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Commoning the Clinic
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It's About the Heterotopia as a Real Different Space, Stupid! - A Lacanian Reading of the Concept of Heterotopia.
project: OPPOSITIONAL ARCHITECTURE
date: 25/05/2005
author: BAVO
status: article
Urban theorists in the Netherlands seem to be stunned by that 'sublime object of urbanism': the problem neighbourhoods in the metropolitan areas. Celebrated as the place where the 'multitudinal' network society is put to practice, the problem area is at the same time put forward as a nightmarish dystopia plagued by the worst excesses of the global village. In this intervention we want to decide this debate. This we'll do first by confronting and radicalizing the philosophical reading of the heterotopia by using psychoanalytic concepts. In the second part of this essay, we'll use this analysis as the backdrop for setting out the coordinates of a 'psychoanalytic' urban activism.
1. Heterotopia: Imaginary, Symbolic, Real
A critical discussion of the status of today's heterotopia cannot but start with Steven Spielberg's latest movie The Terminal (2004). Why? In showing how the smooth, 'friction-less' spaces of an airport terminal start to function as the ultimate prison, this film reveals in all its naivety urban theory's fundamental fantasy about today's heterotopia. Take for instance the inconsistent, ambivalent stance of critical Leftist planners vis-à-vis the so-called problem neighbourhoods in the metropolitan areas. On the one hand they are praised for offering a 'real different space': problem neighbourhoods are posited as those unique places where the nomadic, de-territorializing lifestyle has taken firm root and functions 'for real' – which of course, according to Foucault's definition, makes of it a heterotopia or a utopia 'that works'. On the other hand, leftist planners are quick to add that we should not idealize the harsh, distopic spatial conditions of many inhabitants of the problem areas (think for instance of the infamous 'hot beds'of the illegal proletariat, the Islamic women locked up in closed orthodox Arab ghetto's, etc.) The message here is thus that behind the fascinating veil of the exotic there lurks a dark system of oppression (human trafficking, prostitution) and discipline (right wing populism, Islam fundamentalism). Of course with this, Leftist planners merely 'reproduce' the stories we hear in television shows, in political debates, the parlance of estate agents, etc. Also in these 'mainstream' discourses, the unconscious image of the heterotopia oscillates between that of a saint and a whore, a free-state and a prison, the place where intercultural society is put to practice and a dys-topic 'Blade runner' setting that would fit the 'post-urban' battlefields of L.A. perfectly. And finally, do we not encounter here the two basic perverse solutions to the antagonism of sexuality? Either its enigmatic character is detracted through hallucinating a phobic object so terrifying that it makes you forget the real trauma; or the 'floating and unbound energy' released through the impact with the primal scene is used to eroticize an arbitrary object and thus to turn it into a fetish whose fascinating presence prevents a further encounter with the sexual relation.
Is it any wonder that, against the backdrop of urban theory's constant oscillation between opposite emotions, there is growing consensus on the necessity of a 'Third way' approach towards the heterotopia? In other words: an approach that adopts an un-dogmatic and pragmatic attitude and tackles the heterotopia on the level of what it is 'in itself' – i.e. without 'perversely' using it as a projection screen for solving the libidinal deadlocks of the normal order. Instead of opting for such a naive escape route (whose ideologically over-determined nature is hopefully becoming apparent to urban theorists today ), one should rather take a Lacanian approach which would uncover that the inconsistent projections of the urban theorists are nothing but the ontological qualities of the 'thing itself'. Put differently: also to the forces operating 'within', the heterotopia is radically antagonistic: fluctuating constantly between opposites, creating 'undecidable' mutations, oscillating between being the promising place of the new revolution of the multitudes on the one hand and the 'junkyard' left behind by the virtualization of production relations on the other. The heterotopia is thus a Lacanian Real of an antagonism: rather than being the ungraspable 'Other' substance beneath the status quo's economy of desire – either functioning as a projection screen for the repressed fantasies of the existing order, or compensating for the lack or the 'holes' in the 'normal' urban order, or even producing a constant anxiety so that people forget about their own problems – the heterotopia is itself the unstable relation between antagonistic, radically incompatible processes. This Lacanian twist thus accomplishes two things at the same time. First, it reveals the impossibility and naivety of the Third Way approach since how can one 'pragmatically' deal with an antagonistic minefield? At the same time, it deepens and radicalizes the theoretical deadlock by revealing how both the Leftist fetishist discourse on the heterotopia (as one of the last vestiges of difference) as well as its counterpart: the dystopian phobic visions set out by urban theorists (the heterotopia as the flipside, the a-topic remainder of the 'capsularization' of society ) are already secondary domestications of the more traumatic Real of the heterotopia in itself.
If the heterotopia is 'nothing but' a relation between radically opposing states, the question concerning the nature of this relation becomes decisive. Or, in other words: what are the different ways to think this relation? In his book The Sublime Object of Ideology Slavoj Zizek distinguishes three ways to conceive of the 'disturbing oscillation between opposing states' typical for the Real of an antagonism. Here Zizek 'improvises' of course on the Lacanian triad of the imaginary, symbolic and real.
'In the imaginary relation, the two poles of opposition are complementary; together they build a harmonious totality; each gives the other what the other lacks – each fills out the lack in the other… The symbolic relation is, on the contrary, differential: the identity of each of the moments consists in its difference to the opposite moment. A given element… takes the place of the lack in the other, its positive presence is nothing but an objectification of a lack in its opposite element. The opposites… each in a way return to the other its own lack; they are united on the basis of their common lack.
[…] Finally, the Real is defined as a point of the immediate coincidence of the opposite poles: each pole passes immediately into its opposite; each is already in itself its own opposite.'
For Zizek it is in the third, 'Real' mode of relating that the subversive potential of psychoanalysis is to be located: only in this third relationship an encounter with the Real occurs. If we follow Zizek's insight and apply this scheme to the heterotopia, the question is thus no longer whether the heterotopia is Real (or not) but whether the relation between the antagonistic states (which the heterotopia is) is a Real relation (or not).
(1) The imaginary relation subscribes to the commonplace that 'you can't have the one without the other': since man is 'both good and evil' it would be a disastrous mistake to for instance want to eliminate the alternative libidinal circuits that the problem area qua heterotopia offers (prostitution, drug trafficking, informal housing, etc.) Such an act can only cause 'the repressed' to return and destabilize also the 'positive side' of the heterotopia: the fact that it is a 'wealth of differences', that it is the perfect incarnation of all the utopian qualities of the 'coming' network city: nomadic, flexible, operating according to a fuzzy logic, hybrid, self-regulatory, etc. For instance, are not many immigrants – crucial for the buzzing intercultural vibe of the heterotopia – dependent on the third economy of sex, drugs and petty crime? Moreover, according to the imaginary position there is no need to 'eliminate the negative' since this dual circuit (in which the one complements the other) seems to 'work' quite well. The illegal proletariat residing in the infamous 'hot beds' for instance is naively seen as providing a permanent reservoir for the maintenance jobs created in small dynamic network hubs (creative labs) that are popping up in the 'blind spots' of the regular economy (the so-called Shadow City ). Think of the cliché that three jobs in the creative network-industry create one 'low-skilled'-job. So in this imaginary mode all heterotopic antagonisms are 'soothed' in a productive modus vivendi.
(2) In the symbolic mode, the relation between the different antagonisms is much more tragic: the radically negative processes in the problem areas (informal gay prostitution, vandalism, abuse of drugs, rape, graffiti's, etc.) reveal a fundamental impossibility that questions everything that is so refreshingly different about them (the new creative network locations, the vibrant public spaces, the multicultural ethos, etc.) The claim here is that the problem areas reveal in an exemplary way how 'something' subsists in urban space that can never be made 'complementary' to any productive system (no matter how progressive it claims to be.) It is something which on the contrary does not stop with generating supplementary energies that disturb for example the very fundaments of the utopian discourse of the Shadow City and especially the latter's ambition to construct a modus vivendi with the 'Other', negative, informal processes. For instance, when 'regularizing' the informal network locations in the problem areas (providing a semi-legal status for them) – even if organized by the network community itself – it generates spontaneous supplementary side-effects: junks 'parasiting' in the renovated spaces, Moroccan youth spraying graffiti, the proletariat moving to other districts, new and more refined ways of human exploitation popping up, etc. In the symbolic scheme, these immobile, radically negative processes function as the symptom of informal network urbanism: an uneasy indivisible remainder that warns them never to aim at an 'imaginary closure' (even in its complementary guise) since it will always generate an off-line spectre. As symptom, these 'phobic' forces start to function as sublime objects: being both repelling and attractive, destructive and rejuvenating, and so on. This sublime quality however has little to do with the object itself: the 'fascinating yet horrifying' descriptions of the nomadic lifestyle of the illegal workers in artistic texts for instance have less to do with these workers themselves (their habits, philosophy, political opinions, etc.) than with the fact that they 'occupy' the symptomatic lack in our present late-capitalist global village.
(3) Finally, the 'real' relating of opposites is usually interpreted as the opposite of the two previous 'fake' modes of dealing with differences. According to the poststructuralist doxa a real difference is built up by a 'two' or a manifold (multitude) that can never become a 'one': all elements are truly and irreducibly 'other' to one another. Such a difference would of course go against the imaginary reconciliation of opposites in a complementary division of labour, as well as the symbolic reduction of one of the differences to being nothing but the 'positivization' of the lack of the other: a 'state that is essentially a by-product' of the other. Such a 'philosophy of differences' reading also forms the ultimate horizon of Foucault's Other spaces: it is articulated in his third principle of the heterotopia which claims that the latter "is capable of juxtaposing in a single real place several spaces, several sites that are in themselves incompatible." To put it in different terms: in the heterotopia, differences are 'linked' through a principle of 'adding': instead of categorizing the different topoi, establishing hierarchies, fixing certain productive interrelations, etc. – in short, creating a totality again, a 'one' that annuls the 'other' character of some elements while 'hystericizing' the identity of others – one merely adds parts ad infinitum. And does also Lacan not subscribe to such a poststructuralist approach to difference? Think for instance of his thesis that 'the sexual relation does not exist', that the symbiotic 'ying and yang' approach to sexual difference does not take into account the fact that the opposition between the sexes is 'not all', etc.
Although such a reading is tempting, the true Lacanian stance could not be further removed from this principle of the endless, indifferent adding of differences (and does the latter not merely establish what Hegel calls 'the bad infinity'?) In Lacanian theory, a Real difference must rather be understood as the opposite: a difference becomes real when one 'subtracts' its so-called irreducible Other. The Real status of a difference is not determined by a 'tense yet exciting coexistence of incompatible opposites' (which is experienced as a 'break' from late-capitalist's terror of simulacra, sameness, etc.) but rather by a 'suffocating' coincidence of opposites, a radical closure. As a metaphor one can use the concept of the Moëbius Ring (albeit in its non-Deleuzian, Lacanian version): if one embraces one element fully it immediately changes in its opposite, thus leaving the subject with no more 'breathing space' or escape route to some irreducible otherness. Or to apply this Real logic to the problem area: if we push the lifestyle of the creative net-worker to its extreme and 'subtract' from it its other: the illusion of some 'unmediated' way of life such as that of the homeless people, junks or foreigners, does this heroic network-surfer not become himself the 'junk' of the global economy? A 'naked life' exploited by late-Capital, sent from 'here to there' leaving behind broken relationships, working only on a vague, temporary contractual base, being delivered to virtual agreements, uncertain about what tomorrow will bring, etc. Or differently put, the heterotopic relation between opposites in the problem areas becomes Real only when they start to function as the exemplary site of an uneasy antinomy: a situation where two theses explain the current situation equally well: we are both all going to be freed in the coming multitudinal network society and all becoming homeless junks delivered to some virtual stuff. And does this formula of a Real heterotopia not provide us with the ultimate key to the fate of the poor hero of Steven Spielberg's The Terminal? After the hero (Tom Hanks) painfully forgets his papers at home, he enters the fantasmatic Real of his contemporary yuppie lifestyle: his dream (in which he freely hops from one continent to the other, having different jobs and brief sexual encounters) immediately turns into his worst nightmare (being truly lost in the network and subjected to abstract laws and unwritten rules.)
2. Towards a heterotopical urban activism.
To theoretically detect and clarify the Real status of the heterotopia is one thing, but how can we also conceive a practice of urban activism that puts this Lacanian line into practice? Here we should see how the theoretical deduction performed above already offers us the key to the solution. Consequently, we have to avoid two possible answers to the heterotopic status of the problem areas.
- First, an 'imaginary' urban practice: the latter naively provides 'other spaces' in the margin of urban developments. Backed up by the commonplace that differences are not only good in itself but also make for a 'city that works', activist create the spatial conditions for 'bug uses'. They for instance design so-called blind spots in school-buildings where youngsters can smoke a joint, etc. The ultimate theoretical manifesto behind these practices is the book Mutations which presents itself as an encyclopaedia of all kinds of heterotopical practices in which the multitudes succeeded in finding a positive modus vivendi towards the conventional, disciplinary programmes of the city by abusing and mutationg them from the bottom-up.
- Secondly, a 'symbolic' urban practice: for the latter the 'imaginary' practice of 'shadow programming' is a farce. The symbolic activist believes that it is a 'working paradox' – and thus impossibility – to 'plan the unplanned'. Consequently, he devotes his entire production to uncompromisingly lay bare this 'impossibility' in all its guises: not just the impossibility of the 'regular' planning strategies or its alternative, experimental variety, but also his own impossibility as planner. This the activists do by subverting the 'imaginary' activist practice from within: like the shadow planners they design informal spaces for the 'other' users of the city to occupy, but they do it in such a radical way that the city authorities or even the alternative 'bug use' activists cannot but contest or destroy them. Of course, in line with the tragic philosophy behind this symbolic praxis, it is in this moment of destruction that the symbolic urban activist finally realizes his activist praxis. It produces a symbol that reveals the irreconcilable 'lack' of urban praxis as such: the fact that due to a structural necessity it will never master the heterotopic, radically other uses of space (and its users of course), nor is it able to establish a positive modus vivendi with them.
To conclude: what does a Real urban activism consist in? Based on our earlier theoretical rejection of the poststructuralist topos, it is clear that the aim of such an urban praxis cannot be to create a really other space – the latter is the naïve ambition of the imaginary heterotopic activism, the naiveté of which is laid bare again and again by a symbolic urban activism. Yet, although the latter seems to open up a real and authentic space beyond all false pretences or imaginary ambitions, it is the ultimate way of 'fooling yourself': entrapped as it is in a hysterical relation with its apparent opponents (i.e. the ones that pretend to master the situation.) To arrive at a Real urban activism we should - rather than hysterically reveal the false pretences and impotence of urban planning - establish or provoke a Real closure (in the Lacanian sense) between the seemingly radically different processes in a heterotopic situation: a suffocating coincidence of opposites that first creates the condition of possibility for an act that cannot but break with the happy-imaginary or tragic-symbolic coexistence of opposite states in the heterotopia.
It might be that this is what Rem Koolhaas aims at in his project Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture. Apart from serving as a key reference in discussions on the heterotopia in urban theory, does it not reveal the Real of the heterotopic urban act? On the one hand the project performs – albeit in a symbolic way – a liberatory, progressive urban intervention: the creation of an infrastructure in which metropolitan dwellers can pursue the intensification of their 'pleasures and pains' or 'dreams and nightmares' without the usual constraints exerted by the moral majority. On the other hand, it also reveals the inevitable violence of such a radical act of liberation: the collage for instance suggests how a huge chunk of central London has been erased while two 'walls' have been dictatorially erected to partition of the free-zone. This urban motive of the 'two walls' of course refers to the violence of that other sublime heterotopic free-state: the no man's land that existed for some forty years around and between the Berlin Wall (the latter served as the direct inspiration for the project.) In short, the message of Exodus is that heterotopic, liberatory spatial conditions cannot be achieved through a pacifist, humanitarian urban activism that equally respects all the differences in the multitudes. Instead, it involves a necessary act of exclusion in which the multitude 'gets hurt'.
Although this reading – which is quite popular among urban theorists - definitely lays bare a certain truth about urban practice (it seems to be conscious about the 'good old' Leninist idea that a revolutionary praxis is only Real when one is ready to 'dirty one's hands', i.e. when one is ready to fight for his ideals ) it moves to quick! Yes, of course the inevitability of the proverbial 'blood on the hands' is the Real dimension of planning, but it is only the second moment of a Real urban act. To be more precise, it already presupposes a clear ideological programme that, in a second instant, can be executed in the urban field (in Koolhaas' case it is of course the libertarian May '68 programme à la Marcuse: to create an anti-space designed especially to make possible the unrestrained satisfaction of the erotic drives without any 'Oedipal' interference.) In today's conditions however – and also taking into account the undecidable status of the heterotopia – it is all but clear in what such an 'other' program could consists (and did we not argue how the 'network heterotopia' can all but serve as an unproblematic societal alternative for the activists, being a 'bric-à-brac' of incompatible elements?) To come to the point: there is still something 'reassuring' about the Real urban act as imagined in Exodus: even though it questions the humanist assumptions of the May '68 generation (their Beautiful Soul-like rejection of violence) by revealing the dictatorial means necessary to implement them in the urban field, these means can still be justified by referring to a 'bigger picture': the libertarian Grand Narrative. Do we not here arrive at the architectural version of the commonplace that 'to make an omelette, one has to break some eggs'? That is, the commonplace that to create a city in which people are free to enjoy life, one cannot shun an urbanism of tabula rasa and not take on the arche-Modernist position of the architect qua Master: ruthlessly setting out the broad lines of the city even if this involves suspending the rights of some.
The key question thus becomes what a real Real act consists in: a violent act that is not already backed up by a transcendent Cause (or in Lacanian terminology: the Big Other.) Permit me to end with an architectural example: the free-standing house Baeten-Doubbel designed by Belgian architect Wim Cuyvers. This example might at first sight seem quite inappropriate for our purpose: is this not a 'petty bourgeois' project for a single family house situated in a rather dull region in Belgium known mainly for its horticulture and canning industry? Still, if we take a closer look at it, the heterotopic context of this house becomes obvious: a typical Belgian indeterminate place that is neither rural nor urban, where one finds idyllic, regional-style condominiums next to industry parks or large scale horticulture greenhouses. In other words, it is precisely the sort of In-Between Land that has fascinated and disgusted urban theory for many years. Apart from this libidinal instability at the perception end, does this context not also perfectly fit Foucault's already quoted third principle of the heterotopia as a juxtaposition of several mutually incompatible places? Although it seems unlikely that people would like to live here, it is the (libertarian) dream of the average Belgian to be able to build his own private utopia in a condominium. However, given the building requirements of the condominiums it is a rather expensive affaire, mainly due to the often obligatory use of so-called region-specific materials. Although the latter is not always literally spelled out that this means brickwork and terracotta roof-tales (notoriously expensive due to high material and labor costs) every Belgian architect knows that this is the unwritten rule. The client for this project however specifically asked the architect to build in the cheapest possible way while achieving a maximum comfort level. This forced the architect to 'give up' the search for a compromise solution:trying to get most out of 'bricks and terracotta', using it in a progressive, modernist way, etc. Instead he designed the family house as an 'industrial greenhouse to live in' (to distort a famous statement of Le Corbusier).
What makes this greenhouse especially relevant for our purpose, is how a purely formal-architectural decision turned into a political intervention in the heterotopic condition of the In-between Land. By building this greenhouse the architect stirred a violent debate with the surrounding house-owners as well as the municipality, a disturbance that even made it up to the deontologic board of the Belgian Architectural Association. The latter parties of course accused the design for being a barbaric architectural act expressing a total disrespect for the regional building tradition. The crux however was that legally speaking these parties could not prevent this design from being built since the architect inversely accused the other houses from being disharmonic elements in a landscape governed by industrial greenhouses.
Let's bend this example back to our thesis. This act not merely lays bare the political and economical inconsistencies typical for the Belgian In-between Land: it is after all not satisfied with merely staging the 'interesting' wealth of inconsistent differences, neither is it waiting for them to be 'realised in their destruction'. This project on the contrary creates an unbearable, suffocating knot, a short-circuit that aggressively forces the 'differences' operative in the heterotopic In-between Land to 'take sides', to reveal how the supposed parallel coexistence of differences is but a farce and covers up their 'deeper' identity. What do we mean with this? As we all know, the Belgian In-between Land presents itself as an idyllic-democratic realm where people have a sense of liberty one does not find in the metropolitan areas – think here of the typical image of the 'anarchistic' Belgian that build his own private utopia on a free plot of land. Still, those same anarchists go to a lot of trouble to defend a set of formal building prescriptions that are not even literally prescribed by the law and that moreover keep building costs unnecessary high (mainly benefiting Flandres' brick capitalists.) This project performs a reduction or subtraction of these empty differences and reveals the 'split nature' of the typical In-between Land inhabitant. How his 'passionate attachment' to a supposedly traditional rural architecture (as revealed in the violent attacks to the client of this project) forecloses its deeper identity with the 'Real' industrial-economic processes that first make possible such his idyllic-anarchist world. The difference with Koolhaas's act is thus clear: instead of operating from a bigger, liberatory narrative, the architect here simply over-identification with one of the existing 'incompatible parts' of the heterotopic situation to subvert it 'from within'.
If such an act is possible in this seemingly harmless area in Belgium, how much easier should it be for urban activists to perform a similar Real intervention in the context of that other sublime heterotopia: the problem area and today's 'terminals'? And even more importantly: how much more explosive can its impact be?
This article was presented at the 'EAAE Conference: The Rise of Heterotopia: Public Space and The Architecture of the Everyday in a Post-Civil society' in Leuven on Friday 25 May 2005 and was published in the conference reader.
[1] With this, the film also stages the distinction Foucault makes in his sixth principle of the heterotopia between the heterotopia of illusion as exemplified by the brothel (a space "that exposes every real space, all the sites inside of which human life is partitioned, as still more illusory") and that of compensation as exemplified by the colony (a space "as perfect, as meticulous, as well arranged as ours is messy, ill constructed, and jumbled"). Cf. Michel Foucault, 'Different Spaces', in: J. Faubion, ed. (1998). Aesthetics, Method and Epistemology, trans. Robert Hurley. NY: The New Press, p. 184
[2] This is a common practice in problem areas. It concerns illegal rent practices in which usually illegal workers rent a bed either for the day or the night depending on whether they work in day or night shift.
[3] This is the underlying message Bert De Muynck's book review (published on ArchiNed) of Lieven De Cauter (2004) De capsulaire beschaving, de stad in het tijdperk van de angst, Rotterdam: NAi Publishers.
[4] See BAVO (2003). De onverdeelde stad en haar gewillige beulen. Den Haag: Stroom Hcbk
[5] This is of course how the heterotopia is also Real in another way: it is something which has to be constructed if our normal order is to have sense and consistency and is able to function at all. Think of Foucault's own examples in the sixth principle: the dark, in-transparent, private brothels on the one hand, or the puritan, 'geometric' settlements in the New World. From an ideology critical point of view it is clear that the 'illusion of otherness' created by these spaces is a necessary illusion. If one would reveal their illusory nature what you would not get is a reconciliation with reality, on the contrary: reality itself would collapse. In this sense it is Real in the sense of the Imaginary Real: the social phantasm in other words which is always on the side of reality.
[6] For a recent detailed study on the concept of the capsule (popular in urban discourse since the sixties), see De Cauter, L. (2004). De capsulaire beschaving, de stad in het tijdperk van de angst, Rotterdam: NAi Publishers. Our use of the dialectic between heterotopia and the capsule differs here from De Cauter when he for instance writes how "capsules and heterotopia are islands of order in a universe of rising disorder" (p.74) and further expresses the hope that they "should maintain the illusion of normality in chaos" (ibid.) This description mainly holds if one reads it against the backdrop of Foucault's 6th principle of heterotopia as compensation, incompatible elements co-exist next to each other'. Against this backdrop capsularization is a process in which all elements that are incompatible to the capsule's purpose, functioning or illusory theme are violently extrajected. Heterotopia on the other hand are those places where several 'expelled' population groups or programmes come together in one space or area.
[7] Zizek, S. (1989). The sublime Object of Ideology. London and New York: Verso, pp. 171-172
[8] See Urban Unlimited, et.al. (2004). The Shadow City. Free Zones in Rotterdam and Brussels. Unpublished.
[9] Michel Foucault, 'Different Spaces', in: J. Faubion, ed. (1998). Aesthetics, Method and Epistemology, trans. Robert Hurley, NY: The New Press, p.181.
[10] A key example here is an 'early' design for a waiting room (1990) by Wim Cuyvers in Zwijndrecht, Belgium. In this design he specifically designed a blind spot where youngsters could temporarily escape the public gaze of passers-by. Published in: Wim Cuyvers (1995). Wim Cuyvers, De Singel Antwerp, 1995, PP 40-41
[11] Koolhaas, R [et. al. Lavalou A., Holmes B.] (2000). Mutations. Barcelona: ACTAR ; Bordeaux: Arc en Rêve Centre d'Architecture
[12] A key example here is a later project of Wim Cuyvers (2003) called 'Public House' that was created in the context of a tri-annual open air exhibition called Beeld in Park ('sculpture in the park'). The project consists of a little cabin built into the exterior fence of a park in Etterbeek (Belgium) accessible from the street level. The cabin was meant as a space open to everybody and for every purpose. In the cabin there was for instance a bed and a little table. Short after it became operative, the mayor sealed the space of for reasons of fire hazard as well as public safety. Finally it was demolished in a very theatrical, aggressive way by the city authorities. Although a big fuzz was created by the artistic community accusing the authorities of censorship, it should be read (taking into account the thematic context of Cuyvers' work) as a meta-statement on the impossibility of planning a real public space. In this sense, it is precisely in its destruction that the true intention of the work is realized: to reveal the transcendental lack of politics to 'plan' the public space. But the same is of course valid for Cuyvers: as a planner he is also 'marked' by a fundamental impossibility to plan the nature and direction of the processes taking place in his designs. This work can thus be seen as an internal critique of Cuyvers' on his own praxis of 'shadow planning' that still formed the co-ordinates of the project in Zwijndrecht we mentioned earlier (see footnote 10.) A theoretical exposé of this project is published by the architect in: Cuyvers, W. (2005), Tekst over Tekst, Stroom/Voorkamer, pp. 161-164.
[13] Koolhaas, R. (1972). 'Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture. AA Final Project.', in: Koolhaas, R. [et. al. Mau B., Sigler J., Werlemann H.] (1997). Small, Medium, Large, extra-Large: Office for Metropolitan Architecture, Rotterdam: 010-publishers, pp. 2-21.
[14] See Heynen, H. (2004). 'Utopia, Critique and Contemporary Discourse', in: Contemporary Discourses in Architecture. Symposium Proceedings. pp. 11-27 (esp. 22-23); Heynen, H. 'The antinomies of Utopia. Superstudio in Context.' In: Byvanck, V. (ed.) (2005). Superstudio. The Middelburg Lectures. Middelburg: De Vleeshal, pp. 61-74 (esp.70-71)
[15] In this regard the negative perception in the West of urban planning during the Communist age (think of all the urban horror stories on the tabula rasa politics of Stalin, Chroestjov or Ceaucesu that are circulating among Western planners) is somewhat hypocritical. Doesn't Koolhaas' Exodus stage a similar image of an idealist (albeit libertarian) planning act that does not step back from shedding blood? One can further wonder whether Koolhaas' so-called neomodern attitude (i.e. a modernism without a social or ideological program) makes of him not a bigger threat to the city?
[16] One can think here of the recent fascination with post-war modernist planners (working in, say, the fifties and sixties) which were responsible for the re-building of the Dutch cities after World War II. See Hans Ibelings. (1996) De moderne jaren vijftig en zestig: De verspreiding van een eigentijdse architectuur over Nederland. Rotterdam: NAi uitgevers. The latter was also the theme of an exhibition in the NAi in the same year.
[17] Here we apply the idea of 'two revolutions' worked out by Slavoj Zizek (2002) in Revolutions at the Gates. London and New York: Verso.
[18] The house house Baete-Doubbel was built in 2000 in Gits, Belgium. Published in: o.a. Archis 9, 2000, pp. 55-59.
[19] Ruimtelijk Planbureau. (2004). Tussenland. Rotterdam: Nai Publishers. See also: Frans Hamers. 'Nederland tussenland', in: Filosofie Magazine 2, 2005
[20] Of course there are probably more reasons to rationalize this decision: apart of being a very cheap industrial construction, greenhouses are very ecologically friendly and even allow the owner to experiment with the lay-out of the housing program. While these are strict architectural reason, they must nonetheless be regarded as superfluous effects of the arbitrary desire of the other (i.e. the client) which the architect had to take into account.
[21] This is the basic assumption of the Dutch hype of 'Wild Living' promoted by architectural coryphée Carel Weeber. For the latter, the Belgian urban landscape served as a key example of 'an architecture beyond state interventions'. See: Weeber, C. (1998). Het wilde wonen, Uitgeverij 010. In discussion with Weeber, former director of the Dutch Architectural Institute Adri Duivesteijn picked up on this trend and turned it into a plea in favour of a new state policy that 'steps back' and limits itself exclusively to infrastructural concerns, leaving it up to the people to build what and how they desire. To proof his 'right', he used the example of certain favela's in the outskirts of the Peruvian capital Lima. See: Het 'wilde wonen' vereist collectieve planning, NRC Handelsblad, 22 mei 1997.


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Across the country, the rape kit backlog is making headlines. Journalists are uncovering backlogs, jurisdictions are implementing reforms to track and test rape kits and citizens are taking action. In the Media Center, you'll find the latest information about the backlog, including: commentary from the END THE BACKLOG staff and backlog reformers, first-person testimonials from those impacted by the backlog, an archive of news articles, op-eds, investigative reports, legislation and government publications we've identified, and more.
ENDTHEBACKLOGJanuary 31, 2014
Progress Ahead as More States Consider Proactive Rape Kit Reforms
As states across the country have opened their legislative sessions since the start of the new year, ENDTHEBACKLOG has been watching closely for rape kit reforms. Starting in 2010, the legislatures in Illinois, Texas and Colorado blazed the trail for mandating the testing of all rape kits booked into police evidence. Other states are beginning to follow their lead to varying degrees.

subset: commoncrawl


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Teaching is one of the most rewarding professions you can be in today. Working with students, parents and colleagues is exciting and gratifying. Teachers stretch minds and transform people. Joining Concordia's School of Education is your first step toward becoming a great teacher!
Concordia's Undergraduate Teacher Credential Program is a certified credential-granting institution with the State of California. Concordia also offers training for the Lutheran Teaching Certificate through the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod. Every instructor in the School of Education has taught at either the elementary, junior high or senior high school level and many have taught more than one grade. Faculty also contribute their experiences as principals, coaches, and counselors to the information you will learn in class. You will learn from professionals who understand the history of education and are striving to make you the best teacher you can be for the future.
We welcome you to the start of a career in teaching!
Dr. Michael W. Schulteis
Director of Undergraduate Teacher Education Programs
For more information please contact the School of Education at firstname.lastname@example.com or call 949-214-3350.


text:
Merced Branch Reopened May 2011. Merced is LEED Gold certified
- Virtual Tour of Merced's LEED features.
- Reopening Day Video
- Reopening Day Photos
- Fact Sheet (PDF 46K)
- Design Plans: February 26, 2008 (PDF 1.8M)
In November 2000, the voters passed a bond measure for $106 million to upgrade San Francisco's branch library system and in November 2007, the voters overwhelmingly passed Proposition D authorizing additional funding to improve the branches.
New construction includes an addition at the front of the building, seismic strengthening, a designated Teen Area, a Children's Area doubled in size with interactive early learning features, new fireside lounge area, accessible restrooms more functional and ergonomic staff work areas, additional computers, improved heating & ventilation, and much more.
The Friends of the San Francisco Public Library are raising funds from private donations to pay for new furniture, fixtures, and equipment for the branch libraries. For more information on the Neighborhood Library Campaign, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com
Building better libraries for stronger communities


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There are no Upcoming Shows listed for this comedian.
Jay Hewlett
Jay Hewlett has been there; done that. He's a man with a mission and no mission at all. He's in tune with the times and out of tune with everyone. He's a guy that thinks goals are for goalies. He does everything right and yet stuff happens to him. He figures it must be a conspiracy. Like the time he didn't pay his phone bill. He got letters like, "Perhaps you forgot. " "Maybe it slipped your mind." He wrote back: "Nope, no freakin' money." They canceled my credit cards. How do you expect me to pay my phone bill?" See, stuff happens to him. "And I don't get it," says Jay. " I've worked hard to achieve so little."
Born to a postal worker father and a high school drama teacher mother, Jay has always dreamed of working in the postal / acting profession. Now he is one jacket closer to that dream. You may laugh, and many do, but he has learned to be satisfied with making people laugh. After all, he's a comedian. And how they laugh!
His comedy / acting career is on the rise. He appeared on Comic View on BET, the Boston Comedy Festival, the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals, the Sunscreen & AOF Film Festivals. Jay performs regularly in Los Angeles at the Comedy Store, the Improv and the Ice House. He plays clubs and colleges across the country, and you've seen him on The Showtime Comedy Club Network, as Phil the Photographer, on NBC's California Dreams, in Touchstone Pictures Krippendorf's Tribe, the critically acclaimed Independent Movie Mexican Sky and in Fox Searchlight's "The Act" with Debra Jo Rupp of "That 70s Show". He is also a series regular as Jay the postman on the syndicated comedy show Food Rules and in 2010, Jay stars as NSA Special Agent Malcolm Evans, in the Largo Films presentation Dead Americans! Also, In 2009-10 a regular on MyNetwork TV with Arsenio Hall and the Damage Control Comedy Crew. Currently the co-host of the new cooking, comedy, and travel show Road Kills.
Commercial credits include: Miller Genuine Draft, Discount Tires, Connecticut Lottery, N.Y. Lottery, Disney & Touchstone pictures print work, Best Buy, Niagara Water, Navistar Trucking and Quantum Hard Drives to name a few.
Even with a Masters degree in Behavioral Science Jay still hasn't learned how to behave. Like the time he showed up at a postal worker family picnic in a thong bikini. He offended everyone. His response, " No one told me you had to wear it the other way around".
Jay Hewlett's Upcoming Shows
Jay Hewlett is Known For
|Arsenio Hall
|Showtime Comedy Club Network
|Mexican Sky
|Comic View


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Linked by David Adams on Tue 20th Mar 2012 17:27 UTC, submitted by sawboss
"In the world of hard drives storage, density is king and Seagate has just achieved a major breakthrough that guarantees major storage gains for the next decade. That breakthrough is managing to squeeze 1 terabit (1 trillion bits) of data into a square inch or space, effectively opening the way for larger hard drives over the coming years beyond the 3TB maximum we currently enjoy. How much of an improvement does this storage milestone offer? Current hard drives max out at around 620 gigabits per square inch, meaning Seagate has improved upon that by over 50%. However, that's just the beginning."
Thread beginning with comment 511267
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I can't measure the pain of loosing a single 60TB hard drive. These increasingly larger drives are making RAID setups a necessity!
I have RAID since 500GiB. I'm at 4TB (3x2TB Linux md-raid5). I remember RAID saved my pr0n once when one of the disks die without any previous warning (even with (notso)SMART enabled... )


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Los Angeles: Singer Will.i.am almost drowned in a swimming pool because he failed to listen to his mother Debra`s advice.
The 38-year-old nearly lost his life when he was a youngster and decided to go for a dip in the pool, reports femalefirst.co.uk.
"I was like, `Ma, can I go swimming?` She was like `no, boy, you ain`t going in no swimming pool`," Daily Mirror newspaper quoted the "Scream and shout" hitmaker as saying.
"So my mom said no but I did the opposite. I`ve never been in a swimming pool and so I don`t know the difference between 3ft and 9ft - I`m thinking that everything is at the height that I`m at.
"So I`m walking and I start sinking and then I drown. I`m under water for about three or four minutes," he added.
After the incident, someone gave him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation before rushing him off to a hospital.
"They gave me mouth to mouth and then I`m, like, dead. And then I come back. They took me to hospital and I`m in there for about a week or something. I almost lost my life.
"I did lose my life but when I came to and I was in the hospital... to see the worry on my mom and my uncle`s faces... And just the reminder of, like, don`t do things that you know you shouldn`t be doing. I shouldn`t have been swimming because I never knew how to swim," he said.


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30 Dining Room Decorating Styles
Eat light [1]
Contemporary lighting and art energize the dining room in this 1913 Craftsman home in Saint Paul. The homeowners removed plate rail and vertical molding from the walls to make the room feel more modern and fresh.
To see more photos from this home, click or tap the link below.
Vintage chic [5]
Scandinavian style inspired gray-painted wood floors in this Chicago-area house. The homeowner upholstered a mix of chairs with vintage grain sacks—easy to do with a staple gun. A vintage shutter leans against the wall.
Dark-hued beauty [8]
Deep, luxurious hues evoke high-impact drama without a hint of gloom. Gwen Hefner of The Makerista blog reworked the dining room of her 1980s suburban Kansas City home with a bluish-black customized paint. "Everybody has something to say about it, and that's what I like," she says. "It evokes feeling."
Antiques show [11]
Statement pieces, such as a wine-barrel-stave chandelier and a 19th-century clock, add drama in the dining room of this Ohio home.
Cottage chic [14]
A casual cottage look always embraces the great outdoors. Make the most of views and natural light by minimizing window treatments--even dare to go bare where privacy isn't a concern. Supplement the organic mood with wood and other natural materials--in flooring and furniture. Highlight texture, too, with accents such as neatly woven rattan, like on the backs of these chairs.
Durable details [17]
In this Chicago-area home, durable details let the homeowners rest easy. A distressed poplar table welcomes nicks. The oak flooring forgives scuffs.
Rustic elegance [20]
A welcoming warm palette of taupes and grays steers dinner parties in a relaxed direction in the dining room of this Michigan home. A twig chandelier adds rustic elegance above a farm table dressed up with side chairs in a whitewash finish. Grass-cloth wallpaper brings texture.
Show and store [23]
Elegant white ironstone and other vintage dishes act like art in the dining room of this Nebraska farmhouse. Modern dining chairs contrast a salvaged bench and a farm table made by the homeowner. A tight color palette pulls the styles together.
Chairs Modern Stacking. Target. target.com [24] Paint (Shelving and walls) OC-118 Snowfall White. Benjamin Moore. benjaminmoore.com [25] Rug Overstock.com [26]
Flea-market find [29]
Lake houses and Old Glory go together like kids and vacation. The flag in the dining room of this Michigan lake home was a $10 flea-market find. The homeowner framed it with stained 1x4s held together with corner brackets—a vintage-style touch to relax a new home's perfect sheen.
Making a splash [32]
This dining table's driftwood-like finish and a shell chandelier reference the nearby Lake Michigan shore.
Circle of light [35]
A 30-inch round window with boldly painted trim gives this ordinary dining room a striking focal point. Wallpaper-backed built-in shelves further emphasize the casually elegant scheme and provide much-needed storage for entertaining wares and books.
Buying guide [36]
Original style [39]
Placing a dining table in front of soaring windows styled like the 1930s originals takes advantage of natural light. Floral-patterned ceiling-high curtains draw eyes out to the landscape.
Bright outlook [42]
It takes a long pendant to light the length of this rustic, white oak table that seats 10. Contemporary green leather chairs add bright color in the dining room of this Lake Michigan home.
Salvaged chic [45]
A mix of chairs looks casual around an old farm table. Vintage—and white—items are the heart of the French farmhouse decorating style in this 1909 Illinois home.
Vivid setting [48]
Bold wall color and fabric choices energize this dining room in a Missouri home. Dark wood and light art balance the effect.
Great entertainer [51]
If you host lots of guests, consider one long window seat. Pairing a big farm table with a crisp white bench and Windsor chairs offers flexibility in an eclectic setting.
Vintage fun [54]
The dining area echoes the playful, repurposed spirit in the rest of this Minnesota home. A red tool caddy on top of a salvaged cheese-crate side table serves as a beverage bar during gatherings. Large casters elevate an antique farm table to counter height and make it easy to move. A metal laundry pail filled with flowers tops the table.
Constant comfort [57]
Blue creates a calming feel throughout the dining and living space.
Dining with collections [60]
Dramatic color works well in this Ohio dining room made for entertaining. Playful conversation starters include world globes spilling out of the fireplace and a collection of vintage light bulbs. A boat prow "bar" and contemporary chairs complete the eclectic mix.
Dress up a ceiling [63]
Add detailed richness to an intimate dining room by applying stock molding to a drywall ceiling.
Country classic [66]
High-back spindle chairs and stained-glass light fixtures put traditional "country" in this dining space. The long dining table accommodates large family meals. The dining room's wood tones warm the adjoining white kitchen.
Bright and rustic [69]
Sunlight floods this dining room through 7-foot doors and windows with transoms. When the weather is nice, the French doors open to a deck, bringing the outdoors in. The rough wood support beams on the ceiling and walls complement the rustic decor.
Clean palette [72]
The minimalist design in this dining room—including a hand-crafted wire chandelier—allows unobstructed views past the table to the exterior windows.
Making new look old [75]
The family who built this new Wisconsin lake home wanted to give it vintage charm. In the dining room, workers scuffed up raw pine floors (later sealed) for a naturally aged look.
Ecofriendly space [78]
Environmentally friendly elements feel right at home in this sunny dining space. The natural twig chandeliers have LED light bulbs; the table top is cement flanking a tree slice; walls sport zero-VOC paint; and the chairs wear organic upholstery.
Lakeside casual [81]
An X-base table reminiscent of an old picnic table, surrounded by simple country-style chairs, invites casual family meals in this lakeside home's dining room. A striped rug, boat oars and local folk art add to the down-home feel.
Playful gathering [84]
Designed to be flexible for a family with small kids and teenagers, this circular table offers a variety of seating options: a curved banquette sofa, two armchairs and benches. Mix and match fabrics in playful patterns and colors punch up the style and mask wear and tear.
Dramatic pattern [87]
A statement wallpaper makes this dining room a standout. The busy pattern is offset by the dark wood floor, simply framed mirror and clean-lined dining table.
Bringing the outdoors in [90]
A casual, glass-wrapped eating space makes the most of this house's natural surroundings and lake view. A vintage pine table, surrounded by rattan chairs, feels right at home with the scenery. A spherelike chandelier adds a touch of sophistication.
More Midwest Living room galleries [93]
Click below to browse our room-by-room galleries.


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Throughout the year, the Office of Admissions receives
notices of scholarships that are offered through external
organizations. Information about the scholarship awards
that are currently available is listed below. Award
notices are listed in the order in which they were received.
You may also find information on other outside scholarship
awards on the Internet. The following sites are useful
for finding scholarship and financial aid information:
Application Deadline: March 15 , 2008
Chicago-Kent alumnus Ronald M. Berman, class of 1987, has established an award for a Chicago-Kent College of Law student who is interested in art, working with or representing not-for-profit arts organizations, or representing artists. The purpose of the Berman Arts Award is to expose law to artists and arts organizations. The Berman Arts Award will provide up to $2,000 toward tuition and related costs for a Chicago-Kent student to attend a 2008 summer studio workshop at the Anderson Ranch Arts Center in Snowmass Village, Colorado. The Anderson Ranch Arts Center offers more than 130 summer workshops taught by today's most prominent artists and educators who come to share their skills and experience with more than 1,200 participants. There are workshops for artists of all skill levels and experience from the novice to the professional studio artist. See www.andersonranch.org/ for more information about the Anderson Ranch Arts Center and details concerning the workshops offered during the summer of 2008. Students with interest in art, working for or representing not for profit arts organizations, or representing artists and their legal needs (i.e. corporate, intellectual property issues) may apply for his unusual opportunity by submitting a curriculum vitae to Elizabeth Turley, Assistant Dean for Institutional Advancement, room 310 on or before March 15, 2008. Need is not a criteria for this award.
Application Deadline: March 20 , 2008
The Northwest Suburban Bar Association Foundation is pleased to announce that they are accepting applications for the Honorable Timothy C. Evans Scholarship. The scholarship was established to honor the commitment and dedication that the Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Timothy C. Evans has devoted to the Northwest Suburban Bar Association (NWSBA) and to the community of Cook County. The scholarship is offered to currently enrolled law school students who reside in the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (this includes Lake, Kane, DuPage, Cook, Will, Kendall, Grundy and LaSalle Counties). Scholarship awards range from $500 - $2500. Applications are available online at www.nwsba.org/scholarship.html and for additional questions, contact the Northwest Suburban Bar Association Foundation office at email@example.com or 847.221.2601.
Application Deadline: March 30 , 2008
The DuPage County Bar Foundation is accepting applications for its annual Hartman Stime scholarship. This $2,000 scholarship will be awarded to a DuPage County resident who will begin his or her second, third or fourth year of law school in fall, 2008. The scholarship will be awarded on the basis of prior academic achievement and economic need. Applications are available online at www.dcba.org/public/found.htm. The selection committee will interview applicants at their Wheaton office on April 12, 2008. The recipient will be recognized at the foundation's annual Law Day luncheon which will take place on May 2, venue to be announced. The applicant or his/her representative must attend the May 2 luncheon to accept the award. For more information, contact the foundation at 630.653.7779.
Application Deadline: April 1 , 2008
The Illinois Government Bar Association is offering a $500 scholarship to a deserving 1st, 2nd or 3rd year law student who is interested in government law. Applicants will be evaluated on education/experience; motivation/focus; academic reference/character; community member reference;character and aptitude. A possible 100 points can be awarded under the selection criteria/point system that is used. For more information about the scholarship or application process, contact Barbara Rowe at 217.787.7076 or 217.836.1830 or email@example.com or Frank Martinez at 217.789.2393 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Applications are available in the office of admissions.
The Howard Fox Memorial Law Scholarship Award of $3,000 is presented annual at the Berks County Bar Association Law Day Event. It is given to help fund a deserving Berks County, Pennsylvania, resident embarking on his or her second year at an accredited law school. To apply for this scholarship, please visit the Berks County Community Foundation web site at www.bccf.org for an online application.
The Jack Carey Scholarship for the Cook County Public Defender's office requires a commitment as an intern or extern at the Cook County Public Defender's office for one semester (fall, spring, summer). Each intern or extern will be expected to work a minimum of 15 hours per week during their designated semester. Every scholarship application must be currently enrolled in an accredited law school. The scholarship is available only to those law students eligible for a license pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court rule 711. A total of three scholarship stipends, each in the amount of $2,000 will be awarded every school year (one per semester). In order to be considered for the scholarship, each applicant must complete the application and schedule an interview with the scholarship committee. Previous winners of this award are ineligible to apply. For an information packet, please visit the office of admissions, suite 230 or visit the Cook County Public Defender's office web site at www.cookcountypd.org.
The Blind Service Association announces its scholarship program for 2008. Anyone who is a legally blind resident of the six-county Chicago Metropolitan area qualifies if he/she plans to study in the 2008/09 academic year in an accredited undergraduate, graduate, vocational, technical or professional school. Part-time students are also welcome to apply. The awards range up to $3,000. To apply, candidates must submit the application, transcripts, eye report, essay and letters of recommendation. For an application package, please call Allen West, program manager, at 312.236.0808.
New!! The Attorney-CPA Foundation Scholarship
Application Deadline: April 16, 2008
The Attorney-CPA Foundation is pleased to announce the annual Attorney-CPA Foundation Scholarships. The Foundation will award scholarships in 2007 in amounts ranging from $250 to $1,000 to students who will be entering their third year of law school in the Fall of 2007 and who have obtained a CPA certificate. Since 1998, the Foundation has awarded over 54 scholarships to students at 28 law schools across the country. Applicants will be evaluated based upon their academic performance, leadership in the school and community and need for assistance in completing their studies. Scholarship applications should be postmarked by April 16, 2008. The recipients will be selected by the Attorney-CPA Foundation Scholarship committee this July. Applications are available online at www.attorney-cpa.com/foundation. For additional information interested applicants can call the Attorney-CPA Foundation at 888.288.9272.
New!! Crusade for Education Financial Aid Program
Application Deadline: April 30, 2008
Students of Polish descent in need of financial aid may apply to the Knights of Dabrowski Crusade for Education program for help. A limited number of scholarships are available on the basis of documented financial need, academic performance and community involvement. Students are eligible to apply who meet the following requirements: full-time student enrolled in law school at a fully accredited college/university in the U.S.; U.S. citizen or documented legal alien of Polish descent; good academic standing and documented financial need; resident of Chicago metropolitan area for at least four years (proof of residency required); and recipient must be able to attend a scheduled interview in late spring and Award Presentation Ceremony in the fall of 2008. To apply, interested students should contact the organization by email at email@example.com or call 773.792.1800 to request an application.
New!! Polish Women's Civic Club, Inc. Scholarships
Application Deadline: July 1 , 2008
The Polish Women's Civic Club, Inc. is a philanthropic organization of American women of Polish descent interested in discovering the richness of their Polish heritage and sharing it with others. The Club supports educational activities and personal efforts of Polish American students, male and female, through financial scholarships. To qualify for consideration of a scholarship, a student must fulfill the following requirements: be a U.S. citizen; have at least one parent of Polish heritage; be a Chicago resident; currently enrolled full-time second or third year student attending Chicago area school; demonstrate financial need; and permanent resident of State of Illinois. Interesed students who meet the above criteria may obtain an application in the Office of Admissions, Suite 230.
Application Deadline: June 1, 2008
The NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund is sponsoring a writing contest for law students. The subject of the contest is "The Right of the Individual to Keep and Bear Arms as a Federally Protected Right." Cash prizes will be awarded to First, Second, Third and Fourth place winners in the amounts of $5,000, $3,000, $2,000 and $1,000 respectively. The contest is open to all individuals who are law students at the date of submission and who have not been previously admitted to practice law in the United States. Admission to practice after submission of the paper is not disqualifying. Papers should be double-spaced, not exceed 30 pages in length, exclusive of endnotes, of law review quality, and cannot have been previously published. Publication subsequent to submission is encouraged. Citations should conform with the Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, current edition. Submissions must be postmarked no later than June 1, 2008 and mailed to Civil Rights Defense Fund, c/o Office of the General Counsel, 11250 Waples Mill Road, Fairfax, VA 22030. For additional information, contact the fund at 703.267.1252.
For a complete list of the awards that have been posted
in the 2007-08 Record, click
here. Although the application deadlines for these awards
have already passed, this information can aid you in planning
for next year by assisting you in determining the time of
year that certain awards are typically offered. You
may also access a complete list of the 2006-07 scholarship
notices by clicking here.
If you have been awarded a Chicago-Kent scholarship for
the 2007-08 academic year, please refer to the Scholarship
Policies from the current Student Handbook for important
information concerning your award. Please direct any
questions about your scholarship to the Office
of Admissions, Suite 230.
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text:
Captain's Report
Captain's Report by Captain Steve
Mission Statement
Boston Whaler created the 370 Outrage to multitask between heading to offshore fishing grounds where and cruising to remote locations across open water. She's able to take several people on day trips, or a few guys to overnight trips to the canyons.
Distinguishing Features
Side dive door.
The large hull side dive door allows boarding from a floating dock and has a boarding ladder that latches into position with a swing away grab handle aids boarding even with a full set of scuba gear on your back.•
Diesel Generator.
Inside the "pump room" compartment is the 20-gallon (75.7 L) diesel fuel tank feeding the 8kW Fischer Panda generator. Boston Whaler uses a diesel generator for safety and reliability. •
Cockpit galley.
At the forward end of the cockpit in the deluxe leaning post is a galley with both a Kenyon smokeless grill flanking a sink with hot and cold running water. A pull-out 1.75 cu. ft. refer/freezer is standard. A single burner stove top is optional. •
Three independent helm seats.
No large bench seat for the 370 Outrage. This boat has three independent bucket seats, all with stainless steel flip down armrests and flip up bolsters. In addition, below two of the seats is a large flip down foot rest with a second individual foot rest for the helm seat on the port side.•
Bow lounge with storage.
Aft the bow is a large double wide sunpad with flip down armrests and a center armrest that houses drink holders and a small storage compartment. There's also a 12 V power supply and an MP3 port. But the real attraction, in my opinion, lies underneath that sunpad. This is where there is rod storage for 6 rods, two 5-gallon bucket holders (which the cast netters will love), dedicated space for a carry-on 36-quart (34.1 L) cooler and finally, four brackets to hold dive tanks. •
Superior Freshwater System.
The 370 in literally plumbed from bow to stern with a freshwater system as complete as any I have seen in class. Forward there is freshwater anchor (and rode) washdown, at the transom door there is a hot and cold shower, and another at the dive door. There is a sink with hot and cold water in the bait prep station, and hot and cold shower wand in the console in the sink. There is a standard water heater, of course. There is a midships bib in the gunwale. The freshwater tank holds 60 gallons (228 L), has a level indicator and is plumbed to a dockside hook-up. The boat also has a raw water washdown system.•
Bow Thruster.
The 370 comes standard with a 4kW bow thruster with its own dedicated battery bank and charging system.•
Impressive Options List.
The 370's options list is long so that buyers can customize the boat to their needs. Seven things caught my eye as being a bit unusual: an electrically operated bow table, high-pressure misting system, freezer plates in deck fish boxes, electrically retractable aft sun shade, fold-down trolling seats in the port and starboard gunwales, and what Whaler calls a "Summer Kitchen" package that replaces the bait prep station.•
Level Flotation.
As every boater knows, Boston Whalers don't sink -- not even its biggest one, the 370 Outrage. Just as important, all of the Boston Whalers will float level, according to the builder, if swamped, including the 370. This is an important consideration when going offshore, particularly in a center console -- a type of boat which by design has little or no decking forward to shed boarding seas. It is for this reason that the 370 has an emergency cockpit high water relief gate in its transom door. And this is the reason why it has level flotation, something that is rare among any type boat this size. All of this is made possible by Boston Whaler's unique construction process and foamed hull-to-deck bond. See our construction video…
Performance and Handling
Because of this boat's size everything about her screams "take me offshore." She's so solid and stable feeling that I got the impression that she could handle anything short of a named storm. I know that's a pretty bold statement, and I tested her in relatively calm water, but long experience has given me a feel for when it's right in when it's not.
Upon acceleration she had a 13-degree bow rise which left a clear view of the horizon. When put into a hard over turn, she'll roll into a 7-degree bank angle which I found comfortable. At cruise the 370 will settle into a 5-degree bow high attitude, and when you take the power off she settles back into the water with a level altitude.
I found she's equally easy to control in reverse, a convenient attribute when backing down on a fish, and the engines are positioned far enough apart so that she remains easy to steer while backing down hard. With her wide flared bows she throws water well off to the sides and keeps the spray down low for a dry ride. All in all, it's not hard to see why this model, with its fishing pedigree, is such a popular offshore cruising boat.
Our Boston Whaler 370 outrage had a length overall of 37'6" (11.4 m), a beam of 11'6" (3.5 m), and a hull draft of 23-½" (.6 m). With an empty weight of 13,500 lbs. (6123 kg), 83 gallons (314.2 L) of fuel, four people and test power we had a test weight of 16,693 lbs. (7571.8 kg). The optional triple 300-hp Mercury Verados ($27,664) reached top speed at 6400 rpm and 44 kts. At that speed we had a measured fuel burn of 87 gph for range of 205 nautical miles. Best cruise came in at 4500 rpm and 28.8 kts. That gave us a fuel burn of 34.9 gph and a range of 334 nautical miles. The 370 had a quick time the plane of 3.9 seconds, we reached 20 mph in 6.1 seconds accelerated to 30 mph in 9.1 seconds.
Features Walk-Through
The foredeck serves as a casting platform along with the first 4' (1.22 m) of the caprails which are 10" (25.4 cm) of nonskid wide over a 16" (40.6 cm) wide caprail. A flush mounted hatch covers a compartment housing the recessed anchor windlass and integrally mounted anchor roller. To starboard is an open space that will allow you to manage any tangles that may occur, and this area also has a mount for the handheld windlass remote. It's important to note that because of this method of mounting the anchor to deploy through the stem of the bow that there is no need for a deck mounted anchor roller. For options you can choose a bow rail ($872), a bow tow eye ($1,901), and a split bow rail ($1,848).
Settee and Table
The bow also features a comfortable gathering area for after the catch. U-shaped seating follows the contour of the bow with a back rest made up by the bolster that wraps 360-degrees around the boat. There is storage underneath the three sections of the U-shaped seats and a hi-low table not only makes for comfortable dining but also converts the entire bow into a sun lounge. Bow rails start at midships and continue forward, and these rails are recessed to the inside of the gunwales to avoid snagging any lines. The optional electrically-actuated table ($3,754) raises and lowers by a switch on the port side bulwarks right next to the remote control for the stereo. This means you don't have to go anywhere to control the entertainment while you're dining at this forward station. The forward quarter of the caprails houses two flush-mounted rod holders that are the start of the boat's 20 total rod holders.
Forward Sun Lounge
Just ahead of the console is a very comfortable sun lounge that is double-wide measuring nearly 5' x 5' (1.5 m x 1.5 m). In the center is a flip down armrest that houses two drink holders and a storage compartment for your sunglasses and suntan lotion. There is also an outlet for your MP3 player and a 12V power supply. Additional armrests are to the outside's so that two people will have a secure ride even if the going gets rough.
Underneath the sun lounge is ample storage that will hold 6 rods, your shore cords, two 5- gallon buckets that the cast netters will be able to take advantage of, a 36-quart (34.1 L) carry-on cooler and four optional brackets for holding dive tanks ($1,319). Additionally this compartment has three courtesy lights and it is locked by a slide switch located in the power panel cabinet in the cabin.
Side Decks
As we move down to the side of the console I measured 21" (53.3 cm) between the side of the console and the padded bolsters. The padded bolsters started 27 ½" (69.8 cm) inches and max out at 32 ½" (82.6 cm) with the caprails reaching a full 36" (91.4 cm) in height, which well exceeds ABYC standards. There are midship cleats measuring 10" (25.4 cm) that are below stainless hawseholes in the caprails.
The Center Console
The center console itself is massive with windows to three sides, including a very wide forward windshield measuring 4'8" (1.4 m) across. The window mullions are far enough forward from the helm to avoid any serious obstruction in your visibility and having three separate sections of glass eliminates a continual wraparound windshield which can cause distortion in the corners (and, of course, could not hold the weight of the hardtop.)
Helm vent.
At the top of the windshield is a standard electrically-actuated vent that does a magnificent job of scooping air into the console allowing you plenty of ventilation at the helm without the need for the standard cockpit air conditioning.
Helm Station
The helm is nicely laid out and this is the area that gets the bulk of the optional features with the 370 Outrage. Our test boat was outfitted with twin 14" (35.6 cm) widescreen displays ( E140 W, C140 W, and a second display) over the Mercury SmartCraft Vessel View. An X30 autopilot ($7958) is over to the starboard side just above the spotlight ($507) remote control and the standard stereo remote control. A Ray 240 VHF was fitted on our test boat as well as Mercury's DTS Digital Throttle and Shift system that was controlling the triple 300 hp Mercury 4-strokes. Waterproof rocker switches are just over the stainless steel wheel and the switches are also lighted to let you know when they are activated.
Helm Seating.
The three individual helm seats have stainless steel armrests and flip up bolsters. The port-side helm seat slides fore and aft on an electrically actuated mount and I found the switch to be a little hard to access between the helm and observer seatbacks. The two starboard side seats have a single flip-down foot rest that runs across the two seats. The port side seat has its own individual flip-down foot rest. To both sides of the helm seat are refrigerated drawers that make a part of the optional summer kitchen.
The Summer Kitchen
For starters, I know the kitchen on a boat is called the galley so save your cards and letters. "Summer Kitchen" is Boston Whaler's term, not ours. Just behind the triple helm seats is this optional summer kitchen ($4,340) that can be ordered in lieu of the standard rigging station. It consists of a smoke-free electric grill and sink with hot and cold running water. There's a stainless steel grab handle running along the outside of the galley station and ample storage of six drawers flanks the pullout trash receptacle in the center. And of course it also includes the previously mentioned pullout refrigerated drawers to either side of the helm seats. This summer kitchen really drives home the cruiseability aspect of the 370 Outrage, and even if you do choose to do some fishing once in a while, it makes a handy place to grill your fresh catch.
The cockpit is wide open allowing you plenty of room for fighting the fight. There are two sizable in-deck fishboxes measuring 5'4" (1.62 m) to either side of the cockpit, which on our test boat contained optional freezer plates ($15,309 for both, $9,752 for starboard only) for making sure that the ice doesn't melt during a long day of fishing and also serves to keep your catch in good condition on the way back from grounds.
Pump Room
In the center of the cockpit deck is a sizable hatch that opens with the assistance of two stainless steel gas assist struts. Inside the compartment is what I would describe as a pump room as it contains all of the macerator pumps, the livewell pump, a pair of 2000 gph bilge pumps to either side of the float switch, and the 8 kW Fischer Panda generator right next to the dedicated 20-gallon (75.7 L) diesel fuel tank.
Dive Platform
The appeal of the 370 Outrage as a dive platform is not wasted on Boston Whaler. There is a sizable hull side dive door to the port side measuring 29" (73.7 cm) across and coming up to the full height of the 31" (78.7 cm) cap rail. A dive ladder is secured under the aft rumble seat and mounts to a stainless plate in the deck just ahead of the dive door. This setup, along with the dive tank storage under the forward sun lounge, solidifies the 370's appeal as a dive platform.
The transom has the continuation of the full wraparound cockpit bolsters and a 24 -gallon (90.8 m) livewell is located at the port quarter. There are five flush-mounted rod holders just ahead of the engines mixed with the fill for the diesel fuel, water tanks, and gasoline fuel tank. A transom door is held in the open position by a magnetic catch and access to the swim platform is up a 9" (22.9 cm) step. A three-step reboarding ladder is hidden underneath a hatch and to the starboard bulwarks is a hot and cold transom shower as well as a stainless grab handle. On both quarter panels are 8" (20.3 cm) pull-up cleats.
The accommodations below are rather modest but given the layout and mission of the boat I found them to be appropriate. To starboard is a head that can be closed off for privacy with a curtain. The vanity also forms part of the galley in that there is a microwave oven mounted in a cabinet under the sink. A queen size berth takes up the forward part of the cabin, and by dropping down the aft section of the berth and flipping a release lever on the bulkhead, the berth transforms into a double wide aft-facing bench seat. An LCD TV is fixed to a swivel mount and hanging storage is to port. There is a separate climate control station for the standard 8000 BTU air conditioning. And interestingly, Boston Whaler went with a split power panel… 120 V to the port side 12 V to the starboard side.
The Boston Whaler 370 Outrage has a base price of $445,745. If you load her up like our test boat you'll be just over $500,000.
While the price may seem like a lot of money let me give you two things to consider-- Firstly, short of the living spaces, this boat has much the same fishing capabilities as an express fishboat or small convertible -- possibly even more so, given her shoal draft. And that low draft pays off when cruising as well, allowing the boat to go in many places that a larger boat could not venture. Secondly, because she is equipped with a diesel generator you can load this boat up with creature comforts such as A/C, a dive compressor, and much more, yet still not have the initial cost or operating expenses of a larger boat. Thirdly, she doesn't need crew. You and your family and friends are the crew, because of the standard bow thruster docking is easy even in a cross current. I think the 370 Outrage makes a versatile boat for family cruising no matter what else she is used for. Mom will like the privacy below, the ability to get out of the sun and rain (or chill). Pop will like the chance to take a comfortable nap waiting for the fish to bite. The kids will love the TV below. For day boating her bow with table is made to order for an afternoon picnic outing, or an even cocktail cruise with a few close friends. People going south for the winter in the U.S. can consider trucking the 370 to Florida, Texas, or California and keeping her there for the winter, or jumping off for points south. Because she many of the capabilities of a large boat, but is truckable, she can serve double duty all year long for snow birds.
Test Result Highlights
- Top speed for the Boston Whaler 370 Outrage (2012-) is 50.7 mph (81.6 kph), burning 87.00 gallons per hour (gph) or 329.3 liters per hour (lph).
- Best cruise for the Boston Whaler 370 Outrage (2012-) is 33.1 mph (53.3 kph), and the boat gets 0.95 miles per gallon (mpg) or 0.4 kilometers per liter (kpl), giving the boat a cruising range of 384 miles (617.99 kilometers).
- Tested power is 3 x 300-hp Mercury Verado.
Standard and Optional Features
Marine Electronics
|Air Cond./Heat
|CD Stereo
|Head: Fixed
|Shore Power
|Trim Tabs
|Washdown: Fresh Water
|Washdown: Raw Water
|Water Heater
Exterior Features
|Outlet: 12-Volt Acc
|Swim Ladder
|Swim Platform
|Transom Door
|Transom Shower
|Wet bar
Boats More Than 30 Feet
|Bow Thruster
Hull Warranty
10 Year
Deck Warranty
|3 Year
(It's quick and FREE!)


text:
[Constitution, Jefferson's Manual, and the Rules of the House of Representatives, 111th Congress] [111st Congress] [House Document 110-162] [Jeffersons Manual of ParliamentaryPractice] [Pages 225-238] [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov] sec. xxxiii--privileged questions
|Sec. 437. Possession of a bill by the House.
|It is no possession of a bill unless it be delivered to the Clerk to read, or the Speaker reads the title. Lex. Parl., 274; Elysynge Mem., 85; Ord. House of Commons, 64.
|Sec. 438. Theory as to privileged questions.
|It is a general rule that the question first moved and seconded shall be first put. Scob., 28, 22; 2 Hats., 81. But this rule gives way to what may be called privileged questions; and the privileged questions are of different grades among themselves.
|Sec. 439. Precedence of the motion to adjourn.
|A motion to adjourn simply takes place of all others; for otherwise the House might be kept sitting against its will, and indefinitely. Yet this motion can not be received after another question is actually put and while the House is engaged in voting.
|Sec. 440. Obsolete parliamentary law governing orders of the day.
|Orders of the day take place of all other questions, except for adjournment--that is to say, the question which is the subject of an order is made a privileged one, pro hac vice. The order is a repeal of the general rule as to this special case. When any Member moves, therefore, for the order of the day to be read, no further debate is permitted on the question which was before the House; for if the debate might proceed it might continue through the day and defeat the order. This motion, to entitle it to precedence, must be for the orders generally, and not for any particular one; and if it be carried on the question, ``Whether the House will now proceed to the orders of the day?'' they must be read and proceeded on in the course in which they stand, 2 Hats., 83; for priority of order gives priority of right, which cannot be taken away but by another special order of business.
|Sec. 441. Jefferson's discussion of certain privileged motions.
|After these there are other privileged questions, which will require considerable explanation.
|Sec. 442. Obsolete use of the previous question.
|1. When a proposition is moved which it is useless or inexpedient now to express or discuss, the previous question has been introduced for suppressing for that time the motion and its discussion. 3 Hats., 188, 189.
|Sec. 443. The motion to postpone indefinitely.
|2. But as the previous question gets rid of it only for that day, and the same proposition may recur the next day, if they wish to suppress it for the whole of that session, they postpone it indefinitely. 3 Hats., 183. This quashes the proposition for that session, as an indefinite adjournment is a dissolution, or the continuance of a suit sine die is a discontinuance of it.
|Sec. 444. Postponement to a day certain.
|3. When a motion is made which it will be proper to act on, but information is wanted, or something more pressing claims the present time, the question or debate is adjourned to such a day within the session as will answer the views of the House. 2 Hats., 81. And those who have spoken before may not speak again when the adjourned debate is resumed. 2 Hats., 73. Sometimes, however, this has been abusively used by adjourning it to a day beyond the session, to get rid of it altogether as would be done by an indefinite postponement.
|Sec. 445. Motion to lay on the table.
|4. When the House has something else which claims its present attention, but would be willing to reserve in their power to take up a proposition whenever it shall suit them, they order it to lie on their table. It may then be called for at any time.
|Sec. 446. Delegation of consideration to committee.
|5. If the proposition will want more amendment and digestion than the formalities of the House will conveniently admit, they refer it to a committee.
|Sec. 447. Privileged motions in the Senate and in Parliament.
|The Senate, in their practice, vary from this regular graduation of forms. Their practice comparatively with that of Parliament stands thus:
|Sec. 448. Obsolete provision as to priority of privileged motions.
|But it may be asked: Have these questions any privilege among themselves? or are they so equal that the common principle of the ``first moved first put'' takes place among them? This will need explanation. Their competitions may be as follows: 1. Previous question and postpone
|Sec. 449. General principles of priority of motions.
|Second class. If postponement be decided affirmatively, the proposition is removed from before the House, and consequently there is no ground for the previous question, commitment or amendment; but if decided negatively (that it shall not be postponed), the main question may then be suppressed by the previous question, or may be committed, or amended.
|Sec. 450. Applications of the previous question to debatable secondary and privileged motions.
|We have hitherto considered the case of two or more of the privileged questions contending for privilege between themselves, when both are moved on the original or main question; but now let us suppose one of them to be moved,
|Sec. 451. Motion to postpone not applicable to other secondary motions.
|Suppose a motion for the previous question, or commitment or amendment of the main question, and that it be then moved to postpone the motion for the previous question, or for commitment or amendment of the main question. 1. It would be absurd to postpone the previous question, commitment, or amendment, alone, and thus separate the appendage from its principal; yet it must be postponed separately from its original, if at all; because the eighth rule of the Senate says that when a main question is before the House no motion shall be received but to commit, amend, or pre-question the original question, which is the parliamentary doctrine also.
|Sec. 452. The motion to amend not applicable to the previous question.
|Suppose an amendment moved to a motion for the previous question. Answer: The previous question can not be amended. Parliamentary usage, as well as the ninth rule of the Senate, has fixed its form to be, ``Shall the main question be now put?''--i.e., at this instant; and as the present instant is but one, it can admit of no modification. To change it to to-morrow, or any other moment, is without example and without utility. * * *
|Sec. 453. Motion to amend applicable to motions to postpone or refer.
|* * * But suppose a motion to amend a motion for postponement, as to one day instead of another, or to a special instead of an indefinite time. The useful character of amendment gives it a
|Sec. 454. Amendment in the third degree not in order.
|* * * In like manner, if an amendment be moved to an amendment, it is admitted; but it would not be admitted in another degree, to wit, to amend an amendment to an amendment of a main question. This would lead to too much embarrassment. The line must be drawn somewhere, and usage has drawn it after the amendment to the amendment. The same result must be sought by deciding against the amendment to the amendment, and then moving it again as it was wished to be amended. In this form it becomes only an amendment to an amendment.
|Sec. 455. Filling blanks; and amendment to numbers.
|[In filling a blank with a sum, the largest sum shall be first put to the question, by the thirteenth rule of the Senate, contrary to the rule of Parliament, which privileges the smallest sum and longest time. 5 Grey, 179; 2 Hats., 8, 83; 3 Hats., 132, 133.] And this is considered to be not in the form of an amendment to the question, but as alternative or successive originals. In all cases of time or number, we must consider whether the larger comprehends the lesser, as in a question
|Sec. 456. Priority of amendments over motions to strike or agree.
|Another exception to the rule of priority is when a motion has been made to strike out, or agree to, a paragraph. Motions to amend it are to be put to the question before a vote is taken on striking out or agreeing to the whole paragraph.
|Sec. 457. Incidental questions, like points of order, that intervene during consideration of the main question.
|But there are several questions which, being incidental to every one, will take place of every one, privileged or not; to wit, a question of order arising out of any other question must be decided before that question. 2 Hats., 88.
|Sec. 458. Matters of privilege as intervening questions.
|A matter of privilege arising out of any question, or from a quarrel between two Members, or any other cause, supersedes the consideration of the original question, and must be first disposed of. 2 Hats., 88.
|Sec. 460. Withdrawal of motions.
|Leave asked to withdraw a motion. The rule of Parliament being that a motion made and seconded is in the possession of the House, and can not be withdrawn without leave, the very terms of the rule imply that leave may be given, and, consequently, may be asked and put to the question.