text:
The human imprint on the global environment has now become so large and active that it rivals some of the great forces of Nature in its impact on the functioning of the Earth system. Although global-scale human influence on the environment has been recognized since the 1800s, the term Anthropocene, introduced about a decade ago, has only recently become widely, but informally, used in the global change research community. However, the term has yet to be accepted formally as a new geological epoch or era in Earth history. In this paper, we put forward the case for formally recognizing the Anthropocene as a new epoch in Earth history, arguing that the advent of the Industrial Revolution around 1800 provides a logical start date for the new epoch. We then explore recent trends in the evolution of the Anthropocene as humanity proceeds into the twenty-first century, focusing on the profound changes to our relationship with the rest of the living world and on early attempts and proposals for managing our relationship with the large geophysical cycles that drive the Earth's climate system.
1. Introduction
Climate change has brought into sharp focus the capability of contemporary human civilization to influence the environment at the scale of the Earth as a single, evolving planetary system. Following the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica, with its undeniably anthropogenic cause, the realization that the emission of large quantities of a colourless, odourless gas such as carbon dioxide (CO2) can affect the energy balance at the Earth's surface has reinforced the concern that human activity can adversely affect the broad range of ecosystem services that support human (and other) life [1,2] and could eventually lead to a 'crisis in the biosphere' ([3], cited in Grinevald [4]). But climate change is only the tip of the iceberg. In addition to the carbon cycle, humans are (i) significantly altering several other biogeochemical, or element cycles, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur, that are fundamental to life on the Earth; (ii) strongly modifying the terrestrial water cycle by intercepting river flow from uplands to the sea and, through land-cover change, altering the water vapour flow from the land to the atmosphere; and (iii) likely driving the sixth major extinction event in Earth history [5]. Taken together, these trends are strong evidence that humankind, our own species, has become so large and active that it now rivals some of the great forces of Nature in its impact on the functioning of the Earth system.
The concept of the Anthropocene, proposed by one of us (P.J.C.) about a decade ago [6,7], was introduced to capture this quantitative shift in the relationship between humans and the global environment. The term Anthropocene suggests: (i) that the Earth is now moving out of its current geological epoch, called the Holocene and (ii) that human activity is largely responsible for this exit from the Holocene, that is, that humankind has become a global geological force in its own right. Since its introduction, the term Anthropocene has become widely accepted in the global change research community, and is now occasionally mentioned in articles in popular media on climate change or other global environmental issues. However, the term remains an informal one. This situation may change as an Anthropocene Working Group has recently been formed as part of the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy to consider whether the term should be formally recognized as a new epoch in the Earth's history [8].
2. Antecedents of the Anthropocene concept
The term Anthropocene may seem a neologism in scientific terminology. However, the idea of an epoch of the natural history of the Earth, driven by humankind, notably 'civilized Man', is not completely new and was mooted long before the rising awareness of the global environment in the 1970s, triggered, among others, by NASA's Earthrise photography and the Club of Rome's 1972 report on Limits to Growth [9]. Biologist Eugene F. Stoermer wrote [4], p. 243: 'I began using the term "anthropocene" in the 1980s, but never formalized it until Paul contacted me'. About this time other authors were exploring the concept of the Anthropocene, although not using the term (e.g. [10]). More curiously, a popular book about Global Warming, published in 1992 by Andrew C. Revkin, contained the following prophetic words: 'Perhaps earth scientists of the future will name this new post-Holocene period for its causative element—for us. We are entering an age that might someday be referred to as, say, the Anthrocene [sic]. After all, it is a geological age of our own making' [11], p. 55. Perhaps many readers (e.g. [4]) ignored the minor linguistic difference and have read the new term as Anthro(po)cene!
In fact, before the introduction of the Anthropocene concept [6,7], several historical precedents for this far-reaching idea have been revisited. In retrospect, this line of thought, even before the golden age of Western industrialization and globalization, can be traced back to remarkably prophetic observers and philosophers of Earth history. Following William Clark, the lead author of the IIASA project entitled Sustainable Development of the Biosphere [12], Crutzen recognized the early precedent of the 'anthropozoic era' proposed by a noted Italian geologist and Catholic priest [13]. Stoppani was quoted by George Perkins Marsh in the second edition—significantly entitled The Earth as Modified by Human Action [14]—of his celebrated Man and Nature of 1864 [15]. Another significant early work was Man as a Geological Agent [16].
Further development of the concept was interrupted by the two world wars of the twentieth century. Only in 1955, at the Princeton symposium on 'Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth' [17] did a remarkable revival of Marsh's theme emerge. Much later, with the symposium entitled The Earth as Transformed by Human Action [18], and some other meetings like the seminar organized at the Fundacion César Manrique in Lanzarote [19], did the concept again fully re-emerge.
At all of these academic meetings, references were made to the earlier concept of a transformation of the biosphere into the noösphere, that is, the anthroposphere or the anthropogenic transformation of the Earth system. The term and the notion of the noösphere arose in the Paris of the early 1920s, just after the Great War, and were underpinned by the French publication of the last volume of La Face de la Terre by Austrian geologist Eduard Suess (1834–1914), recalling the importance of the notion of the biosphere (coined by Suess [20]). More directly, the concept of the noösphere was the result of the meeting of three prophetic great minds: the Russian geochemist and naturalist Vladimir Vernadsky, creator of biogeochemistry and long neglected father of the science of the biosphere (later called global ecology); and two heterodox Catholic thinkers of evolution, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, then professor of geology, and his close friend the mathematician-turned-philosopher Edouard Le Roy, Henri Bergson's disciple and successor at the Collège de France. Very little is conserved in the archives about this remarkable troika during the stay of Vernadsky in France from 1922 to 1925. Nevertheless, Vernadsky's teachings at the Sorbonne were published under the title La Géochimie [21], in fact the first monograph on biogeochemistry, and, as a follow-up, the now famous book on The Biosphere [22,23].
After Teilhard's death in 1955, many people confused the various conceptualizations of the biosphere and the noösphere developed by Teilhard (his disciples or opponents) and Vernadsky (partly assimilated by US ecosystems pioneers following G. E. Hutchinson's Yale scientific school). The Vernadskian revolution was invisible until recently (Grinevald, in the introduction to Vernadsky [22]). The two books of 1927 and 1928 by Le Roy were eclipsed and forgotten (the first partial English translation of his works appeared in Samson & Pitt [24]). Many scholars are ignorant of the old doctrine of the evolution of the biosphere and its transformation by the development of Man's noösphere (including the technosphere and, more recently, the so-called industrial metabolism). The idea of 'Man: a new geological force' was included in Fairfield Osborn's Our Plundered Planet [25], quoting in its bibliography the American publication of 'The biosphere and the noösphere' [26].
Both Teilhard and Vernadsky were readers of Suess's La Face de la Terre and the celebrated French philosopher Henri Bergson [27]. In his 1907 master book L'Evolution Créatrice, Bergson wrote: 'A century has elapsed since the invention of the steam engine, and we are only just beginning to feel the depths of the shock it gave us. … In thousands of years, when, seen from the distance, only the broad lines of the present age will still be visible, our wars and our revolutions will count for little, even supposing they are remembered at all; but the steam engine, and the procession of inventions of every kind that accompanied it, will perhaps be spoken of as we speak of the bronze or of the chipped stone of pre-historic times: it will serve to define an age.' (Creative Evolution, transl. by Arthur Mitchell, New York, The Modern Library (1911) 1944, p. 153.)
In the chapter 'Carbon and living matter in the earth's crust' of his Geochemistry, Vernadsky wrote: 'But in our geologic era, in the psychozoic era—the era of Reason [28], p. 66—a new geochemical factor of paramount importance appears. During the last 10 000 or 20 000 years, the geochemical influence of agriculture has become unusually intense and diverse. We see a surprising speed in the growth of mankind's geochemical work. We see a more and more pronounced influence of consciousness and collective human reason upon geochemical processes. Man has introduced into the planet's structure a new form of effect upon the exchange of atoms between living matter and inert matter. Formerly, organisms affected the history only of those atoms that were necessary for their respiration, nutrition and proliferation. Man has widened this circle, exerting influence upon elements necessary for technology and for the creation of civilized forms of life. Man acts here not as homo sapiens, but as homo sapiens faber' [21, p. 342; 23, pp. 219–220]. In the original French text of La Géochimie, Bergson's Evolution Créatrice is quoted as source of inspiration. The same idea was developed in the second edition, in French, of La Biosphère [22]. More recently, James Lovelock, the father of the Gaia hypothesis and a proponent of geophysiological homeostasis, has provided another global conceptual framework for human influence on biogeochemical cycles [29,30].
However, in the beginning of the twentieth century, nobody, except perhaps Vernadsky in the USSR and Henry Adams in the USA, imagined the Great Acceleration of the second phase of the Anthropocene—the post-World War II worldwide industrialization, techno-scientific development, nuclear arms race, population explosion and rapid economic growth. In the interwar period, nobody took seriously the global warming scenario first calculated by Svante Arrhenius [31] in his 1896 fundamental study of greenhouse theory, or by Guy Stewart Callendar [32] in the interwar period. These events occurred before the emergence of our modern planetary ecological conscience.
The diverse notions of noösphere, or similar ideas under different terminology, are, however, not equivalent to the new concept of the Anthropocene, now advocated by the recently elected President of the Geological Society of London for 2010–2012, who wrote in his book: 'The time in which we now live would then, sadly and justly, surely become known as the "Anthropocene". We have received an important message from a warm planet. We can understand it, and we should respond—as if people mattered' [33, p. 196].
3. History of the human–environment relationship
The history of interactions between humans and the environment in which they were embedded goes back a very long way, to well before the emergence of fully modern humans to the times of their hominid ancestors. During virtually all of this time, encompassing a few million years, humans and their ancestors influenced their environment in many ways, but always by way of modification of natural ecosystems to gain advantage in gathering the vegetative food sources they required or in aiding the hunt for the animals they hunted. Their knowledge was likely gained by observation and trial-and-error, slowly becoming more effective at subtly modifying their environment but never able to fully transform the ecosystems around them. They certainly could not modify the chemical composition of the atmosphere or the oceans at the global level; that remarkable development would have to wait until the advent of the Industrial Revolution a few centuries ago.
The story begins a few million years ago with the genus Homo erectus, which had mastered the art of making stone tools and rudimentary weapons. They later also learned how to control and manipulate fire, a crucial breakthrough that fundamentally altered our relationship with other animals on the planet, none of whom could manipulate fire [34]. Control of fire undoubtedly helped hominids in their hunt for food sources, but it also helped to keep dangerous animals away from the hominid camps at night.
Increasing access to a protein-rich food source paid other dividends for early humans. The shift from a primarily vegetarian diet to an omnivorous diet triggered a fundamental shift in the physical and mental capabilities of early humans, the latter arguably the more important. Brain size grew threefold, to about 1300 cm3, and gave humans the largest brain-to-body ratio of any animal on the Earth [35]. This subsequently allowed the development of spoken language, and later written language, both facilitating the accumulation of knowledge and social learning from generation to generation. This has ultimately led to a massive—and rapidly increasing—store of knowledge upon which humanity has eventually developed complex civilizations and continues to increase its power to manipulate the environment. No other species now on the Earth or in Earth history comes anywhere near to this capability.
Pre-industrial humans, still a long way from developing the contemporary civilization that we know today, nevertheless showed some early signs of accessing the very energy-intensive fossil fuels on which contemporary civilization is built. About a millennium ago, the first significant human use of fossil fuels—coal—arose during the Song dynasty (960–1279) in China [36,37]. Drawn from mines in the north, the Chinese coal industry, developed primarily to support its iron industry, grew in size through the eleventh century to become equal to the production of the entire European (excluding Russia) coal industry in 1700. While the Chinese coal industry began to lapse into decline in subsequent centuries owing to a variety of reasons, the European coal industry, primarily in England, was beginning its ascent in the thirteenth century. The use of coal grew as did the size of London, and became the fuel of choice in the city because of its high energy density. By the 1600s, the city of London burned around 360 000 tonnes of coal annually [38,39]. However, China and England were the exceptions; the rest of the world relied on wood and charcoal for their primary energy sources. The Chinese and English combustion of coal had no appreciable impact on the atmospheric concentration of CO2.
Two pre-industrial events have occasionally been cited as heralding the beginning of the Anthropocene. The first was the wave of extinctions of the Pleistocene megafauna. During the last ice age, a number of large mammals in at least four continents—Asia, Australia and the Americas—went extinct [40–42]. Despite the long-standing debate about whether human hunting pressures or climate variability was the ultimate cause of the demise of the megafauna, it seems clear now that humans played a significant role, given the close correlation between the timing of the extinctions and the arrival of humans. Although these extinctions were likely significant for the ecology of these continents over large areas, there is no evidence that they had any appreciable impact on the functioning of the Earth system as a whole.
The second was the advent of agriculture—the so-called Neolithic Revolution—in the early phases of the Holocene. This hypothesis for the beginning of the Anthropocene argues that two agriculture-related events—the clearing of forests and conversion of land to cropping about 8000 years ago and the development of irrigated rice cultivation about 5000 years ago—emitted enough CO2 and methane (CH4), respectively, to the atmosphere to prevent the initiation of the next ice age [43]. The hypothesis is that the early forest clearing reversed a downward trend in CO2 concentration that had been established in the Holocene by increasing CO2 concentration by 5–10 ppm. A recent model-based analysis claims that these modest increases in greenhouse gas concentrations were enough to trigger natural ocean feedbacks in the climate system strong enough to raise global mean temperature significantly and release additional CO2 to the atmosphere [44].
On the other hand, there are considerable arguments against the early Anthropocene hypothesis. First, if the very modest increases in greenhouse gas concentrations 5000–8000 years ago drove significant increases in global mean temperature, it would imply that very high global heating would result from the present greenhouse gas concentrations. Furthermore, analyses of the change in solar radiation owing to orbital forcing suggest that the Earth is presently in an unusually long interglacial period and is not due to enter another ice age for at least 10 000 years without any increases in greenhouse gas emissions [45,46]. In addition, the variation of atmospheric CO2 concentration through the Holocene can be explained by the natural dynamics of the carbon cycle [47,48]. This latter point is buttressed by a recent analysis, using a state-of-the-art dynamic global vegetation model, which shows that CO2 change owing to land-use change, even assuming double the maximum estimated rate of land-use change in the past, is less than 4 ppm up to 1850, well within the bounds of natural variability [49]. Thus, the early Anthropocene hypothesis does not seem plausible, and does not have widespread support within the research community.
4. The beginning of the Anthropocene
The Industrial Revolution, with its origins in Great Britain in the 1700s, or the thermo-industrial revolution of nineteenth century Western civilization [50], marked the end of agriculture as the most dominant human activity and set the species on a far different trajectory from the one established during most of the Holocene. It was undoubtedly one of the great transitions—and up to now the most significant—in the development of the human enterprise. The underlying reasons for the transition were probably complex and interacting, including resource constraints in some areas, evolving social and political structures that unlocked innovative new thinking, and the beginnings of a new economic order that emphasized markets [51].
One feature stood out in the world that humanity left as it entered the Industrial Revolution; it was a world dominated by a growing energy bottleneck. The primary energy sources were tightly constrained in magnitude and location. They consisted of wind and water moving across the Earth's surface, and, on the biosphere, plants and animals. All of these energy sources are ultimately derived from the flow of energy from the Sun, which drives atmospheric circulation and the hydrological cycle and provides the fundamental energy source for photosynthesis. These processes have inescapable intrinsic inefficiencies; plants use less than 1 per cent of the incoming solar radiation for photosynthesis and animals eating plants obtain only about 10 per cent of the energy stored in the plants. These energy constraints provided a strong bottleneck for the growth of human numbers and activity.
The discovery and exploitation of fossil fuels shattered that bottleneck. Fossil fuels represented a vast energy store of solar energy from the past that had accumulated from tens or hundreds of millions of years of photosynthesis. They were the perfect fuel source—energy-rich, dense, easily transportable and relatively straightforward to access. Human energy use rose sharply. In general, those industrial societies used four or five times as much energy as their agrarian predecessors, who in turn used three or four times as much as our hunting and gathering forebears [52].
Exploiting fossil fuels allowed humanity to undertake new activities and vastly expand and accelerate the existing activities [53]. The most important example of the former is the capability to synthesize reactive nitrogen compounds from unreactive nitrogen in the atmosphere, an energy-intensive process. In essence, this fossil fuel-driven industrial process (the Haber–Bosch process) creates fertilizer out of air. An example of the latter is the rapid increase in the conversion of natural ecosystems, primarily forests, into cropland and grazing areas owing to mechanized clearing technologies [54]. Another example is the increase in the diversion of water from rivers through the construction of large dams.
The result of these and other energy-dependent processes and activities was a significant increase in the human enterprise and its imprint on the environment. Between 1800 and 2000, the human population grew from about one billion to six billion, while energy use grew by about 40-fold and economic production by 50-fold [55]. The fraction of the land surface devoted to intensive human activity rose from about 10 to about 25–30% [56]. The imprint on the environment was also evident in the atmosphere, in the rise of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O). Carbon dioxide, in particular, is directly linked to the rise of energy use in the industrial era as it is an inevitable outcome of the combustion of fossil fuels.
Although the atmospheric CO2 concentration provides a very useful indicator to track the evolution of the Anthropocene [57], it is not particularly useful for identifying a beginning date for the Anthropocene because natural sinks of carbon in the oceans and on land dampened and delayed the imprint of the early industrial period on the atmosphere. For example, atmospheric CO2 concentration was 277 ppm (by volume) in 1750, 279 ppm in 1775, 283 ppm in 1800 and 284 ppm in 1825 [58], all of which lie within the range of Holocene variability of 260–285 ppm [59]. Only by 1850 did the CO2 concentration (285 ppm) reach the upper limit of natural Holocene variability and by 1900 it had climbed to 296 ppm [58], just high enough to show a discernible human influence beyond natural variability. Since the mid-twentieth century, the rising concentration and isotopic composition of CO2 in the atmosphere have been measured directly with great accuracy [60], and has shown an unmistakable human imprint.
So when did the Anthropocene actually start? It is difficult to put a precise date on a transition that occurred at different times and rates in different places, but it is clear that in 1750, the Industrial Revolution had barely begun but by 1850 it had almost completely transformed England and had spread to many other countries in Europe and across the Atlantic to North America. We thus suggest that the year AD 1800 could reasonably be chosen as the beginning of the Anthropocene. Note that we have used a Christian calendar date to mark the beginning of the Anthropocene, rather than the 'before present (BP)' date that is normally used to mark events earlier in the Holocene. Studies of the Holocene, especially those quoting radiocarbon dates, often use BP although that 'present' is defined as a rapidly receding 1950. We use the standard Christian calendar here both for familiarity and also for the importance of near-historical events and dates in our analysis. It is striking, however, that the radiocarbon 'present' date is very close to the beginning of both the nuclear age and the Great Acceleration, which comprise one of the several candidates for a beginning-of-Anthropocene date.
5. The Great Acceleration
The human enterprise switched gears after World War II. Although the imprint of human activity on the global environment was, by the mid-twentieth century, clearly discernible beyond the pattern of Holocene variability in several important ways, the rate at which that imprint was growing increased sharply at mid-century. The change was so dramatic that the 1945 to 2000+ period has been called the Great Acceleration [61].
Figure 1 gives a visual representation of the Great Acceleration. As shown in figure 1a, which displays several indicators of the development of human enterprise from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the new millennium, every indicator of human activity underwent a sharp increase in rate around 1950 [5,55]. For example, population increased from 3 to 6 billion in just 50 years, while the leap in economic activity was even more dramatic—a rise of 15-fold over that period. The consumption of petroleum grew by a factor of 3.5 since 1960. Some of the indicators were virtually 0 at the beginning of the Great Acceleration but exploded soon after the end of World War II. The number of motor vehicles rose from only 40 million at the end of the war to about 700 million by 1996, and continues to rise steadily. The post-war period has also seen the rapid expansion of international travel, electronic communication and economic connectivity, all from very low or non-existent bases.
One of the most dramatic trends of the past half-century has been the widespread abandonment of the farm and the village for a life in the city. Over half of the human population—over 3 billion people—now live in urban areas, with the fraction continuing to rise. Migration to cities usually brings with it rising expectations and eventually rising incomes, which in turn brings an increase in consumption, forming yet another driver for the Great Acceleration.
The imprint of the burgeoning human enterprise on the Earth system is unmistakable, as shown in figure 1b. Not all of the 12 global environmental indicators show the same, sharp change in slope around 1950 owing to lags and buffering effects in complex natural systems, but the Earth system has clearly moved outside the envelope of Holocene variability. The rise in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations is well documented [1], but there are many more equally significant changes to the global environment. Conversion of natural ecosystems to human-dominated landscapes has been pervasive around the world [2]; the increase in reactive nitrogen in the environment, arising from human fixation of atmospheric nitrogen for fertilizer, has been dramatic [62]; and the world is likely entering its sixth great extinction event and the first caused by a biological species [63].
The onset of the Great Acceleration may well have been delayed by a half-century or so, interrupted by two world wars and the Great Depression. The embryo of the phenomenon was clearly evident in the 1870–1914 period. The rates of both population and economic growth began to rise above their earlier levels. The Industrial Revolution gathered pace also, and spread rapidly from its base in England and the Low Countries across other parts of Europe and to North America, Russia and Japan. The seeds for the post-World War II explosion in mobility were planted with the invention of the automobile and the aeroplane. Globalization began in earnest with the integration of the outputs of mines and plantations in Australia, South Africa and Chile into an emerging global economy. But the acceleration of these trends was shattered by World War I and the disruptions of the decades that followed.
What finally triggered the Great Acceleration after the end of World War II? This war undoubtedly drove the final collapse of the remaining pre-industrial European institutions that contributed to the depression and, indeed, to the Great War itself. But many other factors also played an important role [55,61]. New international institutions—the so-called Bretton Woods institutions—were formed to aid economic recovery and fuel renewed economic growth. Led by the USA, the world moved towards a system built around neo-liberal economic principles, characterized by more open trade and capital flows. The post-World War II economy integrated rapidly, with growth rates reaching their highest values ever in the 1950–1973 period.
Other factors also contributed to the Great Acceleration. The war produced a cadre of scientists and technologists, as well as a spectrum of new technologies (most of which depended on the cheap energy provided by fossil fuels), that could then be turned towards the civil economy. Partnerships among government, industry and academia became common, further driving innovation and growth. More and more public goods were converted into commodities and placed into the market economy, and the growth imperative rapidly became a core societal value that drove both the socio-economic and the political spheres.
Environmental problems received little attention during much of the Great Acceleration. When local environmental stresses, such as urban air pollution or the fouling of waterways, or regional environmental problems, such as the acid rain episode in northern Europe and eastern North America arose, they were sometimes ameliorated, but this action was largely confined to the wealthy countries of Europe, North America and Japan. The emerging global environmental problems were largely ignored. During the Great Acceleration, the atmospheric CO2 concentration grew by an astounding 58 ppm, from 311 ppm in 1950 to 369 ppm in 2000, almost entirely owing to the activities of the OECD countries. The implications of these emissions for the climate did not attract widespread attention until the 1990s, and the cautious scientific community did not declare, with any degree of confidence, that the climate was indeed warming and that human activities were the likely cause until 2001 [64].
6. The Anthropocene in the twenty-first century
As the first decade of the twenty-first century comes to a close, many of the trends established during the Great Acceleration have continued, but the Anthropocene has also taken some new directions. One of the most prominent of these has been the rapid development trajectories that have emerged in some of the world's largest developing countries, most prominently China but also India, Brazil, South Africa and Indonesia. While it is clear that the Great Acceleration of the 1945–2000 period was almost entirely driven by the OECD countries, representing a small fraction of the world's population, the Great Acceleration of the twenty-first century has become much more democratic.
Figure 2, based on data through 2004, clearly shows the rapidly changing pattern of human emissions of CO2 [65]. From a long-term perspective, developing countries have accounted for only about 20 per cent of the total, cumulative emissions since 1751, but contain about 80 per cent of the world's population. The world's poorest countries, with a combined population of about 800 million people, have contributed less than 1 per cent of the cumulative CO2 emissions since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. However, the most recent data in the figure show the dramatic changes over the past decade. For 2004, the emissions from developing countries had grown to over 40 per cent of the world total, and the emissions growth rate, based on a 5-year smoothed average for the 2000–2004 period, show that emissions from China and India have grown much more rapidly than those of the OECD countries and the former Soviet Union.
The global carbon budget for 2008 shows these trends even more sharply [66]. By 2008, coal had become the largest fossil-fuel source of CO2 emissions, with over 90 per cent of the growth in coal use coming from China and India. China has now become the world's largest emitter of CO2, and India has overtaken Russia as the third largest emitter. However, about 25 per cent of the growth in emissions over the last decade from developing countries was owing to the increase of international trade in goods and services produced in these developing countries but consumed in the developed world.
Despite the enormous economic growth rates achieved by China and India over the last decade, it is undoubtedly clear that resource constraints will prevent these and other developing countries from precisely following the post-1950 trajectories of the OECD countries. The most well-known of these potential constraints is the so-called 'peak oil' issue [4,67]. Nevertheless, China, in particular, has continued to achieve a sustained economic growth rate that has eclipsed that of the post-1950 era in the OECD countries.
The concept of peak oil is, in fact, more complex than is often appreciated. Technically speaking, peak oil refers to the maximum rate of the production of oil in any area under consideration, recognizing that it is a finite natural resource, subject to depletion [68,69]. It can thus refer to a single oil field or to global oil production as a whole, the latter being the more commonly understood scale of interest. In general, oil production is expected to rise to a maximum and then slowly decline. At the global scale, however, the ability to locate and access new sources of oil is an important term in the peak oil equation. But peak oil often implicitly (and incorrectly) refers to the ability of the production of oil to keep up with the demand. Ultimately, it is indeed the supply–demand relationship that is of most concern from the perspective of economic development; that is, supply will need to keep pace with demand if the large developing countries are to repeat the pathway followed by the OECD countries in their post-World War II economic explosion, when oil was plentiful and inexpensive.
What, then, are the prospects for the availability of oil beyond 2010? In terms of demand, an increase of about 2–3% yr−1 has been observed through the first decade of the twenty-first century, mainly owing to increasing demand in China and India. The International Energy Agency forecasts that production will need to increase by a further 26 per cent by 2030 to keep up with the demand [67]. The prospects of achieving this level of increased production in just two decades at prices that are affordable in the developing world seem highly unlikely. A recent, thorough assessment of the peak oil issue [67] came to the conclusions that (i) the timing of a peak for global oil production is relatively insensitive to assumptions about the size of the resource and (ii) the date of peak production is estimated to lie between 2009 and 2031, with a significant risk of a peak before 2020 (figure 3).
Much less well known is the possibility that the world is close to 'peak phosphorus' [70]. Phosphorus is a key element, along with nitrogen, in the fertilizers that have played a central role the rapid increase in agricultural production achieved during the Great Acceleration. The demand for fertilizer will grow as the world population continues to increase to the middle of the century at least and as diets change with the rapid development of China, India and other large developing countries. However, using a Hubbert-type analysis for phosphorus, the production of phosphorus is likely to peak at 25–30 Mt P per annum around 2030, well before the demand is likely to peak [70]. Without careful management of phosphorus production and distribution in an equitable and long-term manner, a deterioration of food security in some parts of the world, as well as diminishing supplies of petroleum, could slow the Great Acceleration significantly in the near future. The production of biofuels could exacerbate the situation.
Perhaps one of the most controversial twists of the Anthropocene in the twenty-first century is the accelerating drive not only to understand the molecular and genetic basis of life, but to synthesize life itself. The announcement in May 2010 that a team led by J. Craig Venter had built a genome from its chemical constituents and used it to make synthetic life marks a dramatic step towards that goal [71]. The research effort, costing US$ 40 million and employing 20 people working for a decade, resulted in the creation of a bacterial chromosome, which was then transferred into a bacterium where it replaced the original DNA. With the new, artificially produced chromosome in place, the bacterial cell began replicating to produce a new set of proteins [72]. A team led by Venter was one of the two teams to first map the complete human genome, a feat that was announced in 2001 [73,74].
These latest steps towards building synthetic life are ultimately based on a longer history of research on the origin of life. The research goes back to 1952, just at the beginning of stage 2 of the Anthropocene—the Great Acceleration—when chemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey performed a classic experiment that showed that the organic molecules that form the building blocks of life could be formed from simple inorganic molecules in the primitive Earth atmosphere [75,76]. They mixed methane, water vapour, ammonia, hydrogen and CO2 in a closed container; when an electric current was discharged through the mixture, complex organic molecules, including amino acids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, were formed.
Ironically, while humanity may be on the verge of creating new forms of life, it has failed to slow the recent decline in the Earth's existing biological diversity [77]. A synthesis of 31 indicators associated with biodiversity change during 1970–2010 shows no significant reductions in the rate of decline of biodiversity during that period. Despite some notable achievements towards reversing biodiversity loss, for example, an increase in protected areas globally to 12 per cent of the terrestrial surface and the declaration of new protected areas aimed at conserving key biodiversity areas [78,79], the overall trend continues to be one of the decline in 8 out of 10 indicators of the state of biodiversity, including declines in the populations of vertebrates [80], the extent of forest cover [81,82] and the condition of coral reefs.
The study has also examined trends in (i) the drivers of change to biodiversity, such as ecological footprint, nitrogen deposition, numbers of alien species, overexploitation and climate impacts and (ii) human responses to biodiversity decline, such as extent of protected areas, management of invasive alien species and sustainable forest management (figure 4; [15]). All of the indicators of human pressure on biodiversity show increases over the past several decades, with none showing a significant reduction. Humanity has responded to the decline in biodiversity with an increase in a range of conservation actions (figure 4c), but the level of response has not been sufficient to significantly affect the rate of biodiversity decline and, in fact, the rate of increase in response activity has slowed over the most recent decade.
Steffen et al. [57] argued that humanity is now entering stage 3 of the Anthropocene based on the growing awareness of human impact on the environment at the global scale and the first attempts to build global governance systems to manage humanity's relationship with the Earth system. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are examples of such attempts. However, the results from these two attempts at global governance have been disappointing. Emissions of CO2 continue to rise unabated, while, as noted above, the human-driven decline in Earth's biodiversity shows no signs of being slowed or arrested.
Failure to build effective global governance systems is perhaps not surprising. Many characteristics of the Anthropocene are largely outside the range of past experience from an environmental governance perspective [83,84]. For example, time lags in the Earth system can be formidable; decisions made over the next decade or two could commit future societies to metres of sea-level rise centuries into the future. Irreversibility is also a common feature; loss of species cannot be reversed if society after the fact decides they might be valuable or worth preserving. Equity issues are often magnified in the Anthropocene. The strong difference between the wealthy countries that are most responsible for the additional greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the poorest countries that are likely to suffer the most severe impacts of climate change is a classic example. Finally, the sheer complexity of the Earth system functioning, for example, the likelihood of tipping elements in large sub-systems of the planet [85], presents a bewildering array of problems to policymakers.
Given the nature of the problems arising in the Anthropocene, it is little wonder that political leaders, policymakers and managers are struggling to find effective global solutions. There are, however, some innovative approaches that offer hope. Active adaptive management has proven effective in dealing with complexity and uncertainty at smaller levels [86–88] and might also be effective at the global level. Multi-level and polycentric governance systems show promise of bridging the gap between global problems and local impacts and solutions [89–91]. An additional—and very essential—challenge is to build early warning systems for changes in the Earth system functioning, so that policymakers can respond in time. The GEOSS (Global Observation System of Systems), designed to achieve comprehensive, coordinated and sustained observations of the state of the planet to support enhanced prediction of the Earth system behaviour (www.earthobservations.org), will be a key element in any early warning system. Finally, the governance community will need to greatly enhance its capacity to assimilate new information commensurate with humanity's exploding capability to gather both biophysical and socio-economic data and to analyse, interpret and model complex system dynamics [84].
The urgency of getting effective global governance systems in place was highlighted by the Copenhagen climate conference in December 2009, where attempts to reduce greenhouse emissions fell far short of expectations. The prospects for the immediate future do not look any brighter, given the need to turn around the rising levels of global emissions and the need for very deep and rapid cuts to emissions thereafter if what many consider to be 'dangerous' climate change is to be avoided [92,93]. Given this situation, considerable discussion is now turning towards the feasibility of deploying various climate- or geo-engineering approaches to cool the surface of the Earth [94–96] and, dependent on their outcome, possibly to be followed, step-by-step, by atmospheric tests. A major review of geo-engineering has been published by the Royal Society (2009). Only recently a taboo topic, geo-engineering has rapidly become a serious research topic and in situ tests may subsequently be undertaken if the research shows promising approaches.
Perhaps the most widely discussed geo-engineering approach is based on artificially adding aerosols (microscopic particles suspended in air) into the stratosphere ([97] and reintroduced by Crutzen [98]). Aerosols can originate naturally—for example, from wildfires, dust storms or volcanic eruptions—or from human activities such as fossil fuel and biomass combustion. Aerosols generally act to cool the climate by scattering back into space some of the incoming solar radiation. The effect is enhanced as some of these particles also act as nuclei around which water vapour condenses and forms clouds, affecting cloud brightness (albedo) and precipitation. The geo-engineering approach based on this phenomenon is to deliberately enhance sulphate particle concentrations in the atmosphere and thus cool the planet, offsetting a fraction of the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas warming. The cooling effect is most efficient if the sulphate particles are produced in the stratosphere, where they remain for one to two years.
Near the ground, the cooling effect of sulphur particles comes at a substantial price as they act as pollutants affecting human health. According to the World Health Organization, sulphur particles lead to more than 500 000 premature deaths per year worldwide [99]. Through acid precipitation ('acid rain') and deposition, SO2 and sulphates also cause various kinds of ecological damage, particularly in freshwater bodies. This creates a dilemma for environmental policymakers, because emission reductions of SO2, and also most anthropogenic organic aerosols, for health and ecological considerations, add to global warming and associated negative consequences, such as sea level rise. According to model calculations by Brasseur & Roeckner [100], complete improvement in air quality could lead to a global average surface air temperature increase by 0.8°C on most continents and 4°C in the Arctic.
Needless to say, the possibility of adverse environmental side effects must be fully researched before countermeasures to greenhouse warming are attempted. Among negative side effects, those on stratospheric ozone are obvious from an atmospheric chemical perspective. Recent model calculations by Tilmes et al. [101] indicate a delay by several decades in the recovery of the ozone hole.
There are at least two additional, potentially serious problems. First, should measures to limit CO2 emissions prove unsuccessful, growing uptake of CO2 will lead to acidification of the upper ocean waters, leading to dissolution of calcifying organisms [102]. Second, the effect of enhanced sulphur particle concentration in the stratosphere on precipitation regimes around the world, and hence on the water resources required to support human activities, may also be serious. Reducing incoming energy (sunlight) to the Earth's surface will no doubt lower global average temperature but it will also affect the global hydrological cycle. For example, the eruption of Mt Pinatubo in 1991, which produced a large volume of sulphur particles that were injected into the stratosphere, lowered global average temperature for a few years and led to increases in the incidence of drought and substantial decreases in global stream flow [103]. Data for the twentieth century as a whole show that volcanic eruptions caused detectable decreases in global land precipitation [104,105].
There is no doubt that, if geo-engineering is to play a significant role in preventing the climate system to warm beyond the '2°C guardrail' [106], much more scientific research is required. Even more importantly, legal, ethical and societal issues, not to mention the challenges of global governance described earlier, will need to be thoroughly explored and solved before deliberate human modification of the climate system can be undertaken. Building trust among international political leaders of many different cultures and perspectives, and with the general public, would be required to make any large-scale climate modification acceptable, even if it would appear scientifically advantageous. Ultimately, the near inevitability of unforeseen consequences should give humanity pause for serious reflection before embarking on any geo-engineering approaches.
A strongly contrasting approach—in many ways the antithesis of geo-engineering—is the planetary boundaries concept introduced by Rockström and colleagues [107,108]. The approach recognizes the severe risks associated with trying to deliberately manipulate the Earth system to counteract deleterious human influences, given the lack of knowledge of the functioning of the Earth system and the possibility of abrupt and/or irreversible changes, some of them very difficult to anticipate, when complex systems are perturbed. The planetary boundaries approach is thus explicitly based on returning the Earth system to the Holocene domain, the environmental envelope within which contemporary civilization has developed and thrived.
The set of planetary boundaries defines the 'safe operating space' for humanity with respect to the Earth system, and are based on a small number of sub-systems or processes, many of which exhibit abrupt change behaviour when critical thresholds are crossed. The approach is shown conceptually in figure 5. Control variables are defined for each sub-system or process, and, where possible, thresholds are identified in relation to the control variable. Thresholds are intrinsic features of the Earth system, and exist independent of human actions or desires. The boundaries themselves, on the other hand, are values of the control variable set at a 'safe' distance from the threshold, 'safe' being a value judgement based on how societies deal with risk and uncertainty.
Rockström et al. [107,108] suggest that nine planetary boundaries comprise the set that defines the safe operating space for humanity. Table 1 sets out the nine global sub-systems or processes, their control variables (parameters), the suggested planetary boundaries and the current position along the control variable compared with the pre-industrial (pre-Anthropocene) value. According to this analysis, three of the boundaries—those for climate change, rate of biodiversity loss and the nitrogen cycle—have already been transgressed. That is, in these cases humanity has already driven the Earth system out of the Holocene domain. Several of the processes—for example, change in land use and global freshwater use—do not have well-defined thresholds but rather could undermine the resilience of the Earth system as a whole.
The planetary boundaries concept is a further development in the unfolding stage 3 of the Anthropocene. Up to now, attempts at conceptualizing a global approach to managing humanity's relationship with the environment have focused either on individual sub-systems or processes in isolation—climate, biodiversity, stratospheric ozone—or on simple cause–effect approaches to deliberately manipulating the Earth system, that is, geo-engineering. Planetary boundaries take the next step, by considering the Earth system as a single, integrated complex system and by identifying a stability domain that offers a safe operating space in which humanity can pursue its further development and evolution.
7. Societal implications of the Anthropocene concept
Up to now the concept of the Anthropocene has been confined almost entirely to the research community. How will it be perceived by the public at large and by political or private sector leaders? If the debate about the reality of anthropogenic climate change is any indication, the Anthropocene will be a very difficult concept for many people to accept. The rise of climate scepticism is increasingly being recognized, not as a scientific debate about evidence and explanation, but rather a normative debate deeply skewed by beliefs and values and occasionally by cynical self-interest [109].
Climate scepticism, or more appropriately the denial of contemporary climate change and/or its human causes, is, in many cases, a classic example of 'cognitive dissonance'; that is, when facts that challenge a deeply held belief are presented, the believer clings even more strongly to his or her beliefs and may begin to proselytize fervently to others despite the mounting evidence that contradicts the belief [110]. This response may become even more pronounced for the Anthropocene, when the notion of human 'progress' or the place of humanity in the natural world is directly challenged. In fact, the belief systems and assumptions that underpin neo-classical economic thinking, which in turn has been a major driver of the Great Acceleration [61], are directly challenged by the concept of the Anthropocene.
Humanity has faced significant challenges to its belief systems from science in the past. One of the most prominent examples in the recent past is the theory of evolution, first postulated by Charles Darwin, which directly challenged the narrative of Christianity (and many other religions) about the origin of humans. The notion, subsequently strengthened by further scientific research, that we are 'just' another ape and not a special creation 'above' the rest of nature shook the society of Darwin's time, and still causes tension and conflict in some parts of the world.
The concept of the Anthropocene, as it becomes more well known in the general public, could well drive a similar reaction to that which Darwin elicited [111]. Can human activity really be significant enough to drive the Earth into a new geological epoch? There is one very significant difference, however, between the two ideas, Darwinian evolution and the Anthropocene. Darwin's insights into our origins provoked outrage, anger and disbelief but did not threaten the material existence of society of the time. The ultimate drivers of the Anthropocene, on the other hand, if they continue unabated through this century, may well threaten the viability of contemporary civilization and perhaps even the future existence of Homo sapiens.
Parts of this article are derived from an earlier paper on the development of the Anthropocene [57]. We thank Dr Jan A. Zalasiewicz for useful suggestions for and comments on the paper. We also thank two referees for helpful comments that improved the paper.
One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue 'The Anthropocene: a new epoch of geological time?'.
- This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society


text:
Earn a Postgraduate Certificate in Taxation
Students who hold a J.D. or a master's degree or higher from an appropriately accredited university or have passed the CPA Examination may apply for admission to our tax certificate program.
Study in this program allows students to enhance and expand their expertise in specific areas of taxation. The taxation certificate requires that the student has a basic undergraduate taxation course, or an equivalent graduate level course, as a prerequisite, followed by completion of four graduate tax courses. One of these four courses must be AC 560 Taxation of Business Organization or an equivalent course; the student may choose the remaining three courses according to interest.
Students interested in a certificate in taxation should contact the Department of Accounting and Taxation at 860.768.4363. Students are required to submit an application form, official transcripts, a current resume, and a letter of intent.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Game Consoles are a popular entertainment choice for kids and kids at heart. There is a huge assortment of games for every member of your entire household. You can choose between Nintendo Wii, Playstation 3 and Xbox 360. With a Nintendo Wii and PlayStation's MoveMotion, a specialized remote and sensor capture your body movement to add an exciting twist to a game. With Xbox's motion sensor add-on known as Kinect, your whole body becomes the controller with no extra remotes needed. For all platforms, your movements are monitored by a sensor which allows you to move, jump, dance and run within the game - a great way to keep fit. Some of the most popular games for Wii and Kinect are the Just Dance, Harry Potter and Sims games. For a traditional gaming experience, take your pick between Microsoft's Xbox or Sony's Playstation. All platforms offer multi-player gaming action with any internet connection. Most video game titles can be ordered and downloaded online and played immediately. All of these video game systems also double as DVD players and entertainment hubs. You can view content from such sites as YouTube and LoveFilm right on your system as well as listen to music and watch the latest movie titles on demand with a subscription service.


text:
Up to [cvs.NetBSD.org] / src / sys / arch / i386 / i386
Request diff between arbitrary revisions
Default branch: MAIN
Current tag: haad-dm-base2
Revision 1.82 / (download) - annotate - [select for diffs], Wed Dec 3 11:40:17 2008 UTC (9 years, 11 months ago) by ad
Branch: MAIN
CVS Tags: mjf-devfs2-base, haad-nbase2, haad-dm-base2, haad-dm-base, ad-audiomp2-base, ad-audiomp2
Branch point for: jym-xensuspend
Changes since 1.81: +3 -3 lines
Diff to previous 1.81 (colored)
Don't abort pageidlezero unless a realtime thread wants to run.
This form allows you to request diff's between any two revisions of a file. You may select a symbolic revision name using the selection box or you may type in a numeric name using the type-in text box.


text:
Using IBM DB2 from node.js
Node.js is an asynchronous, event-driven I/O based server side java script environment for writing scalable internet applications. It is one of the favorite server side environments that is being adopted today.
In this post, I will layout how one can connect to DB2 from node and take you through the setup of a node environment with DB2 that includes running a test program to connect to the sample database and retrieve the rows returned.
The high-level architecture consists of the layers as shown in the figure below.
- Node.js Server: The javascript runtime environment based on the v8 engine.
- ibm_db node module: The asynchronous/synchronous node interface to IBM DB2 and IBM Informix Data servers [https://npmjs.org/package/ibm_db]
- IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC and CLI : IBM implementation of the ODBC interface
The node application uses the ibm_db node module to make calls to IBM DB2 database. When the node application needs to make a call to DB2, it invokes the ibm_db node module API. ibm_db node module takes the request and processes it using a separate background thread thereby immediately releasing the node thread to service other requests. When the thread, on which the DB2 call was invoked finishes, an event is emitted that is recognized by node and execution of the code that made the DB2 call is continued.
Setting up DB2 with Node stack
The step-by-step procedure of setting up the stack is below. All the steps below have been tested on a Ubuntu 64-bit platform. If you are on a different platform, you will need to adapt the commands accordingly.
Step 1: Install node.js
a) Download the node.js binaries for your platform from http://nodejs.org/download/ . In this example I will assume you have downloaded it to folder name 'node_work' in your $HOME
b) Untar the installed archive
$ cd $HOME/node_work
$ tar -xf node-v0.10.24-linux-x64.tar.gz
c) Set PATH environment variable to the bin directory under the unzipped archive
$ export PATH=$HOME/node_work/ node-v0.10.24-linux -x64/bin:$PATH
Step 2: Install ibm_db node module
$ npm install ibm_db
With this the DB2 with node stack is setup and we are ready to run our sample program.
Running a node program that connects to DB2
Step 1: Save the attached javascript program under your work directory [$HOME/node_work]
Step 2: Edit the file nodedb2test .js. Replace username, password, hostname and portNumber to the relevant values for your DB2 server.
Step 3: Execute the script, nodedb2test.js, as shown below. The program will output the names of the employees present in the employee table as shown below.
$ node nodedb2test.js
Test program to access DB2 sample database
FirstName LastName
---------- ---------
Connection Closed
The comments in the nodedb2test.js explain what each line of code does.
Refer to the node-ibm_db homepage https://npmjs.org/package/ibm_db for more details.
P.S: 12-Jan-2015 : Blog updated. Since version 0.0.6, node-ibm_db automatically downloads the IBM Data Server Driver for ODBC and CLI. With this the user will no longer need to download the latter separately. In view of this many comments below related to DS Driver install no longer apply.


text:
By: Mark McGrouther, Category: Science, Date: 15 Apr 2011
It has been a 'sharky week' with the addition of images showing a shark bite on a horse (really!), a Prickly Dogfish, and wounds inflicted on larger fishes by Cookiecutter Sharks. Rebecca Johnson from our Genetics Unit deserves another cheer for her TV appearance on Catalyst. Thank you as always to all contributors and to the increasing number of people who are adding comments.
Brokenline Wrasse, Stethojulis interrupta
Juvenile Brokenline Wrasse
Cookiecutter bite on Shortbill Spearfish
Cookiecutter bites on Yellowfin Tuna
Humpnose Unicornfish, Naso tonganus
Head of a Prickly Dogfish
Prickly Dogfish from NORFANZ
Prickly Dogfish mouth
Prickly Dogfish, Oxynotus bruniensis
Shark wound on horse (image only in comment on Bull Shark page)
Southern Conger from Batemans Bay
Work continues on the Find a Fish list. A link to the was added to the Synaphobranchidae - Basketwork Eels
TAFE fish collection tour 2011
Fin forensics and the fish collection (Rebecca and Mark on Catalyst)
Tags fishes, ichthyology, Prickly Dogfish, Fin Forensics, Fish Bits,


text:
WASHINGTON, DC — Service members won't have to leave the comfort of their own room to get fit. For the first time, the Pentagon Channel is airing a fitness show, "Fit for Duty." The show takes viewers through a high-energy, 30-minute workout led by service members with expertise in fitness training.
"Fitness is as much a part of the military as the uniform," says retired Master Sgt. Jim Langdon, who serves as the Pentagon Channel's director of operations and programming as well as executive producer of the new show. "All the services go to great lengths to entice their troops to stay fit. We wanted to help, too."
Fitness instructors on the show represent each branch of the military. They were selected after a nationwide call for auditions was launched through advertisements on the Pentagon Channel's Web site and e-mails to public affairs officers across the country.
The show debuted June 18. It will also be available via podcast and video on demand at www.pentagonchannel.mil.


text:
|top free sites
|All free sites
Mature For You | Free Mature Gallery | XXX Mature Pics | Lustful MILFs | Sunny Matures | Mature Sex Bomb
|Disclaimer: All models on this website are 18 years or older. Thegranny.net has a zero-tolerance policy against ILLEGAL pornography. All galleries and links are provided by 3rd parties. We have no control over the content of these pages. We take no responsibility for the content on any website which we link to, please use your own discretion while surfing the links. We are proudly labeled with the ICRA/RTA.
Cyber Patrol Surf Watch Net Nanny Cyber Sitter


text:
Grae's Rating:
Anderson's best film yet.
When I was in eighth grade, on an overnight trip to Taos, New Mexico, our gifted and talented class rebelled against the authority figures we had spent our entire lives obeying. Late at night, when everyone was supposed to be asleep with boys on one side of the motel and girls on the other, we threw a coed party. At that clandestine event, we jumped on the bed, ate a superhuman amount of Twizzlers, watched music videos, and at one point Bo* put on a girl's swimsuit over his clothes. Oh, and Amanda* got her ears pierced in the bathroom. It was probably the last time we would be around each other before we realized that drugs, alcohol and sex existed. It was sweet and innocent and not the worst thing we could have done to misbehave. Of course we still got in huge trouble, but we still all remember it with pride.
Moonrise Kingdom is so enchanting, hilarious and likable, it brought all those memories rushing to the surface. I normally end up liking Wes Anderson's films, but I love this one.
This film is firing on all six Anderson cylinders, and it feels like everything he's tried in other films are in perfect harmony. It has the usual rich look of all the Wes Anderson - Robert Yeoman collaborations, but this time even more impossibly cute, as it is set on a small island in Rhode Island with lighthouses and churches circa 1965. The pleasantly antique look of the film feeds the subject matter perfectly. It's the impossibly adorable mini-Romeo and Juliet story of Sam Shakusky (Jared Gilman) and Suzy Bishop (Kara Hayward). Both are misunderstood pre-teens that have a tendency towards small acts of (eventually) forgivable violence. Sam has just abandoned his position as Khaki Scout and run away from camp, so his scout leader (Edward Norton) leads a search to find him, which includes the sheriff (Bruce Willis), and eventually the entire Bishop family. It's just a guy-and-gal-on-the-lam story, but with a coonskin cap and French pop music.
Anderson's movies are famous for their cuter-than-you way of looking and talking, but since this film stars mostly children, it feels appropriate and charming right away. It doesn't talk down to anyone who doesn't sip lattes with cruelty-free soy from a recycled corn husk while wearing a hemp turtleneck and overpriced vegan sunglasses that they had to put on a credit card. In fact, it reeks of sincerity and realism, because the sweet, innocuous moments between Sam and Suzy are balanced with ones of extreme violence from the rest of the kids--just like real life.
Adding to the smart-but-not-showy element is the music included in the film. Suzy insists on carrying around her brother's record player, which he greatly misses because they use it to play Benjamin Britten albums that discuss the genius of the British composer step-by-step with ridiculously dry narrative. During the film I appreciated the soundtrack without knowing that the oohs and aahs sung by children are pieces that Britten loved writing, which seems exactly like how Anderson felt about his film. It has elements from every movie genre, done mostly by kids, or fantastic adults who have rarely been better in their careers.
Moonrise Kingdom is as much fun as saying "Shakusky." Try it, you'll like it.
*Names have been changed to protect the innocent.
Movies.com Critic
The summer's coolest movie.
Read full review |
Comments ()
84 out of 100 Metascore®
Read other critic reviews
Nothing mediocre about this medium.
Can't say "expendable" without "duh"
Valley of the Dolls with Firepower?
Just shy of a landslide.
All Grae Drake's Movie Reviews
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2018 FANDANGO MOVIES.


text:
Pretty & Classic checkered fabric Patterns by EDDA Fr?hlich / EDDArt | Stylish Products done in traditional and timeless red & black Squares Lumberjack plaid pattern. | You miss other colors of this design? Feel free to contact me: firstname.lastname@example.com I will do it for you! HAVE FUN & BE HAPPYMake fun out of our buttons which can be used for an array of purposes. Whether intended for kids' parties or as clothing accessories, our mylar protected buttons are ideal. Button measures 2.25" in diameter.
If you order more than 50 pcs items (can be combined), please click here to contact us for whole price quotation, please include the SKU# and the quantity you want for each of them. For order less than 50 pcs, please order directly from our website.


text:
WASHINGTON — The extramarital affair that ended the public career of CIA Director David H. Petraeus was uncovered when a woman described as close to him received harassing emails and complained to authorities, a U.S. official confirmed Saturday.
The FBI traced the emails and found that they had been sent by Paula Broadwell, who wrote a highly favorable book on the former Army general's life and work. While investigating Broadwell, the FBI found additional emails that discussed her relationship with Petraeus, revealing their affair. The New York Times and Washington Post reported these details Saturday afternoon.
The emails sent by Broadwell indicated that she perceived the other woman as a threat to her relationship with Petraeus, law enforcement officials told the Washington Post.
Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper learned about the affair from the FBI about 5 p.m. Tuesday, election day, an intelligence official said. As a colleague, former general and friend, Clapper advised Petraeus to resign as CIA director. Clapper informed the White House on Wednesday.


text:
Hawks used last year's defeat to motivate this year's triumph
It happened on May 29, 2011, but as recently as this past Thursday, June 14, 2012, Bishop Hendricken senior Bobby Indeglia still hadn't stopped thinking about it.
Even though it had been over a full calendar year, the memory of the Hawks getting unexpectedly bounced from the 2011 postseason by an upstart Middletown team in the regional finals was as fresh as ever.
But Indeglia wanted that memory to be fresh. It served a very distinct purpose.
"It was an incredible motivating factor," Indeglia said. "That might have been our No. 1 thing. It was such a letdown. We had almost our whole team back. It wasn't just the motivation of losing, it was as the motivation of the fans and everybody talking about it – 'You guys lost?'"
Nobody is talking about it anymore
On Thursday, when Hendricken capped off a special season with a 5-0 victory over South Kingstown in the second game of the best-of-three state championship series, the Hawks erased the demons of that frustrating loss to the Islanders from a season ago.
It was as if a massive burden had been lifted. In interview after interview following the game, players and coaches repeatedly made references to how much this state championship meant, especially on the heels of last year's early exit.
"It's a great feeling," senior third baseman Reed Gamache said. "We were here as sophomores and we didn't get here last year. We had a mission this year – it was to get back and be victorious."
Of course, for a school that now owns 17 baseball state championships, winning the title borders on expected each and every year. At the very least, advancing deep into the playoffs is expected.
Prior to last season, the Hawks had incredibly not missed out on a spot in the state's Final Four since 1990.
"We had a very good season – it just didn't end the way we hope it does every year," head coach Ed Holloway said after the loss to Middletown.
When last year's team came up short – a team that was so talented that it featured 10 players who either were or have since committed to play college baseball– it was as shocking as it was disappointing.
And Hendricken was not going to be disappointed like that again – especially not with 11 seniors.
"I'm really happy for them that they were able to go out with a championship," Holloway said on Thursday. "Some of them were here when they did it as sophomores, and I was really happy that they found a way to get it done."
Maybe it was simply a matter of will, of not allowing themselves to end their high school careers with anything less than a defined place in Rhode Island – and Hendricken – history.
The veteran-laden Hawks got contributions up and down the lineup, but most notably from those seniors. Pitcher Tom Pannone threw a complete-game one-hitter on Thursday, striking out 13 hitters in the process. He was named the series' Most Valuable Player.
Indeglia made two superb catches in the outfield, a day after pitching a complete game of his own in a 12-2 victory in game one of the series.
Gamache came up big in the most important at-bat of game two, ripping a two-out, three-run triple into the left-center field gap that blew the game wide open.
Shortstop Rich Bacon had three hits and drove in three runs in the series, while first baseman P.J. Murray played flawless defense and added two hits along the way.
Catcher Billy Walker – a four-year starter behind the plate – caught every inning in the championship series, scored two runs and provided a threatening presence in the middle of the order.
Designated hitter Justin Finan had two hits and three RBI in the two games.
Every one of those players is a senior, and most of them played crucial roles on last year's team as well as this year's. They were the ones who had the most to lose by falling short once again.
But they refused to let it happen.
"We all remember last year," Gamache said. "As seniors, we really wanted to step up and lead by example."
Now, the legacy that those seniors will leave behind at Hendricken is right where they all hoped it would be when they started playing together. Some of them began playing on varsity as freshmen, some as sophomores, and some as juniors.
As seniors, though, they all have a state championship to remember – one that will also help them to finally forget.
"It's amazing," Indeglia said. "After last year, there was a lot of hard work in the off-season. It's just unbelievable. It's a blessing to be here this year. To be on the other side of it this year, especially as seniors, it's unbelievable."


text:
New Yamaha Podcast Available!
Including interview with legendary folk guitarist Bert Jansch, voted by Rolling Stone magazine as one of the greatest guitarists ever, and whose influence is still felt today as musicians as diverse as Pete Doherty and Bernard Butler (ex-Suede, producer of Duffy's debut album) profess their admiration for the artist.
Want to hear an exclusive interview with Bert Jansch or what all the fuss is about the new Yamaha DTxtreme III? Then visit www.yamahapodcasts.co.uk and listen to the latest edition of the Yamaha Download.
Hosted by BBC Radio Two's Richard Allinson the Yamaha Download has all the latest Yamaha news, features on new products and interviews with leading artists.
This month we talk to Mark Richardson, Feeder's drummer, about their upcoming festival gigs, Bert Jansch hints that there may be a new Pentangle album in the future and Simon Edgoose, drummer, composer and programmer gets excited about the new DTXTtreme III.
The Yamaha Download is also available from Itunes. Subscribe to the podcast and every month you will receive all the latest news, views and interviews from Yamaha on the Yamaha Download.


text:
To report an emergency in progress, call 911.
November 02, 2012
Placer County's Chipper Program continues to be available for local residents seeking to reduce their fire hazards and improve defensible space around structures. Chipping rather than burning reduces the impact of smoke. Another benefit of chipping is that the woody material can be used for landscaping or ground cover.
The program, managed by the Placer County Resource Conservation District, is a low-cost curbside chipping service, supported in part by state and federal grants. The program also can assist qualified Placer County homeowners with financial or physical limitations to access the chipping program through fee waivers.
Under direction from the Board of Supervisors, the county worked with the Resource Conservation District to establish a reasonable and sustainable cost-share rate structure to keep the program running. The full cost of the chipper service is estimated at $80 per hour. With the applicable cost-share rate, the minimum charge is $40 for up to one hour of service.
The low-cost chipping service is available for Placer County residents who live west of Serene Lakes. Chipping the brush improves air quality by reducing the pollutants that burning puts into the air. State law requires that property owners maintain 30 feet of "clean and green" space immediately around their homes. In addition, state law also requires a total of 100 feet of defensible space clearing around residences.
The requirements of the Chipper Program include:
To arrange for chipping services or request information, homeowners can call the Chipper Program message center at 530-889-0111, ext 3. Follow the message prompts to leave your name, site address, mailing address (if different from the site address), phone number and location where you would like the chip pile.
The grants used to support the program are secured through a partnership with the District, the Placer County Office of Emergency Services, the Placer County Sheriff's Office, the Placer County Air Pollution Control District and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE).


text:
One Man's Heaven
Despite anything we might have said in the strip, Unreal Tournament 2004 is pretty good even if you decide to settle for human company. I don't retreat from any of the things I said regarding the balkanized community their many gametypes and options automatically creates. However, I firmly believe that the path en route to that inevitable implosion will be fantastic!
If you don't already have the demo, there's just no reason not to download it from the official site - they have Linux, Mac and PC versions, so no matter where you work you can play it right there on the webserver. I'm of the opinion that the network code feels a little cleaner, a little tighter - the "best case" scenario feels more solid to me that UT2k3, though I will be the first to admit that "feel" is not the most scientific term. I've read bad reports about the lag and whatnot, but I always leave "Sodomite's BITCH KILLER" server at the first sign of trouble, I don't wait around to see my worst fears about network performance validated. I've seen fire and I've seen rain, at least as it relates to server quality. I don't know which one of those is the good one.
It will hit with over a hundred maps built in, as it includes the content from the previous version. It will warm my heart to see actual humans and not just psychotic robot butchers populating my favorite maps again. Judging by the server lists I've seen, the new Onslaught gametype - a vehicle oriented capture point mode - has really seized the imagination, and we can expect nine maps right out the gate. Assault - a mission oriented mode that always had a strong following - hits with six maps, which seems anemic to me. They're easily the most elaborate sort of map to produce, as they include a whole point by point mission flyby and tend to have elaborate "fiction" that describes them, so six probably isn't terrible out the gate. About other companies, maybe you couldn't say it - but Epic and Digital Extremes keep the content coming, loads of it, well after release - it is almost inconceivable to me that we wouldn't see those six maps expanded through their now legendary Bonus Packs. No other game has this kind of history, where the things any other company would shake you down for they give away free.
And also, I have to say - we haven't seen the fanciest of the updated content with this demo. There's an Assault map, for example, where one team flies spaceships to breach a base in the initial phase. There's a ton of new features, too - they're just cool ideas. Text to speech, for example. And, at any moment, you can hit a button and receive a helpful trail that will lead you to either base. Voice support. Not just voice support for online games, but also voice recognition for ordering around your bots - "kill them, my robots," etc. For me, voice support isn't the biggest deal for a PC game because I'm typically playing with other people using Teamspeak. More often than not, unfettered access to a voice channel leads to people saying shit like "Macaroni," and then giggling. But I know the kids like it.
When's it ship, though - sixteenth of March? I'll probably have to get that.
(CW)TB out.
it's almost entirely window dressing


text:
Linked by Conrad Voorsanger on Thu 2nd Jun 2011 16:28 UTC
OSNews sat down with Ian Seyler, the Founder and Lead Programmer at Return Infinity, the maker and sponsor of Baremetal OS, a 64-bit OS for x86-64 based computers written entirely in Assembly. Editor's note: We'd love to do similar interviews with the people behind other alternative or hobby OS projects. If there's a project that you'd like to learn more about, let us know.
Thread beginning with comment 475949
To view parent comment, click here.
To read all comments associated with this story, please click here.
To view parent comment, click here.
To read all comments associated with this story, please click here.
RE[2]: Business model.
by Alfman on Fri 3rd Jun 2011 23:32 UTC in reply to "RE: Business model."
"I have been approached about possible funding. The only issue is that they want to see a proof of concept and my time is limited."
I'm not sure if you'd be better off marketing the OS by itself as a high performance clustering solution in general, or trying to focus on some kind of niche.
You and I both know that a baremetal cluster could solve almost any computational problem clients wanted to throw at it, but my gut feeling is that you might get more traction if you emphasize a specific problem domain.
Would you have any in mind?
Edited 2011-06-03 23:34 UTC


text:
New Car Review
2013 Audi S4: New Car Review
Pros: Exemplary ride/handling compromise, strong supercharged V6, upscale cabin with plenty of available technology, surprisingly adult-friendly back seat.
Cons: Engine doesn't sound that special, unnecessary options can inflate the already hefty price.
What's New: The S4 gets largely the same updates as the rest of the A4 lineup for 2013, including mildly revised styling and the optional Audi connect telematics suite with Google integration.
Amid the horsepower arms-race that has gripped Germany's automakers, the 2013 Audi S4 represents a compelling call for moderation. Of course, the fact that we're referring to a 333-horsepower sport sedan as "moderate" speaks volumes about the current state of affairs. But here's the deal: Not everyone needs an uber-sedan like the C63 AMG with more than 450 hp. For some driving enthusiasts, it's more about the overall package than the potential for drag-strip heroics. And the S4's overall package, from its world-class performance to its lovely interior, is one of the most appealing in the business.
Sure, we could pick nits with the supercharged V6's uninspiring exhaust note. If you're going to boast the exact same horsepower rating as BMW's iconic E46 M3, it'd be nice if the soundtracks matched up, too. Moreover, thanks to the front-drive-based platform, you won't see any S4s in burnout or drifting competitions, rear-biased quattro all-wheel-drive system notwithstanding.
But some sport sedan buyers would rather blend in with the crowd than draw unwanted attention with a screaming race-style engine. And seriously, what tiny percentage of shoppers in this segment actually intend to go drifting? The S4 isn't about making tire smoke for action shots; rather, it's about the kind of performance that real drivers on real roads will actually appreciate. If bragging rights are less important to you than all-around excellence, consider casting your vote for the moderate 2013 S4.
Comfort & Utility
The 2013 Audi S4 sedan is offered in two trim levels: Premium Plus and Prestige.
The Premium Plus comes with 18-inch alloy wheels; Xenon headlamps with LED accents; fog lights; quad tailpipes; a sunroof; power heated front sport seats; leather/Alcantara upholstery; a tilt-telescopic steering wheel; tri-zone automatic climate control (including separate rear temperature control); Bluetooth and iPod integration; the Multi-Media Interface system with a dash-mounted control knob; and a 10-speaker audio system with an auxiliary input, an SD card reader, and satellite radio.
The Prestige upgrades to 19-in alloys with wider low-profile tires; adaptive Xenon headlamps; parking sensors; a blind spot warning system; keyless entry with push-button ignition; MMI Plus with navigation and a console-mounted control knob; and a 14-speaker, 505-watt Bang & Olufsen audio system.
MMI Plus can be added to the Premium Plus as an option; ditto the Bang & Olufsen stereo and the 19-in alloys with more serious rubber. Silk Nappa leather upholstery and a sports rear differential with side-to-side power distribution are available on both trim levels. Exclusive Prestige extras include adaptive cruise control, power rear sunshades, and the Drive Select system, which adds the sports differential, adaptive suspension dampers, and electronic adjustments for steering, suspension, transmission (automatic models only), and throttle response.
The S4's interior is largely shared with the regular A4, which is just fine, as the A4 has one of the nicest cabins in its class. Happily, the front sport seats mostly address our criticisms of the A4's standard seats—in particular, lateral torso support is much improved, though we'd like to see electric adjustability for those side bolsters for a snugger fit. The tilt-and-telescopic steering wheel has a wide range of adjustability, so most drivers should have no trouble getting situated. However, drivers with long legs might find their left elbows hanging off the back of the door armrest.
As with the regular A4, the S4's ergonomics are hit or miss. Try to adjust the climate control's fan speed and you'll see what we mean—it's a two-step process. A dedicated fan knob that does what it's told would make on-the-fly adjustments much easier. On the bright side, we think Audi has made great strides with the MMI system's intuitiveness (see Technology below).
The S4's back seat is much more accommodating now than in previous generations, providing plenty of room for two adults to ride comfortably. Also, the outboard rear seating positions feature unusual seatback-mounted side bolsters that emphasize the car's sporty theme. The standard separate temperature control for rear passengers is another nice touch.
Trunk capacity is about average for a compact sport sedan at 12.4 cu-ft.
The S4 comes standard with iPod and Bluetooth connectivity, as well as an SD-card reader. Some might be troubled by the absence of a USB port, as the S4 won't accept flash drives or USB-connected mp3 players. But in any case, the star of the show is the MMI system, which comes in two forms. In standard spec without navigation, MMI is controlled via a knob on the center stack that requires an uncomfortable reach from the driver's seat. If your budget can handle it, we recommend stepping up to the MMI Plus system, which includes navigation, a more sophisticated display screen and a control knob that's conveniently mounted precisely where your right hand rests on the center console.
Audi has greatly improved the intuitiveness of MMI's menu structure, and the console-mounted knob now features a nifty joystick-like top section that aids operation. Moreover, the introduction of Audi connect for MMI Plus delivers revolutionary new connectivity options, from Google Maps and voice-activated search to mobile Wi-Fi hotspot capability.
Performance & Fuel Economy
The S4 is powered by a supercharged 3.0-liter V6 that makes 333 hp and 325 lb-ft of torque. Quattro all-wheel drive is standard, as is a 6-speed manual transmission; a 7-speed dual-clutch automated manual with paddle shifters is also available.
If you've read our A4 review, you know that we're not too high on that car's modest power output, but the S4 obviously has no such issues. The supercharged V6 is seriously strong across the rev range, besting even the mighty turbocharged inline-6 in the BMW 335i. It's also highly refined—maybe too refined, as there's not much bark to go with this motor's bite, quad tailpipes notwithstanding.
You can't go wrong with either transmission; we're partial to the conventional manual for its satisfyingly precise throws and forgiving clutch, but the dual-clutch automatic is a superstar, executing quick upshifts and perfectly rev-matched downshifts on demand.
The S4's EPA fuel economy ratings have been revised for 2013. Whereas the automatic used to bring up the rear, it now leads with a healthy 18 mpg city/28 mpg highway. The manual, meanwhile, has been downgraded to a less memorable 17/26 mpg.
The S4 comes with standard stability control, 4-wheel antilock disc brakes and six airbags (front, front side, full-length side-curtain). Rear side airbags are optional.
The S4 has not been crash tested yet, but the regular A4 received four stars out of five overall in government crash testing, including four stars for frontal impacts and five in all other categories. The independent Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the A4 its highest rating of "Good" in every category.
Driving Impressions
The S4 may be based on a front-drive platform, but it's more capable on a winding road or racetrack than the rival rear-drive BMW 335i, especially if you get the optional torque-vectoring sports rear differential. The S4's steering feels synthetic to our palms, but it's remarkably precise, and the supercharged engine's instantaneous throttle response is a driving aid in its own right, giving you absolute confidence when you squeeze the throttle. Despite the S4's world-class athleticism, it's got a reasonably supple ride in ordinary driving, and road noise is rarely an issue. Notably, we prefer the S4's standard suspension and steering calibrations to the artificial-feeling (and expensive) Drive Select setup.
Other Cars to Consider
BMW 335i: The new 335i isn't quite as sharp as the previous model, but it's still a very capable sport sedan. This is really the S4's principal competitor.
Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG: The C63 is much more expensive than the S4 if you look at base prices, but it's easy for a well-optioned S4 to creep up toward AMG territory.
Infiniti G37: Although the burly Infiniti lacks the S4's refinement, it makes almost the same horsepower without the aid of forced induction.
AutoTrader Recommends
Skip the Drive Select package, we say, but do spring for MMI Plus with Audi connect, because who wouldn't want to have Google along for the ride? We also recommend the sports rear differential; it's not that expensive as a standalone option, and driving enthusiasts will notice a real improvement.


text:
New Limited 'Edition Tube' Combo Celebrates Hughes&Kettner's 25th Anniversary
The 25th Anniversary Edition Tube features two channels and dual EL84 20w power amps driving a Celestion G12T-100 speaker. The design of the speaker's enclosure is aimed at optimizing low-end frequencies to deliver a depth of tone rare in a 1x12" combo. Coupled with the 'saturation friendly' power section, the Anniversary Edition Tube serves up thick rock tones at medium volume, and couples this with a crystal-clear clean channel.
Designed and built in Germany, the limited Edition also sports a three band EQ section, Accutronics spring reverb, effects loop and extension speaker output.


text:
Federal officials charged a 51-year-old man in the Monday afternoon shooting of his common-law wife at the Texas Army base Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio.
Alvin Leon Roundtree was arrested and charged with domestic violence Tuesday and remains in federal custody.
A joint FBI and San Antonio Police complaint said Roundtree approached the woman on the campus of the Army Medical Center and School at Fort Sam Houston after an argument over their recent separation.
He then allegedly pulled out his .45 caliber pistol and shot her several times.
"It started out as a conversation," said Col. Randy Anderson, commander of the center and school. "He came into her office space, and then she took him outside of the building."
Authorities caught up with Roundtree elsewhere on the Fort Sam grounds that afternoon. He faces up to 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine.
The identity of the woman, who is active-duty Army and teaches at the school, has not been released, but she is in stable condition at San Antonio Medical Center.


text:
Michella Marino Oral History Collection
Michella Marino received her doctorate from the Department History of at UMass Amherst in May 2013. Her dissertation, Sweating femininity: women athletes, masculine culture, and American inequality from 1930 to the present, drew on extensive oral historical and archival research to examine how feminist women negotiated the cultural boundaries surrounding gender to carve out identities as women, athletes, and mothers. Focusing on women's participation in two sports, basketball and roller derby, Marino wrote that her goal was to "explain the tension between women's representation and agency, between cultural constructs and women's lives, between images of women and their individual identities."
The Marino Collection consists of 23 oral historical interviews with female and male participants in roller derby and basketball.
- Subjects
- Roller derby
- Sex discrimination in sports--History
- Sports for women
- Women athletes
- Women's basketball
- Types of material
- Oral histories


text:
What are your earliest memories, and how old were you? The conventional wisdom is that kids can't remember much before age 3 or 4. However, a new study indicates that some children have the ability to recall events that happened as early as age 2.
Plus: Study Says at Least 2 Years Between Kids Makes Them Smarter
The study, done by researchers at University of Otago in New Zealand, and published in the journal Child Development, devised a "magical shrinking box" that appeared to shrink toys. Kids 27 to 51 months were trained on it for two days, and then were asked about it on the third day. They also received a medal for participation. Six years later, they were shown a medal as a cue and asked if they remembered it. Interestingly, it wasn't necessarily the older kids who had better recall; in fact two two-year-olds remembered the "magic" box. The common denominator among kids with good recall was that they spent a lot of time talking about it with their parents shortly afterward.
Plus: Study Says Two-Daughter Families Are Happiest
What's your earliest memory? Do you think your two-year-old is forming long-term memories yet?


text:
2:30 pm
Local USA "Drive Like A Girl" "Drive Like A Girl" follows New York's champion all-girls robotics team, The Iron Maidens, just one year after they beat more than 60 male-dominated teams in a regional competition. Though they advanced to the national stage in Atlanta, Ga., they lost before winning it all. D
3:00 pm
Charlie Rose NULL
4:00 pm
4:30 pm
Journal NULL
5:00 pm
Independent Lens "Spies of Mississippi" This film tells the story of a secret spy agency formed by the state of Mississippi to preserve segregation during the 1950s and 1960s. Granted broad powers, the commission investigated citizens and organizations in attempts to derail the civil rights movement.G
6:00 pm
World Peace and Other 4th Grade Achievements WORLD PEACE AND OTHER 4TH GRADE ACHIEVEMENTS interweaves the story of a remarkable educator and the extraordinary game he developed to demonstrate the complexities of peace and global conflict. Teacher John Hunter's World Peace Game is a hands-on political simulation exercise in which students tackle real-world military, economic and environmental issues. The nine- and 10-year-olds divide into groups, including nation states, the World Bank, United Nations officials, indigenous peoples and even arms dealers. D
7:00 pm
Outdoor Idaho "You Can't Get There from Here" This episode visits the town of Roosevelt, now under water; travels into the wilderness on the Selway River; descends into a secret cave; and profiles a wilderness pilot.G
7:30 pm
Dialogue "Miss Representation" Filmmaker Jennifer Seibel Newsom talks with host Marcia Franklin about making the documentary, Miss Representation, which explores how inaccurate portrayals of women by the media are connected to the under-representation of women in positions of power and influence.G
8:00 pm
PBS NewsHour NULL
9:00 pm
Nightly Business Report Tonight on Nightly Business Report, shares of Coke fell after the company said sales were soft. Why aren't investors thirsty for the world's largest beverage maker? And, home builder sentiment drops just as the unofficial start to the spring selling season gets underway. Is it a bad sign for the housing market?. D
9:30 pm
Journal NULL
10:00 pm
Charlie Rose NULL
11:00 pm
Super Skyscrapers "Building The Future" Commonly known as "the cheese grater," the Leadenhall Building is the pinnacle of London's avant-garde architecture. The tapered tower with a steel exoskeleton is the tallest skyscraper in the City of London, and the teams behind the project had to radically rethink every aspect of the traditional building model. Part 2 of 4G


text:
An Instagram of your toes over the edge of a pool. A sketch of a place you spotted during a stroll around a foreign town. A hand-written travel diary. How will you capture and share your holiday with others this Summer?
We are creating a map of Moleskine on holiday around the world through your travel contributions. Upload your photos of the Moleskine tools that you've taken with you to the Flickr group. Then, help others follow your track by adding the location to our Google Map.
For all the instructions you need to get started, click here. Wherever you have escaped to for the summer, we wish you a pleasant stay full of adventure, excitement and new inspirations!
Video credits: Neue Big design studio in collaboration with N9ve and Alessandro Novelli.