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The activities of the Office of Native American Business Development (ONABD) include the provision of direct services to American Indian and Alaska Natives, fostering of intergovernmental and industry collaboration, and promotion of economic and business development opportunities in Indian Country. Community outreach has been a critical component of the ONABD's work resulting in valuable insight and identification of economic development challenges.
- Coordination and promotion of all Department of Commerce economic development initiatives with Indian Country;
Coordination of the Tribal Consultation Policy development and implementation across Commerce and in conjunction with tribal leaders;
Serve as Tribal liaison on behalf of the Secretary and the various bureaus within Commerce;
Serve as Intergovernmental Indian Country representative for Commerce working with the White House and other agencies on Indian Country initiatives and issues.
"History has shown that failure to include the voices of tribal officials in formulating policy affecting their communities has all too often led to undesirable and, at times, devastating and tragic results. By contrast, meaningful dialogue between Federal officials and tribal officials has greatly improved Federal policy toward Indian tribes. Consultation is a critical ingredient of a sound and productive Federal-tribal relationship."
President Barack Obama
Presidential Memorandum, Nov. 5, 2009
Missions Include:
Tribal Liaison—coordinating and communicating all Native American / Indian Country issues directly with Tribes and across all the bureaus within Commerce as well as externally with all other federal agencies;
Tribal Consultation Policy—coordinating and implementing Commerce's Tribal Consultation Policy Plan and consultation sessions. Serves as the primary contact for all Tribal Consultation actions and issues;
Department of Commerce Tribal Consultation Policy Plan
Economic Development—serves as the facilitator of the Office of Native American Business Development by assisting and consulting with Indian Country in leveraging the combined efforts of the federal programs, tribal governments, private sector businesses and financing in order to promote economic growth for Tribes and Native Americans.


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St. Anthony To Hold Pink Out Game January 18
Published on January 3 2013 8:47 am
Last Updated on January 3 2013 8:47 am
Written by Millie Lange
St. Anthony's Memorial Hospital is partnering with St. Anthony High School's Student Council for a "Pink Out" game Friday, January 18 for the St. Anthony High School boys' basketball game against Stewardson-Strasburg. Everyone is encouraged to wear pink to the game to paint the gym pink for breast cancer awareness.
The theme of the night is "Playing Tonight for a Cure Tomorrow," and everyone will be decked out in pink, with the basketball players wearing pink shoelaces and the coaches sporting pink shirts. Pink hair extensions will be offered free to the first 100 girls at the game. St. Anthony High School students have been selling pink T-shirts to students to wear the night of the game, sponsored by St. Anthony's Memorial Hospital. A limited supply of T-shirts will be available for purchase at the game, along with pink wrist bands. Funds raised from the purchase of these items will benefit breast cancer awareness and education at St. Anthony's Memorial Hospital.
St. Anthony High School is once again honoring the fighters and survivors within their school family, with Tammy Keller celebrating one year as a survivor, Sandy Gillespie recognized as a nine-year survivor, and Brenda Milleville as an eight-year survivor. A special recognition ceremony and check presentation to St. Anthony's Memorial Hospital will be held between the junior varsity and varsity basketball games that evening.
For more information about the "Pink Out" game, contact Carrie Koenig, Director of Marketing and Development for St. Anthony's of Padua Church and Schools, at 217- 342-6969. For information about St. Anthony's Memorial Hospital, visit stanthonyshospital.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Factory Fresh: Bar Cart, Steel Windows & Cabinet
These might need a little work, but they are diamonds in the rough.
- Los Angeles, CA: Yellow Bar Cart - $299
- Westchester, IL: Wooden Hand Cart - $500
- Staten Island: Steel Casement Windows - $900
- Queens, NY: Industrial Cart - $450
- Chicago, IL: Salvaged Cabinet - $775
Shoppers, check out the Classifieds for many more listings. Sellers, gather up your goods and list them in our Classifieds to turn them into a little extra spending cash.
Go To: Classifieds Main Page
(Images: As linked above)
Apartment Therapy is not the seller of these items. This is an edited selection of our favorite offerings from our Classifieds. For more information, see How it Works. Happy Scavenging!


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The Sandwich Schools Music Association will host a Fay's Barbecue drive-through fundraiser from 4:30 to 7 p.m. Tuesday at the Sandwich High School parking lot, located at 515 Lyons Road, Sandwich.
Tickets cost $11 each and can be purchased from any Sandwich schools band or choir student. Tickets also can be purchased at the school the evening of the event for the same price.
Dinner choices include half a chicken, or a quarter-chicken and one pork chop, or 2 pork chops. All meals include coleslaw, baked beans, dinner roll with butter, and applesauce. There also will be additional baked goods available for purchase.
Proceeds from the fundraiser will benefit the Sandwich Schools Music Association.


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Now, there is a wiki to get help on all your AIR-related questions.
Use this Wiki to find answers to all your AIR problems. You can also contribute to the Wiki by either posting new questions or by adding more information to the existing solutions posted by the community. All contributions are encouraged.
If you're looking for an answer to a technical question not listed in this Wiki, post your question to the AIR or Flash forums. You may also want to check out the AIR Support page.


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It has been one year since my beloved Toby died aged 14 and not a day goes by that I do not think of him, he was so different in nature to the majority of Cavaliers that I have met. He was what some people would describe as "an old soul" very deep and intelligent, the way he looked at you, the way he would sulk for days if he was chastised even a little.
Tobydug and best friend Ivan the terrible both together now
He was called "Toby the Dug" or Tobydug to differentiate him from Toby the cat who we had in the past.


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- Following insults and threats, progressives oust the old guard in West. St. Paul November 19 by Hannah Jones
- FBI data says Minnesota's violent crime is down. So why is murder up? November 19 by Hannah Jones
- Whole Foods' meat counter needs to clean up its act, protesters say November 16 by Hannah Jones
- Cities 97.1 morning host Keri Noble is leaving radio November 19 by Jay Boller
- See indie-folk supergroup Boygenius emotionally rock First Ave November 19 by Lucy Hawthorne
- Julien Baker, Phoebe Bridgers, and Lucy Dacus rocked First Ave—quietly November 19 by Colleen Cowie
Food & Drink
- See Twin Cities landmarks — in gingerbread form! November 19 by Darin Kamnetz
- 5 things to know about Boludo, a new empanada spot from Martina's pastry mastermind November 19 by Natalia Mendez
- Get ready for another dog-friendly restaurant from the Stanley's NE, Howe Daily Kitchen team November 16 by Emily Cassel
Arts & Leisure
- Guthrie's 'A Christmas Carol' is a dark and reflective take in line with the times November 19 by Jay Gabler
- See Twin Cities landmarks — in gingerbread form! November 19 by Darin Kamnetz
- 'Small Town Murder' promises blood, laughs, and weird crime at the Varsity November 16 by Patrick Strait
- Calendar
- Review: Coen Bros masterfully tell dark tales of the West in Netflix's 'Ballad of Buster Scruggs' November 14 by Tony Libera
- Review: Jonah Hill's 'Mid90s' is a mediocre evocation of a not-so-distant era November 7 by Bryan Miller
- Review: Guadagnino's 'Suspiria' is a lavishly grotesque remake of an Italian classic October 31 by Bryan Miller
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Johnson seemed destined for Brickyard glory
INDIANAPOLIS -- Jimmie Johnson remembers it being hot. He can't recall if they had air conditioning or not back at the house in El Cajon, Calif., but when the Indianapolis 500 was on, none of that mattered. It was the only race a young Johnson would watch in its entirety, sometimes on the couch with his dad and grandfather, sometimes sitting inside a little tunnel made of sofa cushions pretending he was a race-car driver while the real thing was unfolding on television.
He remembers Danny Sullivan's spin and win; Tom Sneva's crash during the pace laps; Rick Mears' fire on the frontstretch. Johnson was just a fan, really -- someone who went to tracks like the old Riverside International Raceway to watch, clinging onto the fence and staring almost awestruck at his idols beyond. Through it all there was always the pull of Indianapolis Motor Speedway, akin to a promised land for a kid who raced dirt bikes but had dreams of bigger things. Who knew that when he finally made it there, it would be in a vehicle different from what he had envisioned. And he would become one of the best the Brickyard had ever seen.
That much was cemented Sunday, when Johnson led 99 laps and dominated NASCAR's annual trip to the big speedway at the corner of 16th and Georgetown, recording a triumph that overflowed with significance like the magnum of champagne he sprayed in Victory Lane. His third win of the season was a shot across the bow of his competitors for the Sprint Cup championship, given that it put Johnson in position to be the top seed in a Chase which begins in seven weeks. It was the kind of commanding effort that brought back memories of his five-year title run. And it knotted him with four other drivers for most victories ever on the Brickyard's oval -- his former hero and mentor among them.
Johnson, on Sunday, joined an exclusive club that also includes four-time Indianapolis winners Al Unser, A.J. Foyt, Rick Mears and Jeff Gordon. It's almost as if Johnson were destined to be there, given his strong connections to the latter two men on that list -- the first of whom inspired him and the second of which gave him his big chance at NASCAR's top level. The kid from El Cajon grew up a Mears fan, because the open-wheel star had come from off-road racing similar to the type a younger Johnson was pursuing. And it was Gordon who convinced car owner Rick Hendrick to bring this little-known driver aboard, who helped convince eventual sponsor Lowe's that great things were possible, who set loose a beast that has since changed the face of his sport.
"This fourth [victory], I'm able to join racing legends, my heroes, people I've looked up to my entire life," Johnson said. "So, to join them is a huge, huge honor."
The achievement seems almost destined, given his connections to those who came before. Johnson was a race fan first and foremost, and he got his start in dirt bikes when his father went to work in his grandfather's motorcycle shop. He idolized Mears because the Bakersfield, Calif., native had started out on dirt -- just what Johnson was competing on -- and it gave him hope that one day he also might be able to race open-wheel cars on asphalt at a place like Indianapolis. He doesn't think he ever saw Mears race live, but he still made the rounds, watching his eventual car owner Hendrick wheel a vehicle at Riverside and watching Bobby Rahal dust the field in an IMSA event at Del Mar.
Eventually Johnson's father went to work in off-road trucks, where Mears' brother Roger competed, and Jimmie struck up a friendship with Roger Mears' son Casey. Suddenly, he had a direct connection to the driver he had idolized for all those years. "There are only a few kids in the pits, so Casey and I are there on our little BMX bikes and riding around," Johnson remembered. "So I just kind of gravitated toward the Mears gang."
Johnson said he's spent some time with Rick Mears, who now lives in North Carolina, but despite their shared Brickyard successes the two don't communicate that often. That's not the case with Gordon, his teammate at Hendrick Motorsports, who spotted Johnson when he was a relatively obscure driver on what is now the Nationwide tour. Hendrick was expanding its facility, and Gordon thought the presence of another team might benefit his No. 24 squad, and the four-time champion had been impressed by a certain young driver he saw taking a great line around Darlington in a test earlier in the year -- and the rest was history.
"I knew he was special and talented," said Gordon, who was a contender for much of Sunday before finishing fifth. "The type of equipment he was in was not the best equipment out there. It was good equipment, but not the best. I knew if you took a guy who had worked that hard and has raced that long with his talents, and put him with a good team, that he'd be able to do something special. I had no idea he was going to do what he has done, that's way beyond any of our imagination, including his. He's a great guy and a great driver. He has a great team. They deserve it."
They certainly did Sunday, when Johnson and his No. 48 car were almost untouchable for long portions of the race, streaking to a lead of several seconds with every green-flag run. It was vintage Jimmie: the kind of performance that made his opponents shake their heads in frustration, reviving memories of 2008 and 2009.
"We were probably in our own ZIP code on the rest of the field," runner-up Kyle Busch said, "but Jimmie Johnson was in his own country today." And, by the way, the first three times that Johnson won at the Brickyard, he also went on to claim the Cup championship.
That certainly seems a realistic prospect now. Given his higher standing in the points, he has the edge for the top Chase seed over Tony Stewart and Brad Keselowski, who also have three wins on the season but are staring up at driver No. 48 in the standings. It's one thing to win, and another to win in the convincing way Johnson did at Indianapolis, and even another to take the checkered flag and tell everyone you're ready to claim an even bigger prize. After the race, Johnson was asked by a television interviewer if he was in championship form. "I am," he answered, without hesitation. "I wish the Chase would start right now." The last time Johnson showed that much swagger, he was collecting Sprint Cups by the armful.
But that time is still a few weeks away. Sunday was all about Indianapolis, the place Johnson was once so riveted to on television, and this unassuming Southern Californian earning his rightful place among the best ever to compete there. It started on the couch, with dad and granddad, and that tunnel of cushions he pretended was a car. It culminated on a glorious afternoon at the world's most famous race track, and Johnson kneeling down to kiss the yard of bricks for a fourth time.
"I just grew up in a family full of race fans. And I'm the first racer of the group," Johnson said. "It's amazing just from being a fan, chasing autographs, holding on to the fence looking in, now I'm on the inside doing what I'm doing on the track. It's been a wild experience."


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Auto-Tune: Why Pop Music Sounds Perfect
If you haven't been listening to pop radio in the past few months, you've missed the rise of two seemingly opposing trends. In a medium in which mediocre singing has never been a bar to entry, a lot of pop vocals suddenly sound great.
Better than great: note- and pitch-perfect, as if there's been an unspoken tightening of standards at record labels or an evolutionary leap in the development of vocal cords. At the other extreme are a few hip-hop singers who also hit their notes but with a precision so exaggerated that on first listen, their songs sound comically artificial, like a chorus of '50s robots singing Motown.
The force behind both trends is an ingenious plug-in called Auto-Tune, a downloadable studio trick that can take a vocal and instantly nudge it onto the proper note or move it to the correct pitch. It's like Photoshop for the human voice. Auto-Tune doesn't make it possible for just anyone to sing like a pro, but used as its creator intended, it can transform a wavering performance into something technically flawless. "Right now, if you listen to pop, everything is in perfect pitch, perfect time and perfect tune," says producer Rick Rubin. "That's how ubiquitous Auto-Tune is." (Download TIME's Auto-Tune Podcast from iTunes)
Auto-Tune's inventor is a man named Andy Hildebrand, who worked for years interpreting seismic data for the oil industry. Using a mathematical formula called autocorrelation, Hildebrand would send sound waves into the ground and record their reflections, providing an accurate map of potential drill sites. It's a technique that saves oil companies lots of money and allowed Hildebrand to retire at 40. He was debating the next chapter of his life at a dinner party when a guest challenged him to invent a box that would allow her to sing in tune. After he tinkered with autocorrelation for a few months, Auto-Tune was born in late 1996.
Almost immediately, studio engineers adopted it as a trade secret to fix flubbed notes, saving them the expense and hassle of having to redo sessions. The first time common ears heard Auto-Tune was on the immensely irritating 1998 Cher hit "Believe." In the first verse, when Cher sings "I can't break through" as though she's standing behind an electric fan, that's Auto-Tune--but it's not the way Hildebrand meant it to be used.
The program's retune speed, which adjusts the singer's voice, can be set from zero to 400. "If you set it to 10, that means that the output pitch will get halfway to the target pitch in 10 milliseconds," says Hildebrand. "But if you let that parameter go to zero, it finds the nearest note and changes the output pitch instantaneously"--eliminating the natural transition between notes and making the singer sound jumpy and automated. "I never figured anyone in their right mind would want to do that," he says.
Like other trends spawned by Cher, the creative abuse of Auto-Tune quickly went out of fashion, although it continued to be an indispensable, if inaudible, part of the engineer's toolbox. But in 2003, T-Pain (Faheem Najm), a little-known rapper and singer, accidentally stumbled onto the Cher effect while Auto-Tuning some of his vocals. "It just worked for my voice," says T-Pain in his natural Tallahassee drawl. "And there wasn't anyone else doing it."
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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
It's time once again to don that gay apparel and come a-wassailing with The Queen City Roller Girls as they celebrate their free annual holiday party, "Wreck the Halls: QCRG Holiday Smash," on Saturday, Dec. 15. The event begins at 7 p.m. at the Forvm, located in the Maple Entertainment Complex at 4224 Maple Road, Amherst.
Fans, friends and family are welcome to make merry with their favorite skaters and officials for a night of drinks, dancing and holiday cheer. Attendants are encouraged to come dressed as a favorite holiday character.
Events will include pictures with Santa as well as basket raffles and a 50/50 drawing. The Boys of Bainbridge will provide music for the dance floor and announce Santa's entrance.
Proceeds from the event will benefit Stone's Buddies, a program for the Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo that provides resources, support, friendship and fun for children with life-threatening illnesses. For those interested in donating, QCRG will also be accepting Stone's Buddies wish list items during the event. The list of items is available here: http://www.stonesbuddies.org/involved/wishlist.asp.
For additional information, contact Kathy Lisborg, "Vile Love It," QCRG PR director, at 716-553-9039 or [email protected].


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New Car Review
2014 Chevrolet Corvette: New Car Review
The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette -- beg your pardon, Corvette Stingray -- is the first all-new 'Vette in nearly a decade, which is a pretty big deal in itself. But there's more going on here than just a typical redesign. When the outgoing C6 Corvette debuted in 2005, it was basically an evolutionary step forward from its C5 predecessor. The new C7, however, charts a decidedly different course for America's favorite sports car.
It all starts with the radical exterior styling, which has little in common with Corvettes past. Gone are the iconic circular taillights, replaced by square ones more evocative of the current (pre-2014) Camaro. The blacked-out rear fascia is vaguely reminiscent of the Lexus LF-A supercar, while the angular canopy, zigzag side vents and elongated headlights whisper "Nissan GT-R." The overall effect, it must be said, is stunning, particularly in person. But if that Stingray badge had you hoping for a retro vibe, the 2014 Corvette will take some getting used to.
One thing everyone can agree on, though, is that the C7's interior has improved by leaps and bounds. Materials quality is finally worthy of a premium sports car, as are the supportive new seats, while the standard dual 8-inch color displays make the dashboard a veritable festival of modern technology. Aside from some overwrought graphics in the multi-mode LCD gauge cluster, it's hard to fault anything Chevy has done on this front.
And when it comes to performance, the 2014 Corvette is an absolute beast. Output from the overhauled 6.2-liter V8 is up to 455 horsepower, enabling a dizzyingly quick 3.8-second sprint to 60 miles per hour, according to Chevrolet. The handling, meanwhile, is sharper than ever, and the compact new steering wheel drives home the feeling of enhanced control.
But the kicker is the bottom line: At just $51,995 to start, the 2014 Corvette is simply the best high-performance value on the planet. You can certainly pay a lot more for rival sports cars, but it's hard to imagine wanting more than what this revolutionary C7 'Vette provides.
What's New for 2014?
The Corvette is all-new this year.
What We Like
Unimpeachable V8 power; world-class handling; much-improved seats and interior quality; excellent fuel economy; amazing value
What We Don't
Engine shakes at idle (but maybe you like that); gaudy graphics on the instrument panel
How Much?
Fuel Economy
The rear-wheel-drive 2014 Corvette is powered by a 6.2-liter V8 rated at 455 hp (460 hp with the optional performance exhaust) and 460 lb-ft of torque. A 7-speed manual transmission is standard, with a 6-speed automatic available at additional cost.
Fuel economy is a remarkably good 17 miles per gallon city/29 mpg hwy with the manual and 16 mpg city/28 mpg hwy with the automatic.
Standard Features & Options
The Corvette is a 2-seat sports car offered in coupe (with a removable carbon fiber roof panel) and soft-top convertible body styles. There are three trim levels: 1LT, 2LT and 3LT.
The 1LT coupe ($51,995) and 1LT convertible ($56,995) come standard with staggered-size alloy wheels (18-in front, 19-in rear), a carbon fiber hood, keyless entry with push-button start, leather upholstery, power seats, two 8-in color displays (one in the gauge cluster and one on the dashboard), a rearview camera and a 9-speaker Bose audio system with iPod/Bluetooth integration and satellite radio.
The 2LT coupe ($60,415) and 2LT convertible ($65,415) add color-matched console and door panels, heated and ventilated seats with memory settings and additional power adjustments (lumbar and side bolsters), Corvette seat emblems, a universal garage-door opener, auto-dimming mirrors, a color head-up display, a 10-speaker Bose audio system with dual subwoofers, a cargo net and a luggage shade (coupe only).
The 3LT coupe ($68,005) and 3LT convertible ($73,005) tack on a full leather interior with Nappa leather seating surfaces, a navigation system (optional on lower trims) and a color-matched instrument panel.
The popular Z51 package ($2,800) adds bigger wheels (19-in front, 20-in rear) with Michelin Pilot Super Sport ZP summer tires, a dry-sump oil system, an electronic limited-slip differential, more aggressive gearing, bigger front brakes (13.6-in discs versus 12.6), sport-tuned suspension components and lift-reducing aerodynamic tweaks.
Other notable options include adaptive magnetic-ride dampers with a track-oriented stability control system (Z51 only), sport seats, carbon fiber interior trim, a suede steering wheel and a transparent roof panel (coupe only).
The coupe's hatchback trunk can hold 15 cu ft of your favorite items, while the convertible's traditional trunk maxes out at 10 cu ft.
The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette comes with standard stability control, 4-wheel anti-lock disc brakes and four airbags (front and side). It had not been crash-tested as of this writing.
Behind the Wheel
In our interior evaluation, we loved the cockpit-like feel of this Corvette. The door panel and central controls seem to wrap around the driver, creating an intimate sports-car atmosphere that was largely missing from the previous car. The vastly better seats are supportive in all scenarios, and either of the two available Bose stereos will keep the tunes cranking. This is a pretty cool place to spend some time.
Under the hood, the 6.2-liter V8 is mandatory for now, and it's all the engine most folks will ever need. Power is massive, torque equally so, and the sounds are straight out of a drag-strip fantasy. The only part that gives us pause is how the engine shakes the whole car at idle; it's far from the refinement offered by overseas rivals, though some will appreciate the added "character." The novel 7-speed manual transmission's active rev-matching feature is a neat parlor trick, and if you want to match your own revs, don't worry -- there's an off button.
On the road, the Corvette combines astonishingly athletic handling with genuine long-distance comfort, a combination that few cars at any price can match. Road noise is reasonable, and highway pit stops should be infrequent given this near-supercar's 30-mpg potential. The coupe's standard removable roof panel means that all Corvette drivers can have some fun in the sun, even those who forgo the convertible with its fast-acting power soft-top. The C7's gaudy performance numbers may get all the headlines, but it's the remarkable versatility of this car that gives it such broad appeal.
Other Cars to Consider
Ford Mustang GT-- Don't laugh. The current 420-hp Mustang GT may be on its last legs, but it has a glorious V8 engine of its own, and it's a lot cheaper than the 'Vette.
Dodge Viper-- The attention-grabbing Viper is as outlandish as ever, though its high cost and edgy character limit its appeal.
Porsche Cayman-- Considerably smaller than the Corvette, the Cayman boasts ultra-precise handling and exceptional engine refinement. It's not nearly as fast, however, even in S trim.
AutoTrader's Advice
The 2LT is the sweet spot, adding desirable luxuries such as power side bolsters without inflating the price to 3LT levels. As for the Z51 package, it's up to you, but we'd have a hard time saying no to all that extra performance for $2,800.


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Would you like to have 4,500 passionate collegues in more than 115 countries? If your answer is yes, join us at DeLaval.
DeLaval is the world's largest developer, manufacturer, and provider of dairy farming solutions. Milk is one of our most complete foods, and the global demand for efficient production is growing steadily. We believe in a balanced harmony between technology, environment and ethics. Naturally we also support equal rights.
Together with the Tetra Laval group DeLaval owns one of the most well known brands in the world. We are always looking for people eager to work on improving circumstances for the most important food producers of the world.
We are always looking for qualified and driven collaegues around the world. We publish open positions on this page, however, we can also receive spontaneous applications.
Send your CV to Human Resources, Open positions listed here
© 2017 DeLaval. All rights reserved
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At DeLaval we use cookies to make your website experience better. You can change your web browser settings if you do not allow cookies or do not want cookies to be saved. Read more about how DeLaval handles cookies. I have read and accepted the information on how DeLaval handles cookies.


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Girls 7-16
Floral Rash Guard
$49.50 $36.99
Item No. 422335
This offer is valid November 13, 2018, through November 20, 2018, on select full-price and sale styles at RalphLauren.com only. This offer is applied when you enter the following code: HOLIDAY. This offer is not valid on previously purchased merchandise, new arrivals, Collection merchandise, Double RL merchandise, Purple Label merchandise, Ralph Lauren luxury accessories and footwear, Ralph's Coffee product and merchandise, select home merchandise, the Langdon bathrobe, select boys' tailored clothing, kids' cashmere merchandise, select gift sets, select Polo Bear sweaters, philanthropic merchandise, custom merchandise, watches and fine jewelry, fragrances, eyewear, or gift cards. This offer has no cash value. This offer cannot be combined with any other offer, except for applicable offers for free shipping. This offer is not applicable to purchases being shipped internationally. For Customer Assistance, please call 888-475-7674.
Details & Sizing
Offering the highest possible UV protection, this floral-print rash guard is a smart essential for beach days.
- Excellent UV protection: UPF 50.
- 79% nylon, 21% elastane.
- Machine washable.
- Size medium has a 19¾" body length and a 25¾" sleeve length. Sleeve length is taken from the center back of the neck.
- Signature embroidered pony at the left chest.
- Rounded neckline.
- Long sleeves.
- Imported.
Style Number: 422335
Shipping & Free Returns
- •Enjoy free Fast shipping on all orders through December 20 for the continental US. Additional delivery options are available.
- Fast shipping orders will arrive in 3–4 business days if placed by 3 PM ET (Customized orders must be placed by 11 AM ET).
- Estimated arrival date based on shipping method will be displayed in cart once shipping method is selected.
- Lighting and rugs are shipped via Economy delivery only. These items are final sale and cannot be returned or exchanged.
- Fragrances are shipped via Economy delivery only.
- Gift cards are shipped separately, free of charge.
- Enjoy free returns. Purchases made between November 13, 2018 and December 24, 2018 can be returned until February 1, 2019. Personalized items and gift boxes cannot be returned.
- bvseo_sdk, dw_cartridge, 17.1.0, p_sdk_3.2.0
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- reviews, product
- bvseo-msg: Unsuccessful GET. status = '{0}', msg = {1};


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Locksmith Cincinnati
For complete Locksmith Cincinnati needs: lock & keys, key replacement, re key, unlock door
Available Locksmith Cincinnati OH is a locally based Cincinnati locksmith company, available also in the surrounding areas. The technicians we work with provide a huge range of lost key replacement, key cutting, unlock door, key replacement and lock & key services in Cincinnati.
We operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Call us right now on: (513) 297-1146
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You can rest assured knowing that help will be there the next time you need lock and key services, locked out solutions, open car and auto lock re key, lock key replacements, car unlock options and rekey car locks and re key locks for commercial and residential properties, and remember, a technician is only 30 minutes away from your location.
As one of Cincinnati's most trusted 24 hour emergency locksmith and security service providers, the technicians we work with perform lock pick, replacement keys, ignition replacement, lock & key and various other 24 hour emergency locksmith services for the consistently growing circle of satisfied customers around the clock.
As Cincinnatilock smith experts, technicians always try to do their best to provide customers with the best service, at a fair and honest price. You will find only high quality service and professionalism here.
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DAVIE, Fla. – Dolphins receiver Chad Johnson was released from jail Sunday on $2,500 bond, a day after his wife accused him of head-butting her during an argument in front of their Florida home.
Johnson, 34, had been charged with domestic violence. Broward County jail officials said he was released Sunday afternoon.
Johnson's defense attorney, Adam Swickle, said a no-contact order has been issued that prevents Johnson from contacting his wife, Evelyn Lozada, who is on the reality TV show "Basketball Wives."
Such orders are common in domestic violence cases. Swickle declined to comment further.
Police say Johnson was arrested Saturday. Davie police Capt. Dale Engle said the argument started when Lozada confronted Johnson about a receipt she had found for a box of condoms.
According to an arrest affidavit, Johnson's wife said she was taking groceries into their home when she found the receipt in the car's trunk. When the two were seated back in the car, they began talking about the receipt and their marriage. That's when Johnson got upset and head-butted his wife, the report says.
Lozada ran to a neighbor's house and called police. A responding officer said he saw a 3-inch cut on Lozada's forehead, according to the affidavit.
Johnson did not have any visible marks or bruises. When questioned by police, he confirmed there was an argument over the receipt, but said his wife had head-butted him.
The officer, based on interviews and observations, charged Johnson with simple domestic battery.
If convicted, Johnson faces a maximum penalty of one year in jail and a $1,000 fine, though he could also receive community service, probation or anger management classes.
He was known as Ochocinco for the past four seasons but changed his name back to Johnson after his July 4 wedding to Lozada. The name was a playful reference to the No. 85 he wore on his jersey.
Johnson and Lozada were prominent in the recent first episode of HBO's "Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Miami Dolphins."
VH1's "Basketball Wives" is filmed in Miami and also features Shaunie O'Neal, the former wife of former NBA star Shaquille O'Neal. Lozada used to be the fiancee of NBA player Antoine Walker.
Life & Culture
Photos: Take a gander at Thanksgiving in Maine, the way it used to be
Pinging project truck requires some tinkering
Life & Culture
Telling Room students to be guests of Michelle Obama at her talk in Boston on Saturday
Tire shops under pressure as snow and holiday travel pump up demand
Holiday blitz to lure young professionals back to Maine sidles up to the bar


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Winter hanging tough in Steamboat; 60s on the way
April 23, 2013
Steamboat Springs — Winter held Steamboat Springs firmly in its grip Tuesday morning, with the temperature hovering around 20 degrees and fat flakes falling from the sky. But everyone who didn't leave town for spring break at the local public schools this week will be rewarded with sunny skies and forecast temperatures in the low 60s for the weekend.
The National Weather Service in Grand Junction predicts the snowy pattern will exit the region Wednesday with partly cloudy skies and a high of 47 followed by sunny skies and a high of 56 on Thursday.
The warming trend continues with an expected high of 59 degrees Friday before temperatures in the 60s break out for the weekend.
Inevitably, some hard-core skiers will be looking for their next turns, but caution is advised.
In the wake of Saturday's avalanche on Loveland Pass that claimed five lives, the Colorado Avalanche Information Center rates as low the current danger of a snow slide below tree line in the Steamboat zone. However, it's a different matter above tree line. The past 24 hours has seen 4 to 8 inches of fresh accumulation across the zone, and there were some observations of "wet loose activity" in the Flat Tops.
The Avalanche Information Center's Scott Toepfer rated the danger of fresh wind slabs considerable above tree line on all north, northeast and east facing slopes.
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Bronx slew
Conceding the Yankees five players -- including catcher Jorge Posasa -- on the AL All-Star roster is easy. But seven?
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Yanks lead AL reserves
Nelson, Cameron wonder about selections
Valentine: I chose "most deserving"
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Street: Torre too loyal to his own
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This is known as keeping the troops happy.
New York Yankees Manager Joe Torre has named seven of his own guys to the American League All-Star team. The Yanks were shut out in the voting for starters, but they will now have the single largest contingent of AL players, larger even than the Seattle Mariners, who have four starters and two reserves.
Torre, of course, has earned the right to name whichever players he chooses. In this case it appears he also chooses to tend to the morale of his own clubhouse while he makes the selections of the All-Star pitchers and reserves.
This is one way of accomplishing that task. This is one goal that can be fulfilled. But this sort of thing is probably not on the agenda for the rest of us who regard the Midsummer Classic as something of a sacrosanct occasion.
Clearly, with all those World Series victories and the third-best record in the American League as we speak, the Yanks deserve significant representation. But they don't deserve to have roughly 25 percent of the roster.
Examining the Yankees on the All-Star roster won't necessarily lower your eyebrows, either. Roger Clemens is a must. Jorge Posada at catcher is fine. Derek Jeter at shortstop is predictable. Ditto for Bernie Williams in the outfield. Closer Mariano Rivera is almost a given.
Wasn't that nice? We have just conceded the Yankees five spots without even a hint of argument. But on the selection of Mike Stanton, well, he probably should have been either Arthur Rhodes or Jeff Nelson of the Mariners. If we're going to exalt the role of set-up man, let's glorify a set-up man whose work has helped a team to ascend almost unprecedented heights. Stanton's work has been excellent, but Rhodes and Nelson have been just as good, and they have been part and parcel of a legendary first half.
And Andy Pettitte? That spot could have gone to Seattle's Aaron Sele, who is 9-1 and who, again, was a major part of the firsat half's best team. Or it could have gone to Hideo Nomo. But that would have meant naming a member of the Boston Red Sox, and since we had a shutout going, well, it just wasn't happening.
There are two ways of looking at this. One is that if you're the manager naming the reserves and the pitchers, and if there's any doubt, any gray area, you bend over backward to give the impression of fairness and impartiality. Or, if there's any doubt or gray area, you take care of your own guys because they are the ones who will have to win it for you in the second half of the season.
Everything you know about Joe Torre indicates that he would follow the first path. But everything you see in his selections indicates that he has taken the second. Kind of a letdown.
Now over on the National League side of the ledger, much will be said about New York Mets Manager Bobby Valentine not picking Cliff Floyd of the Florida Marlins because of their feud, spat, tiff. This is unfortunate. Floyd is obviously deserving of an All-Star berth. But on balance, Valentine's selections raise no red flags. Maybe it is easier to select All-Stars when your team is deep in fourth place and the vast majority of your players have conveniently played their way out of consideration.
But Valentine made some very acute choices. For instance, if you're going to select an Atlanta starting pitcher, the obvious choice would typically be Greg Maddux. But Maddux himself has said that the choice should be teammate John Burkett. And even though Maddux has the better won-loss record, for most of the season Burkett has been Atlanta's most consistent starter. He has simply not been blessed with much run support. Nobody could quibble if Valentine picked Maddux, but Burkett has been ever so slightly more deserving this summer. So Valentine's selection merits sincere applause.
Same thing for Jon Lieber of the Cubs. He is not the most heralded member of the Cubs' newly robust rotation. But he is the most dependable; a "strike machine," as Manager Don Baylor puts it.
Certainly there can be debate on the NL roster. There are always deserving players who don't get the call. For instance, arguments could be made on behalf of Arizona's Jay Bell or Houston's Craig Biggio. And Houston's Wade Miller is one of the best young pitchers in baseball, albeit probably one of the most under-publicized.
But without the issue of naming seven of his own players, Valentine's All-Star selection work seems to have been more clear-cut here. In a perverse way, this is a great day for Yankee-haters. The Yankees already owned the postseason. Now they have hand-picked a plurality at the All-Star Game.
Mike Bauman is a national columnist for MLB.com based in Milwaukee.
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Redwall Series Read Aloud
|Community Happenings
|Oct 03, 2013
Come listen to Marty Schindler as he reads from the Brian Jacques Redwall series in the Children's Room of the Rockland Public Library. Each Thursday at 11 a.m. through Oct. 3. Suitable for young people ages 8 and up. Snacks provided. FMI: 594-0310.


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The popular blood thinning medication recommended by your medical professional may have resulted in countless cases of major adverse effects– some of which may have led to deaths of patients.
These side effects may have actually led to many troubles for clients and their households – installing medical expenses, psychological suffering and possibly much even worse.
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Speak to a Xarelto Lawsuit expert today to discuss your potential case and possible legal choices & rights. It's complimentary, simple, and entirely confidential. A five-minute call may help you and your family progress as a result of this trying experience.
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Leaving home for the first time is never easy. Here are some basic tips to help you avoid any trouble.
What has the Youth Guarantee programme achieved in the various EU countries?
How do young people in your region fare by comparison with the same age group in other countries? To find out, why not look at the OECD Index and the Global Youth Wellbeing Index for young people?
Becoming an EU citizen does not take any effort; anyone with the nationality of an EU country is also an EU citizen. Over 500 million people from 28 countries can call themselves EU citizens, but what does EU citizenship mean?
Even now, in the 21st century, there are still inequalities between women and men, particularly on the job market. In the EU, women earn on average 17% less than men during their lifetimes.
În baza legislaţiei UE, toţi consumatorii europeni beneficiază de anumite drepturi. Pentru a te asigura că ele îți sunt respectate, trebuie mai întâi să le cunoşti.


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Mona Saudi The Petra Tablets Adonis 5 1997 Limited Edition of 29/50 Silkscreen Lithographs 49 x 72 cm (Image Size) 90 x 60 cm (Print Size) Signed and Numbered Framed $ 2,000
Occasionally I write poetry, always profoundly connected to sculpture. My poetry is that of someone who works in the formation of stone. Some of the phrases of my poems were initially written on the walls of my studio: 'In stone, we erase an ocean of dreams,' When the stone loses its weight, it becomes poetry, Dawn comes when the stone speaks of the first creation.' One of my poems was born with my first sculpture in green stone. The first sculpture of the series, Woman/Bird, was inspired by a poem by Yannis Ritsos.
'First Vision' and 'An Ocean of Dreams' are two collections of poetry that I published in 1970 and 1993, respectively. For the second, the critic Jabra Ibrahim Jabra wrote in his introduction, 'Her poems are evidence of her vision of art and sculpture. She writes as a sculptor who seeks to make the stone come alive, spreading sensibility and vibration in every part of it. Yet she also writes as a poet who searches for a poetic phrase to express the deep love which itself seeks expression in the sculpting of stone.' Poetry has inspired many of my drawings. For example, 'The Tree of Lovers" by the poet Mahmoud Darwish, in which Man and Earth are united. The words of Adonis reflect my own feelings. He wrote: 'My mother didn't know how to write but she taught me language. The invisible inhabits stone...'
I usually draw with China ink; sometimes I use diluted coffee to recreate the colour of the desert. The forms are always sculptural. It is as if everything I produce is oriented towards sculpture. My passion for poetry stems from its resemblance to sculpture in that the poetic phrase, like a sculpture, opens a space of infinite inspirations and resonance. For me, sculpture is an incarnation of poetry, touching on the invisible. It is the language of silence, of movement in stillness; it is flying without wings. It combines the cosmic with the earthly, merging Time and Space, creating a dialogue with the known and the unknown.


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Divided between those who contribute to society, the...
- by Talia West
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- Published: 23 Apr 2014
- Updated: 8 Jun 2014
- Status: Complete
Ashlyn is different. She is the only member of Zone 3 who still dreams, which means she must hide her secret so the Government don't find out. On her 16th birthday her mum sends her to FREAM, a rebellion against the Government, here she must learn how to fight and decide whether she will stand up for what she believes in or just continue dreaming about it.
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Oakland, Berkeley, And East Bay News, Events, Restaurants, Music, & Arts
Stanley Yelnats is an unusual hero with dogged bad luck stemming from an ancient family curse. Perpetually in the wrong place at the wrong time, Stanley is unfairly sentenced to months of detention at Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commit. There, he and his campmates--Squid, Armpit, ZigZag, Magnet, X-Ray and Zero--are forced by the menacing warden and her right-hand men Mr. Sir and Mr. Pendanski to dig holes in order to build character. Nobody knows the real reason they're digging all these holes, but Stanley soon begins to question why the warden is so interested in anything "special" about the boys' find. Stanley and his campmates must stick together and keep one step ahead of the warden and her henchmen as they plot a daring escape from the camp to solve the mystery and break the Yelnats family curse.


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Ecdysozoa is a clade composed of eight phyla: the arthropods, tardigrades and onychophorans that share segmentation and appendages and the nematodes, nematomorphs, priapulids, kinorhynchs and loriciferans, which are worms with an anterior proboscis or introvert. Ecdysozoa contains the vast majority of animal species and there is a great diversity of body plans among both living and fossil members. The monophyly of the clade has been called into question by some workers based on analyses of whole genome datasets. We review the evidence that now conclusively supports the unique origin of these phyla. Relationships within Ecdysozoa are also controversial and we discuss the molecular and morphological evidence for a number of monophyletic groups within this superphylum.
1. Introduction
The Ecdysozoa is a widely accepted clade that encompasses the Euarthropoda (Insecta, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Chelicerata), the arthropod-like Onychophora and Tardigrada and five phyla of introvert bearing worms: the Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha and Loricifera. In terms of species numbers and niche diversity, the Ecdysozoa is far and away the most significant clade of animals with over a million described species and an estimated total of more than 4.5 million living species (Chapman 2005). The extraordinary number of insects is well known—there are estimated to be more than 10 times as many species of insects than there are of all the deuterostomes and lophotrochozoans put together—yet even had the founder of the insect lineage been eaten by a passing frog, the nematodes and the rest of the arthropods (myriapods, chelicerates and crustaceans) would still easily outnumber all other living animals by close to a quarter of a million species (Chapman 2005). Their characteristic tough cuticle also means that ecdysozoans are well represented in the fossil record adding further wonderful forms to the diversity of the phylum.
Despite the huge numbers of species and great niche diversity, the basic body plans of the Ecdysozoa are rather conservative, being either insect-like with a segmented body and jointed appendages or worm-like with an anterior circum-oesophageal nerve ring and a terminal mouth usually found on an introvert. All groups lack a primary larva as generally conceived and possess a moulted cuticle with concomitant lack of locomotory cilia; it is this periodic moulting or ecdysis that gives the assemblage its name. Although the morphological diversity of ecdysozoan phyla may be seen as fairly restrained when compared to the diversity of shapes seen among, for example, Lophotrochozoa, these two ecdysozoan body plans happen to manifest themselves in the two most extensively and intensively studied invertebrates on the planet, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster.
Prior to 1997, the prevalent view of arthropod relationships linked them, via the onychophorans, to the annelid worms. This annelid–arthropod clade is called Articulata in recognition of the principal character uniting these phyla: a segmented body. Articulata was generally thought to be part of a larger assemblage of animal phyla linked by the possession of a coelomic cavity and called Coelomata. Although the alternative concept of a relationship between arthropods and pseudocoelomate worms such as nematodes and priapulids existed much earlier (discussed in Schmidt-Rhaesa 1998), the first support from molecular sequence data for such a relationship, and indeed the first reference to the Ecdysozoa, date to a paper by Aguinaldo et al. (1997).
This discussion is predicated on the assumption that the Ecdysozoa is a natural, monophyletic group. However, the existence of the Ecdysozoa is not yet universally accepted and so we will consider the evidence that has amassed in support of the monophyly of this group in the 10 years since the paper by Aguinaldo et al. The relationships among the introvertan worms, their position relative to Panarthropoda (Onychophora, Tardigrada and Euarthropoda) and several aspects of the phylogeny within Panarthropoda and Euarthropoda themselves are all still controversial and we will consider recent arguments around each of these.
2. The Ecdysozoa is a monophyletic group
The initial support for the Ecdysozoa came from a study of small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) that specifically addressed one problem encountered when using molecular data derived from the C. elegans genome and many other nematodes (Aguinaldo et al. 1997). This problem derives from the fact that the C. elegans genome is rapidly evolving relative to those of other animals and is therefore perceived to be susceptible to the systematic phylogenetic error of long-branch attraction (LBA; Felsenstein 1978). This artefact of tree reconstruction would tend to cause the branch leading to the fast-evolving nematodes to be shifted towards the root of a tree. The use of short-branched nematodes in the analysis of Aguinaldo et al. resulted in the nematodes moving from their position close to the root of the bilaterian tree (one also supported by consideration of their morphology, in particular their lack of a coelomic cavity) to a close relationship with the arthropods and priapulid worms in a clade which the authors named, the Ecdysozoa (Aguinaldo et al. 1997).
Subsequent analyses of rRNAs have extended membership of the Ecdysozoa beyond Nematoda and Priapulida to include three further phyla of worms; Nematomorpha, Kinorhyncha and Loricifera. This clade had been anticipated by various authors who had already linked these five worm phyla in a group called the Cycloneuralia (Ahlrichs 1995) or Introverta (Nielsen 2001).
The monophyletic Ecdysozoa has been replicated by other taxonomically well-sampled datasets including combined small and large subunit (LSU) rRNAs (Mallatt & Winchell 2002; Mallatt & Giribet 2006) and myosin heavy-chain sequences (Ruiz-Trillo et al. 2002) as well as Hox gene signature peptides (de Rosa et al. 1999) and the (somewhat puzzling) shared presence, in the nervous system of all studied ecdysozoans, of an unidentified antigen recognized by the anti-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) antibody (Haase et al. 2001). The multimeric beta-thymosin gene found in flies and nematode worms (Manuel et al. 2000) has been shown not to be a synapomorphy of the Ecdysozoa (Telford 2004).
Despite these congruent results, there exists a powerful series of papers arguing against the close relationship of nematodes and arthropods and supporting instead the traditional view of the monophyletic Coelomata linking arthropods such as D. melanogaster to humans rather than to nematode worms (Blair et al. 2002; Wolf et al. 2004; Philip et al. 2005; Ciccarelli et al. 2006; Rogozin et al. 2007). This specific phylogenetic question has the attraction of being approachable with the largest possible molecular datasets, the completely sequenced genomes of flies, worms and humans. What almost all studies that have used this approach have found is that the evidence is strongly in favour of the Coelomata hypothesis and against Ecdysozoa.
The counter argument, naturally, is that these whole genome studies suffer from precisely the problem that the Aguinaldo et al. paper addressed; the systematic artefactual attraction of the nematode branch towards the root of the Bilateria due to LBA. This contention does seem to be borne out by a number of publications in the past few years. Copley et al. (2004) compared the presence or absence of 1712 genes or distinct combinations of protein domains specific either to flies and humans or to flies and nematode worms. There were many more of the former giving apparently strong support to the Coelomata hypothesis. However, they were able to show that this strong signal was an artefact resulting from a strong tendency towards secondary loss of genes in the nematode, a feature of its high rate of genomic evolution (Copley et al. 2004). In parallel, Philippe et al. (2005) used large 'phylogenomic' datasets (whole genomes combined with data from expressed sequence tag projects and hence having much broader taxon sampling) and showed that experiments designed to reduce potential long-branch effects—using less distant out-groups, selecting slowly evolving nematodes and discarding the more unevenly evolving genes—supported Ecdysozoa while Coelomata was supported without these efforts. Finally, Irimia et al. (2007) have used a similar approach to show that claims of an excess of identical, rarely changing amino acids shared by flies and humans and lacking in nematode worms (Rogozin et al. 2007), are biased by the use of distant out-groups and by the rapid evolution of C. elegans. They show that, when these biases are accounted for, there is significantly more support for Ecdysozoa than for Coelomata from this source of evidence (Irimia et al. 2007).
The phylogenomic approach has recently been extended to the slowly evolving Priapulida that are strongly supported as ecdysozoans (Webster et al. 2006; also true of Nematomorpha: T. Juliusdottir, R. Jenner, M. Telford & R. Copley 2007, unpublished results). This result was further strengthened by analyses of the very arthropod-like mitochondrial genome of Priapulus caudatus. Perhaps even more strikingly, the priapulid mitochondrial gene order can be reconciled with that of the arthropods by a single inversion (Webster et al. 2007).
We would also like to highlight a further very convincing synapomorphy supporting the monophyly of Protostomia and hence, we believe, definitively ruling out the Coelomata hypothesis. Papillon et al. (2004) used the presence of a dozen rarely changing amino acids in the mitochondrial nad5 gene of protostomes as a striking indication that the chaetognaths were protostomes and not deuterostomes as traditionally believed. The signatures constitute a very complex, conserved, derived character defining a monophyletic group of Protostomia. We have extended this analysis of the nad5 gene, which appears to have undergone a significant burst of evolution within the lineage leading to the protostomes. Almost all of these signature amino acids are found in nematodes and priapulids as well as in other controversial protostomes including rhabditophoran and catenulid flatworms and lophophorates. A monophyletic Protostomia, while not specifically proving the existence of Ecdysozoa, is at least incompatible with a monophyletic group of coelomate animals and therefore contradicts the results from whole genome studies supporting Coelomata.
We strongly support the notion of a monophyletic Ecdysozoa and feel that the only opposing evidence—the whole genome support for Coelomata—is flawed by systematic error, which has been addressed successfully by much better taxon sampling, in particular the use of a close out-group (Philippe et al. 2005). In addition to the molecular systematic support, the monophyly of Ecdysozoa is supported by a number of synapomorphies including ecdysis of a trilayered cuticle (consisting of epi-, exo- and endocuticle), lack of locomotory cilia, lack of primary larva, terminal mouth and the HRP antigen in nervous system and conserved mitochondrial gene order that have been mentioned (see also Schmidt-Rhaesa 1998).
3. Cycloneuralia, Introverta, Scalidophora and Nematoida
While we do not have an equivalent of the nad5 rare genomic change to support the monophyly of the Ecdysozoa within the Protostomia, as we have seen, we do have strong evidence from phylogenomic datasets of tens to hundreds of genes for the monophyly of Arthropoda plus Nematoda, Nematomorpha and Priapulida (Philippe et al. 2005; Webster et al. 2006). These three worm phyla had previously been linked to two further phyla, Kinorhyncha and Loricifera in a group collectively known as the Cycloneuralia (Ahlrichs 1995). The name refers to their collar-shaped, circum-oral brain; something similar is seen in Gastrotricha which are, however, lophotrochozoans not ecdysozoans (Telford et al. 2005). These phyla (but not Gastrotricha) also share an eversible anterior end, or introvert, which terminates in the mouth and gives the alternative name of Introverta (Nielsen 1995), although the introvert is only seen in the larvae of Nematomorpha and in isolated examples of Nematoda.
What we still do not have is much reliable information on the relationships between these phyla or their relationships to the Panarthropoda. This may be explained in part by the difficulty in working on the minute and hard to study Kinorhyncha and Loricifera.
The two groupings that do seem credible are a close relationship between Nematoda and Nematomorpha and between Priapulida and Kinorhyncha. Nematodes and nematomorphs share a number of characters, including the reduced circular muscles in the body wall, the cloaca seen in both sexes, the aflagellate sperm, the cuticle (collagenous not chitinous) and the ectodermal ventral and dorsal nerve cords and were grouped by Nielsen (1995) and named Nematoida by Schmidt-Rhaesa (1996). This clade has weak support from SSU analyses (Peterson & Eernisse 2001), combined analyses of LSU and SSU rRNA (Mallatt et al. 2004) and from a small-scale phylogenomic analysis of 50 nuclear protein-coding genes (T. Juliusdottir, R. Jenner, M. Telford & R. Copley 2007, unpublished results).
Morphologists have also united Priapulida, Kinorhyncha and Loricifera as the Scalidophora (Schmidt-Rhaesa 1998) or Cephalorhyncha (Nielsen 2001), on the basis of a shared introvert with scalids and the presence of two rings of retractor muscles on the introvert. The close relationship between priapulids and kinorhynchs at least seems to hold-up based on the three gene sequences available from kinorhynchs but the single phylogenetic study including the Loricifera showed their position to be ambiguous (Park et al. 2006).
There is no clear indication that the Cycloneuralia is a monophyletic group and in fact most evidence points to Priapulida (and therefore Kinorhyncha too) being the earliest branch and the Nematoida being the sister group of the Panarthropoda (e.g. Mallatt & Giribet 2006; Webster et al. 2006).
4. Panarthropoda: Euarthropoda, Tardigrada and Onychophora
The monophyly of the Euarthropoda plus Onychophora and Tardigrada seems, on the face of it, uncontentious. They are linked by a number of features, most important of which is the segmentally repeated limbs with terminal claws; Onychophora translates as 'claw-bearer'. The limbs in all three groups straddle parasegmental boundaries marked by the expression of the segment polarity gene engrailed (Patel et al. 1989; Gabriel & Goldstein 2007; J. Eriksson 2007, personal communication). Their segmental paired, saccate nephridia (reduced in number and functioning as excretory organs in euarthropods) and open circulatory system also seem to be valid synapomorphies although both are missing in the miniaturized tardigrades (Hejnol & Schnabel 2005). The circulatory system is characteristically formed as a fusion of both the coelomic cavities and the primary body cavity/embryonic blastocoel (i.e. a mixocoel) and there is a dorsal heart with characteristic openings (ostia) into the open circulatory system (Nielsen 2001).
Despite the characters in common with Panarthropoda, not all molecular studies support their monophyly, grouping Tardigrada with the nematodes rather than with Euarthropoda (see Lartillot & Philippe 2008). However, if we assume that Panarthropoda is monophyletic, three trees could unite them: Euarthropoda with either Tardigrada or Onychophora, or Tardigrada and Onychophora as sister groups. The branching order of these three taxa is not resolved by molecules or morphology. However, if we assume that the small size of tardigrades is derived and accounts for the absence of mixocoel, heart and nephridia (Schmidt-Rhaesa 2001; characteristics found in Onychophora and Euarthropoda), we suggest that the similarities of cuticle, ganglionated ventral nerve chord and limbs in tardigrades and Euarthropoda may indicate a sister group relationship.
5. Euarthropoda: Myriochelata versus Mandibulata
The relationships of the four euarthropod clades—Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea and Hexapoda (Hexapoda=Insecta, plus the basally branching groups Diplura, Protura and Collembola) have long been disputed. A decade or so ago there were even serious arguments over the single versus multiple origins of arthropodization, and therefore over the monophyly versus polyphyly of euarthropods (Fryer 1997). Molecular analyses have emphatically supported the monophyly of euarthropods and a unique origin of their cuticularized body and jointed appendages and in the past years, the attention has been focused more on the relationships between these four groups. One common feature of morphology based interpretations of arthropod phylogeny was the close relationship between Myriapoda and Hexapoda in a clade called the Atelocerata (which means malformed horns and refers to their common lack of a second antennal segment) defined additionally by unbranched (uniramous) appendages, malpighian tubules and tracheal breathing (Telford & Thomas 1995). According to the polyphyleticists, the Atelocerata is grouped with the Onychophora in a clade called the Uniramia. Arguably, the clearest result to date in arthropod phylogeny shows that the insects are not most closely related to the myriapods but to the crustaceans (Boore et al. 1995) and, in all likelihood, constitute a subgroup within the Crustacea. This clade of crustaceans plus insects has been referred to as the Pancrustacea or as the Tetraconata due to the tetrapartite crystalline cones of the ommatidia (Dohle 1997, 2001; Harzsch 2004).
More controversial though, is the true position of Myriapoda which share numerous similarities of head organization not only with the insects (as discussed) but also with crustaceans, most notably the presence of a mandible on the third, appendage-bearing head segment. The common head structure of myriapods, crustaceans and insects with two pairs of antennae (at least primitively), paired gnathobasic mandibles and two pairs of maxillae strongly supports their monophyly. This group is named the Mandibulata, reflecting the particular importance of detailed similarities seen between the mandibles of Pancrustacea and Myriapoda in terms of segmental identity, positioning relative to other body parts, gene expression, detailed similarities in terminal differentiation and, of course, in function (Scholz et al. 1998; Edgecombe et al. 2003; Harzsch et al. 2005).
Surprisingly, a number of molecular studies using rRNA, nuclear protein-coding genes and complete mitochondrial genome sequences do not support the mandibulate clade, instead linking the myriapods to the chelicerates in a group called the Paradoxopoda or the Myriochelata (Mallatt et al. 2004; Negrisolo et al. 2004; Pisani et al. 2004). An analysis of nuclear coding genes (Regier et al. 2005), however, did not find strong support for either Myriochelata or Mandibulata, suggesting that there is great uncertainty over the affinity of myriapods. Recognizing that the distinction between the two possibilities comes down to the position of the root of the euarthropod tree, we have reanalysed the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of various arthropods using a priapulid as a short-branched, phylogentically close relative of the arthropods. We find that, in contrast to previous studies that had used more distant out-groups (lophotrochozoans), our mitochondrial tree narrowly supports Mandibulata over Myriochelata (figure 1; see also Pisani 2004). We have also analysed a number of nuclear, protein-coding genes and have reached the same conclusion (figure 2). While our bias in support of a return to the Mandibulata is probably obvious, it is clear that this question remains to be resolved one way or the other.
While there are specific characteristics shared by myriapods and chelicerates yet absent from Pancrustacea (Dove & Stollewerk 2003; Kadner & Stollewerk 2004; Stollewerk & Simpson 2005), it is difficult to demonstrate these as synapomorphies as we have insufficient data from an out-group and the suspicion is that the Myriapoda/Chelicerata character state may be plesiomorphic and uninformative (Harzsch 2004; Harzsch et al. 2005). While the same criticism may be made of some of the characters supporting Mandibulata, the chelicerate homologue of the mandible (the first walking leg; Telford & Thomas 1998) seems likely to represent the plesiomorphic condition as it strongly resembles adjacent, serially homologous, walking appendages. This implies that the mandible itself is a shared derived character uniting the mandibulates.
6. Pycnogonids are chelicerates
The pycnogonids or sea spiders have long been associated with the chelicerates due to the shared character of chelicerae (chelifores in pycnogonids) on the first limb-bearing segment. This phylogenetic link was questioned recently both by studies of their nervous systems and by molecular systematic analyses. The larval nervous system of a pycnogonid from the genus Anoplodactylus was studied and the chelifore appeared to be innervated from the frontmost portion of the brain (the protocerebrum), suggesting that this appendage was therefore not homologous to the chelicerae of other chelicerates which is innervated from the second portion of the brain—the deutocerebrum (Budd & Telford 2005; Maxmen et al. 2005). This tied in with a molecular phylogenetic study placing the Pycnogonida at the base of Euarthropoda and not with Chelicerata (Regier et al. 2005). Subsequent analysis of Hox expression patterns have disproved the protocerebral position of the chelifores showing that they are indeed in the same deutocerebral position as chelicerae (Jager et al. 2006) and most molecular data imply that the chelicerates including Pycnogonida is a monophyletic group and that the contrary result is most likely derived from the rapid evolutionary rate of the Pycnogonida (Mallatt & Giribet 2006).
7. The position of the Hexapoda within the Pancrustacea
The support for the monophyly of Crustacea plus Hexapoda, which came most emphatically from the evidence of a shared mitochondrial genome rearrangement, has been bolstered by numerous subsequent molecular phylogenetic analyses (Friedrich & Tautz 1995; Hwang et al. 2001; Delsuc et al. 2003; Nardi et al. 2003; Regier et al. 2005). Consideration of various aspects of morphology, in particular of nervous system ontogeny and structure, gives further weight to the integrity of this clade. Harzsch (2004) and Harzsch et al. (2005) list neuroblasts, two pairs of serotonergic neurons per hemineuromere, a fixed number of excitatory motoneurons per limb muscle and aspects of lateral eye ultrastructure in support of the Crustacea plus Hexapoda clade, which they term Tetraconata.
More controversial has been the placement of Hexapoda within Crustacea and the monophyly versus polyphyly of Hexapoda with a number of studies separating the Collembola from the Insecta. While it is generally agreed that Crustacea is paraphyletic rather than being the sister group of the Hexapoda (and that Hexapoda is in effect a terrestrial group of crustaceans), the closest crustacean sister group of the hexapods has been debated. Ignoring for the moment the little studied Cephalocarida and Remipedia, there are two contenders among the main crustacean classes: the Malacostraca that includes familiar species such as crabs and mantis shrimps and Branchiopoda such as Artemia the brine shrimp and Daphnia the water flea. The Hexapoda–Malacostraca clade is supported by various features of brain anatomy; specifically, members of these two groups share the presence of three brain neuropils joined by chiasmata where other crustaceans have two neuropils linked by parallel fibres (Harzsch 2002). Analyses of complete mitochondrial genome sequences on the other hand support a monophyletic Malacostraca and Branchiopoda clade as a sister group to Hexapoda (Cook et al. 2005). Most other molecular analyses, however, support a sister group relationship between Hexapoda and Branchiopoda (Regier et al. 2005; Mallatt & Giribet 2006).
We have recently gathered all available data from rRNAs, mitochondrial genomes and various nuclear protein-coding genes, and our analyses support the close relationship between Hexapoda and Branchiopoda. This relationship is of great interest to the many workers interested in the evolution of the insects as it shows that Daphnia, a crustacean with a completely sequenced nuclear genome, is a relatively close sister group of insects. Our analyses also include data from Cephalocarida and Remipedia and the placement of these two groups is less certain. Both taxa are derived in terms of numbers of substitutions. While the remipede consistently groups close to the hexapods, the position of the cephalocarid is very unstable (A. Economou & M. J. Telford 2007, unpublished results).
Although the relationships within the Hexapods are beyond the scope of this paper, the controversy over the placement of the Collembola is worth mentioning. While rRNA and nuclear coding gene phylogenies recover the expected monophyly of the hexapods (Insecta, Diplura, Protura and Collembola), analyses using complete mitochondrial genomes recover a diphyletic Hexapoda with the Insecta separated from the Collembola (Nardi et al. 2003); sequences for Diplura and Protura were not available. The basis of this result has been questioned by subsequent authors and one must conclude that, although monophyly of Hexapoda ultimately seems the most likely result, this needs to be tested with larger datasets.
8. Conclusion
In figure 3, we summarize our best current estimate of ecdysozoan phylogeny. The first thing that is obvious from this tree and from the preceding discussion is that, while it seems clear that Ecdysozoa is a monophyletic group, the relationships between phyla and major classes within the clade are often uncertain.
While the pattern of relationships of the Ecdysozoa has its own great intrinsic interest, the phylogeny should also be viewed as the basis for a further understanding of the evolution of the Ecdysozoa. The mapping of character states onto a phylogeny allows us to go beyond the relationships of organisms to the evolution of characters and ultimately a fuller understanding of the process of evolution. The characteristics of the common ancestor of Ecdysozoa is of particular interest and it can be safely assumed to have possessed the synapomorphies of the group; Budd has tentatively reconstructed the common ancestor as a large worm-like form with a terminal mouth (Budd 2001) and to these characteristics we can add the shared characters discussed previously. The monophyly versus paraphyly of the Cycloneuralia becomes important now as, if paraphyletic, then their common ancestor becomes synonymous with the ecdysozoan ancestor and suggests that it also possessed a cycloneuralian brain (not unreasonable considering the similar situation seen in onychophorans; Eriksson et al. 2003), and an introvert.
More controversial is the possibility that the ecdysozoan ancestor was segmented. While the kinorhynch metameres are generally referred to as zonites rather than segments, this seems a rather pointless distinction and is one indication that segmentation may be primitive in the group (Müller & Schmidt-Rhaesa 2003; Schmidt-Rhaesa & Rothe 2006). The similar deployment of homologous genes ('segment polarity' or 'pair rule' genes) in arthropods and kinorhynchs would be a more direct indication of homology and hence common ancestry of segmentation within the group as would the demonstration that arthropod segmentation can be convincingly homologized with that of annelids (Prud'homme et al. 2003) or even vertebrates (Damen 2007).
Through comparison of the completely sequenced genomes of D. melanogaster and C. elegans, there is also the theoretical possibility of learning something about the genome of the ecdysozoan common ancestor, or perhaps something close to it depending on the position of the Arthropoda/Nematoida common ancestor. One significant conclusion from comparative genomics to date has been the secondary loss of large numbers of genes in the two model ecdysozoans (Copley et al. 2004; Putnam et al. 2007). The problem, of course, is that the two model species appear to have much derived genomes making comparisons particularly difficult to interpret—are they different from other animals due to common ecdysozoan gene losses or through convergent gene losses in these two derived models? The ecdysozoan genome projects ongoing or recently announced, in particular that of the priapulid P. caudatus, are very exciting for the purpose of reconstructing the ancestral ecdysozoan genome, and should also add further to our understanding of the evolutionary relationships of this huge, diverse and fascinating group.
Research in the laboratory was supported by the BBSRC and by the Marie Curie RTN ZOONET (MRTN-CT-2004-005624). We are very grateful for careful reviews by Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa and Davide Pisani.
One contribution of 17 to a Discussion Meeting Issue 'Evolution of the animals: a Linnean tercentenary celebration'.
- © 2008 The Royal Society


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Cerveauxxxxxx is a compzine by Miss Mae Undead who lives in San Jose, California. Cerveauxxxx is also brains in French. The first issue came out around March 2005. Which is about zombie history in film, news in "real life", some fiction, a playlist the dead can to groove to, anatomy and monsters that are mistaken for zombies. Mae Undead finally got around to putting out the second issue, June 2006.
This zine can be ordered directly from Mae Undead at her distro, Gimme Brains!!! and also avaliable at other on-line distros.


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