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I am so sorry you are having this concern with your baby. It can be so scary when a baby does not gain as expected. And it's really hard when your doctor makes suggestions you may not be comfortable with.
Can you seek a second medical opinion? See an IBCLC?
Just to add to mommals thoughts-
Here is some more general info that you can find in The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, Kellymom.com, The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, and this website.
If a breastfed baby is not gaining due to feeding issues, it is commonly due to baby not getting enough breastmilk overall for some reason. (baby not nursing frequently enough, low milk production, baby with latch/milk transfer problems.) Also, it is possible a baby may not be gaining well due to an underlying medical condition. Very rarely, slow weight gain is due to allergies from foods in the mother's diet, and even then, the baby should still be breastfed while the mother tries some balanced and systematic food eliminations, according to the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. After all, unlike breastmilk, most formulas are almost entirely made of the two most common food allergens (dairy or soy.)
While your experience with your older kids may vary, overall, up until about 6 weeks, babies typically need to nurse a minimum of 10-12 times a day to get enough. After that, some babies nurse a bit less than that and get enough, but many still require frequent feeds. Even at several months old, many breastfed babies nurse at least 10 times a day.
Some babies prefer longer feeds, some shorter, most do a combo. Usually there is no problem letting a baby nurse as long or short a time as baby wants, assuming baby is capable of nursing effectively (transferring milk.) There is no evidence I am aware of that nursing a baby more often is going to hurt anything, ever. And advice to limit nursing duration or frequency due to some 'too little hindmilk' concern simply makes no sense. Spaced out feedings would work to increase the amount of foremilk baby gets, and thus lessen the amount of hindmilk.
But the idea that a baby cannot gain well if they get 'too little' hindmilk is incorrect already. All breastmilk has fat and calories-quite a bit.


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Write a News Story
Meet a Pioneer Pilot
Amelia Earhart Home
Back to
Story List
The Amazing Amelia Earhart
By: Morgan Q.
New Jersey, Age 12
This is live on 99.9. I just saw history go down. Amelia Earhart crossed the Atlantic Ocean SOLO - thats brave for her to do that. I hear the engine roar like a lion trying to protect his food. People screaming her name and everything. She just swiftly dashed through the clouds while the rampuctously noisy motor is still going.
We see her in the sky and then Boom, Boom! Her motor blows like a squeaky horn! She is falling and falling oohhhh she caught herself. I hope that engine hold up.
Well, thats all I can see of Amelia Earhart. I hope she makes it back safely.
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Story List

subset: commoncrawl


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Aerodynamically built for speed, it can achieve speeds of up to 112kph (70mph). These nimble cats can make swift, sudden turns in pursuit of prey like gazelle and young wildebeest.
With approximately 10,000 left in the wild, the cheetah is endangered throughout its range in southern and eastern Africa due to habitat loss, reduced prey and poaching.
Will they be fast enough in the race for survival?
More information:


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I was down the left field line taking video of Matt Kemp's second at-bat in his third rehab game and I just sighed, heavily, when I read the tweet from Fox Sports.
BREAKING: #Dodgers get Michael Young from #Phillies
— Ken Rosenthal (@Ken_Rosenthal) September 1, 2013
I just don't know what to make of this deal. Young literally has a 0 wins above replacement. Literally. It isn't even known who the Dodgers are trading to get Young, but it just didn't seem like the Dodgers needed a guy like Young going forward.
Young is walking at a career-high clip of 8.3 percent. That's about it. He doesn't offer much in the way of power (eight home runs) or extra base hits (.389 slugging).
Then there's his defense, which is atrocious. He has a -16.2 UZR/150 and is -17 defensive runs saved. His UZR/150 is fourth-worst in the majors and his DRS is worst in baseball.
He could back up at first- and second base, but with Adrian Gonzalez at first and a platoon of Mark Ellis and Skip Schumaker at second, it looks like Young could spend the majority of his time at third base.
This deal depends on who the Dodgers gave up. Much like the Drew Butera trade, if it's anyone of significance, it will have been too much. They gave up Miguel Sulbaran for Butera. I'm betting they don't give up anyone as good as him for Young. Well, maybe it's more hoping than betting.
Update (Aug. 31, 9:06 p.m.): Dodgers sent Rob Rasmussen to the Phillies in the deal, while the Dodgers got some cash back in the deal to cover some or all of Young's remaining salary. He was acquired in the John Ely trade over the winter. I liked him better than most, and the Dodgers -- in my eyes -- actually gave up more for Young than Butera. So, I guess that's a win... I guess?
Oh, and this deal must be officially consummated by 9 p.m. -- roughly 30 minutes from now -- he won't be eligible for the postseason roster. Jayson Stark reports a minor-league pitcher is going to the Phillies. We'll have to see who it is.
Photo credit: Keith Allison, Wikimedia Commons


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I'm curious to know about this, as it appears in the Vulgate but not is not mentioned in any textbook I have
Genesis 1:10
Et vidit Deus quod esset bonum
I know this translates as "and God saw that it was good." But why is the second clause in the subjuctive? Is there a type of clause that requires this construction?
thanks for any help


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Last Night On Instagram: Jay Z And The Rap Dream Team
You can only scroll through Instagram with one eye open like CBS for so long. Eventually you've gotta stop thumbing. Here's what you missed while you were catching Zzzs last night
Jay Z's Florida MCHG concert attracted rappers like mag-a-nets, including Diddy, Rick Ross and French Montana.
Photo Credit: Instagram/iamdiddy


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Navy beats Pittsburgh on game-winning kick 24-21
One week after missing an extra point in the second overtime
that cost his team, Navy kicker Nick Sloan redeemed himself
Saturday against Pittsburgh.
Sloan booted a 30-yard field-goal as time expired that gave the
Midshipmen a 24-21 victory over the Panthers.
Navy (4-3) snapped a two-game losing streak and needs just two
wins to become eligible for a bowl game.
After Sloan missed the extra point against Toledo last week, the
Rockets scored on their next possession to escape with a 45-44
victory. Sloan said he heard Pitt coaches make comments about that
game when he was near their sideline. Nonetheless, he didn't feel
any added pressure when he lined up for the game-winning kick.
"It's every kickers dream to be in this situation," Sloan
said. "It's definitely what separates the good kickers from the
bad kickers. I thought of it as just another kick. That's all I can
Navy finally got into a rhythm in the second half and put
together their most impressive drive of the game to take a 14-13
lead with 14:28 left in the game.
Reserve fullback Quinton Singleton's 9-yard scoring run capped
the 16-play, 91-yard scoring drive that took 8:15 off the clock.
The teams traded touchdowns in the fourth quarter before Sloan
kicked the game-winner.
Tom Savage completed 20 of 27 pass attempts for 203 yards and
two touchdowns for Pitt (4-3).
Pittsburgh's Devin Street caught nine passes for 96 yards with a
touchdown and became the school's all-time leading receiver. Street
now has 186 career receptions, surpassing Latef Grim, who had 178
from 1998-2000.
Trailing 14-13 midway through the fourth quarter, Savage threw a
3-yard touchdown pass to freshman Tyler Boyd to give the Panthers a
20-14 lead. Street then caught a short pass for the 2-point
Navy responded on the ensuing possession and tied the game on a
10-play, 71-yard drive capped by a 2-yard run by quarterback Keenan
Reynolds with 3:53 left in the game.
The Midshipmen then forced a 3-and-out on the Panthers' next
possession and got the ball at Pitt's 49. Navy ran 11 plays to set
up Sloan's game-winning kick.
"I wish these games weren't like this, but we'll take it,"
Navy coach Ken Niumatalolo said. "I'm super-happy for Nick Sloan.
The guy took a beating last week. He's the guy who took the blame
last week. It wasn't his fault. We lost as a team and today we won
as a team."
Pitt opened a 3-0 lead on its first drive on a 25-yard field
goal by Chris Blewitt on a 16-play, 68 yard drive that took 7:32
off the clock. After Don Pearson recovered a fumble by James Conner
to open the second quarter, Navy took the lead on a pass from
Reynolds that deflected off Geoffrey Whiteside and was caught by
senior Marcus Thomas, who ran 58 yards for first career
"Give Navy credit, in a 60-minute game, they found a way to
win," Pitt coach Paul Chryst said. "I thought our guy's effort
was nothing short of what I expected. Obviously, we did not make
enough plays to win the game."
Another 44-yard field goal by Blewitt pulled Pitt to within 7-6
with 9:23 left in the half. The Panthers then took a 13-7 lead
eight minutes later on a 12-yard pass from Tom Savage to
The Panthers completely dominated the first half and held the
edge in total plays (44-22), time of possession (22:07-7:53) and
yardage (252-135).
Navy entered the game ranked sixth in the nation with 304.2
rushing yards per game, and managed 220 against the Panthers.
"I'm extremely proud of Nick," Navy linebacker Cody Peterson
said. "After last week, it's tough for a kicker because you're in
the limelight with that one play. By no means was it his fault
because there were so many plays in that game. He came back this
week with ice in his veins and made it."


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According to a recent survey by GasBuddy.com, 3% of over 15,000 respondents said that almost all of stations in their area offered cash discounts.
Medical and Dental Procedures
Doctors and hospitals usually increase their prices as they know insurance companies will not pay full price. So why don't you ask them to knock down the price a bit if you do not have insurance.
Gym Memberships
If a customer commits to be a member of a gym and fitness center for a certain period of time, he/ she will be entitled to receive special rates.
Many companies are willing to let you pay your insurance premiums in monthly installment, but you have to pay "service fee". However, some companies offer free fee if you agree to an automatic monthly electronic payment.
Property Taxes
Homeowners can get a discount if they pay their taxes by a certain date. Miami-Dade Country offers a discount of 4% to those who pay their taxes in November.
Related links:
Ten Women's Wardrobe Things That Men Hate


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This pimento cheese is a Southern classic made from Cheddar cheese, pimentos, sweet onion, and mayonnaise.
There is nothing about me that is remotely Southern. I can't name the capital of Virginia. I have no idea whether Lee or Grant led the Confederate troops into battle (although I do know who won the war). And for the life of me, I simply don't get the concept of boiled peanuts. For years my only primer to Southern society and mores was Gone With the Wind. And I'm not ashamed to admit that I have, when in a mischievous mood, borrowed from Scarlett O'Hara, that great icon of Southern strength and frivolity, when entertaining. See, our house in Connecticut has four ridiculous columns in front. It looks more like an antebellum home from the wrong side of the Mason-Dixon Line than anything remotely in keeping with the neighborhood. When we're expecting guests known for their resilient senses of humor and hearty constitutions, I don my big floppy gardening hat, sit primly on the front stairs, and prattle on in my best Southern accent to no one in particular, peppering it with plenty of "fiddle-dee-dee"s. Vivien Leigh won an Oscar for her flibbertigibbet ways. I'm usually awarded a chorus line of shaking heads and pitiful looks as everyone steps over me on their way inside.
So earlier this year when I visited Beth Price, our director of recipe testing, in Charleston, South Carolina (which, I later learned, is not the capital of the state) for an LC gathering, I was literally a galumphing Yankee in a Southern belle's courtyard. In those four days, Beth did much to instruct me in the ways of the South. I learned when to say, "Bless her heart" (that is, when someone is, well, basically hopeless). I found out how to conduct myself at an oyster roast (with abandon in one hand and a linen napkin in the other). And I discovered pimento cheese.
I have no idea why, but I had always thought pimento cheese was some inbred cousin of the pimento loaf—a vile delicatessen concoction of forced meat studded with pimento-filled green olives—that my grandfather Costa used to make me eat for lunch. But no. Pimento cheese, I was thrilled to find out, is reason enough to pull up stakes and permanently move to Charleston. For those Northerners who are woefully unacquainted with its bewitching ways, pimento cheese is Cheddar cheese mixed with mayonnaise, chopped pimento, and, depending on where in the South you are, various other seasonings.
The pimento cheese I practically devoured all by myself at Beth's was from a recipe by food writer Rebecca Lang. I contained myself on the evening of the big cocktail party, instead welcoming Leite's Culinaria folks and fans. But the next morning, when I arrived on Beth's doorstep hungry and a bit hung over, it was a whopping pimento-cheese sandwich that she thwapped into my hand. And I am absolutely not embarrassed to say that throughout the day, I outmuscled and outmaneuvered her skinny adolescent son in order to get the lion's share of the two 1-pound containers of pimento cheese she had tucked in the back of her fridge.
So a few weeks ago when I had a "hankering" (See? I start thinking pimento cheese and my best Scarlett begins to take me over, body and soul), I thought, what a lovely thing it would make mounded high on Carr's Table Water Crackers for the holidays. So I called Beth.
"Puddin', can you tell me, does that pimento cheese of yours work at a formal affair?"
I could practically hear her eyes rolling on the other end. "Well, Fatty Daddy, I'm serving it at a black-tie affair. Does that count as formal?" Damn, if only Faulkner could've been so witty, I thought, I would've read more of him.
Tonight, The One and I will ring in 2014—a year that I'm sure will be one of the finest ever—with crab and lobster and yet another largish bowl of pimento cheese. And when I wake up on January 1, there's no way I'm going to have Scarlett's famous 17-inch waist—corset or no corset. But that's okay. After all, tomorrow's another day.
Pimento Cheese
After having consumed half of Vermont's supply of Cheddar cheese in the name of research, I've discovered that making this pimento cheese recipe a day ahead only improves the taste. The onion mellows, the pimentos perk up, the color blends, and everything becomes ambrosial. You can have pimento cheese on crackers, in sandwiches (think grilled cheese sandwiches or petite tea party bites), as part of a crudités platter, even right from the container at 2:00 a.m. as you lean against the sink. Not that I know anything about that.–David Leite
LC Mellow Yellow Cheddar Cheese Note
So when David makes pimento cheese, he's sorta particular about things. He instructed us to share with you that he uses white Cheddar, not orange. He prefers the flavor of white. Besides, you'll still get a lovely orange tint from the pimentos. Any questions?
Pimento Cheese
- Quick Glance
- Makes about 3 cups
- 1 pound sharp white Cheddar cheese
- 3/4 cup store bought or homemade mayonnaise
- One 4-ounce jar pimentos, drained well
- 2 tablespoons grated Vidalia or other sweet onion
- Freshly ground black pepper, to taste
- 1. Grate the cheese on the large holes of a box grater. [Editor's Note: Between us, a food processor is the way to go. Five seconds max. David did it by hand just for old-timey's sake.]
- 2. Mix the grated cheese, mayonnaise, pimentos, grated onion, and a few good grinds pepper in a medium bowl until blended. Resist the urge to dig in immediately. The pimento cheese is unspeakably better after it sits for a while in the fridge—say, 24 hours. (You can stash the pimento cheese in the fridge for up to 4 days, provided you can resist it that long.)
- 3. To serve, decant the pimento cheese into your loveliest serving dish.
If you make this recipe, snap a photo and hashtag it #LeitesCulinaria. We'd love to see your creations on Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter.


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FANCY a free £10 at Bet365? Have a go at my Super Single Competition this weekend and it could be you!
I've three more £10 bets from Bet365 to give away this week. All you need to do is pick a winning Super Single at odds of evens or above and you could win £10 at Bet365.
BET ON THE MOVE WITH Bet365 AND GET UP TO £50 FREE!
Whether you're a new or existing bet365 customer, they'll give you a 100% bonus up to £50 when you place your first bet using a mobile or tablet.
Once you have placed your qualifying bet, you will receive an email with your Offer Code to your registered email address. You can then enter your Offer Code by entering the Members area on site or through bet365 On The Move.
Open an account at BET365 today.
I've three £10 free bets at Bet365 to give away for the fixtures to be played on January 1-3 and here's how you can win one of them.
Submit your Super Single in the comments section below and if it's successful you'll enter into a prize draw to win one of the £10 free bets.
Your Super Single must be at odds of 1-1 or above with Bet365 (Click here to visit Bet365) and you must quote the odds along with your tip, for example, Everton (7-2). You can also tell us why you fancy that particular tip.
As ever there are a few rules that need to be adhered to:
- Your single bet must be at odds of evens (1-1) or above with Bet365
- You must quote Bet365 's odds for your selection
- Your entry must be in before your match kicks off (no cheating!) on JAN 1-3
- Only one entry per person / per email address (we will check IP addresses for people placing multiple entries)
- If there's more than 3 winning Super Singles then I'll randomly choose the winners of the prizes
Winners will be notified by email and provided with a link to Bet365 to follow.
Good luck!


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Product Description
- Stunning stylish European inspired design.
- Easy installation.
- Flexible 8-16 inch widespread installation.
- Can be used with 3-hole sinks or under-mount sinks.
- Double handle operation.
- Durable brass body construction.
- Smooth, long lasting, and drip-free 1/4 turn operation ceramic disc cartridge.
- Standard US plumbing connections, stainless steel braided hoses.
- Polished Chrome finish.
- Maximum Flow Rate: 1.5 GPM at 60 PSI
- cUPC, NSF certified. ADA, CA AB 1953 lead free compliant.
Additional Information
Faucet Height (Overall): 8-7/8";
Spout Height: 6-1/4";
Spout Reach: 5-5/8"
Faucet Base: 2"
Wide Spead: 8" - 16"
|Finish / Color
|Polished Chrome
|3-Hole Widespread
|3-Hole Sinks, Undermount Sinks
|Drain Type
|Two Handles
|Solid Brass Construction; 1/4 Turn Universal Ceramic Disc Cartridge
|Lead Free Bathroom Faucet With Mounting Hardware, Matching Pop-Up Drain Sold Separately
Shipping Info
Shipping: We usually ship within 2 business days after an order is placed. In the rare case that an order cannot be shipped within the proposed time frame, we will notify you via phone calls or emails. Depending on your location, please allow about 2-5 business days for delivery. We offer free ground shipping within 48 United States for orders over $100. Orders will be shipped via UPS, Fedex, USPS, or LTL freight depending on the size and quantity of orders. Click here for more information.
Backorders: If an item(s) is sold out in the meantime an order is placed, we will notify the customer immediately and choose whether to put the order in backorder status.
Returns Policy: You may return unused, not-installed, not-assembled products, and in perfect condition in its original, unmarked packaging within thirty (30) days of delivery. Click here for more information.


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Print / Digital Subscription »
ESPN, the leading action sports
content provider and creator of the X Games, kicks off a new era with the 2013
global expansion's six-event schedule--featuring eight sports, 26 disciplines
and new iconic venues from inaugural host cities Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil;
Barcelona, Spain; and Munich, Germany. Joining the existing world-class events
in Aspen, CO; Los Angeles, CA; and Tignes, France,
the three new cities will combine to offer the most wide-ranging program of
sports and disciplines in X Games history, including the addition of Mountain
Bike Slopestyle, Women's Skateboard
Park and the return of
BMX Freestyle Dirt.
With the disciplines set, event planning and course designs underway, this
expansion will be the first of its kind for the franchise in terms of size,
scope and scale--setting a global stage to spotlight the world's best action
sports athletes in BMX, Skateboard, Moto X, Rally Car, Ski, Snowboard and
Snowmobile--while also highlighting new and unique lifestyle, cultural and
digital elements around the world.
"ESPN is giving athletes a tremendous opportunity to succeed and gain more
exposure in their respective sports," said action sports icon and 17-time
X Games medalist Travis Pastrana. "It is awesome to see X Games not only
take these sports to more cities globally, but I love seeing new sports added
and the return of past, popular events."
Tim Reed, senior director, X Games content strategy said, "We're very excited
to embark on this new chapter of X Games global expansion and to offer such a
wide array of locations and amazing backdrops for the sport disciplines in
2013. Showcasing the world's best action sports athletes in six
world-class host cities will enable fans to experience premier competition and
the unique culture synonymous with the new world of X Games."
The full list of X Games sports disciplines for 2013 is as follows:
Jan. 24-27
Big Air
Best Trick
Slopestyle (M & W)
SuperPipe (M & W)
SnoCross Adaptive
Speed & Style
March 20-22
Freestyle (DEMO)
Foz do Iguaçu
April 18-21
BMX Freestyle
Moto X
Rally Car
Park (Men's)
Best Whip
Street (M & W)
Enduro X (M & W)
Step Up
May 16-19
Park (M & W)
Street (Men's)
June 27-30
Mountain Bike
Los Angeles
Aug. 1-4
Racing (Women's)
The world's premier action sports
athletes will be competing at new iconic venues such as Iguaçu
Falls, Barcelona's
Montjuïc Park Olympic ring and Munich's
Olympic Park.
Like what you read?
Want to know when we have important news, updates or interviews?
Join our newsletter today!
Send to your friends!


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From May 25, 2013 - October 14, 2013, the U.S. Botanic Garden "Food for Thought" highlights U.S. Botanic Garden plant collections in this annual outdoor Terrace exhibit, featuring plants with culinary, ornamental, medicinal and cultural value. Find inspiration to cook something new, plant food for pollinators or even grow your own food. Explore the U.S. Botanic Garden's Conservatory Terrace to see some amazing food plants, both familiar and exotic, from around the globe. Get lost in thought and wander through David Rogers' Big Bugs(tm) wooden sculptures adorning the Garden grounds.
This free exhibit is open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily, including all weekends and holidays.


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Author Notes: I am sure I will raise corn purists' hackles with this recipe but what fun is it to bow to tradition all the time? I've made corn pudding with corn pulp and juices, cream and nothing else but a pinch of salt, and the resulting dish was a fine one, a recipe I'll make for as many seasons of corn as I live to see.
This summer, though, I decided to mix it up with a little onion and poblano pepper. And there's nothing you can do about it (except complain in the comments section!).
—Amanda Hesser
Serves: 4
2 tablespoons olive oil
1/2 yellow onion, finely chopped
1 poblano pepper, seeded and finely chopped
About 14 ears corn
1/2 cup heavy cream
Butter, for greasing baking dish
- Heat the oven to 400 degrees. Pour the oil into a small sauté pan and place over medium heat. Add the onion, poblano pepper, and a healthy pinch of salt. Cook until the onion is softened but not brown.
- Slit, scrape or grate the pulp and juices from the ears of corn –- and collect into a bowl. You need 4 cups. Add the cream and onion mixture. Season to taste with salt. Pour into a buttered 9-inch round cast-iron skillet or equivalent size baking dish.
- Bake the pudding until it's browned on top and loose but no longer watery, about 45 to 60 minutes. Use a slotted spoon for serving.
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
More Great Recipes:
Pudding|Corn|Poblano|Vegetable|Milk/Cream|Cast Iron|Make Ahead|Summer|Vegetarian|Gluten-Free|Side


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DW46w Granny Weatherwax's Cottage - Wood Finish
Product Information
From the original Clarecraft collection, all of these pieces were handmade in the UK and are very much sought after.
This item is brand new and comes exactly as it was supplied to us a few years ago by Clarecraft.
All of the Clarecraft Discworld figurines were made under licence and each character was personally approved by Terry Pratchett before it was allowed to be launched.
Price: £59.99


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Names (Mennonite)
[This article reflects the perspective of the 1950s, and relates only to names of European background]
Quite frequently one hears the remark, "That is a Mennonite name," or "That is not a Mennonite name." This indicates that there are specific names considered to be "Mennonite." This is one of the characteristics of Mennonites of various countries and areas. They have perpetuated not only certain family names and given names, but also names of settlements, villages, institutions, etc. Many names of European origin have been transplanted to North and South America.
Family Names
Because of their withdrawal from the world, enforced by persecution and their principle of nonconformity, Mennonites have in certain countries perpetuated their faith and traditions within the group into which very few "outsiders" found entrance. At times conversion to the Mennonite faith and intermarriage with outsiders were almost completely absent for generations. This was true among the Swiss, German, and Dutch Mennonites in the past and was true in the 1950s among the Swiss, French, South German, Russian, and American Mennonites almost to the same degree, although intermarriage was more common in the mid-20th century than it was earlier. Among the Mennonites of the Netherlands and North Germany this isolation was given up long ago. Scarcely any Mennonite family names of the 16th century are found among the Mennonites of the Netherlands today. One reason is that during the 16th and early 17th centuries there were hardly any family names in existence in Holland in general. Instead, in addition to the given name a person retained his father's given name. Thus "Menno" added to his name "Simonsz" which meant that he was Simons' son. Menno's son in turn would add "Mennosz" to his given name. Not until the second quarter of the 17th century were family names handed down from generation to generation. In many cases the father's given name became the family name. Thus Peter Claasz became Peter Claassen; Jakob Friesz became Jakob Friesen; Abraham Dirksz became Abraham Dirksen, etc. Of these original Dutch Mennonite family names, which really were "petrified" given names, very few have survived in the Netherlands. This is mostly due to the fact that the Dutch Mennonites gave up the principle of isolation and nonconformity nearly 200 years ago. In the process of adjustment, intermarriage with non-Mennonites was so frequent and common that few of the original "Mennonite" names survived within the Mennonite fold. Also in modern times many "liberal" elements have transferred from the Dutch Reformed Church to the Mennonite Church, bringing new family names into the Mennonite church. The same is true in such German congregations as Krefeld and Emden.
However, among the Mennonites of Prussia, Danzig, and Poland and their descendants in Russia and America the 16th and 17th century Mennonite names have survived in large numbers. It is true that many new names were added in Prussia and Danzig which by now are also considered full-fledged "Mennonite" names. Many of the names ending in "ski" or "sky" are definitely of Polish origin (Sawatsky, Tillitzki, Schepansky, Koslowsky, etc.). In some instances the original name may have been changed by accepting the Polish ending. On the other hand, some of the older names died out and cannot be found either in Europe or America.
A study made by Franz Crous in 1940 reported a very interesting study on the frequency of the most common Mennonite family names among the Mennonites of Germany. He reported for East Germany 454 names in 15 congregations in the following order of frequency of baptized bearers of the name down to 100: Penner 469, Wiebe 388, Wiens 363, Dyck 281, Claassen 263, Klaassen 190, Pauls 190, Harder 188, Bartel 185, Janzen 180, Janz 178, Froese 170, Reimer 165, Franz 156, Neufeld 154, Enss 144, Thiessen 133, Friesen 121, Wiehler 120, Fieguth 112, Ewert 110, Fast 108, Regier 107, Driedger 105, Albrecht 104. In Northwest Germany he found 660 names in nine congregations, of whom only 19 had more than 10 bearers, the first ten being: von Beckerath 45, van Delden 32, Fast 24, Brons 23, Penner 21, Claassen 21, Fieguth 20, Stroink 20, van der Smissen 17, Kruse 15. South Germany had 478 names in 40 congregations; following were the leading names in order of frequency: Schmutz 154, Hege 149, Krehbiel 121, Fellmann 119, Horsch 108, Stauffer 107, Schowalter 98, Landes 98, Eymann 87, Lichti 86, Hartzler 79, Musselmann 70, Dettweiler 69, Hirschler 68, Weber 67, Galle 60, Lehman 55, Bachmann 54, Guth 54, Blickensdorfer 53, Beutler 52, Funk 52.
From Prussia, Poland, and Russia these names were transplanted starting in 1874 to the Great Plains of North America and again after each of the world wars to North America as well as South America. The Swiss-South German names were in a similar way transplanted from Switzerland, France, South Germany, Volhynia, and Galicia to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and other states during the many waves of migrations beginning in the 18th century. A statistical study of the frequency of the American Mennonite names has not been made. C. Henry Smith in The Story of the Mennonites lists names peculiar to certain settlements in America. The genealogies and family histories are a source information regarding family names. The more frequent Mennonite family names have all been treated in the Mennonite Encyclopedia.
The total of different traditional family names among the Mennonites of Europe, exclusive of Holland and the newer families in Emden and Krefeld, has been determined to be about 600. Of these, 167 names of Swiss-South German origin, and 105 names of West Prussian and Northwest German origin are treated in this Encylopedia, in addition to most of the 15 Hutterite family names. The article Old Order Amish lists 100 Amish family names.
Given Names
Besides the patronymic system of names, the given names were primarily names taken from the Bible like those of the Puritans and other religious groups. Among the Russian Mennonites there were certain cycles and traditions according to which the same names would be repeated in the family. The oldest son would be named after the father or grandfather, and the oldest daughter after the mother or grandmother. The succeeding children would be named after uncles and aunts. The Alexanderwohl Mennonite Church record, started in Germany during the 17th century and continued in Russia and Kansas, is an interesting source of information on this practice. During 1695-1799 (Prussia), 921 given names were checked. This list contained only 40 different names, all the others being repeated. Heading the list of male members in frequency was Peter (90), followed by Jakob (74). Among the female names, Ancke (Anna) ranked highest (107) with Marike (Maria) following (79). The names still had a Dutch ending, indicating the cultural and linguistic adherence to their background. In 1860-1875 (Russia), among the 1,328 Alexanderwohl names checked there were only 54 different given names, which indicates the unbroken tradition of repeating the same names in the family. The names had become Germanized. Peter still ranked highest (118), followed by Heinrich (116) and Jakob (98). Maria (143) was now more frequent than Anna (101), after which Helena (95) followed. After the Alexanderwohl congregation had moved to Kansas in 1874 great adjustments were made to the new environment. How rapidly they were made is indicated by the change in given names. In 1919-1925, 175 names were checked, of which 109 were different. Entirely new German and English names had been added, very few of which are repeated. A complete adjustment was made by the time World War II ended. Of the 168 names checked of the children born 1945-1953 there appear 122 different names, most of which are typically American names rather than Bible names. Hardly any are repeated more than two or three times and most of them appear only once. Most popular was Clifford. At the end of the alphabet was Zyleene.
Although no other American Mennonite church has a record of over 200 years it can safely be assumed that the changes which have taken place in given names are very much the same. The Alexanderwohl Mennonite Church has always been one of the more conservative Mennonite congregations. It can be assumed that some others have made this adjustment much more rapidly. On the other hand, such groups as the Amish, the Hutterites, and the Old Colony Mennonites still perpetuate the tradition of giving their children only the biblical names commonly in use in their circle. In South America Spanish influences are noticeable in the choice of given names, while in Russia it had already become a practice in some circles before World War I to add Russian endings to the given names. After World Wars I and II Russian names became very frequent. Another Russian practice accepted by the Mennonites of Russia was the adding of the father's given name to the bearer's given name somewhat similar to the original Dutch practice. P. M. Friesen would be called Peter Martinovitch Friesen, Martin being the given name of his father.
Settlement and Village Names
The Mennonite settlement (colony) names, particularly in Russia, were frequently the name of the river on which they were located (Chortitza, Molotschna, Kuban, etc.), or the owner from whom the settlement had been bought (Ignatyevo), the province in which they were located (Orenburg, Samara), or the name of the Russian town or village next to which they were located (Arkadak, etc.). In North and South America the selection of a name for a settlement was somewhat different. In Manitoba the name for the largest two settlements was derived from the fact that the government "reserved" the land for the Mennonites to the east and west of the Red River, and therefore the names "East Reserve" and "West Reserve" originated. In Saskatchewan the two large Mennonite settlements received their name from the nearest large places at which the Mennonites settled, "Hague settlement" and "Swift Current settlement." These in turn were transplanted by the migrants to Mexico next to the "Manitoba" settlers of Mexico. In the United States there are few Mennonite settlements consisting of a larger group of villages in existence since the immigrants settled on individual farms. The Alexanderwohl settlement with a number of villages was an exception. In Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil the Mennonites have perpetuated the tradition of establishing themselves in a compact settlement. The major settlements in Paraguay are Menno, Fernheim, Friesland, Volendam, and Neuland. In Brazil the name "Witmarsum" and in Paraguay "Friesland" indicate that the settlers wished to emphasize their Dutch background.
The Mennonites of Prussian-Russian background have been most loyal in perpetuating village names from Prussia to Russia and to the Great Plains of North America and Mexico and South America. Some of the names have been repeated in many of the settlements established by them.
Crous, Franz "Mennoniten-familien in Zahlen." Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter (August 1940).
Reimer, Gustav E. Die Familiennamen der westpreussischen Mennoniten. Weierhof: Mennonitische Geschichtsverein, 1940.
Voth, Mel. "Given Name Changes in the Alexanderwohl Community." Research paper, 1954. Mennonite Library and Archives, Bethel College (North Newton, KS)
Wiebe, Herbert. "Mennonitische Familiennamen in den Weichselniederungen von Graudenz bis Thorn." Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter (August 1939).
|Cornelius Krahn
|Date Published
Cite This Article
MLA style
Krahn, Cornelius. "Names (Mennonite)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1957. Web. 15 Nov 2018. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Names_(Mennonite)&oldid=118578.
APA style
Krahn, Cornelius. (1957). Names (Mennonite). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 15 November 2018, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Names_(Mennonite)&oldid=118578.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 809-810. All rights reserved.
©1996-2018 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


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When voters approved Lone Star College System's bond referendum in May 2008, they set in motion a series of actions that have led to the addition of a full-service satellite center in the high-growth northern portion of the Lone Star College System service area.
Thanks to a donation of 15.7 acres of land by the Greater Conroe Economic Development Council, the city of Conroe and the Montgomery County Industrial Development Corporation, a new Lone Star College-Conroe Center will be built along FM 3083 in Conroe Park North, a rapidly-growing 1,040-acre industrial park that has attracted a number of new businesses in the past few years. The site is approximately 2.5 miles east of Interstate 45 and one mile east of State Highway 75 on the north side of FM 3083.
Plans are already underway for the design and construction of a full-service center that will accommodate approximately 3,000 students with 83,000 square feet of learning space - in two buildings. LSC-Conroe Center's larger building (67,000 square feet) will include eight computer labs, 12 general classrooms, a large biology lab, and specialized classrooms for programs such as phlebotomy and nurse assistant. This building will also house a full range of support services, including a bookstore, library, testing center and tutoring.
The second building (16,000 square feet) will contain the center's industrial programs, including welding, heating/ventilation/air conditioning, and machining. Additionally, the college's two-year-old automotive and diesel technician programs will be housed in this building, complete with two bays for hands-on student learning.
"This is a much-needed expansion of services in a fast-growing area of our college system," said Dr. Richard Carpenter, LSCS chancellor. "We've reached a point where a bigger commitment is needed for this area - both in terms of traditional academic coursework as well as workforce-oriented programs. The fact that nearly 3,000 employees are already working in Conroe Park North also makes this a very attractive deal."
Dr. Carpenter indicated that the existing LSC-Conroe Center, located east of downtown Conroe on State Highway 105, will moves its classes and programs to the new center, which is expected to be completed in time for the spring 2011 semester.
LSCS's commitment to serve the entire Montgomery County region began in 1992 in Conroe's Pinehollow Shopping Center, which served as the home for LSC-Montgomery while the campus on College Park Drive was under construction. Close to 2,000 students took classes in the original LSC-Conroe Center prior to 1995 when the campus opened. In 2001, the LSC-Conroe Center moved to its current location, where it provides workforce training in areas such as welding, machining, AutoCAD, air conditioning and heating, and other technical programs.
Recent enrollment figures show that the largest increase in the number of students taking classes at LSC-Montgomery was from residents of Willis Independent School District - a 33 percent increase from the previous spring semester. Montgomery ISD, which is not a member of LSCS, also had a large increase (28 percent) in enrollment at LSC-Montgomery. Conroe ISD, too, showed an increase and it is, by far, the largest feeder of students to the college. More than 500 residents of Willis are enrolled this spring semester, and almost all of the ZIP codes from the north part of the LSCS service area, especially in Willis and Conroe ISDs, have consistently shown large increases.
Tom Stinson, executive director of the Greater Conroe Economic Development Council, sees a strong need for the college's expansion in the Conroe area.
"The greater Conroe area is experiencing rapid growth - in the range of 7-10 percent annually, and this population needs to be accommodated with higher education opportunities," said Stinson, who has overseen economic development for GCEDC since its inception in 1994. "In terms of businesses, every company we talk to is looking for a skilled, trained workforce, and the college plays a major role in our ability to attract and keep businesses in the area."
To that end, the GCEDC worked extensively with the college and the city of Conroe to facilitate the land deal that will provide adequate space for such a center. According to Stinson, the site in Conroe Park North is ideal.
"It is an optimal location for the center for several reasons," said Stinson. "First, it is close to I-45, which is critical in terms of convenience for students. Second, it is geographically central to an area that is currently growing and will continue to grow for the foreseeable future - both in terms of business and residential activity. Being situated among the businesses in the industrial park gives the college a great opportunity to develop education and training partnerships."


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The kingship of Yahweh and the politics of poverty and oppression in the Hebrew Psalter. Wittman, Derek Edward, 1977- (2011-01-05)This dissertation is a rhetorical critical analysis of the Hebrew Psalter's use of language connoting poverty to portray Yahweh, ancient Israel, and foreign nations and to structure the literary relationships between them. ...


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Wim Swerts is a Flemish comics artist, known for his comics versions of Belgian TV shows and stars, which he makes together with Luc van Asten. Swerts was born in Tongeren and studied arts in Hasselt from 1984 to 1990. He began his career doing merchandise illustration for the popular TV show 'Samson en Gert' in 1990. Shortly afterwards, he made a series of comics based on the show, together with Jean-Pol.
W817 - Hello Goodbye (2011)
In 1997, he set up Lighthouse Productions with fellow artist Luc van Asten (Vanas), who already did the coloring of Swerts' earlier work. Swerts and Vanas cooperated on several TV related products, like new 'Samson & Gert' stories and reading books with 'Kabouter Plop' and 'Piet Piraat'. In 2000, Swerts and Vanas, together with scriptwriter Hec Leemans, made the newspaper comic 'Ambiorix' for Het Belang van Limburg.
The team continued to work with Leemans on a comic series based on the TV show 'W817' (2003-2011), the comic adventures of tennis player Kim Clijsters (2004), and the 'F.C. De Kampioenen' spin-off 'Vertongen & Co' (since 2011). Between 2006 and 2009, they began a new series with writer Tom Bouden, 'En Daarmee Basta!', another comic based on a Ketnet TV show. In 2010, Swerts was the artist of 'Valentinus - 't Heilig Paterke', a comic written by Geert De Sutter for the Friars Minor of Hasselt during the Virga Jesse celebrations of 2010.
Valentinus - 't Heilig Paterke


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The Blue Devils are bowl-bound for the first time since the 1994 season, and have invaded Charlotte as they prepare for their Belk Bowl matchup against a tough Big East opponent. The Cincinnati Bearcats put together a 9-3 season under Butch Jones, who has since left for Tennessee. Steve Stripling will serve as interim head coach for the Bearcats, who will look to grind it out against the Blue Devils with an imposing rushing attack and stout defense.
With the Bearcats' program in a state of flux, BDN welcomes in veteran Cincinnati reporter Bill Koch of the Cincinnati Enquirer to give insight into the Blue Devils' opponent. Bill is an award-winning sports writer, a life-long Cincinnati resident, and a Cincinnati alumnus. His work can be found online via the University of Cincinnati Blog, and on Twitter. With the Bearcats opening the season undefeated on the hardwood, and with the Bengals headed to the playoffs, his plate is certainly full, and we appreciate his time in answering our questions. Thank you!
With the resignation of Butch Jones, hiring of Tommy Tuberville, and uncertainty surrounding the future of the Big East conference, what is the mood of those within and around the Cincinnati football program? How much interest is there in the upcoming Belk Bowl match up?
It's not something you hear people talking about a lot. The big news in Cincinnati as I write this is that the Bengals finally knocked off the Steelers and will be in the playoffs for the second straight year. Last week, the basketball game between UC and Xavier took center stage, especially after the fight that took place last year. And on the UC football front, there's been more talk about Tommy Tuberville and the school's decision to renovate Nippert Stadium than there has about the bowl game.
Senior RB George Winn, who averages over 100 yards per game, highlights a potent Cincinnati offense that led the Big East in scoring in 2012. Despite that success, there was some unrest at the quarterback position, where senior Brendon Kay took over for struggling junior Munchie Legaux down the stretch of the regular season. With Kay listed as the starter heading into Thursday's matchup, can you give us a brief scouting report on Kay and the Bearcats' offense?
Munchie Legaux struggled to throw the ball accurately all season long. Butch Jones stuck with him as long as he could but it was clear as soon as Brendon Kay replaced him that Kay was a much more accurate passer and a much better runner than people realized. But this is first and foremost a running offense behind George Winn, Ralph David Abernathy IV and solid offensive line and I suspect it will remain that way for the bowl game.
Led by 1st team All-Big East members DE Dan Giordano and LB Greg Blair, the Bearcats' defense was dominant at times this season, holding opponents to just 17 points per game. It appears that if there is a weakness to this unit, it might be in the secondary, where they allowed 243 yards per game through the air. What are the keys to moving the ball consistently against this tough Cincinnati defense?
The UC defense lost its best player midway through the season when defensive end Walter Stewart was diagnosed with a chronic neck injury that ended his career. Without Stewart, the defense doesn't have the edge presence it once did, but remains strong against the run. The secondary, which has been the biggest defensive weakness the past few years, is actually improved this year. Strong safety Drew Frey, who was first-team all-Big East last year, is a solid player and middle linebacker Greg Blair has been a godsend for a team that lost JK Schaffer, one of the best linebackers in school history, to graduation after last season. The strength of the defense is the line but if Duke's offensive line can give its quarterback time throw it should be able to move the ball through the air.
The Bearcats and Blue Devils have never faced each other on the gridiron, and had only one common opponent in 2012 in Virginia Tech (Cincinnati won 27-24, while Duke lost 41-20). What do you expect to see in the matchup between the Bearcats and Blue Devils in Charlotte?
I can't really answer this one...I really don't know enough about Duke to speak with any authority on the specifics of the matchup. But I do think the fact that the UC program is in a state of flux could be important. The last time this happened in 2009 after Brian Kelly left for Notre Dame, the UC players were not well prepared and got blasted by Tim Tebow and Florida. It will be interesting to see how these players handle a similar situation.


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Used Car Review
2009-2012 Toyota Venza
Introduced in 2009, the 2009-2012 Toyota Venza is radically different from Toyota's other mainstream products. Although technically considered a crossover SUV, the Venza's low roofline and long hood make it appear much more wagon-like, on par with the Subaru Outback and Honda Crosstour. The Venza is also wider than most cars in its class, with more hip room than the Crosstour, Outback or Murano. More hip room means a wider rear seat, which makes it easier to seat three adults or, as is the case with growing families, a set of child safety seats. Beyond its versatile hatchback design and cavernous interior, the Venza offers a level of luxury and sophistication seemingly above its Toyota pedigree.
Why You Want It
The Venza's desirability all depends on the desirer's primary needs. Those looking for a fuel-efficient, midsize car that isn't a slug on the freeway will find the Venza's 4-cylinder engine delivers on both counts. Similarly, those who require the added traction afforded by all-wheel drive (AWD) can have it on both the 4-cylinder and V6 models. There is no denying that those seeking a big backseat will be happy with the Venza, which offers more leg, hip and shoulder room than just about every other wagon or SUV in its price range. And penny-pinchers that pride themselves on their thriftiness will love the Venza's reputation for reliability and strong resale.
If you don't require a third row seat, Toyota's Venza makes an excellent family vehicle. It's big enough to fit a family of five, includes a large and easily accessible cargo area and enough luxury amenities to make the family wagon feel more like a little Lexus SUV.
Notable Features & Options
Early model Venzas (2009-2011) have no separate trim designations, just a single model with numerous option packages. In 2012, a three tier trim line was added to include LE, XLE and Limited models. Standard equipment for the Venza includes steering wheel controls for the audio, climate and cruise, dual-zone automatic climate control, a tilt/telescopic steering wheel, an 8-way power driver's seat with power lumbar, fog lights, a color keyed spoiler, 19-in wheels (20-in on the V6) and an AM/FM/CD sound system with (after 2010) iPod integration, USB and Bluetooth phone connectivity. Available features include leather seating, power driver and passenger seat, panoramic sunroof, a power rear liftgate, keyless entry and push button start, HID headlights, a rear backup camera, voice-activated navigation, JBL high-end audio with 13 speakers and powered subwoofer, all-wheel drive and heated front seats.
Model Milestones
2010 - A USB port and iPod integration are added to the standard audio, as is Bluetooth hands-free phone connectivity.
2011 - The Venza's option list is simplified into a few well-equipped packages.
2012 - LE, XLE and Limited trims are introduced, each offering a varying level of equipment. Limited models offer only the V6 engine, while LE and XLE trims come standard with the 4-cylinder engine but can be upgraded to the V6.
Engines and Performance
Standard power for the Toyota Venza comes from a 2.7-liter 4-cylinder engine producing 182 horsepower and 183 lb-ft of torque. A 6-speed automatic with uphill/downhill shift logic is the only transmission offered. Fuel economy for the 2.7-liter is rated at 21 miles per gallon city and 29 mpg highway; AWD models achieve a slightly lower 20 mpg city/28 mpg hwy. Optional on the Venza is Toyota's silky smooth 3.5-liter V6. This engine produces 268 hp and 246 lb-ft of torque, yet its Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fuel economy figures don't deviate far from the 4-cylinder engine, rated at 19 mpg city/26 mpg hwy with front-wheel drive and 18/25 mpg with AWD.
With the 2.7-liter under the hood, the big Venza is surprisingly capable. It accelerates well and even has adequate power for passing slower traffic. Add on a few hundred pounds in the form of passengers and cargo, however, and the need for the V6 becomes apparent. We like the overall driving feel of the Venza, although some did find the ride too harsh due to the large wheel/tire combination. The electric assist power steering also felt numb at times, usually at lower speeds. On the highway, however, the steering is fairly heavy and accurate and the brakes performed consistently after repeated use. Also worth mention is the Venza's ability to block noise from the cabin, even at highway speeds. However, on certain road surfaces, we did observe a noticeable drone from the wheel wells, a product of the large 19 and 20-in tires.
Recalls, Safety Ratings and Warranties
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has issued the following recalls for the 2009-2011 Toyota Venza:
2009-10 - A recall was issued to fix a problem with the shape of the accelerator pedal. Under certain conditions, the pedal could get stuck on the floor mat causing it to remain depressed.
2009-2011 - A recall was issued for a possible defective brake light switch that could result in loss of rear brake lights.
We should note that the 2009-2011 Toyota Venza was included in the recall related to uncontrolled acceleration in Toyota vehicles. While there was a lot of media coverage and Toyota recalled nearly eight million cars, an exhaustive study by both NASA engineers and NHTSA could find no flaws with the electronics in Toyota vehicles.
Recall repairs are required by law even if the vehicle is out of warranty. Your dealer can check to see if the repairs were performed and if not, will fix the car at no charge to you.
As for safety, the 2009-2012 Toyota Venza scored well in both the government and the independent Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) tests. NHTSA gives the Venza with side airbags five out of five stars for the driver and passenger in the front end crash test and five stars for the driver and passenger in the side impact crash test. The Venza earns four out of five stars in the rollover test. The 2011 and newer Venza receives three stars in the frontal crash test and five stars in the side impact test. This change is due to a revision in the way the government performs and evaluates their crash tests and is not a result of any changes made to the vehicle by the manufacturer. IIHS also gives the Venza its highest marks in the offset front crash test, side impact test and roof strength test.
The 2009-2012 Toyota Venza has a 3-year/36,000 mile basic warranty and a 5-year/60,000 mile powertrain warranty. Extended warranties purchased when the car was new are transferable, so be sure to inquire if the vehicle you are buying has an extended plan. Toyota also offers a line of Certified Pre-Owned (CPO) vehicles through its dealerships. If you purchase a Certified Pre-Owned Venza, the warranty coverage for the powertrain is extended to 7-years/100,000 miles from the vehicle's original in service date. CPO cars also come with a 12-month/12,000 mile comprehensive warranty, one year of roadside assistance, and a free CARFAX report. Best of all, Certified customers are eligible for standard new car financing rates. Vehicles that qualify for the CPO program cannot be older than six years or have more than 85,000 miles on the odometer. To learn more about the Toyota CPO program, visit their website at www.toyotacertified.com.
Word on the Web
Consumer watchdog groups such as Consumer Reports give the Venza high marks for engine, drivetrain and overall reliability. However, we did find quite a few individual consumers posting complaints about rattles, squeaks and interior build quality -- an area Consumer Reports feels could also use some work. We also found a number of owners complaining about the way the Venza's transmission shifts, the rough ride when wearing 20-in wheels, and the somewhat subpar quality of the plastics and materials used inside. On a positive note, owners had high praise for the Venza's roomy interior, comfortable seats and good fuel economy (for 4-cylinder models).
Competitive Set
Honda Crosstour - The Crosstour gets better fuel economy and has more powerful engine choices than the Venza, but its looks are somewhat polarizing, its interior is not as roomy and its raked rear hatch is not as accommodating for bulky cargo.
Subaru Outback - The Outback costs less than the Venza, features standard full-time all-wheel drive and it gets better fuel economy. But, the Venza has a bigger backseat, better navigation and audio options and more upscale features, like the panoramic moonroof and power rear liftgate.
Nissan Murano - The Murano offers a sportier driving experience, more front seat legroom and can tow more weight (3,500 lb vs 1,500 lb). But, the Murano doesn't offer a 4-cylinder model, its rear seat and cargo area are not as big as those in the Venza and it has worse fuel economy.
Auto Trader Recommendations
We think most people will be quite happy in a nicely equipped front drive XLE V6; all-wheel drive isn't necessary unless you live in a place where snow is a constant threat. For those less concerned with power, the 4-cylinder model is also quite nice, especially with its improved fuel economy. 2009-2011 models won't have trim names; just search for the V6 models and they usually come with most of the option boxes checked.


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New Associate Deans Begin Terms
Art Hill to lead MBA Programs, Connie Wanberg Undergraduate Program
The Carlson School of Management has two new leaders. Professor Art Hill, the John & Nancy Lindahl Professor for Excellence in Business Education, assumed the role of Associate Dean of the school's MBA Programs today while Professor Connie Wanberg, the Industrial Relations Faculty Excellence Chair in the Department of Human Resources and Industrial Relations, became Associate Dean of its Undergraduate Program.
Hill replaces Professor Ed Joyce who concluded five years of service in the key leadership role on May 31 and returned to the faculty. Wanberg follows Professor Bob Ruekert who has begun a well-deserved sabbatical following 10 years of service to the Undergraduate Program.
Since 1992, Hill has served as professor in the Carlson School's Department of Operations and Management Sciences where he has delivered consistently strong instruction in the core of both the Full-Time and Executive MBA programs. He earned a BA in Mathematics from Indiana University, an MS in Industrial Administration and a PhD in Management from the Krannert School of Management at Purdue University.
Hill is a Fellow of the American Production Inventory Control Society and has been a visiting professor at Indiana University, IMD International (Lausanne, Switzerland), Wits Business School (Johannesburg, South Africa), and the National University of Singapore. He founded the Carlson Consulting Enterprise; has authored over 70 research articles on topics related to manufacturing management, service management, distribution, and retail management; and has consulted for a number of leading firms in both the United States and Europe.
Wanberg first joined the Carlson School in 1996 as a professor in the Department of Human Resources and Industrial Relations (HRIR). She earned a BS in Psychology from Moorhead State University and both a MS and PhD in Industrial-Organizational Psychology from Iowa State University. Connie served as chair of the HRIR department from 2006 to 2009. She has published 28 articles in refereed journals as well as numerous book chapters, and has served as an editorial board member for Personnel Psychology, Journal of Applied Psychology, and Human Performance.
Wanberg has presented at numerous conferences throughout the world and has served as a guest instructor at Universite Jean Moulin in Lyon, France and the Fundacíon Ortega y Gasset in Toledo, Spain. She has extensive consulting and research experience and is a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.


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The Sharafnam̂a, or, The history of the Kurdish nation, 1597
Mazda, 2005 - History - 272 pages
"In the pages of the Sharafnama are present the Kurdish nation, already unified 400 years ago within a common culture, national ethos, a defined homeland and an integrated history stretching into antiquity. In the text of this unique history the empires of the Kurds parallel those of the Arabs, Persians and Turks, some, according to Bitlisi, reaching back over 4,000 years. As the Kurds continue their arduous journey to regain their proper position as the fourth largest ethnic group in the greater Middle East, it is clear why the Sharafnama has gained the status of a national document and the locus classicus of Kurdish authenticity. The great prestige of the Sharafnama as a national history among the Kurdish literati and rulers has lasted for centuries. To gain the honor of being mentioned in the Sharafnama enticed later Kurdish dynasties to shuffle their own dynastic history into the pages of the book long after Bitlisi's death. Meanwhile, due to the pristine condition of its surviving manuscripts, the Sharafnama has and continues to serve as a primary resource to compare and correct the scribal errors found in other histories written in Persian language before 1597. The Sharafnama also contains invaluable information on the Kurds' neighboring peoples and dynasties who interacted with the Kurds, as well as the empires that emerged and weathered in the area."
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Abu-Bakr Abu'l-Shawk Afrasiyab Ahmad al-Dawla al-Din Mahmud al-Din Muhammad al-Malik al-tawdrikh Arabic Ardalans Armenia army Atabeg Ayyubid Badir Baghdad Bakhtiyari Bitlis Bitlisi brother Buwayhid Cairo cAli caliph captured cAyyarids Chapter cImad al-Din cIzz cIzz al-Din clan confederacy Crusaders cUmar Damascus death district Diyarbakir Egypt emirs Fadilwayhids fortress Garshasp Ghaffari Guzida Hamadan Hasanwayhids Hazarasp Hisam al-Din Khalil historians Husayn Ibn Athir Ibn Khallikan Ilkhanid Islamic Ismacil Jazira Kamil Khan Khurramabad Khurshid killed king Kurdish Kurdish dynasties Kurdistan Kurds land Lesser Lur Levant Luristan Malik cAdil mameluke manuscript Marwanids Mascud medieval modern Mongol mountain Muhalhil Muhammad Muslim Mustawfi Najm al-Din Ayyub Nasir Ottoman Persian prince province reign rule rulers Sacdi Safavid Saladin Salah al-Din Saphadin Sasanian Sayf al-Din Seljuq Shah-Rustam Shahrazur Shams al-Din Sharafnama Shujac al-Din six-hundred sources Sulaymanshah Sultan Surkhab Tahmasp Teheran Tekele throne name translation Turcoman Wafaydt Yusifshah Zagros


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San Jose (/ˌsæn hoʊˈzeɪ/; Spanish: St. Joseph) is the third-largest city in California, the tenth-largest in the United States, and the county seat of Santa Clara County. San Jose is the largest city within Silicon Valley, which is a major component of the greater San Francisco Bay Area. It is the largest city in Northern California.
San Jose was founded on November 29, 1777, as El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town in the Spanish colony of Nueva California. The city served as a farming community to support Spanish military installations at San Francisco and Monterey. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose served as its first capital.
After more than 150 years as a small farming community, the San Jose area in the mid-20th century contained some of the last undeveloped land near San Francisco Bay. It then began to experience rapid population growth, much of it coming from veterans returning from World War II. San Jose then continued its aggressive expansion during the 1950s and 1960s by annexing more land area. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from an agricultural center, to an urbanized metropolitan area.
By the 1990s, San Jose's location within the booming local technology industry earned the city the nickname "Capital of Silicon Valley". San Jose is now considered by some to be a global city. The U.S. Census Bureau reported the population of the city to be 945,942 in 2010.
San Jose, along with the Santa Clara Valley, has experienced decades of suburban sprawl, with characteristics of intense urbanization similar to the Los Angeles area of Southern California.
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The name made the man. And the man made the most of the name.
Over the course of the life of George Walker Bush, his name and all it symbolizes have been defining features.
Time and again, opportunity--inextricably linked with being a Bush--knocked, and the man answered. The name Bush affected virtually all of his life's trajectory: his choice of the elite private schools his father attended; his cushioned exit from the oil business during the industry's collapse; his entry into a baseball management position that made him a multimillionaire; and meteoric success in his bid for the nation's highest office, just six years after becoming Texas governor, the only elective office he has held.
In 1989, at 42, Bush had a resume of little note, including one failed run for the U.S. House of Representatives and an unspectacular career in the oil business. A decade later, he is the leading Republican contender for president and the recipient of more campaign donations than any candidate in history, a testament to his political skills, charisma and the powerful imprimatur of the name Bush. If he succeeds, Bush will become the first son since John Quincy Adams to follow his father into the presidency.
Bush, who declined to be interviewed for this article, has on rare occasion acknowledged the benefits and baggage of bearing the name, a political legacy of a grandfather who was a U.S. senator from Connecticut, and, of course, his father, the nation's 41st president.
In 1989, the son--for perhaps the first time in his adult life--came into his own by taking the helm as part-owner of the Texas Rangers baseball team.
"It solved my biggest political problem in Texas," he told the Long Island, N.Y., newspaper, Newsday, at that time. "There's no question about it, and I knew it all along. My problem was, `What's the boy ever done?' "
To another question that has been a refrain throughout most of his life--"How are you different from your father?"--the affable Bush characteristically has responded with a punch line, saying, "He went to Greenwich Country Day School, and I went to San Jacinto Junior High."
Yet in many respects, Bush often has sought, either deliberately or unconsciously, to emulate his father, at times falling short and occasionally exceeding.
In 1961, at age 15, Bush enrolled at his father's alma mater, Phillips Academy in Andover, Mass., one of the nation's most exclusive prep schools.
"It was cold, and it was lonely, and it was hard. That's what I remember," said Mike Wood, a classmate and friend of Bush who is now a businessman in Washington. "Sort of a depressing place, actually."
Andover was class-conscious and intimidating, even to those, like Wood, whose fathers had gone there.
In a place that tended to quash individuality, Bush displayed a decided irreverence. Though the school's dress code required a coat and tie in the dining room, Bush was one of the mischievous few to tweak the system, wearing a T-shirt.
"I remember particularly one he had," Wood said. "It showed a line, creating a small hill, just a bump. And underneath that it said, `Ski Midland.' "
Midland, a West Texas oil town, is notoriously flat.
"George would wear his `Ski Midland' shirt and some ugly tie and whatever Army fatigue jacket he could get away with," Wood said.
Andover may have been somber, but Bush wasn't. Through Andover and on to college, close friends say Bush, who was the school's head cheerleader, was someone they never recall seeing down.
"What George would do is climb up in a tree when he saw you coming and drop down and tackle you and rub your face in the snow or something," Wood said.
"George," he added, "just lit the place up."
In 1964, Bush enrolled at Yale, again his father's alma mater. His days there were largely carefree.
"He was a pretty typical fraternity guy," said John Weir, a Yale classmate and now a partner in a New York law firm. "A fun-loving guy. Liked to party. I don't recall any discernible interest in politics."
Chicagoan Tim Weigel, who was a year ahead of Bush at Yale, remembered him well as the fullback on the rugby team.
"In four years at Yale, I played rugby with maybe 75 to 80 guys, and he's the only one I didn't like," said Weigel, sports director at WBBM-TV. "The first six times we would socialize--six times in a row--he asked me what my father did. That seemed to be a real preoccupation with him. His quote was, `What's your daddy do?' "
"We never heard George Bush talk about anything that his father's name wasn't brought into the conversation in some way, about putting oil deals together or hanging out with this famous person or that," Weigel said. "We thought he was very shallow and really not too smart. That's saying something for a Yale man."
Bush earned mostly C's, unlike his father, who graduated Phi Beta Kappa. Then, as now, Bush loved athletics. His father had been the star first baseman of Yale's varsity baseball team. The younger Bush played intramural football and basketball, which he especially loved.
At Andover, the wise-cracking Bush had been known as "The Lip." But at Yale, Wood said, Bush fancied himself such a skilled ballhandler that he gave himself another nickname: "Little Mr. Magician."
Both Bushes were president of the same fraternity, Delta Kappa Epsilon, and members of the elite secretive society, Skull & Bones.
Between Bush's freshman and senior years, the Yale campus in New Haven, Conn., underwent a transformation. In 1964 it was an all-male college, and like Andover, required students to wear coats and ties. In some respects, Bush's Class of '68 represented the end of an era. By that year, the dress code was seldom enforced. Drugs were increasingly popular. Women were admitted the following year.
As in his father's day, the defining issue of the era of the son's youth would be war. Yet, for students at Yale during the younger Bush's time there, Vietnam was not a daily concern. It was only in 1968, Bush's senior year, when Vietnam captured students' attention in part because most graduate school deferments for the draft were eliminated that year.
"The '60s did arrive in New Haven, but they arrived pretty late," said Wood, who enrolled the year after Bush and graduated in 1969. "It was pretty much good times."
One of the nation's leading anti-war advocates was Yale's chaplain, William Sloane Coffin Jr. In 1964, while Bush was a freshman, his father ran for the U.S. Senate in Texas, and Bush left campus for a few days to help with the campaign. But the elder Bush, a strong supporter of the Vietnam War, was badly beaten by the incumbent, liberal Democratic Sen. Ralph Yarborough.
Upon returning to the Yale campus after his father's defeat, the younger Bush encountered Coffin and introduced himself.
According to an account Bush repeated to his friends then and in interviews years later, Coffin replied, saying, "Oh yes. I know your father. Frankly, he was beaten by a better man."
The remark, friends said, infuriated Bush, who is often portrayed as his father's chief loyalist.
But Coffin, now 75 and living in Vermont, said: "It's hard for me to imagine" making such a remark. "I'd like to think I have little more class, if nothing else."
The outside world's growing social turmoil intruded little on the New Haven campus at that time. Bush's college friends remember no protests, little drug use, no stirring debates, not even about the issue of the day: Vietnam. Of some dozen Bush associates from that time, none recalls a conversation with Bush about his views of the war.
National Guard beckons
"Everybody's focus or interest in Vietnam was not philosophical," said Clay Johnson, a friend from Bush's days at Andover and Yale, and now the Texas governor's chief of staff. "It was very personal: What am I--about to be a college graduate--going to do? Because if you don't have a plan, the armed services was going to have a plan for you."
For Bush, the plan was the Texas Air National Guard.
Bush now says he never intended to duck military service, a decision driven in part by his own leanings and in part by his father's war career as a Navy pilot. At age 18, the elder Bush put off his Yale admission to enlist and later received the Distinguished Flying Cross after being shot down over the Pacific during World War II.
As a boy, the younger Bush wrote in his 1999 autobiography, "A Charge to Keep," that he had heard stories and seen pictures of his father's dramatic rescue.
"I remember opening up a scrapbook that mother kept, and seeing a small piece of a rubber raft glued into the book," he wrote in the autobiography. "It was part of the raft that had saved Dad's life, kept him afloat until he was rescued from the water."
But like thousands of other young men, Bush demonstrated no desire to serve in Vietnam. So he found a niche that would fulfill his military obligation and yet, in all likelihood, allow him to avoid combat: He joined the National Guard.
How he got into a guard unit ahead of so many others on waiting lists remains a point of dispute. Bush maintains he received no preferential treatment.
But Ben Barnes, who was speaker of the Texas House of Representatives at the time, said he helped Bush get into the Guard by calling the unit's commander, Brig. Gen. James Rose, to recommend Bush.
"I did make a call to Gen. Rose," Barnes told the Tribune. "I did it at the request of a businessman from Houston named Sid Adger."
Sidney Adger's family lived in the same Houston neighborhood as the Bushes. Their sons attended the same private schools. Adger and George Bush belonged to the same clubs. But Barnes said Adger gave no indication that he had come to Barnes at the Bushes' urging.
Adger and Rose are dead. But John Adger, Adger's son, disputes Barnes' account, saying his father never mentioned helping the younger Bush.
"I don't know why Ben Barnes is saying those things," Adger said.
Col. Rufus Martin, who was in charge of the personnel for the 147th Fighter Group and kept the unit's waiting list locked in a safe only he could open, said that most people who wanted to get into the unit did have to wait. But that was not the case with pilots.
Martin recalled the day President Lyndon Johnson, a Democrat and fellow Texan, called him from the White House to make sure two other young men on the waiting list got into that same unit, but he said no one lobbied for Bush, the son of a prominent Republican.
Once in the Guard, Bush's chances of going to Vietnam were slim. He did volunteer for a program that could have put him in a rotation for Vietnam.
But Col. Walter "Buck" Staudt, who had taken charge of the unit, said Bush "wasn't even considered" because Bush and most of the others lacked the required flight experience. In addition, the jet Bush was being trained to fly, the F-102, already was being phased out by the Air Force. When Bush asked to be discharged a few months early, one of the reasons the Guard cited in approving his departure was that his plane was obsolete and it would take too long to train him on another.
So instead of ending up in Vietnam, Bush enrolled at Harvard Business School in 1973, the same year U.S. ground forces withdrew from the Southeast Asia country. In 1975, he received an MBA just as the war was ending.
Seeking his fortune
After business school, Bush lit out for the oil fields of West Texas. He arrived in Midland, where his father had made his fortune, and vowed to make his own. There Bush met another new arrival: Don Evans, now his campaign finance chairman.
Back then, said Evans, "Midland, Texas, was entrepreneurial heaven. That was a place for young men to go."
Midland is in the heart of the Permian Basin, a gigantic underground pool of oil. For much of the 1960s the oil and gas industry had been in the doldrums, and so had Midland. But in 1973, two years before Bush arrived in Midland, the oil crisis hit, and gasoline prices soared.
Suddenly, Midland was hot again and there was money to be made. Bush formed his own exploration company, Arbusto Energy Inc., which later merged into Spectrum 7 Energy Corp., and put down roots. He coached Little League and taught Sunday school; volunteered for the United Way; and went to back-yard barbecues.
He and Evans, who was married to an elementary school friend of Bush, were nearly inseparable, playing golf during the day and attending minor-league baseball games at night.
"He lived in my house, it seemed like, for the first year," said Evans, laughing about his bachelor friend who came over for home-cooked meals and to do his laundry. When the Evans' house needed painting, Bush painted it.
"It was a good life," Evans said.
But the good life didn't last long. In the early '80s, the oil and gas industry collapsed. Prices plummeted and thousands of people lost their jobs.
"This was the most colossal collapse of any industry in the history of the industrialized world," Evans said. "Anybody that survived was successful."
Big companies such as Exxon and Shell weathered the downturn, but small businesses including Spectrum 7 were especially hard hit. Bush had to lay off people, and that, Evans said, was not easy for him.
But Evans said he never saw his friend depressed. Outwardly, he said, Bush was still the same upbeat guy he always had been.
He was, according to one close friend, also drinking heavily.
"When the Oil Patch was cratering, that's when it got out of hand," said Donald Ensenat, a fraternity brother at Yale who later roomed with Bush and has remained a close friend. Bush would have six or eight drinks in an evening. "B&B, (Benedictine and brandy) if I recall," Ensenat said. "It wasn't falling-down kind of drunk excess. It was more a personal standard if anything."
Asked whether he has ever seen Bush drunk, Evans said, "I've had a few too many myself. You know, we've all had a few more than we care to acknowledge from time to time. But was it any kind of a serious problem? No it wasn't."
In 1986, the year he turned 40, Bush gave up drinking. Bush, who insists that his drinking never interfered with his responsibilities as a father, husband and employer, said he gave up alcohol, "because I thought I was drinking too much."
The morning after drinking too much at a gathering with friends, he has said, he announced to his wife, Laura, that he was quitting drinking and from that moment on he says he has kept his word. The vow stemmed, he said, from running with a bad hangover the day after that party and by a religious conversion he had experienced a year earlier after hearing Rev. Billy Graham talk at a family gathering in Maine.
"It was the beginning of a change in my heart," Bush wrote in his autobiography. And though he said he had always been a religious person, he described that weekend as "the beginning of a new walk where I would recommit my heart to Jesus Christ."
Bush's presidential campaign has been built on this image of a religious man, teetotaler and faithful husband with a high calling. Though he has openly talked about these subjects, he has refused to be so candid in addressing the swirl of rumors that has surrounded him concerning any drug use, writing off any possible misdeeds by saying, "When I was young and irresponsible, I sometimes behaved young and irresponsibly."
Just two years after his return to Midland, Bush announced his decision to run for the district's congressional seat. That same summer of 1977, friends introduced him to a quiet librarian named Laura Welch. That autumn, the two married and almost immediately were on the campaign trail.
Bush won the primary, but lost the general election. With his father's supporters from all over the nation making political contributions for the untried son, Bush was portrayed as a carpetbagger with nothing to offer but his father's name and connections. It was the same image that had tarred his father in Texas elections years earlier, in 1964 and 1970, when he was portrayed as an outsider from the Northeast rather than a true Texan.
After the campaign loss, in which he drew 47 percent of the vote, Bush concentrated on building his business. During his oil field days, Bush possessed a phenomenal knack: He made money even when his companies didn't. The seeds of his future fortune came from Harken Energy Corp., which bought the struggling Spectrum 7 during the oil collapse of the mid-80s and made Bush a director.
"I think Harken did a very wise thing by putting him on the board," said Phil Kendrick, one of Harken's founders, who sold out in 1983. "After all, he was the son of the vice president at the time, and that's just good business, I guess."
Disaster looms
Harken, like Spectrum, drilled for oil. But Harken was also into oil speculation. The company made millions in the 1980s by gambling on oil prices in the commodities market. But in 1989, disaster struck. The tanker ship Exxon Valdez ran aground off the coast of Alaska, spilling more than 10 million gallons of crude oil. Oil prices seesawed, devastating Harken's carefully placed bets.
The company never recovered. For 1989, after restating its income, Harken reported a loss of $12.6 million, and it has lost money virtually every year since. Its stock, which once traded for $8 a share, now sells for about 75 cents.
Bush, though, dodged a bullet, selling two-thirds of his Harken stock just weeks before huge losses were announced. The timing of that sale prompted a two-year inquiry by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which ultimately closed the investigation without filing charges.
The sale of Harken stock ultimately fetched Bush $835,807. This profit was critical because it provided him with the cash for his next big venture: professional baseball.
Through baseball, Bush would find what he never found in the oil fields: money, huge money.
In 1989 he showed up on the doorstep of Eddie Chiles, a friend of his father, who was then ailing, to ask if he could buy Chiles' controlling interest in the Texas Rangers. Chiles was eager to sell. A self-made millionaire, Chiles was a former oil field roughneck who had made good only to lose it all when the bottom dropped out of the oil business in the 1980s. Chiles, who has since died, had plenty of offers, but he chose the president's cash-strapped son.
"Eddie told me that he had a lot of people who wanted to buy the team," said Richard Greene, then the mayor of the Rangers' hometown, Arlington, Texas. "But he said, `I'm going to deal with George first because I admire his father so much, No. 1, and, No. 2, because I'm impressed by what he said he was going to do.'
"The obvious question," Greene said, "is `Did George W. have access to buy the team because of his father?' The answer is certainly `Yes.' But I would quickly add that Ed didn't have time to mess around with someone who could not bring that deal together, even if it was the president's son. Obviously, a door was opened, but then George had to put the deal together."
Bush wasn't the first family member to be drawn to the baseball business. His great-uncle Herbert Walker was a part-owner of the New York Mets.
Bush had been drawn to the Rangers by William DeWitt, a Cincinnati businessman whose father once owned the Cincinnati Reds. DeWitt and his partner, Mercer Reynolds, bought out Bush's sinking oil company in 1984, and now Bush would be the front man for their investment group.
The group, however, was made up almost entirely of investors from outside Texas, and that was unacceptable to baseball Commissioner Peter Ueberroth and league owners. Ueberroth, who had been trying to line up local buyers, suggested that Bush call Richard Rainwater, a Ft. Worth billionaire investor and financial guru.
Rainwater was interested, but he had one condition: He would not be the public face of the team. He wanted no part of the news media. Rainwater had talked earlier with Dallas businessman Edward "Rusty" Rose, and while Rose was willing to put up money and run the business, he also was reluctant to take a high-profile role. With Bush as the willing front man, the deal jelled.
The men quickly assembled a group of mostly local investors. Bush brought to the group friends from school, relatives and Fred Malek, a controversial man who had worked for the Bush and Richard Nixon presidential administrations. Malek had previously admitted that he had, under orders from Nixon, searched the Bureau of Labor Statistics to determine how many of its ranking officials were part of what Nixon called the "Jewish Cabal."
The group went back to Chiles, who, true to his word, had put off other suitors. Chuck McGuire, a Dallas attorney who represented a rival group of investors at that time, recalled, "We were running around with a $500,000 check in earnest money, but we never could find Chiles."
The Bush-Rose group--they spared themselves all the bad jokes that would have come with the name Rose-Bush--came up with $75 million for the team. Bush's contribution was $606,302, a third of his net worth. On April 21, 1989, the group signed a deal to buy the Rangers, and Bush became the team's managing partner.
Enthusiastic owner
By all accounts, Bush enjoyed his years as the face of the Rangers. He would sit in the stands, down behind the Rangers dugout, bantering with the players, signing autographs for the fans. Every game night the television cameras would cut to the brash young owner to show his reaction to the game, introducing George W. Bush to the rest of Texas.
But the team's owners needed a new stadium to generate the millions of dollars they would need to attract new players. In 1991, voters gave them one, approving a half-cent increase in the local sales tax from 7 1/4 to 7 3/4 percent. This was used to raise $135 million of the $165 million cost of the stadium complex.
In subsequent terms as governor and during his presidential campaign, Bush would make lowering taxes a hallmark, but at this critical juncture in his career, a hefty tax subsidy made his business investment pay off.
Bush played a relatively low-key role in the campaign for the tax increase. Business partners said this was a deliberate strategy, to avoid the incongruity of the son of a president who had taken a "no new taxes" pledge publicly championing a tax hike.
There were accusations that the partners had gotten a sweetheart deal and that residents whose land was condemned to make way for the new stadium were woefully underpaid. Some complained that the white team owners had made no provision to give some of the stadium construction work to minority contractors.
Under criticism from the community, the Bush team recruited minority-owned firms but required them to bid against larger white-owned firms. The result was that minority-owned companies received about $9 million of the nearly $200 million in contracts awarded for the stadium.
The Ballpark at Arlington opened in 1994, capping a phenomenally successful period for Bush and his investors. Annual revenues had more than doubled, and in 1998, Thomas Hicks, a Dallas entrepreneur, bought the team for $250 million.
George W. Bush was set for life. In almost 10 years, an initial $606,000 investment grew to $14.9 million. Provisions of the deal mean Bush may yet earn another $1 million to $2 million.
Buying a stake in the Rangers was a pivotal move for Bush. It not only made him rich, it made him politically viable.
Before his involvement with the Rangers, his talents as a leader were unproven. According to Bill Minutaglio's biography, "First Son," Bush, a year before the baseball deal, hired a veteran strategist who floated his name among Texas Republican power brokers and returned with bad news: "George, everybody likes you, but you haven't done anything . . . You're a Bush and that's all."
By 1994, though, his identity was forged as the public persona of the baseball team. To a degree, the defeat of his father in 1992 freed Bush to pursue his own political aspirations without having to contend with having a father in the White House.
So, on the heels of his father's humiliating political exit, Bush made his entry, taking on the popular Democratic incumbent Gov. Ann Richards.
At the 1988 Democratic National Convention, Richards drawled the line that would haunt the elder Bush's campaign, words that many Texans and even some Bush friends consider a wellspring of the intensely loyal son's political career.
"Poor George," Richards lamented about the president, "He can't help it. He was born with a silver foot in his mouth."
Though the younger Bush was derided by Richards as "Shrub," "Junior," and "some jerk," he steadfastly kept his temper in check.
The 1994 Bush campaign, with its emphasis on the candidate's effervescence and his determination to stick to the agenda he had set, no matter what questions arose, in many senses suggested the tenor of the presidential campaign that would follow six years later.
The strategy worked so well that Bush won, in a year for sweeping Republican victories, by a wide margin, beating Richards 54 percent to 45 percent, becoming only the second Republican since Reconstruction to win that office.
Four years later, he won by an even wider margin, 68 percent to 31 percent, over Texas Land Commissioner Garry Mauro.
Connecting with people
In his second campaign, Bush even won the endorsement of Bob Bullock, then the state's most powerful Democrat and the godfather of one of his opponent's children. The crusty former lieutenant governor underscored his bond with Bush last summer when, on his deathbed, he asked Bush to deliver his eulogy.
Bush's popularity in Texas stems from his effusive personality and unfailing ability to connect with people from all walks of life.
"He did something that Republican candidates frequently don't do," said George Edwards, director of the Center for Presidential Studies at Texas A&M University, noting Bush's unprecedented support among Hispanics and blacks. "He made an effort to be inclusive."
Bush's six years as governor offer a limited window into what a Bush presidency might look like.
Bush himself characterizes his political philosophy with a two-word shorthand, "compassionate conservative." In his autobiography, he explained what he means by the term.
"The phrase compassionate conservative recognizes that a conservative philosophy has sometimes been mistakenly portrayed as mean-spirited," he wrote. "I like to joke that a compassionate conservative is a conservative with a smile, not a conservative with a frown."
On the campaign trail, he tells people how to answer anyone with a question about the phrase, saying, "You can tell him it is conservative to cut taxes . . . It's compassionate to give people their own money back."
His positions are conservative, but not doctrinaire. Though he signed a law allowing citizens to carry concealed weapons, he also supports increasing the minimum age for possession of a handgun from 18 to 21. Though he opposes quotas and preferences, he did not endorse California's controversial ban on affirmative action, and he signed a Texas law guaranteeing admission to any state public university to students who graduate in the top 10 percent of their high school classes.
Straddling the issues
He split from the party's right wing on many high-profile issues, among them California's Proposition 187, which banned all government services to illegal immigrants and their children. Instead, he says, "We should educate children, regardless of the status of their parents."
Bush is not easy to pigeonhole on many major issues, and at times his efforts to straddle issues can appear tortuous. For instance, although he personally opposes abortion, Bush has said he will not seek to ban it.
Yet he has signed numerous laws in Texas that place new limits on abortion, among them, requiring parental notification for minors, prohibiting anyone from transporting minors out of Texas for abortions, and imposing stricter and more costly regulations for abortion providers.
Although he has said the two Supreme Court justices he most admires are the court's most conservative voices, President Ronald Reagan appointee Antonin Scalia and his father's controversial appointee Clarence Thomas, Bush has said he will not make abortion a judicial litmus test.
Time and again Bush has demonstrated that he is more pragmatist than idealogue. When his proposal on one tax cut died, he agreed to another. When he insisted on an end to social promotion in schools, he compromised, giving students who fail the required exam other ways to pass.
But as Bush himself acknowledges, the primary difference from the conservative camp most often is in tone, not philosophy. Bush does not call himself a compassionate moderate, and the reasons go beyond the lack of alliterative appeal in the phrase.
He supports school vouchers, the death penalty and, like his more conservative congressional party members, has invited industry to draft environmental legislation that relies on voluntary, not enforced, compliance.
His team of campaign advisers, many of them names from the previous Bush and Reagan administration, also suggest the tone.
In this campaign, as in the one his father faced eight years ago, a Bush faces an unlikely crisis of image. Then, the war hero father had to campaign against an improbable image, of being a wimp. Now, the son, the graduate of some of the world's most prestigious educational institutions, is struggling to prove that he is smart enough to be a good president.
Assessing Bush's ability to work with divided interests, Joe O'Neill III, a Midland businessman who is a longtime friend, said, "Here's a guy whose talent is to get those people together. That transcends intelligence. That transcends a pop quiz. That's the intelligence of governance."
Friends acknowledge that Bush, like his father, disdains introspection, and they consider the characteristic an asset.
"That's not the type of person he is," said Collister "Terry" Johnson, a Yale roommate and close friend. "He hates psychobabble. He hates to be with people who endlessly muse on their own inner workings. He's not that type of person. He kind of forges ahead and does what he does."
In many ways, that is the key to his popularity. Bush has achieved what his father never could. The elder Bush was plagued with a patrician and aloof image. But the younger Bush--Connecticut born and Ivy League-educated--is Texas bred, with a Southern twang that makes him seem like a regular fellow.
He likes country music. Used to chew tobacco. Likes to fish. Likes to hunt. He once blasted a protected species of plover while dove hunting and joked afterward that it was a good thing it was not deer season, or he might have shot a cow.
Stay-at-home wife
He speaks often of his wife and their twin daughters, Jenna and Barbara, now 18. But they are rarely seen with him on the campaign trail. Laura Bush is notoriously shy. Unlike First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, who once said that she "could have stayed at home, baked cookies and had teas" instead of becoming a lawyer, Laura Welch Bush is a stay-at-home wife.
"I've always done what really traditional women do," she once said.
But in many ways the family member who counts the most is the one Bush mentions least. On campaign stop after campaign stop voters talk about Bush's father. They remark on how much the two resemble each other, except, as one South Carolina voter put it, the son is, "A little better looking, probably."
Like many fathers and sons, the two did not always get along. Many years ago, when Bush was just a boy, the elder Bush confided in a letter to his father-in-law that "Georgie aggravates the hell out of me at times," before adding, "I am sure I do the same to him."
The father is in some respects the son's unspoken running mate. In a debate this month, the younger Bush voiced an obvious echo of what was one of his father's most infamous lines. The elder Bush was haunted by reneging on his presidential tax pledge, uttering forcefully, "Read my lips. No new taxes."
When the younger Bush was asked to take a no new taxes pledge, he one-upped his father, saying, "This is not only no new taxes, this is tax cuts. So help me God."
The former president has not been seen much on the campaign trail for his son, but if anyone imagines he is forgotten, Dale Powell's observations from Pickens, S.C., suggest otherwise. The manager of a local parks and recreation department listened to Bush speak about education, taxes, the military and a long list of stands on political issues.
But what impressed the 29-year-old Powell is not any of that. "No. 1," he said in explaining why he supports the candidate, "is that I liked his daddy."