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Be a part of a unique online community that connects post production professionals and film academics worldwide.
You'll have access to personalize your news feed, access to Live Post Talks and much more. Contribute to the community by posting interesting post production content.
March 14, 2011, 7:40 pm
Media Composer 5.5 is now more open and interactive than ever, so users can work with practically any media format and expand their capabilities with options from Avid and third-party manufacturers. Media Composer goes where other video editing systems leave off. Edit flexibly — in real time — using full-featured, ACE-certified editorial and creative tools. Experience the fastest file-based workflows on Earth. Collaborate easily with video and audio editors. Get dependable, industry-proven media
October 23, 2018, 4:35 am
A pink sky has become a predominant feature in many music videos. Is it a symbol of teenage freedom, late evening adventures, innocence of youth? I'm sure there are experts out there who could spend hours decoding the meaning and popularity behind the rise of pink skies in rap and alternative music videos. But perhaps it just comes down to Instagram influencers. Who knows?
October 23, 2018, 4:35 am
Organizers of the Annecy International Animation Film Festival have announced changes for the 2019 edition, which runs June 10-15, including a new feature film competition category, a new Virtual Reality competition, and, in an effort to increase diversity, the addition of more women to the festival's selection committee.
October 22, 2018, 8:51 am
A film is dated the moment it is released. To exist out of time is an impossibility. You can spot the seams of any "classic" if you watch with a modern eye. You may allow yourself a chuckle or even an eye-roll. That is not to say that the film has failed you, or that it is not worth your attention. It's just old. Don't worry, that baller CGI-fest you're currently praising will sink into history as well. Now, some movies can surprise you. When it comes to the horror genre, more often than not, the practical effect retains an emotional response longer than that of the weightless computer cartoon. We dare any modern film to achieve the horror or the revulsion of the scenes listed below.
October 22, 2018, 4:36 am
Rodeo FX presents their work on ANT-MAN AND THE WASP in this VFX Breakdown...
October 22, 2018, 4:36 am
If you're looking for an affordable and easy way to get a terrific film look, from film stock to color and grain, FilmConvert is an ideal plug-in every editor should consider purchasing (and it supports quite a few popular NLEs). You simply drop the filter onto your footage, select your camera profile, how it was filmed, the film stock you'd like, and it'll look great. But you can do some serious color grading in the Camera Controls, and still end up with a terrific film look for your project.
October 22, 2018, 4:36 am
One of the great features of Resolve is that it works in 32bit float. This means that it can cope with a virtually limitless dynamic range, and, most importantly, it will conserve that range however much you raise or lower the video levels from one node to another.
October 22, 2018, 4:35 am
My name is Lucy J Mitchell and I am a freelance Sound Editor and Dubbing Mixer for TV, Film and Computer Games living on the Surrey-London border and have been working in the Audio Post Production industry for almost 10 years. Pro Tools has SO many functions, some of which have been cleverly added over time thanks to user experience feedback, so well done you!
October 22, 2018, 4:35 am
What every helmer needs from an editor is "great taste, a sense of timing," and someone who "accentuates the poetry of your story by creating an associative flow," says Beautiful Boy writer-director Felix Van Groeningen.
October 21, 2018, 7:31 am
Blackmagic Design recently released a new update to DaVinci Resolve 15. With the latest Resolve 15.1.2 update, several addresses issues and bug fixes are addressed. Resolve 15.1.2 fixes issues where running DaVinci Resolve on case sensitive drive volumes would cause problems in prior versions, and also includes stability improvements for Windows laptops running CUDA acceleration.
October 21, 2018, 7:31 am
Film Courage: You said something earlier on writing something which you are precious about, that at some point there is a letting go process knowing once it's out of your hands it may be changed?
Gordon sits down with Marcus Schioler, Antoine Rotondo, & Marc-André Ferguson to discuss the big announcement at A ...
Gordon sits down with Joe Walker to discuss Steve McQueen's new film Widows.
Gordon sits down with Barry Brown to discuss his work on editing BLACKkKLANSMAN, Spike Lee's latest film.
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Herb Stein's Unfamiliar Quotations
On money, madness, and making mistakes.
By Herbert Stein
(1,184 words; posted Thursday, May 15; to be composted Thursday, May 22)
I love to browse through Bartlett's Familiar Quotations. It may be lazy of me, but I like to taste the plums of many authors whose full puddings I cannot digest. For example, I cannot make anything of T.S. Eliot in his entirety. But I know that I am in the presence of genius when I read the following lines from The Wasteland:
O the moon shone bright on Mrs. Porter
And on her daughter
They wash their feet in soda water.
Of course, some of these nuggets are ambiguous. Thus, we have Swedish Count Axel Oxenstierna writing in the 17th century, "Behold, my son, with how little wisdom the world is governed." For a long time I thought that this was a complaint that the world is not governed with more wisdom. Recently I have come to think it means that not much wisdom is required to govern the world.
As recompense--small though it be--for the pleasure I have got from Bartlett, I am setting down a few quotations (with explanations where necessary) that have resonated with me and are not included in that book.
If you meet a madman who says that he is a fish and that we are all fishes, do you take off your clothes to show him that you do not have fins?
--Milan Kundera, Risibles Amours, 1984
I love this in part because I am proud that I translated it from the French, which, in turn, was translated from the Czech. But I love it even more because it has saved me so much trouble. In the past when I encountered some outlandish inanity--often about taxes--I would sit down at my keyboard and write an answer. I am still tempted to do that, but since I encountered that quotation, I have resisted.
You may ask: How will I know if he is a madman? The answer is: Don't worry, you'll know. And if you are in doubt, assume he is mad and leave the refutation to others. You have plenty to do in the world without having to worry about debating people who may be mad.
Never waste any time you can spend sleeping.
--Professor Frank H. Knight, in class at the University of Chicago, 1936
Clear enough, aside from these questions: What qualifies as wasting time, and what should you do if you can't sleep? I recently encountered a somewhat different quotation from the poet Baudelaire:
To kill that particular monster [time] is the most ordinary and legitimate occupation of each person.
It is interesting that Knight should have used the word "waste," which is the gangland term for "kill." Perhaps the reconciliation here is that sleep is the best way of killing time.
Honesty may not be the best policy, but it is worth trying once in a while.
--Richard Nixon, in a meeting, 1970
This may seem the ultimate in cynicism, but the second half of the quotation (about trying honesty once in a while) seems foreign to many politicians, among others.
Surely there is something unlovely, to modern as against medieval minds, about marked inequality of either kind [income or power].
--Henry C. Simons, Economic Policy for a Free Society, 1948
What fascinates me about this sentence is the word "unlovely." It is a candid declaration that feelings on this subject are "feelings," not matters of efficiency or justice but matters of taste, of aesthetics, of emotions.
There is a great deal of ruin in a nation.
--Adam Smith, in a letter to a friend who, after the battle of Saratoga, was lamenting that the revolt of the colonies was going to ruin Britain, late 18th century
This is a comfort when one is listening to politicians or editorialists describing the ruin that will follow if their pet policies are not adopted.
If something cannot go on forever, it will stop.
--Stein's Law, first pronounced in the 1980s
This proposition, arising first in a discussion of the balance-of-payments deficit, is a response to those who think that if something cannot go on forever, steps must be taken to stop it--even to stop it at once.
If a plank creaks in the floor, he [Ernesto IV] snatches up his pistols and imagines that there is a liberal hiding under his bed.
--Stendhal, The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839
A comment on many of today's pundits.
Three percent exceeds 2 percent by 50 percent, not by 1 percent.
--Edward Denison, in conversation, about 1960
An obvious point, but one that is important--and commonly overlooked--in discussions of economic growth.
Observe how he has made a breast of his back.
In life he wished to see too far before him,
And now he must crab backwards round this track.
--Dante Alighieri, TheInferno (Canto XX, Circle Eight--The Fortune Tellers and Diviners), early 14th century
This is Dante's vision of the fate of economic and political forecasters.
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge?
Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?
--T.S. Eliot, The Rock, 1934
These Eliot lines, not in Bartlett's, are an advance comment on the Information Age of which we are now so proud.
Don't worry, you'll do it again!
--Mother-in-law, in conversation many times
In the Jewish tradition, this sardonic remark is intended to comfort a person who is grieving over having made a serious mistake.
Thus, prediction of whether or not the capitalist order will survive is, in part, a matter of terminology.
--Joseph Shumpeter, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1945
Capitalism survived its crisis and went on to great successes. But the capitalism that survived and succeeded was not the capitalism of 1929.
--Herbert Stein, The Triumph of the Adaptive Society, 1989
This joint entry is a reminder that terms like "capitalism," "socialism," "liberalism," "conservatism," "welfare state," and "free market" have to be defined if they are to be used in intelligent discussion. The required definitions are missing most of the time.
We [the American colonists fighting in the War of Independence] have shed our blood in the glorious cause in which we are engaged; we are ready to shed the last drop in its defense. Nothing is above our courage, except only (with shame I speak it) the courage to TAX ourselves.
--James Madison, 1782
I was not the first person to observe this fact.
Anyone can do any amount of work, provided it isn't the work he is supposed to be doing.
--Humorist Robert Benchley, quoted in The Algonquin Wits, 1968
This comes to mind frequently when I am emptying the dishwasher or engaging in a similar activity.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Orrville Public Library Friends organization was established to support the work of the library.
Annual fundraisers include book sales in the fall and spring and a Mother's Day hanging flower basket sale. Proceeds from these events are used for various projects, including support of the library's summer reading program, as well as sponsorship of special programs for children getting ready to enter kindergarten and knowledgeable speakers for unique adult programs.
Friends supporters are welcome! Take a look at the Friends Membership Form to see how you might be a part of this essential group. Friends has regular events but does not have routine meetings. Current Friends president is Kary Shonk and current treasurer is Joyce Winget.


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
Byblos Hospitality, the new owners of the Holiday Inn Grand Island, is forming an action plan for development of the hotel that it bought at auction last week.
The company, based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, purchased the hotel for $4.4 million.
"At this particular time, I would just like to express my full satisfaction with pleasure in purchasing Holiday Inn Grand Island by our group," said Jean Samman, CEO of Byblos Hospitality. "An action plan will be set to upgrade the property's facilities, rooms renovation, lobby renovation and front hotel entrance elevation.
"We are considering this project as a diving board towards other potential projects. With the help of all concerned, we would like to score and achieve an operation and many facilities to the expectation of Buffalo's residents first and a tourist destination equal to a corporate business resort in the area."


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Client Rights and Appeals
Notice of Privacy Practice
- Policy (101kb pdf) Effective September 23, 2013
- Former policy with track changes (236kb pdf)
Appeals Supervisor
The Appeals Supervisor processes administrative appeals. North Dakotans who have been denied public assistance benefits or whose benefits are reduced, terminated, discontinued, or suspended may appeal a decision in certain circumstances. The office also processes other kinds of appeals including foster care and daycare licensing, child abuse and neglect assessments, nursing home transfers and discharges, and rate setting.
Contact Information
Appeals Supervisor, Legal Advisory Unit
N.D. Department of Human Services
600 E Boulevard Avenue, Dept. 325
Bismarck, ND 58505-0250
Phone: (701) 328-2311
Toll Free: (800) 472-2622
ND Relay TTY: (800) 366-6888


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The success of our students, our faculty and our entire university would not be possible without the outstanding support and services that IIT staff members provide--this is your opportunity to recognize a staff member who exemplifies IIT's spirit of excellence.
Each year, IIT recognizes a non-faculty staff member who has offered distinguished service to the IIT community. Candidates should serve as role models for others and should have displayed over the last academic year special initiative that goes well beyond what is expected.
This initiative may take the form of distinguished commitment to task or leadership in one or more of the following broad categories: service to students, to fellow staff members, to the improved functioning of a department, or through other relevant activities. This Excellence in Service Award carries with it a check for $1,000.
Please submit nominations to Beverly Perret by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com or by fax at 312.567.3450. Nominations are due by Monday, March 30. The selection committee is made up of prior winners, faculty, students from both Main Campus and Downtown Campus, and management representatives. It is a difficult choice, so we appreciate recommendations that provide detailed documentation and examples of the reasons your candidate should receive this prestigious award.
Thank you for taking the time to help us identify outstanding staff members for this special recognition. The award will be presented at the Stryker Award dinner on April 23. If you have any questions, please call Beverly Perret at 312.567.3012.
Human Resources holds office hours each Tuesday at the Downtown Campus. You can expect to find an HR professional on site from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
The schedule of which HR staff member will be available on a given date is posted on the bulletin board outside the staff lounge on the third floor. Feel free to stop by room 654 for answers to any questions and to pick up or drop off benefits forms. If you prefer, call ext. 7-3318 to set up an appointment in advance or to arrange a different meeting time.
For additional HR information, please visit the Human Resources Web site at www.iit.edu/hr/.
Main Chicago-Kent event
Academic calendar
CLE calendar
Alumni event calendar
Admissions calendar


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Putting organic waste to work
Employment Opportunities
Northfield Mount Hermon is an independent, coeducational college preparatory school in western Massachusetts with 650 boarding and day students in grades 9 through 12, with a postgraduate year.
We seek faculty applicants who are able to contribute to all aspects of the school community: classroom teaching, student advising, coaching, and residential supervision.
NMH employs approximately 130 teaching and administrative faculty positions and more than 210 staff positions. These positions are diverse and include opportunities from entry level to upper management in the areas of accounting, admission, development, food service, information technology, maintenance, student services, and others. Some positions are year-round; others offer an academic-year schedule.
NMH offers competitive wages and a generous benefit package that includes retirement and health and life insurance plans; paid vacation; and holiday and sick leaves. If you wish to make a positive impact on the lives of adolescents, send a cover letter and current resume to:
Office of Human Resources
Northfield Mount Hermon
One Lamplighter Way
Mount Hermon, MA 01354
Phone: 413-498-3229, Fax: 413-498-3240
Email: email@example.com
Northfield Mount Hermon is an Equal Opportunity Employer


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HOUSTON (AP) Joseph Young scored 23 points and Houston coasted to an 87-47 win over Grambling State on Saturday night.
Young was 6 of 10 from the field, including 3 of 4 from 3-point range, and had five assists. TaShawn Thomas added 14 points and a team-high eight rebounds. Danuel House added 10 points.
Steven Dandridge shot a jumper to put Grambling State up by one. Seconds later, Brandon Morris scored on a layup and it was all Houston from that point on.
Houston (3-0) led 46-22 at halftime, shooting 51.7 percent from the field in the first half.
Grambling State (0-4) had 21 turnovers.
Derron Dobbs had 12 points for the Tigers. Terry Rose had 9 points and Dandridge finished with 8.
The Cougars have a 5-0 record in the series with Grambling State, which began during the 2004-05 season.
Joseph Price is in his first year as Grambling State's head coach.


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Kingwin F-35 Review
In the real world, it can be hard finding places to store things. However, in the PC world, storage comes cheap and easy. The hard part is finding places to put your terabytes of data. No, I don't mean it's hard to find 80TB hard drives. That would be impossible today, because to the best of my knowledge they don't currently make those. What I mean is, it's hard to find places to put your multitude of hard drives. Motherboards these days only come with a limited amount of SATA ports. Once those are all used up, you'll have to find another way to add storage space to your rig. Even more limiting than that is the amount of HDD bays with which your case is equipped.
So what do you do when you're out of space to put additional hard drivees? "Space.. the never ending frontier..." Well there's always external enclosures for your HDDs. Some external enclosures use e-SATA ports, but most still use USB 2.0. Kingwin's F-35 uses the latter. Will using an external enclosure like the F-35 decrease the performance you'd otherwise get from using a standard SATA port? Probably... but is it going to matter? Let's find out.
Closer Look:
Packaging is always important, and it serves a few purposes. My personal favorite thing about packaging is what I call the "Christmas Illusion." Companies have become so good at making packaging for its products, it's like Christmas when you open them. Sometimes the product packaging is so nice, you forget how much money you spent on it in the first place. The box the F-35 came in was wrapped in clear plastic, which is clever because it allows you to see all the information on the box, while protecting the box from getting scratched. The front of the box shows a side view of the F-35, Kingwin's logo, and the words "Beyond Capacity." I found that interesting, because technically the F-35 has a capacity of zero. The back of the box shows the F-35's rear end, as well as some specifications and features.
The two sides of the box follow the same scheme as the front and back of the box. They're both black and yellow like a bumblebee, which is actually kind of cool. Both sides feature a shot of the F-35's front, though one of these pictures is slightly angled. This shows you the color scheme of the F-35, which justs happens to be black and white.
The top of the box is completely black except for the Kingwin logo. Opening the top flap of the box reveals the F-35 in its protective packaging. You actually can't see much of the F-35 because it is covered in protective foam. On top of this foam is the USB cable you'll use to connect the F-35 to your computer, as well as the wall wart that will provide power to the F-35, and the HDD located inside it.
Removing the F-35 shows us that Kingwin took another measure at protecting its product. The F-35 is completely covered in plastic, which serves two important purposes. The first is that it prevents the G-35 from getting scratched during shipment. The second thing is that the plastic will ensure you'll receive the F-35 shiny and fingerprint free. That is, at least until you remove the plastic.
Now that we've seen the F-35's packaging, let's take a closer look at the F-35.


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The Pharmacy Signs & Words HD application is designed to teach and reinforce common signs found in a pharmacy and is optimized for the iPad. It provides easy-to-understand information taht allows users to become more capable of functioning independently at work, at home, and in the community.
*Contains 80 videos
*Password-protected administration section
*Make assignments for each user based on individual needs
*Lock the device to a particular user for ease of use
*Narrated with human-quality audio, NOT text-to-speech
The Pharmacy Signs & Words HD application is a complement to our Functional Skills System software. Each application contains all the digital videos contained in their software counterparts. Pharmacy Signs & Words is part of a series of applications that focus on functional life, literacy, math, social and work skills for both the iPod/iPhone and iPad.


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Here are some belated pictures of HMS Daring leaving Portsmouth for the Middle East a few weeks ago.
Just to give you an idea of how long ago she left, she was last in port at Aqaba, in Jordan after transiting the Suez Canal!
Expect even bigger crowds when HMS Dauntless leaves for the South Atlantic next month…
Related articles
- HMS Daring deploys to the Gulf (dalyhistory.wordpress.com)
- HMS Dauntless to deploy to the South Atlantic (dalyhistory.wordpress.com)
- HMS Daring embarks on maiden deployment to Middle East – BBC News (bbc.co.uk)
- Jan 11, 2012 HMS Daring embarks on maiden deployment to Middle East (thegreatdayofannihilation.com)


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Topical Costumes to Avoid This Halloween
Now that grocery stores are stocking Halloween candy on shelves (we can't believe it either), it's time to discuss the most important aspect of this amazing holiday — costume selection. We recognize that there's temptation to jump on the fad costume bandwagon, but take our advice — the most obvious choice isn't always the best choice. The following are 10 Halloween costumes we're hoping we don't see on the streets this year.
'Tanorexic Mom'
In most instances parental neglect is cause for outrage and concern. And while a mom attempting to pass her tanning addiction onto her small child does beautifully walk the line between appalling and hilarious, let's not forget that Patricia Krentcil at her darkest looked as if somebody chucked a bucket of motor oil at her face. Not a good look, and a pretty moldy pop culture reference.
Katniss Everdeen
Hear us out. Katniss is an amazing female warrior, and we'd much rather see girls dressed as her than 'Twilight' lame-o Bella. But how many opportunities does one have to go full Effie Trinket? Seize the opportunity — do it for the crazy hair alone.
Ryan Lochte
Of course it feels obvious to go for the dumb-as-a-post Olympic swimmer who gave perennial golden boy Michael Phelps a run for his money in the pool. But think about how much you want to be shirtless in October with 40 degree medals clanging against your bare skin. Plus the crunches you'd have to do. You can thank us later.
Political jokes aside, we're not feeling Batman's latest villain as a Halloween costume. Perhaps it's due to the fact that Heath Ledger's turn as the Joker was the stuff of legend, or maybe it's because we're pretty sure we've seen that mask in the window of a Greenwich Village "adult bookstore." Furthermore, how would you eat or drink with that thing on? Lame!
Postpartum Snooki
We understand the temptation here — the combination of crazy hair, massive post baby belly and Halloween debauchery SEEM like they would be the perfect storm of Halloween hilarity. But if the idea of lugging a baby doll around as you attempt to navigate parties with beer bottles doesn't steer you away, imagine the massive orange stain from your face that's going to ruin your bed linens when you pass out before taking off your makeup.
Aly Raisman's Parents
Don't misunderstand, we LOVE these overzealous Olympic parents, and during the height of London mania they seemed like the obvious choice for a Halloween costume. But a convincing Boston accent is not for the faint of heart. And if you don't do it, by the end of the night when people ask what your costume is, you're going to be telling them "Average Mom" to avoid all the questions..
Snoop Dogg as Snoop Lion
Recently, our "chronically" favorite rapper Snoop Dogg announced a new moniker, "Snoop Lion." While this seems itching to become the next great fad costume, think about this — how many times have you seen rappers "modify" their alter ego? Do we even know what Sean Combs/Diddy/P. Diddy/ Puff Daddy prefers to be called these days? Remember Beyonce's time as Sasha Fierce? Don't buy a mane yet — this ridiculous new identity is sure to be short-lived.
Honey Boo Boo
Many women believe that Halloween is a free pass to tart it up in the name of holiday cheer, and to that end we can understand how reality sideshow Honey Boo Boo would seem like a golden opportunity. Realistically, you're more likely to elicit "slutty Shirley Temple," and nobody wants that.
iPhone 5
Based on the recent release of the iPhone 5, we've learned the new supergadget is taller and thinner than its older incarnates. But since the phone basically looks like the older models, you'll find yourself having to explain over and over again that you're the *5* and not the *4s,* and all your prepared jokes about the new map app will be for naught.
'Game of Thrones' Khaleesi
Everyone from Meghan McCain to porn star April O'Neil has joked on Twitter that they're hitting the Halloween party circuit as 'Game of Thrones' warrior queen Khaleesi for Halloween.
Granted if you want to check "covered in blood" and "half naked" off of your costume to do list, this is for you. But make sure you don't half ass this one or you'll end up looking like Holly Madison in a potato sack. You've been warned!
Ann Romney
Halloween during an election year is always the perfect time to bust out a political figure costume. This year, there's no shortage of figures that are ripe for parody at parties. But before you grab a blonde wig and a giant American flag pin, ask yourself this, "do I really want to spend my night at a raging costume party teetotaling and lecturing people on their own worthiness?" If the answer is yes, Ann Romney will do nicely. For men, try a Paul Ryan outfit. Don't forget the mini Mitt Romney hand puppet!


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- Home
- Nicotine
- Base Extracts
- Flavor Extract
- All Flavor Extracts
- Flavor Brand
- Flavor Type
- Kits
- DIY Tools
- Info
$ 1.99
Collections: Capella Flavor Concentrates, Flavor Extracts, Menthol & Mint
Category: Menthol & Mint
Capella Flavor Drops are water soluble, highly concentrated, multi-purpose flavor concentrates. Our Flavor Drops contain no fats, calories, sweeteners or preservatives. The highly concentrated nature of our Flavor Drops allows us to deliver a superior flavor concentrate, free from preservatives and stabilizers. Capella Flavor Drops deliver honest, undiluted, preservative-free flavor. Capella Flavor Drops are proudly made with the finest ingredients in the USA.
Capella Qualities:
Diketone Information,
Diacetyl: None
Acetoin: None
Acetyl Propionyl: None


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The UW-Fond du Lac Alumni Association was established in 2004 as a way to provide a channel for communication between the campus and its alumni. We want to share information with you about what is new on the campus as well as to connect you with the faculty, staff and friends you remember from the time you were on campus.
Your advice on who you think would be a great nominee for the Distinguished Alumni Award is important to us. Your help in spreading the word about the great classes you took on campus is invaluable. You can help us attract more students so that we can continue to provide excellent, cost-effective and convenient educational experiences for current and future students. Referring new and continuing students to the UW-Fond du Lac Foundation's scholarship program can benefit your family, your friends and your community.
Please stay connected through your Alumni Association. We are here to keep the alumni connection going strong!
How Can I Join?
Here is some really good news for you! You do not need to join. You already are a member.
If you attended UW-Fond du Lac for at least one semester, you are already a member! There are no membership dues. Whether you took one class or twenty, you are a member. If you attended the University when it was under other, previous names, you are still a member.
You can also help us keep in touch with you by updating your address and other information online.
Organizing Committee
If you would like to help get the Alumni Association moving by joining the Organizing Committee, call us at 920-929-1335.
Programs and Activities
Update Your Records and Share Your Ideas
The UW-Fond du Lac Alumni Association is about staying connected to the campus, other alumni, faculty and staff. We encourage and appreciate your comments, ideas and updates.
Since you have been on campus, there may have been changes in your address, phone number and email address. We will not be able to send you invitations to events and activities unless we have accurate information. If you want to stay connected this way, please fill out an Alumni Records Update form.
UW-Fond du Lac Foundation is the official fund-raising and gift-receiving organization for UW-Fond du Lac.
By making your gift today, you will join alumni, community members, parents, and friends of UW-Fond du Lac in supporting the campus. To make a gift to support the UW-Fond du Lac Foundation, please use our gift form to send with your donation or contact the Foundation office at 920-929-1335.
Or you may give online:
You do not need a PayPal account to donate. Simply choose Donate with a Debit or Credit Card.
To designate your donation for a specific purpose, complete the "Add special instructions to the seller" section on the second screen.
Thank you for supporting the UW-Fond du Lac Foundation!


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techsupport necesitaba un nuevo diseño de otro y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 45 diseños de 10 diseñadores freelance.
This Web Design Project consists in creating a website template for a website called "readytoorder.com" This website template must be light in graphics for a high traffic website and must be able to make minor adjustments to its html code or Cascade Style Sheet(CSS) file to change colors to allow for rapid design changes. Website template only needs to be provided in the accepted color scheme the accepted as final version. Final template will be in HTML in table structure with its appropriate (CSS) file, image files and any additional content pertaining to the template. Template may include several body styles but be able to adequately incorporate current table structures.
Current site contains all areas that must be considered in this new design. We are expecting two website templates that will convey a simple, light weight, clean and modern design, that will have a fresh 2008 look from the current 2001 version we have now. Colors should be selected to make the site appealing to an audience that wants to purchase food. We are open to any type of color or intensity as long as we achieve the goal of having a site that appeals to the customer. The layout should consider all existing sections which are addressed in this document, but placement, location, size, or changes to existing sections to accommodate the new design so that there is a clean flow between the old design and new design will be considered and will take precedence over functionality. Example: Designer feels current time should be at top of page and not beside or on top of shopping cart. We will make the adjustment to accommodate the request so the final integration of the website template matches the selected final design. We expect on the introduction page/splash page to use the same concepts that are currently being used. However, we are not limiting the designer to this concept only. If the designer feels they can convey out message in another way we are open to a new concept, but we are giving a clear idea of what the website/service does for the end user. The concepts are: Design one is a single splash page/introduction page. This page should be based on but not limited to the existing introduction page. This page will have only one section on it that is to perform a search. Page to be made in standard html tables. You can see our current splash page at http://www.readytoorder.com/testsite.asp?PID=100. Design two is a single template body that will be the main layout of the entire site. The layout of the page will be open to the designer to choose from. The layout can be one column, two column or three column layout. Designer must consider every section that will be placed in such design to accommodate such layout. Page to be made in standard html tables. You can see the current pages at http://www.readytoorder.com/testsite.asp?PID=101. Images 101 to 121 contain the current layout, this is to give you a better understanding of the sections of which the new template will accommodate. Images 122 to 143 contain comments we have made of our current template. We are also including our new logo, you can see it at http://www.readytoorder.com/testsite.asp?PID=144. The logo on the current website are of our initial logo. Please use our new logo for the template. We would like a design similar to http://www.readytoorder.com/testsite.asp?PID=145 but we are open to any design that may accommodate our needs.
a) Header (logo,login links,search area) b) Advertisement area/banner section, standard 468 X 60 banners will be displayed c) Shopping cart d) Navigation bar level one to main sections (Menus,Specials,Restaurants,Order Status) e) Navigation bar level two to sub sections (Home,Account information,About us, Terms of use, Privacy) f) Current information section which is your time clock and zipcode selected g) Advertisement area level two (This section is a sub advertising area only when a menu category is selected) Size and area is open. No restrictions. h) Main content area (This area is the main location where information is displayed. It can be in two column or one column design.) i) Links or section access (In current design this is located on the left navigation bar and is only available when no restaurant is selected. However, in new design this can be placed maybe on the Navigation bar level one or two. Sections are: Give me the usual, Restaurant's Overview, Rate it!, Break runner and others) Sub summary: 2 unique templates designs 2 html layouts from the templates 1 CSS file 3 menu bars Header text CSS button style or 19 button images * Please use any colors you feel appropriate to food, hunger, eating or whatever you feel is appropriate to the restaurant industry. Don't feel limited to the colors of our current logo. * We want a light design * We are very interested on the elements that will be carried through the site (bars, buttons and such)
Heavy elements.


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Noise pollution is a novel, widespread environmental force that has recently been shown to alter the behaviour and distribution of birds and other vertebrates, yet whether noise has cumulative, community-level consequences by changing critical ecological services is unknown. Herein, we examined the effects of noise pollution on pollination and seed dispersal and seedling establishment within a study system that isolated the effects of noise from confounding stimuli common to human-altered landscapes. Using observations, vegetation surveys and pollen transfer and seed removal experiments, we found that effects of noise pollution can reverberate through communities by disrupting or enhancing these ecological services. Specifically, noise pollution indirectly increased artificial flower pollination by hummingbirds, but altered the community of animals that prey upon and disperse Pinus edulis seeds, potentially explaining reduced P. edulis seedling recruitment in noisy areas. Despite evidence that some ecological services, such as pollination, may benefit indirectly owing to noise, declines in seedling recruitment for key-dominant species such as P. edulis may have dramatic long-term effects on ecosystem structure and diversity. Because the extent of noise pollution is growing, this study emphasizes that investigators should evaluate the ecological consequences of noise alongside other human-induced environmental changes that are reshaping human-altered landscapes worldwide.
1. Introduction
Human activities have altered over 75 per cent of the Earth's land surface [1,2]. Concomitant with these surface changes is a pervasive increase in anthropogenic noise, or noise pollution, caused by expanding dendritic transportation networks, urban centres and industrial activities [3]. The geographical extent of noise exposure varies by region and scale, but estimates suggest that one-fifth of the United States' land area is impacted by traffic noise directly [4] and over 80 per cent of some rural landscapes are exposed to increased noise levels owing to energy extraction activities [5]. Despite the potentially substantial scale of noise exposure across the globe, surprisingly little is known about how these ecologically novel acoustic conditions affect natural populations and communities.
We are beginning to understand the impacts of increased noise exposure on the behaviours of individuals and the distributions of species [6–10], and several recent reviews outline potential and some known effects of noise [3,11–13]. Despite this recent attention given to the effects of noise, we still have limited knowledge of how these impacts scale to community and ecosystem-level processes. A few studies have shown that predators avoid noisy areas [7,14–16], presumably because noise impairs predators' abilities to locate prey. These studies provide us with insights on how noise may directly affect predator–prey interactions, but do not provide information on whether noise may have cumulative, indirect consequences for other interactions and organisms that are not impacted by noise directly.
Our goal was to investigate whether noise pollution can reverberate through ecological communities by affecting species that provide functionally unique ecological services. We focused our efforts on ecological services provided primarily by birds because they are considered to be especially sensitive to noise pollution owing to their reliance on acoustic communication [11]. However, because not all species respond uniformly to noise exposure [6,7,10,17], we can evaluate how different responses by functionally unique species impact other organisms indirectly and trigger further changes to community structure. We studied ecological services provided by Archilochus alexandri (black-chinned hummingbird) and Aphelocoma californica (western scrub-jay), which serve as mobile links for pollination and Pinus edulis (piñon) seed dispersal services, respectively [18–20]. Because A. alexandri preferentially nests in noisy environments and A. californica avoids noisy areas [5,7], we proposed that their noise-dependent distributions could result in a higher rate of pollination for hummingbird-pollinated plants and disrupt P. edulis seed dispersal services in noisy areas and potentially affect seedling recruitment (figure 1a).
To test these predictions, we used a unique study system that isolates the influence of noise exposure from many confounding factors common to noisy areas, such as vegetation heterogeneity, edge effects and the presence of humans and moving vehicles (see below). We used observations, vegetation surveys and pollen transfer and seed-removal experiments on pairs of treatment and control sites to determine how ecological interactions differ in noisy and quiet areas and whether noise indirectly affects plants that depend on functionally unique avian mobile links.
2. Material and methods
Our study took place in the Rattlesnake Canyon Habitat Management Area (RCHMA), located in northwestern New Mexico. Study area and site details can be found elsewhere [5–7]. Briefly, RCHMA is dominated by woodland consisting of P. edulis and Juniperus osteosperma (juniper) and has a high density of natural gas wells (figure 1b). Many wells are coupled with compressors that run continuously and generate noise at high amplitudes (greater than 95 dB(A) at a distance of 1 m), and, like most anthropogenic noise, compressor noise has substantial energy at low frequencies and diminishes towards higher frequencies (electronic supplementary material, figure S1) [5–7]. Additionally, human activity at wells and major vegetation features in the woodlands surrounding wells do not differ between wells with (noisy treatment sites) and without noise-generating compressors (quiet control sites, figure 1c,d)[7], providing an opportunity to evaluate the indirect effect of noise on supporting ecological services in the absence of many confounding stimuli common to most human-altered landscapes.
(a) Pollination experiment
To determine whether hummingbird-pollinated flowers indirectly benefit from noise, we used a field experiment controlling for the density and the spatial arrangement of hummingbird nectar resources with patches of artificial flowers that mimicked a self-incompatible, hummingbird-pollinated plant common to our study area: Ipomopsis aggregata (electronic supplementary material, figures S2 and S3a). In May 2010, we established seven pairs of treatment and control sites within RCHMA for the pollination experiments. Sites were paired geographically to minimize potential differences in vegetation features within each pair; however, to ensure that background noise levels were significantly different between paired sites, sites were greater than or equal to 500 m apart and resulted in relatively quiet conditions at control sites. The resulting distance between treatment-control pairs was 767 m (±57 s.e.m., minimum = 520 m, maximum = 954 m).
Artificial flower patches were established 125 m from either the wellhead or compressor on control and treatment sites, respectively (electronic supplementary material, figure S2a). The direction of the first patch relative to the wellhead or compressor was determined randomly and the second patch was established 40 m from the first and also at 125 m from the wellhead or compressor. Prior to the experiment, at each patch, we measured background noise amplitude as A-weighted decibels (dB(A)) for 1 min to confirm that noise levels were significantly higher at treatment patches relative to control patches. In all cases, measurements on paired treatment and control sites were completed on the same day and at approximately the same time. We measured amplitude as the equivalent continuous noise level (Leq, fast response time) with Casella convertible sound dosimeter/sound pressure metres (model CEL 320 and CEL 1002 converter). We used 95 mm acoustical windscreens, and we did not take measurements when wind conditions were categorized three or above on the Beaufort Wind Scale (approx. 13–18 km h−1), or when sounds other than compressor noise (i.e. bird vocalizations and aircraft noise) could bias measurements.
Artificial flowers are frequently used in pollination studies [21,22] and those used in our experiment were constructed from 0.6 ml microcentrifuge tubes. This microcentrifuge tube size had been used previously in pollination experiments with A. alexandri [23]. To mimic the appearance of I. aggregata, we wrapped each microcentrifuge tube with red electrical tape (electronic supplementary material, figure S3). Additionally, we attached three small pieces of yellow yarn to provide a substrate for marking flowers with fluorescent dye and subsequent transfer and deposition on other flowers by pollinators. Each artificial plant consisted of three flowers attached to a 53 cm long metal rod with green electrical tape (electronic supplementary material, figure S3b). Patches of plants were arranged in a 3 m2 area with four plants marking each corner and one at the centre (electronic supplementary material, figure S2a).
Plant patches were established simultaneously or one immediately after another (less than or equal to 30 min) on paired sites. Because I. aggregata nectar is 20–25% sucrose [24,25], we filled each flower with a reward of 0.4 ml 25 per cent sucrose solution with pipettes and calibrated plastic droppers, returning each day at approximately the same time to refill the flower with the sucrose reward so that pollinators learned to use the flowers as a foraging resource. Only rarely did we encounter a single artificial flower completely depleted of the reward between visits to replenish the reward, but never all three flowers on the same plant.
We conducted observations to determine pollinator visitation rates at 11 (79%) of 14 pairs of treatment and control patches. Because the establishment of our patches took several days, prior to our observations, four pairs of patches were refilled for 4 days, two patches were refilled for 3 days and five patches were refilled for 2 days and all observed patches had been established for greater than 38 h prior to observation. We then conducted observations at patches on pairs of control and treatment sites simultaneously or one immediately after the other. We watched flowers at focal patches for 15 min and tallied the number of visits to each plant from a distance of 5 m, using binoculars when necessary to identify arthropods visiting the flowers. All non-hummingbird pollinators were separated into their orders (Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera) and we used Poisson generalized linear-mixed models (GLMM) within the lme4 package in R [26] to examine whether patch visitations by A. alexandri or other pollinators differed between treatment and control sites. Individual sites and geographically paired sites were treated as random effects.
Following focal observations, on 28 May 2010, we returned to all patches between 07.00 and 12.00 to refill all artificial flowers with the sucrose reward and uniquely marked one plant per patch with either yellow or red fluorescent powder (Day-Glo Color Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA) such that plants within the same site but at different patches received a unique coloured powder. Use of fluorescent powder as a proxy for pollen transfer is a technique widely used in pollination studies because the transfer of powder is strongly correlated with the transfer of pollen [27,28]. Each patch was permitted 24 h of exposure for pollinator visits before we collected each plant for subsequent examination for powder transfer in the laboratory.
In the laboratory, we used an ultraviolet lamp under dark conditions to record the presence or absence of powder on each inflorescence, noting whether the powder was from the marked plant within the same patch or the patch located at 40 m. We then used Poisson GLMMs to examine within-patch and between-patch pollen transfer with number of individual flowers per patch with transferred pollen as response variables. We treated each site and geographically paired treatment and control site as random effects in all models.
(b) Pinus edulis seed-removal experiment
We conducted P. edulis seed-removal experiments throughout RCHMA to determine whether and how seed-removal rates and the community of seed predators and dispersers respond to noise exposure. Pinus edulis trees within a region typically synchronize production of large-cone crops every 5–7 years [20]. As cones gradually dry and open in September, seeds not harvested by corvids from cones in the canopy fall to the ground where rodents, corvids and other bird species consume and harvest seeds for several months [20]. Monitoring rates of autumn seed removal from the ground can be problematic as seeds continue to fall from trees; therefore, we conducted our experiments in June–July when no other P. edulis seeds were available, similar to other studies that have examined P. edulis seed removal and dispersal during summer months [29].
We used six pairs of treatment and control sites that were geographically coupled. Sites met those same criteria described for the pollination experiment. The mean distance between treatment-control pairs was 821 m (±51 s.e.m., minimum = 642 m, maximum = 1029 m). At each site, we established seed stations at 10 locations within 150 m of each well or compressor (electronic supplementary material, figure S2b). Locations were selected randomly provided that the distance between each station was greater than or equal to 40 m, and each station was located on the ground under a reproductively mature P. edulis tree.
Seed-removal experiments lasted for 72 h with visits to each station every 24 h to quantify the daily rate of seed removal. At the beginning of each 24 h period, we simulated natural seed fall by scattering 20 P. edulis seeds on the ground in a 0.125 m2 area. We then returned 24 h later to document the number of removed seeds, determine whether there was evidence for in situ seed predation by carefully searching the immediate area (approx. 2 m2) for newly opened P. edulis seeds (usually conspicuous as a clumped collection of seed-coat fragments from several seeds) and to again scatter 20 seeds at the station. Evidence of seed predation at a station was defined as whether recently opened (and empty) seed coats were detected during any of the three visits used to quantify seed-removal rate. All seeds were collected locally within RCHMA and were handled with latex gloves so that human scent was not transferred to the seeds. During one of the four visits to each station, we measured background noise amplitude following the methods described above for the pollination experiment.
To document the identity of animals removing seeds, we paired each station with a motion-triggered digital camera (Wildview Xtreme II). Cameras were mounted on a trunk or a branch of an adjacent tree within 1–3 m from the seed station for a clear view, yet positioned in a relatively inconspicuous location to avoid drawing additional attention to the station. Cameras remained on each station for the entire 72 h period and documented both diurnal and nocturnal seed removal. A positive detection of a species removing seeds was recorded only when an individual was documented removing or consuming seeds.
The number of seeds removed per 24 h period was used to calculate a daily mean proportion of seeds removed, which we arcsine square-root transformed to meet assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance. We used linear-mixed models (LMMs) to examine whether the proportion of seeds removed differed between treatment and control seed stations or owing to the presence or absence of individual species. We used binomial GLMMs to determine how the presence of individual species explained in situ seed predation, evidenced by the presence of newly opened P. edulis seed coats. For the models in which we examined the influence of individual species on seed removal or predation, we started with models containing all documented species as predictor variables and proceeded to remove each non-significant variable one at a time based on the highest p-value until only significant effects remained. We used Poisson and binomial GLMMs to examine whether species richness of the seed removing community and detections of individual species differed at treatment and control seed stations, respectively. For all models, we treated each site and geographically paired treatment and control sites as random effects. Some models evaluating detections of individual species on treatment and control sites would not converge; therefore, for these cases, we used χ2-tests to determine whether there was a difference between the total number of detections on control and treatment sites.
(c) Seedling recruitment surveys
In 2007, we completed 129 random vegetation surveys on 25 m diameter vegetation plots (approx. 490 m2) located on nine treatment and eight control sites, some of which were not the same sites used in the seed-removal experiments, which included only six pairs of sites (12 total). Ten treatment sites were surveyed in 2007, but we excluded vegetation plots from one site from this analysis because the compressor was installed in 2006, thus confounding the acoustic conditions during which many seedlings may have been established (see below). Compressors on all other treatment sites had been in place for at least 6 years, but over 10 years for several sites.
Because our fieldwork in previous years had documented an avoidance of noise by A. californica [7], in 2007, we counted all P. edulis seedlings per vegetation plot. We restricted counts of seedlings to those less than or equal to 20 cm to make sure that they had been dispersed and established relatively recently and under the same acoustic conditions that were present in 2007. We assumed seedlings less than or equal to 20 cm had been dispersed and established within the previous 6 years because 1 year-old P. edulis seedlings were measured to have an average height of 5.3 cm [30] and because the closely related Pinus cembroides reaches a height of 1 m at around 5 years old [31]. Thus, our assumptions should be considered conservative. We analysed seedling recruitment with the number of seedlings per plot as the response variable using Poisson GLMMs. Predictor variables included plot location on either a treatment or control site, but also plot-level features that may influence seedling establishment and recruitment, such as the number of shrubs, P. edulis and J. osteosperma trees, the amount of canopy cover, leaf litter depth and the proportion of ground cover classified as living material, dead matter or bare ground. Site identity was treated as a random effect. We followed the same model selection procedure described above for seed removal and seed predation. Data for seedling recruitment, plus data from the seed removal and pollination experiments have been deposited at Dryad (www.datadryad.org; doi:10.5061/dryad.6d2ps7s7).
3. Results
(a) Pollination
Noise amplitude values were significantly higher (approx. 12 dB(A)) at treatment patches relative to control patches (LMM: χ21 = 25.550, p < 0.001, electronic supplementary material, figure S2c) and similar to those experienced approximately 500 m from motorways [32,33]. Focal observations at a subset of patches revealed that several taxa visited artificial flowers supplied with a nectar reward (electronic supplementary material, table S1), yet only A. alexandri visits differed between treatment and control sites. Archilochus alexandri visits were five times more common at treatment patches than control patches (Poisson GLMM: χ21 = 6.859, p = 0.009, figure 2a).
Consistent with more A. alexandri visits to plants in noisy areas, within-patch pollen transfer occurred for 5 per cent of control site flowers, but 18 per cent of treatment site flowers (Poisson GLMM: χ21 = 15.518, p < 0.001, figure 2b) and between-patch pollen transfer occurred for 1 per cent of control site flowers and 5 per cent of treatment site flowers (Poisson GLMM: χ21 = 6.120, p = 0.013, figure 2c). Analyses using the presence or absence of transferred pollen at the patch level revealed the same pattern (within-patch binomial GLMM: χ21 = 8.800, p = 0.003; between-patch binomial GLMM: χ21 = 5.608, p = 0.018).
(b) Pinus edulis seed removal
Noise amplitude values were consistently higher (approx. 14 dB(A)) at treatment seed stations relative to control seed stations (LMM: χ21 = 19.084, p < 0.001, electronic supplementary material, figure S2d), yet neither seed-removal rate (LMM: χ21 = 2.209, p = 0.137), nor documented species richness per seed station differed between sites with and without noise (Poisson GLMM: χ21 = 0.461, p = 0.497).
The majority of animals detected with motion-triggered cameras removing seeds from stations were easily identified to species; however, for two groups, Peromyscus mice and Sylvilagus rabbits, we were not always able to identify individuals to species; therefore, they were assigned to their respective genera. In total, we document 11 taxa removing seeds, nine of which were considered seed predators (electronic supplementary material, table S2). Cameras failed to detect the identity of animals that removed seeds at approximately one station per site, primarily owing to battery failure. However, there was no difference in the number of camera failures between treatment and control sites that would suggest our detections were biased towards one site type over the other (binomial GLMM: χ21 = 0.240, p = 0.624); therefore, any relative differences in detections between treatment and control sites should reflect actual differences between noisy and quiet areas.
Of the nine seed predators documented removing seeds, only one, Pipilo maculatus, was detected more frequently on control sites relative to treatment sites (binomial GLMM: χ21 = 4.133, p = 0.042); a pattern consistent with previous findings that P. maculatus avoids noise in its nest placement [7]. We also documented seed removal by Peromyscus mice and A. californica, considered to be primarily seed predators and important seed dispersers, respectively [20]. Mice were detected at 63 per cent of treatment seed stations and only 45 per cent of control stations (binomial GLMM: χ21 = 4.023, p = 0.045; figure 3a). By contrast, A. californica was detected removing seeds exclusively at control stations (χ21 = 5.486, p = 0.019; figure 3b). Peromyscus mice and A. californica were also the only taxa with strong effects on seed removal and, along with Tamias minimus, were taxa with strong influences on patterns of seed predation at the seed station (i.e. presence of opened seed coats). Seed removal rates were approximately 30 per cent higher at stations where Peromyscus mice or A. californica were documented removing seeds compared with stations where they were not detected (LMM: χ22 = 35.775, p < 0.001; figure 3c,d). Seed predation was positively affected by the presence of Peromyscus mice (βmouse = 0.841 ± 0.412 s.e.) and T. minimus (βchipmunk = 1.199 ± 0.544 s.e.), both typically considered seed predators [20], but negatively affected by the presence of A. calilfornia (βscrub-jay = −2.031 ± 1.005 s.e.; binomial GLMM: χ23 = 13.748, p = 0.003). Indeed, most stations where Peromyscus mice (74%) and T. minimus (81%) were detected also had evidence of seed predation, but only 33 per cent of stations where A. california was detected were there signs of seed predation.
(c) Pinus edulis seedling recruitment
Consistent with the difference in animals removing seeds in noisy and quiet areas, P. edulis seedlings were four times more abundant on control sites relative to treatment sites (βTreatment = −1.543 ± 0.240 s.e.; figure 3e), but number of J. osteosperma trees (βJuniper = 0.036 ± 0.016 s.e.) and the proportion of dead organic ground cover (βDead = 0.023 ± 0.008 s.e.) had small, positive effects on seedling abundance (Poisson GLMM: χ23 = 38.583, p < 0.001). However, neither of these variables, nor number of P. edulis trees, differed between treatment and control sites (juniper LMM: χ21 = 0.726, p = 0.394; dead ground cover LMM: χ21 = 0, p = 1.0; P. edulis LMM: χ21 = 2.560, p = 0.110), suggesting that other habitat features can be excluded as alternative explanations for P. edulis seedling recruitment on treatment and control sites.
4. Discussion
Elevated noise levels affected pollination rates by hummingbirds and P. edulis seed dispersal and seedling recruitment, but the direction of each effect was different. Noise exposure had an indirect positive effect on pollination by hummingbirds, but an indirect negative effect on P. edulis seedling establishment by altering the composition of animals preying upon or dispersing seeds. These results extend our knowledge of the consequences of noise exposure, which has primarily focused on vocal responses to noise [8,34,35], somewhat on species distributions and reproductive success [7,10,32,36] and very little on species interactions [7,14–16]. In an example of the latter, traffic noise negatively affects bat (Myotis myotis) foraging efficiency by impairing its ability to locate prey by listening to sounds generated from prey movement [14]. Here, our data demonstrate that the frequency of species interactions can change without a direct effect of noise on the interaction itself, suggesting that noise exposure may trigger changes to numerous ecological interactions and reverberate through communities.
Increases in pollination rates were in line with our prediction based on the positive responses to noise by A. alexandri, both in terms of nest-site selection [7] and abundances determined from surveys [17]. Our experimental design and use of artificial flowers were advantageous because we could control for variation in density and the spatial arrangement of nectar resources that can influence pollination patterns [37]. However, this approach precluded us from determining whether increases in pollination in noisy areas results in greater seed and fruit production. This is probable for I. aggregata because it can be pollen limited throughout its range [38–40] and fruit set is strongly correlated with pollinator (e.g. hummingbird) abundance [18]. Therefore, noise-dependent increases in A. alexandri abundances [7,17] coupled with increases in visits to artificial flowers in this study is suggestive that I. aggregata plants exposed to elevated noise levels may have greater reproductive output relative to individuals in quiet areas.
Seed removal, seed predation and seedling recruitment data were consistent with one another and our expectations, suggesting that noise has the potential to indirectly affect woodland structure. It is plausible that the suite of species removing seeds may differ in June and July when we conducted our study from that found in the autumn when seeds are typically available. Yet, all species documented removing seeds are year-round residents and their relative abundances are unlikely to fluctuate between treatment and control sites throughout the year. Instead, it is more likely that we underestimated the magnitude of the difference in seed dispersal quality between noisy and quiet areas for two main reasons. First, because A. californica typically provision young with protein-rich animal prey [41], individuals at our study area may have been foraging primarily on animal prey rather than P. edulis seeds during our experiments. Second, our use of seed stations on the ground did not account for seed removal from cones in the canopy by other important seed dispersers, such as Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus (piñon jay); a species that occurs in RCHMA, but also avoids noisy areas [7,42]. The degree to which these factors contribute to reduced seedling recruitment in noisy areas is unknown, but provides an interesting avenue of research for future study.
Although, A. californica and Peromyscus mice had the greatest influence on seed-removal rates, we were unable to track the fate of individual seeds. Nevertheless, these species influenced patterns of seed predation in a manner consistent with knowledge of how these species differ as mobile links for P. edulis seed dispersal and seedling establishment. Evidence of seed predation was less common at seed stations visited by A. californica, potentially reflecting its role as an important disperser of P. edulis seeds. For example, one A. californica individual may cache up to 6000 P. edulis seeds in locations favourable for germination during a single autumn [43]. Many seeds are relocated and consumed, but many go unrecovered and germinate [20]. By contrast, although Peromyscus mice might function as conditional dispersers under some circumstances [44,45], here their presence at a seed station was a strong predictor of seed predation, reflecting their primary role as seed predators [20]. Previous research using experimental enclosures to study caching behaviour in the field supports our findings [29,44]. Peromyscus mice consume a large proportion (approx. 40%) of encountered seeds and typically cache many encountered seeds that are not immediately consumed [44]. Yet, cached seeds are often recovered and eaten (greater than 80%) along with seeds cached by other individuals or species [29]. Thus, the reduced density of seedlings in noisy areas could be explained not only by fewer seeds entering the seed bank as a result of reduced densities of important avian seed dispersers that cache many thousands of seeds, but because seeds present within the seed bank experience elevated rates of predation via cache pilfering associated with noise-dependent increases in Peromyscus mice.
Despite the concordance between our findings and the literature regarding the roles of A. californica and Peromyscus mice on P. edulis seed dispersal and predation, seedling mortality caused by key seedling predators, such as Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer) and Cervus canadensis (elk), could potentially explain the higher density of seedlings in quiet relative to noisy areas. However, ungulates such as C. canadensis appear to avoid areas exposed to noise from high traffic volume [46], suggesting that seedling mortality owing to browsing ungulates should be greater in areas with less noise and leading to a pattern opposite from that which we observed. Still needed are confirmatory studies that track the fate of cached seeds and document patterns of seedling predation within noisy and quiet areas.
Despite the downstream consequences of species-specific response to noise exposure, the mechanistic reasons for species-specific responses are still not clear. Aphelocoma californica may avoid noisy areas because noise can mask their vocal communication. Larger birds with lower frequency vocalizations are more sensitive to noise than smaller species with higher frequency vocalizations because their vocalizations overlap low-frequencies where noise has more acoustic energy [17]. Aphelocoma californica is also the main nest predator in the study area [7,16] and it is possible that noise masks acoustic cues used to locate prey at nests (e.g. nestling and parent calls). It is also possible that these forms of acoustic interference may lead to elevated stress levels that could influence patterns of habitat use [13], but research on this potential link is currently lacking.
In contrast to the direct effect noise may have on A. californica communication and foraging, positive responses to noise by A. alexandri and Peromyscus mice probably reflect indirect responses to noise. Noisy areas may represent refugia from predators and key competitors that typically avoid noisy areas, including jays. For example, A. alexandri may preferentially settle in noisy areas in response to cues indicative of lower nest predation pressure from A. californica. Similarly, Peromyscus mice populations may increase in noisy areas not only because of reduced competition with A. californica and other jays for key-foraging resources, but also in response to reduced predation by nocturnal acoustic predators that may avoid noise [14], such as owls.
That noise may alter patterns of seedling recruitment adds important insights to our earlier work where we found neither P. edulis tree density, nor 12 other habitat features differed between treatment and control sites [7]. This, however, may be slowly changing. Reduced P. edulis seedling recruitment in noisy areas may eventually translate into fewer mature trees, yet because P. edulis is slow growing and has long generation times [47], these initial changes in stand structure could have gone undetected for decades. Such long-term changes may have important implications for the woodland community as a whole by prolonging the negative consequences of noise exposure. That is, noise may not only result in large declines in diversity during exposure by causing site abandonment or reduced densities by many species [7,10], but diversity may suffer long after noise sources are gone because fewer P. edulis trees will provide less critical habitat for the many hundreds of species that depend on them for survival [48].
These separate experiments highlight that noise pollution is a strong environmental force that may alter key ecological processes and services. Over a decade ago, Forman [4] estimated that approximately one-fifth of the land area in the United States is affected by traffic noise, yet the actual geographical extent of noise exposure is undoubtedly greater when other sources are considered. Additionally, this spatial footprint of noise, the anthropogenic soundscape, will only increase because sources of noise pollution are growing at a faster rate than the human population [3]. These data suggest that anthropogenic soundscapes have or will encompass nearly all terrestrial habitat types, potentially impacting innumerable species interactions both directly and indirectly. It is critical that we identify which other functionally unique species abandon or preferentially settle in other noisy areas around the world. Early detection of altered species distributions and the resulting disrupted or enhanced ecological services will be key to understanding the trajectory of the many populations and communities that outwardly appear to persist despite our industrial rumble.
This study was completed in compliance with the University of Colorado Animal Care and Use Committee.
We thank our many research assistants, plus C. Quintero, J. Paritsis and S. Wagner for their help with pollination experiments. We also thank C.A. Botero, C.R. McClain and the anonymous referees for useful suggestions and comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. This work was primarily supported by NSF DDIG (no. IOS 0910092), United States Bureau of Land Management, ConocoPhillips, Williams Energy and U. Colorado Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. C.D.F was supported by the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center (NESCent; NSF EF-0905606).
- Received January 31, 2012.
- Accepted February 28, 2012.
- This journal is © 2012 The Royal Society


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Melky Jean Who Is Wyclef's Sister, Black Da Da, Billy Blue & Red Eyezz - Mamman Pa Cri (Mama Don't Cry) [Produced By Benzino][Proceeds Go To Carma Foundation For Haiti]
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European Commission
Brussels, 20 June 2013
Pensions: Commission welcomes Council agreement on pension portability to facilitate EU worker mobility
European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion László Andor has welcomed the 20th June agreement by the EU's Council of Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs on a general approach on the Commission's proposal for a Directive on improving the portability of supplementary pension rights.
Commissioner Andor commented: "The Council's endorsement of the proposed pension portability Directive is an important step towards ensuring that people can move to work in another Member State without losing their occupational pension benefits. People who exercise their right to free movement should not be penalised. This is important not only for the mobility of individuals, but also for the functioning of a genuine EU labour market. I now urge the European Parliament to adopt the Directive as soon as possible"
The Directive, as it has been agreed upon in Council, requires Member States to implement minimum requirements for the acquisition and preservation of pension rights for people who go to work in another Member State. Member States remain responsible for the conditions under which people change jobs within the same country but the Commission expects that Member States will decide to apply the standards laid down by this Directive also to internal mobility.
Eliminating barriers to the free movement of workers is part of the solution to tackling unemployment, as confirmed in the Commission's April 2012 Employment Package (see IP/12/380). The Council's agreement on the general approach paves the way for adoption of the Directive in the current mandate of the European Parliament.
Statutory pension rights of people working in another Member State have been well protected nearly since the beginning of the European Economic Community thanks to EU-wide coordination of social security systems. An equivalent protection for the increasingly important occupational or 'second pillar' pensions has never been established. Citizens who move between Member States – or even between different occupational schemes within one state – may lose out on their occupational pension, for instance, because of long qualifying (so-called 'vesting') periods.
Directive 98/49/EC on safeguarding the supplementary pension rights of employed and self-employed persons moving within the Community sets out certain rights and obligations for members of supplementary pension schemes and constitutes a first, but very important, step on removing obstacles to free movement relating to supplementary pensions. However, this Directive does not cover the "portability" of supplementary pensions, i.e. the possibility of acquiring pension rights (even for shorter periods of employment than the required minimum "vesting period" or at the beginning of one's career) and keeping pension entitlements by transferring them to a new scheme in the event of professional mobility. A lack of portability can act as a serious disincentive on worker mobility. This is why the Commission proposed on 20 October 2005 a "Directive on improving the portability of supplementary pension rights" (see IP/05/1320 and MEMO/05/384).
The Irish Presidency in May 2013 tabled a revised proposal, which limits the scope of the Directive to cross-border mobility. This was done by defining an "outgoing worker", for the purposes of the Directive, as a worker who engages in employment in another Member State within 2 years. At the same time, Member States are encouraged to ensure equal treatment of workers exercising mobility within a single Member State.
Following extensive preparatory discussions at working group level, the Council has now reached a broad agreement on all the outstanding issues, including the scope, conditions governing acquisition, and the role of employer and trade union representatives.
The current proposal respects the autonomy of employer and trade union representatives, so that Member States can allow employer and trade union representatives to lay down different provisions, if they provide no less favourable protection and do not create obstacles to the free movement for workers.
For more information
László Andor's website
Follow László Andor on Twitter
Subscribe to the European Commission's free e-mail newsletter on employment, social affairs and inclusion: http://ec.europa.eu/social/e-newsletter
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Car Deals
Luxury SUV Deals: May 2013
Choosing the right luxury SUV can be a difficult task. While we can't make the choice for you, we can certainly help you find a good price, whether you're leasing or buying. That's because our list of luxury SUV deals includes some of the top offers available in May on several of our favorite new models.
Acura RDX
The RDX is Acura's smallest SUV. While it doesn't offer 3-row seating, it now has standard V6 power, thanks to a recent redesign. Three incentives are available this month on the RDX. For drivers looking to finance the SUV, Acura is offering interest rates as low as 0.9 percent for up to 36 months. For qualified shoppers interested in leasing, Acura has two deals available in May. The first is a 36-month lease with payments starting at $379 per month after $1,999 due at lease signing. For shoppers who would rather have the gadget-laden Technology Package, the RDX's 36-month lease price increases to $439 per month after $2,499 down at lease signing.
Cadillac SRX
The SRX is Cadillac's midsize SUV, slotting below the large Escalade in the brand's lineup. Through the end of May, Cadillac is offering the SRX with two available incentives. The first is for qualified shoppers looking for the lowest possible interest rate. Those buyers can finance an SRX for 36 months with interest rates as low as zero percent. For drivers who would rather lease an SRX, Cadillac is offering a 36-month lease deal on the SUV in May. Shoppers who take advantage can get payments as low as $399 per month, though they have to put down nearly $4,000. They also have to stay under 10,000 miles per year.
Lincoln MKX
The midsize Lincoln MKX luxury crossover is based on the popular Ford Edge. In May, shoppers can get several deals on the MKX. For drivers looking to lease, the MKX is available for 36 months with payments starting at $379 per month. The only catch: The deal requires putting down nearly $3,700. For drivers looking to finance an MKX, Lincoln also has an offer this month. The SUV is available with 0.9 percent interest for 36 months, 1.9 percent for 48 months or 2.9 percent for 60 months. Lincoln is offering $1,000 cash back for returning Ford buyers, as well, or those trading in a rival automaker's vehicle.
MINI Countryman
The 4-door, 5-seat Countryman is a compact SUV with upscale appointments from BMW's MINI brand. In May, it's offered with one incentive for shoppers interested in financing their next crossover. MINI says qualified buyers looking to finance the Countryman can get interest rates as low as 0.9 percent for up to 36 months. The deal is available on all Countryman models this month, including the turbocharged Countryman S. That model makes 181 horsepower, giving it spry acceleration numbers -- especially with an available stick shift.
Find a MINI Countryman for sale
Volkswagen Touareg
The midsize Volkswagen Touareg shares its platform with the sporty Porsche Cayenne SUV. It also rivals many high-end SUVs, considering its upscale appointments. In May, Volkswagen is offering the Touareg with two available deals. The first one is for shoppers looking to finance the Touareg. That deal gives qualified buyers the chance to get interest rates as low as 0.9 percent for up to 66 months. Lease shoppers also get an incentive in May. Through the end of the month, the Touareg is available for 39 months with payments from just $579 per month -- an offer that requires nothing down at lease signing.
Find a Volkswagen Touareg for sale
What it means to you: Today's best luxury SUV deals are listed for drivers who want a high-end vehicle with go-anywhere capabilities.
Incentives can vary based on where you live, so residency restrictions may apply. Also, only buyers with very good credit will qualify for most of these deals. Not all incentives are available to all customers.


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As if to mask his disappointment, Lakers forward Ryan Kelly covered his face with his right hand.
As if to show his personal glee, Lakers guard Kendall Marshall documented Kelly's anguish and posted the video online.
Duke had just lost to Mercer on Friday in the first round of the NCAA men's basketball tournament, and that meant inevitable trash talking from a former North Carolina standout (Marshall) to an upset Blue Devil (Kelly).
"Salute, the fighting Mercer's," Marshall tweeted before posting a video on Vine that showcased Kelly's anguish.
Kelly still has plenty of reasons to stay in high spirits, though. After the Lakers selected him with the 48th pick of the 2012 NBA draft, Kelly overcame heftier odds than perhaps Mercer's upset to become a part of the purple and gold's rotation.
Despite missing all of summer league and most of training camp with a surgically repaired right foot, Kelly eventually ascended up the Lakers' depth chart because of his shooting and floor spacing.
"I wanted to prove to everybody that I deserve to be in this league," Kelly said. "Whenever you're a second-round pick, you only have a one-year, non-guaranteed deal. You have to prove to everybody that you deserve to be here. Most people would agree I keep working, I can play in this league."
Entering the Lakers' game Friday against Washington at Staples Center, Kelly averaged 11 points, 5.3 rebounds, 4.3 rebounds and 1.5 blocks in the previous four games.
"Ryan knows how to play," D'Antoni said. "He plays hard and is smart."
D'Antoni immediately mentioned how Kelly needs to spend this summer improving his lanky 6-11, 222-pound frame.
"He has to keep improving his strength. Not bulk, but strength to be able to hold his own in the low post," D'Antoni said. "He has to get a quicker shot. His shot is flat."
Consider it done. Even before D'Antoni offered that feedback, Kelly vowed he needed to improve in the same areas.
"Just physically get more stronger and more athletic," said Kelly, who hopes to re-sign with the Lakers this offseason. "Just continue to expand my game. The more I can become a real knockdown shooter, the more I'll be able to do the other things I can do."
Moment of clarity
After returning in his first game in five weeks after nursing nerve irritation in his back, Steve Nash reported receiving mostly positive feedback to his admission in a Grantland.com video series that he was partly motivated to play next season to collect the $9.7 million owed to him.
"Anyone who has some sort of critical thinking ability in the situation would think, "Who wouldn't?'" Nash said. "People respect the fact that's honest. Anyone who wouldn't say that is not trustworthy."
He said it
D'Antoni on Lakers forward Jordan Hill arriving late to Thursday's practice and missing the team photo: "They have Photoshop now. It's no problem."
Injury update
Wesley Johnson missed the Lakers-Wizards game with an upper respiratory infection … Lakers center Chris Kaman had X-rays on his sore right foot that came back negative.


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Zhilan Feng, a professor of mathematics at Purdue University, is collaborating with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to develop a mathematical model for studying medication strategies for influenza, which has become increasingly important in the wake of the worldwide H1N1 outbreak.
Feng says Mathematica is the perfect tool for their study because it gives them the computational power to do very complicated mathematics while also providing the interactive capabilities to create user-friendly visualizations that policymakers can use to explore the consequences of their decisions. "With Manipulate, you can see the changes in the parameter values and associated changes in dynamics, and that makes the research much more efficient and saves time," says Feng. "It's easier for [policymakers] to see the link between their actions and the consequences, and then they can adjust their control strategies."
Another key advantage for Feng is Mathematica's Import function, which enables her team to immediately work with the most current influenza and H1N1 data available. "As more data about this outbreak becomes available, we can instantly import it, redo our calculations, and get better results. Then, we can improve predictions and design better control policies."


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NEW YORK, Oct. 22, 2012 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Madison Square Garden Company (Nasdaq:MSG) will host a conference call to discuss results for its fiscal first quarter ended September 30, 2012 on Friday, November 2, 2012 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The Company will issue a press release reporting its results prior to the market opening.
To participate via telephone, please dial 877-347-9170 with the conference ID number 40282492 approximately 10 minutes prior to the call. The call will also be available via live webcast at www.themadisonsquaregardencompany.com under the heading "Investors".
For those who are unable to participate on the conference call, you may access a recording of the call by dialing 855-859-2056 (conference ID number 40282492). The call replay will be available from 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time, Friday, November 2, 2012 until 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Friday, November 9, 2012. The webcast replay will be available on the website until Friday, November 9, 2012.
About The Madison Square Garden Company
The Madison Square Garden Company is a fully-integrated sports, media and entertainment business. The Company is comprised of three business segments: MSG Sports, MSG Media and MSG Entertainment, which are strategically aligned to work together to drive the Company's overall business, which is built on a foundation of iconic venues and compelling content that the company creates, produces, presents and/or distributes through its programming networks and other media assets. MSG Sports owns and operates the following sports franchises: the New York Knicks (NBA), the New York Rangers (NHL), the New York Liberty (WNBA), and the Connecticut Whale (AHL). MSG Sports also features the presentation of a wide variety of live sporting events including professional boxing, college basketball, track and field and tennis. MSG Media is a leader in production and content development for multiple distribution platforms, including content originating from the Company's venues. MSG Media's television networks consist of regional sports networks, MSG Network and MSG+, collectively referred to as MSG Networks; and Fuse, a national television network dedicated to music. MSG Networks also include high-definition channels, MSG HD and MSG+ HD, and Fuse includes its high-definition channel, Fuse HD. MSG Entertainment is one of the country's leaders in live entertainment. MSG Entertainment creates, produces and/or presents a variety of live productions, including the Radio City Christmas Spectacular featuring the Radio City Rockettes. MSG Entertainment also presents or hosts other live entertainment events such as concerts, family shows and special events in the Company's diverse collection of venues. These venues consist of Madison Square Garden, Radio City Music Hall, The Theater at Madison Square Garden, the Beacon Theatre, The Chicago Theatre, the Forum in Inglewood, CA, and the Wang Theatre in Boston, MA. More information is available at www.themadisonsquaregardencompany.com.
The Madison Square Garden Company logo is available at http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/prs/?pkgid=7079
CONTACT: Kimberly Kerns Senior Vice President Communications The Madison Square Garden Company (212) 465-6442 Ari Danes, CFA Vice President Investor Relations The Madison Square Garden Company (212) 465-6072
Source:The Madison Square Garden Company


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Help support your Meetup
PS2G is a Local Game for Global Change based in NYC. Our mission is to restore dignity and encourage generosity through soccer.
How: By creating a safe, supportive and generous adult pickup soccer culture By helping soccer charities tell their stories and raise funds through soccer
The tendency is for unorganized pickup games to become hostile environments that breed disagreeable behavior. Our goal is to encourage positivity, safety and generosity. We are creating positive social change amongst our supporters in addition to our charity partners.
We start each game with a few words about the power of giving and encourage safe and supportive play. We cheer when nobody else is cheering. Together, we are perfecting the art of pickup soccer by creating generous environments where all good things can flourish
So far we have: Raised funds and awareness for 10 charities Organized 1,300 fundraising pickup games Granted $22,848 since 2010 from local pickup games ($10,000 in 2014 alone) Encouraged generosity to 2,300 adult players Trained 40 community game leaders Directed 2 "soccer for social good" documentaries
You can lead a fundraising pickup game or sign up to an existing one.
Games are low cost!
Leaders play for free!
Big Goals When Possible!
Friendliest Games (Ask Anyone)!!
All of the proceeds support our charity partners ultimately promoting the safe play of soccer for children in need.
Nelson Mandela said, "Sport has the power to change the world…It speaks to youth in a language they understand. Sport can create hope where once there was only despair." PS2G aims to support financially and raise the awareness of soccer charities that are positively affecting the lives of children and acting as catalysts for social change.
Check out our website:
PS2G is a nonprofit successfully operating since 2010 with 501(c)(3) tax exempt status.
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Staten Island
Several crooks took part in a violent gunpoint mugging in Clifton, authorities said.
Vincent Williams, 20, Eon Struthers, 19, and several unknown accomplices allegedly approached the victim in a deli on Osgood Avenue near Vanderbilt Avenue, at about 9 p.m. Tuesday.
One thug snarled, "Give me your stuff or I'll shoot you," and the goons punched the victim in the face and took his wallet and cellphone, according to a spokesman for DA Daniel Donovan.
Williams and Struthers were busted on robbery and assault charges. Their cohorts are on the loose.
A thug shot a man in Queens Village, authorities said yesterday.
The unknown assailant shot the victim in the arm shortly before 8:15 p.m. Tuesday at Springfield Boulevard and 112th Avenue, according to an FDNY spokesman.
EMS rushed the man to Jamaica Hospital, and he was expected to survive.
It was not immediately clear if an arrest had been made.
A spitter was busted for propelling a gob at a man in Downtown Brooklyn, authorities said.
Jeremiah Dinkins allegedly approached the victim at about 8:45 a.m. on Oct. 21 on Schermerhorn Street near Smith Street and spit in his eye, according to court papers.
It was not immediately clear if the two were acquainted.
Dinkins was charged with attempted assault and harassment.
The Bronx
Police are seeking the public's help in finding a Pelham Bay man missing for more than two weeks, authorities said.
Peter Gribben (pictured), 62, was last seen at his home on Pelham Parkway near St. Paul Avenue at about 4 p.m. on Oct. 15, cops said.
He's described as about 5-foot-7 and 130 pounds, with blue eyes, brown hair and a head scar.
He was wearing a green sweater, jeans, dark shoes and glasses, police said.
A robbery victim gave up his leather jacket, but the teen thief still shot at him in Tremont, authorities said.
Jonathan Ferrell, 18, approached the victim at about 3:15 a.m. Saturday on East Tremont Avenue and allegedly pointed a .25-caliber pistol at him, court papers state.
"Don't move or I'm going to shoot you!" Ferrell allegedly snarled.
The victim put his black and red leather Pelle Pelle jacket on the ground, but the thug fired three to four shots in his direction, records show. No one was hit in the gunplay.
Ferrell was busted on robbery and weapons- possession charges.


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posted by Thom Holwerda on Wed 28th Sep 2005 12:24 UTC
Vista Beta 1 and Longhorn Server Beta 1 include a new implementation of the TCP/IP protocol suite known as the Next Generation TCP/IP stack. The Next Generation TCP/IP stack in Windows Vista and Windows Server Longhorn is a complete redesign of TCP/IP functionality for both IPv4 and IPv6 that meets the connectivity and performance needs of today's varied networking environments and technologies. Elsewhere, will Office 12 be named... Office Mondo?


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If you are self-employed, visit the Self-Employed Individuals Tax Center page for information about your tax obligations.
Understanding Employment Taxes
Understand the various types of taxes you need to deposit and report such as, federal income tax, social security and Medicare taxes and Federal Unemployment (FUTA) Tax.
Depositing and Reporting Employment Taxes
You must deposit federal income tax withheld and both the employer and employee social security and Medicare taxes. You also must report on the taxes you deposit, as well as report wages, tips and other compensation paid to an employee.
Employment Tax Due Dates
You must deposit and report your employment taxes on time.
Correcting Employment Taxes
"X" forms are used to report adjustments to employment taxes and to claim refunds of overpaid employment taxes. There are several additional ways to address adjustments to the employment taxes you reported on your return.
E-file Forms 940, 941, 943, 944 or 945 for Small Businesses
If you are a small business owner, you have two options to e-file tax forms of the 94x series.
Updating Your Business Address
There are several ways to notify the IRS that your address has changed.