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Human populations are arranged in social networks that determine interactions and influence the spread of diseases, behaviours and ideas. We evaluate the spread of long-term emotional states across a social network. We introduce a novel form of the classical susceptible–infected–susceptible disease model which includes the possibility for 'spontaneous' (or 'automatic') infection, in addition to disease transmission (the SISa model). Using this framework and data from the Framingham Heart Study, we provide formal evidence that positive and negative emotional states behave like infectious diseases spreading across social networks over long periods of time. The probability of becoming content is increased by 0.02 per year for each content contact, and the probability of becoming discontent is increased by 0.04 per year per discontent contact. Our mathematical formalism allows us to derive various quantities from the data, such as the average lifetime of a contentment 'infection' (10 years) or discontentment 'infection' (5 years). Our results give insight into the transmissive nature of positive and negative emotional states. Determining to what extent particular emotions or behaviours are infectious is a promising direction for further research with important implications for social science, epidemiology and health policy. Our model provides a theoretical framework for studying the interpersonal spread of any state that may also arise spontaneously, such as emotions, behaviours, health states, ideas or diseases with reservoirs.
1. Introduction
Social network effects are of great importance for understanding human behaviour. People interact with different numbers of individuals and with some individuals more than others, and this affects behaviour in fundamental ways. Investigations from diverse fields, including sociology, economics, physics, mathematics and public health, have studied social networks, both to understand their structure and their affect on social dynamics. Economic behaviour, such as purchasing decisions (Lazarsfeld & Katz 1955), employment prospects (Marmaros & Sacerdote 2002; Calvo-Armengol & Jackson 2004), bankruptcy (Uzzi 1996), investment (Cohen et al. 2008) and productivity (Oswald et al. 2009) have been shown to be influenced by network contacts (reviewed in Jackson 2009). Other behaviours such as college GPA (Sacerdote 2001) and crime (Glaeser et al. 1996; Haynie 2001) have been related to peer effects. Recently, social networks have been studied as determinants of health (reviewed by Smith & Christakis 2008), ranging from determining the patterns of infectious disease spread (Keeling & Eames 2005) to the propagation of behaviours such as smoking cessation (Christakis & Fowler 2008), obesity (Christakis & Fowler 2007) and suicidal ideation (Bearman & Moody 2004). Networks also play an important role in evolutionary biology, where population structure determining interactions can facilitate the evolution of cooperative behaviour (Ohtsuki et al. 2006; Tarnita et al. 2009a,b; Nowak & May 1992; Fu et al. 2007).
Human emotions are strongly influenced by social contacts. 'Emotional contagion' (Hatfield et al. 1994) is known to occur over short timesscales between people in frequent close contact, such as families (Larson & Almeida 1999), roommates (Howes et al. 1985) and team-mates (Barsade 2002), and even occurs in experimental situations (Fowler & Christakis 2010). Positive and negative moods also spread during workplace interactions such as cooperation (Barsade 2002), negotiation (Van Kleef et al. 2004) and successful leadership (Bono & Ilies 2006). The spread of positive mood is a common technique in interpersonal relations, and the 'service with a smile' technique is a well-known example (Pugh 2001). Depressive moods and symptoms have been found to be contagious both by media and by personal contact with strangers or acquaintances (Joiner & Katz 1999). Over longer timescales, clinically relevant depressive states can also spread between social contacts (Ueno 2005). Unlike most of these previous studies, in the present work we demonstrate the interpersonal spread of long-lasting emotional states over protracted timescales.
Recently, Fowler & Christakis (2008) have studied the properties of happiness in relation to a network of social contacts, extracted from the Framingham Heart Study (Dawber 1980). They observe correlations in happiness between individuals who are connected in a social network. If your friends are happy, then you are more likely to be happy in the future. This correlation, they suggest, is caused in part by an inductive effect of happiness spreading from person to person. Thus, happiness could be thought of as a form of social infection. Here, we evaluate this conceptual approach to emotional transmission in a mathematically rigorous way, by formally modelling the spread of positive and negative emotions using theoretical tools from epidemiology.
Mathematical models for the spread of microbial infections help us to understand and predict the spread of disease (Anderson & May 1991). Such models have also been used to explore the spread of non-microbial infections, such as rumours (Daley & Kendall 1964) or computer viruses (Pastor-Satorras & Vespignani 2001). Studying the dynamics of epidemiological models on social networks is currently an active area of research. Many models have been developed to study how the structure of networks affects disease spread (Keeling & Eames 2005). These models have been used to understand contagious diseases where the network describes contacts in geographical proximity (for example severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Meyers et al. 2005; foot-and-mouth disease, Ferguson et al. 2001) or for studying sexually transmitted diseases where the network consists of sexual partnerships (Eames & Keeling 2002).
Here, we introduce a novel approach for studying the spread of emotions in a social network. We can think of emotions at three levels: 'moods', 'states' or 'traits'. These levels have increasing duration and permanence, and differ in terms of the extent to which they are deeply characteristic of the individual, and therefore the extent to which they are mutable or immutable. We will use the word 'long-term emotional states' to describe the phenomena of interest to us here, lying in between fleeting moods and permanent traits (like personality traits). We use the terms content and discontent for these phenomena that have been characterized, in prior work, as akin to happiness and depression, with validated scales. We modify a classical infectious disease model to represent the spread of emotions, to account for the fact that emotions can be contracted both spontaneously and through transmission. We then use this model to ask whether emotional states in the Framingham Heart Study dataset (Dawber 1980) do indeed act like infectious diseases. For an emotional state such as content to fit the classical definition of an infectious disease, (i) the probability of becoming content must depend on the number of content contacts (and not on the number of non-content contacts), and (ii) the probability of switching from content back to neutral ('recovering' from content) should be independent of any properties of social contacts. The particular structure of the Framingham Heart Study dataset, with a social network, reliable emotional evaluation and longitudinal follow-up, allows application of our model to the spread of content and discontent over long timescales. We find that both content and discontent behave like infectious diseases. The data allow us to then estimate values for model parameters, and to calculate derived quantities which give insight into the dynamics of emotional contagion.
2. Material and Methods
(a) Basic infectious disease model
In the simplest infectious disease models (Anderson & May 1991), individuals are classified as occupying one of two states: 'susceptible', meaning they do not have the disease, and 'infected', meaning they do have the disease. The disease can be transmitted to a susceptible person when they come into contact with an infected person. The rate of this disease transmission from infected to susceptible is defined as β, the transmission rate. Once an individual is infected, he/she recovers from the disease at a constant rate g, regardless of his/her contact with susceptible or infected others. In one class of disease models (susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR)), recovered individuals become immune to further infection and enter a 'recovered' state. However, an emotion can occur many times over an individual's life, and therefore we use assume infected individuals return to the susceptible state after recovering. This form of susceptible–infected–susceptible (SIS) model is used to model infectious diseases that do not confer immunity, such as many sexually transmitted diseases.
In the standard SIS model, infection can only be transmitted by having a contact between an infected and a susceptible individual. Emotional 'infections', however, can also arise owing to spontaneous factors other than transmission. Therefore, we extend the SIS model by adding a term whereby uninfected individuals spontaneously (or 'automatically') become infected at a constant rate a, independent of infected contacts. A diagrammatic representation of our modified SIS model, which we will call SISa, is shown in figure 1. The corresponding differential equations for a well-mixed population are described in equation (2.1). When the population is not well-mixed but instead constrained on a social network, the transmission rate for each individual depends on the number of infected contacts (nI) instead of the total number of infected individuals (I). 2.1 where S is the number of susceptible individuals, I the number of infected individuals β the transmission rate, g the recovery rate, and a the rate of spontaneous infection. This model assumes a constant population size, neglecting birth and death.
(b) Parameter estimation
The classical definition of an infectious disease in the SIS/SIR context is that (i) the probability of an individual transitioning from susceptible to infected is an increasing function of the number of infected contacts, while (ii) the probability of a transition from infected to susceptible (i.e. recovery) is independent of the number or state of contacts. Exposure to infected individuals makes you more likely to become sick, but once you are infected you recover at a constant rate regardless of contacts. In addition to infectious contagion, the SISa model has an additional spontaneous mode of acquiring disease. To both test that a behaviour displays infectious-disease-like dynamics, and to estimate values for the model parameters a, β and g, we can use dynamic information about transitions between states based on multiple time points in longitudinal data. For data points separated by time intervals (Δt) smaller than the average time between transitions, the transition probabilities can be linearized. The probability of a transition from susceptible to infected after a time Δt can be given by P(S → I, Δt) ∼ (a + βnI)Δt, and the probability of transition from infected to susceptible after time Δt, by P(I → S, Δt) ∼gΔt. It is necessary for the time between measurements to not be comparable to or greater than the average lifetime of a state to keep the probability of double transitions within a time interval low.
(c) Dataset
In this study, we evaluate the assumption that emotions behave like infectious agents. We use data from the Framingham Heart Study (Dawber 1980) and the framework discussed above to test whether content and discontent fit the dynamics of infectious diseases. The Framingham study was initiated in 1948 in Framingham, Massachusetts and has continued enrolling subjects till the present. Subjects were examined at regular intervals of approximately three years. They were administered a psycho-social exam called the CES-D, which allowed us to classify each individual as content, discontent or neutral. We used the well-defined cut-off of a score of 16 on the full CES-D scale to classify subjects as discontent. This measure has previously been called 'depression', though it is not specific to clinical depression and represents general distress or depressive symptoms (Rush 2007). Content was defined as a score of 12 on the positively worded questions of the CES-D, and is the same subscale used by others and called 'positive affect', 'well-being' or 'happiness' (Moskowitz 2003; Ostir et al. 2000; Pressman & Cohen 2005; Fowler & Christakis 2008). The terms 'content', 'discontent' and 'emotional state' as used in this paper represent long-term states reflecting general life satisfaction, as opposed to short-lived moods evinced in response to stimuli. Additionally, social networks were constructed for each subject based on recorded information on friends, family, co-workers and residential neighbours. For details, see the electronic supplementary material.
We hypothesize that a neutral emotional state may act like a susceptible state, and that content and discontent act like 'infected' states (figure 1). We validate this classification using the data analysis presented below. Note that we exclude the possibility of coinfection by both content and discontent simultaneously, as this doubly infected state very rarely appears in the data (see the electronic supplementary material, figure S1). However, superinfection may be possible: individuals could potentially move directly between being content and discontent without passing through neutral. The data are used to validate the model assumptions and estimate values for the parameters β, a and g. These parameters are then used to calculate derived quantities of interest, such as the average lifetime of an emotional infection, the probability an infected person passes the infection to a given contact sometime during the course of her infection, and the average frequency with which infections arise spontaneously. Additionally, agent-based simulations are used to compare model dynamics and clustering with the observational data.
(d) Measuring transmission of emotions
To study the transmission of emotions, we examine changes in emotional state between the two sequential exams of the Framingham Heart Study in which the CES-D was administered (exams 6 and 7). The average fraction of the network that was classified as content or discontent was very similar between the two exams, suggesting the transmission process is at steady state (exam 6: 65% content, 9% discontent; exam 7: 62% content, 9% discontent). Additionally, these exams were closely and consistently spaced (Δt = 3±1 year). We include only subjects who answered all questions on the CES-D in both exams.
Subjects were initially classified as first as either 'content' or 'not content', and then separately as 'discontent' or 'not discontent'. Individuals who are neither 'content' nor 'discontent' are classified as 'neutral'. As expected, very few people who are classified as 'content' are also classified as 'discontent' (less than 1/1000). Thus we have three possible emotional states. A diagram of the distribution of subjects between emotional states in included in the electronic supplementary material, figure S1.
A given state x is considered infectious if having more contacts in state x makes you more likely to switch to state x. That is, a positive relationship between the number of contacts in state x and the probability to transition from state y to state x indicates that state x is infectious with respect to state y. Therefore, to test whether a given state x is infectious with respect to another state y, we perform an ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression as follows. Each subject in state y in exam 6 is coded as either having transitioned to state x (transition = 1) or not (transition = 0) in exam 7. We then regress this binary transition variable for each subject against that subject's number of contacts in state x during exam 6. A significant positive correlation indicates that having more friends in state x at the earlier exam makes you more likely to switch to state x in the later exam. If state x is infectious (a significant positive correlation exists), then the value of β can be calculated from the slope of the regression line, and the value of a can be calculated from the intercept. If state x is not infectious (no significant correlation exists), then the value of g can be calculated from the intercept. Δt was taken as the average time between examinations, which was 2.5 years. Using logistic regression as opposed to OLS regression gives very similar results, as the datapoint line is within the linear range of the logistic model.
It is important for our analysis that subjects do not change emotional states rapidly (days or weeks), but instead on the timescale of years or longer. While the CES-D asks subjects to evaluate feelings in the last week, it is known to be a reliable measure of long-term emotions, as opposed to short-lived moods evinced in response to stimuli. Several studies have shown that CES-D scale scores to be stable for up to 12 months, with high intra-individual test–retest correlations (Radloff 1977; Roberts 1980). Furthermore, we find a strong positive correlation between each subject's emotional state in the two measurement periods (r = 0.47). This suggests that emotional states are not fluctuating on the timescale of weeks or months, but rather on the timescale at which we are measuring: if they were changing faster than 3–5 years, then a subject's state in exam 6 would not be strongly predictive of her state in exam 7. Note that this correlation is also confirmed by a more detailed analysis (Fowler & Christakis 2008). Thus, there is strong evidence that the emotions we are measuring change only on the timescale we are measuring, as opposed to fluctuating much more rapidly.
Our epidemiological approach to social contagion has important differences from other models which look at correlations in present and past states of connected individuals (Christakis & Fowler 2007, 2008; Fowler & Christakis 2008). Here, we look at how contacts influence the transitions between states, which better captures the nature of contagion. Since we use pre-existing social ties, we do not see effects from selection bias in choosing friends with similar emotional states. Additionally, confounding events that lead to concurrent changes in connected individuals will not show up as contagion effects in this model.
3. Results
In the Framingham Heart Study network, individuals may be connected to neighbours, co-workers, first-degree relatives and self-nominated friends. An individual's degree is the number of contacts that individual has to other people in the network. Restricting to only individuals who had been administered the CES-D at both exams 6 and 7, and their connections that exist at exam 6, gives a population of size n = 1880, with an average degree of 3.1. The network is approximately Poisson distributed, with a long tail, although with some subjects having no connections. It has been previously found that family and friends living more than 2 miles away are not significantly associated with emotional influence (Fowler & Christakis 2008), suggesting that face-to-face contact is important for transmission. Thus, we restrict our analysis to connections involving only friends and relatives living closer than 2 miles away, next-door or same address neighbours and co-workers. With these further constraints, the degree of the network was reduced to 1.25 ± 1.35.
The results of the infectiousness analysis for the spread of content and discontent between exams 6 and 7 are shown in figure 2. Consistent with the SISa model formulation, we find a significant positive correlation between the probability of transitioning from neutral to content and the number of content contacts (figure 2a, coeff. = 0.052, p=0.024), and no significant relationship between the transition from content to neutral and the number of neutral contacts (figure 2b, coeff. =− 0.011, p=0.59). Additionally, we find no significant relationship between the probability of transitioning from neutral to content and the number of neutral contacts (coeff. = 0.48, p = 0.10), or the probability of transitioning from content to neutral and the number of content contacts (coeff. = 0.22, p = 0.98). This suggests that content can indeed be modelled as an infectious process in the SISa framework, with neutral susceptibles more likely to become content infecteds with each content contact they have. The parameters for the SISa model can be calculated from the transition probabilities using equations mentioned previously, by dividing slope and intercept values by Δt, the average time between exams. The transmission rate, β, is found to be 0.02 yr−1. The spontaneous infection parameter a is found to be 0.18 yr−1. The recovery parameter g is found to be 0.088 yr−1. These results are dependent on restricting analysis to contacts who had exams separated by less than three-and-a-half years (75%). For longer times it becomes increasingly probable that more than one transition has been made between exams.
We now repeat this analysis for discontent. We find that discontent can be also described in the SISa framework as a contagious emotion with neutral as the susceptible state. The probability of transitioning from neutral to discontent is positively correlated with the number of discontent contacts (figure 2c, coeff. = 0.097, p = 0.027), and the probability of transitioning from discontent back to neutral is independent of the number of neutral contacts (figure 2d, coeff. = 0.032, p = 0.56). Additionally, we find no significant relationship between the probability of transitioning from neutral to discontent and the number of neutral contacts (coeff. = 0.11, p = 0.75), or the probability of transitioning from discontent to neutral and the number of discontent contacts (coeff = 0.002, p = 0.99). The model parameters are β = 0.04 yr−1, a = 0.040 yr−1, g = 0.13 yr−1. Interestingly, the rate of transmission through a contact is similar for both content and discontent, while the rate of spontaneous infection is much larger for content and the rate of recovery is larger for discontent.
We also include for the possibility of direct transitions between content and discontent ('superinfection'), which are sometimes observed. We calculate the rate of direct transitions from content to discontent to be scd = (0.009 ± 0.003) per year and the rate from discontent to content to be sdc = (0.07 ± 0.02) per year. See the electronic supplementary material for details. The estimated rates of all transitions are visualized in figure 3.
From the SISa model parameter estimates, various quantities of interest can be calculated. The average lifetime of an emotional state is the average length of time an individual spends in this state before recovering. For both content and discontent, 'recovering' usually means going to the neutral state (gc or gd), but also includes the possibility of transitioning directly to the other 'infected state' (scd or sdc). The total recovery rate (gT) is the sum of both these rates. The average lifetime of a contentment infection is 10.1 years, and for discontentment it is 5.0 years. Thus, the average contentment infection appears to last twice as long as the average discontentment episode. The 'influence' of an emotion is the cumulative probability that the infection will be passed from an infected to a susceptible connection before the infected individual recovers. This is calculated as 1 − e−β/gT ≃ β/gT. For both content and discontent, this value is 0.18. The 'cycle length' is the average length of time between spontaneous infections, and is 5.6 years for content and 25 years for discontent. This suggests that an individual may spontaneously become content many times throughout life.
In the regular SIS or SIR models, the average number of secondary infections caused before recovery is called the basic reproductive ratio, R0. An epidemic only occurs for R0 > 1. In the SISa model, there is no thresholding behaviour as seen in traditional models, because of the spontaneous infection term. Even if there are no individuals initially infected and no contagion (β = 0), spontaneous infection will nonetheless lead to a non-zero steady-state level of infected. In the absence of spontaneous infection, the effective R0 can be estimated as βn/g, where n is the average degree. For content, R0 is 0.28 and for discontent it is 0.39. Since for both R0 is less than one, self-sustained epidemics of either emotion could not be sustained if people did not become spontaneously infected.
We also perform further analysis to examine differences in local network structure for individuals in different emotional states. Content individuals have on average 1.26 connections to other people in the data, neutral individuals 1.37 connections and discontent individuals 0.97 connections. The smaller number of connections among discontent individuals suggests isolation, which could be contributing to or secondary to depressive symptoms. We can also ask whether people in a given state tend to cluster. Clustering is a measure of the spatial correlation (in the network sense) between individuals in the same emotional state. Clustering is defined as the ratio of the observed number of connections between two types of individuals to the number of connections expected if the positioning of individuals in the network was random. Clustering of like individuals can be caused by an infective process spreading within a network (Keeling 1999), but may also be caused by confounding environmental factors influencing behaviour, or selection of contacts based on similar behaviour. In a purely infectious process on a network, the average correlation between two infected individuals will be greater than one, and the average correlation between an infected and a susceptible individual will be less than one. To compare observed clustering to that expected from a pure infection, we perform agent-based simulations of SISa epidemics on networks with the FHS network topology and calculate the predicted clustering (table 1). For content, there is good agreement between observed and predicted clustering, suggesting that the inductive spread of content can explain the observed clustering of content individuals. For discontent, however, there is less clustering in the data than predicted by the infectious disease simulations. Thus discontent people are more isolated in the network than predicted by the infectious model, which is consistent with the reduced average degree observed above. This could be explained by a tendency for depression to cause people to interact less with others, or for social isolation to lead to depression (Beck & Alford 2009).
4. Discussion
Here, we have shown that long-term emotional states can spread between socially connected individuals. The transmission rate for content is found to be β = 0.02 yr−1, and the spontaneous infection parameter is found to be a = 0.18 yr−1, thus each content contact increases the probability per year of becoming content by 11%. For discontent, the rate of spontaneous infection is a = 0.040 yr−1 and the rate of transmission is β = 0.04 yr−1, so each discontent contact makes an individual 100% more likely to become discontent each year. The average lifetime of a contentment 'infection' is measured to be 10 years, and a discontentment 'infection', 5 years. We have introduced a novel framework for formalizing social contagion derived from the study of infectious diseases, which can be used to study the spread of emotions or other social phenomena. This infectious disease approach has several advantages over methods which examine correlations in behaviours of connected individuals. Our method controls for selection bias in choosing contacts with similar behaviour, as well as confounding environmental factors synchronously affecting contacts. Moreover, we find no dependence of the probability of changing emotional state on age, sex or education, which have been found in previous studies of content and discontent to affect the propensity for emotions and confound the correlations between contacts (Fowler & Christakis 2008; Angst 1992). This lack of dependence when we focus on transitions suggests that our approach is more robust to variation across individuals than previous methods.
Much of the appeal of our approach is the significance of our results despite the great simplicity of the model used, and the assumptions made about the dataset. Determining the various transition rates for the model requires the implicit assumption that all individuals are identical in their susceptibility to various emotional states. These rates therefore represent ensemble averages over the population. In reality, individuals are likely to differ in their predispositions to various emotional states.
The ability to observe transmission of emotional states over long time frames requires some particular properties of the Framingham Heart Study. These include large sample sizes, longitudinal follow-up, extensive information on social contacts and various relationships, closely and consistently spaced exams, and reliable measures of emotions and behavioural states. This study was not designed to study social networks or mental health, and so there are some drawbacks that could be improved upon in more specifically designed projects. For example, we only examine changes between two time points, which give us stationary values for the rates of transmission, although it is plausible that these rates themselves change over time. Future work exploring the dynamic spread of emotions with higher resolution data collection is called for. This may also allow for more complex and perhaps realistic models, such as modeling emotions as continuous variables rather than discrete states, with transmission depending on the severity of infection.
One possible limitation of this study is the social network dataset used. We have also assumed that the social network collected through the Framingham Heart Study is the same as the contact network for the spread of emotions, which is almost certainly not true given the sparseness of the Framingham network. Because the Framingham Heart Study was not designed as a study of social networks, no attempt was made to capture all of a person's important contacts. Many close friends of a person could be missing (usually only one was recorded) and family and co-workers who are not part of ones actual social network may have been counted. Even if undersampling of real-world contacts did occur, it does not change our results qualitatively: our data clearly show that rates of becoming 'content' or 'discontent' increase with the number of 'infected' contacts (i.e. are contagious) while the rates of 'recovery' to a 'neutral' state do not depend on contacts. However, it could change the measured rate constants. If we missed a constant number of contacts for each person, the intercept of the transition graphs would be shifted to the right, then the actual a would be smaller than the a we measured. If we missed a constant fraction of contacts for each person, then the x-axis would be compressed and the slope would be increased, so then the actual value of β would be smaller than the β we measured. However, while it is probable that the Framingham network underestimates the total number of contacts, the relationship to the number of 'influential' contacts is unclear. In this sense, the observed value of the transmission rates, β, are network dependent. Additionally, network connections may be weighted differently according to their ability to transmit emotions. It would be ideal to design longitudinal study with the intent of measuring social networks and health and carefully define contacts, such as by amount of time spent together per day, influence, etc.
A CES-D score of greater than 16 (which we defined as 'discontent') can occur with major depression (94% specific) as well as alcohol or drug dependence, anxiety, dysthymia or bipolar disorder. Thus, it is a measure of depressive symptoms or general distress and not necessarily clinical depression (Rush 2007; Radloff 1977). The 10 year prevalence of all affective disorders is close to 30 per cent (Angst 1992) which suggests that a large portion of the population is susceptible to depressive symptoms. This fact is consistent with our ensemble treatment, and with the observed cycle length for discontent of 25 years. Treating discontent as a spontaneously acquired or transmitted infection has one major drawback: it assumes that the probability of becoming discontent is independent of an individual's history of depressive episodes. In reality, depression is known to be a recurrent condition, with relative risk increasing with history of illness (Angst et al. 2003). It has been found that 72 per cent of people with major or minor depression experience recurrent episodes (Kessler et al. 1997). No comparable data exist for the CES-D measurement of content, which is less routinely used. Relevant data for comparison will probably become available as the study of 'positive psychology', and especially its relation to health (Pressman & Cohen 2005), becomes more widespread. There have been no studies to our knowledge which examine the lifetime or cycle of discontent or content in the general population, as defined by the CES-D.
Our study provides evidence for a transmissive component to the dynamics of the emotions of content and discontent. However, this dataset does not give insight into the mechanism of infection. It is possible that displayed emotions are directly contagious (via mimicry, pheromones, etc.), or that emotions spread indirectly, for example by sharing some type of good fortune. While short-term emotional states have been suggested as a mechanism for systemically coordinating body functions to react in the most favourable way to an environmental stimulus, and as a means of 'quick-and-dirty' communication of this stimulus to others (Lewis & Haviland-Jones 2004), it is not obvious how this argument extends to the contagion of long-term emotional states. The observed fact that 'catching' content and discontent depends on social contacts, while 'recovering' to a neutral state does not, suggests that infection involves a process similar to teaching a life skill that can then persist without a constant stimulus. The mechanisms behind the transmission of long-term emotional states merit further study.
We have formally demonstrated that emotions can be thought of as infectious diseases spreading across social networks. We have introduced a novel form of mathematical infectious disease model for describing the spread of emotions which has advantages over previous methods. We have validated this model by studying content and discontent propagating across a large social network. Our results give insight into the transmissive nature of positive and negative emotions, and our model provides a theoretical framework for studying the spread of other emotions, as well as a wide range of other social phenomena. Determining to what extent particular emotions or behaviours are infectious is a promising direction for further research with important implications for social science, epidemiology and health policy.
This work was supported by the National Institute on Aging grant P01 AG031093, the John Templeton Foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Science Foundation/National Institutes of Health joint program in mathematical biology (National Institutes of Health Grant R01GM078986), and graduate fellowships from the National Science Foundation and the Canadian Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study is supported by contract number N01-HC-25195. We thank Laurie Meneades for assistance with the database and Erez Leiberman, Michael Manapat, J.B. Michel, Dan Gilbert, Matt Killingsworth and Niels Rosenquist for helpful discussions throughout this study.
- Received June 8, 2010.
- Accepted June 16, 2010.
- © 2010 The Royal Society


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Hi all,
We got an old GWT project and we want to migrate to GXT 3.0 for the "magic stuff" that vanilla GWT doesn't have. This old project is based on gwt-ext (with ext-js 2.0.2) and we used x-toolbar and x-grid3 to create a new look and feel.
But with GXT 3.0 we are not able to use our old single-file-css anymore. Thats ok for me, I hope I could transform all styles to a custom theme.
But, our users were able to customize this old single css-file and change images, background colors, .... I wonder how I could let our users (-> css designer) customize the view now. The images and css file are inside a theme project, the css classNames are obfuscated or in the case I set a style to the uiBinder, I only set the top level class-name.
For instance when I got a grid and set the style to customGrid, only the top level of the grid is "customGrid". The header, where we want to change tho columnbackground is still complete obfuscated. I hoped that I got something like "customGrid x-grid-header" here.
Ok, enough bla bla my questions:
a) I am prototyping this css topic for myself at the moment. Does the 1 Developer Pack includes some more documentation about creating own themes?
b) I think the issue with legacy css support is not a gxt specific question. Perhaps someone here got a similiar issue and has some links or hints for me here.

subset: commoncrawl


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SOURCE: Murphy Analytics
January 13, 2013 11:00 ET
ST. LOUIS, MO--(Marketwire - Jan 13, 2013) - Murphy Analytics (MA) has initiated coverage on Global Resource Energy Inc. (OTCBB: GBEN). The Initiation Report contains a detailed discussion of GBEN's business operations, market dynamics, macroeconomic data and indicators, financial results, potential cash flows, and risks. The Initiation Report is available at: http://www.murphyanalytics.com/uploads/GBEN_Initiation.pdf.
Analyst Patrick J. Murphy, CFA, notes in the report: "...forecasts call for as much as 31% compound annual growth rate for the LED market as it becomes an increasingly important component of the $109 billion global lighting fixture market... With the interests of government, manufacturers and end-users converging towards economical, clean and energy efficient technologies, the opportunity for LED lighting is enormous. Recent announcements from GBEN indicate the Company is actively pursuing a range of business opportunities and partnerships as its looks to leverage the licensing agreement of its lighting division -- Kardings America."
About Murphy Analytics
Murphy Analytics is an independent investment research firm providing coverage of microcap stocks. Utilizing institutional caliber, fundamental analysis, Murphy Analytics helps investors make informed investment decisions about equities without extensive analyst coverage. Murphy Analytics LLC is owned by Patrick J. Murphy, who has nearly 20 years of capital markets experience, providing institutional investment and transaction analysis across a range of asset classes including microcap equities, commercial real estate debt and equity, municipal derivatives and public finance, venture capital, fixed income, CMBS and mortgage REIT's.
Disclosure: Neither MA nor the analyst owns or trades the shares of covered companies. MA was compensated $5,000 in advance of the publication of this report. Statements herein may contain forward-looking statements and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties affecting results. MA provides no assurance as to the subject company's plans or ability to effect proposed actions and cannot project capabilities, intent, resources, or experience. This report is neither a solicitation to buy nor an offer to sell securities and is to be used for informational purposes only and should not be used as basis for investment decisions. MA is not an investment advisor or broker/dealer and this report does not provide investment advice.
Patrick J. Murphy, CFAEmail Contact
Patrick J. Murphy, CFAEmail Contact
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XFX 9600 GT Alpha Dog Edition Review
When new video cards come out, the push is to get as many out as possible and get the product on the shelves and to the e-tailors. Many times the top of the line models are not available right off the bat. With the Nvidia 9600GTs released just over a month ago, the time has come for the manufacturer's top of the line cards to start showing up ready for action. The designation for XFX's top of the line card is the "Alpha Dog." The standard 9600GT has a GPU clock of 650MHz, a shader clock of 1625MHz, and a memory clockspeed of 900MHz. All of these are pretty respectable numbers. The Alpha Dog, on the other hand, has a 740MHz core clock on the GPU, 1000MHz on the 512MB of GDDR3 memory, and a shader clock of 1850MHz. All substantial increases over the stock specifications. Additional features of the 9600 series include Pure Video technology for dazzling high definition video playback and SLI compatibility. Will the Alpha Dog become the leader of the pack or fall in line like the rest of the pretenders? We shall see.
Closer Look:
The package that the Alpha Dog Edition comes in is strangely devoid of any gaudy references to this being the top of the line overclocked card. There are just a couple of stickers to show off what lies inside. One shows the Alpha Dog Edition name and that the bundle of accessories features the full version of Call of Duty 4, while the second sticker lists the core clock speed of 740MHz. All of this is very understated. The rear panel shows off some performance numbers in comparison to the 8600 series of cards and highlights the Hi-Def capabilities of the 9600 series.
Pulling off the outer sleeve allows access to the Alpha Dog. The card is viewable through the window in the package, and is securely held in place and protected by a foam block on all sides. XFX takes great care in making sure the product arrives in one peice.
The accessory bundle lies under the foam enclosure protecting the 9600GT. It includes a quick start guide, a helpful tips and techniques brochure, a door tag with the Alpha Dog asking for people to respect the fact that you don't want to be disturbed, the driver and Call of Duty 4 disks, and all of the cables and adapters that might be needed for the 9600GT.
The cables and adapters included in the bundle will get you connected whatever the need may be. There are two DVI to D-Sub adapters, a DVI to HDMI adapter, an HDMI audio input cable, an S-Video cable, an S-Video to composite dongle and last, but not least, a dual 4-pin molex to 6-pin PCI-E power adapter. The documentation shows this type of connection to be less than ideal for supplying power to the Alpha Dog 9600GT.
We've seen the bundle and how the 9600GT is sent to the enthusiasts out there, so now let's dig into the 9600GT Alpha Dog Edition up close and personal!


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NEW YORK, March 18, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP, a leading national securities law firm, is investigating potential securities fraud at Cirrus Logic, Inc. ("Cirrus" or the "Company") (Nasdaq:CRUS).
The investigation focuses on whether the Company and its executives violated federal securities laws by failing to disclose that: (1) Cirrus was becoming increasingly dependent on Apple, Inc. for generating revenues; (2) Cirrus was experiencing declining sales growth; (3) production difficulties with Cirrus' supply chain and vendors were diminishing Company profit margins; and (4) the launch of several models of Cirrus' new LED lighting had been delayed.
On October 31, 2012, after the close of trading, Cirrus revealed significantly lower guidance for Fiscal Year 2013 than the market had previously been led to expect, modeling revenues to be down 15% sequentially for its 2013 fourth quarter.
Request more information now by clicking here: www.faruqilaw.com/CRUS. There is no cost or obligation to you.
Take Action
If you invested in Cirrus stock or options between July 31, 2012 and October 31, 2012 and would like to discuss your legal rights, visit www.faruqilaw.com/CRUS. You can also contact us by calling Richard Gonnello or Francis McConville toll free at 877-247-4292 or at 212-983-9330 or by sending an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com. Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP also encourages anyone with information regarding Cirrus' conduct to contact the firm, including whistleblowers, former employees, shareholders and others.
Attorney Advertising. The law firm responsible for this advertisement is Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP (www.faruqilaw.com). Prior results do not guarantee or predict a similar outcome with respect to any future matter. We welcome the opportunity to discuss your particular case. All communications will be treated in a confidential manner.
CONTACT: FARUQI & FARUQI, LLP 369 Lexington Avenue, 10th Floor New York, NY 10017 Attn: Richard Gonnello, Esq. firstname.lastname@example.com Francis McConville, Esq. email@example.com Telephone: (877) 247-4292 or (212) 983-9330Source:Faruqi & Faruqi LLP


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2860 East Grand River
Call Uncle Joe, Aunt Cheryl or Cousin Tom!
Estimated By E.P.A.
Actual Mileage May Vary
I hereby consent to receive text messages from or on behalf of dealer at the mobile phone number I provided above. I understand that I am opting in to receive text messages from dealer or their employees. I include consent to receive phone calls at the mobile phone number I provided. I understand that message and data rates may apply.


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New job title: Sales associate
Company: Coldwell Banker Platinum Partners
Duties: Smith specializes in downtown and east Savannah, Tybee and the Islands, as well as Baldwin and Ardsley Park areas.
Education: Smith attended Armstrong Atlantic State University and earned a B.A. in economics.
New job title: Client services specialist
Company: Willis Insurance Services of Georgia, Inc.
Duties: Deneen provides support to clients in understanding benefit structures and plan design, assisting employees and resolving issues. She also offers support in organizing plan implementation, renewals, open enrollment and facilitates the marketing process.
Education: Deneen holds a Bachelor of Science degree in health science from Armstrong Atlantic State University.
New job title: Operations director, Savannah
Company: Southpoint Media
Duties: Schorr will be responsible for day-to-day operations of the Savannah office, including project management, graphic design and sales.
Related work experience: Schorr served as project manager for Southpoint Media and had been director of operations of rappidApp and project manager at Smack Dab Studios.
Education: Schorr holds a B.F.A. in graphic design from Georgia Southern University.
New Job Title: Advertising executive
Company: Something Special Magazine
Duties: Martin-Bazemore will initiate contact with clients, identify opportunities and develop and maintain strategic business relationships.
Related work experience: Martin-Bazemore has more than 20 years in business development and sales.
New job title: Director of alumni development
Company: Armstrong Atlantic State University
Duties: Anderson will manage alumni relations activities at the university and work closely with volunteer leadership and staff.
Related work experience: Anderson held a series of positions at Kennesaw State University where she established the professional arts box office, created an alumni magazine, implemented a donor recognition program and instituted the annual Flourish Awards program.
Education: Anderson earned a Master of Arts degree in professional writing from Kennesaw State University and a Bachelor of Arts degree in international relations from Wesleyan College.
New job title: Director of the Employment and Training Center
Company: Union Mission
Duties: Sinclair recruits, trains and monitors community volunteers and staff to maintain the quality of Union Mission's successful job training program.
Related work experience: In 1999, Sinclair began her career at Union Mission as a career developer and life skills coordinator. She also served as the program manager for the Chatham County Board of Commissioners from 2007 to 2012.
Education: Sinclair earned a B.B.A. from the South College School of Business in Savannah in 2002.
Technology officer awarded
Skip Lohmeyer, chief technology officer at Hunter-Maclean law firm, has been recognized by the International Legal Technology Association (ILTA) with a 2012 Distinguished Peer Award for outstanding leadership.
Ellis, Painter, Ratterree & Adams partner honored
Ellis, Painter, Ratterree & Adams LLP has announced that partner R. Clay Ratterree has been named the Best Lawyers' Mediation "Lawyer of the Year" for 2013 in Savannah.
Best Lawyers compiles its lists of outstanding attorneys by conducting peer-review surveys in which thousands of lawyers confidentially evaluate their professional peers. Only a single lawyer in each legal area in each community is being honored as the "Lawyer of the Year."
Savannah lawyers named to 'best lawyers'
The Savannah law firm of Ellis, Painter, Ratterree & Adams LLP has announce several of its attorneys have been selected for inclusion in The Best Lawyers in America 2013:
• David W. Adams, partner, in the areas of bankruptcy and creditor debtor rights and insolvency and reorganization law;
• Sarah B. Akins, partner, in the areas of personal injury litigation - defendants and personal injury litigation - plaintiffs;
• James K. Austin, partner, in the areas of corporate law and mergers & acquisitions law;
• J. Wiley Ellis, partner, in the area of corporate law;
• Robert S. Glenn, Jr., partner, in the areas of admiralty & maritime law; arbitration; and mediation;
• Paul W. Painter, Jr., partner, in the areas of bet-the-company litigation; commercial litigation; personal injury litigation - defendants; and product liability litigation - defendants;
• R. Clay Ratterree, partner, in the areas of mediation; municipal law; and personal injury litigation - defendants.
Savannah lawyers honored
The Savannah law firm of Brannen Searcy & Smith, LLP has announced the following attorneys have been selected for inclusion in The Best Lawyers in America 2013. The attorneys include:
• David R. Smith, partner, in the areas of legal malpractice law - defendants, personal injury litigation - defendants and professional malpractice law - defendants.
• Daniel C. Cohen, partner, in the area of mediation.
Green Building Council announces new members
The Savannah Branch of the U.S. Green Building Council-Georgia Chapter has announced the election of three new members to its Branch Leadership Group.
• Deborah Brooks LEED ID+C, professor at Savannah College of Art and Design's School of Building Arts.
• Stephen Hartley, the founder and Department Head of the Historic Preservation Department at Savannah Technical College.
• Paul Teague LEED AP, an engineer with Atlanta Gas Light Company, specializing in construction methodology, natural gas/utility/energy infrastructure and site development.
Realtor earns associate broker's license
Lori Combs of Celia Dunn Sotheby's International Realty has earned her associate broker's license. As the director of sales and marketing, Combs is responsible for maintaining all listings, pending sales and closings for the Savannah and Bluffton offices of Celia Dunn Sotheby's International Realty. She is responsible for creating all marketing campaigns for the office and for each individual listing.
Watkins receives Fulbright Specialists Award
Malik R. Watkins, public service associate at the Carl Vinson Institute of Government and member of the Housing Authority of Savannah, has been selected for a Fulbright Specialists project in Panama for the Municipality of Panama during September and October.


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Who can produce a public access television program?
Any individual or group who resides in the City of San Antonio can register to become a Public Access Television Producer and air a program on the channel.
How often is programming time made available?
All programming time is available on a first-come, first-serve basis, at no charge to the producer. Producers can submit programs on a monthly basis (the same program airs each week for one month).
What types of programs are accepted?
All programming must be locally produced and non-commercial. A wide variety of programs air on the Public Access channel including those with the following content: arts, music, cultural, comedy, children/youth and religious/spiritual, to name a few. Programs used for training, documentaries, and interview shows also air on the channel.
What program format is accepted?
All programs must be 30 minutes in length and submitted as a regular DVD or a MPEG2 data file.
How easy is it to get started?
Please contact Frank Burns, Television Programming Coordinator by phone at (210) 207-4000 or email with any additional questions.


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California Bill Will Force All Porn Stars To Wear Goggles While Filming, If Passed
California lawmakers have been trying to mandate safe-sex in porn production for years, but the latest draft of CA Bill AB 640 has folks wondering if lawmakers are going too far.
According to the new incarnation, if passed, porn performers working in California will be required to wear "personal protective clothing" in addition to condoms during filming. The Hazmat-suit like protection will be required, according to the bill, to "prevent contact of an employee's eye; skin, mucous membranes, or genitals."
Though both Los Angeles law and official OSHA policies require adult performers to wear protections, the rule is rarely enforced. The proposed legislation out of Sacramento, would change that, and raise the stakes for adult film production in the state.
Going further, the updated draft would make ejaculation on another perform's "genitals, mouth or eyes" criminal altogether.
The owner of Kink.com told Salon that the proposed law would "basically criminalize the production of porn."
What say you, Instincters? Should professional porn performers working in California have to wear protective eyewear while filming?
(Via Salon)
Are you absolutely off your rocker? Porn is what it is. Leave it alone. I could make a porn film in my bedroom. Do I need a hazmat suit for that too? This is going way to far. People starring in porn do it because they want to. They know their own limits are and know what to expect . Why should anyone else get involved?


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Bangor Hydro Power Outage Update – 11 AM
Here's the latest Bangor Hydro Electric Company Power Outage Update
Click on the link to see exactly where the outages are
|Description of Event:
|Outages due to High Winds and Heavy Snowfall
|Estimated Number of Meters Affected:
|Northern Penobscot/Piscataquis County:
|Restoration Details:
|Bangor Hydro crews are working in challenging conditions today. Slick roads and diminished visibility are slowing their ability to safety repair damage caused by today's blizzard. Damage is reported to be extensive and given these conditions it will take some time to make the repairs. Customers are asked to be patient, avoid approaching working crews and use caution if in areas where they're working. Coastal areas are the hardest hit today, but all areas of Bangor Hydro service territory are affected by today's storm.Fallen power lines and tree limbs will be a problem today and it may be difficult to see them in the snow. Customers should use caution to ensure they are not coming in contact with power lines and trees touching them.
|Other Related Information:
|Customers may report outages by calling 1-800-440-1111, at bangorhydro.com or on our mobile site at bhe.com/m. Customers should have account numbers ready. A live outage map is available at both sites with the most up-to-date outage information and estimated times of restoration.
|Estimated Time of Service Restoration:
|Crews will work to restore power to customers as quickly as possible, but continued winds will cause additional power outages and delay restoration time.
|Estimated Time of Next Bangor Hydro Update:
|4:00 p.m.


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Reading & Writing
Here at the library we often get asked "What should I read next?" If you're wondering what to read next then spend some time browsing the links on our Reading Resources page to find suggestions for a good book to read. Or you can stop by the library to see our displays of featured books or come talk to us. We enjoy reading just as much as you do and we'd love to talk to you about books!
Do you have a novel or short story inside you waiting to come out? Are you interested in writing but need some ideas or help? Are you working on something that has you experiencing writer's block? Then check out our Writing Resources page to find a list of on-line resources that will help kick-start your writing process. Don't forget the library also has books on writing that you can check-out!


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
The Marble Orchard "Ghost Walks" present both historical truths and ghostly legends. Now, you can enjoy the tours in the comfort of a carriage - just as people did long, long ago. This is courtesy of Tour D'Elegance of Niagara Inc., a locally owned and operated service run by Sue Torcasio and David Moyer.
"We are proud to be associated with the Marble Orchard 'Ghost Walks' and Lewiston Council on the Arts. We hope to enhance their tours with the pride of our fleet, Jack, a gentle giant Perchuron horse, who will transport an exclusive audience back to the 1800s in grand style," the business owners said.
During the tour, Marble Orchard Players will take guests back in time as they share ghost stories and ghastly deeds of Lewiston's best (and worst). Riding in the wagonette, guests will see all the characters in full view. The carriage will drop them off at the cemetery but, unlike the walkers, they will have the luxury of leaving the venue in a horse-drawn carriage that will drive them back to the Frontier House, where it all began.
The Marble Orchard "Ghost Rides" begin promptly at 7 p.m. each Saturday through Oct. 29. The wagonette will greet guests near the Lewiston Peace Garden, 476 Center St.
The cost is $25 per person. Space is extremely limited and reservations are required.
For more information, contact Torcasio at 716-754-8295.


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The Better Bacon Book Is the Last Cookbook You'll Ever Need
Posted by Brad Hilderbrand on March 9th, 2012
+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPad
It is an unquestionable truth that bacon is the world's most delicious food. Really, it tastes so good with everything that the only question is how exactly should you prepare it? The sheer number of options is overwhelming, so why not let The Better Bacon Book show you how to whip up some delicious, artery-clogging concoctions?
The app is packed with 31 different recipes, including mouthwatering fare like Maple Bacon Sticky Buns and Bacon Creme Brulee. There are also 20 HD videos and 150 photos that are all but guaranteed to make your stomach growl just by looking at them. Like doing things yourself? The Better Bacon Book also showcases expert butchering, smoking, and curing tips from expert chef, Tom Mylan.
Ok, that tears it, I have to stop writing and go make a BLT, and a bacon burger, and a bacon pizza. And once all that is done I'll be checking myself into the emergency room, but it'll be totally worth it.
Better Bacon: Chef Recipes & How to Make Your Own
+ Universal App - Designed for iPhone and iPad
Released: 2012-03-08 :: Category: Game


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|MS Word (22 KB)
November 1, 2005
University Student
Dear University Student:
The purpose of this letter is to notify you that this Office is not initiating an investigation of the July 8, 2005, complaint that you filed under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) because it does not contain specific allegations of fact giving reasonable cause to believe that a violation of FERPA has occurred as required under §99.64(a) of the regulations. Under 34 CFR §99.65(b), this Office notifies a complainant if it does not initiate an investigation because the complaint fails to meet the requirements of §99.64(a).
FERPA provides that an educational agency or institution must allow a parent or eligible student (i.e., a student who is 18 years of age or attends a postsecondary institution) to inspect and review the student's education records and seek to have education records amended if they are inaccurate, misleading, or violate the student's privacy rights under FERPA. 34 CFR Part 99, Subparts B and C. A parent or eligible student must also provide a signed and dated written consent in accordance with §99.30 of the regulations before an educational agency or institution discloses the student's education records, except as set forth in §99.31. The term "education records" is defined as records that are directly related to a student and maintained by an educational agency or institution, or by a party acting for the agency or institution. 34 CFR § 99.3 ("Education records") (emphasis added).
Your complaint indicates that earlier this year University placed you as a student teacher at Elementary School in the District. You alleged that the District violated your rights under FERPA by refusing to allow you to inspect and review records about you maintained by [ ], a teacher at Elementary School, and by refusing to allow you to challenge the content of records maintained by [ ] and by [ ], principal at the Elementary School.
As a student at the University, you have a right under FERPA to inspect and review and seek to amend any education records that the University maintains on you, including any education records maintained by a party acting for the University. If Elementary School maintained any records directly related to you while acting on behalf of (e.g., in connection with your field placement as a student-teacher), you should direct your request to inspect and review and seek to amend those records to the University. There is no basis under FERPA for you to submit that request to the District (or to Elementary School) because you were not a student at that educational agency or institution.
I trust that the above information is helpful in explaining the scope and limitations of FERPA as it relates to your concern. Enclosed to further assist you is a copy of our guidance document for postsecondary students, as well as a copy of the FERPA regulations.
LeRoy S. Rooker
Family Policy Compliance Office
Enclosures (2)


text: Twitter debuts lead-gen ad product Published on May 23, 2013. San Francisco—Twitter Inc., rapidly enhancing its advertising options, has launched a new lead-generator ad product that can present daily deal-like offers. Termed a "Lead Generation Card" by Twitter, the feature works when a viewer expands a Promoted Tweet. That generates a description of an offer along with a call to action. The user's name, @username and email address are prepopulated in the card, enabling a single click to respond to the company, Twitter said on its advertising blog. Earlier this month, Twitter announced a partnership with ESPN Network to expand its presentation of short sports videos intended to attract paid social posts. And in April Twitter introduced keyword ad targeting that enables advertisers to target their Promoted Tweet ads toward users based on words in their tweets or retweets. Most Popular In this article: BtoB


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From the street to the track Xtreme Diesel Performance, your only true "One-Stop-Shop" for Dodge Cummins, Ford Powerstroke, and Chevy/GMC Duramax diesel performance parts. Whether you're looking for a high-flow exhaust system or 100HP injectors, we have what you need at the best price guaranteed, with FREE SHIPPING over $50.00!
You can count on Xtreme Diesel from the sale to the installation to provide award-winning customer service. Contact our sales or technical department at 1-888-DIESEL4 or send us an email. We're not just another website; we offer you the best price guaranteed, in addition to expert technical support by our ADS certified technicians.
XDP GUARANTEES you receive the best price before the purchase, and up to 30 days after.* PERIOD. Find out how!


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SOURCE: PACT Apparel
March 07, 2014 10:59 ET
Whole Foods Market Is the Exclusive Launch Partner
Whole Foods Market Is the Exclusive Launch Partner
SAN FRANCISCO, CA--(Marketwired - Mar 7, 2014) - PACT, an ethical and organic apparel brand, announced today that it is launching a line of organic cotton apparel manufactured in a Fair Trade Certified™ facility. The line will include 19 product styles featuring 78 different items. A preview of the line featuring custom designed women's t-shirts for Spring retailing at $14.99 launches March 7, 2014 exclusively at select Whole Foods Markets.
On July 1, 2014, the Fair Trade Certified line will be expanded to include its famous underwear, leggings, camisoles, men's t-shirts, long johns and baby products. The expanded line will be available at retailers across the US and on www.wearPACT.com. This is the first Fair Trade Certified line for PACT whose mission is to design and produce clothes that make the world a better place.
From seed-to-shelf, PACT follows every step of the manufacturing process in a supply chain that is fully GOTS and Fair Trade Certified by third party auditors. All of the cotton for PACT's Fair Trade Certified line is sourced from Chetna Organic -- a cooperative of 15,000 organic cotton farmers in India who practice non-GMO organic agriculture. Chetna works to improve livelihood options of smallholder farmers by making their farm systems more sustainable and profitable, and by creating access to ethical markets in cotton.
"Having visited the cotton farms in India myself, I've witnessed the authenticity of the supply chain and the remarkable impact that Chetna has on community development," says Joe Dickson, Senior Global Quality Standards Coordinator for Whole Foods Market. "We are excited to be the exclusive launch partner of PACT's new line which also represents the first time Whole Foods Market has sold Fair Trade Certified apparel."
The Fair Trade Certified line is produced in a certified factory in India that has led the movement for the ethical and sustainable production of garments. Factory workers are permanent employees as opposed to migrant laborers, their families are covered by factory-provided health insurance, and the children of workers receive free education through high school.
"By focusing on the people who make our products, from the farmers who grow the organic cotton to the workers who stitch the garments, PACT is fulfilling its mission to use apparel production as a means of making the world a better place," says Jeff Denby, Founder of PACT. "We really can create beautiful high quality apparel at a great price while investing in sustainability -- economic, environmental, and social -- within our supply chain."
PACT's Fair Trade Certified line is certified by Fair Trade USA, in partnership with local and independent auditing organizations. The line also meets the Global Organic Textile Standards (GOTS), certified by Control Union, and PACT is in the process of GOTS certification at the brand level.
Started in 2009 by two social entrepreneurs, PACT is obsessed with a BIG idea: clothes that make the world a better place. Socks with soul, altruistic underwear, and other everyday essentials made with fabrics that feel good and go easy on the environment.
The best part: with every purchase, you help PACT make a positive change in our world. You change your underwear. Together, we change the world.
About Whole Foods Market®
Founded in 1978 in Austin, Texas, Whole Foods Market (NASDAQ: WFM), is the leading natural and organic food retailer. As America's first national certified organic grocer, Whole Foods Market was named "America's Healthiest Grocery Store" by Health magazine. The company's motto, "Whole Foods, Whole People, Whole Planet"™ captures its mission to ensure customer satisfaction and health, Team Member excellence and happiness, enhanced shareholder value, community support and environmental improvement. Thanks to the company's more than 80,000 Team Members, Whole Foods Market has been ranked as one of the "100 Best Companies to Work For" in America by FORTUNE magazine for 17th consecutive years. In fiscal year 2013, the company had sales of approximately $13 billion and currently has more than 370 stores in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
About Fair Trade USA
Fair Trade USA, a nonprofit organization, is the leading third-party certifier of Fair Trade products in North America. Fair Trade USA audits and certifies transactions between companies and their international suppliers to help ensure that farmers and workers are paid fair prices and wages, work in safe conditions, protect the environment, and receive community development funds to empower and improve their communities. Fair Trade USA also educates consumers, brings new manufacturers and retailers into the Fair Trade system, and provides farming communities with the tools, training and resources to thrive as international businesspeople. Visit FairTradeCertified.org for more information.
About Chetna Organic
The Chetna Organic Cotton Project was launched in 2004 to improve the livelihoods of small, marginalized Indian farmers through the integration of organic and Fair Trade principles. Farmers produce 100 percent organic and Fair Trade Certified™ cotton without child labor, synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, or GMOs. Farmers have a direct role in decision-making throughout the production and selling processes. They are represented in two cooperatives: the Chetna Organic Farmers' Association and the Chetna Organic Agriculture Producer Company which ensure project goals are met and benefits reach workers directly.
The Global Organic Textile Standard International Working Group is comprised of four reputed member organisations, namely OTA (USA), IVN (Germany), Soil Association (UK) and JOCA (Japan), which contribute to the GOTS, together with further international stakeholder organizations and experts, their respective expertise in organic farming and environmentally and socially responsible textile processing.
Adrienne Arieff | Natalia Daniel
Arieff Communications
415.538.9363 |212.537.0552Email Contact | Email Contact
Adrienne Arieff | Natalia Daniel
Arieff Communications
415.538.9363 |212.537.0552Email Contact | Email Contact
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Car News
Volvo Adds Inscription Luxury Trim to XC60
- Upscale Inscription model includes interior upgrades
- Inscription trim also adds three new option choices
- Sales start soon, with prices beginning around $45,000
The upscale Volvo XC60 crossover will soon get a new extra luxurious trim level. Officially dubbed "Inscription," the new trim features some major changes to the SUV's interior and exterior designed to give buyers a more luxurious experience.
Most of the XC60 Inscription's revisions are on the inside, where Volvo upgraded the materials to increase comfort. The biggest change comes to the crossover's seats, which were re-trimmed in fine leather offered in four distinct colors: marble white, Toscana tan, off black and soft beige. Other items - including the XC60's dashboard and center console - are available in off black or sandstone beige, allowing buyers to order the SUV in several handsome two-tone color combinations.
In addition to the improved seats, the XC60 Inscription adds several other upscale touches throughout the interior. Major enhancements include new door panels colored to match the SUV's upholstery, electronically adjustable lumbar support for the front seats, a center console armrest with leather stitching and headrests trimmed with the "Inscription" logo. Volvo also says the "Inscription" logo will also appear on the SUV's door sills, which are seen when opening any of its doors.
The Inscription trim also adds three new options not available on other XC60 models. According to Volvo, these new options include a charcoal headliner, a unique Electric Silver exterior finish and upgraded 20-inch alloy wheels in place of the XC60's standard 17-inch or optional 18-inch alloys.
The XC60 is also available in sporty T6 R-Design trim, which includes a range of performance-oriented upgrades including 20-inch alloy wheels, bi-xenon headlights linked to the steering, and an aggressive body kit. Both trim levels are designed to boost the crossover's appeal beyond mainstream car shoppers.
Volvo believes the new Inscription trim will help solidify the XC60's status as one of the automaker's best-selling vehicles. Although Volvo has yet to reveal pricing or a U.S. release date for the XC60 Inscription, we expect it to arrive in dealerships very soon with a base price of around $45,000.
What it means to you: If you're considering a Lexus, Mercedes or BMW SUV, Volvo hopes the added luxury of its new XC60's new Inscription package will tempt you away.


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There are no Upcoming Shows listed for this comedian.
Michael Cintron
Born in NYC, Michael Cintron started performing stand up comedy after graduating college. With a twisted combination of real life stories and his opinion on society's ills, Mike brings raw honesty in the form of hysterical humor. He has won both The Boca Raton Comedy Festival Contest and National Lampoons Underground Comedy Contest, and appeared on several radio stations. Mike has also featured for such names as Tom Segura, Christina Pazsitzky, and Dave Siegel. Always keeping the audience on their toes, Mike Cintron is sure to leave them surprisingly snorting with laughter. National Lampoons Comedy Contest Winner - 10/06/2010 Boca Raton Comedy Festival Contest Winner - 11/26/2010
Michael Cintron's Upcoming Shows
Michael Cintron is Known For


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• Nouns as verbs: ideate, incentivize, leverage, etc.
• Verbs as nouns: actionable, takeaway, deliverable, etc.
• Work that's not done in an office: drill down, circle back, loop me in, etc.
• Nonsense: boil the ocean, drink from a fire hose, build the plane while flying it, etc.
• "Before going into that meeting, let's be clear about the ask."
"The ask" is being used as a thing.
• "The next slide describes the main takeaway from this session."
"The takeaway" is being used as a thing.
• "We'll need to get those materials ready in time to on-board the new director of sales."
"To on-board" is being used an action.
• "What is the project team's first deliverable?"
"Deliverable" is being used as a thing.
• To get rid of "incentivize" you might substitute: "give rewards to staff for meeting goals"
• To get rid of "calendarize" you could substitute: "write this confirmed date in your calendar"
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All Together
Sun, 02/10/2013 - 1:30pm
Directed by Stéphane Robelin. With Jane Fonda, Geraldine Chaplin, and Pierre Richard. Five retired friends decide to move in together and hire a handsome college student to be their live-in caretaker. But petty jealousies and long-buried secrets jeopardize their experiment in communal living. "Jane Fonda's first French-speaking film in 40 years finds her leading a joyous ensemble of septuagenarians in a sweet, thoughtful and spirited examination of how to grow old with dignity and pride." -Rex Reed. Cleveland theatrical premiere.
France/Germany, 2011, color, subtitles, video, 96 min.
Admission is $9; CMA members, seniors 65 & over, and students $7; or one CMA Film Series voucher. Vouchers, in books of ten, can be purchased at the Ticket Center for $70 (CMA members $60).


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The Huntley Farmside
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-TK" VOLUME 12 — NUMBER 49 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1974 _ PHONE — I M9-5621 — If No Answer 459-099t 459-14M ••e ^QkmidQ *v i' ¦•''../f *T.' .>*•: -. ¦ FftilMK PARfSETK PO* Ita 12 PAGES ¦*«' "SE SURE YOU ARE RIGHT, THEN <;o AHEAP" -~ Dwrlf !• //o6o 5/ioa; Busy, Busy Busy, is the password on the Chancel Chcir ft>oni at the Firs.t Congregational Churdh. The choir members have turned hobo again for their llth Annual Hoho Show and Dinner to be held at the Ohurcl.'s Scioial Hall on March 9. They will be tcuiung rur Fifty Nifty United St'stes during ttieir show, under the directtion of Mrs, Rotiert Tirk. Mrs. Henry Marlowe wiU ac- ccmFany tbem on the piano and Mrs. Helmulh Tliorow will again be (in \and as <chief ecok cf tho delicious beef stew dinner which thoy will serve at two setting, 5:30 and 8:00. The high schocl-age members of the choir ate tuning up to sing "Oalift>m1a Drteamdn" and the older cionies cf tJi crew will join in for "Chicago" "Kentucky Babe," "Sweet Georgia Brown," "Do you know the way to San Jose"' and a number of Other tunes to please both young and old, BiU Leggee will render a vooal solo ajid Gerry Lange and Carl Hill will try to keep your eyes in t'-.cir hirda as thcy do their ren¬ dition cf the Hula. Dr. George Buehial will be with us again to irtake the ladies-swson and the men arious with bis vocal chotds. ^'7infrclri»r B^i^stamB f&t^klU0m^ ^><^- "¦^IfcCo Show are; O^l E^nti*; BWsn ^ Ervin, Nancy Grau, Marcia Hfirdy, ¦ Mary Lou Hardy, Carl mil, Shelby HiH, Dave Hill, Gerry Lange, Ran¬ dy Leggee, Bill Leggee, Kathy Lov¬ ins, Dean Marlowe, Marge Marlowe, Jim Morrow, Joihn Morrow, April Ostema. Ruth Ann Plane, Bobbi Sue Tessmer and Lind.a Weirich. The scats are reserved and there are stiil tickets available for the 5:30 show You; may call M'Eiry Lou Hardy, after 4:00 p.m., at 669-5522 lo obtain yuir ticket. Candelight Botvl March 25 EKduiday nisfat, March 23, 1974 bas been chosen as the date for tl'ie CandleUght Bowi ^potiscTed by the Huntley P.T.A. This year tbe event will be held at Masi's Bowl in Dandee with bowling to begin eit 9:00 p.m. The cost of the ticket is twelve dbllars per couple arid includes bowttng, prize* j^nd .a food buffet. A. Hnrttied n^pubM-, ¦oif tickets are avmlable %&¦ iroerve yours by call¬ ing 669-3218. 669-5856 cr 669-;'SS37. No School March 15th FrWay, MJasrh 15 has been sohe'd- uled as a Teacher Institute Day. There will be no school Ubait d3y. The Huntley teaching stmt wMl be using the day for curriciJIiim Im- pnovement. Wednesday, March 27 Hunitley schools will, be dismissed at 2:20 to allow teadiers to corntinue pur- riculum work. March School Calendar Mar, 5 - 8 - Class A Barfcetball Sectionals , Mar. ^' -- Solo En»»nt*p Stgte C^mtest r Mar, 12 — O-^ss A Supar Sec¬ tional Mar, 15 & 16 — Cl^ass A Baskfet- hall Finals Mar. 15 — Teacher Institute - No School Mar 19 — PTA Mar. 22 — Report Cards Mar. 23 — Grade School Athletic Banquet Mai\ 27 — Curriculum Day - Dismissal at 2:20 p.m. Mar. 30 — H, S. Athletic Banquel 7:30 - Ameiican Legion (Tentative) Girl Scou^ Week Proclaimed In photo from left to rigbt Regina Seiler, Mayor Enstrom, and Carol EnieatL Tlic week of March. 10-16 has beon designated as Girl Soout Week in Huntloy. Mayor Enstrom signed the procla¬ mation today in the presence of 5^ Giii Scouts frxxn Sybaquay Council at a ceremony in his office. Noting that the year 1974 marks the 62nd anndversaiy of tlie found¬ ing of Girl Soouts of the U.S.A,, the mayor launded Girl Scout effwts ever the years to "buiikl better re¬ lationships among persons of all ages, reli^ns, races, and natlooal- itics,'' and to "improve the quaiity of our eriviroimiont." He added, liowever, thafmucii of the credit for the aiiktklid re¬ cord set by Girl Scouts in our com¬ munity muat gb to the men and wo¬ men Volunteers, artd to the many , civic, religious, fraternal, educa¬ tional and professional orffandza- tion that provide Girl Scouts with • leadership, meeting places, spon.sior- ~~ ship for troops, and- fioiaiicdal ..addl" Mayor Ensttaxmi oalled on aH citi¬ zens of Huntley to "Jbin Scouting. -^- Be a Girl-Scout Leader. Continue to support this fine ongiaruzatien-whicii Ihas done so. much ibr our youth and for our community." ^ Attending^ the Ciri' Scout VVeek Proclaination ceremony were girls from troops 218 and 134 and 220 and leaders. .A, Greg and Dan Schaller Win Toro Dt. Roiiert Frank. Pastor ot the Ffrat CMgre«»tlaMl Ohurch ta ndktK^, aOMK^ Wt lie drm the wMlcr at the 19 Inch Toro Lawnmower at Hnatl^ whriir Itiplir last Saturday. Along with Pastor Frank axe Joe Cina, -holding the bo^ '^tH niil McShane of the flrm. In the Picture to the right Mr. McShane can be^«en aiwBrdlBg tke l«waaM««fi' ta 'tkat Bihaltii, annv "ti^d-IPil al'm0ma,0fftmil(-.. miitt^iSas.-'mt'^tm'm.. ..^"^ _ Stnet. Ia addltioa to f«p«Hig mawari, Ae'liil to serve att of HunOey's lawn and gardea NMii PTA March 19 The Huntley P.T.A. will hold its next meeting on Tuesday, March 19, 1974 at 8:00 in the sohool gy-!. The program for the ev&nir.p- "/)' he provided by the hi^ schoo^ mu¬ sic students. There will aLo b a discussion givingv-parer^.s tH° o'- pcrtunity to express thoi" o»>'-'i"n- as to the rights and rrsp->T,.'mbEiti'?s of the studente wjth'n tiait- school setting. Everyone is iirf -' ' Redskiii -» V i;; eatedr by Marian in Regionods By Doug Strickland The Redskins, in search "for a trip to C^hanipaiKn for tihe State Championship, faced the Maiian Central Hurricanes last Monday, Feb. 25, in the Marengo Regional. Ihe Redskins, who were rated to win this Regional, binvcid in the c pening rourd to Marian, 65-45. The opening quarter, saw the Red¬ skins fry their usual press on tho team from Woodsitock. The Hurri¬ canes broke through it quite oiften. The Hurricanes were takting long- r." ngo sh^ti. and hit ahaaat. .weiy- t.*-ing..The 'ftedskius' wer|»^^ to S opening' 'quarter points by a toiugh .Maclan .inner defense- Thp.Ae^kins found themselves trailing-", jj^ at the end^^pf the quarter. - ...' .. N. 'rJfe.^jljiskin offense ioi^rsiyed in the second quatter, but^fcte 'Hurri¬ cane offense did. as.well. Steve Ne¬ permann came through with 8 sec¬ ond quarter 4idiritS^ /a M^ was get¬ ting the offensive reiShaiids for Mar¬ ian and iiit ^foT'^ia sefttoniA' quarter points. The Redskins cna^iiA*. to within.' an* .point .W-the,.!*ittK*sane lead, but U».<f£Bi>id«: atw«B tiMk to take a 27-22'iia»titae::l««.«^-S.'i The third stanzS 8awi^(;ite<':Red- skins outscored by the H^MteaA^ 16-12. Stevct NepenaEoh flOdrirah'd quanter points to In IlJ ill iLi*<liir«l skin hopes. butr<kasrke>ed:U«fat9iten >Ji«ip&ka(L'4p bis fifefci^UL^Mmyaio R«l>»K.fN8 '••r-* i'M 2k: vntM'-. Continued -.«*f JMwk Page •^'.si r;s->.' ¦ *'• Huntley Police Report On Piiid-diy, March Ist, Richard H. Meadows was arrested for Bungkry rf Marlowe Heed and Hatdiery on Febytiary 18. Cowt date hsis been set for February 18. Craig Tracey was arrested on M-ach 1st for buglary of MdHenry FS in Huntley on Ootiobea- 31, 1973, Court date has been get for March Uth. Both Mr. Meadows and Mr. Tracy are out of jeal on $5,000 b6nd On March 3rd, Ronald Mclntosch "was arrested fw attemfited theft on Februaiy 25, 1974 and kit Bur- gtary of Maif^nve Peed and Hecbery on Februaiy ISfat and he Bunglary of McHeny FS in Huntley on Oct¬ ober 31. 1973, Oourt tbte tea been set for March 14, 1974. He is out of jeal on $6,000 bond. The above arrestB were made after many hours of through in- vertigatimi on the pert of ttie Hunt¬ ley police department by oMcers Donald McKecitang, Dantal Dziewior end Chief Wm. FiledL On Fiidby M«nch lat a radk) was tscien from a oar owned by Quin O'Brien. Finger prtobs were taken along «4th otber evidiance. Joint Village ^nd School Bd Meeting Don Eastrom and Mayor present at a recent meetias where boards coald woric together. The ViUage Boord of HinU^ and Scboi^ Boiaitl of District No. 58 met last week for the punpose exploring Ways in wliidh the two ds couM work togedier. I As %ms«ilt-bf- tlie meeting it was ecided that tbe boards should meet ^veral tkns during th year. It wtas ipeed- that ottier i^eooes "be invited to a joint meetiDg. sciiool Board President, Dob aller were the two iMMurds exchaaged Meas Village Board membera present were: Ronald Senoup, Heih Eggers, Nwman Zimmennan, Don Eostxtim, Riobeit Frank, RSchard Enrtpom. and Duke Mamin^. Representing DiHtrict N» 158 were Jim Bod, Dan Zflkr, Emeot Stading Jr., Oarolya Jones, and Le¬ Roy Marks.
Object Description
|The Huntley Farmside
|The Huntley Farmside
|Huntley, Illinois, United States
|Weekly Newspaper from the Huntley Area Public Library Collection
|Newspaper Archives
|This material may be protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17 U.S. Code).
|This Collection was digitized and loaded into CONTENTdm by OCLC Preservation Service Center (Bethlehem, PA) for the Huntley Area Public Library
|Reproduction of library's print newspaper archives
|Contributing Institution
|Huntley Area Public Library
|Collection Name
|Huntley Area Newspapers
|The Huntley Farmside
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archival Image is a 1-bit bitonal tiff that was direct scanned from original material at 300 dpi. The original file size was 246 kilobytes.
|The Huntley Farmside
|Date Digital
|Huntley, Illinois, United States
|Weekly Newspaper from the Huntley Area Public Library Collection
|Newspaper Archives
|This material may be protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17 U.S. Code).
|This Collection was digitized and loaded into CONTENTdm by OCLC Preservation Service Center (Bethlehem, PA) for the Huntley Area Public Library
|Reproduction of library's print newspaper archives
|Contributing Institution
|Huntley Area Public Library
M9-5621 — If No Answer 459-099t
*v i'
¦•''../f *T.'
.>*•: -. ¦
FftilMK PARfSETK PO* Ita
"SE SURE YOU ARE RIGHT, THEN <;o AHEAP" -~ Dwrlf
//o6o 5/ioa;
Busy, Busy Busy, is the password on the Chancel Chcir ft>oni at the Firs.t Congregational Churdh. The choir members have turned hobo again for their llth Annual Hoho Show and Dinner to be held at the Ohurcl.'s Scioial Hall on March 9. They will be tcuiung rur Fifty Nifty United St'stes during ttieir show, under the directtion of Mrs, Rotiert Tirk. Mrs. Henry Marlowe wiU ac- ccmFany tbem on the piano and Mrs. Helmulh Tliorow will again be (in \and as
|Collection Name
|Huntley Area Newspapers


text:
LSC-Tomball will be closed for the Spring Holiday this Friday through Sunday, April 18-19. All offices will be closed and classes will not be held.
The LSC-Tomball Community Library will be closed both Friday and Saturday for the holiday. The library is always closed Sundays.
Normal business operations and classes will resume Monday, April 21.


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Catalog > Personalized Hand Painted Porcelain Christmas Ball with Robinhood Nutcracker Design*
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Flirt of the Year 2018
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Bron: Scidev
[AMSTERDAM] An Afghan designer has developed a wind-powered device that could substantially lower the risk to human life and financial cost of clearing landmines.
The 'Mine Kafon' was created by Massoud Hassani, who is based at the Design Academy Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Built out of inexpensive, prefabricated materials, the device consists of a heavy plastic core containing a GPS (global positioning system) tracker, which is attached to bamboo sticks with plastic feet at each end that enable it to 'walk'.
All it needs is a windy day to move across a minefield, Hassani explained.
"If it hits a mine, [the mine] will explode," said Hassani, adding that if the device is damaged or destroyed, the cost of repairing or replacing it is far lower than traditional mine clearing approaches.
"One Mine Kafon costs US$40, which is a lot less than the US$1,000 currently spent on removing a single mine," he said.
read more on SCIDEV
Bron: Green Prophet
It is uncertain whether government agencies in the country have commissioned the ingenious minesweeper, but Hassani will be available to talk about this and other designs at the upcoming Design Indaba in Cape Town that starts on February 29th, 2012.
According to Design Indaba, the talented designer from Afghanistan will also discuss his latest project, "..a series of cooking products called "Silk Cooking", inspired by Afghan traditions."
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Dam nation Magazine
Here's a guy who is not shy about flaunting his wares. As an Afghan who has landed up in Holland via Pakistan and Uzbekistan, he has gained quite a perspective on the world and its issues. With a keen interest in eliminating landmines running in parallel with the launch of a range of kitchen utensils based on an entirely new way of cooking he's developed, he has rather a lot of fish to fry.
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Theses and Dissertations
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For more information about electronic theses and dissertations at USU, visit http://library.usu.edu/etd/index.php.


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Former Pixar storyboard artist Emma Coats tweeted these rules: a mix of things learned from directors and coworkers at Pixar, listening to writers and directors talk about their craft, and via tria...
Love this inforgraphic to keep handy! I'll probably use it in workshops, too.
This review was written by Karen Dietz for her curated content on business storytelling at www.scoop.it/t/just-story-it
Via Dr. Karen Dietz