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The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change commits signatories to preventing 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system', leaving unspecified the level of global warming that is dangerous. In the late 1990s, a limit of 2°C global warming above preindustrial temperature was proposed as a 'guard rail' below which most of the dangerous climate impacts could be avoided. The 2009 Copenhagen Accord recognized the scientific view 'that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius' despite growing views that this might be too high. At the same time, the continued rise in greenhouse gas emissions in the past decade and the delays in a comprehensive global emissions reduction agreement have made achieving this target extremely difficult, arguably impossible, raising the likelihood of global temperature rises of 3°C or 4°C within this century. Yet, there are few studies that assess the potential impacts and consequences of a warming of 4°C or greater in a systematic manner. Papers in this themed issue provide an initial picture of the challenges facing a world that warms by 4°C or more, and the difficulties ahead if warming is to be limited to 2°C with any reasonable certainty. Across many sectors—coastal cities, agriculture, water stress, ecosystems, migration—the impacts and adaptation challenges at 4°C will be larger than at 2°C. In some cases, such as farming in sub-Saharan Africa, a +4°C warming could result in the collapse of systems or require transformational adaptation out of systems, as we understand them today. The potential severity of impacts and the behavioural, institutional, societal and economic challenges involved in coping with these impacts argue for renewed efforts to reduce emissions, using all available mechanisms, to minimize the chances of high-end climate change. Yet at the same time, there is a need for accelerated and focused research that improves understanding of how the climate system might behave under a +4°C warming, what the impacts of such changes might be and how best to adapt to what would be unprecedented changes in the world we live in.
1. Introduction
The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) commits signatories to achieving a 'stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system', leaving unspecified the level of global warming that is dangerous [1,2]. The succession of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments has progressively improved the evidence base on the potential impacts of climate change, but large uncertainties remain. These uncertainties, combined with the geographical diversity of impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities, have made it difficult to arrive at a precise temperature target.
While the 2009 UNFCCC Conference of the Parties in Copenhagen failed to deliver any formal 'climate deal', the non-binding Copenhagen Accord recognized the scientific view 'that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius' [3]. The adoption of this target occurred despite increasing evidence that for at least some nations and ecosystems, the risk of severe impacts is already significant at 2°C [4]; hence, the Accord includes an intent to consider a lower 1.5°C target in 2015.
The idea of a 2°C temperature target derives partly from a convergence of two themes in the IPCC assessments. First, an accumulation of potential impacts, with increasing certainty and severity, when moving from a 2°C warming to 3°C and 4°C, suggested that many of the more serious impacts could be avoided by keeping below 2°C (for example, the 'Burning Embers', fig. SPM-2 in the IPCC 3rd Assessment WG2 Report [5]). Second, a sequence of the IPCC mid-range emission scenarios projected global temperature increases of 2°C by the end of the twenty-first century.
As early as 1996, the European Union (EU) embraced 2°C above preindustrial levels as a target that 'should guide global limitation and reduction efforts' (Environment Council 1996, cited in Jordan & Rayner [6, p. 62]). This was reaffirmed in various subsequent council meetings and by countries such as The Netherlands and the UK [7]. It also became the basis for the 15 per cent reduction target for all developed countries proposed by the EU for COP3 in 1997. Tol [7] argues that the policy justification for the target was based on a narrow and uncertain set of climate and economics studies and was somewhat arbitrary. It was certainly a pragmatic choice, being both potentially achievable, at least when first considered in the late 1990s, and a catchy number. The 2°C target 'became an enduring benchmark of danger and a metric that then constrained emission and concentration targets' [2].
In the final plenary at a scientific conference on climate change in Copenhagen in March 2009, a discussion with the Prime Minister of Denmark, Anders Rasmussen, produced an interchange that demonstrates the tensions between evolving scientific knowledge and policy decisions. When told by a scientific panel that even a 2°C target might allow too much warming, with serious damages and possible tipping points occurring below 2°C, the Prime Minister expressed frustration: 'It was a hard battle to get agreement on two degrees, a real challenge, and now you tell me it's not enough and we need less than two!'.1
2. Feasibility of 2°C
At the same time that science was suggesting that 2°C might not be as safe a guardrail as previously thought, there was growing evidence suggesting that dramatic emission cuts were required to have any reasonable chance of staying below the 2°C target. For example, Rogelj et al. [8] argued that having a 50:50 chance of constraining warming to 2°C would require developed countries to cut emissions by up to 80 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050, but that even the best case commitments prior to Copenhagen only resulted in a 4 per cent cut by 2020 and a 63 per cent cut by 2050. They concluded that there was 'virtually no chance of limiting warming to 2°C above preindustrial temperatures'.
The challenges involved in keeping below 2°C have if anything increased since the 2009 Copenhagen meeting. While the introduction of the 2°C and 1.5°C targets in the Copenhagen Accord is significant, it has not been underpinned by adequate action. Parties were invited to communicate voluntary targets or actions for 2020 and their base year to the Secretariat by 31 January 2010. But this did not entice any stronger reduction pledges, bringing into question the feasibility and will of large emitters to seriously aim for the 2°C target, let alone 1.5°C. At the UNFCCC negotiations in Bonn in June 2010, the first formal negotiations after Copenhagen, expectations were expressed that a legally binding agreement would not be reached before 2012 at COP17 in South Africa. Yvo de Boer, in his final remarks as head of the UNFCCC before stepping down, said that it could take up to 10 years for negotiations to deliver a robust and effective agreement [9].
In this issue, Bowerman et al. [10] build on earlier work [11] to illustrate clearly the importance of cumulative carbon emissions budgets as a determinant of peak global temperature. They show that a total of 1 trillion tonnes of carbon (TtC) from 1750 to 2500 will produce a 'most likely' peak warming of 2°C. Importantly, the uncertainties in carbon cycling and climate system response to atmospheric CO2 mean that there is considerable likelihood of exceeding the most likely figure of 2°C. Bowerman et al. [10] also demonstrate that the relationship between cumulative emissions and peak temperature is largely insensitive to the emissions pathway; therefore, a continued steep rise of emissions after 2010, with a high peak and steep post-peak decline, can produce the same peak temperature as a flatter emissions profile, provided they both keep to a 1 TtC cumulative total. Bowerman et al. [10] extend their earlier work by showing the likelihood range for peak temperatures under cumulative carbon budgets arising from less aggressive emissions reduction policies: 2 and 3 TtC result in most likely peak temperatures of 3°C and 4°C over preindustrial.
Defining the cumulative budgets and associated emissions pathways required to avoid 2°C with some likelihood begs the question of whether the emissions profiles that can deliver 1 TtC are technically, economically and politically feasible. This is addressed by Anderson & Bows [12] who explore how the approximately 0.5 TtC that can still be emitted while remaining within the 1 TtC total could be apportioned between Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 nations. Any reasonable assumptions about when non-Annex 1 emissions might peak and how steeply they will be able to decline chew up most of the remaining budget, requiring Annex 1 nations to immediately and radically reduce emissions at rates steeper than have been contemplated by most previous studies. Anderson & Bows [12] conclude that keeping below 2°C is virtually impossible; it follows that the proposed 1.5°C is simply unachievable.
Other post-Copenhagen analyses tend to support Anderson & Bows' view [13–15]. For example, Rogelj et al. [13] show that existing pledges by developed and developing countries offer a greater than 50 per cent probability of exceeding 3°C (95% CI 2.2–5.0°C), and that existing pledges, followed by successful achievement of a halving of current emissions by 2050, result in a 50 per cent chance of exceeding 2°C (95% CI 1.2–3.2°C). Importantly, even if 2020 pledges are successful, very high rates of reduction in emissions are required to get to the 2050 emissions target.
Bowerman et al.'s [10] paper also addresses the issue of 'emissions floors'—where, for example, current methods of food production generate greenhouse gases that are very difficult to reduce. They show that while these might be substantial—several GtC per year—their main effect is to reduce the rate at which temperatures decline from their peak. Getting emissions down to any realistic emissions floor is 95 per cent of the battle.
While the shape of any emissions profile leading to a particular cumulative budget is not a determinant of peak temperature, it does affect the rate of warming, which is strongly correlated with peak emissions [10]. If working towards a 1 GtC cumulative emissions budget; and associated 2°C peak temperature, emissions that peak at 20 GtC per year result in a peak warming rate of 0.3°C per decade; if emissions peak at 10 GtC per year, the peak warming rate is 0.18°C per decade. These different rates of warming have important implications, discussed in more detail below.
3. Implications of policy failure
Even with strong political will, the chances of shifting the global energy system fast enough to avoid 2°C are slim [12,16]. Trajectories that result in eventual temperature rises of 3°C or 4°C are much more likely, and the implications of these larger temperature changes require serious consideration. In this issue, Betts et al. [17] use a series of global climate model simulations, accounting for uncertainty in key atmospheric and coupled-carbon-cycle feedbacks on climate, to explore the timings of climate change under a high-end, roughly business-as-usual scenario, IPCC SRES A1FI, where emissions have reached 30 Gt of CO2 (8 GtC) per year by 2100. All but two of the models reach 4°C before the end of the twenty-first century, with the most sensitive model reaching 4°C by 2061, a warming rate of 0.5°C per decade. All the models warm by 2°C between 2045 and 2060. This supports the message that an early peak and departure from a business-as-usual emissions pathway are essential if a maximum temperature below 4°C is to be avoided with any degree of certainty.
4. What might a 4°C world look like?
That there will be large variations in spatial patterns of climate change associated with any global temperature are well established and are well summarized in the IPCC 4th Assessment [18]. Land areas warm more than the oceans, so for almost all areas of human habitation, temperature increases will exceed, frequently by more than one-and-a-half times, the global average. Temperature changes at high latitudes are projected to be especially amplified, largely owing to snow and ice albedo feedbacks; boreal summer temperatures are at least twice the global average warming, and Arctic Ocean winter temperatures warm three times faster than average. While global average precipitation is projected to increase [19], most areas that are currently arid and semi-arid are projected to dry, while the moist tropics and mid-latitudes are projected to become wetter, a signal that appears to be emerging in recent precipitation trends [20].
An important question is whether this spatial pattern of change is similar in 2°C and 4°C worlds. Sanderson et al. [21] explore this by comparing global climate models that warm by at least 4°C by 2100 with those that warm less rapidly under the IPCC SRES A2 emissions scenario. They show that the pattern of warming relative to global mean temperature change is very similar between the two classes of climate model, apart from during boreal summers where warming is amplified in models that warm faster. In areas where precipitation decreases, temperature increases tend to be amplified, probably owing to reduced evaporative cooling of the land surface. The broadly constant ratio of local climate change to global temperature change implies that these local changes are amplified in a 4°C world; for example, a local change of 3°C in a +2°C world (1°C greater than the global average) becomes 7.5°C in a +4°C world (3.5°C above the global average).
One of the most certain outcomes of a warmer world is an increase in global sea level, although the actual amount of sea-level rise (SLR) is rather less certain. Nicholls et al. [22] review recent literature on SLR, and propose that in a world that warms by 4°C by 2100, global sea level will increase between 0.5 and 2 m by the end of the century, but with rises greater than 1 m being much less likely. A warming of 4°C will also commit the world to larger SLRs beyond 2100, as the ocean equilibrates thermally to atmospheric warming; these post-2100 increases could be large should irreversible melting of the Greenland ice sheet be triggered and some level of break-up of the West Antarctic ice sheet occur [22].
There are a range of other potential thresholds in the climate system and large ecosystems that might be crossed as the world warms from 2°C to 4°C and beyond [23]. These include permanent absence of summer sea ice in the Arctic [24], loss of the large proportion of reef-building tropical corals [25], melting of permafrost at rates that result in positive feedbacks to greenhouse gas warming through CH4 and CO2 releases [26,27] and die-back of the Amazon forest [28]. While the locations of these thresholds are not precisely defined, it is clear that the risk of these transitions occurring is much larger at 4°C—and so the nature of the changes in climate we experience may well start shifting from incremental to transformative.
5. Impacts and adaptation
Prior to the 2009 '4 Degrees' conference, very few studies of impacts had explored the implications of warming of 4°C and higher [29]. Five papers in this issue attempt to redress this, looking at specific sectors: coastal impacts, tropical forests, African agriculture, water resources and human migration.
Zelazowski et al. [30] examine the changes in potential climatic niche for humid tropical forests under 2°C and 4°C global warming scenarios. In South America, African and Asia, large fractions of current environmental niches are lost, but there are also gains, especially on the western margins of the Congo basin, in some cases resulting in a net increase in niche area. However, the authors note that much of the area that might become suitable is already under agriculture, so the chances of successful migration of forests into these areas are either slim or, at best, rather slow.
Nicholls et al. [22] evaluate the range of impacts from SLR should the world warm by 4°C by 2100. They consider a SLR range from 0.5 to 2.0 m by 2100, under scenarios of no protection (abandonment) and aggressive protection, including dyke building similar to that used in The Netherlands, and shoreline nourishment. Under both scenarios, large areas and many millions of people are at risk (table 1), particularly in South and Southeast Asia. If only sparsely populated coastal regions are abandoned, most people are protected, but at considerable cost, especially for a 2 m SLR: the annual cost of enhancing and maintaining sea defences that have kept up with rising sea levels through to 2100 is $270 billion. Many of the nations most at risk from SLR—such as Bangladesh and Vietnam—will find it difficult to meet the costs of full protection without contributions from richer nations, for example, through an adaptation fund. In reality, it is likely that protection will be patchy, falling somewhere between the two extremes examined by Nicholls et al. [22]. Further, the risk of continued SLR after global temperatures have peaked means that many more people could be at risk, particularly if areas that are protected up to 2100 are then forced to be abandoned.
Fung et al. [31] look at the interactions between climate change and population-driven demand for water in 2°C and 4°C worlds. As with previous studies [32,33], they show that patterns of precipitation change from different global climate models remain uncertain over large areas. However, at a global temperature of +4°C, the spatial extent of regions exhibiting consensus between models in both the sign and magnitude of precipitation change is much greater. Further, the regions of water resources decrease show even greater agreement, mainly because enhanced evaporation in a 4°C world reduces run-off in areas where there are no significant precipitation changes. Using some simple assumptions about the relationship between demand for water and population, Fung et al. [31] examine water stress at 2°C and 4°C under UN populations forecasts for 2030 and 2060, showing that for most river basins, stress is maximized when the higher populations expected in 2060 coincide with higher degrees of climate change. Further, in some river basins, at 4°C, climate change starts to outweigh population growth as the primary driver of water stress.
Agriculture has long been highlighted as being at risk from climate change, especially in the seasonally dry sub-tropics and tropics, where even small increases in global temperature are projected to reduce crop yields owing to combined increases in heat and water stress [34]. Much of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is thought to be particularly vulnerable, owing to a combination of climate change and limited adaptive capacity of small farmers. A warming of 4°C or higher will exacerbate these stresses, but also raises the question of whether particular types of agriculture become unsustainable, for example because of either intolerable frequencies of crop failure or complete loss of suitable growing conditions [35]. Thornton et al. [36] evaluate the potential impacts of a 5°C global temperature increase on SSA agriculture. The ensemble mean response projects drying over most of the region, apart from a small precipitation increase over parts of East Africa, resulting in large decreases in growing season length, especially (greater than 20%) in the Sahel and over most of southern Africa. Simulations of key indicator crops also show decreases in yields over the region, and pasture yields decrease everywhere, except East Africa. Of particular concern is the increase in rain-fed crop failures; for example, in much of southern Africa such failures are projected to occur once every 2 years.
Within any sector—water, agriculture, coastal flooding or ecological function—impacts are clearly amplified in a +4°C world, in many instances to the extent that climate becomes the dominant driver of change. However, as Warren [37] explains in this issue, it is important to consider the interactions between these sectors, and also with efforts to mitigate emissions. While these interactions are difficult to assess, they may result in societal impacts that are greater than the sum of individual sectoral impacts; for example, shifts to biofuel production as an alternative fuel and programmes to prevent forest conversion to agriculture may place an additional stress on food and water security.
The larger impacts on society associated with a 4°C world clearly present greater challenges for adaptation, as discussed by Stafford-Smith et al. [38], in this issue. First, the continued failure of the parties to the UNFCCC to agree on emissions reductions means that those planning adaptation responses have to consider a wider range of possible futures, with a poorly defined upper bound. Second, responses that might be most appropriate for a 2°C world may be maladaptive in a +4°C world; this is, particularly, an issue for decisions with a long lifetime, which have to be made before there is greater clarity on the amount of climate change that will be experienced. For example, a reservoir built to help communities adapt to moderate temperature increases may become dry if they continue to increase, or coastal protection designed for 2°C may be overcome at 4°C. This will require systems that are flexible and robust to a range of possible futures. Third, for some of the more vulnerable regions, a +4°C world may require a complete transformation in many aspects of society, rather than adaptation of existing activities, for example, high crop failure frequency in southern Africa may require shifts to entirely new crops and farming methods, or SLR may require the relocation of cities. Stafford-Smith et al. [38] argue that a range of psychological, social and institutional barriers to adaptation is exacerbated by uncertainty and long time frames, with the danger of immobilizing decision-makers, and suggest ways in which some of these barriers might be overcome.
A 4°C world also raises the bar for the long-term financing of adaptation. Estimates prior to Copenhagen (most based on 2°C scenarios) ranged from about $40 billion to $170 billion a year. Agreement was reached in Copenhagen for fast-track funding for developing countries of $10 billion a year from 2010 to 2012 and a goal of $100 billion a year in 2020—but these funds are for both adaptation and mitigation [39,40]. It is still not clear where these funds will come from and the extent to which they will be additional to current overseas development assistance; clearly, however, the severity of impacts at 4°C will require much greater investments.
An interesting dynamic emerges between the potential impacts of climate change and the rate at which climate change occurs. First, many population scenarios project that world population will peak at about nine billion in the 2050s, with the largest increases between now and then concentrated in emerging economies. Demand for food and water will rise (and possibly peak) in parallel with this. If climate warms rapidly—as might occur with a steep rise in emissions, with a high peak emissions rate, perhaps exacerbated by a post-peak reduction that fails to keep to a 1 TtC budget—a temperature of anywhere between 2°C and 4°C might be reached by the 2050s or 2060s, precisely at the time when vulnerability as a result of population demands for food and water is highest. A slower rise in temperature, and associated regional climate change, would mean that maximum climate impacts would occur after demand for food and water begins to decline in line with a shrinking population. Second, early and rapid warming reduces the time available for adaptation, particularly if, as suggested by Stafford-Smith et al. [38], a 4°C world will require a transformative rather than incrementalist adaptive response. Faster and more serious impacts require more resources—financial, knowledge, technical, human—for adaptation over a shorter time, and there may simply be too little resource to go round, with the least well-resourced communities 'left behind'.
6. Mitigation options outside of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
The lack of agreement and binding commitment among nations in Copenhagen led some to pessimism regarding the likelihood of avoiding dangerous climate change. But it also led to a renewed focus on the role and potential of non-nation-state actors (NNSAs)—regional, city and local government, the private sector, non-profit organizations and individuals—in limiting emissions and helping the world adapt to warmer temperatures [41–45].
Because cities now host the majority of the world's population, and may produce somewhere between 30 and 75 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions [46], they have the potential to make a substantial contribution to reducing the risks of climate change—both in terms of emission reductions and as key sites for adaptation to a warmer world. Researchers have noted the discursive and material actions of major cities such as London and Los Angeles that have committed to emission reductions of 60 per cent below 1990 baseline levels by 2025 and 35 per cent below 1990 baseline levels by 2030, respectively, and developed detailed adaptation plans [47]. They also highlight the importance of networks such as 'Cities for Climate Protection' and the C40 group of global cities that share best strategies and advocate for strong climate policies that support local action [48].
In countries such as the USA, Canada and Australia, state action has often moved out in advance of federal policy with California, for example, committing to an 80 per cent cut in emissions by 2050 and adopting standards for the carbon content of products that send ripples across the USA. Also in the USA, states have developed regional carbon markets such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) or Western Climate Initiative (WCI) that seek to provide flexible options for conforming to regional caps on emissions. In the USA, even though the federal government has not, as yet, passed comprehensive climate legislation, more than half the population lives within a jurisdiction with a greenhouse gas emissions reduction commitment, and new automobile standards and renewable obligations are also controlling emissions [49,50].
A growing number of major corporations are also taking steps to reduce their emissions—including firms from the energy, manufacturing, mining, cement and retail sectors. While some emission cuts are to comply with government policies or to take advantage of carbon trading opportunities, others reflect pledges on corporate social responsibility or the realization that there may be market savings in low-carbon pathways and market gains from being seen as a 'green brand' [51].
A wide range of commitments and actions by NNSAs has been described, but the aggregate sum of these actions in terms of emission reductions is hard to calculate. They are likely to be insufficient alone to avoid a 2°C or 3°C climate change, but they may help to reduce the rates of global emissions growth, the peak emissions and hence the feasibility of a delayed global agreement.
7. Geoengineering: the silver bullet?
Some scientists and policy makers are now looking beyond mitigation and adaptation to the possibility that the only effective solution to climate change will be geoengineering. Concerned that current efforts to limit emissions are inadequate, that the risks of rapid warming are unacceptable, they are now willing to consider various interventions to alter the climate. The serious impacts of a 4°C warming and the potential of reaching irreversible or discontinuous tipping points are sometimes used to make the case for geoengineering [52].
A report on geoengineering by the Royal Society [53] reviews most of the technologies and discusses the technical, scientific, economic, ethical and governance challenges. They conclude that although geoengineering is technically possible, there are major uncertainties, and that geoengineering provides no justification to diminish efforts in mitigation and adaptation. They evaluate technologies for their effectiveness, affordability, timeliness and safety, finding, for example, that although stratospheric aerosols are effective, affordable and timely, they are potentially less safe than afforestation or carbon removal and storage. Afforestation is considered less effective and timely, and ocean fertilization is generally seen as less effective, affordable, timely and safe than other technologies. They propose that carbon dioxide removal may be preferable, partly because it deals with the ocean acidification problem, but that solar radiation management may be necessary to respond to rapid climate change or tipping points because it may be implemented faster. With solar radiation management, there are risks that any interruption could result in a sudden rise in temperature and thus a rapid return to higher temperatures associated with high greenhouse gas concentrations. Some of the less risky approaches are those with long implementation times—during which temperatures may continue to increase, whereas a failure to sustain the shorter term technologies of solar radiation management could bring a swift rise in the temperature. The debate is likely to continue over whether the risks of temperatures as high as 4°C are so great that geoengineering research and implementation should be accelerated.
8. Research agenda for a 4°C world
Most analysts would agree that the current state of the UNFCCC process and other efforts to reduce greenhouse gases make the chances of keeping below 2°C extremely slim, with 3°C much more likely, and a real possibility of 4°C, should more pessimistic analyses come to fruition. Despite a range of research over the past few decades that has informed our understanding of climate change, there are a range of issues and questions that are particular to high-end climate change.
— Many climate scientists caution that the broadly linear response seen in many components of the climate system—ENSO, monsoon rainfall, ocean circulation—under more moderate warming may break down in a +4°C world. So, there is a need for climate model simulations that persist for many decades at 4°C or higher to explore the potential behaviour and stability of these key climate process phenomena.
— At higher temperatures, our understanding of biogeochemical feedbacks, such as Arctic methane release, ocean CO2 drawdown, ocean floor methane hydrates and forest carbon cycles, is poor. Yet, these feedbacks are critical to putting constraints on the upper end of climate change.
— There is a need for a concerted research effort that more fully explores the impacts of high-end climate change across scales and across sectors. The papers in this issue illustrate that the magnitude of impacts is large and not necessarily linear in a +4°C world. Improved understanding of these impacts, including the existence and location of thresholds such as permanent crop failure, is needed to enable the sort of new thinking about adaptation that is required and to estimate the costs and needed development investments to support such adaptation.
— Research into flexible, staged approaches to adaptation that are robust to significant uncertainties is needed. We need to start designing the institutional framework that allows for integrated adaptation strategies, as well as both incremental and transformative adaptation, across sectors and also across geographical scales.
— The modelling of future emissions pathways needs to work within a cumulative budget framework, rather than stabilization of concentrations in the atmosphere. This allows for incorporation of recent and concurrent emissions data, providing a realistic launch point for emissions profiles that fit the required budgets for a particular temperature target. Further, the cumulative budget approach allows for transparent discussion of how remaining emissions can be partitioned between nations.
— Further research is needed into the effectiveness and governance of geoengineering, with careful consideration of the relative risks, costs and benefits of alternative technologies as compared with the costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation.
— Much of the work on impacts and adaptation looks at fixed 'time slices' in the future, either under a specific emissions scenario or, as with papers in this issue, at a fixed temperature threshold. However, different emissions pathways leading to the same peak temperature can result in quite different warming rates, and so further exploration of the sensitivity of systems to different rates of warming is required.
— A clearer understanding of the aggregate contributions of NNSAs towards mitigation and adaptation efforts is required, and how they can be promoted and fostered alongside international and domestic efforts.
Contemplating a world that is 4°C warmer can seem like an exercise in hopelessness: accepting that we will not reduce greenhouse gases enough or in time, and laying out a difficult future for many of the world's people, ecosystems and regions. On the one hand, the papers in this issue add urgency to the need to swiftly curb emissions, and on the other, they suggest the importance of research and investment in adaptation, and even perhaps geoengineering, in case we cannot reduce emissions or must plan for at least an overshoot period of higher temperatures [54].
One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue 'Four degrees and beyond: the potential for a global temperature increase of four degrees and its implications'.
- This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society


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Maecenas Unmasked- 5/8/10
The 26th Annual Maecenas Gala "unmasked" the Pittsburgh Opera's new headquarters in the Strip District to its 370 guests. The night, which raised $325,000, featured food by All in Good Taste Productions' Bob Sendall and a performance of "Ride of the Valkyries" by residents of the Opera. The evening also honored Mildred Miller Posvar with the Renaissance Award and the presented the Maecenas Award to Joseph and Carol Massaro. A Treasure Chest valued at $26,000 was raffled off at the end of the night and featured 13 designer ties, handbags by Judith Leiber and Kooba, a Gucci wallet, a stay at the new Fairmont Pittsburgh hotel, and more! "The event was a great way to showcase the new building, not only at the end of a great season, but at the start of a new era in our new headquarters," says Pittsburgh Opera Public Relations Manager Kesha M. Pate.Read More
Photography by Megan Wylie
Photography by Megan Wylie
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subset: commoncrawl


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The beauty in TotalFinder, in contrast to, say, something like PathFinder, is that it's a set of extensions to the Finder, and doesn't actually replace or even alter the Finder.app binary. "TotalFinder is an add-on which gets loaded into the Finder when you launch TotalFinder.app," the website explains, "It does not modify your Finder.app files on the disk, it modifies current instance of Finder running in memory."
TotalFinder delivers a set of very welcome features, prime of which is tabs. The code for this feature is taken straight from Google Chrome, meaning it looks and functions exactly like the tabs in the Mac OS X version of Chrome. As a heavy Chrome user, this is really, really good news, and it makes sure that the tab experience in your Finder is nicely consistent. You can rearrange tabs, and use them as drop targets for drag and drop operations. Of course, springloading is implemented as well, as well as tearing off tabs and combining them.
Another, less polished feature is the split view. TotalFinder simply mirrors the entire Finder window to achieve a split view, conjoining two tabs in one. This feature requires some work, as it looks rather odd. The developer appears to be struggling with the issue of integrating the tab bar with the split view.
Another extremely welcome feature is cut and paste. Yes, the Finder as-is does not ship with cut and paste - all it can do is copy and paste. This is one of those shortcomings Apple should've fixed ages ago, but for some reason, they refuse to. The cut and paste in TotalFinder works exactly as you'd except (
apple+x followed by
apple+v), and there's an experimental option available as well to add these commands to the context menu.
Two minor tweaks are folders on top and show system files. Most file managers have these options from the get-go, but again, Apple refuses to implement them. You can argue it makes sense not to include showing system files, but the option of sorting with folders on top is such an elemental feature that simply must be included with any self-respecting file manager.
A feature which will certainly please power users who do a lot of file management is the Visor. The Visor is activated via a global key combination, and amounts to a large Finder window which slides upwards when this key combination is pressed. This gives you convenient instant access to the Finder form anywhere in the operating system.
For just USD 15 (or USD 30 for a three-license pack), TotalFinder really improves the Finder with a few relatively basic and simple features. It looks good, works well, and you'll barely know it's there - well, except, of course, for the fact that the Finder just got a whole lot less insipid.


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Pest birds can create a variety of costly problems for today's property owners/managers and municipalities.
Birds Deface and Damage Buildings/Structures
Bird nests and feathers can clog rain gutters and downspouts, leading to roof leaks. This debris can also jam up AC units, window frames and rooftop vents. Bird droppings can deface and damage wood, metal, plastic and stone surfaces. Outdoor light fixtures, security cameras and dish antennas can only take so much abuse from bird droppings before they begin to fail. The diseases carried by bird droppings can render surfaces unsanitary.
Geese Destroy Lawns, Gardens and Water Features
Pest birds like geese can quickly destroy golf courses, corporate lawns, parks and water features. These large birds can cover an area with unsightly and smelly droppings, which can ruin the aesthetics of a park or garden and contaminate fountains and water features.
Bird B Gone offers a number of highly effective and humane bird repellents to address these problems.


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(NBC NEWS) - One of the more maddening aspects of your mobile device has gotten worse, with little chance of getting better anytime soon.
Ads are popping up your smartphone and tablet computer at a pace so maddening they've been given their own unique, more appropriate name.
"This is really a whole new genre of mobile advertising which is fairly annoying, potential annoying so we've coined it madware," says Symantec's Con Mallon.
Experts say apps like "Angry Birds" are the most common way madware gets into your mobile device.
"During the course of 2012, we saw over a 200% increase in the number of apps that had madware characteristics in them," Mallon says.
Mallon says no one should be surprised that as more consumers went mobile advertisers would surely follow, and found apps the easiest way to get in.
He says madware isn't illegal, just annoying.
Norton has developed an app that can help.
"We've created an app called Norton Spot which will basically analyze all of the apps that you've downloaded onto your phone or your tablet," Mallon explains.
After analyzing, you can remove apps that have the most madware, then, going forward read the fine print before downloading any app, especially any that are free.
Some developers allow you a way to avoid madware by simply paying for the app.


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The authenticity of the memo is probably guaranteed (although not confirmed!) because parts of it have been quoted independently by other websites before Engadget got their hands on the whole thing. The memo is incredibly harsh about the company's current position and performance in the recent past.
First, Elop identifies the two 'explosions' that set Nokia's platform on fire. "Apple demonstrated that if designed well, consumers would buy a high-priced phone with a great experience and developers would build applications. They changed the game, and today, Apple owns the high-end range," Elop details, "And then, there is Android. In about two years, Android created a platform that attracts application developers, service providers and hardware manufacturers."
With the magic power of hindsight, Elop states that it is now more than apparent that Nokia made the wrong choices in the wake of the arrival of the iPhone and Android. Even after four years of the iPhone, Nokia still doesn't have a comparable product, he states. Android came a'knockin' only two years ago, and has now overtaken Nokia in smartphone shipments. "Unbelievable," Elop responds.
While not saying it with as many words, it would appear Elop is sounding the death knell for MeeGo. "We thought MeeGo would be a platform for winning high-end smartphones," he states, "However, at this rate, by the end of 2011, we might have only one MeeGo product in the market." In other words, MeeGo is not Nokia's saviour.
He isn't much more positive about Symbian. "It has proven to be non-competitive in leading markets like North America. Additionally, Symbian is proving to be an increasingly difficult environment in which to develop to meet the continuously expanding consumer requirements, leading to slowness in product development and also creating a disadvantage when we seek to take advantage of new hardware platforms," he explains, "As a result, if we continue like before, we will get further and further behind, while our competitors advance further and further ahead."
Elop believes Nokia's failing is that it still approaches the market on a device-to-device basis, while in fact, they ought to focus on ecosystems. It's no longer a battle of devices, but a battle of ecosystems, which includes not only hardware and software, but also developers, applications, ecommerce, advertising, search, social applications, location-based services, unified communications, and much more.
"Our competitors aren't taking our market share with devices; they are taking our market share with an entire ecosystem," he clarifies, "This means we're going to have to decide how we either build, catalyse or join an ecosystem."
How did Nokia get here? In answering this question, Elop lobs his harshest criticism.
"I believe at least some of it has been due to our attitude inside Nokia," he explains, "We poured gasoline on our own burning platform. I believe we have lacked accountability and leadership to align and direct the company through these disruptive times. We had a series of misses. We haven't been delivering innovation fast enough. We're not collaborating internally."
Much of what Elop explains in this memo are things websites and blogs have been saying for a while now. However, seeing it all nicely summarised by Nokia's new CEO means massive changes are afoot. "A huge effort to transform [the] company" is under way, and Elop will share this strategy with the world February 11.


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Get the Blood Bowl: Legendary Edition v126.96.36.199 Patch off WP (50mb)
- Fixed multiple issues with Saved Formations.
- Fixed an exploit where one could place more than 11 players on the pitch.
- Fixed Fan Factor changes at end of match.
- Fixed Pouring Rain modifer wrongly applied with Big Hand skill.
- Fixed an issue with Piling On freezing the game when a player has been pushed out of field.
- Wizard: Can now only be used at the start of your turn or opponent turn.
- Blood Lust: Fixed invalid roll made when pushed back in opponent end zone with ball / catching ball on end zone.
- Dump-Off: Fixed wrong throwing arrow range.
- Dump-Off: Cannot be used when player is hypnotized.
- Leap: Fixed an exploit allowing a player to move one extra square.
- Fixed a random crash in Real Time.
- Fixed a possible crash when placing players on the pitch.
- Private Leagues with "Open League" settings:
* It is now possible to create private leagues with settings similar to the current Open Leagues (Auld World, Naggaroth Open...).
* These new leagues can be found in the League Finder tool (Type of league: Public League, Manager: Community).
* It is possible to blacklist coaches when managing these leagues (Manage League, Teams, Blacklist).
* Require Application (Yes/No): If set to No, teams can take part in the league without submitting an Application.
* Only new teams (Yes/No): If set to Yes, only teams that haven't played a match can join the league.
* Different settings for Matchmaking and Challenge are available (Ranked/Unranked).
- Fixed a match lock up when trying to stand up a Vampire that failed his Blood Lust roll.
- Fixed an exploit allowing to Blitz with more than one player in a turn.
- Fixed a Turnover happening after catching the ball at Kick-Off.
- Fixed Stab always used with Stakes.
- Fixed an issue with players that cannot Blitz after some Kick-Off events.
- Fixed a crash on High Kick event when selecting a player not on the pitch.
- Fixed a crash on Touchback when selecting a player not on the pitch.
- Fixed Horns still active after a Block or Blitz.
- Fixed Shadowing and Tentacles being re-rolled when result is 0.
- Fixed Star Players losing skills when playing with an exported team.
- Fixed Blizzard allowing passes greater than Short Pass (player & AI).
- Fixed Piling On sometimes freezing the game when used with the ball or on the ball carrier.
- Fixed Leap where the player would roll for Leap multiple times.
- Fixed Diving Tackle asked on a Leap.
- Fixed the ball boucing twice at Kick-Off.
- Fixed Blood Lust rolled when throwing a Bomb.
- Fixed the timer of the Follow-up popup.
- Fixed Hand-Off working on Hypnotized player.
- Diving Tackle: Updated the popup to show the log.
- Diving Tackle: Will not be asked on an unmodified Dodge roll of 1 or 6.
- High Kick Event: The game will no longer put a random player at the ball destination on the timeout.
- Updated the Re-roll popup to display correct informations with Shadowing and potentially other skills (ie for Shadowing: "You got 6 and require 6" instead of "You got 6 and require 8").
- Added Tackle to the Optional Skills Block window.
- Blitz Mode: Sponsor now gives more cash at the end of the season (5 periods in Campaign) before players are paid.
- Blitz Mode: Fixed a bug in Campaign where players were paid at the end of a competition instead of at the end of the season (5 periods).
- Blood Lust:
- It is now possible to re-plan the Action after a failed Blood Lust roll.
- A sound is played when a Vampire fails the Blood Lust roll.
- The log entry "<player> uses skill Blood Lust" will now only be displayed on failed rolls.
- New pause system in Internet play:
- Only the acting team can now pause the game.
- There is now a timer after each pause to prevent the player from pausing the game too much. The timer increases after each pause and resets to its minimal value after a certain amount of time without pausing.
- Bribes:
- It is now possible to use bribes on KO'd Secret Weapon players.
- It is now possible to use more than one bribe on a single player.
- Teams' details are now displayed on the loading screen.
- It is now possible to run Matchmaking with multiple teams.
- The reconnection timer should now be properly displayed in cutscenes.
- Disturbing Presence: now applies to bouncing ball catch attempts.
- Changing Weather: the ball will now only bounce twice when the weather is Nice.
- Foul Appearance: now also checked before throwing the 2nd Block of Frenzy.
- Piling On: now cannot be used when player has Taken Root.
- Fixed an issue with Multiple Block automatically used in multiplayer games.
- Fixed an issue with Frenzy allowing the player to throw 3 blocks in some situations.
- Fixed a possible match lock up when using Dump-Off.
- Fixed a possible match lock up on some Kick-Off events.
- Fixed an issue with Stab preventing the player from using Dauntless or Multiple Block.
- Fixed the Necromancer.
- Fixed the timer in the Pre-Match sequence in multiplayer.
- Fixed a treasury issue in Blitz Campaign/Competition.
- Fixed an issue with Blood Lust: there is now a Turnover when a Vampire uses Piling On or Wrestle under the effect of Blood Lust.
- Fixed an issue with Hypnotic Gaze: now works correctly on a 6.
- Addressed performance issues.
- Addressed performance issues.
- It is now possible to chat during Matchmaking research.
- Mercenaries will not lose their extra skill when loading a saved game.
- Replay playback is now working correctly.
- Tentacles and Shadowing are now combining normally.
- A player that has been hypnotized can't use Shadowing anymore.
- Players that collapsed from heat exhaustion will now be properly put in reserve.
- A Vampire that failed the Blood Lust roll will now properly leave the pitch on the time limit turnover.
- Players will always be 11 on the pitch (if there are enough of them for that)
- Players won't be able anymore to "gracefully" cancel the game in the Pre-Match sequence using the ESC key.
- Update of the manuals, integrating last development information.
- Addition of the Italian manual in PDF version.
- Modifications on the dice generator.
WARNING: using a cheating system during a multiplayer match will end the match and offer victory to the non-cheating player.
Blood Lust is still not 100% CRP compliant, we are doing our best to fix it as fast as possible.
- - Fixed an issue preventing a player who intercepted a bomb to throw it if he made a Blitz in the same turn.
- - Fixed special characters wrongly displayed in the Inducements list.
- - Fixed issues with the Italian translation.
- - Fixed network synchronization errors in Pre-Match.
- - Fixed network synchronization errors with Vampires.
- - Fixed an issue preventing games that suffered network synchronization errors to be taken into account.
- - Fixed an issue with players not being replaced by subs in a saved formation.
- - Added a Mouse Cursor for Hypnotic Gaze.
- There is now a popup for the Piling On skill after the Block window if Piling On is set to be "Asked" in the Options.
- - Fixed an issue with the Player Key activation popup.
- - Fixed a possible network synchronization error when two players are connected.
- - Fixed a possible crash at loading when the player is disconnected.
- - Fixed a crash in LAN when the player goes back from the Inducements page to the lobby.
- - Fixed a rare issue with the "Ready" checkbox on LAN lobby.
Playable in real time or turn based, the game is a fine mix between strategy and sports game. It is also an incredible, brutal game in which no holds are barred to lead your team to the Blood Bowl's final! Compose your own team of Humans, Elves, Dwarfs, Orcs or any other fantasy creatures, and let it gain experience during the many championships and tournaments that take place in Warhammer's Old World.
Blood Bowl: Legendary Edition is the ultimate Blood Bowl edition! 12 new playable races join the 8 races already available in the 2009 edition. Thus, Blood Bowl fans will find all their favourite races from the original board game. Undeads, Amazons, Ogres and 9 other races enter Blood Bowl's tournaments. All 20 races have their personal style, tactics and unique skills which give each game a diversity rarely seen in a strategy game.
Discover all the craziness that surrounds the matches of Blood Bowl, with a show on the pitch but also in the benches, as well as on the edges of the arena, where cheerleaders and the wildest fans often influence the final score of a match!
There are also new and more impressive stadiums to welcome all these new teams. From the snowy Norse stadium to the creepy interior of a crypt, the change of scenery is guaranteed.
A new Story mode is introduced, in which players will play as a freelance coach. They will have to lead several famous teams and take up many challenges through a story revealing the origins of Blood Bowl, the Old World and its many races that relentlessly compete with each other in merciless games. A newly scripted tutorial will teach all new comers everything they need to know about coaching a Blood Bowl team!
Of course, in order to stay as close as possible to the official rules, many additions and updates have been made to better match the latest Living Rulebook edition, used in all official board games official tournaments.
More articles about Blood Bowl: Legendary Edition


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Since our formation we have grown into a company that specialises in identifying and meeting your waste management requirements.
Our business has rapidly expanded due to our expert service and excellent relationship with our clients. Advanced Waste can competently and professionally provide you with a waste management service that means you don't have to think about your waste, that's our job, and we do it well.
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Department of biochemistry and Molecular biology
Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chair's Welcome
Philip Howe, PhD
Welcome to the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology in the School of Medicine at the Medical University of South Carolina. Established in 1969, the department is committed to increasing our understanding of the biochemical and molecular bases of normal and abnormal cellular processes, and to educate highly qualified scientists who, through research, education and service, will continue to provide new insights in the biological sciences. With 23 faculty members conducting research in a variety of areas, the department provides cutting-edge curricula and innovative research opportunities. The research areas of our faculty include gene structure, function, and regulation, molecular evolution and genetics, signal transduction, RNA structure and function, lipid biochemistry and metabolism, protein structure, folding, and dynamics. Multidisciplinary approaches are being applied in most of these research areas, providing graduate students with numerous opportunities to obtain a versatile training in modern molecular biology and biochemistry. In addition the department is home to a major research program in 'Lipidomics & Pathobiology' https://lipidomics.musc.edu
Thank you for your interest in our department and for visiting our website. We welcome your inquiries!
For more information regarding our PhD or MS programs, contact Dr. David Long, Director of the Graduate Training Program, at email@example.com, 843-792-6949.


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The Onslow County Board of Commissioners is opposed to the sale of Hofmann Forest by N.C. State University, according to resolution approved by the board this week.
The Onslow County Board of Commissioners is opposed to the sale of Hofmann Forest by N.C. State University, according to resolution approved by the board this week.
The 80,000 acres of woodland that stretches across Onslow and Jones counties is valued at $117 million. It has been used primarily as a research post and nature conservancy by the college since 1934.
The commissioners determined that Hofmann Forest provides wildlife habitat, recreational opportunities, timber sales, tourism attraction, research opportunities and aquifer stability.
The forest also provides valuable training grounds for area military bases, the commissioners said.
The proposed sale met resistance among alumni who said in letters to the college in January that they were disappointed and concerned by the possibility.
The college's Natural Resources Foundation unanimously recommended the sale of the forest in its entirety at a meeting in early January. A buyer would have to agree to retain the name of the property and allow access to faculty and students for teaching and research purposes.
The goal is to sell the property to working foresters, said Brenda Brickhouse, the foundation�s president. She said the decision to sell was based on the long-term needs of the foundation, faculty, staff and students since the forest provides an average net income to the college of $1.5 to $2 million a year � much lower than could be gained by selling the property.
Named for Julius V. Hofmann who acquired the land for university research in 1934, the wetlands forest was developed to be self-sufficient while offering its plant and animal life for study. Timber sales and sales of hunting permits allowed the forest to be economically viable over the decades.
The forest is home to on-site laboratories where semester-long studies are conducted. The land houses dormitories, classrooms and a dining hall. The forest was managed by different timber companies until 1986 when the foundation took over, according to information provided by the university.
The commissioners have asked the college to work with the General Assembly, the federal government, local governments and others to reach a decision that will meet the financial needs of the collage while maintain the preset use of the forest.
Contact Daily News Senior Reporter Lindell Kay at 910-219-8455 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter and friend him on Facebook @ 1lindell.


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1. Load this week's Favorites thread in your first browser tab. Scroll down and click the Go Advanced button.
2. Open a second tab (or a separate window). Go to the Gallery and click on "My Favorites."
3. Click on a card you have saved. At the top, highlight the http:// address. Hit Ctrl+C to copy.
4. Switch back to the first tab and hit Ctrl+V to paste your link there. Repeat as many times as you need for all your links.
5. Click the Preview Post button and check that your links work. Then click the Submit Reply button.


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Festive stripes in jewel tones make the drum shade of this contemporary swing arm wall lamp a fabulous decor element for a boldly designed room.More Details >
Give your decor a contemporary lift with a shade pattern conceived by internationally renowned hospitality designer Stacy Garcia. A swing arm with a little bit extra, this unique fixture design adds a level of functionality with two adjustable halogen lights. This wall mountable lamp plugs into any standard wall outlet, making the installation a snap. The one incandescent bulb and the two adjustable halogen lights below can be turned on separately for maximum flexibility. It has a three-position on-off rotary switch. This opaque canvas shade is custom made-to-order. U.S. Patent # 7,347,593.


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March 19, 2008
OXFORD, Miss. - Alex Harris scored 20 points, and in the process became UC Santa Barbara's all-time leading scorer, but the Gauchos lost an 83-68 decision in the first round of the National Invitation Tournament at the University of Mississippi on Wednesday night at Oxford, Miss.
Harris entered the game with 1,676 career points, 11 behind Carrick DeHart's total of 1,687. With 20 points, he completes his UCSB career with 1,696 points.
Santa Barbara (23-9) jumped out of the gates quickly in the first half, taking a 17-6 lead with 15:22 to play. Harris had seven points and sophomore guard James Powell had two of his six three-point baskets in the opening 4:38 as the Gauchos opened their 11-point lead.
Led by Dwayne Curtis, who finished with 17 points and 16 rebounds, Ole Miss (22-10) pounded the ball inside to get back in the game and take a 37-36 halftime lead. Kenny Williams was also part of the inside game, going for 13 points and nine rebounds
"Their big guys were a load down low," said UCSB head coach Bob Williams. "When they (the Rebels) started going inside, they were just too much for us. As long as we were forcing the action and scrambling around, we were in the game, but when it became a grind-it-out power game, we just couldn't compete."
After Zach Graham opened the second half with a lay-up to give the Rebels a 39-36 edge, Chris Devine scored four straight points, the last two on free throws, to give the Gauchos their only lead of the second half, 40-39. Ole Miss answered with a decisive 11-0 run, including a pair of three-point plays by Warren, to take a 50-40 lead with 14:17 left. The Gauchos never got closer than seven points again as the Rebels held them to four field goals in the final 11 minutes. Warren finished with 16 points, all in the second half, and David Huertas made three of his five three-pointers in the final 20 minutes.
UCSB would close the gap to seven points, the last time at 55-48 on a Powell three-pointer with 11:11 left, but would get no closer. Powell added 18 points, all on three-point baskets, to the 20 scored by Harris. Devine finished with 14.
"I was very proud of our effort," Williams said. "We played hard for 40 minutes, and that has been the signature of this team. 23 wins is a great season, and these guys have a great deal to be proud of."
Harris was pleased with his school record for career points, but he wasn't ready to enjoy it completely.
"Maybe in a week or two," he said, when asked if he was going to enjoy his new record. "Right now, it's too fresh, and it came in a loss. Still, I expect that I will be able to reflect positively at some point."
Ole Miss had a 44-27 rebound edge, but committed 18 turnovers to help the Gauchos stay in the game. Santa Barbara had 10 steals on the night.
After getting off to a fast start shooting the ball, the Gauchos finished at 37.7% overall, 34.8% from three-point territory. Mississippi shot 50.9%, including 55.2% in the decisive second half. The Rebels made 10 three-point baskets, including seven in the final 20 minutes.
The loss ends the UCSB careers of Harris, as well as forwards Ivan Elliott (eight points, eight rebounds and two steals), Nedim Pajevic, and Beau Gibb. For Gibb, a native of Oxford, Miss., it was an opportunity to play in front of his family and friends.


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
The Kiwanis Aktion clubs of Western New York will hold their first regional conference from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., Saturday, Oct. 13, at the Hearthstone Manor, 333 Dick Road, Depew.
The purpose of this conference is to bring together Aktion Club members to share the projects that they have undertaken and/or completed, encourage ideas for future ones and meet other members and advisors of the region. A tract will be provided for Kiwanis Club presidents and members in the region to learn how to develop an Aktion Club in their community.
Keynote speaker will be Darren Jackson, special assistant to the director of the Western New York DDSO, who will address "Good Citizenship in the Community."
Musical entertainment will be provided by Sujeet Desai during lunch and by the band Beats Me at the closing/networking session.
Cost per person is $25 and includes a continental breakfast as well as lunch.
For further information and/or to register, call 716-652-4061.


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|6,300 Km
|Basin size
|1,800,000 Km2
|430 million people by the end of 2003
|Population density
|238 people/ Km2
|Key economic activity
|Agriculture, industry, transportation
|Pollution, 105 large dams planned or under construction, inter-basin water transfer and other water infrastructure, over-fishing and illegal fishing
Yangtze River
For 2 centuries, the Yangtze has served as a transportation and commercial thoroughfare, and steamers can navigate as far as Yichang, 1,600 Km from the sea.
The Yangtze river basin accounts for 40% of China's freshwater resources, more than 70% of the country's rice production, 50% of its grain, more than 70% of fishery production, and 40% of the China's GDP.
In addition to its social and economic importance, the Yangtze river basin is a centre of immense biological wealth.
The Yangtze River, also called the Chang Jiang meaning 'long river', rises in the mountains of Qinghai Province on the Tibetan plateau, and flows 6,300 Km to the East China Sea, opening at Shanghai. Its catchment covers 1/5 of the land area in China.
The river is home to 350 fish species (including the giant Yangtze Sturgeon), of which 112 are endemic. In the main channel of the upper Yangtze alone, there are 261 fish species, 44 of which are found only in this region.
The Yangtze contains high crab biodiversity, and over 160 amphibian species. This basin is the sole habitat of the critically endangered Chinese Paddlefish, the endangered Finless Porpoise, and the now believed to be extinct Chinese River Dolphin, the most critically endangered cetacean in the world.
The most threatened crocodilian species in the world, the Chinese Alligator, is only found in the lower reaches of the Yangtze. This basin is home to other endangered charismatic species including the Giant Panda, the largest salamander in the world, Audrias davidianus, the once-extirpated Pere David's Deer now re-introduced from captive stock, and the critically endangered Siberian Crane.
For references please download the pdf of the report


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Doesn't anyone believe that the Epson design engineers would have thought that one out if it is so necessary to agitate the inks?I think the simple act of turning on the machine, which pressurizes the carts, is enough to agitate the ink in the carts!The ony recommendation from Epson is to use the carts up within 6 months of opening, and that probably has more to do with the carrier slowly evaporating and the pigment thickening,which is probably not a good thing.David
http://zczy.en.alibaba.com/productgrouplist-214342460/Clean_fluid.htmlRed and clear cleaning fluid source. Along with a bunch of other Epson parts as well.The decryption cards look like a cool bit of something.
Larry,I contacted this seller, and this is his response:Product Name:Epson Original printhead clean liquid.Volum:1000 mlUnit price:45.00 usd/1000ml.Color:Red/White.Quantity:2pcs (1pcs white/1 pcs red).Total Weight:2.5KGSShippment fee:60.00 usd by EMS. (5-7 days will arrive your hand).Total amount:150.00 usd. We haven't MSDS at head for these liquid.All of them are Original.Made in JapanEpson company.
Hey EverybodyI've been following this thread for a while, and wonder why there is no activity anymore?? /Spock


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DOE A to Z: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z #
Commissioner of Education David Hespe today submitted to the State Board of Education revised regulations that would establish an interdistrict public school choice program in New Jersey.
"We are seeking the adoption of these regulations for one purpose only to improve education for the children of New Jersey," said Hespe. "Providing parents and students with additional educational opportunities will increase parental involvement and improve the ability of students to achieve the core curriculum content standards."
Hespe said the program would give families the ability to choose the school best suited to the particular interests, abilities and learning needs of students.
The regulations, the fourth version to be considered by the State Board of Education over the past 18 months, incorporate most of the provisions and compromises embodied in the school choice bills still pending in both houses of the Legislature. In addition, the regulations embody many of the suggestions heard by the State Board during its public input process.
"We believe the new regulations comply with legislative intent as reflected in the current versions of the school choice legislation," Hespe said. "They are also responsive to the public comments provided in the past to the State Board. We believe the result is a better, stronger school choice program."
The State Board began an extensive examination of the school choice issue in 1997. Regulations were drafted and discussed by the Board several times in 1998. Five public testimony sessions were held. Still, the process was put on hold to give the Legislature time to implement a school choice program by statute.
It has been a year since bills creating an interdistrict public school choice program were introduced in the Assembly and Senate, and nearly six months since they were released from committee.
"There has been no movement on the bills since late January due to disagreements over issues unrelated to interdistrict public school choice," Hespe noted, "and it is clear there will be no movement before the Legislature recesses for the summer. Governor Whitman and I agree that this issue is too important to the future of our children to wait any longer."
Commissioner Hespe asked the State Board to consider them for adoption at its September 1 meeting. If the regulations are adopted on schedule, the school choice program would be operational in the fall of 2000.
"To demonstrate her commitment to school choice, Governor Whitman has pledged to provide additional funding for the program in the 2000-2001 budget," Hespe said. "These funds would be used as incentive awards to encourage district participation in the program and to address any financial hardships for sending districts that may materialize."
The only significant difference between the revised regulations and the pending legislation involves charter schools. The legislation contains provisions that would limit the number of students a district could lose to a charter school regardless of whether pupils are participating in a public school choice program. However, Hespe said the State Board lacks the statutory authority to impose any such restriction on charter schools.
Under the regulations, the maximum number of choice districts that could be formed would be 21, phased in over a three-year period. No more than 10 choice districts could be operational the first year, no more than 15 the second year and no more than 21 in the third, fourth and fifth years of the program. There could be no more than one choice district per county. Due to overwhelming testimony in opposition, the concept of choice consortia was deleted from the regulations.
A sending district, upon adoption of a resolution, could limit enrollment loss to school choice to 7 percent of its total enrollment and 2 percent of enrollment per grade per year.
The regulations ensure that special education and bilingual students do not become the victims of discrimination because of the cost factors association with their education. A provision also is included that clarifies, expands and strengthens the requirement for the maintenance of racial diversity. The commissioner would have the power to take appropriate steps to maintain the diversity of the student population.
To protect students in the event the school choice program is discontinued, choice students enrolled in choice districts outside their district of residence would be able to remain enrolled in the choice district until their graduation.
The regulations also direct the commissioner to commission an independent study of the first two years of the school choice program and to submit an annual review to the State Board of Education and the Legislature.
# # # # #


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Jill Stuart
Fashion has always been a family business for Jill Stuart, who's parents owned a popular midcentury sportswear company, and outfitted some of Hollywood's biggest stars. Her own career, though, began at age 15 with a well-received collection of chokers and fringed hobo bags. Things only went up from there: following four years of study at the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design, the designer debuted her namesake label. Jill Stuart clothing launched in 1993 to great fanfare—a buzz that only got bigger when several Jill Stuart dresses, skirts, and yep, plaid suits, were featured in the film Clueless. So has any of that It Factor faded over the years? As if.
Jill StuartTali Skirt$328.00 $98.40 $98.40MORE1810555
Jill StuartMartha Pants$498.00 $149.40 $149.40MORE1810519


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** (out of four)
Don't just assume "The Lucky One" is some schmaltzy, ordinary Nicholas Sparks ("The Notebook") adaptation in which a dreamy guy (Zac Efron), who says stuff like "You should be kissed every day, every hour, every minute," comes to the aid of a struggling woman (Taylor Schilling), who has a jerky ex that drawls, "You think I don't know what's goin' on around here?"
However, I can confirm that's exactly what the movie is.
While serving in the Marines, Logan (Efron) picks up a picture on the ground and consequently avoids dying in an explosion. Back in the states, he tracks down Beth (Schilling), the unknown girl in the photo, with stunning ease, only to take a job assisting her at her kennel before he can confess why he walked from Colorado to Louisiana to find her. Naturally, Logan's a great, artistic guy who's happy to play father figure to Beth's son (Riley Thomas Stewart) but not so good to come clean before director Scott Hicks ("Shine") and writer Will Fetters ("Remember Me") treat us to some sensual lovemaking. Lovemaking that, of course, Beth initiates. Ever the gentleman, Logan has no complaints about passionate kissing and dry humping.
Efron deserves more credit for being an actor who can keep kindness from being dull. "The Lucky One," on the other hand, bores at almost every turn because of crushingly familiar characters and predictable decisions. Sparks' formula feels manipulative without some healthy doses of tension and unrequited love, but "Lucky" neither pulses with longing nor justifies putting a child in danger for emotional pull. Plus, considering Logan's honest intentions, it's hard not to imagine a different, more surprising movie in which the photo that saves him depicts a man, a building or a horse. If something, anything, saves your life, everyone deserves equal thanks, right?
Watch Matt on "You & Me This Morning," Friday at 7:30 a.m. on WCIU, the U
firstname.lastname@example.com. @mattpais


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Car Comparison
2014 Ford Fusion Hybrid & 2014 Ford Fusion Energi: New Car Review
Suppose you're interested in the 2014 Ford Fusion, but you're not sold on its maximum of 37 miles per gallon on the highway. That's pretty good for a family sedan, of course, but you wouldn't mind a little more, or maybe you'd prefer to use no gasoline at all.
Fortunately for Fusion fans like you, Ford offers two additional variants with impeccable green credentials. The 2014 Fusion Hybrid delivers a whopping 42 mpg combined, while the 2014 Fusion Energi plug-in hybrid provides full electric propulsion for up to 20 miles on a single charge. And other than their reduced trunk capacity (hey, the battery pack's got to go somewhere), these eco-friendly Fusions are basically the same as their conventionally powered siblings.
But the best news of all may be the pricing. The Hybrid starts at just over $27,000, and even the top-of-the-line Energi Titanium model starts well under $40,000. That's a lot of technology for not a lot of coin. If you're looking for efficiency in this segment, these Fusions are a great place to start.
What's New for 2014?
Both the Hybrid and Energi get automatically inflating rear seat belts for enhanced crash protection, and the Energi also offers a heated steering wheel.
What We Like
Looks great; handles smartly; highly energy efficient; serious technology; family-sedan convenience
What We Don't
Narrow front seats; compromised trunk capacity due to hybrid/electric hardware; limited outward visibility
How Much?
Fuel Economy
The Fusion Hybrid employs the one-two punch of a 2.0-liter 4-cylinder engine and an electric motor (AC-synchronous type). Total system output is rated at 188 horsepower. The transmission is a continuously variable automatic. Fuel economy is estimated at a class leading 44 mpg city/41 mpg highway.
The Fusion Energi has the same powertrain, but it does the Hybrid one better by adding plug-in functionality. That means you can charge it up like a smartphone and run exclusively on electric power for up to 20 miles, thanks to a much larger battery pack in the trunk. After that, the gas engine kicks in, effectively turning the Energi into a regular hybrid. The Environmental Protection Agency gives the Energi a combined efficiency rating of 100. Once those 20 electric miles are up, however, it drops to 38 mpg combined -- slightly worse than the Hybrid model.
Options & Standard Features
The Fusion Hybrid and Fusion Energi are offered in three trim levels: S, SE and Titanium.
The Hybrid S ($27,095) starts with 17-inch alloy wheels, LED taillights, dual-zone automatic climate control, cruise control, dual LCD EcoGuide displays, a tilt-telescopic steering wheel with auxiliary controls, a height-adjustable manual driver seat, a trip computer, MyKey parental control capability, Sync voice-command functionality with MyFord mobile-app support and a 6-speaker audio system with an auxiliary input jack.
The Hybrid SE ($28,105) steps up to SecuriCode keypad access, heated exterior mirrors with puddle lamps, a 10-way power driver seat and satellite radio. It's also eligible for some options that don't apply to the base S: the Appearance package (18-in alloys, rear spoiler, fog lights, sporty interior trim) and Luxury package (leather upholstery, heated front seats, power passenger seat, memory functions, trim upgrades).
The Hybrid Titanium ($33,425) boasts 18-in wheels, fog lights, keyless entry with push-button ignition, leather upholstery, heated front seats with power passenger adjustments, rear parking sensors, a rearview camera, a leather-wrapped steering wheel with paddle shifters, an auto-dimming rearview mirror and an exclusive 12-speaker Sony audio system with the high-tech MyFord Touch interface.
The plug-in Energi SE ($35,525) is equipped similarly to the Hybrid SE, while the plug-in Energi Titanium ($37,325) is equipped similarly to the Hybrid Titanium.
Unfortunately, cargo capacity is compromised by the rather crudely installed battery pack, which creates an unsightly bulge in the trunk floor. To be fair, the Hybrid's trunk of 12 cu ft is pretty decent by hybrid standards, but the Energi drops to just 8.8 cu ft due to its larger battery pack.
The 2014 Ford Fusion Hybrid and 2014 Fusion Energi come standard with 4-wheel anti-lock disc brakes and eight airbags (front, front side, front knee, full-length side curtain). Crash-mitigating inflatable rear seat belts are optional.
Available electronic driving aids include a radar-based adaptive cruise control system with forward collision mitigation.
In government crash testing, the 2014 Fusion Hybrid received five stars out of five overall, including five stars for front impacts and four stars for side impacts. Oddly, the structurally similar 2014 Fusion Energi received five stars all around, including side impacts.
Behind the Wheel
In our interior evaluation, we were impressed with the sleekness of the Fusion's dashboard and controls. This is a technologically advanced vehicle, and it's got a cabin to match. Our slimmer staffers enjoyed the narrow, supportive front seats, but if you're broader of beam, you might find them a bit confining.
Rear passengers will likely have few complaints. Although the fastback rear roofline presents a challenge, Ford's engineers were up to the task, as there's enough headroom for 6-footers. Legroom is generous, as well. But given how long the Fusion looks from the side, you might expect even more.
Under the hood, the hybrid powerplant makes both the Hybrid and Energi feel quicker than they are, thanks to its always-on electric torque. The continuously variable automatic transmission is surprisingly responsive: When you floor it, these cars get up and go. The gas engine is rather noisy, though, especially at full throttle. With the Energi, of course, you may never have to listen to that gas engine if your commute is sufficiently short. It's a cool experience to be whisked along silently by the Energi's electric motor, and the all-electric acceleration is satisfying in its own right.
On the road, the Fusion Hybrid and Fusion Energi share the sporty demeanor of their conventional platform-mates. Corners are taken in stride, and the steering is sharp and direct. Around town, the Fusions ride a bit firmly but never harshly. Overall, there's a taut European feel here that's a nice bonus in this eco-conscious class.
Other Cars to Consider
Honda Accord Plug-In Hybrid -- New for 2014, the plug-in Accord is drawing rave reviews for its hybrid technology and frugal performance.
Toyota Camry Hybrid -- Although the Camry Hybrid can't quite match the Fusion Hybrid's fuel economy, it comes close. And it's still the standard by which other midsize hybrids are judged.
Toyota Prius -- Available as both a regular and a plug-in hybrid, the Prius' popularity speaks for itself. However, the plug-in version isn't as capable in full electric mode as the Fusion Energi.
AutoTrader's Advice
These are both excellent cars. If we had our druthers, though, we'd spring for the versatile Energi, as it isn't much more expensive than high-end versions of the regular Hybrid.


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Carolina RV Park Owners Meet in Myrtle Beach
February 23, 2010 by RVBusiness · Comments Off on Carolina RV Park Owners Meet in Myrtle Beach
Dozens of owners and operators of private campgrounds in North Carolina and South Carolina are meeting at Lakewood Camping Resort in Myrtle Beach, S.C., to talk about the status of their industry and the latest trends, according to South Carolina Now.
They're attending the annual Carolinas Association of RV Parks and Campgrounds Convention and Expo. The event started Sunday and concludes today.
"This industry is somewhat recession proof," said Barb Krumm campground marketing director at Ocean Lakes Family Campground, also in Myrtle Beach, "The campgrounds have not suffered as hoteliers may have suffered; we have only seen a slight reduction and in some cases an increase in business."
Campers can expect to see changes like more concrete pathways, a lot of landscaping and even access to the latest technology like Wi-Fi connections.
"We manufacture park model cabins and cottages and we are here to meet the park owners and show them what are product is and how it an help them in their park," said Andy Davis with Pinnacle Park Homes. "This allows the campgrounds to reach out to families that may not have an RV and not sure of they want to get into the camping lifestyle or not but it allows them to go camping. We are always wanting to stay on the cutting edge and make sure we are where we need to be to satisfy the needs of the families and the young people"
Krumm said that Ocean Lakes will be going "green" this year, meaning campers can expect to use amenities such as solar-heated water bathhouses.
The campground is the first in the area to use this technology as a way to save electricity and minimize water waste.


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Monticello Arkansas Veterinary Assisting Jobs
Take a few moments to browse Monticello, Arkansas veterinary assisting jobs options. It's a smart idea to compare all available schools in your target area, as well as consider taking some of your elective courses online. Check with each veterinary school below for assistance with vet tech certificate program prerequisites, degree requirements, and class registration. You may request Monticello, Arkansas veterinary assisting jobs information from several different schools below, without making a commitment.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Think about what career is best suited for you, and where you want to study. Request more information now.
Get info about UAM veterinary assisting jobs, and registering for elective seminars and discussion sections. Which college degrees give you the best chances of finding employment after graduation? Nursing is one of the fastest-growing job areas, and for good reason. As the population ages, medical care will continue to expand rapidly. Concentrating on UAM veterinary assisting jobs, for example, may give you an advantage in job recruiting on-campus. Please use the form above to request admissions info for UAM.
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers look after animals in laboratories, animal hospitals, and clinics. Veterinary technologists and technicians perform medical tests under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian to assist in diagnosing the injuries and illnesses of animals. Veterinary technicians must complete an associates program in veterinary technology, while veterinary technologists require a 4-year bachelors degree. The median annual wage for veterinary technologists and technicians was $32,800 in May 2017. Employment opportunities are projected to grow 20% over the coming decade, much faster than the average for all medical occupations.
In 2017, there were 231 veterinary technology programs accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). Most states require veterinary technicians to pass the Veterinary Technician National Examination (VTNE), offered by the American Association of Veterinary State Boards. For technologists seeking work in a research facility, the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS) offers the following certifications: Laboratory Animal Technician (LAT) and Laboratory Animal Technologist (LATG). To become certified, candidates must have work experience in a laboratory animal facility and pass the AALAS examination. Beyond degree major requirements, you may consider University of Evansville course catalog 2017 as a complementary elective.


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I am interested in the donating one and getting one program. I live in the US but I would like to donate the one I would get to a Brazilian child.
Does anyone know if the laptop's OS is available in Portuguese (or better in Brazilian Portuguese)? Sorry if this is a duplicate post, I searched the forum but did not find an answer.


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Browsing Theses/Dissertations - History by Author "Hanna, Michael."
Now showing items 1-1 of 1
Land reform and the fall of the Roman Republic, 133-83 BC. Hanna, Michael. (2006-10-26)This thesis follows the birth and growth of the land reform movement in Roman politics from the period of 133 - 83 BC. Beginning with Tiberius Gracchus in 133 and moving through the periods of leadership of Gaius Gracchus ...


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About the Education Center & Lodge
The Education Center & Lodge is a state-of-the-art, multipurpose facility that is an ideal location for overnight activities, workshops, corporate retreats and social events. Completed in 2012, the Lodge captures the look and feel of the original cottages while providing modern amenities and a variety of environmental features. The building received L.E.E.D. certification by the U.S. Department of Energy as an environmental-friendly, green building.
Amenities include
- Meeting space, complete with a smart classroom,
- Living areas,
- A full kitchen,
- Four restrooms,
- Twelve dorm rooms and
- A spacious front porch that overlooks the Ohio River and other outdoor social areas.
Use of the Lodge
Outside groups of all kinds are welcome to rent the Lodge for their use. In the past, businesses, churches, schools, non-profit organizations, governmental agencies and private families have utilized the facility for a wide variety of events.
The cost to rent the Lodge is nominal.
Daylong Rental: $100-$300/day depending on the size of the group & activities involved
Overnight Stay: $25/night/person
To make a reservation for use of the field station and its facilities:
Chris N. Lorentz, Ph.D.
Department of Biological Sciences
Director of the Center for Ohio River Research and Education
859-344-3373 | firstname.lastname@example.com
Where is the Lodge located?
The Lodge is located at the Biology Field Station is on the banks of the Ohio River (RM 451) in Campbell County, approximately 30 minutes east of the main Thomas More College campus and downtown Cincinnati, OH.
The street address is: 8330 Mary Ingles Highway, California, KY 41007.


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Will A Human At BofA Finally Please Modify My $160,000 Underwater Mortgage
Jim and Susan's mortgage is underwater by $160,000. They want to live up to their obligations, they want to keep their home, but they can't do it with a $370,000 mortgage on a house that's only worth $210,000. An attorney told them to send some "jingle mail," just pop the house keys in an envelope, mail it to the bank, and move away. What they really want is a modification so they can stay in their house, but Bank of America has been jerking them around and they don't have faith that this last hurdle will actually get them a mod. Isn't there a decision-making human at BofA that can finalize this deal for them?
Susan writes: "My husband and I both lost our jobs in December of 2008. We were able to keep paying our mortgage with Bank of American, Countrywide, until April 2009. I immediately started working on a modification. In April, BOA said we were approved of a modification and we should receive the documents by FEDEX any day. We kept waiting and waiting and then, literally, in July, we called every week and they, out of the blue, told us we were denied. I can't remember the reason why. They said we need to reapply. So we did and we again waited. In about August we were denied . We were both looking so hard for employment during this whole time and trying to keep everything afloat with just unemployment. We have gone through all of our savings and by October, only I had found employment and Jim was still looking.
The balance on our mortgage is about $370,000 and the value in 2009 dropped to about $210,000. We told this to a bankruptcy attorney and he said "dump the house, walk away. Its a bad investment, dump it". This caused me to become very upset because, yes, it is a bad investment, but IT IS OUR HOME! We don't want to lose it, we don't want to have to move.
I called Bank of America and begged and pleaded for them to do something. They took all our financial information, again, and said we qualified for a modification and if we pay 3 modified payments, they would approve our modification. So we paid Oct. Nov and Dec payments, on time, exactly like they said. Beginning of January, we received a letter saying they were going to accelerate foreclosure! Jim called and we were told we were denied because we are behind more than $25,000 in payments. (Back in April, if we were approved of the modification, BOA would have made thousands in interest from our mortgage and we would not be in arrears by $25,000!) They said if we pay $2500 that would bring us under $25,000 in arrears and we need to REAPPLY and they will then do the modification.
So now, we are going to jump through this hoop, scrape together $2500, somehow, and reapply. BUT THIS IS WHERE WE ARE ASKING FOR YOUR HELP, PLEASE! Will this really be it? Will they really do the modification after we pay $2500? We are so desperate and scared about losing our house. We are both employed now – we can pay the modified mortgage payment but we are afraid they are going to string us along and we will lose our home. We need someone who can talk to someone at Bank of America who can make a decision and get something finalized. Representative Daley, can you do this? Please we really need help to save our home. We owe the debt, we know, and we are prepared to get back on track with our mortgage and start paying Bank of America back.
We all have heard that billions of dollars were given by the Obama administration to the banks for this exact purpose. What are they doing with this money?
Please help us, we will pay our debt, we just need someone in your position to get us to the right person to finanlize a modification. Thank you so much for reading this e-mail.
Jim and Susan"
If BofA won't mod their mortgage, aren't they really just daring Jim and Susan to strategically default?
Want more consumer news? Visit our parent organization, Consumer Reports, for the latest on scams, recalls, and other consumer issues.


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Such a pleasure to discover on our statistics page that Long Beach reached second place in our Top Visitors City right after Paris. I personally spend so many good times over there joining you via the i405 southbound. So I'm now very happy you are enjoying our broadcast.
I'd like to introduce in this post a Brooklyn based artist making what I consider as a high quality chill out music, the kind of atmosphere I was sipping in Long Beach.
Special big up for Ema, John, Malika, Rachel, Steve R., Steve G. and common friends


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New Christmas Praise - Parts: Trombone 1 in C by Salvation Army
Music/song book
Tags: Worship, Christmas, Book, Brass Band, Music/song book
Normal Dispatch Time: 1-10 days
Cross Rhythms Product Code: 93263
Product Format: Book
Content Type: Music/song book
Cat. Code: 38222
Featuring 115 favourite Christmas carols and songs; available for brass band scoring as well as wind band and other combinations.
This is in bass clef.
Please note we can only provide this product if you purchase at least three items from the series.
Brass Band Music/song book
Brass Band Music/song book
Brass Band CD
A four-CD compilation featuring songsters and bands from around the world.
Brass Band CD
An eclectic performance of Christmas material from the Salvation Army.


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Sports Briefs
The Poteau Pirates High School basketball teams' "Pink Out Games" will be tonight at Sherman Floyd Fieldhouse against Stilwell. The girls' game will be at 6:30 p.m., followed by the boys' contest at 8 p.m.Pink lemonade and pink ribbons will be sold, and all proceeds and donations raised will benefit the Kay Yow Cancer Fund.— — —Nominations are currently being accepted for the 2012 Poteau High School Sports Hall of Fame.Categories include: football, boys and girls basketball, baseball, fast-pitch and slow-pitch softball, boys and girls soccer, boys and girls track, boys and girls golf, boys and girls cross country, boys and girls all-around athlete, wrestling, coaching and support and service.The deadline to submit nominations is March 30. For additional information or to submit a nomination, call (918) 839-0394.— — —The River Valley Rebels age 11-and-younger baseball team will have a basketball tournament Feb 18-19 at the Spiro Gym.There will be tournaments for teams in four different divisions — third-fourth grade girls, third-fourth grade boys, fifth-sixth grade girls and fifth-sixth grade boys.The cost is $100 per team with a three-game guarantee. For additional information, call B.J. Harper at (479) 414-0458 or (479) 414-1012.— — —Any team interested in registering for the 2012 spring league need to contact Billy Bond at (918) 647-1939.Deadline to enter the league is March 21. The entry fee is $200 per team. League play will begin at 6 p.m. March 26.There are only six openings remaining.— — —There will be tryouts for the 2012 OK Kids Midget Baseball Leagues at 11 a.m. March 11 and March 25 at the Poteau Area Recreational Complex. Those players wishing to try out must not have turned age 13 before Jan. 1.For additional information, call Ron Ward at (918) 649-3292.— — —Alumni football is coming to Poteau. Gridiron Alumni is planning several full contact alumni football games.Gridiron Alumni travels the nation pitting old football rivals against each other one more time. Players are needed to sign up, and the first 40 players on each team get to play.The team that gets 30 people registered first gets home-field advantage. Last year, hundreds of players and thousands of fans swarmed stadiums to watch their home town heroes strap it on one more time. This year, Gridiron Alumni would like to bring alumni football to the whole state of Oklahoma.Teams from Poteau, Heavener, Panama, Pocola, Spiro and other area teams are forming now. Games are scheduled for March and April, but spots and game dates fill up fast.For additional information, go online to http://www.gridironalumni.com to register or call Chris Hall at (530) 410-6396.— — —The Oklahoma State University Spring Break Baseball Camp will be from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. March 20 at Allie P. Reynolds Stadium in Stillwater. Check-in will begin at 8:30 a.m. that morningEntry fee is $100. Walk-ins are welcome, but entry fee for them will be $125.The camp is open to boys in grades two through 12.For additional information, call (405) 744-3229 or email to firstname.lastname@example.com.— — —The Boys and Girls Club of McAlester will put on a competitive baseball and softball league. It is believed sports encourage a healthy lifestyle in our youth, which is a rising concern to many.Sports also promotes high self esteem in children that will benefit them in many aspects.For additional information, call the Boys and Girls Club of McAlester Athletic Department at (918) 426-5144.— — —The Satchel Paige All-Stars Travel Baseball Team is looking for youth baseball players ages 13-14, 15-16 and 17-18 years old that would like to be a part of our 2012 Summer Travel Baseball Team that will include trips to Cincinnati, Omaha, Neb., Springfield, Mo., Orlando, Fla., and Puerto Rico.All interested players should contact Coach Mike Mayden for registration information at (773) 744-1040 or email to www.whsn.org.


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Scripting Tools and Utilities
If you want something done right, why not let someone else do it for you? All the tools you need to create and find great scripts are right here. If it's not here, it doesn't exist. Or it's somewhere else, but you're on your own there.


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House Burning Down TonePrint by Mika Vandborg
Its name is not an omen of what would happen, should this effect inspire you to play your amp for 144 hours straight. It is instead a reference to the-one-and-only Jimi Hendrix. Not his on-stage pyro-incident, but the song "House Burning Down". With the neat tri-chorus added to its repeats this Delay-TonePrint is guaranteed to ignite your playing.
Get the TonePrint Now
Have an iOS or Android device? Use the TonePrint AppDownload the TonePrint EditorHouse Burning Down TonePrint by Mika Vandborg
<iframe width="920" height="518" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/tIcxiuyMmIY?rel=0&wmode=transparent"></iframe>
Other TonePrints by Mika Vandborg
When Mika Vandborg meet up with us at 4Sound Music Store in Copenhagen one morning in late 2013, he arrived with style. Not on a Harley Davidson, or in a veteran muscle car, but on his bike – with an original Fender 1957 Stratocaster on his back! Besides from having an exquisite taste in musical gear, Mika Vandborg is a talented musician and highly sought-after session guitarist who we are indeed very pleased to call a longtime member of the TC family. Mika has used TC gear ever since 2290 (referring to the famous delay-processor, people, not a distant future) all the way up to the TonePrint pedals. He says that the Hall Of Fame Reverb, the Flashback Delay and the Shaker Vibrato never leave his main pedal board. We take that as a compliment.Read more about Mika Vandborg