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Important Steps Towards Financial Self-Sufficiency
These tips are provided by the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence's (NCADV) publication entitled Hope and Power: For Your Personal Finances. You may request a free copy of the booklet at www.ncadv.org.
- Keep your personal and financial records in a safe location. Leave copies with a trusted friend, relative, or in a bank safety deposit box.
- Compile an emergency evacuation box with copies of your family's important records and documents (i.e. birth certificates, medical or insurance records, passports, social security cards, documentation of evidence of past incidents of abuse).
- If your partner controls the money, look for ways to find out more about his/her income, financial property, real property, and debts.
- If you are thinking about leaving your relationship, find out what it would cost you to live on your own, and consider setting aside your own money, even if it's just a few dollars. Keep it safe.
- Identify community organizations in your neighborhood that can offer free services, such as childcare, food, and unemployment help, and know how and where to reach them.
- If you use the internet to explore domestic violence issues or for information about regaining financial independence, make sure your abuser cannot trace your activities. Be cautious about giving out personal information over the web and think about having mail or emails sent to a friend or to your workplace.
- Get informed about the different ways to store and manage your money in an individual savings or checking account. A bank account is an excellent tool to accumulate savings in the event that you must suddenly support yourself with little or no income.
- Always have at least $20 in cash with you at all times in case of emergencies, but keep large amounts in a "secure" savings account that only you have access to.
- Take a financial inventory.
- Obtain a copy of your credit report from any of the three major credit bureaus, review the information, and report any fraud, disputed claims, or identity theft. You can obtain a copy of your credit report online or over the phone by contacting credit bureaus: Equifax (1-800-685-1111), Experian (1-888-397-3742), and TransUnion (1-800-888-4213).
- Keep copies of car and house keys in your wallet, along with emergency phone numbers.
- Visit the library to find resources on money management and domestic violence.
To learn more about how to develop a general safety plan, please contact the National Domestic Violence Hotline (1-800-799-SAFE); visit MALDEF's Domestic Violence Prevention page on our website; and call MALDEF's bilingual Info Line at 1-866-NO-ABUSO (1-866-662-2876).


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This traditional "rooster" hat is believed to have protective powers, and was worn by a child during Hmong New Year celebrations. The Hmong people use several different appliqué techniques including the fold-and-tuck method seen here. The different colours of cloth create a rainbow effect, which the Hmong believe scares away snakes and other creatures.
Asia: South East Asia, Thailand
Asia: South East Asia, Thailand, Northern Thailand, Chiang Mai Province
it repersetns a Rooster
This is a tea caddy. A cloth cover to keep the teapot warm.
I think the image respresents a building. This building could be a home or a place of worship. ...

subset: commoncrawl


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Hipshot Style B Bass bridges are available in a wide variety of string spacing; in your choice of aluminum or brass. Type B saddles feature solid brass barrel saddles, quick release string loading and a variety of contours and shapes. All Hipshot bridges are CNC machined from solid aluminum or brass billet. Precision side-to-side saddle fit provides maximum support for superb tone and rattle free performance.
Retrofits your Fender Deluxe and other through body 5 string Fender bass. Mounts using the four mounting holes.


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Iranian Filmmaker Banned From Filmmaking... Makes Documentary Via His iPhone About His Plight
from the necessity-is-the-mother... dept
Either way, there's something of a statement being made here about the power of smartphone cameras these days. It really was just a few years ago that the idea of mixing cameras with phones was widely panned as a dumb idea. And now they're helping internationally renowned filmmakers who are being censored and persecuted to keep making their art. It also says something about the need for some creators to keep making their art, no matter what the challenges to doing so. That's really amazing.
Also, it starts to lead you down the path to rethinking questions about censorship and free speech limitations. Obviously, banning someone from making a film is a form of censorship and an infringement on free speech rights. And, of course, Iran does not have a particularly good reputation on free speech issues. But technology changes things. When "making a film" is as easy as clicking a button on the phone you carry at all times, it changes the equation. "Making a film" is no longer "making a film." It's just something you and anyone else can do at any time. When that happens, the very concept of banning someone from making a film... just seems silly.


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Derived from the words "Catalyst" which is a router made by Cisco and "Cack" which is similar to a lingball. "Cackalyst" is a derogative name for the router.
"I'm sick of this stupid cackalyst" "Do you have a console cable for a cackalyst" "Stupid overpriced Cackalyst"
by BUGI March 16, 2005
buy the domain for your recipe site


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— Pilot Jeff Capek reaches to his right and begins to turn the wheel at his hip that controls the angle and elevation of Snoopy One, the MetLife blimp that floats tranquilly over so many major sporting events.
The blimp — airship, actually — is about to nosedive to a 20-degree angle, which seems rather insignificant.
"There's a slight delay," Capek says, still spinning the wheel about 1,200 feet above the TPC River Highlands in Cromwell.
And then Snoopy One, this massive nylon chamber made weightless with 69,000 cubic feet of helium, quickly tips forward, darting, it seems, toward the ground.
"Only 20 degrees," Capek says, "but you'd swear you're looking straight down."
Indeed. Quad muscles are key here, unless you want to slide forward in your seat with your face pressed to the windshield like the cellphones that rest on the dash. Snoopy One, 132 feet long and 45 feet high, is more agile than you might think. The view from the gondola — not even the size of a small car — is breathtaking on a clear day such as Friday, and the ride can be, believe it or not, a little like a roller coaster.
Snoopy One, based on the East Coast, and sister ship Snoopy Two, based on the West, cover the continental U.S. and hover over PGA Tour events, NFL games, Triple Crown races and more. Snoopy, the "Peanuts" character and the MetLife logo, adorns the side, and 350 pounds of camera equipment are mounted to the bottom for live telecasts. At Capek's control, the ship bobs, weaves, dips, climbs and spins in an effort to capture a tournament's most captivating moments from high above.
Friday morning, Snoopy One was tied to a mast in the middle of a field at Hartford's Brainard Airport. A crew of 13, including Capek and crew chief Cory Yglesias, work to get it off the ground, adding and subtracting 25-pound sandbags to make sure the weight and balance are correct, pulling on ropes to properly position it for takeoff.
Capek soon says into the headset microphone, "Brainard tower, good morning, our ship is Snoopy One." The ship is quickly skyward, two propellers making for easy acceleration. It sounds like a lawnmower. After dipping a couple hundred feet to avoid an oncoming helicopter, Snoopy One is traveling about 40 mph, heading south along the Connecticut River like a bulky truck would trudge along the right lane of I-91.
There is a clear view of the Hartford and New Haven skylines, Rentschler Field in East Hartford, the UConn Health Center in Farmington. And then the TPC, its 18 holes, the galleries, the jam-packed parking lots, the signature Travelers umbrella in the middle of the lake near the finishing holes. Snoopy One runs on gasoline, and Friday's 50-minute trip burned only about four gallons.
For the crew, moving from event to event is the big project. For instance, Snoopy One arrived this week after a four-day flight from Memphis. Capek, maybe joined by a colleague or two, will fly the blimp; the rest make their way via trucks. They must be ready to change course if weather forces the blimp, which becomes unsafe in winds over 20 mph, to do the same.
This is a lifestyle as much as a job. Like most of the crew, Capek (Jacksonville) and Yglesias (Lakeland) are based in Florida, where the blimp spends winters. Another no-no for blimps: snow. Too much accumulates and could collapse the ship. Forget Super Bowl XLVIII, to be held at Giants Stadium in 2014.
"No chance, no way, that there's a blimp there for that," Yglesias said.
Capek, 37, has been piloting Snoopy One for 10 years. A Pittsburgh native, he attended aeronautical school in Daytona Beach, Fla. A few years later, a friend hooked him up with someone on a blimp crew. He's rarely home during the spring and summer, plodding around the country, positioning the blimp in just the right spot as, say, Tiger Woods lines up for a critical putt.
Amid the silence of golfing galleries, the drone of the blimp propellers can be heard on the course and on television, which is why Capek often slows to about half speed. During the epic playoff round of the 2008 U.S. Open, Woods backed away from a putt as the blimp entered his field of vision.
Then again, Capek said, golfers have been known to study the ship in an effort to gauge wind.
"They throw grass, look at trees, and if that doesn't help, they look at the blimp," Capek said.
Capek has seen the nation from above a dozen times over. Snoopy One is part of a group of about 15 ships worldwide owned by The Lightship Group, based in Orlando and Telford, England. The group leases its airships to companies looking to advertise, such as MetLife.
With fewer than about 25 in the world, blimps inspire a good deal of curiosity. When Capek lands, usually at small airfields like Brainard, cars will often stop.
Beyond anything, though, ships like Snoopy One have basic functions — to advertise and televise.
"Really," Capek said, "I'm a camera platform."
At events, Capek is joined by a camera operator, with whom he must be in constant communication in order to be at the right angle, or over the right hole, or over the right group of players. The airport tower chatter is virtually nonstop through the headset. Producers in the television truck are constantly in his ear, too.
"It never stops," he said. "So you're listening to three people. Then there will be a rare minute of silence and, inevitably, they all start talking again at once. I have selective listening skills. I don't hear anything until key words like 'blimp,' or 'Snoopy.' "
Capek goes weeks without seeing his longtime girlfriend. Yglesias, like many crew members, is single.
"Not a job for a married person," said Yglesias, who grew up in New York and New Jersey. "This crew basically stays together and doesn't split up. ... It's like a traveling circus, 52 weeks a year on the road. It gets in your blood. I didn't think I'd be here [after 12 years], but here I am."


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No one should be surprised by Jordan Crawford's success this season filling in at point guard for a teammate sidelined by a knee injury. Crawford did the same thing last year with Washington.
With John Wall recovering from a knee injury to start last season, Crawford began the season on the bench, then averaged 18.3 points and 6.5 assists while starting eight consecutive games at the point from Dec. 11-22. In one of those starts, he compiled a triple-double of 27 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists. Crawford, however, was then stripped of his starting job by coach Randy Wittman for violating a team rule, reportedly being late for a shoot-around. Crawford fell into Wittman's doghouse, and his playing time fell off dramatically after Wall returned to the lineup on Jan. 12. Crawford racked up DNP-CDs in his last four games with the Wizards before they dealt him to Boston last Feb. 21 for Leandro Barbosa and Jason Collins.
Crawford had his moments with the Celtics last season, averaging 9.1 points a game off the bench, but in the playoffs, he averaged only 3.6 points and shot just 30.5 percent as the Boston lost to the Knicks in five games in the opening round. Crawford's return to Boston this season was not a sure thing, but he remained a Celtic after all the moves Danny Ainge made last summer.
Just as last season with Washington, Crawford began this year on the bench even though the starting point guard, this time Rajon Rondo, was recovering from a knee injury. But after an 0-4 start with Avery Bradley at the point, Celtics coach Brad Stevens switched Bradley to shooting guard and inserted Crawford at the point. The Celtics have gone 9-8 since, and Crawford has averaged 14.4 points and 5.9 assists during that span. In one of those starts, he had another triple-double with 11 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists. For the season, Crawford is averaging 5.3 assists and shooting 44.8 percent, including 38.6 percent from threeland, all career highs, as well as 13.5 points.
"I think he's just given me more of a chance," Crawford said of Stevens, "and I appreciate him for that. I just want to repay him and play hard every day and do what I can for the team."
In his last two games, the 6-foot-4 Detroit native had 22 points and eight assists against Denver after scoring a season-high 25 points, including 15 in the fourth quarter, against Milwaukee. He likes it in Boston much better than in Washington.
"I don't have to look over my shoulder," he said. "That's one thing. I think they believe in me, and I don't have to worry about anybody saying this or saying that. That's a little more comfortable."
Crawford is more of a shooter than Rondo — then again, anyone would be — but he is a solid passer as well. He has surpassed Stevens' expectations.
"I think he's been pretty good at it, for the most part," Stevens said. "Throwing him into a fairly new role, and he's had his moments where he's been really good, and then he's had his moments where he can be better, but he knows that, but overall as far as what your expectations are of a guy and how he's performed, I'd say Jordan Crawford is on a good trend in that regard."
It will be interesting to see how Crawford reacts to losing his starting job when Rondo returns. Will he pout or will he provide a spark off the bench? Then again, if Crawford continues to play well, he could convince Stevens to start him at shooting guard and bring Bradley off the bench. Until then, the Celtics are happy with what Crawford has given them.
"He's been very big," Jeff Green said, "making shots, putting players in position to score the ball. That's why he's our point guard. He's capable of making plays. He's a playmaker, and he can put points on the board. I've been watching him do it his whole career."
Crawford hasn't stayed in the same place for long during his basketball career. He played one year at Indiana University, then one for Xavier before the Nets drafted him with the 27th pick in 2010. The Nets immediately dealt him to Atlanta, who traded him to Washington the following February. A year later, the Wizards sent him to Boston.
When Bradley averaged only three assists in his four starts at the point this season, he proved again that the position is not for him. By moving to shooting guard, Bradley can concentrate on cutting baseline, shooting jumpers and playing tough defense.
"When we made that move and put Jordan at the point guard," Jared Sullinger said, "it seems like Avery's game has been taken to another level offensively, and he still doing what he does defensively, so it takes a lot of pressure off him."
Since moving to shooting guard, Bradley has averaged 13.6 points and shot 46.5 percent, including 37.2 percent from threeland.
Top pick is struggling
Cleveland Cavaliers coach Mike Brown said he hasn't been able to find much time so far to play Anthony Bennett, the No. 1 overall pick in the NBA Draft last June.
"He's a young guy trying to find his way," Brown told this reporter while in Boston recently. "This league is a tough league for anybody, and he just needs to continue to get time off the court working on his game, and he'll get some time on the court. Right now, I haven't been able to quite find it."
That just goes to show how poorly Bennett has played — he can't get on the court for a team that got off to a 6-13 start and desperately needs production from someone.
Entering Saturday, the 6-foot-9, 260-pound Bennett was averaging only 2.2 points and 2.3 rebounds. He missed the first 16 shots of his NBA career and is shooting only 22.8 percent, including 19 percent from threeland. He has also shot poorly from the foul line, just 37.5 percent. He has nearly as many turnovers (10) as baskets (13).
The 20-year-old Toronto native averaged 16.1 points and 8.1 rebounds in his only season at UNLV last year.
It's still early in the season, and Bennett could improve when he gets in better shape, after undergoing shoulder surgery last summer and reporting to training camp overweight. Against the Celtics, however, he looked slow and lost Friday night in a loss to Atlanta, when he played nine minutes and didn't have any points, rebounds or assists.
"His shoulder is fine right now," Brown said, "but it impacted him from the standpoint that he's one rookie that didn't get to play in the summer leagues. Different camps and working out gives you an idea of how hard the NBA is and what you need to work on. He couldn't have any contact until training camp."
Bennett has also been diagnosed with asthma and sleep apnea.
Brown said in practice Bennett has shown flashes of what he can do.
"He's just needs to be on the court," Brown said, "and play through a lot of things. He's a guy who can put the ball on the floor. He's a guy who can shoot 3s, he can shoot the pull-up jump shot, he can post up, he can rebound, he can run, he can handle the ball. In time, people will see that he can do all those things."
At least that's what the Cavs hope will happen. So far, he's on a pace to finish with the lowest scoring average by a No. 1 overall pick in NBA Draft history. Charlie Share, drafted No. 1 overall by the Celtics in the first NBA Draft in 1950, owns that distinction now. Share never played for the Celtics, but he averaged 3.7 points as a rookie for Fort Wayne. LaRue Martin, taken first in 1972 by Portland, averaged 4.4 points as a rookie, and Kwame Brown, taken No. 1 by Washington in 2001, averaged 4.5.
"It's tough because there are a lot of expectations," Brown said. "Not only the people on the outside, but you got to take those expectations from his family, from his friends. He himself probably feels it, and when you're a young guy and you don't understand what those expectations really mean, it can be tough, and it can mess with guys from time to time. It's a balancing act that only time helps heal."
Contact Bill Doyleat firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Many of us have known for years, the benefit of using green tea for our health. We have read time after time how good it can be for our skin and it really can help health, green tea can aid skin as well. So, if you want to be certain you are doing all you can for your skin, you may want to consider getting a product that offers green tea in it.
Green tea is a powerful antioxidant that can really help your skin as well as your health. Antioxidants work to heal the body and repair cells so it also works great for the skin as well. Skin care is all about repair and renewal to help the skin look as young as possible and as healthy as possible at the same time.
A lot of research has been done and it consistently shows that tea, including black, green, and white tea, has many health benefits. The antioxidants is this tea is what really can make a huge difference in the appearance of the skin.
The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology (December 31, 2001) stated that the polyphenols "are the active ingredients in green tea and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. "Tea has received a great deal of attention because tea polyphenols are strong antioxidants, and tea preparations have inhibitory activity against tumorigenesis. The bioavailability and biotransformation of tea polyphenols, however, are key factors limiting these activities in vivo [in humans]. Epidemiological studies … have not yielded clear conclusions concerning the protective effects of tea consumption against cancer formation in humans."
It is agreed that (black, green, or white) has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Current research also indicates that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an extract of tea, can prevent collagen breakdown and reduce UV damage to skin. This has been proven by many studies and really is good news.
Green tea is a key ingredient in many of ZENMED skin care products. It is great to help soothe and calm the skin as well as used in certain ZENMED moisturizers. This is a great skin care ingredient which you can consistently find in ZENMED products. So, if you want to have great looking skin, you may want to consider using green tea as well as look for products that list it as a key ingredient.


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My Room: Charlie
Cate wasn't sure where her family would be living when the nesting instinct hit hard but as soon as they settled somewhere she got straight to work. Cate shares: A little background: when I was pregnant last year, my husband and I were living in Manhattan trying to figure out what we were going to do with our lives. One of the things that I longed to do, as each month came and went, was decorate my future baby's nursery. I would have been happy with a closet, I didn't care. I just wanted some room.
To make a long story short, we moved to Charlottesville into a house that had a perfect space for a nursery. Originally intended to be a library or study, the room was painted yellow and maroon when we first arrived. So, obviously, our first step was to paint. We chose gender neutral colors because we didn't know if I was having a boy or a girl; the walls are painted in Sea Spray ( 7613M Duron) and the molding/shelves are done in a white white. The shades and bumper we had made, the fabric I believe is a Summer Hill aqua ticking.
The philosophy in decorating was just to go baby. Most of the things we've used were actually in my nursery that my mom lovingly saved and gave to me to use. This includes the Beatrix Potter figures and some of the vintage toys. The silver baby cup collection includes several different family member's including my grandmother's and my husband's. And all the cute old-fashioned Feltman Brothers outfits were gifts from my mother-in-law. Baby clothes and shoes are so cute. Why hide them away in a closet when you can have them on display?
Thanks Cate! Readers, see more of Charlie's beautiful room (and beautiful smile) on The Charlotte.


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Kerber, Kirilenko survive in Monterrey
Monterrey, MX – Top-seeded Angelique Kerber and third-seeded Maria Kirilenko each earned three-set victories in their second-round matches Thursday at the $235,000 Monterrey Open.
Kerber outlasted Alla Kudryavtseva of Russia, 6-4, 4-6, 6-2, as the German earned four breaks of serve in the third and deciding set.
Kirilenko was taken the distance by Serb Jovana Jaksic before the Russian pulled out a 6-0, 4-6, 6-1 victory on the hardcourts at Sierra Madre Tennis Club.
Lauren Davis upended fellow American Coco Vandeweghe in Thursday's other second-round match. Vandeweghe ousted second-seeded Marion Bartoli in the first round and saved four match points Thursday before falling, 6-4, 7-6 (10-8), in just under two hours.
This week's Monterrey champ will collect $40,000.


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Lewis solves Yankees as Rangers earn series victory
ARLINGTON -- There was a sellout crowd in Arlington on Wednesday night with the Yankees in town, former President Bush on hand and Colby Lewis on the mound for the Rangers.
The last time the planets lined up like that was in 2010, when Lewis won Game 6 of the American League Championship Series over the Yankees and sent the Rangers to their first World Series.View Full Game Coverage
ARLINGTON -- There was a sellout crowd in Arlington on Wednesday night with the Yankees in town, former President Bush on hand and Colby Lewis on the mound for the Rangers.
The last time the planets lined up like that was in 2010, when Lewis won Game 6 of the American League Championship Series over the Yankees and sent the Rangers to their first World Series.View Full Game Coverage
This sellout might have had something more to do with Derek Jeter making his last appearance in Arlington, but on a night when the Rangers paid tribute to Jeter and his great career, Lewis conjured up some memories of his own with a terrific seven-inning performance that snapped his own three-game losing streak.
"Warming up, I looked around at the packed house, it reminded me of 2010," Lewis said, "It was nice to see all the fans. It was good for baseball. It was a good all-around night."
Lewis held the Yankees to two runs over seven innings, and the Rangers held on for a 3-2 victory in the finale of a three-game series. Neftali Feliz picked up the save, just as he did four years ago in Game 6, and the Rangers took two of three from the Yankees.
"It felt great," Feliz said after earning his third save. "Colby threw a nice game. It felt exciting to come into a 3-2 game, keep the Yankees down and get the job done."
It's the first time the Rangers have taken two of three from any team since doing so against the Twins on June 27-29.
"It's a real positive," said outfielder Jim Adduci, who made two outstanding catches in left. "We have been working hard and playing hard. Obviously, this was a great night."
Lewis, pitching like he did before his 2012 elbow surgery and 2013 hip replacement, allowed four hits and two walks while striking out four in his first regular-season win vs. New York. He retired the last 13 batters he faced before exiting after seven having thrown 106 pitches in his duel against Yankees starter Hiroki Kuroda.
"He kept the ball down, changed speeds, moved it around and made adjustments as he went along," manager Ron Washington said. "His mind is working again along with his body."
With Lewis on his game, Jeter spent his last game in Arlington going 0-for-4. That included a grounder back to the mound in the first that Lewis grabbed behind his back to get the out at first.
"He mixes it up," Jeter said. "Colby knows how to pitch. He spots his fastball, he throws his breaking ball and he keeps you off-balance. He was able to do that tonight. He knows what he's doing out there."
Lewis, who missed 1 1/2 years because of his physical ailments, is 1-2 but with a 3.44 ERA in three starts since the All-Star break, while opponents are hitting .235 off him. He had a 6.54 ERA before the All-Star break with opponents hitting .353 off him.
Lewis keeps saying that he has been feeling stronger as the season has progressed, and that is proving to be accurate. The hip no longer impacts his delivery, his elbow no longer bothers him, and his mechanics are smooth again. The results are starting to show, and that could be huge for a club with an uncertain rotation beyond this season.
"I feel great, I feel back to 2010, 2011," Lewis said. "I don't have any pain, That's key. It's not a distraction. I think I've gotten stronger as the weeks have rolled along. It was a definite adjustment to the hip. I didn't think it would be an adjustment, but it turned out that way."
Like other Rangers pitchers, Lewis did have trouble with Brett Gardner in the top of the first. After fouling off a pair of two-strike pitches, Gardner hit one deep into the right-field seats for his fourth home run in three games, his second leadoff homer of the series.
But the Rangers struck for three runs in the bottom of the first against Kuroda. Shin-Soo Choo led off with a single to center and scored on Elvis Andrus' double into the left-field corner. Andrus went to third on Alex Rios' grounder and scored on a single by Adrian Beltre. Leonys Martin made it 3-1 with a single.
Jacoby Ellsbury hit his ninth home run off the season with one out in the third to make it a one-run game. Lewis also allowed a two-out single to Carlos Beltran in the inning, but that was the last baserunner he allowed. With Neal Cotts and Feliz setting down the side in order in the eighth and ninth, the Rangers' three pitchers combined to retire the last 19 batters they faced.
"It worked out perfectly," Washington said. "It doesn't always work out that way, but tonight it did."
Just like in 2010.
T.R. Sullivan is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, Postcards from Elysian Fields, and follow him on Twitter @Sullivan_Ranger.


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It may be a surprising crowd for New Jersey's MetLife Stadium: 100,000 Jews, mostly men in dark jackets and hats – but it's no surprise that the 12th Siyum HaShas on Aug. 1 will draw a huge crowd, says Rabbi David Appelrouth of the Forest Hill Jewish Centre in Toronto.
"It's going to be a very powerful experience."
Toronto participants will gather simultaneously in the Sony Centre, joining many cities worldwide.
Celebrating the 12th completion of a daily cycle of Talmud study known as Daf Yomi ("a page a day"), the event marks the largest celebration of Jewish learning in over 2,000 years, according to MySiyum.com. It is organized by several Jewish outreach organizations.
The term shas is an acronym for the shisha sidrei (six orders) of Mishnah comprising the oral Torah, given at Mount Sinai along with the written Torah, Rabbi Appelrouth said.
After the Mishnah was written down, it was compiled with commentary into the Talmud, whose 63 tractates have been "the mainstay of Jewish academia for the last 2,000 years," local organizer Mark Mandelbaum said.
A siyum is a traditional celebration for completing any significant Jewish text.
It was inaugurated in 1923 by Rabbi Meir Shapiro, a Polish rabbi who desired unity among Jews and saw that certain tractates were being neglected. With over 2,700 pages, the cycle takes about 7-1/2 years.
"Tens of thousands of Jews around the globe study the daf on a daily basis," said Mandelbaum, who's proudly among them. "It's an enormous accomplishment… a big, big cause for celebration."
Since Rabbi Shapiro's time, groups and chavrutas (partners) have carried on, even through the Holocaust. While the first two siyums, in 1931 and 1938, attracted tens of thousands of European Jews, the third was marked only by scattered relics in Israel and Germany. Now, it's grown beyond anything they could have imagined.
"It's great to be in shul when it's packed on Rosh Hashanah – imagine a stadium that's packed," Rabbi Appelrouth said. He is taking his nine-year-old son to the MetLife gathering.
Toronto organizers are confident they'll fill the 3,200-seat Sony Centre. At the event, the last few words of the final tractate will be recited, Rabbi Appelrouth said. "There's an elaborate ceremony, followed by a lengthy Kaddish."
Then there's singing and dancing, followed by distinguished speakers. About half of the program will be broadcast live from MetLife, including Rabbi Yissocher Frand of Baltimore and Rabbi Yaakov Perlow, known as the Novominsker Rebbe and head of Agudath Israel, a coalition of haredi organizations.
Though Mandelbaum doesn't know of any women participating in Daf Yomi, they're welcome to attend. "Absolutely! This is a celebration of the Jewish community, [including] wives and spouses of people who study… Without their support, it wouldn't happen." Women will be seated in a separate section.
One woman, who is not attending, is "very proud" of her husband's accomplishment. "[Men] bring their Gemarah [Talmud] when they go away for yom tov. They learn even when a new baby is born. Obviously, this is all with the support of the wife. Throughout the cycle, my husband has shared with me things he has learned that he knew would interest me."
But, New York's Dov Weinstock said, "We have a number of women who participate on a daily basis" in his modern Orthodox Daf Yomi class. He's part of a group behind an alternative Aug. 6 Siyum HaShas study evening in New York (www.siyumhashas12.com) welcoming "all those with an interest in Talmud study… men, women and children.
"Our siyum reflects a more diverse and inclusive approach to Torah study."
With co-sponsors including Toronto's Torah in Motion, four of 14 teachers will be women. Another will be Toronto's Rabbi Martin Lockshin, who is also a CJN columnist.
Weinstock stresses that the two events are not mutually exclusive – many will attend both. His group aims to highlight the diversity within the Orthodox world. Like the Torah, the Talmud belongs to all Jews, and as Rabbi Appelrouth said, studying it has "been the main staple of Jewish living – it has sustained the Jewish People for thousands of years."
For more information or tickets to the Toronto event, call 1-855-SIYUM-12 or email [email protected]


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Home > News & Events > Wayland Press Release Archives > 2007 News Releases > March 2007 > Changes in admission requirements make graduate work more accessible
Changes in admission requirements make graduate work more accessible
PLAINVIEW – Changes in admission requirements at Wayland Baptist University should make graduate education more accessible to students in the future. Approval by the Board of Trustees on March 22 made the changes official.
According to Amanda Stanton, coordinator of graduate records for WBU, admissions for graduate students will no longer require entrance exams such as the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) and the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT). Instead, admissions will be based on undergraduate coursework grades.
"We did an extensive study on procedures in graduate admissions from many other schools and decided that it wasn't feasible anymore to have the GRE and GMAT as requirements," Stanton said. "For some of our campuses and students, there was increased difficulty in getting to the testing sites, so it made it harder for them to fulfill that requirement."
New requirements for admission are on a sliding scale based on the cumulative grade point average for the final 60 graded hours of a student's undergraduate work at an accredited university or college. If a student earned a 3.0 or better on those hours, admission to the graduate program at Wayland is automatic. If their GPA falls between 2.7 and 2.999, the student will be required to submit a writing sample that is similar to the written portion of the GRE and must score at least a four (4) to be admitted.
If a student's grade point average is between 2.5 and 2.699, they will also have to complete the writing sample and may be required to complete an interview for admissions. They may also be admitted on a probationary basis.
Graduate admission requires an application for admissions and a $50 non-refundable application fee, which is not applicable for current or former WBU students. Applicants must also submit official transcripts from all institutions attended for the undergraduate degree.
Stanton said the change in policy was precipitated in part by the new online master's degrees being offered in public administration, Christian ministry and human resource management. By being offered 100 percent online, the degrees are available now to students from areas without a WBU campus nearby – sometimes in remote areas with no university or exam testing site. That made it difficult for them to complete the admissions requirements.
Registration for the Virtual Campus – which oversees enrollment into courses for those online degrees – was held in February and the next term will begin in May. The changes are in place to make enrolling for the programs and the classes as seamless a transition as possible.
Stanton also noted the new policy will affect students who may be enrolled conditionally to the graduate programs, meaning they can complete one term before taking the previously required exams. Those students may complete a form for a change of catalog to the 2007-08 regulations and be "grandfathered" into the new policy, removing the need for the exams. They would still need to follow the policy based on their undergraduate GPA.
Stanton said she expects enrollment in the online degree programs to nearly double with the new regulations. Given the trend in online education, that growth should continue well into the future.
The Master of Public Administration degree is aimed at those seeking careers or advancement in justice administration or government administration, and two tracks are offered depending on the student's focus. The Master of Christian Ministry degree offers practical Biblical study for those entering or currently in ministry. The Master of Arts in Management degree – offered online only in the human resource management specialization – in designed in a cohort format through the Plainview campus, with a focus on building skills and knowledge for human resources in the current business environment.
For more information on graduate admissions, contact Stanton at (806) 291-3414.


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Source: Life Ursus Reintroduction Project
Brown Bear
Today, with the help of restocking and reintroduction programmes, the bear is slowly returning to former Alpine territory. But its return is not without opposition and many challenges will need to be overcome before a viable Alpine bear population can establish itself.
For instance, bears that are leaving the core areas to settle in new Alpine regions are mostly males. Without a female presence in these areas, the expansion of the core Alpine bear population will not be possible. Even more troubling is the recent extinction of bears in the Northern Limestone Alps (Austria) which demonstrates how fragile small and isolated populations can be.
What we doOf all the challenges facing the return of the bear to the Alps, low acceptance remains one of the largest. WWF is working to reduce human-bear conflict by preparing both Alpine communities and tourists for the return of the bear through education and effective bear management.
Distribution in the Alps
Bringing Back Bears
Source: Life Ursus Reintroduction Project
Further information
- Brown bear conservation in the Swiss Alps (French/German/Italian)
- Brown bear conservation in the Italian Alps (Italian)
- Brown bear conservation in the Austrian Alps (German)
- MALME (Metapopulation Approach for large Mammals in Europe) - information on the brown bear in Europe
- KORA report on brown bears in Europe and Switzerland (German)


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One night in August, 1994, a man sitting alone in a New Haven coffee bar stood up, pulled a knife and stabbed seven people.
One of them was a journalist, Bruce Shapiro. He was badly wounded, but he lived. By some miracle, everybody did. A few months later, Shapiro was watching television news and saw himself, as he would later write, "writhing on an ambulance gurney, bright green shirt open and drenched with blood, skin pale, knee raised, trying desperately and with utter futility to find relief from pain."
It was a news report about a legislative initiative he didn't even agree with. They needed, as he told me this week, "B-roll." They used him.
"B-roll" is supplementary footage. It's the old, inert, archival clip you drop into the fresher, more vivid report.
The idea stays with me, because that's what we all do. We're little TV stations constantly converting raw experience into B-roll. You have to. You'd go crazy if your wedding day, your father's funeral, the birth of your daughter, the death of your dog, your best kiss and worst Little League strikeout were all as crisp and new in your mind as they were the day they happened. You'd feel the way you did last week, as if the wrong song spilling out of a speaker could tip you into an hour of crying.
From that perspective, healing almost seems like an act of betrayal. Columbine. 9/11. These dropped down on us with poisonous sorrow and bright stinging pain in their day, but now they're leaden and pickled. We bring them out to make a point about something else. B-roll.
I'm asking. How do you water a moment like this one? How do you keep it green and rich. How do you keep it alive, calling to you like a bird in the nearest tree?
We'll try to fix a few things, right now, while our skin and souls still burn. What choice do we have? That's what the president said last Sunday night. What choice do we have? There aren't many moments like this, when we really understand how thin the ice is, when we understand that life is not on the verge of breaking but is badly snapped and cracked in very important places.
Most of the time, we have a choice. We could read a book about the child soldiers in Africa or we could watch something cool on cable.
For just a little while, we have no choice. Children and teachers were massacred just a few miles from where you're sitting. We have to do something.
So what comes next? Some gun control laws? Maybe some new attention to mental illness. Something in the schools. I'm all in favor. I really am. I'm all in favor of doing something before we go back to sleep.
One of Ezra Pound's poems ends "So that:"
Those are the final words. It's a long meditation on love and death, and it ends "So that:"
So that what?
So that we'll start it up all over again. We'll love. We'll get lost. We'll wander off course. We'll see death. We'll grieve. One day, we'll be the ones dying.
We pray that there's something more than that. Who would want to live inside such a crazy clock with such merciless works?
If there's an elixir, some potion we can drink, it's almost certainly love. Right? Love is the only possible bright sparkling rope bridge we can clutch as we stutter-step through the dark universe.
What a joke. Our only good piece of equipment is love, the thing we fail at so often. We've been talking all week about weapons, but our only sure-fire weapon against chaos and nothingness is love.
Do you keep it oiled and cleaned? Is it right close at hand, so you can grab it and brandish it? Are you packing it right now?
This is all going to turn into B-roll. With each passing day, the filing clerks of our hearts and minds will cart it a little further back, to a dimmer and dustier shelf. But it happened, so that:
I don't know. I don't know what comes next.
But I am reminded to love.
Colin McEnroe appears from 1 to 2 p.m. weekdays on WNPR-FM (90.5) and blogs at http://courantblogs.com/colin-mcenroe/. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The Federal Trade Commission is cracking down on text message spam, announcing Thursday it has filed eight complaints against 29 defendants in courts around the U.S.
The agency said the defendants bombarded consumers with more than 180 million text messages that often promised "free" $1,000 gift cards to popular retailers but then required consumers to pay for a subscription to a service, apply for credit or enter sensitive personal information before they could get their gift card.
Many of the consumers who received the spam also had to pay for receiving the unwanted messages.
"The FTC is committed to rooting out this deception and stopping it," the FTC said in a statement. "For consumers who find spam texts on their phones, delete them, immediately. The offers are, in a word, garbage."
Photos: The evolution of the Facebook News Feed
The FTC said it is going after those who sent the spam as well as the operator of the deceptive websites. The agency said the operator, SubscriberBASE Holdings Inc., violated the FTC Act by not telling consumers about all the conditions attached to obtaining their "free" gift card.


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You know, we continue to find it amazing, in this day of MLB Extra Innings and MLB.tv, that any television announcer would speak freely during the commercial break. Dude: There's a microphone on you. Someone's going to hear.
Anyway, WBRS Sports Blog has fun footage from yesterday's Tampa Bay-New York game, as our heroes babble on about stadium music, The Voice Of The Yankees and, of course, hot chicks in the stands. Well done, gentlemen.
Tampa Bay Broadcasters Caught! [WBRS Sports Blog]


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- AltCar Auto Show
- Beijing Auto Show
- CES Auto Show
- Chicago Auto Show
- DC Auto Show
- Detroit Auto Show
- Frankfurt Auto Show
- Geneva Auto Show
- LA Auto Show
- NAIAS Auto Show
- New York Auto Show
- Paris Auto Show
- Philadelphia Auto Show
- SEMA Auto Show
- San Diego Auto Show
- Shanghai Auto Show
- St. Louis Auto Show
- Tokyo Auto Show
Auto Show: 2013 Chicago Auto Show
2014 Toyota Tundra: Chicago Auto Show
- Bold new exterior look
- Dramatically improved interior
- New 1794 trim level
For 2014, the Toyota Tundra gets a fairly significant makeover. It's doesn't look dramatically different, but the body is a little more sculpted with more hard creases and the front end looks more aggressive. There will now be 5 different trim levels of Tundra, the base model is the SR and it's essentially a work truck. Still, it comes with desirable features like Bluetooth and a rear parking camera. The SR5 is the one most people will buy and it gets nicer interior surfaces. Both the SR and SR5 come with 18-inch steel wheels. The Limited gets leather seating, soft-touch stitched door and console surfaces, and wood-style interior trim. Platinum versions get nicer leather, heated and cooled front seats, a JBL 12-speaker stereo with Toyota's Entune system, navigation and a blind spot monitoring system. There's now a new trim level above the Platinum, it's called the 1794 Ranch edition and features saddle brown seats, soft-touch materials on the dash and doors plus the same comfort and convenience features found in the Tundra Platinum. Both the Platinum and 1794 versions get LED running lights up front.
While the Tundra's exterior looks similar to the previous model's, the most noticeable changes are inside. One big improvement is that the gauges are now easier to read and just look classier. Both the driver and the right side front passenger also get a knee protecting airbag – a first for a full-size pickup.
The Toyota Tundra continues to offer three engines. A 4.0-liter Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC) V6 is standard on Tundra Regular and Double Cab models. It makes 270 horsepower and 278 lb.-ft. peak torque. It is paired with a five-speed automatic transmission. The available 4.6-liter DOHC i-Force V8 makes 310 horsepower and 327 lb.-ft. of torque. Finally, the 5.7-liter DOHC i-Force V8 produces 381 horsepower and 401 lb.-ft. of torque. Both V8's come standard with a six-speed automatic transmission. All Tundra engines have an aluminum cylinder block, Dual Overhead Cam heads as well as Dual Variable Valve Timing.
What it means to you: There are now 5 new or significantly redesigned full-size pickups. Truck shoppers, you have several really good choices.


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Goresoerd play Tuska the foremost Nordic metal music festival!
The demolition brigade of Goresoerd, having recently released a successful full-length "Tüdruk ja Surm" ("The Maiden and Death") as well as a split-MCD with Tukkanuotta, have yet another reason to be proud: the ghoulish gentlemen will be performing at the most popular Scandinavian metal festival Tuska taking place in the middle of Helsinki city on July 2224! The achievement is also noteworthy for the fact that thus far the only Estonian band to have performed there were Metsatöll in 2006.
Tuska Open Air is a household name for every self-respecting metalhead. The first of the events by that name took place already in 1998, and the festival has grown ever grander and mightier since. In 2010, Tuska was headlined by such acts as Megadeath, W.A.S.P., Nevermore, Cannibal Corpse and Satyricon; the festival, attended by altogether 33 000 people, was sold out. This year the festival will for the first time take place at the Suvilahti cultural centre instead of the traditional location at Kaisaniemi park.
In addition to Goresoerd, the list of Tuskas performers for July 2224, 2011 presently includes At The Gates, Arch Enemy, Exodus, Meshuggah, Killing Joke, Enslaved, Moonsorrow, Witchery, Agnostic Front, Kvelertak, Spiritual Beggars, Grave, Mygrain, Church Of Misery, Misery Index, Jex Thoth, Cavus, Lighthouse Project, Cause For Effect, Gaf, Feastem a. o.
Nevertheless, Goresoerd will be playing in Finland already before that, as three gigs will take place on the Northern shore of the Gulf of Finland together with Tukkanuotta in the beginning of March.
Goresoerd (EST) & Tukkanuotta (FIN) Finnish mini-tour 2011
March 03, 2011: Club Vastavirta, Tampere + Crystalic
March 04, 2011: Lucky Monkeys, Lappeenranta
March 05, 2011: Darkside Club, Helsinki + No One is Safe & Ratface
Additional information:


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University of Montana Dean Testifies Woman Was "Absolute Wreck" After Seeing Jordan Johnson for the First Time After the Night She Alleges He Raped Her
Lori Morin, the assistant dean of student affairs at the School of Pharmacy at the University of Montana, said that the alleged victim came to her about a month after the night she has accused suspended Grizzlies quarterback Jordan Johnson of raping her after seeing him for the first time since that night and was sobbing and hugging on to her.
"She was an absolute wreck," Morin said. "She was terrified."
Morin said this was the second interaction she had had with the woman regarding the alleged sexual assault, which she said took place Feb. 4, 2012 at her home when the two were watching a movie. The woman testified last week in the opening days of the trial that she went to Morin about the sexual assault to ensure that someone in the pharmacy school knew what happened, in case anything else happened. She said she trusted Morin, and saw her as a mother figure.
Morin testified today, Feb. 20, 2013, in Missoula County District Court that the woman initially told her about the alleged incident on Feb. 6, 2012, and then asked to meet with her about a month later after seeing Johnson on campus.
Morin herself broke down crying on the stand as she answered questions about the alleged victim and the situation surround the trial.
When asked by Assistant Attorney General Joel Thompson with the prosecution if the woman was possibly making up that she was fearful, Morin said that wasn't possible.
"No one can just make up what she was feeling," Morin said.
Morin said that following the incident she noticed the alleged victim's demeanor change in class. She was "stoic" and sometimes had tears in her eyes. Although, the woman was able to keep her performance up in class, according to Morin, she said it has been a difficult time for her.
"She's extremely stressed, all of the time," Morin said. "It's been very, very hard on her, and it's been hard on everybody."
Dean Lori Morin
Thompson also asked Morin about the alleged victim's response to former UM football coach Robin Pflugrad and former UM athletic director Jim O'Day being fired. She said the woman was, "very upset."
During cross-examination by the defense's Kirsten Pabst, Morin admitted that students view her as strict, and that her relationship with the alleged victim improved after the incident.
Morin told Pabst that at the end of the conversation she had with the woman the first day she told her of the alleged rape, that she asked her "Who did this to you?" and "What are you going to do?" Morin said the woman eluded to who her alleged attacker was for the first time at this point.
"Whatever I do, the university football team will be without a quarterback," was the woman's response according to Morin's testimony.
Dean Lori Morin with Kirsten Pabst
In her testimony during the prosecution's questioning, Morin said that students come to her when they have problems and that she has a "watch list" that she uses to keep track of those who may be troubled.
Morin answered to both the prosecution and the defense regarding a group of the alleged victim's friends coming to her and asking her to help encourage the woman to file a police report. She said that she told the woman's friends that it was up to her and that she would not help them convince her.
Morin also testified the alleged victim was upset after being contact by a private investigator who was hired by the defense. She told Pabst that she was not aware that the woman exchanged hundreds of texts with the investigator.
She also said that the alleged victim did not tell her about grabbing Johnson's crotch, and at first also didn't tell her about taking off his shirt.
Morin said that of the 1,200 students in the pharmacy school, about a half a dozen of them had stayed at her house, including the alleged victim in this case. She said she considers her house a safe house for students dealing with traumatic situations.
Earlier today
Earlier in the day, three of the alleged victim's friends individually took the stand for the prosecution. Kelsie Hanson, Lillian Kendall and Kelsey McCall were all questioned by the prosecution and the defense about the alleged victim's behavior following Feb. 4, 2012.
Each recounted that they notice the woman become more introverted following the night in question. They also said that they were certain that the woman was not making these allegations about Johnson to get attention or for "fun."
Follow the trial via live tweets on our Twitter feed.


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Yu Darvish doesn't want to make a big deal out of his major league debut with the Texas Rangers.
Darvish says he's trying to stay on an even keel and approach Monday night's start against Seattle like any other game.
His first start for the two-time defending American League champions comes nearly three months after the Rangers committed more than $107 million to sign Japan's top pitcher to a five-year contract. That includes his guaranteed $56 million contract.
In a short session with reporters Saturday, Darvish said he's not at 100 percent season form yet, but is prepared to compete on the major league level.
The 25-year-old Darvish was 93-38 with a 1.99 ERA in 167 games the past seven seasons in Japan's Pacific League for the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters.


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Blind Items Revealed
August 23, 2013
A little something different today. I am going to give you the crazy half of a celebrity sex pairing, and you have to come up with the other half. Think things like Madonna and Dennis Rodman or Madonna and Jose Canseco or Madonna, damn she had sex with a lot of strange guys.
#2 - Lindsay Lohan and this A list mostly movie actor who had sex with her before she even turned 18. I think she was 17, but it might have been 16. No one has ever been able to confirm it for sure. Oh, and he is an Academy Award winner/nominee.
James Franco


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Further Java Practical Class
In the previous two weeks you wrote, and then improved, a Java client which connected to a chat server. This week you will lay the groundwork for building your own Java chat server. You will explore concurrency in greater detail and design the core data structure, a first-in-first-out (FIFO) queue. Next week you will use the queue to hold messages between the threads inside your Java chat server.
An on-line version of this guide is available at:
You should check this page regularly for announcements and errata. You might find it useful to refer to the on-line version of this guide in order to follow any provided web links or to cut 'n' paste example code.
Your use of Java threads was somewhat limited in Workbooks 1 and 2. In those Workbooks there was no communication or coordination between threads, nor were there any shared data structures. This week you will explore how to share information between threads safely and how to coordinate thread activities correctly.
A common paradigm used when a program consists of multiple threads is the producer-consumer model. In this model one or more threads produce data, and one or more threads consume data. In its simplest form, there is one producer and one consumer. If the producer and consumer are going to share data, they need a shared data structure, and this is typically a FIFO queue. An interface specification for a simple queue can be defined as follows:
package uk.ac.cam.crsid.fjava.tick3; public interface MessageQueue<T> {//A FIFO queue of items of type T public abstract void put(T msg); //place msg on back of queue public abstract T take(); //block until queue length >0; return head of queue }
Notice that this interface takes a generic parameter
T. You have used interfaces defined in this way before (for example the
java.util.List interface). You can declare variables of type
MessageQueue as you might expect:
MessageQueue<Integer> queue;
A (partial) implementaion of the interface
MessageQueue, called
UnsafeMessageQueue, is shown below; note how the type parameter
T is used in the body of the class. As the name implies,
UnsafeMessageQueue is not thread-safe, in other words, the information stored in the queue may be corrupted if it is accessed concurrently by more than one thread. You'll see this in action later in the workbook. Most of the implementation of
UnsafeMessageQueue should look familiar to you—it's a simple implementation of a linked list. The first two statements at the top of the
take method may look odd however. Here the programmer is attempting to emulate the blocking nature of some Java library APIs (e.g. the
read method of the
Socket object) by using a
while loop to poll the queue at regular intervals. The
while loop calls
Thread.sleep which pauses execution of the current thread for 100 ms. Polling and sleeping is repeated until an item is placed in the queue. The programmer has used sleep to reduce the CPU load of polling to an acceptable level. As you will see, this piece of code is not sensible!
A naive (partial) implementation of
package uk.ac.cam.crsid.fjava.tick3; public class UnsafeMessageQueue<T> implements MessageQueue<T> { private static class Link<L> { L val; Link<L> next; Link(L val) { this.val = val; this.next = null; } } private Link<T> first = null; private Link<T> last = null; public void put(T val) { //TODO: given a new "val", create a new Link<T> // element to contain it and update "first" and // "last" as appropriate } public T take() { while(first == null) //use a loop to block thread until data is available try {Thread.sleep(100);} catch(InterruptedException ie) {} //TODO: retrieve "val" from "first", update "first" to refer // to next element in list (if any). Return "val" } }
Let's take a look at a simple piece of code which uses
package uk.ac.cam.crsid.fjava.tick3; class ProducerConsumer { private MessageQueue<Character> m = new UnsafeMessageQueue<Character>(); private class Producer implements Runnable { char[] cl = "Computer Laboratory".toCharArray(); public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < cl.length; i++) { m.put(cl[i]); try {Thread.sleep(500);} catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } } private class Consumer implements Runnable { public void run() { while (true) { System.out.print(m.take()); System.out.flush(); } } } void execute() { new Thread(new Producer()).start(); new Thread(new Consumer()).start(); } public static void main(String[] args) { new ProducerConsumer().execute(); } }
You probably noticed that
ProducerConsumer does not terminate. This is because the
Consumer thread waits forever for a new item from the
Producer thread, and no new items are forthcoming because the
Producer thread has terminated. Clearly we need some way for these two threads to coordiate better—something we'll come to later in the workbook. It's also worth noting that the
ProducerConsumer object accessed methods of the
UnsafeMessageQueue concurrently, and despite this, the program appeared to behave correctly. This is all too common in multi-threaded programs—code which is not thread-safe works correctly most of the time. In fact you have to work quite hard to demonstrate that the implementation of
UnsafeMessageQueue is not thread-safe.
In the last section you discovered that your queue implementation did not always work correctly—when running
QueueTest messages sometimes go missing! In general terms, the problem arises due to uncontrolled concurrent threads executing the methods
put and
take. This interleaving results in the linked-list data structure being modified in incorrect ways. This can be avoided by using mutual exclusion to prevent more than one thread from running either
put or
take simultaneously.
A second problem with
UnsafeMessageQueue was the use of the
while statement at the top of the
take method. Here the programmer is attempting to pause the execution of the
take method until at least one item of data is available on the queue. This approach is clumsy, since the thread sitting in the
while loop must wake periodically regardless of whether there is any new data available on the queue, and if new data arrives just after the thread has gone to sleep, then the thread will not awake again until the sleep call has finished. A better way to handle this is to use the wait-notify paradigm. The wait-notify paradigm and the
sychronized paradigm are strongly interconnected in Java. You will first explore
synchronized paradigm first, and then see how this relates to wait-notify.
The statement
synchronized is used to provide mutual exclusion in Java, and thus prevent the concurrent execution of multiple statements by more than one thread. A
synchronized statement is written as follows:
synchronized (object) { //multiple Java statements //... }
Notice that the statement
synchronized takes an argument called
object in the above example. In fact
object can be an instance of any Java object. The Java runtime associates a lock, or mutex, with
object; when a thread enters a
synchronized collection of statements the lock must be acquired, and when the thread leaves the
synchronized block, the lock is released. The execution of any other threads which attempt to run code inside a
synchronized statement while the lock is held by another thread will block until the lock is released and the thread has acquired the lock.
synchronized statement can be used to create a thread-safe version of
UnsafeMessageQueue by wrapping all the statements inside the
put and
take methods inside a
synchronized statement, and making sure that both the synchronized statements lock on the same object. (If the
put and
take methods lock on different objects, then the method bodies will be able to execute concurrently, and you'll have the same problems as before.) One question you might ask is which object should you lock on? In this case a good solution is to use the instance of
UnsafeMessageQueue itself by presenting
this as the name for
object. For example, your implementation of
put and becomes:
public void put(T val) { synchronized(this) { //... your code here } }
It turns out that this is such a common thing to do, that Java provides a convenient alternative notation which is visually less cumbersome. If you want the whole method body to be executed only when holding a lock associated with the instance of an object on which the method is associated, you can prefix the method declaration with the keyword
synchronized.[1] For example, your implementation of
put now becomes:
public synchronized void put(T val) { //... your code here }
In general it is best practice to use thread-safe data structures from the Java library. See, for example, the
java.util.concurrent package. Nevertheless, writing a thread-safe queue is a good way to practice the mutual exclusion and the wait-notify paradigm in Java, so you will write your own implementation in this course.
The reason
QueueTest never terminates is because the program enters a state of deadlock inside
SafeMessageQueue. If
QueueTest calls
take when the queue is empty (i.e.
head == null) then your code asks the thread to sleep for 100 ms in anticipation of more data arriving. Unfortunately this
sleep method is executed whilst holding the lock (since it's inside the body of a
synchronized statement); any method calls for
put to add items to the list will be blocked waiting for the method call
take to finish (and therefore release the lock). The program cannot make progress—the method call
put is waiting for the method call
take to complete, and the method call
take is waiting for the method call
put to complete.
This problem can be solved by using the wait-notify paradigm mentioned earlier. The paradigm works as follows: when thread A wants to wait for thread B to do something, thread A simply calls the method
wait on a Java object for which it already holds the lock; thread A then releases the lock and pauses execution. Thread B may then acquire the lock that thread A has released, can complete any necessary work, and call
notify to wake up thread A when any shared data structures are in a consistent state. When thread A reawakes after calling
wait it first reacquires the lock it gave up, and after that, continues execution. If you attempt to call
wait or
notify on a Java object for which you don't hold the lock then you'll receive a
java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException at runtime.
It's possible for more than one thread to call
wait on a Java object. In such cases, any subsequent call to
notify only wakes up one thread, not all of them; if you want to wake up all threads waiting on an object, then you should call
notifyAll. In general you should use
notifyAll unless you are absolutely certain that the use of
notify is correct.
In the last section you used
synchronized to prevent different threads from simultaneously executing multiple methods on an object. This worked by taking out the lock on a
SafeMessageQueue object. At first glance this appears to be a little excessive—most of the time the methods
put and
take can safely run concurrently; a problem only arises when there are only zero, one or two items in the queue. It is possible to write an implementation of
SafeMessageQueue which locks instances of
Link instead. Such an approach is called fine-grained locking and can be useful as it has the potential to speed up the execution of multi-threaded programs, especially in a computer which contains more than one processor. Unfortunately it turns out that it's rather tricky to do correctly! So instead, you will explore a simpler example of fine-grained locking from the world of banking; Ticklet 3* explores fine-grained (and no-lock) variants of
A programmer might choose to represent a bank account as an object, and implement a simple method,
transferTo to express the transfer of funds from one bank account to another. For example:
class BankAccount { private int balance; private int account; public void transferTo(BankAccount b, int amount) { this.balance -= amount; b.balance += amount; }
Note that
x -= y is convenient short-hand for
int tmp = x - y; x = tmp;. Therefore the code the computer will execute actually looks something more like the following:
class BankAccount { private int balance; private int account; public void transferTo(BankAccount b, int amount) { int tmp1 = this.balance - amount; // (a) this.balance = tmp1; // (b) int tmp2 = b.balance + amount; // (c) b.balance = tmp2; // (d) }
The statements have been labelled (a), (b), (c) and (d). If the program invoking the method
transferTo has a single thread, then this code will function correctly and whenever
transferTo is invoked,
amount is moved from one bank account object to another.
Unfortunately, the method
transferTo will not function correctly if there are several concurrent transactions taking place from multiple threads. Let us consider what might happen in the case where there are two instances of BankAccount,
a and
b, and there are two threads running S and T. Thread S executes
a.transferTo(b,10) and thread T executes
To keep the analysis simple, let's assume that both these threads are executed on a computer with a single CPU. On a single CPU computer, only one of the threads can actually run at the same time, and which one it is at any point in time is determined by the scheduler. In general, the scheduler may choose to halt the execution of one thread and start another at any point in time; for example, one thread may have executed only statement (a) of the method
transferTo before it is taken off the CPU and another thread is scheduled.
Table 1, "An execution trace of
transferTo by two threads" provides a timeline of two threads S and T, where thread S executes statement (a) before thread T takes control of the CPU and runs statements (a), (b), (c) and (d); finally, thread S regains control of the CPU and executes statements (b), (c) and (d). The instances of
a.bal[ance] and
b.bal[ance] are shared between the two threads, whereas the values of
tmp1 and
tmp2 are not shared since they are local variables in the method
transferTo and therefore exist separately on the stack associated with the thread which invoked the method.
|Thread S
|Thread T
tmp1 = a.bal-10
tmp1 = b.bal-20
b.bal = tmp1
tmp2 = a.bal+20
a.bal = tmp2
a.bal = tmp1
tmp2 = b.bal+10
b.bal = tmp2
Table 1. An execution trace of
transferTo by two threads
At CPU cycle 1 the value of
a.balance and
b.balance are both £100. At CPU cycle 10, both threads have finished executing and the value of both
a.balance and
b.balance is £90. This doesn't make sense—transfering money between bank accounts may leave different amounts in each bank account, but the total of all accounts should remain constant. In this case the sum total of all accounts has dropped from £200 to £180! What's gone wrong? It turns out that the value of
tmp1, whilst correctly set by thread S at the end of CPU cycle 2 is incorrect by the time it is used by thread S in CPU cycle 7 since the value of
a.balance has been changed by the thread T in the meantime.
Your final task today is to fix the implementation of
BankAccount to make use of fine-grained locks inside the method
transferTo to ensure that money is moved correctly between accounts. In other words, make sure that the
transferTo method is able to function as part of an Atomic, Consistent, Isolated and Durable[2] (ACID) transaction. Inside the method
transferTo you will need two nested
synchronized statements to acquire two locks: one on
this and the other on
b. (The
synchronized statements should be nested to ensure that the total capital held by the bank appears constant even in the presence of other transactions which are not related to balance transfers.) The order in which you acquire these locks is important if you want to avoid deadlock. (Why?) One way to avoid deadlock is to always acquire the lock on the account with the smallest account number first.
An alternative to aquiring locks on individual bank accounts is to use a lock on the
BankSimulator object. This would be simpler to implement and reason about, but would mean that only one thread could invoke the
transferTo method at a time, even if all the bank accounts involved in a large set of transfers were different. Consequently there is a trade-off between complexity and performance when it comes to devising a locking strategy.
You have now completed all the necessary code to gain your third ticklet. Please generate a jar file which contains all the code you have written for package
uk.ac.cam.crsid.fjava.tick3. Please use Eclipse to export both the class files and the source files into a jar file called
crsid-tick3.jar. Once you have generated your jar file, check that it contains at least the following:
crsid@machine~:> jar tf crsid-tick3.jar META-INF/MANIFEST.MF uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/BankSimulator.java uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/BankSimulator.class uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/MessageQueue.java uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/MessageQueue.class uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/ProducerConsumer.java uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/ProducerConsumer.class uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/QueueTest.java uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/QueueTest.class uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/SafeMessageQueue.java uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/SafeMessageQueue.class uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/UnsafeMessageQueue.java uk/ac/cam/crsid/fjava/tick3/UnsafeMessageQueue.class crsid@machine~:>
When you are satisfied you have built the jar correctly, you should submit your jar file as an email attachment to
You should receive an email in response to your submission. The contents of the email will contain the output from a program (written in Java!) which checks whether your jar file contains all the relevant files, and whether your program has run successfully or not. If your jar file does not pass the automated checks, then the response email will tell you what has gone wrong; in this case you should correct any errors in your work and resubmit your jar file. You can resubmit as many times as you like and there is no penalty for re-submission. If, after waiting one hour, you have not received any response you should notify
email@example.com of the problem. You should submit a jar file which successfully passes the automated checks by the deadline, so don't leave it to the last minute!
|Thread S
|Thread T
tmp1 = a.bal-10
tmp1 = b.bal-20
b.bal = tmp1
a.bal = tmp1
tmp2 = b.bal+10
b.bal = tmp2
tmp2 = a.bal+20
a.bal = tmp2
Table 2. An alternative execution trace of
transferTo by two threads
[1] As you discovered in the last Workbook,
java.lang.Class is a Java object. Therefore the class itself can also be used if you need a single lock for every instance of a particular Java class and this is exactly what you get if you prefix a
static method with the
synchronized keyword.
[2] You are not expected to make the bank transfer durable in the sense that the transaction will maintain the state of the transaction even in the presense of a power outage on your computer. Clearly a real banking system needs to ensure that the movement of any funds between bank accounts is recorded onto permanent storage before succeeding.


text:
This is a known issue with MS IE9 where the old cache is not cleared and updated.
To be able to see the new Dell Management Plug-in for VMware version after updating with Microsoft Internet Explorer 9, customers need to clear the browser cache and refresh the Admin portal. This problem is not seen in Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 or Internet Explorer 8.
Article ID: SLN163801
Last Date Modified: 08/20/2014 02:46 PM
Thank you for your feedback.


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Los Alamos National Laboratory
Questions about how plants die leads to climate change answers
Get Expertise
- Researcher
- Michelle Espy
- Applied Modern Physics
- Researcher
- Sanna Sevanto
- Earth System Observations
How trees die in drought key to plant, climate change questions
How plants die during drought is one of the largest uncertainties in determining how plants will succumb to changing climate.
LANL researchers Michelle Espy, Jesse Resnick, and Igor Savukov of Applied Modern Physics and Nathan McDowell and Sanna Sevanto of Earth System Observations have observed, for the first time, that water content can be monitored non-invasively and unobtrusively in intact trees via ultra-low field (ULF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
Non-invasive method studies plant function and mortality
As expected, water content correlates with the NMR signal. During three days of continuously monitoring an aspen tree suffering from drought, the researchers saw evidence of changes in water content for day versus night, as well as the overall decline in water content as the tree's health declined.
Although high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used for in vivo water measurements, the research represents a first in vivo application of the ULF-NMR method to the study of plant function and mortality.
Ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance instrumentation can be made simple and portable and adapts non-invasively to the tree. The work demonstrates that the combination of LANL's unique abilities in ULF magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and climate-driven vegetation mortality research can provide understanding of plant function and mortality.
Understanding mechanisms of plant mortality helps future climate forecasting
The scientists' goal is to provide basic insights into questions such as how plants die, especially during drought. While the question of plant mortality is easy to conceptualize, it is difficult to study because of the spatial and temporal variation of processes over the plant.
Understanding these mechanisms of mortality, especially the tipping points, will provide important input to forecasts of future climate because current models cannot simulate vegetation change and related climate effects. The LANL research represents a first step towards fieldable, non-invasive monitoring to answer these fundamental questions.
Work is first look into how water movement changes in a tree
Additional validation with traditionally accepted environmental methods is underway. If validated, the work appears to represent a first non-invasive look at how water movement changes inside an aspen tree over time and during the onset of mortality using the ULF-NMR method.


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Seibertron.com - The Ultimate Transformers Fansite
Chaoslock wrote:After reading this... why do I imagine they do this on a weekly basis?
............Burn wrote:Alpha Bravo...He's a helicopter in a team of jets. That's just dumb.
GetRightRobot wrote:Awesome! Great art I love Decepticons who are so openly EVIL!
sto_vo_kor_2000 wrote:You are honorable enough to join the house of STO
Let us pick up arms and join the battle
TheTigerKing84 wrote:I hope they bring these guys back in TF Prime or something Would love to have a modern Menasor combiner figure with the ability to pose.
I never liked how Transformers adheres so strongly to the One Steve Limit, especially when they made it clear that TF names are like human names in that individuals sometimes share names.Bumblevivisector wrote:Well, Prime already has Breakdown, but he's probably not THAT Breakdown.
BeastProwl wrote::lol: In part two, they all go out for a little energon, get supremely waisted, and celebrate another job well done. "TO THE TEAM!"
Return to Transformers Cartoons and Comics Forum
Registered users: Bing [Bot], Dannshinigami, Exabot [Bot], Google [Bot], Google Adsense [Bot], Octobotimus, Vaident, Yahoo [Bot]


text:
On Yawkey Way in Boston, the pitch is simple: Come to Fenway Park and see baseball history.
Babe Ruth played here. (Just ask a Red Sox fan about "The Curse of the Bambino.") So did Ted Williams and Jimmie Foxx, Smoky Joe Wood, Johnny Pesky, Jim Lonborg, Carlton Fisk and, more recently, a collection of "self-styled idiots".
It hasn't always been pretty. But the Red Sox have won two World Series in the past decade, ending The Curse, and the creaky, crumbling park has been revitalized by new management.
It's the old, and new, Fenway that attracts hundreds of visitors each day for a tour that starts at the venerable souvenir store across from the ballpark's...


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==Important Things==
==Important Things==
*[[David Lowry CV]]
*[[David Lowry CV]]
Revision as of 20:06, 14 January 2013
California State University, Monterey Bay: Adjunct Research Professor, 2013
The University of Texas at Austin: USDA NIFA Postdoctoral Fellow, 2010-2013
Duke University: PhD, 2004-2010
The University of California, Berkeley: BS, 1997-2001
Research Interests
The genetics of adaptation and speciation
Adaptation is the most fundamental way that the environment can change the phenotypes of organisms. Adaptations can also lead to the formation of reproductive isolating barriers, which are the building blocks of new species. I am very interested in understanding the genetic underpinnings of reproductive isolation at various stages in the speciation process.
Understanding adaptation is also crucial to predicting how organisms will respond to future global change and will help inform management decisions as well as guide future agricultural breeding.
Landscape evolutionary genomics
One of the core goals of my research program is to understand how the natural landscape molds the genomes of organisms through adaptation. To that end, I am using a combination of genetic mapping and genome sequencing approaches to identify genes involved with adaptation to the heterogeneity of the natural landscape. During my dissertation, I focused on how adaptive alleles in Mimulus guttatus are spread across the landscape and what phenotypic effects they have in different environments across western North America. Currently, I am developing Panicum grasses as a model system to understand adaptation along a longitudinal soil moisture cline across Southwestern United States and a latitudinal temperature cline across the Great Plains. Our lab recently received funding from the Department of Energy to develop Panicum hallii as a model system for local adaptation and bioenergy research.
Using evolutionary biology to improve bioenergy crops
Civilization is built on a foundation of domesticated grasses. Without those grasses (corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley, sorghum) there would be no ballet and human beings would never of landed on the moon. Plant breeders have quietly worked in the shadows to increase the yield of crops and in turn maintain our modern world.
Now, there may actually be potential to domesticate a new set of grass species to use to help combat the growing energy problem. My research is focused understanding the factors involved in local adaptation in the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Loci involved in local adaptation are likely to be of high value to crop breeders interested in improving drought, heat, cold, herbivore, and disease tolerance.
PDFs for publications available through my website
Lowry, D. B., T. L. Logan, L. Santuari, C. S. Hardtke, J. H. Richards, L. J. DeRose-Wilson, J. K. McKay, S. Sen, T. E. Juenger. The genomic architecture of transcriptional response to soil water availability in the Tsu x Kas mapping population of Arabidopsis thaliana. Submitted
Lowry D. B., K. D. Behrman, P. Grabowski, G. P. Morris, J. R. Kiniry, T. E. Juenger. Local and climatic adaptations across the Panicum virgatum species complex. Submitted
Sexton J. P., M. B. Hufford, A. Bateman, D. B. Lowry, H. Meimberg, S. Y. Strauss, K. J. Rice. Mechanisms generating species range limits: Inference from patterns of gene flow and abundance across a species' range. Submitted
Aspinwall M. J., D. B. Lowry, S. H. Taylor, T. E. Juenger, C. V. Hawkes, M. V. Johnson, J. R. Kiniry, P. A. Fay. Evidence of a genetically-based leaf functional trait syndrome linked to climate and aboveground productivity in a widespread C4 grass. Submitted
Wright, K. M., D. Lloyd, D. B. Lowry, M. R. Macnair, J. H. Willis. (2013) Indirect evolution of hybrid lethality due to linkage with a selected locus in Mimulus guttatus. PLoS Biology. In press
Lowry, D. B., C. T. Purmal, T. E. Juenger. (2013) A population genetic transect of Panicum hallii (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany. In press
Lowry D. B., R. Hopkins. (2013) "Speciation and Natural Selection." Invited book chapter in The Princeton Guide to Evolution, edited by Jonathan Losos. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. In press
Lowry D. B. (2012) Local adaptation in The model plant. New Phytologist. 194: 888-890.
Lowry D. B. (2012) Ecotypes and the controversy over stages in the formation of new species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 106: 241-257.
Lowry, D. B., C. T. Purmal, E. Meyer, T. E. Juenger. (2012) Microsatellite markers for the native Texas perennial grass, Panicum hallii (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany Primer Notes & Protocols. 99: e114-e116
Lowry, D. B., C. S. Sheng, Z. Zhu, T. E. Juenger, B. Lahner, D. E. Salt, J. H. Willis. (2012) Mapping of ionomic traits in Mimulus guttatus reveals Mo and Cd QTLs that colocalize with MOT1 homologues. PLoS One 7: e30730.
Lowry D. B., C. S. Sheng,, J. R. Lasky, J.H. Willis. (2012) Five anthocyanin polymorphisms are associated with an R2R3-MYB cluster in Mimulus guttatus. American Journal of Botany 99:82-91
Lowry, D.B., J. H. Willis. (2010) A widespread chromosomal inversion polymorphism contributes to a major life-history transition, local adaptation, and reproductive isolation. PLoS Biology 8: e1000500
Hall M. C., D. B. Lowry, J. H. Willis. (2010). Hall M. C., D. B. Lowry, J. H. Willis. (2010) Is local adaptation in Mimulus guttatus caused by trade-offs at individual loci? Molecular Ecology. 19: 2739-2753
Lowry, D. B. (2010) Landscape evolutionary genomics. Biology Letters. 6: 502-504
Wu, C. A., D. B. Lowry, L. I. Nutter, J. H. Willis. (2010) Natural variation for drought response in the Mimulus guttatus species complex. Oecologia 162: 23-33
Lowry, D. B., M. C. Hall, D. E. Salt, J. H. Willis. (2009). Genetic and physiological basis of adaptive salt tolerance divergence between coastal and inland Mimulus guttatus. New Phytologist 183: 776-788
Lowry, D. B., J. L. Modliszewski, K. M. Wright, C. A. Wu, J. H. Willis. (2008). The strength and genetic basis of reproductive isolating barriers in flowering plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363: 3009-3021
Lowry, D. B., R. C. Rockwood, J. H. Willis. (2008). Ecological reproductive isolation of coast and inland races of Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 62: 2196-2214
Wu, C. A., D. B. Lowry, A. M. Cooley, K. M. Wright, Y. W. Lee, and J. H. Willis. (2008). Mimulus is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies. Heredity 100: 220-230.
Important Things
- Contact Info: You can contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Make sure to check out the Mimulus Community and the Texas Switchgrass Collaborative.


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Google just announced that they have begun to push Android 2.3.3 to the Nexus S. The update is described as a small feature release that adds read and write APIs for the near field communications (NFC) chip inside the Nexus S. Other updates include new APIs for Bluetooth, graphics, media framework, and speech recognition.
Mysteriously missing from the Android 2.3.3 Version Notes is any mention of the random reboot bug that is affecting a portion of Nexus S owners. The problem was first identified last year and Google confirmed they were working on a fix, but I guess it is not ready at this time. We were told on January 28th that a fix for the reboot bug would be available within one to two weeks, but it does not appear that will happen.
If you own a Nexus S, look for the over-the-air update to hit your phone in the coming days. We will be on the look for the download link so that you can manually install the update if you do not wish to wait.
Some of the features of the Android 2.3.3 update include:
- A comprehensive NFC reader/writer API that lets apps read and write to almost any standard NFC tag in use today.
- Advanced Intent dispatching that gives apps more control over how/when they are launched when an NFC tag comes into range.
- Some limited support for peer-to-peer connection with other NFC devices.


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I'm Dan, I/m pretty much new to the sport. Saw some friends playing in the courts one day and thought, hey...I should try it. Hence, here I am.
I was told that I should get a second hand racquet first...cheaper and good value for money.
I was searching around and I'm looking at this model...
Wilson [K]Factor Blade Team.
It's the same as that of Serena and Venus Williams.
Better news is that I heard it's not too expensive.
Anyone know where I can find a 2nd hand one?


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Dirty Chartreuse Chanteuse
Added Mar 8, 2012
by threadsquare
Somerville, Mass...
I FINALLY made Simplicity 2724, and I absolutely love the pattern. Nary a change to be made.
The top of the dress is upcycled from a torn silk dress a coworker gave me a few years ago. The bottom is a blend I've had in my stash for years. I used my favorite trick of recycling an old necktie for the bias bound hem. I also made a matching belt from a vintage belt kit.
There are some more photos on my blog or the Sew Weekly post
Material Notes
silk, polyester, zipper, necktie
1 Comment Sign in to add a post
Mar 8, 2012, 11.58 PMby nessys
This looks great too Honey – you did a lovely job with that silk dress. Gosh you always look so damn sexy! I wish I could look sexy – I'm just too "dorky"! x
PS the neck tie trick is a WINNER!
1 Reply
Mar 22, 2012, 11.59 AMby threadsquare
Ha… you should see all the outtakes. Where I look like ultimate dork!! It's a good thing there are lots of cast-aside neckties in the thrift/op shops of this world. I love re-purposing them!
Add to Favorites 4 people added it


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Fish bones
Fishes come in such an amazing variety of shapes and sizes. Because of this, there is no 'typical' fish skeleton.
The hagfishes (Class Myxini) and lampreys (Class Petromyzontida) lack jaws and thus have very different skeletons to other fishes.
The sharks, rays and chimaeras (Class Chondrichthyes) have skeletons made of cartilage. Their skulls are sometimes seen washed up on beaches.
The teleosts (Class Actinopterygii) have skeletons made of bone. These are the skeletons that are most commonly encountered by people.
The images on this page show the bones of a Striped Sea-bass, Morone saxatilis.
View high-resolution X-ray computed tomography images of many fishes on the Digimorph site.
View more detailed information fish bones.
- Helfman, G.S., Collette, B.B. & D.E. Facey. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science. Pp. 528
- Jordan, D.S. 1905. Guide to the Study of Fishes. Henry Holt and Company. Pp. 624.
Mark McGrouther , Senior Fellow
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