medicine that your doctor prescribed. Not all brands are prepared in the same way and the dose may be different.
Every package of medicine comes with a patient information leaflet. Read and follow the instructions carefully. Ask your doctor if you have any questions.
To prepare the medicine using 2 bottles (vials) or containers:
- Take the bottles of powder medicine and liquid (diluent) out of the refrigerator and warm them to room temperature.
- Wipe the rubber surface of the bottles with an alcohol swab and allow them to dry.
- Follow the specific directions for your brand of medicine when you prepare the injection.
- Add the liquid to the powder using the special transfer needle or transfer device that comes with the package.
- When injecting the liquid into the dry medicine, aim the stream of liquid against the wall of the container of dry medicine to prevent foaming.
- Swirl the bottle gently to dissolve the medicine. Do not shake the bottle. Shaking will create foam in the mixture.
- Check the mixture to make sure it is clear. Do not use the medicine if you can see anything solid in the mixture or if the mixture is cloudy.
- Use a plastic disposable syringe to remove the mixture from the bottle. Use a special filter needle if your brand of medicine provides one.
- Give the injection as directed by your doctor.
- If you are using more than one bottle of medicine for your dose, prepare the second bottle the same way. Add the mixture from the second bottle to the same syringe.
To prepare the medicine using a prefilled dual-chamber syringe (Xyntha®):
- Take the prefilled dual-chamber syringe out of the refrigerator and warm it to room temperature.
- The dual-chamber syringe has the powder medicine in one part and the liquid (diluent) in the second part of the syringe.
- Attach the plunger rod to the syringe according to the directions. Keep the syringe pointed up to prevent leaking of the liquid.
- Remove the white seal and the grey rubber tip cap. Put the blue vented cap on the syringe. Do not touch the open ends of the syringe and the blue cap.
- Slowly push the plunger until the 2 stoppers inside the syringe are together. This will push all of the liquid into the chamber with the powder medicine.
- Keep the syringe pointed up and gently swirl the syringe to mix the liquid and powder.
- Check the mixture to make sure it is clear. Do not use the medicine if you can see anything solid in the mixture or if the mixture is cloudy.
- Keep the syringe pointed up and push the plunger until most of the air is removed.
- A special infusion set comes with the package. Remove the blue cap and attach the infusion set to the syringe.
- Give the injection as directed by your doctor.
- If you are using more than one syringe of medicine for your dose, prepare the second dual-chamber syringe the same way. The mixture from each syringe will be combined together in a separate syringe before your injection. Your doctor will show you how to do this.
Use the mixture within 3 or 4 hours after it is prepared. It must not be stored and used later. Do not put the mixture in the refrigerator.
Do not reuse syringes and needles. Put used syringes and needles in a puncture-resistant disposable container, or dispose of them as directed by your doctor.
Talk to your doctor before traveling. You should plan to bring enough medicine for your treatment when traveling.
The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
- For injection dosage form (injection):
- For bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A:
Missed DoseTOP
Call your doctor or pharmacist for instructions.
Use & StorageTOP
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
The AHF products should be stored in the original container in the refrigerator. Do not let the packages freeze. They can also be kept at room temperature for short periods of time, such as 3 to 12 months. Store the medicine as directed by your doctor or by the manufacturer of the brand you are using. Protect the container from heat and direct light.
If you move the medicine from the refrigerator to room temperature, write the date you take it from the refrigerator on the container. The length of time the medicine can remain at room temperature will depend on the brand you use. If you have already stored the medicine at room temperature, do not return it to the refrigerator. If you do not use the medicine within the time recommended by the manufacturer, you must destroy the medicine.
Before UsingTOP
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated pediatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of antihemophilic factor injection in children.
No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of Hemofil® M in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Although appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of Advate®, Adynovate®, Eloctate™, Kogenate® FS, Kovaltry®, Novoeight®, and Xyntha® have not been performed in the geriatric population, no geriatric-specific problems have been documented to date. However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related medical problems, which may require caution and an adjustment in the dose for patients receiving Advate®, Adynovate®, Eloctate™, Kogenate® FS, Kovaltry®, Novoeight®, and Xyntha®.
No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of antihemophilic factor injection in geriatric patients.
|Pregnancy Category
|All Trimesters
|Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women OR no animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.
Breast FeedingTOP
Studies in women suggest that this medication poses minimal risk to the infant when used during breastfeeding.
Drug InteractionsTOP
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. Tell your healthcare professional if you are taking any other prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicine.
Other InteractionsTOP
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.
Other Medical ProblemsTOP
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
- Allergy to hamster or mouse proteins, history of or
- von Willebrand disease (blood clotting disorder)—Should not be used in patients with these conditions.
- Heart or blood vessel disease—Use with caution. May make these conditions worse.
It is very important that your doctor check you or your child closely while you are receiving this medicine to make sure it is working properly. Blood tests may be needed.
This medicine may cause serious types of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Check with your doctor right away if you or your child has a rash, itching, hoarseness, trouble breathing, trouble swallowing, lightheadedness or dizziness, or any swelling of your hands, face, or mouth after you receive this medicine.
It is recommended that you carry an identification (ID) card or letter stating that you have hemophilia A and the type of medicine you are using. If you have any questions about what kind of identification to carry, check with your doctor.
Check with your doctor right away if you have any symptoms of parvovirus infection: fever, chills, drowsiness, runny nose, and followed by a rash or joint pain.
Check with your doctor right away if you have pain or tenderness in the upper stomach, pale stools, dark urine, loss of appetite, nausea, unusual tiredness or weakness, or yellow eyes or skin. These could be symptoms of a serious liver problem.
This medicine is made from donated human blood. Some human blood products have transmitted certain viruses to people who have received them, although the risk is low. Human donors and donated blood are both tested for viruses to keep the transmission risk low. Talk with your doctor about this risk if you are concerned.
The stopper of the bottle (vial) contains dry natural rubber (a derivative of latex), which may cause allergic reactions in people who are sensitive to latex. Tell your doctor if you have a latex allergy before you start using this medicine.


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PITTSBURGH -- The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) today announced the filing of a class lawsuit against Ruby Tuesday, Inc. under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) on behalf of older job applicants who were denied hire due to ageism.
The EEOC alleges that since at least January 2005, Ruby Tuesday, Inc. has refused to hire individuals who were in the ADEA's protected class (age 40 or older) for restaurant positions at six of its locations in Pennsylvania and Ohio. The restaurants at issue are located in West Mifflin, Greensburg, Altoona, Du Bois, and Indiana, Pa., as well as Beachwood, Ohio. Additionally, the EEOC says the company failed to preserve employment records, including employment applications, as required by the ADEA and EEOC regulations.
"This case is another stark reminder that age discrimination remains a persistent problem in the 21st century workplace," said EEOC Acting Chairman Stuart J. Ishimaru. "Corporate America should be well aware that it is unlawful for employers to refuse to hire, or otherwise discriminate against, older applicants and employees because of their age. The EEOC will fight forcefully to protect the right of older individuals to be free of age discrimination in the workplace."
In its suit, the EEOC seeks injunctive relief -- including policies, procedures and training to prevent future workplace discrimination -- and lost wages and liquidated damages for individuals who were not hired because of age. The EEOC filed suit in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania after first attempting to reach a voluntary settlement(Civil Action No. 09-1330).
EEOC Acting Regional Attorney Debra Lawrence, said, "Unfortunately, some companies still make hiring decisions based on factors such as age rather than on an individual's years of proven experience and ability to do the job. The EEOC will not tolerate age discrimination in the workplace."
According to its web site, "Ruby Tuesday, Inc. has Company-owned and/or franchise Ruby Tuesday brand restaurants in 46 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and 13 foreign countries. As of June 2, 2009, the Company owned and operated 672 Ruby Tuesday restaurants, while domestic and international franchisees (including Hawaii) operated 173 and 56 restaurants, respectively.
In July 2009, the EEOC held a public hearing on age discrimination and barriers to the employment of older workers. Additional information about the hearing can be found on the EEOC's web site at http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/meetings/7-15-09/index.html.
The EEOC enforces federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. Further information about the EEOC is available on its web site at www.eeoc.gov.
This page was last modified on October 2, 2009.
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – A strong pitching performance by junior Aric Dama (Winfield, Ill.) and a clutch, two-out, two-run double off the bat of sophomore Creed Mangrum (Sandy, Utah) proved to be the difference as MIT rallied for a 3-2 victory over Rhode Island College in non-conference baseball action. The Engineers collected their fifth-straight win to improve to 21-14 while the Anchormen fell to 23-14 with the loss.
After surrendering a leadoff single to senior Kyle Allaire (Uxbridge, Mass.), Dama was nearly unhittable over the first six innings of the contest. After promptly picking off Allaire at first, Dama retired the next 15 hitters in a row until a Cody Ortega (Kissimmee, Fla.) double in the sixth broke the streak.
Rhode Island College's starter, freshman Stephen Lapatin (Cranston, R.I.) had a strong start as well, holding MIT off the scoreboard until the Engineers scratched across a run in the fifth. After getting the first two batters of the inning, Lapatin gave up consecutive singles to sophomore Sean Karson (Winter Park, Fla.), freshman Hayden Cornwell (Newport Beach, Calif.) and sophomore Jon Rea (Palo Alto, Calif.), with Rea's hit bringing in Karson with the first run of the game.
Senior Dan Hopkins (Cranston, R.I.) put the first run of the game on the board for Rhode Island College with a solo home run to right center that tied it up in the top of the seventh. The Anchormen then jumped ahead in the eighth, taking advantage of an MIT error. Junior Henry Zhu (Overland Park, Kan.) started the inning on the mound for the Engineers and was greeted by senior Joan Mustafa's (Providence, R.I.) single to center. He moved to second on a ground out and then to third on another ground out, slipping as he rounded the bag. The throw from first to try and catch him off the bag was wild, and he came home with the go-ahead run.
MIT answered in the bottom of the eighth, with senior Torre Swanson (Redding, Calif.) leading off the inning with a walk. After a pop, foul out, senior Eric Blanchard (Warwick, R.I.) came on in relief and gave up a single to senior Bryan Macomber's (Los Altos, Calif.) that put runners at the corners. Blanchard retired the next hitter on a fly to center before Mangrum drove a ball into the gap in left center that plated both runs and put MIT back on top.
Zhu gave up a leadoff single to senior J.P. Stone (Narragansett, R.I.) to lead off the ninth, but retired the next three hitters in order to finish off the win for the Engineers. He picked up the victory, going two innings and giving up a pair of hits and the unearned run. Dama finished with seven impressive innings for MIT, allowing four hits and a walk while striking out five.
Lapatin went 7.1 innings in his start for the Anchormen, allowing nine hits and two runs while striking out a pair. Blanchard picked up the loss, giving up two hits and a run in two-thirds of an inning.
MIT will play its final game of the season on Monday, May 7 when it takes on Suffolk University in a 7:00 p.m. matchup. Rhode Island College will play again tomorrow at Wheaton College at 3:30 p.m.


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MIT Unleashes New Online Game for Math and Science
MIT Education Arcade
As the buzz around games and learning continues to grow, one particular subset -- Massive Open Online (MMO) games -- is catching the attention of educators as a particularly interesting way to encourage students to collaborate, problem solve, create and think for themselves within a game.
One of the most popular MMOs is World of Warcraft, in which many players log in to the online game at the same time and play while interacting with people all over the world. But, although teachers have found ways to use commercial games like World of Warcraft for educational purposes, it wasn't originally designed with teachers in mind. Now, a group of researchers in MIT's Education Arcade are trying to harness the power of MMO games to teach high school students to think like scientists and mathematicians. Their game, The Radix Endeavor, is designed to be an educational game, and capitalizes on the interactions students can have as a way to build their knowledge and skills.
Sponsored By
Radix, as it's known, is aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards for biology, focusing on topics like genetics, evolution, ecology and human body systems. In math, the game is aligned to the Common Core and has particular focuses on algebra, probability and statistics, as well as geometry. The researchers worked with Filament Games and are funded by the Gates Foundation for the three-year project.
[RELATED READING: Teachers Transform Commercial Video Game for Class Use]
"These kinds of environments have the potential to capture learning that's difficult to capture in face-to-face settings," said Jody Clark-Midura, a research scientist at the MIT Education Arcade in a recent edWeb webinar. "These games can be used as assessments or tools for teachers to monitor progress over time." The game captures every detail of how a student plays; things like how long it takes to complete a challenge, what order the student chooses to do things and what tools she uses. All of these data points can provide valuable insight to a teacher assessing whether a student understands a concept.
The key to making a game engaging to students is a strong narrative. "What's important is to take that engaging narrative and that incentive system and put some stakes into the world to keep it feeling like an engaging environment and a place that students really want to be," said Susannah Gordon-Messer, education content manager for MIT's Education Arcade. In Radix, the player's task is to help citizens of a fictional earth-like world gain knowledge about math and science, a privilege denied by the land's rulers.
The game creators say there are benefits to using a game-based environment to teach certain math or science concepts, like being able to speed up time to see the outcome of a decision that would take months in a real-world experiment. For example, students might be asked where to plant a kelp bed to best protect an ecosystem. Within the game, time can be fast-forwarded by 90 days so students can instantly see if they placed the kelp correctly.
[RELATED READING: SimCityEdu: Using Games for Formative Assessment]
"In a world like this you can build things and see them appear in the world," Gordon-Messer said. "We wanted that same element of you having an impact on the world." Radix specifically emphasizes some of the softer skills emphasized in the Common Core, like problem-solving and reasoning. The game tries to get students thinking like scientists or mathematicians and can work for a topic like geometry because students can build structures, similar to Minecraft, and biology.
"The questions are inquiry and exploratory based; it's not designed to be the end of unit," Gordon-Messer said, adding that the game can determine when to provide interventions and help correct misconceptions.
Sponsored By
One way the MIT researchers imagine Radix could help is as homework assignment. "There's a little bit of a stigma that once you are in an MMO world that you can never leave them," Gordon-Messer said. She and her colleagues don't expect this game to be a substitute for class instruction, and imagine it as a helpful supplement. Teachers can follow students' progress using the teacher dashboard. "It can be a nice barometer of where your students are and what could be changed in the class that day," she said.
MIT's Education Arcade is releasing The Radix Endeavor in beta on September 4. At that point teachers can sign up and get familiar with the game, its tools, the standards it addresses and various supplemental materials. The actual content will be released in two batches, one in October and a second around the holidays. In October, teachers will be able to sign up their classes and begin using the game. The MIT researchers are eager to get feedback about how the game is received, whether it actually provides the kind of formative assessment they hope it will and what they could change.


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Summary: How to Print With the Wasabi PZ310 Mobile Printer
|Article Summary:
|This article explains how to use the Dell Wasabi Mobile Printer PZ310 to print photos taken with your cell phone.
Connecting a Cell Phone to the Dell Mobile Printer PZ310
First of all, in order for your cell phone to be able to print to the Dell Wasabi PZ310 Mobile Printer, the phone itself has to support the Bluetooth printing function. Just because the telephone has Bluetooth doesn't mean it has the ability to send photos via a Bluetooth connection. In fact, almost a third of all cell phones with Bluetooth can't send a photo. In order for your phone to be able to do this, it has to support Bluetooth 2.0 with the following profiles:
To be certain your phone has these capabilities, it may be necessary to check with the manufacturer. The information should be in the owner's manual that came with your cell phone. These documents will explain in detail how to connect your phone to the printer and then send a photo. The following list (Table 1) is a list of cell phones that are known at this time to be compatible:
|Compatiable Cell Phones
|Nokia N82
|Nokia N73
|Motorola E6
|Motorola A1200
|Samsung F330
|Samsung M610
|Sony Ericsson K610i
|Sony Ericsson K800i
Table 1: Known Compatable Cell Phones
When you attempt to connect the phone to the printer, the printer will show up as Dell PZ310 Imaging Device. If the phone asks you to enter a PIN number, you can use 0000 (4 zeros).
To view a video by Studio Dell on using the Wasabi printer, click HERE.
Limitations of Printing With the Wasabi PZ310 Mobile Printer
Obviously, the Wasabi is designed for fun on-the-spot printmaking and isn't intended for serious high-quality photography. With that in mind, there are some very specific limitations to using the printer that you should keep in mind when evaluating the results of your photographs.
File Size and Type
The Wasabi can only print JPEG images and they cannot be any larger than 12 megabytes in size. This should accomodate most all cell phone cameras but it may be necessary to limit the size of your photos or download them to a computer and re-size them before printing.
Proportion and Shape
The Wasabi prints on Dell-branded Zink photographic paper which is 3 inches by 2 inches. The image will be printed to fit on that paper size and may be cropped by the printer in order to fit. You may need to compose your cell phone pictures to allow space for the printer to crop the image. This cropping will usually occur along the long edge of your cell phone pictures, if it occurs at all.
Article ID: SLN106832
Last Date Modified: 07/25/2010 12:00 AM
Thank you for your feedback.


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Ford Unveiling Atlas Concept Pickup in Detroit
January 16, 2013 by RVBusiness · Comments Off on Ford Unveiling Atlas Concept Pickup in Detroit
The 2013 Detroit Auto Show has already seen the world debut of the 2014 Chevy Silverado and the 2014 GMC Sierra, and to keep itself in the headlines along with its arch-rival, Ford Motor Co. will show a new Atlas truck concept that could predict a new pickup truck to come in the near future.
The Car Connection reported that the Atlas concept is all about the future of Ford's big pickup trucks – how they'll look, and how they'll improve fuel economy. Atlas is the mythological figure that has the strength to carry the world on his shoulders, and Ford says that's how the people who'd drive one see themselves.
To fit that role, the Atlas has conveniences built into the cargo bed. A fold-out step can double as a cargo retainer, for example. In the same way the flip-out bed extenders on vehicles like the Ford Explorer Sport Trac have done in the past, the step slides and rotates upward to lock in place, forming a loading surface atop the vehicle. The roof is made tougher for that reason, to hold equipment like ladders.
A few touches come from commercial vehicles. The Atlas' cargo ramps are tucked away under the tailgate, like those on moving trucks. They're meant to be useful for weekend fun, too – for rolling an ATV into the pickup bed.
Other features fitted to the concept include active aero shutters for the grille and wheels, and deployable air dam and running boards, all to smooth out the truck's profile and to net 2 mpg in fuel economy as a result, Ford says. The Atlas also has a 360-degree camera system with guidelines to assist in trailer hitching, as well as LED exterior lighting.
The Atlas suggests that Ford is at least considering a commercial-duty pickup truck derived from its upcoming Transit van. The Transit goes on sale next year, and will eventually replace the E-Series full-size vans after production is up to speed in Kansas City. The Wall Street Journal has reported that the Ford F-150 will turn to intensive aluminum construction to reduce weight and boost fuel economy; if that version could appeal to more upscale truck users, a Transit-based truck like the Atlas could be paired with the F-150 in the truck lineup, as a more utilitarian alternative.


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Dave Joerger to the Minnesota Timberwolves?
Could former Sioux Falls Skyforce and current Memphis Grizzlies head coach Dave Joerger be the next Minnesota Timberwolves coach?
Joerger led the Grizzlies to the playoffs in his first season on the job, but fell short losing to Oklahoma City in the first round. He took over in Memphis after Lionel Hollins was fired after the 2013 postseason.
After an early exit from the 2014 NBA playoffs, the Timberwolves have reportedly received permission from Memphis to talk to Joerger about their vacant coaching position.
Why might Joerger fit?
He has ties to the Midwest. He went to college at Minnesota-State Moorhead, grew up in Staples, Minnesota, and has coached the Dakota Wizards (1997-2004, 2006-2007 as part of the CBA, IBA, and NBADL) and Sioux Falls Skyforce (2004-2006 as part of the CBA). He won the 2004-2005 CBA championship with the Skyforce as well.
The future is uncertain again in Memphis. The Grizzlies fired their CEO Jason Levien, and assistant general manager Stu Lash. General Manager Chris Wallace, and Vice President of Basketball Operations John Hollinger were retained along with Joerger.
What does this mean?
Two seasons of making the postseason (made Western Conference in 2013, and first round exit in 2014) usually equates to staying power in a team's leadership pyramid. Joerger could see this an opportunity to join forces with Flip Saunders again, as he has strong ties with Minnesota's President of Basketball Operations.
However, do the Timberwolves need a slam dunk hire to keep Kevin Love around? Yes, Joerger made the NBA playoffs in his first season, but Rick Adelman had postseason experience, too (led Sacramento to eight playoff berths, Houston one).
Former Toronto Raptors head coach Sam Mitchell is also reportedly a 'serious' candidate for Minnesota's head coaching job.
*For comments, or story ideas, email Sam at firstname.lastname@example.com, and follow him on Twitter @samtastad.


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Dear Person who found my Ipad on the plane:
I'm writing this letter to you in hopes that you have come across my prized possession and for some reason or another, also happen to stumble across this blog. Perhaps you see my name and decide to google it. (Since I do this regularly, I know that this blog will be one of the first links to pop up.)
I just want you to know that I adore my Ipad 3G. Ask anyone. It has been attached to me like an additional appendage ever since I got it as a gift six months ago. It's one of those additions to your life where, after having it for a certain period of time you think back in awe at how you ever survived without it. You've probably heard all the hype about it and wanted to see what it was all about. I get it. An Ipad doesn't seem as personal as, say, a blackberry. It doesn't seem as important as someone's laptop. So perhaps that's why you weren't inclined to turn it in right away once you stumbled upon it in the seat pocket of the airplane. In fact, when I called the airline to inquire if anyone had turned it in, the lady kind of chuckled to herself once I mentioned what I was missing. It was a sort of good luck with that one type of chuckle. I almost got the sense she didn't even want to put down the phone and check as it was obviously going to be a waste of her time. Unless the pope happened to be on the flight from Las Vegas to Denver and sat in the same seat I had just vacated, my chances were slim.
I know that. And yet I've called back to the airport three times since then, both in Vegas and Denver. Unfortunately the same guy keeps answering the phone in Denver and he knows me by now. I'm the Ipad girl. The last time he took down my number and gave me the don't call us, we'll call you… speech. I just don't think he understood the urgency of it all. I have 20 people waiting for my next move on words with friends. I'm not able to lay in bed and watch the latest episode of Modern Family before I go to sleep. I have nowhere to go to look at all the websites I view on the web, from news to entertainment and everything in between, in one easy flip-able magazine format. (shout out to Flipboard…download that app if you haven't already!) And can you just imagine the immense amount of boredom I will face when I travel from here on out?
So that's why I'm reaching out to you here. Sure, it's a stretch but crazier things have happened. I won't be mad that you borrowed it for a few days because I can understand why you might want to. It truly is an awesome little gadget. But I would be so grateful if you returned it that I might even give you a reward. So if this is you (or if you know anyone who suddenly has an Ipad and also just flew Southwest), please hit me up. I am also not averse to meeting new friends who have an Ipad 3G they are looking to get rid of.
Brianna Glenn
Ipad aficionado


text: Hi all, I'm a first-time mom and could use some help. My son is 8 weeks old, and has been breastfeeding pretty well--I feed on demand, usually 8-12 times a day. He gained 3 pounds in under a month, so weight gain is great. I have loved being able to nurse him to sleep at night and for naps, and don't mind at all when he just comfort nurses. The problem I'm running into is that recently he's started to get more aware of things and fights sleep all day long and gets extremely overtired (to the point of screaming and taking an hour or two to settle for a nap), and he often refuses to nurse so my all-purpose weapon doesn't work! This has been happening for about three weeks. He doesn't have a fever. Sometimes he will nurse for a few minutes when I try to get him to sleep, then he'll pull off and start wailing and refuse to go anywhere near the boob again until he's extremely drowsy. I wish I could use my breast to calm him. The past two days he's also shortened up his nursing sessions a lot, and he's sleeping badly at night too and waking up extremely early in addition to sleeping badly during the day. Is this normal as they get more aware of things? Could it be a growth spurt? Any creative ideas on calming him when the boob won't do? We already have tried dark room, swaddle, shushing, etc. Even a paci, because he likes sucking even when he screams at the boob. I'm also worried that the paci might screw up his latch, which already feels a tiny bit bitey sometimes. Has anyone had trouble with pacis and latch? Is using one a really bad idea? Thank you!!


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Pass It On Project
This spring Travis Rice decided to send one of his new pro-model snowboards out into the world as a sort of social art experiment. Only three rules were laid down to take part. If you come across the board: 1. Do something cool with it, 2. Post a picture and 3. Pass the board on to someone else. In the past few months the board has made it across the world and back. We thought we'd check in on its progress so far.
Starting point: Jackson Hole, Wyo.
Though the board's journeys are being monitored and shared through Rice's art gallery, Asymbol, neither Rice nor anyone at Asymbol has any control over where the board goes, or who will get it next. Of course, it originally made the "pass it on" rounds back in Rice's home of Jackson. Here, in the photo on the right, Lance Pitman takes it for a test spin back at the project's first launch.
Lake Tahoe, Calif.
From Jackson the board made its way into the hands of park builder J.P. Martin, who then passed it on to someone who passed it on to someone who gave it to this gentleman, who took it to the lake and tested it out with a proper method.
Niseko, Japan
If you were a snowboard and had free will and a mind of your own, you'd probably want to go to Japan too. And how would you know if you were on the right path, as a soul-minded snowboard -- if you were really following your heart and doing it "for the love," as they say? Well, if the Japanese Gentemsticks (upper right) let you hang out, it'd be a pretty good indication that you were doing okay.
Gentemstick Sessions, Whitewater, B.C.
Now if the Gentemsticks brought you all the way back to North America, let you ride in one of their much-revered "bowl sessions" and then put you on the feet of Josh Dirksen? Well, then you'd really be able to hold your head high, knowing that you'd followed your soul-shred path right into the heart of the snowboard underground.
Whitewater, B.C.
We believe the backside rodeo on the right comes from a GoPro still. This is one of Rice's favorite photos from the project so far. Tricks courtesy of Darcy O'Keefe. Composite love courtesy of Rob Antill.
Mervin headquarters, Washington
Mervin Manufacturing co-founder Pete Saari claimed the board in Whitewater and drove it back to Washington to give it some love and a tune. And then some Lib Tech homies decided to go show it off to the Freemont Troll.
Tailgate Alaska
From Washington the board made its way to Tailgate Alaska, where it was passed around amongst the snowbags camped out in the parking lot at Thompson's Pass. As the "selfie" on the left, taken by photographer Tim Zimmerman, can attest, the conditions in AK were not all-time this spring.
The board disappeared into the backcountry wilds of Alaska for a time before reappearing in Girdwood, where it was picked up by a traveling cinematographer, thrown in a truck and driven back to Jackson Hole. Where is the board off to next? We don't know, but we're betting someone on the way to the Southern Hemisphere has it packed into a bag right now. Here, Mark Carter takes a quick summer picture for posterity before it departs on its next adventure.
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The owners of Columbia's Wateree Dive Center Inc., originally from Camden, were honored with a Platinum Pro 5000 Diver Award this year by Scuba School International. Larry, Serena and Andy Ogburn each received an award for their individual number of dives and 35 years of contributions to the diving community.
Choosing a career in the media makes me a willing martyr. Although I am drawn to the glossy covers of magazines and daydream about seeing my 10-point byline in publications nationwide, making a living as a reporter means continuously living in my most vulnerable state.
Page 33 of 33
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This article provides information on how to safely remove the customer replaceable units (CRUs) in the various Dell Optiplex 9010
These guides will take you step by step through the safe removal of what are considered to be the Customer Replaceable Unit (CRU) parts of the Various Dell Optiplex 9010 systems. (CRUs are the parts of the system that shouldn't need an engineer to remove or replace).
The guides will also include pictures to reference what's involved.
If these guides do not cover what you are looking to do, then you will want to reference your System Manual.
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Article ID: SLN298119
Last Date Modified: 08/10/2017 10:22 AM
Thank you for your feedback.


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Medical Miracles: Adjustable Stool, Room Divider & X-Ray
Doctor's equipment is so much better when you don't encounter it at the hospital. Am I right?
• Brooklyn, NY: Medical Stool - $150
• Brooklyn, NY: Metal Room Divider - $150
• Chicago, IL: Vintage X-ray - $40
• Brooklyn, NY: Stainless Cabinets - $1850
• Brooklyn, NY: Pharmacy Bottles - $25
Shoppers, check out the Classifieds for many more listings. Sellers, gather up your goods and list them in our Classifieds to turn them into a little extra spending cash.
Go To: Classifieds Main Page
Apartment Therapy is not the seller of these items. This is an edited selection of our favorite offerings from our Classifieds. For more information, see How it Works. Happy Scavenging!


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Starcraft RV Unveiling Small AR-ONE Trailer
September 21, 2010 by RVBusiness · Comments Off on Starcraft RV Unveiling Small AR-ONE Trailer
Proving the idea that less truly is more, Starcraft RV has announced the introduction of a new lightweight travel trailer called AR-ONE. The 2011 AR-ONE is designed to give owners a high value of camping's essentials with a low-impact on the wallet, according to a news release.
"For some time now we've been telling our customers and dealers that Starcraft is all about camping – pure and simple. We've placed emphasis on providing our consumers with high value, practical features, not on high-cost items they neither want nor need," said Jim Jacobs, general manager for Starcraft RV. "The AR-ONE is a perfect example of this philosophy."
"The AR-ONE is a solidly built, affordable travel trailer that is towable by most standard and crossover SUVs and mini-vans," Jacobs stated. "Weighing at around 2,000 – 2,500 pounds, it's ideal for the family looking to move up from the standard fold-down, but not wanting to move out of their family vehicle."
The AR-ONE is a member of the popular Starcraft Autumn Ridge travel trailer family. "The Starcraft Autumn Ridge is one of the more popular travel trailers in today's market place," said Brent Froman, national sales manager for Starcraft RV. "We took the quality construction found in the Autumn Ridge and applied those same principals in a lighter, aggressively priced model. However, with the AR-ONE, what you see is what you get. To keep the unit affordable and simple, all features are standard and there are no available options. This allows customers to have the necessary amenities without added cost. The focus is about an enjoyable camping experience – pure and simple."
With three floorplans to choose from, the AR-ONE sleeps two to five people and is available in lengths from 14 to 16 feet. The 15RB floorplan has added sleeping capacity with an expandable Aqua-Shield Aqualon sectionalized tent.
The interior boasts a two-burner range; 3-cubic-foot three-way gas/electric refrigerator; a 54-inch booth dinette; ball-bearing drawer guides with a 50 pound capacity and full-drawer extension; hardwood cabinet drawers; and nickel hardware. In addition, the AR-ONE comes standard with cable and satellite TV prep; crank-up HDTV antenna with signal booster; pleated nightshades; residential furniture made by Starcraft; and vinyl flooring throughout.
Standard equipment includes a 6-gallon gas water heater, a 5,000-watt A/C unit, Carefree patio awning, microwave oven with carousel, spare tire with carrier and an AM/FM stereo with iPod/MP3 connection. In addition, the AR-ONE features dual-hitch safety chains, safety-glass windows, break-away switch and deadbolt lock on the entrance door.
"The goal was to go beyond creating a lightweight, travel trailer that can be pulled by the average family vehicle," said Froman. "We wanted to give consumers a unique product that offers the necessities they need for a quality camping experience, a good value product at an aggressive price. The AR-ONE is that product."
For more information on AR-ONE and other Starcraft products, call (800) 945-4787, or visit www.StarcraftCamping.com or www.facebook.com/StarcraftCamping.


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Do we know for sure that the figures all have the same Jabba piece?
That's a pre-order auction and I just don't trust them.
Not even close, at least for me. Heck, you could replicate this chase pretty easily with a regular Bib and some red paint.
I'm still filling in the puzzle pieces... if the "dais-right and tail" pieces come with either Luke or Chewie, then you could end up with a second Jabba in a box of 12... he just wouldn't have the complete dais to sit on.
It looks like the tail and dais come together?
I think Luke = Tail/Dais and Chewie = railing/hookah
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Contact: AJ Freeney-Ruiz
Indianapolis, IN - Indiana Secretary of State Todd Rokita launched the second of three advertising blitzes this week as part of the $1.8 million Indiana Investment Watch awareness campaign to inform Hoosiers about safe investing and avoiding fraud.
The second series of advertisements urges Indiana homebuyers to go to www.IndianaInvestmentWatch.com to learn more about mortgage loans and to check the Secretary of State's database to ensure their mortgage broker is licensed with the state. The advertising campaign will be featured on billboards, network television, cable television, radio, newspapers, consumer magazines and e-newsletters.
"This free educational campaign is timely, given Indiana's high foreclosure rankings," Rokita said. "We hope we can build awareness and help home buyers be more careful."
No state taxpayer money is used to fund the campaign. The campaign is funded through state and national fines paid by brokers, investment houses and stock market investment companies for violations.
"Owning a home is the dream of many Hoosiers," Rokita said. "It's vital that consumers in Indiana are empowered with good information before a mortgage closing to ensure they can detect potential fraud and make well-informed decisions."
The Office of the Indiana Secretary of State is responsible for licensing and regulating mortgage loan brokers, most of which are required to be licensed by the state. Visitors to the Web site can search the Secretary of State's database to find out whether their broker is licensed. Hoosiers can also call the Secretary of State's office at 1.800.223.8791 to find out whether their mortgage broker is licensed or exempt from licensing.
The Web site also provides important red flags when looking for mortgages, including shifting the closing date, "free" finance offers, loan flipping, undisclosed pre-payment penalties and falsifying income to obtain loans.
The Indiana Investment Watch Web site provides a link to file complaints with the Secretary of State's office. From 2003 to 2005, the Enforcement Division and Prosecution Assistance Unit investigated 623 cases of investment-related fraud.
In 2005, investigators from the Secretary of State's office took part in a sweep of licensed loan brokers in various parts of the state. Thirty-two examinations were conducted, resulting in the discovery of 37 separate violations of the Loan Broker Act. As a result of these violations, Rokita's office entered into seven consent agreements totaling $3,300 in civil penalties, eight deficiency letters, two enforcement cases and the termination of three loan broker licenses.
The Indiana Investment Watch Web site was established in March to help Hoosiers check on the backgrounds of investment advisors and mortgage loan brokers. The site also provides educational material to assist consumers with their money-related decisions.


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One week into the trip and I find myself short on underwear and sleep.
Actually went to dinner at a decent hour last night, 10 p.m. Somebody (read previous blog to know it's not Anna Maria, honey) wanted to go to the same place we went to the night before to get a gyro or Souvlaki sandwich.
Instead, we made a turn too early across Ermou Street and got on Metropolitan a block too early. To our very good fortune, Jimmy (everybody knows me, I am Jee-mee he proclaimed loudly) even before we got to the roadside tables set up on the street. After very little convincing, I decided this would be a good place to eat. A group from Denmark was already seated and looked to be enjoying their food, and Jimmy seemed friendly.
"This is a family place," he chimed. Somebody said we wanted to go to Plaka, but Jimmy insisted we stay there. "Plaka five times more expensive than here," he cried. "This good family place."
"I bring you water," he said, and just like that a man came running out of the inside of the establishment with a bottle of mineral water. Jimmy opened the bottle and carefully filled our glasses.
"I bring for you a nice Greek salad with prawns," he said. Now that sounded good. "You like feesh or meat?"
Somebody wasn't quite sold on the suggestion and wanted a menu, but I was intrigued. Other people who had been to Greece had told me about places like this, so I told him I like fish.
"I bring for you sea bass," he said. "Fresh, brought into the store at 3 p.m. today. Fresh not frozen."
I was sold, but somebody browsed through the menu anyway before deciding to order with me.
The salad was huge with fresh cut tomatoes and cucumbers (no lettuce in Greek salads here, or grape leaves, either), pick thick chunks of feta and light purple olives dresses lightly in oil.
I was about to complain there were no prawns when Jimmy brought out two plates, one for me and one for somebody, with three prawns the size of 8-ounce lobster tails. Outstanding.
"Slowly," he said as he made a motion as though he were moving a fork to his mouth. "Slowly."
Slowly indeed. The prawns tasted like a cross between lobster and shrimp.
I kept glancing at the people from Holland next to us, and noticed the tall girl had a coke bottle hanging from the credential card holder we all wear to signify we are part of the Olympic family of athletes, officials and media.
I asked if they spoke English, and they replied in the affirmative. I asked if she was an athlete, and she told me she fenced, doing epee and had lost her opening round match against one of the best people in the world on Sunday. I never did get her name, but her coach and press manager and I had a great conversation about where we were from. They delighted that I had covered fencing earlier that day, and they know Jed Dupree very well and said it was a shocking upset that he lost to the Algerian that morning. The press manager, Bart van de Kerkof of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Algemene Schermbond (he gave me his card, that's how I can spell it), told me that U.S. fencers will rule the Olympics in four years, and invited me to look him up if we ever visit The Netherlands (hey Lois, Europe again!).
My sea bass had come as we spoke, and somebody had his half gone by the time I stopped talking. Again Jimmy cautioned us "slowly, slowly" when he delivered the food. While the main bone was filleted, many of the tiny bones remained. The fish still tasted very good.
When we asked for the check, Jimmy said "I cannot let you leave. I must offer you watermelon," but we refused and said we needed to get going.
Shortly, he brought the check. Dinner for two, 90 euros (about $130). Not 92.50. Not 89.77. 90 on the nose. Whoa. Hold it. Time out. Somebody and I were ticked. "I knew we should have ordered from the menu," he declared.
I was not happy. We had eaten in the Plaka section the night before and did not come close to ringing up a tab like that. At first, I asked if they took Visa cards, but Jimmy said "This is a small family place, we cannot take cards." Then I told him no. I told him he said Plaka would be five times as much, that we had eaten at Plaka the night before and it was half as expensive.
"This is fresh fish, not frozen," he declared. I again told him he deceived us, that he told us Plaka was five times more, and that he was the one who was more expensive. "Fresh, not frozen," he implored. No, I did not have that much (O.K., I lied. I did. But he didn't know that). Then, a man walked over who wanted to know the problem. Jimmy explained. Jimmy was not the owner. This man was. "Fresh, not frozen," the man tried to explain about the high price of fish.
I told them I didn't have that much. The owner, biting his lip, reluctantly agreed to lower the price, to 70 Euros, about $100 U.S. Again I was not happy, but when I reached for my money, two 50 Euro bills popped up. I tucked one back and slowly counted out 20 more and paid him. Oh, and as he walked away unhappy, I told him I needed a receipt. I did tip him, however.
Today, somebody and I were on our way back from the Helliniko Complex after watching the U.S. softball team play. After giving pins to the two volunteers aboard and the driver, I noted one volunteer had an English accent. Turned out she was from London, married a Greek and had moved to Greece.
I told her what happened the night before and she said there were laws enacted against that sort of thing. The Greek volunteer wanted to know what we were talking about, and as I explained our dinner and the place to the English woman for translation, the Greek woman told me we got a good deal because fresh, not frozen, sea bass is from the sea, not a fish farm, and is very expensive.
Glad I tipped Jimmy. Fresh, not frozen.
Morning Call Sports Reporter Gary Blockus is on assignment in Athens, Greece for the 2004 Summer Olympics. Gary's Athens will be providing updated reports from the Games as well as the various sights and sounds from Athens in his daily blog.


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To predict how climate change will influence populations, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms, particularly microevolution and phenotypic plasticity, that allow populations to persist in novel environmental conditions. Although evidence for climate-induced phenotypic change in populations is widespread, evidence documenting that these phenotypic changes are due to microevolution is exceedingly rare. In this study, we use 32 years of genetic data (17 complete generations) to determine whether there has been a genetic change towards earlier migration timing in a population of pink salmon that shows phenotypic change; average migration time occurs nearly two weeks earlier than it did 40 years ago. Experimental genetic data support the hypothesis that there has been directional selection for earlier migration timing, resulting in a substantial decrease in the late-migrating phenotype (from more than 30% to less than 10% of the total abundance). From 1983 to 2011, there was a significant decrease—over threefold—in the frequency of a genetic marker for late-migration timing, but there were minimal changes in allele frequencies at other neutral loci. These results demonstrate that there has been rapid microevolution for earlier migration timing in this population. Circadian rhythm genes, however, did not show any evidence for selective changes from 1993 to 2009.
1. Introduction
It is becoming increasingly apparent that adaptive microevolution can occur rapidly in wild populations [1–4]. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of empirical evidence for rapid adaptive microevolution (i.e. genetic change) in response to climate warming, largely because it is unclear whether many climate-induced phenotypic changes have a genetic basis or are due to phenotypic plasticity [5]. In other words, observed phenotypic changes may be due to the same genotypic distribution producing a new phenotypic distribution (plasticity). Appropriate methods, including genetic data or quantitative genetic designs, will help clarify the influences of plastic and genetic adaptations to climate change [6–9], and will help predict and quantify the impacts of global change on ecosystems and biodiversity. This information is critically important given the proliferation of evidence suggesting that life-history traits are changing in many populations as a response to global climate change [10,11].
Generally, migration events are timed to coincide with environmental conditions that maximize individual fitness, and many species will have to change their migration timing to match new environmental conditions produced by climate change [12,13]. Changes in migration timing for Pacific salmon populations may be particularly necessary [14,15], because salmonid phenological events—the timing of seasonal life-history events—are often highly adapted to local thermal conditions in freshwater rivers, streams and lakes, and also the ocean [16–18]. Phenological traits are generally heritable in salmonid populations (median h2 = 0.51 [19]), and it is hypothesized that microevolutionary changes in migration timing may be one mechanism that would allow salmon populations to persist under climate warming [14,20,21]. A general trend towards earlier migration timing observed in many salmonid species and populations [22–26] supports this hypothesis, but molecular genetic evidence for microevolution towards altered migration timing is non-existent.
In this study, we use phenotypic data on migration timing, archived genetic samples and data from a marker locus, the allele frequencies of which were experimentally altered more than 30 years ago, to determine whether change in migration timing in a population of pink salmon has a genetic basis (i.e. microevolution). Although rare, experimental genetic data in salmon populations can provide a tool by which genetic changes can be tracked in natural populations [27]. Specifically, we observed that both even- and odd-year adult pink salmon that spawn in a warming Alaskan stream (figure 1) are migrating into freshwater earlier and are migrating over a shorter period of time (figures 2 and 3 [15,26]). Owing to a strictly semelparous, 2-year life cycle, pink salmon have the potential for rapid rates of adaptive evolution relative to other salmon species (in terms of number of years). The combination of high trait heritability, short generation time and observed phenotypic change provides a suitable context to study evolutionary change over a contemporary and relatively short time-frame.
In many vertebrate species, maturation schedule and migration timing are influenced by endogenous circadian or circannual rhythms that are driven by photoperiod [28–30]. Photoperiod also appears to be a primary cue that initiates adult maturation and migration timing in Pacific salmon [18,31]. Recently, researchers have identified crucial molecular components of the circadian rhythm cycle in salmon, including genes in Clock (a transcription factor) and Cryptochrome (an inhibitor) [32,33]. OtsClock1b has been used to detect Chinook salmon population structure that was not evident from neutral microsatellite locus data [32]. Latitudinal clines in OtsClock1b allele frequencies exceed neutral expectations for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), and indicate that local adaptation may be responsible for patterns of clock gene frequencies across geographical space [34,35]. Additionally, OtsClock1b and Cryptochrome2b map to genomic regions that explain variation in growth and development in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch [33]). To test our hypothesis that there has been genetic change for earlier migration timing, we used more than 30 years of temporal genetic data (17 complete generations) from the odd-year population and predicted that there would be a significant decrease over time in a neutral genetic marker manipulated to alter allele frequencies in the late-migrating portion of the population as well as evidence of directional selection at circadian rhythm genetic loci.
2. Methods
(a) Study site
Auke Creek is a small lake-outlet stream near Juneau, Alaska. There have been complete daily counts (census) of all adult pink salmon migrating into Auke Creek since 1971. Some experimental hatchery activity occurred in the 1970s; since that time, however, there has been little hatchery activity. Historically, the distribution of migration timing of the Auke Creek pink salmon population was moderately bimodal and had relatively distinct early- and late-migrating population components that were separated by approximately 20 days (figure 3 [36,37]). This bimodality in the migration distribution was associated with distinct phenotypic differences. Towards the end of August, returning adults tended to be very 'dark' and in advanced states of maturity; beginning in September, ocean fresh 'bright' individuals would arrive signifying the beginning of the late migration [38].
(b) Experimental genetic marker for late-migration timing
Experimental manipulations in 1979 introduced a putatively neutral genetic marker into the late-migrating portion of the odd-year Auke Creek pink salmon population. A neutral marker was used so that it would be possible to genetically track late-migrating individuals without influencing their fitness. Selective breeding was used to alter the frequency of two neutral alleles so that late-migrating fish were genetically differentiated from earlier-migrating fish. Specifically, individuals that migrated into Auke Creek after 15 September were used in the genetic marking experiment (i.e. the latest-migrating individuals). A large effective population size (Ne ∼ 400) was used, and there was no evidence for natural selection at this locus after the 1979 marking event or genetic heterogeneity between the pre- and post-experimental populations at other allozyme loci (for details on the experimental design, see earlier studies [27,38]). Within the late-migrating portion of this population, the frequency of the *70 allele at the MDH B1,2* allozyme locus was substantially increased from 0.056 in 1979 to 0.256 in 1983. Additionally, the frequency of the *130 allele was decreased in the latest migrating individuals from 0.046 in 1979 to 0.023 in 1983 (the third allele, *100, changed by necessity due to these manipulations). From 1981 to 1989, the allele frequencies at this locus did not substantially change (i.e. stayed at pre-experimental levels) in the early-migrating portion of the population (*70 = 0.04–0.05; *130 = 0.04–0.05; figure 4), and experimental allele frequencies in late-migrating fish remained stable and differentiated from early-migrating fish (*70 = 0.20–0.30; *130 = 0.01–0.03). Therefore, these alleles genetically marked late-migrating individuals and allow us to infer whether changes in the migration timing distribution are due to changes in the genotype for migration timing. Hence, selection towards earlier migration timing should change the frequency of these alleles towards the frequencies of the early-run fish, thus confirming our prediction. The experimental manipulations led to allele frequency differences between early- and late-migrating fish that were substantially larger for the *70 allele than for the *130 allele. We frequently refer only to the *70 allele with the notation LMMA for 'late-migration marker allele'. When we refer to the entire locus, we use LMML for 'late-migration marker locus'.
(c) Genetic data
To obtain allele frequency data for the LMML and a control locus not associated with the late portion of the population, approximately 5–30 (generally 10) fish were sampled each day from fish migrating into Auke Creek, Alaska in 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 2001 and 2011 (but see additional details later). All fish were sampled for skeletal muscle tissue as they passed through the weir, except for samples in 1993. In 1993, samples were collected from newly dead carcasses on each day that fish mortalities (i.e. post-spawning) were observed. Starch gel protein electrophoresis was used to resolve allozyme banding patterns [27]. Data were obtained from fish in 1983 (n = 645), 1985 (n = 587), 1987 (n = 459), 1989 (n = 524), 1991 (n = 507), 1993 (n = 550), 2001 (n = 490) and 2011 (n = 606). Allele frequencies were obtained for the allozyme locus G3PDH-1* in 1979 (n = 179), 1981 (n = 203), 1983 (n = 726) and 2011 (n = 551). G3PDH-1* is not associated with migration timing and was used as a comparison (selectively neutral control [39]) with the LMML allele frequencies.
Microsatellite data were obtained from approximately 10 individuals sampled every other day during the migration in 1993, 2001 and 2009. Approximately 160–190 individuals were genotyped at each locus in each year (electronic supplementary material, table S1). DNA was extracted from all samples with the protocol described [40], and was amplified at 23 putatively neutral microsatellite loci and three candidate loci that are part of the circadian rhythm gene complex (electronic supplementary material, table S1). PCR amplification used optimized, locus-specific temperature profiles and a Qiagen multiplex PCR kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). PCR products were visualized on a LI-COR 4300 DNA Analyzer. Allele sizes were estimated with SAGA Generation 2 software (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE). All data are available from Dryad (doi:10.5061/dryad.m3c53).
(d) Data analyses
Multiple approaches were used to describe temporal changes in intra-annual variation in the allele frequencies at the LMML over time. For each year, simple graphical comparisons of 5-day running allele frequency averages of the LMMA were used to track changes in genetic differentiation over time. A binomial t-test was used to test for significant genetic differences at the LMMA between early- and late-migrating individuals. We used data from the calendar dates that included the first and last 100 fish sampled in each year.
Gene flow between early- and late-migrating fish could erode the genetic structure introduced by the marking effort. Thus, we estimated the overall frequency of the LMMA, because gene flow alone should not change the overall frequency of the allele, whereas demographic changes that reduced the late run would decrease the frequency of this allele. Obtaining an unbiased estimate of the overall frequency and associated uncertainty at the LMMA across the entire migration timing distribution is complicated, because of strong genetic differentiation between early- and late-migrating fish, unequal abundance during different portions of the migration timing distribution and unequal sample representation across the migration timing distribution.
A parametric bootstrap approach that included the genetic and daily census data was used to resolve these issues. In each year, the migration timing distribution was systematically separated into 5-day 'subsamples' starting with the first date that genetic samples were collected. We calculated maximum-likelihood allele frequency estimates (f) for each period (i; i = 1, 2, 3 … j) and then drew random parametric bootstrap samples from a binomial distribution, xi ∼ Bin(fi,ni), where ni are the number of alleles sampled (2 × number of individuals sampled) in each period. For each year, an overall allele frequency estimate was obtained with , where αi = xi/ni × 2 × Ni and Ni is the census number of adult fish migrating into Auke Creek during the same 5-day period. One thousand bootstrap replicates were performed and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by excluding the most extreme 0.025 per cent of the smallest and the largest values. For 1993, we used census data from 8 days prior to the date of the genetic samples (obtained from carcasses), because this approximates the duration of freshwater life for Auke Creek pink salmon [41]. In 1983, samples were taken on only 3 days roughly corresponding to the beginning, middle and end of the migration. To estimate the overall allele frequency for this year, we equally allocated maximum-likelihood allele frequency estimates between the sampled dates for each period. We used weighted allele frequencies at G3PDH-1* in 1979, 1981 and 1983 from data of McGregor et al. [42], and used the approach described earlier to estimate frequencies for 2011. We detected two alleles at G3PDH-1* and report estimates for the less abundant allele. We did not replicate these analyses at MDH*130 because the manipulative change in frequency was small (approx. 0.02) and the allele frequencies are very close to 0 (the boundary), resulting in very little power to detect small changes.
Importantly, inter-population gene flow could also influence the frequency of the LMMA, but estimates of contemporary gene flow between pink salmon in Auke Creek and other nearby locations are low (proportion of migrants each generation m = 0.0015 [27]). Estimates of direct immigration/straying are also low (m = 0.02–0.036; [43,44]). The average frequency of the LMMA in other populations ranges from 0.059 in the most proximate populations (approx. 1–6 km distance) to 0.057 when including populations up to 30 km away [42].
A bootstrap simulation based on allele frequencies at the LMML was used to estimate the total number of fish that belong to the early and late segments of the Auke Creek pink salmon population (essentially a mixed stock analysis). Expectation maximization algorithms [45] were used to allocate fish to the early or late portion of the population by comparing daily running averages of estimated allele frequencies to allele frequencies from a baseline population (in our case this was 1983, because that was the first return of post-experimental fish that randomly mated in the wild [46]). Specifically, the simulation uses running 5-day allele frequency averages (e.g. days 3–7) to estimate the composition, in terms of origin (early versus late-migrating fish), of the middle date (day 5). The census number of fish migrating into Auke Creek on that day is multiplied by the estimated contribution of early- and late-migrating individuals to yield the estimated daily return of early- and late-migrating fish. This same procedure is performed for each day of the migration to estimate the total contribution of early- and late-migrating fish to the total abundance. Statistical replication is performed through non-parametric bootstrapping of the empirical data. This method makes use of the clear genetic difference between the marked and unmarked portions of the population in 1983 to estimate total population contribution of each phenotype in each subsequent year. The simulation also estimates the median date of migration timing for the early- and late-migrating portions of the population. For all allozyme analyses, data from the LMML were treated as if the locus were diploid [38].
The population genetic parameter Ftemporal was used to describe and compare change in allele frequencies at the nuclear loci. This parameter measures differences in allele frequencies between two samples [47] and is a powerful method to detect genetic changes in populations [9,48]. Changes in allele frequencies at candidate loci that exceed changes at neutral microsatellite loci are evidence of directional selection at this or closely linked quantitative trait loci. To test for directional selection at candidate loci, we used genetic outlier tests [49]. LOSITAN [50] and Bayescan [51] were used to generate estimates of Ftemporal and compare these estimates between putatively neutral and candidate microsatellite loci. These are frequentist and Bayesian approaches, respectively. Essentially, these methods attempt to differentiate signals for natural selection from those of genetic drift. Other methods to detect selection at genetic loci exist, but LOSITAN and Bayescan have the lowest type I and II error rates [52]. The recommended settings for LOSITAN were used for all analyses, including an additional 20 000 simulations. In Bayescan, we used 100 000 iterations of burn-in, 20 pilot runs, a thinning rate of 15 iterations, and retained 8000 iterations of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) chain to ensure convergence of the posterior distributions with minimal MCMC chain autocorrelation.
3. Results
Throughout the 1980s, the frequency of the LMMA in the latest-migrating fish differed from those of the early-migrating fish (p < 0.001; figure 4). Specifically, the allele frequency in samples of fish collected before 1 September was approximately 0.04–0.05 and was 0.21–0.26 in samples collected from the latest-migrating fish. Beginning in 1991, this pattern completely disappeared and the LMMA frequency did not differ significantly between early- and late-migrating fish (p = 0.69). A lack of genetic differentiation at the LMMA after 1989 was confirmed in 1993 (p = 0.91), 2001 (p = 0.27) and 2011 (p = 0.85). There was a strong decrease—approximately threefold—in the total frequency of the LMMA across the entire migration timing distribution from 0.131 (s.e. = 0.016) in 1983 to 0.043 (s.e. = 0.008) in 2011 (figure 5). The frequency of the LMMA was relatively stable during the 1980s, but decreased rapidly and significantly (p < 0.05) between 1989 and 1993. The frequency of this allele has been relatively constant since 1993.
This rapid change in the LMMA contrasts with the stable frequencies of the 200 allele at the control locus G3PDH-1, which changed very little (figure 5); its frequency was 0.098 (s.e. = 0.022) in 1979, 0.108 (s.e. = 0.011) in 1981, 0.101 (s.e. = 0.011) in 1983 and 0.109 (s.e. = 0.013) in 2011, which suggests that genetic drift had minimal effects on G3PDH-1*, and hence the entire population, during this time period. These results support the hypothesis of directional selection for earlier migration timing. The altered allozyme frequencies at the marker locus in the late-migrating portion of the population changed substantially during the study period, but such changes were not observed at another locus.
Results from the bootstrap simulation demonstrate that during the 1980s the late-migrating genetically marked component of the population accounted for 27 to 39 per cent of the total abundance (table 1). This proportion decreased rapidly after 1989 and was approximately 5 per cent (s.e. = 2.4%) in 2011. Because of the loss of intra-annual genetic differentiation by time at the LMML after 1989, the simulation was unable to differentiate the early- and late-migrating population, as demonstrated by the overlap in the median dates of migration timing (table 1). Therefore, estimates from 1991 to 2011 should be used with caution. However, the primary pattern is clear and consistent with the other results; the late-run portion of the population used to be an important component of the total population abundance, but is no longer. Nevertheless, overall abundance has not changed [26].
Conversely, genetic outlier analyses did not provide any evidence for selection at the candidate loci associated with circadian rhythms. Results from LOSITAN indicate that none of the 26 microsatellite loci used in this study appear to be under directional or balancing selection (electronic supplementary material, figure S1a). Locus-specific estimates of Ftemporal were low (0–0.007) across all loci, suggesting that the combined effect of genetic drift and selection has been weak at these loci. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that the candidate locus Cryptochrome2b had the highest Ftemporal value of all loci (0.007). This locus had the lowest expected heterozygosity (0.044), and therefore was located in the region of the plot in which selection is the most difficult to detect (i.e. has the widest 95% confidence regions). Similarly, results from Bayescan suggest that directional selection is not acting at any of these loci; but there may be mild balancing selection at Ots101 (electronic supplementary material, figure S1b).
The small values of Ftemporal and relatively large Ne (Ne = 271 [53]) at these microsatellite loci indicate little genetic drift in this population and support the idea that the radical changes in the LMML over the course of the study were due to selection against the late-migrating portion of the population. For example, Ftemporal was 0.025 at the LMML from 1989 to 1993 [47], a value that is over three times greater than that observed at any of the microsatellite loci (though the time periods are not overlapping). We used LMMA frequencies from other populations in an island–continent model to estimate the migration rate (m—the proportion of the population that are immigrants [54]) that would be necessary to achieve the observed changes in the LMMA in the Auke Creek population from 1989 to 1991. Depending on the scale of the analysis (including only nearby locations versus more distant populations) or whether the analysis was restricted to late-migrating fish, m would need to be 0.69–0.85 to satisfy the observed genetic changes. For populations around Auke Creek, these values are 19–24 times higher than the largest demographic estimate of m (i.e. dispersal [42]), and 460–566 times larger than genetic estimates of m [27]. As such, migration is not a likely explanation for the observed genetic changes in the LMML.
4. Discussion
In order to understand whether phenological shifts in a population of pink salmon were due to microevolution, we used genetic data collected from 1979 to 2011 and observed evidence for genetic change associated with shifts towards earlier migration timing. Data from the LMML demonstrated that there was a significant decrease—at least threefold—in the late-migrating portion of the odd-year Auke Creek pink salmon population. This provides evidence of a rapid microevolutionary change in this population that has proved exceptionally elusive in other studies [5,9]. The trend towards earlier migration timing in this population does not appear to be anomalous, because it is replicated in the even-year population that uses the same freshwater habitat, and in other salmonid species and life histories (figures 2 and 3) [23–26]. Importantly, another recent study that used a modelling approach determined that microevolution for earlier migration timing has occurred in a population of sockeye salmon in the Columbia River [20]. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that recent climate change has influenced the evolutionary dynamics of salmonid populations and their adaptation via migration timing to their respective habitats.
The LMML indicated that a major selection event occurred between 1989 and 1993. Although we do not know the specific selective pressures that led to earlier migration timing in this population, stream temperatures during peak migration timing in 1989 were the second highest on record, and we observed substantial genetic changes at the LMML in the progeny from this spawning generation. Migrating pink salmon appear to avoid high stream temperatures; given the trend in migration timing, changes in the genetic marker and increasing stream temperatures in Auke Creek [26], it appears that earlier-migrating fish may have higher fitness in warmer years. Adaptations-by-time [55] for different thermal regimes and biotic interactions are well documented for this population, and there is evidence that early-migrating adult fish are adapted to warmer conditions at multiple life stages and life-history events (e.g. juvenile developmental rates and migration timing, and adult migration timing, lifespan and breeding date) [37,41,56,57]. These patterns of local adaptation result in a strong temporal structuring of the population [37]. Another possible explanation is that warm stream temperatures may have caused reproductive overlap (and hence gene flow) between early- and late-migrating fish, and the resulting evolutionary changes are due to outbreeding depression.
Stream temperatures during peak migration approach upper lethal limits in some years [18], which could potentially act as a constraint to further microevolution. However, there are no temporal trends in migration timing for the first 5 per cent (p = 0.854) and first 25 per cent (p = 0.102) of the migration timing distribution. This observation and data at the LMML suggest that there has been a truncation of the migration timing distribution and strong selection against the latest migrating fish, resulting in the near elimination of this phenotype. The rapid genetic changes imply that climate-induced selection on life-history traits may not result in gradual evolutionary shifts. Rather, selection events may be extreme and episodic, and have severely different consequences for different phenotypes (i.e. near elimination of the late-migrating phenotype). Interestingly, the median phenotype appears to have undergone a continuous shift towards earlier timing (as opposed to rapid truncation in one generation), indicating that plasticity must also be responsible for the observed change in migration timing.
Temporal structuring owing to migration timing complicates whether this represents the evolution of a single population, or selection against one population and a demographic response (increase in abundance) in another. Like other salmon populations, pink salmon in Auke Creek are probably best described as a single population exhibiting intra-population genetic structure owing to heritable differences in migration timing [55]. This is corroborated by weak, but statistically significant genetic differentiation between early- and late-migrating fish at neutral loci (i.e. there is gene flow between reproductively isolated components of the migration timing distribution) [42,53].
Interestingly, the progeny of early-migrating adult pink salmon historically (1970s–1980s) had lower early marine survival than progeny of later-migrating fish [40,58]. To better understand these phenotypic and evolutionary changes, it would be valuable to determine whether this pattern is still present, or if these populations are stable because of increased fitness (compensation) at some other population vital rate (e.g. reproductive success in freshwater). Additionally, it is unclear whether these changes could lead to future trophic mismatches between juvenile pink salmon and the availability of marine resources [15]. Despite the fact that Auke Creek has undergone significant warming and there have been substantial phenological shifts, both odd- and even-year pink salmon populations are stable [26], and population abundance in 2011 was the second highest on record. Given that changes in migration timing can influence population dynamics, it seems plausible that the observed changes in migration timing have allowed these populations to remain resilient to environmental change [59].
Selection was not detectable in the circadian rhythm genes we used in this study. It is possible that these loci do not directly influence migration timing [60]. Along the same lines, migration timing is probably a complex quantitative trait influenced by many genes. If selection did not act on our candidate loci for migration timing, then it must have acted on other loci that influence migration timing. However, archived genetic samples were available dating back only to 1993 and it is possible that selection occurred at circadian rhythm genes before this date. This is hinted at by the LMML data, which showed a decrease in the late-migrating phenotype/genotype between 1989 and 1993. Alternatively, sampling more selectively neutral markers would increase our power to detect subtle differences in genetic change (e.g. changes at Cryptochrome2b).
Genetic variation for migration timing is an important aspect of biocomplexity in Pacific salmon populations that decreases population stochasticity [61]. Along with the shift in the distribution of migration timing and loss of the late-migrating component of the population, there is no longer distinct bimodality in the distribution of migration timing in the even- or odd-year populations. We no longer observe the clear phenotypic distinction between early- and late-migrating individuals that was once present in the system [27,37]. Apparently, the very-late-migrating phenotype has been greatly reduced or potentially lost. Although microevolution may have allowed this population to successfully track environmental change, it may have come at the cost of a decrease of within-population biocomplexity—the loss of the late run [61]. This is not a surprising result; by definition, directional selection will decrease genetic variation. However, it does highlight the importance of maintaining sufficient genetic and phenotypic variation within populations in order for them to have the ability to respond to environmental change. In this particular population, genetic and phenotypic variation have allowed for evolutionary changes in an important life-history trait, the result of which is that this population is persisting through rapid temperature warming. These findings are an important empirical advancement towards understanding the process of climate-induced microevolution in wild populations.
We thank J. Joyce, J. Echave, S. Taylor, NOAA and previous members of the Gharrett laboratory for helping to collect much of this data, and Mark Lindberg and Milo Adkison for comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. An Alaska EPSCoR Graduate Research Fellowship and Institute of Arctic Biology Summer Research Fellowship supported R.P.K. This research was prepared by R.P.K. and D.A.T. under North Pacific Research Board project 1110 and award 45965 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, administered by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Data obtained prior to 1991 were obtained with support from the Alaska Sea Grant Programme. The statements, findings, conclusions and recommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the US Department of Commerce or the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
- Received May 18, 2012.
- Accepted June 15, 2012.
- This journal is © 2012 The Royal Society


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