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An Intimate Glimpse: Lives of Court Women in Japan
Time EstimateTwo to three 90-minute class periods and DBQ as an independent assignment.
After completing this lesson students will be able to:
- compare how ancient women from China and Japan functioned in a patriarchal society.
- discuss the insights to court life that Heian woman writers described in their writings.
- identify some reasons that women of the Heian era used writing to express themselves within a patriarchal framework.
- read and analyze primary-source documents and pictures.
- work in small groups to discuss different perspectives and points of view.
- Sufficient copies of Ban Zhao. Lessons for a Woman
- Sufficient copies of Writers of the Heian Era Introduction for a homework assignment
- Sufficient copies of the following sources:
- Sufficient copies of Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Texts
- Color transparencies of Source 8: Painting, Tale of Genji Scroll 1 and Source 9: Painting, Tale of Genji Scroll 2. (Or, use a projector to show it from the website, if available).
- Hook (15 minutes): Students generate a list of characteristics that they think were expected of ancient Asian women (both Chinese and Japanese). Students share responses and generated list on the board.
- How does this compare with the expectations of women in society today?
- What were some of the institutional structures that may have been placed on women that limited their roles in society?
- In-Class Reading (45 minutes): Pass out copies of Ban Zhaos Lesson for a Woman. Compare the characteristics expected of women with those that students generated on the board. Ask students:
- Are there characteristics that should be added/taken away?
- Were there any characteristics you were surprised about after reading Ban Zhao?
- What do you know about Ban Zhao that may influence what she is writing?
- Emphasize that the issue of authorship (especially the fact that Zhao was a woman) is important when examining this document, and also that texts of this era were largely proscriptive and not necessarily descriptive of people's actual behaviors at the time.
- Use questions five, six, and eight on the bottom of the primary source document website for other discussion points for the handout.
- Lecture (20-30 minutes): On Confucian system and patriarchy in China: This is to provide a solid basis of understanding for students, especially if they have not yet studied the Confucian system. If students have already studied Confucianism, the lecture may serve to provide an application of Confucianism as a system of patriarchy in China and later in Japan. The introduction of Confucianism and Chinese government bureaucracy to Japan by the 8th century put into place a new patriarchal structure that kept women from active political involvement. Even so, Japanese women still had access to education and maintained some of their rights from the pre-Heian period. Some of this information may be taken from the sources listed in the Additional Resources below.1
- Homework: Assign background reading from the Writers of the Heian Era Introduction and have students research additional details about the pre-Heian era to bring to class in order for them to understand the change of womens roles and power.
- Share (5 minutes): Have students share their findings about pre-Heian era women. What have they uncovered about how women held power prior to the Heian period? Raise the question and have students brainstorm: What caused Japanese women to lose their power?
- Discussion (10 minutes):
Questions to generate discussion:
- Why was there such a major shift in womens role in Japanese society from pre-Heian to Heian Era?
- What is the role Confucianism played?
- Is the writing by Heian court women a vestige of the pre-Heian power or can it be viewed as an outlet for the new limitations placed upon women?
This could be set up in a Socratic seminar format to allow students to delve more deeply into the shift of power for Japanese women. Bring in the issues surrounding the integration of Confucianism into Japanese society, and make direct references to Ban Zhaos excerpt discussed in the previous days class.
- Small Group Work (40 - 45 minutes):
Break up the class into small groups of three to four students. Each group can be assigned to take a closer look at a set of documents, such as Source 2: Diary, Sei Shônagon 2 and Source 3: Diary, Sei Shônagon 3, and Source 4: Diary, Sei Shônagon 4 and Source 7: Diary, Lady Sarashina, and Source 5: Fiction, The Tale of Genji 1 and Source 6: Fiction, The Tale of Genji 2. Each group should fill out the Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Texts for each source. Then, jigsaw the student groups for them to share their findings with each other. After the jigsaw, what conclusions can they draw about Heian court life? What is the role of women and what limitations were placed on them?
Alternative: Hand out Source 2 through Source 7. Have students read individually through all the documents and fill out only one Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Texts for each source in small groups of two to three students.
Optional: Visual Supplement (10 minutes): Use the paintings from Source 8: Painting, Tale of Genji Scroll 1and Source 9: Painting, Tale of Genji Scroll 2 on an overhead or projector that depicts scenes from The Tale of Genji for students to get a sense of the gender segregation and strictures of court life. Use prompts from Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Images verbally to help students break down the different parts of the visual and to discuss the overall meaning of the paintings. Highlight the specific unique aspects of these Japanese scroll paintings, such as the multicolored silk robes, what activities the women are engaged in, and the separation of gender through the use of screens and what that may reveal about court life.
Other questions could include:
- What other aspects of court life (in reference to the primary sources they have just read) do you see reflected in these paintings?
- Do the paintings show a Japanese concept of patriarchy, or do they show something different?
Debriefing (20 - 25 minutes): Go over the responses that students came up with on the Primary Source Analysis Worksheet: Text as a class. Have students from different jigsaw groups respond to the various questions. What was their response to the earlier discussion question and has it changed now that they have read and processed the primary sources? (Is womens writing a vestige of the pre-Heian power of women or can it be viewed as an outlet for their new oppression?)
Compare these sources with Ban Zhaos source. What differences do they see in how Japanese women are portrayed? What were the different audiences of Ban Zhao and the Heian novelists, and how does that change what is being portrayed?
Through debriefing, have students break down the differences between the use of diaries and the use of fiction to depict the lives of court women, and why either form of writing was acceptable in this new system of patriarchy. How would the Heian women react to Ban Zhaos Lessons for Women?
Homework: DBQ essay assignment. If there is time left over allow students to work on an outline/tentative thesis.
Advanced Students: Have student research Nu Shu, the womens writing of China, and make comparisons with the Heian woman writers (use of hiragana vs. kanji, etc.). Using the Heian women writers as the comparative anchor, have students research other societies to see if there are instances of special womens literature or literary styles throughout history and do comparison charts and presentations in class of their findings.
Less Advanced Students: Help students understand what they are reading by creating a vocabulary list, and/or using even shorter excerpts of the primary source articles rather than entire excerpts. Preparation for the DBQ should be done in classboth tentative thesis and outline, done in small groups with direction from the teacher. These alternatives would require an additional day of instruction.
1Additional Resources:
Bingham, Marjorie Wall and Susan Hill Gross. Women in Japan. St. Louis Park, MN: Glenhurst Publications, 1987.
The relevant chapters used were Women ad Confucian Principles Triple Obedience and Filial Piety and Women Writers of the Heian Age A Blazing Fire. Bingham and Gross give a historical background on Confucian principles and the Heian era through their use of excerpts of primary sources related to those topics.
Hooker, Richard. Ancient Japan. 1996. Washington State University. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ANCJAPAN/CONTENTS.HTM
This website provides a solid background on imperial Japan, both in the pre-Heian era and during the Heian period. Hooker also gives summaries about Japanese female communities and about Japanese literature, which include the Heian women writers.
Hughes, Sarah S. and Brady Hughes, eds. China and Japan: The Patriarchal Ideal in Women in World History: Readings in Prehistory to 1500 ( Vol. 1). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997.
The two volumes of this series are a great primary-source resource for teachers who want to focus more on womens roles in different time periods of world history. This chapter provide a little background about how Confucian concept of patriarchy was applied in the China and Japan and gives several primary sources about women from both societies.
CNNs Millennium, Episode 1,Segment 2: The Century of the Sword. Website overview of the video series: http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/millennium/
There is approximately 10 minutes from Sei Shônagons Pillowbook that dramatically shows a Japanese court woman putting on her layers of silk garments and highlights some of the restrictions of court life.


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The voracity of market moves at the start of 2016 belies the underlying deterioration of the major economies. Vulnerabilities have been exposed by the start of US rate tightening, and China slowing down. But according to the latest Economic Outlook by Neil Williams, Group Chief Economist at Hermes Investment Management, the real danger is that financial markets overreact to the original economic triggers.
With rates close to – or through – the floor, policy cannot be accused of being 'toxic'
Sharp equity declines are traditionally associated with key macro shocks and/or a toxic policy mix. Current policy can hardly be accused of being toxic, suggesting China and the US Fed are the main culprits for the markets' fear. Yet, their main macro risks should still be contained. Even with 'true' real growth of just 3%, China in 2015 will have generated over two years nominal growth equivalent to the entire GDP of Spain. Expecting it to carry on doing more was unrealistic.
US: The Fed's expectation of raising the funds rate to 3½% is no longer feasible
The Fed's expectation of raising the funds target rate to 3½% sometime after 2018 looks unrealistic, but we doubt it will be dissuaded from hiking again in this cycle. We expect two further 25bp US rate hikes by this Christmas, taking us to a still low 1% 'peak' rate.
This suggests another two years of negative real rates in the US and UK, on top of the six years we've had.
Eurozone: ECB QE provides cash to lend, but it cannot force consumers & firms to borrow
The ECB and the Bank of Japan, meanwhile, are still in the advanced economies' growth 'slow-lane'. They will have to accelerate their QE and make their rates more negative, aiming to keep long yields down.
Negative rates have been tried before, evidenced in the early 1980s by Switzerland's tax on deposits to weaken the franc. It had only limited benefit. Their effectiveness now (aimed at discouraging cash hoarding) hinges on keeping long yields down rather than directly boosting loan demand, given the ECB's commitment to buy government bonds down to a yield as low as the negative deposit rate.
UK: Brexit – if it occurs – would be a 'long drawn-out can of worms'
A complication for the UK, of course, is its EU referendum. Brexit is the 'known unknown' for UK assets in 2016. Our base case is that Brexit is avoided. But uncertainty will build, and should Brexit occur, the Bank of England may again have to become the biggest sponsor of gilts, via QE.
The only real precedent we have is Greenland, whose 'soft' exit in 1985 left it an associate member still subject to EU treaties. Its negotiating process between referendum (sparked by home rule and fishing rights) and departure took three years. So, a risk with the UK, a much larger economy and, after 43 years, far more entwined in the European project, is that it would need even longer than this.
China: Given half the economy is fixed investment, the de facto real rate is even higher
China looks like it has the wherewithal still to soften its landing - with a 'dashboard' of policy buttons still to press. Rates and banks' reserve requirements can be cut, along with further renminbi devaluation, direct lending, and a range of fiscal stimuli. For firms, real lending rates are as high as 10%. The second-round effects need watching, such as the impact on China's real estate.
Now China must avoid a policy 'face-off' with the US. Renminbi devaluations are an extra incentive for the US Fed to take only 'baby steps' in raising rates. Fortunately, China should itself prefer only 'drip-feed' devaluations to help its balance sheets.
Yet when market sentiment wanes and risk aversion builds, markets often lose sight of the original triggers – taking policy expectations to extremes. We may presently be close to that point, with money markets of late inferring no respective US and UK rate hikes before 2017 and summer 2018.
If we're right, this seems complacent.
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subset: commoncrawl


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You are here: Home / Wedding DJ Maidstone | Ditton Community Centre | Kirsty & Dan's Wedding / Wedding DJ Maidstone Dancers 22.jpg
Wedding DJ, Mobile Discos And DJ Hire
By Wedding DJ
Providing you with a complete mobile dj and wedding DJ disco hire service means that we have to stay current with new chart releases, as well as adding to our huge library of varied music and party tunes throughout the decades.
Our well mannered, experienced, reliable mobile DJs have a wide musical knowledge of many different music types gained over the years and, maybe more importantly, know the best track to play next to keep the dance floor action going.
Here are some of the latest releases and requests from our clients on the request lists in Party Planner Packs that we provide them with for their weddings and other celebrations: Ariana Grande - thank u, next, Jonas Blue, Liam Payne & Lennon Stella - Polaroid, James Arthur - Empty Space, Clean Bandit - Baby, Benny Blanco & Calvin Harris - I Found You, P!nk - A Million Dreams, Little Big - Skibidi
We look forward to finding out what are your favourite party tunes and seeing your best dance moves soon!


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City : Chennai
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Discover kettlebells of all sizes for a great workout at Amazon.co.uk
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Kettlebells are a great way to build full body muscle and burn fat, and come in all weights and sizes. You don't have to be a super strong professional to train with kettlebells, though training with kettlebells can feel different to traditional dumbbells or standard weights, as you swing them around or pass them from hand to hand. By engaging multiple muscles with each swing you can improve your flexibility and enhance your cardiovascular performance. Strength training is also a great way to increase bone density and reduce blood pressure whilst incorporating a cardio workout will help you to burn calories more efficiently.
Look for handles which are easy to grip, strong and durable. Consider whether the handle is wide enough to be used for two-handed workouts. You might want to purchase a range of weights so that you can vary your exercises and build resistance. As a rough guide, women new to strength training should begin with kettlebells weighing around 4 to 6 kilograms, whilst men should begin with 8 to 12 kilograms.
As kettlebells require flexibility of movement, exercising with these weights must be done properly, to avoid injuries. Once you've learnt good technique you can incorporate the weights as part of your training routine to feel strong, energised and fit.


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Watch our coverage of the 2014 Greenville College Athletic Hall of Fame Banquet by clicking HERE!
GREENVILLE, Ill. – The Greenville College Athletic Department hosted its Hall of Fame Banquet on Saturday, April, 12. Two teams and four individuals were inducted into the class of 2014. The inductees included the 1996-97 women's basketball team, team category; the 1999 men's cross country team, team category; Donna Lay Collins, athlete category; Julie Kaufmann Shultz, athlete category; John M. Strahl, Jr., coach category, and Jerry A. Malone, meritorious achievement category.
Lindsey J. Schuberth was also recognized as the recipient of the Order of the Orange and Black.
With an overall record of 18-8 and a SLIAC record of 13-1, the 1996-97 women's basketball team won the first, and thus far only, St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference Regular Season championship for the women's basketball program.
Under the leadership of senior captains Susan Fischer, Laura Vanderbeck, and Doreen Symonds, the team won its invitational tournament on its home floor and reached the NCCAA district semi-finals.
The G.C. Lady Panthers took first place in the SLIAC by three games over the second place winner, Blackburn.
Fischer made the SLIAC All-Conference First Team, NCCAA All-District team, and second team NCCAA All-American. Vanderbeck was voted to the All-Conference Second Team and NCCAA All-District team. Elizabeth Reeder, a freshman, received all-conference Honorable Mention by the SLIAC coaches.
Head coach Neal Frantz earned coach of the year awards from the SLIAC and NCCAA district in his third year as G.C.'s head coach.
The 1999 men's cross country team is known for its all-time best finish of seventh at the NCAA regional championships. Led by head coach Brian Patton, the team was the SLIAC champion.
Taking 13 of the top 16 places at the SLIAC championships, the team recorded a perfect score of 15 points and claimed the race's top six positions. Jeff Boelé led the way, earning the individual conference championship with a time of 25:48 on the 8K course. He was followed by Bean, Jared Hart, Justin Snider, Brian Weiss and Joe Niemuth. The commanding performance was the team's third of 11 straight SLIAC championships. Head coach Brian Patton was recognized as SLIAC coach of the year.
In the post season, the men returned to Augustana for the NCAA Midwest regional, and the Panthers raced to a seventh place finish – their best placement in program history. The five regional teams which advanced to the championships ultimately placed first, third, fifth, sixth, and 13th at nationals.
Individually, Jeff Boelé and Jimmy Bean led the team with solid NCAA all-region performances. Boelé covered the 8K course in 25:24, good enough to finish seventh and earn a trip to the NCAA national meet.
For the third year in a row, Greenville College had representation at the NCAA Division III national championships. Boelé's final collegiate cross country race ended with a new personal best for in the 8K of 24:48. The effort garnered a 52nd place finish in a field of 212 athletes.
Donna Lay Collins, a Vandalia native, graduated from Greenville College in the class of 1984. She received several notable awards in three sports, and two for her remarkable academic achievements.
In each of her four years at G.C. she played three sports: volleyball, women's basketball, and softball. With coaching from Lynn Adams in volleyball and softball and Phyllis Holmes in basketball, Collins led her teams to victories in two-thirds of their contests.
Collins lettered every year in all three sports. She was voted team MVP in volleyball and received the Free Throw Percentage awards in all four years of basketball. She also gathered a collection of all-district and all-conference honors in volleyball. In softball she received AIAW Division III All-Tournament Team recognition when the Lady Panther team took second at nationals in 1981.
Collins majored in physical education with a minor in mathematics. She received the Student Laureate award in 1983 for overall excellence in excellence in curricular and extracurricular activities. In 1984, she received the senior scholar-athlete award.
Upon graduation, Collins taught junior high math and coached at Medina Christian School for one year, and then she moved to a teaching and coaching position at Vandalia High School for two years. She later relocated to Florida and has taught in several schools there.
Collins has coached volleyball at Tarpon Springs in Florida since 2007 as its junior varsity coach and a varsity assistant. In 2011 the Tarpon Springs team was the District and Regional Champion, and played in the State Final Four. In 2012 her team won the District championship.
She is currently head coach at Pinellas Heat Elite Volleyball Club in Clearwater. In 2010 she was named Outstanding Female Coach by the Florida Region of USA volleyball. In 2013, she was the first coach in twelve years to take the youngest volleyball team to the Junior Olympics.
Donna and her husband Mike have four children.
Julie Kaufmann Shultz, a native of Pleasant Plains, Ill., was well known for her athletic accomplishments in women's basketball at Greenville College. She was selected four times as an all-conference player, including "Newcomer of the Year" as a freshman. She also made the NCCAA all-region team four times, the NCCAA all-tournament team, and the NCCAA All-American honorable mention list.
Shultz set the career records in free throws made, assists, and steals. She still holds the record in assists with 467, but is second in free throws and steals. She is fourth on the All-Time scoring list with 1,393 points.
Shultz led her team to an NCCAA regional championship, the only one in G.C. history. She also led her team twice to an NCCAA National Tournament, an achievement that still stands in G.C. history. The team went 67-44 over four years, an average of over 16 wins each season.
Although she played all four years on the basketball team, her versatility was displayed as she added volleyball to her résumé for her junior and senior years. She managed to win all-conference honors after those seasons, too.
Shultz received the John Strahl award in her senior year for excellence in Physical Education. She also received academic awards from the SLIAC and NCCAA and the "Order of the Orange and Black" from Greenville College in 2006.
Shultz moved to Springfield, Ill., in 2005, where she coached volleyball, softball, and basketball at Pleasant Plains Middle School.
Shultz has since taken a break from teaching but continued to coach basketball until 2010. Her teams won second and third places in the state tournament in 2009 and 2010. She also received the region "Coach of the Year" award from the Illinois Elementary School Association in 2009 and 2010, and she was inducted into the Pleasant Plains Hall of Fame in 2010.
Shultz and her husband, Kyle, are the parents of three children.
John Strahl, Jr., a current resident of San Antonio, Texas, and originally of Greenville, has coached high school tennis in Texas for over 30 years.
In 1974, Strahl helped his father, John, coach the G.C. summer school tennis class while John, Jr., was still in high school. Eventually John played for his father at Greenville College and was recognized as team most valuable player.
Strahl took his first coaching position at Big Spring High School from 1983 to 1988. In 1989, Churchill High School hired him as head tennis coach. In 31 years of team coaching, his teams have accrued a record of 682-63.
Strahl has coached two state finals teams and teams making eight final four appearances. His squads have ten regional championships and twenty-two district championships.
In individual competition, there were two state championships, four championship finals, six state championship semi-finals, thirty-five regional finalists, and 60 district champions.
Strahl's personal achievements include both the 1998 "Texas Tennis Coach of the Year," and the Wilson Texas Tennis Coach Association's "Tennis Coach of the Year." In 1999 he received the National Federation of Inter-scholastic Coaches Association Section 6 "Coach of the Year" for Girl's Tennis and was a finalist for the National Federation of State High School Association's girl's tennis coach of the year award. In 2012, he was the San Antonio Express News 'Tennis Coach of the Year."
Strahl and his wife Deanna have three children.
Jerry Malone came to Greenville College after two years at Central College in McPherson, Kan. He graduated from G.C. in 1970.
Originally from Ames, Okla., Malone married Nancy, and their three sons – Michael, Rodney, and Brett – all graduated from G.C. Each son played soccer for G.C.'s men's team and eventually all three received the H. J. Long Award as G.C.'s top male senior student-athlete.
With a passion for the sport of soccer, he has founded, organized, directed, promoted, and improved numerous soccer teams at Central College, in the city of McPherson, and throughout Kansas. An award-winning soccer coach, he has twice received the Prairie Junior College Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the year award and National Little College Athletic Association Men's Soccer national coach of the year award. He was a two-time coach of the NLCAA men's soccer national champions.
The city of McPherson built a community athletic complex and named one of the soccer fields in honor of Malone for his many years of service to the community. From 2000 to 2004 he was the athletic director at Central, and led the now four year college into the NCCAA and the NAIA. He also served Central College as vice president of student development.
The Malone family received the McPherson Kiwanis Family of the Year Award in 1993, and he has also received a meritorious service award from the National Christian College Athletic Association.
As a lifetime member of the Free Methodist church, Malone has led or participated in a wide variety of Sunday School projects, youth organizations, musical productions, and missionary endeavors with traveling service groups. He currently works with the NCCAA as director of membership and compliance.
Malone's family now includes their three sons, three daughters-in-law, and five grandchildren.
Lindsey Schuberth, a class of 2012 Greenville College graduate, came to campus from Blue Springs, Mo., and became an athletic, academic, and campus standout.
Schuberth had an impressive softball career at Greenville College and collected numerous awards and honors over the four years. While at Greenville, she was SLIAC softball pitcher of the year in 2010 and a member of the all-conference team on three occasions. She was also a team captain.
Schuberth was named to the academic all-conference team, the NCCAA academic all-American team, Who's Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges, two academic honor societies (Tri-Beta and Lambda Pi Eta), and Alpha Kappa Sigma. She was active in theatre, performing in a multitude of productions at the Factory Theatre.
Schuberth was involved in service projects in Greenville, Dominican Republic, and Guatemala. She also served in leadership capacities in churches, the athletic department, classes on campus, and honor societies.
Schuberth is currently in the midst of the start of her career as a professional actress in Hollywood.


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Twisting soundscapes, growling synths and bonebreaking drums that sound like a thunder coming out from hell! Very powerful, suspenseful and atmospherical, this track is perfect for Horrortrailers, documentary films, videogames, war / action scenes, Thrillers and animations!
Important note: This item contains TWO versions, one version is like in the preview with synth soundscapes (duration: 2:19), the other version is mixed and mastered with the drums only (without the synth soundscapes, duration: 1:58)
Item includes WAV & MP3!


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Forty Years After The Freeze
August 15, 2011 marks the 40th anniversary of the Wage and Price Freeze announced by President Nixon on August 15, 1971 in a televised broadcast to the Nation.
Nixon's speech launched the U.S. economy into a decade of unprecedented turbulence, punctuated by episodes of hyperinflation, shortages, high interest rates and stagnation. Most adult Americans today were either too young to experience these traumas or are now so old as to have forgotten them. But Nixon's dramatic statement was a watershed event. No Presidential pronouncement since has so radically reordered the U.S. economic agenda both domestically and internationally.
This blog is intended to provide a history of the radical programs imposed by Presidential order beginning forty years ago. I attended the first meeting of the Cost of Living Council on August 16, 1971 and was deeply involved in the entire price control effort as General Counsel for the agency. I have written and included in this blog an account of the controls program together with a contemporary commentary.
As we debate the proper role of government in Congress and during the 2012 elections, it is useful to remember the consequences of Nixon's program. Nixon wanted to use government policy to fix the economy. He failed and looking back over forty years, we can survey the wreckage. Obama and the Democratic Party are now advocating using government policies to fix things they don't like: unemployment, healthcare, financial institutions, to name a few. The message from forty years ago is this: be very cautious. Government policy can cause serious harm with all the best of intentions. Just look at what happened to Nixon's wage and price control program.
Read Forty Years After the Freeze Full Article
Read Forty Years After the Freeze Commentary
This is great! It is so important to take a look at our past mistakes so that we can avoid repeating them!


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High Brew Coffee Cold Brew Coffee - Creamy Cappuccino - Case Of 12 - 8 Fl OzCountry of origin : USA, MissouriSize : 8 FZPack of : 12Product Selling Unit : case
Two famous beans unite when we mix this exotic vanilla with our arabica goodness. With a touch of sweetness and a pleasant aroma, Mexican Vanilla will take you places.Country of origin : USAWheat Free : YesFair Trade : YesSize : 8 FZPack of : 12Product Selling Unit : case
Coffee and chocolate, what could be better? Our original cold-brew blend is infused with rich cacao that's equla parts indulgent and uplifting and only 60 calories!Country of origin : USAWheat Free : YesFair Trade : YesSize : 8 FZPack of : 12Product Selling Unit : case


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Style # 232197
You're a star. You will shine brightly wearing our Metallic Stripe Capri Pants featuring a banded waist and knee length. Style with our matching tanks.
- 80% Nylon, 20% spandex
- Machine wash according to care label
- Made in USA
- Rise: 8" (20 cm), Inseam: 15" (38 cm), Leg opening: 10" (25 cm)
- Model is 5'10" and wears a US size S
Metallic Stripe Capri Pants is rated out of 5 by 2.
Rated 2 out of 5 by karinad1985 from Crutch hole Cute yes. But not intended for sport activity our intense workouts. Maybe just lifting weights no squatting for sure I ordered a size s my measurements 25 waist 36hip 5'3 so ordered my size wasn't stuffing myself into them so no reason for the hole crutch rip just the material
Date published: 2014-06-08
Rated 5 out of 5 by Shilo from Love these workout pants! My husband got me these with the matching Metallic Striped Tank. They fit perfect, comfortable to workout in and 2 separate people have came up to me and told me I was wearing the sexiest workout outfit they have ever seen! :)
Date published: 2014-04-30


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Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Simulation
Real-world testing of the embedded control systems found in vehicles can be complex, expensive, and hazardous. HIL simulation lets engineers thoroughly and efficiently test embedded devices in a virtual environment.
Vehicle engines today are extremely complex because of their many subsystems, each with a controller to manage fuel injection, emissions, engine noise, and more. This complexity makes the job challenging for engineers with short development cycles and pressure to limit costs. Using HIL simulation, you can replicate specific parts of the embedded system and test them in a virtual environment before running real-world diagnostics on the complete system. NI's HIL solutions are open and flexible and give engineers the ability to make customizations to fit their specific needs. Using a modular architecture, engineers can easily upgrade the platform with added functionality. This way they can future proof their test systems and meet the requirements of the most demanding embedded software test applications. Compared to competitors, NI's performance capabilities make it the best option for testing innovative control systems.
TATA Motors uses the PXI platform and VeriStand software to build a reliable, adaptable HIL test system that tests six interconnected vehicle engine control units (ECUs).
Learn best practices for powertrain HIL testing that ensure you get maximum test coverage and future-proof your system against upcoming technology requirements.
This six-part series covers some of the biggest challenges for those working in HIL test and introduces key technologies and strategies to help overcome them.
The Alliance Partner Network includes more than 950 companies that specialize in complete solutions. From products and systems to integration, consulting, and training services, NI Alliance Partners are uniquely equipped and skilled to help solve some of the toughest engineering challenges.
Application Resource Kit
Hardware-in-the-Loop Resource Kit
This resource kit includes technical tutorials for HIL applications. Learn more about HIL test system architectures, selecting HIL test system I/O interfaces, and using fault insertion units for electronic testing.


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Value Line is regarded as the best independent research available. More than just recommendations, Value Line provides the rationale behind its picks for greater understanding.
Investors are often told to think like an "owner" when considering an investment in shares of a publically traded company. That's easier said than done, particularly since the fast paced nature of the stock market can sometimes push investors into a gambling mindset. Creating rules around investing is one way to help force the "owner" mentality and a great one to incorporate into the arsenal is the SWOT analysis.
SWOT is an acronym that stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The four create a box based on two criteria: Internal versus External and Good versus Bad. Thus, there are good attributes specific to the company (Strengths) versus unappealing specifics about the company (Weaknesses) and good things external to the company (Opportunities) and bad things external to the company (Threats). This won't tell you specifically if you should buy or sell a stock, but it will give you a deeper understanding of the decision you are making.
A SWOT analysis can be in-depth or fairly simple, depending on the person performing it and the needs of the situation. For example, it's probably best to start with a simple bullet-point list under each item. If the negatives clearly outweigh the positives, there's probably no need to go further. The simple approach was all that was needed.
Digging a bit deeper, however, can help clarify one's thinking. Using McDonald's (MCD – Free McDonald's Stock Report) as an example, you might place recession resistant under Strengths. This might be true, but it doesn't hurt to think about why you believe this to be so. Two solid reasons to highlight this fact are that the low price of the company's food items means that higher-end customers can trade down to its offerings and the low price point maintains the ability of lower-end customers' to eat at McDonald's even during financially stressful times. You could also add that new, "healthier" food items make McDonald's more palatable to some customers (mothers, for example) who may have been a dissenting vote even when on a tight budget.
That last item could also find itself, in a slightly different fashion, on the Opportunities list: New, "healthier" food items, like salads and oatmeal, make McDonald's more palatable to some customers who may have been a dissenting, and deciding, vote in restaurant selection. However, this would more likely be a line item than an explanation on the Opportunities list—which shows that there is interplay between the items in many ways. The explanation on the Opportunities list for this item might read: To combat the view that its food is unhealthy, which may be cause to avoid McDonald's for some people, the restaurant has introduced a collection of healthy options including a variety of entree salads for lunch and dinner, oatmeal for breakfast, a fruit and nut salad for desert, and apple slices and milk to augment happy meals.
The view that its food is unhealthy, meanwhile, would be an appropriate Weakness: Food often viewed as unhealthy. The explanation for this might include something like: Hamburgers and fried products (chicken nuggets, French fries, and fish) are viewed negatively in a society that is increasingly focused on health consciousness. Which, interestingly enough, is an example of an external Threat that McDonald's faces. The reasoning behind this, if one wanted to write it out, might be: With obesity and its health impact (diabetes, heart disease, etc.) being highlighted both in the media and politically, restaurants are being pushed to enhance the healthfulness of their food offerings and being vilified for having unhealthy offerings.
It should be fairly apparent that it's easy to make a SWOT analysis into a lengthy document, but that isn't really its purpose. The goal is to quickly cut through to core issues. So a simple SWOT analysis consisting of a list will often be more than enough to make a decision. However, taking a deeper dive on the items may be important when looking to differentiate between investment options. For example, pitting a company like Krispy Crème (KKD) against McDonald's on the health issue would quickly show that Krispy Crème would be hard pressed to deal with an issue that McDonald's has already begun to successfully address—advantage McDonald's.
Without going into the details, here is a potential quick SWOT on McDonald's:
StrengthsRecession ResistantUbiquitous (viewed as the go-to fast food restaurant)Solid, low-cost business model based on years of experienceGlobal franchiseMassive buying power
WeaknessesFood offerings often viewed as unhealthy (burgers and fries)Large size of business makes growth more difficult to achieveCommodity costs can quickly erode profit marginsTranslating business model to foreign markets could be difficult (eating habits can vary greatly by country)Large foreign operation (68% of 2011 sales) exposes the company to foreign exchange risk
OpportunitiesNew healthier food items may make food more desirable to health conscious customers ("silencing the no votes")Expansion in foreign marketsRemodeling of older restaurantsIncreasing size of middle class in emerging markets Entry into new and highly popular product categories (coffee)
ThreatsIncreased societal focus on health could reduce demand at fast food restaurantsGovernment regulation of food industry with regard to health issuesForeign exchange fluctuationsCommodity price fluctuations Competitors allowing McDonald's to take lead (and risk) on product design, mimicking successes (salads being introduced at Burger King (BKW))
This SWOT analysis is fairly surface and could be refined with additional details. However, it provides an example of what you might do to get a better understanding of a company and its business. The effort is relatively minimal when compared against the cost of buying shares of a company—particularly if those shares fall materially in value because you didn't think of a particular issue until it was too late.
Like Value Line's proprietary Timeliness and Safety Ranks, a SWOT analysis is a tool that can help you to limit the list of potential investments. However, having this simple tool in your tool box can really help enhance your understanding of what you own—and what you decide not to own.
At the time of this article's writing, the author did not have positions in any of the companies mentioned.


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Stash Staple | Twine.
I have to admit, I have a pretty healthy craft stash and find it hard to resist products that are a.) used as packaging or b.) packaged up really sweetly. It's a problem, I'm sure. One of my stash staples is twine. It has endless uses and looks pretty sitting on a shelf. I own a few different varieties of twine that are used frequently so I don't feel too bad about adding the lovelies shown above to my wish list.
1. Wooden Spool Holder from The Wanderlust | 2. Parcel Twine Trio from Besotted Brand (currently sold out but I'm keeping my fingers crossed there will be more soon.)
Posted by dandee on Wednesday, March 21, 2012 Labels: stash staple
4 comments:
ooo I love twine and those colours are great! thanks for sharing :)ReplyDelete
That's great looking twine - not an errant, stringy strand to be found. Maybe I should stop buying twine from the hardware store....ReplyDelete
Thank you for the sweet mention:) I too am quite obsessed with twine!ReplyDelete
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Understanding the factors that contribute to your problem will help you frame your own local analysis questions, determine good effectiveness measures, recognize key intervention points, and select appropriate responses.
† Police departments use different thresholds in determining whether an event is "gang–related." The Los Angeles Police Department applies the label if the victim or offender is a known gang member. In Chicago, however, the event must exhibit a gang–related motive such as retaliation, initiation, or turf defense. Mere membership is not sufficient for the "gang–related" classification (Rosenfeld, Bray, and Egley 1999; Block and Block 1993 [PDF]).
Although gang membership is certainly not a prerequisite to being involved in a drive–by shooting, studies have shown that larger proportions of gang members reported being involved in drive–by shootings than at–risk youth who were not gang–involved.7 While approximately equal proportions of males and females reported taking part in drive–by shootings, females were less likely to admit to having actually shot anyone, which suggests that their role in the event may have been minor or secondary.
Gang membership may facilitate involvement in drive–by shootings by placing members in risky situations–ones in which guns are present and behavioral norms often include violence.8 Gang members are more likely than nongang members to own guns for protection, are more likely to have friends who own guns for protection, and are more likely to carry guns when outside the home.9 Further, while not all gang members engage in drive–by shootings, those who do are often attracted by the opportunity to demonstrate their loyalty and enhance their group status.10
Depending on whether the drive–by shooting is gang–related or not, motivations differ. Those that are gang–involved tend to be motivated by mutual antagonism with rival gang members, disputes over territory or turf, a desire to show fearlessness or loyalty to the group, an effort to promote one's social status or self–image, or retaliation against real or perceived disrespect or insults.11 The desire for excitement can provide momentum for the event, making the participants restless and unruly.12 Sometimes, those involved in drive–by shootings use drugs and alcohol to rationalize their actions.
Disputes among drug dealers may also provide the motivation for drive–by shootings. Gang members and those involved in drug enterprises tend not to rely on the formal criminal justice system to resolve their disputes. Instead, they respond with their own forms of justice, often violent, to punish others for perceived wrongs and to deter future aggression.13 Drive–by shootings are one way in which gang members and other street criminals exact revenge and enhance their status. These conflicts build and retaliation tends to lead to counter–retaliation, with each side believing they are acting in self–defense.14
Drive–by shootings that are not gang– or drug–motivated tend to occur in reaction to disputes among neighbors or acquaintances, or as an escalation of altercations that may have begun in a bar, restaurant, or nightclub. Obviously, not all disputes or tensions escalate to the point of violence, and research has not yet demonstrated what distinguishes those events that do from those that do not. At the most basic level, the aggressors must have access to both a vehicle and a gun, but beyond that, these events appear to be rather unpredictable. Newspapers are replete with accounts of incidents with unclear motivations involving shots fired from a vehicle at another vehicle, stationary target, person, or group of people.
Drive–by shootings that occur as an extreme form of road rage often occur in reaction to seemingly trivial events (e.g., another driver is driving "too slow," won't let another driver pass, is tailgating, fails to signal before turning). While triggered by these events, the underlying motivation usually appears to be a series of unrelated stressors in the perpetrator's life.15 The protection, anonymity, sense of power, and ease of escape provided by the vehicle lead some motorists to feel safe expressing their hostility toward other drivers.16
A drive–by shooting's prerequisites include access to a vehicle and a gun. Those who carry out drive–by shootings may use their own vehicle or one that has been borrowed, rented, or stolen. Because many drive–by shootings occur at night, dependable descriptions of the vehicle involved may be difficult to obtain.
When gun ownership is more prevalent, the risk of drive–by shootings increases as well. Although both juveniles and adults participate in them, most research on drive–by shootings has focused on the prevalence of gun ownership among adolescents. Substantial numbers of adolescents have owned guns at some point in their lives, although their ownership tends to be sporadic.17 In recent years, as gun possession among juveniles has become more widespread, the threshold for using guns to resolve conflicts appears to have lowered.18 Surveys of juvenile offenders have shown that over half obtained their first gun without a specific plan to do so; rather, they reported finding the gun or said a peer, sibling, or other relative gave it to them to use for self–protection.19 Those who carry guns for protection may be resistant to voluntarily forfeiting their weapons, as they fear harm from peers or rival gang members more than they fear legal sanctions.20
It is not so much the number of guns in circulation, but rather the number of people carrying them in high–risk places and at high–risk times that creates the potential for a drive–by shooting.21 Further, the number of events in which guns are actually used is only a fraction of the times in which guns are present.22 As a result, it is important to know the times and places in which guns are present, and the factors that contribute to their use.
Many drive–by shootings occur under the cover of darkness, either to help the shooters avoid detection or because the precipitating events occur at night.23 Gang members tend to target rival groups at parties or lingering on the street. Not only do these people have little time to react, but also the offenders can boast about carrying out the shooting when they were vastly outnumbered.24
Wide open streets are often chosen as the preferred venue because they allow the shooters to approach without detection and to escape unhindered. Proximity to major roadways may facilitate access to and from the shooting location.25 Targets may include people on the street, those in vehicles that are stopped at a light or parked, and those who are inside their homes.26 Drive–by shootings that occur as an extreme form of road rage appear to be rather unpredictable in terms of the times and locations where they occur. Understanding Your Local Problem
The information provided above is only a generalized description of drive–by shootings. You must combine these basic facts with a more specific understanding of your local problem. Analyzing the local problem carefully will help you design a more effective response strategy.
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Nov 17
Texas State San Marcos Bobcats at Troy Trojans
Veterans Memorial Stadium - AL - Troy, AL
Nov 24
Arkansas State Red Wolves at Texas State San Marcos Bobcats
Bobcat Stadium - TX - San Marcos, TX
Aug 31, 2019
Texas State San Marcos Bobcats at Texas A&M Aggies
Kyle Field - College Station, TX
Texas State Bobcats Football Ticket Information
The Texas State Bobcats football team returns this year and they're ready for action, and Vivid Seats has the Texas State Bobcats tickets you want. We have college football games for any team, including Texas State tickets. We've got home Texas State tickets for friends and family of the players and away tickets for the diehard fans. Vivid Seats is your personal ticket broker for the season. Our selection of NCAA football tickets offers a variety of seating options and prices. Finding and ordering your Texas State Bobcats tickets is quick and painless at Vivid Seats. To find available college football tickets click on the box that reads "Find Your Seats" and choose your spot for the game. Choose your quantity of Texas State tickets you want and place your order though our confidential internet server. Or, if you prefer, you can call us at 866.848.8499 and purchase your Texas State Bobcats tickets through one of our friendly customer service representatives. This season, experience the difference at Vivid Seats.
Texas State Bobcats Postseason Information
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Browsing Department of Statistical Sciences by Subject "Sample-size determination."
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
Bayesian sample-size determination and adaptive design for clinical trials with Poisson outcomes. (Elsevier., 2010)Because of the high cost and time constraints for clinical trials, researchers often need to determine the smallest sample size that provides accurate inferences for a parameter of interest or need to adaptive design ...


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$254.99 $299.99
Browse Axcel
Customers Also Considered
The Axcel Armortech HD Pro is the finest hunting sight on the market! The addition of a micro adjustable dovetail bracket, sizing the scope housing to your peep sight has never been easier. Includes a Mathews® Harmonic Damper. All Armortech sights are compatible with 1-3/4" or 43MM Diameter lenses.
|Transit Time
|Small Parcel
|Standard shipping to your door via USPS, UPS and Fedex
Tracking Information Provided
|1 to 5 days
|Standard Curbside
|Curbside Delivery via Commercial Carrier
PRO Information Provided
|5 to 8 days
How does my Safe ship?
Your Safe are shipped via truck and transit times vary from 5-8 days. Items shipped on trucks will be delivered to the curbside only. The customer is responsible for bringing the items inside their home or garage. The trucking company will deliver during normal business hours, Monday through Friday. They will call to schedule an appointment and usually offer a 4 hours window. Customers requiring assistance to bring merchandise into their homes have the option to upgrade to a Deluxe inside Delivery (See upgrades below).
Deluxe Inside (additional fee)
This is a two person delivery inside the first dry area of your home or garage. This service includes stair carries (up to 2 flights of stairs) before the threshold and is ideally suited to customers living in apartments with exterior staircases without elevators. Please contact us (972) 798-8797 for more information.
Standard Curbside Deliveries include delivery appointments. The carrier will call in advance of delivery to schedule a delivery window. Once you have committed to that window it is important that the appointment is kept to avoid further delivery charges.
Unexpected Delays
Sometimes out of stock products are inadvertently offered for purchase, and when this happens, we will notify you immediately of this unforeseen delay, and ask you how you want to proceed. If you wish, we would be happy to help you pick out an alternate item or issue a refund.
Where We Deliver
We deliver to the lower 48 continental United States. We do not ship to Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Canada or the Virgin Islands. We are currently unable to deliver to PO or APO/FPO boxes. In addition, we Do Not offer international shipping.
$24.99 $34.99
Athletic Fit T-Shirt is designed with an insert collar, and a slightly smaller chest, armhole, and sleeve opening.
$45.99 $60.00
Browse .30-06 Outdoors
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The .30-06 Outdoors 10 ring paper target is a 40cm traditional target. Vivid colors make shooting paper more enjoyable. These 10- ring targets are padded note pad style to keep things nice and neat in the range. This is used mostly for archery but doubles well as a rifle or air gun target.
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The .30-06 Outdoors 3 Spot Vegas Mini Paper Target is a 50% scaled down version of the traditional Vegas 3-ring target. This works great as a novelty target for the archery industry as well as a fun target for rifles and pistols. These mini's are padded like a note pad and come in a package of 100.


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Gypsy Rose (formerly known as Choppers) was adopted by Angela and Mac Roach from the Spartanburg Humane Society.
Editor's Note: The following story was submitted by Angela and Mac Roach, who adopted Gypsy Rose (formerly known as Choppers) from the Spartanburg Humane Society.
Gypsy Rose is just so great. She's so much fun.
She really does like being out of her chair better. (You all had told me that when we looked at her). But, we try to keep her in it at play time and definitely keep her in it while she's eating.
She loves sleeping under the covers. My other dogs don't like to sleep under the covers. But she will curl right up and sleep as long as we sleep.
She loves the cat, especially the new kitten. She really loves to play with him.
Gypsy Rose also gets along wonderfully with her canine siblings.
She is not handicapped at all. Not having front legs does not slow her down one bit!
She doesn't bark a lot, which we like. She's a very quiet little dog.
She has traveled with us and loves camping.
In March, we are taking her to a cabin in Blue Ridge for the weekend.
Gypsy Rose likes to go to PetSmart. Sometimes we let her wheel herself in the wheelchair behind us, or we tote her in.
Most people think Gypsy Rose is inspiring. In fact, we have had some people ask if we would speak at a children's amputee facility, which I would love to do. And I think Gypsy Rose would love it too!
She loves people. We bought her a stroller so we can take her on walks and camping.


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Sometimes I think I have got classical Greek pronunciation cracked, then I come across oddities. Here is one. It would be great if anyone could put me right on this one, and explain where the odd pronunciations come from, and perhaps give some clues as to how to check out other odd things.
This one is the pronunciation of the titles of some of Plato's dialogues.
The Meno seems to get pronounced with a long e, but in Greek it is an epsilon. People say Mee-no, when I would expect Meno with the first syllable sounding like men (as opposed to women)
The other one is the Phaedo. The Greek has alpha-iota, so I would expect the pronunciation Fido (like the dog), but a lot of people say Fee-do.


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September 26, 1959 - August 23, 2013
Middletown, NY
Linda Suzanne Wiley-Small, beloved wife, mother, daughter, sister and friend to many, died following a fearless and valiant battle with cancer on Friday, August 23, 2013 at Kaplan Family Residence in Newburgh. She was 53.
The daughter of John E. and Mary Alice O'Neil Wiley, she was born on September 26, 1959 in Ft. Benning, GA. Linda was the oldest of seven children and grew up in Greenville. She worked as an Office Manager and paralegal for Rosenthal-Markowitz, LLP and served as the Executive Director of the Westchester Women's Bar Association. She was an advocate for victims of domestic violence and was honored for her work within the Westchester community.
Her family and friends will remember her for her indomitable strength. She was never afraid to speak up if she felt anything was wrong or unfair. She had a great sense of humor and truly loved and enjoyed life. She was supportive and generous in all facets of her life and always had time to help others. She fought hard for everything and everyone she believed in and was truly an inspiration to all.
She is survived by her loving husband, Tom Small and her daughter, Tara Surace at home; her parents, John and Mary Alice Wiley; stepchildren: Thomas Small Jr. of Newburgh, Danielle Sorvillo and her husband, Sal of Fishkill and Jennifer Small of SC; her six siblings: Laura Nagengast and her husband, Joseph of Bloomingburg, Karen Wiley and her husband, Mike Acoveno of Greenville, Todd Wiley of Newburgh, Katie Wiley and her husband, Dave Feldman of Bethlehem. PA, Paul Wiley and his wife, Kathleen of Westtown, and Mark Wiley and his wife, Margie of Hampton, VA; her beloved English bulldog, Gracie; and oodles of nieces, nephews, uncles, aunts, cousins and countless friends.
Cremation will be private.
Visitation will be held from 3 to 5:30 p.m. on Wednesday, August 28th at Applebee-McPhillips Funeral Home, Inc., 130 Highland Avenue, Middletown, NY 10940. A Celebration of Linda's Life will follow at 5:30 p.m. at the funeral home Wednesday evening.
Linda's family would like to thank Dr. Dinsmore, Dr. Katz and his staff at the Roger Williams Medical Center in RI, the Oncology Unit at Orange Regional Medical Center in Middletown and the Kaplan Family Residence in Newburgh for the excellent care they provided her and the family during her illness.
Memorial contributions in Linda's name may be made to Hospice of Orange and Sullivan Counties, 800 Stony Brook Court, Newburgh, NY 12550.
Arrangements are by Applebee-McPhillips Funeral Home, Inc. www.applebee-mcphillips.com


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Signature Series: Seafood
These seafood recipes have made a splash on non-commercial menus.
Orange-Scented Salmon with Jasmine Rice - Chef Barton Seaver, National Geographic fellow
This is one of several rotating dishes offered in Sodexo's newest promotional series: In My Kitchen. The program invites celebrity chefs to create dishes that fit a particular theme. This is part of the Close To Home theme currently running at a number of Sodexo accounts across most market sectors.
See full recipe


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The skyline of Chile's capital has been altered over the past year by a skyscraper — the tallest in South America and one so towering it casts a shadow nearly two kilometers (more than a mile) long.
The 70-story Gran Torre Costanera Center, a giant that dwarfs Santiago's other skyscrapers, overwhelms the view of a city founded in 1541 by Spanish conquistadors and that remains proud of its colonial-era buildings.
Workers completed the top floor of the nearly $1 billion structure in February, and in March 2013 tenants are expected to start moving in.
The 300-meter tall Gran Torre is not as tall as New York's iconic Empire State Building (381 meters) and is less than half the size of the world's tallest building, Dubai's Burj Khalifa (828 meters). But it is significantly taller than the other regional giant, the Trump Ocean Club in Panama City (293 meters).
A six-floor shopping mall has also risen next to the Gran Torre, and three other skyscrapers — two high-end hotels and an office building — are going up nearby.
The Gran Torre was built to withstand earthquakes — Chile, located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, is especially prone to powerful quakes. The building came through with flying colors in February 2010, surviving the 8.8 magnitude quake that devastated much of south-central Chile with no structural damage.
Residents and city planners complain that people going to and from the complex will generate massive traffic jams and gridlock in an already tightly-packed city.
Once the edifice is completed, there will be nearly 700,000 square meters of building space available built on 47,000 square meters of land. Planners estimate there will be some 240,000 people going to and from the site each day.
"We're talking about five percent of the city circulating within a few square kilometers," complained architect and urban planner Julio Hurtado.
"The long-term consequences of this chaos it will be a topic for experts to study," he told AFP.
The Gran Torre is located in the heart of Santiago's financial district, and known locally as 'Sanhattan'. It was designed by Cesar Pelli, the Argentine architect who also designed the 452-meter tall Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur.
Taller than even some of the Andean hills surrounding Santiago, the Torre is now a universal point of reference in this city of six million people.
Its owner, German-born supermarket magnate Horst Paulmann, once gushed that the site will be for Santiago what the Eiffel Tower is for Paris — a comparison that raised eyebrows, if not snickers.
"The Eiffel Tower is a monument, not a building. There is no comparison," said Luis Eduardo Bresacini, head of Chile's Architects' Association.
The building may lack the graceful curves of Gustave Eiffel's iconic structure, but the torpedo-like structure is not without some grace.
"It's a fairly neutral building," said Bresacini.
Hurtado was kinder. "From an architectural point of view, it is interesting and unique. A pretty object," he told AFP.
In many ways the Gran Torre is emblematic of 21st century Chile, a country with strong economic growth but with enormous income disparity, where ten percent of the country's wealthiest have income 35 times higher than the poorest 10 percent.
The Gran Torre, which will have 41 elevators and 5,500 parking spots when it opens, "is a symbol of the evolution of wealth, which in Chile is shown but not shared," said Hurtado.
It also symbolizes "a country at the threshold of being developed but still with brutal contradictions," he said.
The builders praise their structure as "the most imposing commercial and architectural landmark in Santiago" and "emblematic of Chile's commercial development."
Work on the giant structure halted for ten months in 2009, during the height of the global financial crisis. The shell at the time seemed to symbolize the country's shattered dreams of economic grandeur.
But when work re-started, it became a symbol of Chile's economic recovery.


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- Light-welterweight
Khan broken hands talk rubbished
Amir Khan's father has refuted claims his son broke both of his hands against Carlos Molina at the weekend.
Khan got his career back on track with an impressive win over Molina in Los Angeles - after which he called for a rematch with Danny Garcia.
Those plans appeared to be cast into doubt on Sunday when reports emerged claiming Khan had suffered fractures in both hands.
Khan's father has admitted the former Olympic silver medallist suffered soreness, but stated that is normal for any fighter and that a specialist gave a clean bill of health.
"The claims are complete and utter rubbish," Khan senior is quoted as saying in the Sun. "After Amir beat Molina there was some swelling but at no time did we suspect anything was broken. Just to make certain he went to hospital to see the specialist and they gave him the all-clear.
"If a boxer doesn't finish a bout with bruised hands then he probably hasn't thrown any punches - and Amir landed a lot against Molina."


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Use Cases or User Stories?
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Murali Krishna tells us:
Failure to effectively transition to Agile development is often based on a fundamental failure to understand what a User Story is.
The most important aspect of a User Story is that it's an independently *schedulable* unit of requirement (feature). The key to achieving the "independently schedulable" characteristic of a user story is that you express it in terms of how a "user" would use it. This leads you to a unit of functionality that's implemented end-to-end (UI to backend) that a user can actually interact with.
Murali mirrors what many in the Agile community believe - that user stories are the only/best way to go and points us to an article by Mike Cohn, Advantages of User Stories for Requirements where Mike defines user stories:
Each user story is composed of three aspects:
- Written description of the story, used for planning and as a reminder
- Conversations about the story that serve to flesh out the details of the story
- Tests that convey and document details that can be used to determine when a story is complete
and then specifically contrasts user stories to the other well-known requirement technique, use cases:
Because stories exhibit some of the same characteristics of use cases or traditional requirements statements, it's important to look at what distinguishes stories from these earlier requirements techniques. These differences can lead to many advantages for user stories.
User stories emphasize verbal communication. Written language is often very imprecise, and there's no guarantee that a customer and developer will interpret a statement in the same way. For example, at lunch recently I read this on my menu: "Entrée comes with choice of soup or salad and bread."
That should not have been a difficult sentence to understand, but it was. Which of these did it mean I could choose?
- Soup or (salad and bread)
- (Soup or salad) and bread
We act as though written words are precise, yet they often aren't. Contrast the words written on that menu with the waitress' spoken words: "Would you like soup or salad?" Even better, she removed all ambiguity by placing a basket of bread on the table before she took my order.
So it seems pretty clear that user stories are superior. But is that really the case? Alistair Cockburn, another well known and respected figure in our community, still uses use cases as he sites several issues in his experience that happen when you go to user stories:
- User stories and backlog items don't give the designers a context to work from – when is the user doing this, and what is the context of their operation, what is their larger goal at this moment?
- User stories and backlog items don't give the project team any sense of "completeness" – what I keep finding is that the development team bids/estimates the projects at (e.g.) 270 story points, and then as soon as they start working, that number keeps increasing, seemingly without bound. The developers are depressed and the sponsors are equally depressed by this. How big is this project, really?
- Related to completeness, user stories and backlog items don't provide a good-enough mechanism for looking ahead at the difficulty of upcoming work (In principle they could, just in practice they don't) – I keep hearing this complaint, "We asked our customer (product owner) a question and she/he took 2 weeks to get us an answer. We must have the wrong person in this role." No, they don't have the wrong person, they have a broken process – certain types of questions take a long time to research, as the various departments and user groups work out what is the correct, balanced answer for the whole lot of them. Staring at the set of extension conditions in a use case lets the analysts suss out which ones will be easy and which will be difficult, and to stage their research accordingly. User stories and backlog items are not set out in that granularity early enough on for that assessment - the extension conditions are usually detected mid-sprint, when it is too late.
Alistair then goes further than telling us "why not user stories", and focuses on "why use cases":
- The list of goal names provides executives with the shortest summary of what the system will contribute to the business and the users. It also provides a project planning skeleton, to be used to build initial priorities, estimates, team allocation and timing. It is the first part of the completeness question.
- The main success scenario of each use case provides everyone involved with an agreement as to what the system will basically do, also, sometimes more importantly, what it will not do. It provides the context for each specific line item requirement, a context that is very hard to get anywhere else.
- The extension conditions of each use case provide the requirements analysts a framework for investigating all the little, niggling things that somehow take up 80% of the development time and budget. It provides a look ahead mechanism, so the customer / product owner / business analyst can spot issues that are likely to take a long time to get answers for. These issues can and should then be put ahead of the schedule, so that the answers can be ready when the development team gets around to working on them. The use case extension conditions are the second part of the completeness question.
- The use case extension scenario fragments provide answers to the many detailed, often tricky business questions programmers ask: "What are we supposed to do in this case?" (which is normally answered by, "I don't know, I've never thought about that case.") In other words, it is a thinking / documentation framework that matches the if...then...else statement that helps the programmers think through issues. Except it is done at investigation time, not programming time.
- The full use case set shows that the investigators have thought through every user's needs, every goal they have with respect to the system, and every business variant involved. It is the final part of the completeness question. (And yes, I did indeed sit down and walk through 240 use cases with a client, at the end of which, I turned to her and asked: "And is that everything?" She said, Yes, and we built that, delivered it, got paid for it, and it is still in use ten years later.)
Things aren't as clear cut as some would have us believe. What should we do? Is what we are doing working for us? Is there one right way? Are there two right ways? Or, perhaps, does it depend upon context? Could it be that use cases are right for some circumstances, and user stories are right for another - which ones? Could it be that they are not really that different - that a use case (perhaps) embodies several user stories because a use case scenario looks, feels, and breathes like a user story?
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Michael Bartyzel
Re: Well...
Amr Elssamadisy
Use Cases are Waterfall
Peter Thomas
User stories and backlog items don't give the designers a context to work from
They don't really need to. The problem with Use Cases is the attempt to capture *everything* in ceremonial detail so that the project team can go back to their cave and work in waterfall mode.
User Stories should be seen as a tool to get to the goal which is: working software (not loads of word documents).
But there is a catch: the user has to be continuously available and ideally "looking over your shoulder". Any questions from the development team about "context" or "completeness" that come up during development have to be answered. But as all agile proponents understand, this is far better than Big Upfront Design. I agree that User Stories emphasize verbal communication.
I still don't understand the difference between "includes" and "extends" in the context of Use Cases. Glad I don't need to anymore. Heh.
Re: Use Cases are Waterfall
Frode Rystad
I myself boldly stated that "RUP is waterfall" to a group of my colleagues. One of them responded, "Frode, you must never say that!" We had previously worked together on the same "RUP" project using Use Cases to gather requirements, but she had been longer in the business than me. Then she elaborated, "RUP was never intended to be waterfall - it just often gets practiced like that."
Then she told me about an article Craig Larman wrote in 2002, "How to Fail with the Rational Unified Process: Seven Steps to Pain and Suffering".
The article is an excellent read, and explains what many do wrong, and how to use RUP and Use Cases more agile. I highly recommend reading it!.
Re: Use Cases are Waterfall
Amr Elssamadisy
But there is a catch: the user has to be continuously available and ideally "looking over your shoulder". Any questions from the development team about "context" or "completeness" that come up during development have to be answered.
Actually, user stories, when they start to number in the thousands, get confusing for the customers also. Here's a report from an early ThoughtWorks project: Recongizing and Responding to Bad Smells in XP that shows many of the things that went wrong with our first XP project. We learned and adapted, but notice that one of the things are keeping track of the user stories.
Now, use cases, on the other hand, are usually one or two orders of magnitude in number less. And you are right, they get large quickly. But here's the point - it is the REQUIREMENTS that are huge. So, how do you keep track?
I find it very hard to dismiss Alistair Cockburn's comments - not because he is a big name - but, from the beginning, his work has been focused from projects and clients he's worked with.
Re: Use Cases are Waterfall
Peter Thomas
Thanks for the link, I did go through the PDF and it is useful. It may be so that RUP was never intended to be waterfall. However I think we both agree (and at least in my personal experience) that too many RUP projects end up smelling of waterfall. Many organizations attempt to use RUP as a way to standardize processes across the enterprise and this ends up falling into the "one-size fits all" trap.
@Amr Elssamadisy
Thanks for the link. Agree, dismissing Alistair Cockburn's arguments is a little presumptious - but his opinion on Use Cases can hardly be called unbiased. Anyway, for the sake of discussion...
If the requirements are huge, I would argue that you have a bigger problem with Use Cases. I've seen too many projects where just updating the Use Case documents to reflect the changing requirements was a tiresome affair.
Also, this may not be in keeping with the original "spirit" or RUP or whatever: but haven't you seen projects where at the end there is a frenzied updating of Use Cases so that they match what is shipped.
I guess the challenge of managing large requirements is why Thoughtworks has come out with a tool like Mingle, right?
User Stories
Prashant Gandhi
But for me, the user stories work the best. Alistair Cockburn may have been lucky to find a customer who knew all the 240 use cases to be implemented, but my experience tells me that the customer does not always know what they want. User stories as a placeholder works best in such a case. And if the customer does not remember the reason for the story at a later date, it probably wasnt such an important story in the first place. User stories thus allow the analysis work to be thus neatly distributed over the course of project and allow for the "discovery" of new features, which are far more valuable than just working with a static list.
Missing the point here...
William Martinez
You can still do water fall using a user stories, and do a perfect agile development using Use cases. That is not the point. The point is the actual focus on the need to be solved, and how is that captured.
I may not care how strict is the use case structure, the main focus is on what is to be done. With user stories, you care about what the user do. Two very different points of view, and I may venture and say they are complementary!
Yes, Alistair is right when he says the user story lack the "how" that allows the user to understand the actual effort it will required, but that how is useless to most of clients that want to see (or only understand) the "what".
I may want to start with user stories as a "needs" capture, and then evolve the stories into use cases (the name is a little misleading, I grant that) that will define actual goals for the system. And stop all the thoughts there: if you want an agile use case, we need to get rid of formality and even completeness, or at least wait until we have enough information to decide, but earlier enough so it is not a too late decision.
So the question is not about who usually uses each approach and how bad their reputation is, it is about the actual usability of the approach, for all stakeholders (developers, clients, users, managers and etc).
William Martinez Pomares.
Architect's Thoughts
Re: Use Cases are Waterfall
regis pezous
I do not agree you when you say that developer don't really need the context, one of the main agile item is the "shared vision", and to succeed you will need on a day to day basis to replace almost each dev in this long term vision.
Also you are highlighting the ceremonial approach of UC, but at the end by staying pragmatic you can can just focused on the main value of UC, and as an BA I always start by the summary, the detailed main success scenario and only the name of main extensions, and most of the time it's enough!!
At then end we are using the both, UC for Business validation and US for planification
Au revoir
Re: User Stories
Essam Badawi
Yes, the origin and the intention of use for both of them was different. Yet, each one of them, as a requirement tool can provide, when 'properly' used, the equivalent results and achieve the same goal.
My point is that, if we want to minimize the documentation overheads and lay more on use it as a communication tool, then we can write 'lighter' use cases, and still get the benefits 'providing the context' of scenarios and extensions.
On the other hand, if we want to provide more level of details, as necessary, in user stories, then all cases and scenarios are to be represented in the acceptance tests, which in this case will include the same content of information as use case.
So, I see that it just matter of different format! And they both will cover, in that way, the completeness and most of the other issues addressed through out this discussion.
Use Cases Fundamentals..
Essam Badawi
- No one will prevent you to empower your requirements-team with both user stories and use cases and be aware of the two approaches and to select one of them to work with depending on the different situation and project you might have, e.g., , use cases might be more very effective for workflow-automation based project.
- No matter you will choose to apply user stories in your projects or even other tool, it is very important to make sure that your requirements-analysis team be aware of learn concepts and fundamentals behind use cases where they can learn how to address, analyze and manage requirements how and when to focus on normal course of events, deviations in the flows, etc. (and that's no matter the format will be used)
Some recommended references regard this are Cockburn's Book "write effective use cases", "Use Case Pattern" book, and IBM Rational training course"Requirements Management with Use Cases".
I don't have much experience in using 'user stories' yet, but I have a worry for new BAs who will start their career by writing user stories, without a previous experience or knowledge of the use case concepts, that they will likely have somehow a 'shallow' analysis capabilities and they would produce 'poor requirements'.
Re: Use Cases Fundamentals..
arthur black
Therefore just before a sprint the lower level requirements had not been gathered leading to vague acceptance criteria at wrong level.
I became involved and could not put user stories into any context so I split the entire development into a use case survey and we delievered fully dressed use cases for the next sprint.
The development team were really happy with use cases as gives context and info but also wanted user stories just as a mechanism for story point planning and to give them something more meaning than 'Use case XXXX Alternative Flow 1' to write on cards to blue tack to the scrum board thing.
The development team simply took each main flow and alternative flow of each use case for the next spront and created a seperate user story for each and deemed that the acceptance criteria are the requirments within the use case narrative.
The backlog therefore consisted of use cases flows, given a user story description 'As a xxx I want to xxx so that xxx'.
And use case requirements listed as acceptance criteria [lower level requirements] that must be considered [tested] in order for the sprint to be accepted.
This rule seemed to work for functional requirements in majority of use cases - there was the odd use where the basic flow was broken into more than one use story [debatable whether the use cases should have been split really!]
Non functional requiements were added as seperate user stories as no use case conversion was required.
This approach seemed to work and now I am wondering whether use cases are better [add more context] or user stories........ but the big lesson learned was that the detail you need [in my opinion] before you start a sprint, is the same whether you use 'use cases' or 'user stories'....you need to think of the user story acceptance sriteria as the lower level requirements that you would describe in a use case narative.
Do people agree - some people still argued that we went too low in detail and that the lower level stuff can be leaft for during the sprint but I strongly disagreed.
I am now on a new project and people are asking what level of requirement detail do you need before a sprint - I keep saying you really need to nail the lower level requiremnents [what must be delivered and tested - acceptacnce criteria] before the sprint starts but live up to the spirit of agile if things change or are fouhnd to be missed during the sprint. However people have argued that this is not agile? Any thoughts?
My thoughts are that you need to be looking at lower level requirements for the next development sprint while the developers are developing the current sprint
I have come to the conclusion that incremental sofwtware delivery is good and that iterative software development is good but from a requirments perspective it does not matter whether it is use case/user story or both as much as it matters about the quality of the requirements.....there is a new method coming out every other week with the justification that lots of projects using the previous method failed but the real reason is probably that there are a lot of crap BAs out there and a good BA will make any method work.
Re: Use Cases Fundamentals..
arthur black
Requirements are long lasting
Tormod Varhaugvik
I have my comment on: tormodv.blogspot.com/2011/04/requirements-are-l...