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First Annual Westmoreland Croquet Club Tournament - 6/13/10
Mallets and hoops were overflowing on the field at the University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg as more than 1,800 guests clad in de rigueur white attire filled the lawn for the First Annual Westmoreland Croquet Club Tournament (formerly the Greensburg Croquet Tournament). The match, sponsored by First Commonwealth, was held to benefit a whole community of organizations. The nationally sanctioned tournament had more than 115 teams competing, and even held youth and children's tournaments to make it a family-oriented event. "It's a community favorite," says club president Ernie Valozzi. "It's the one fundraiser in Westmoreland County that everyone looks forward to happening and plans around it."Read More
Photography by Megan Wylie Ruffing
Photography by Megan Wylie Ruffing
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GREENVILLE, Ill. -- The men's basketball team came away with an exciting 77-73 win as they defeated Spalding on a special night recognizing eight seniors Monday.
Greenville had a very well balanced scoring night with four players scoring in double figures. Markeith Brown and K.J. Hilliard shared the ownership of top scorer with 14 points each. Jonas McBride and Dondrale Campbell chipped in with 11 and 10 points respectively.
Brown and Hilliard also led the Panthers in rebounds with five each. Greenville had 11 players with an assist but leading the way were Campbell and Brown with three each.
The men's basketball team needed to win for any hope of making the SLIAC post-season tournament and have now improved to 15-9 overall and 10-6 in the SLIAC. The Panthers will now have their eyes on a tomorrow night matchup between MacMurray and Eureka with Greenville needing Eureka to win for them to advance into exciting post-season play at Webster on Thursday night.

subset: commoncrawl


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£1,000 reward in dog death case in Fife
A reward of £1,000 has been offered to help catch the person who tied a dog to a tree and burnt it to death in Fife.
The animal, thought to be a Staffordshire terrier or Staffordshire cross, was found dead in a wooded area in the north of Kirkcaldy on 28 April.
The dog was tied to the tree, doused in flammable liquid and set alight.
The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Peta) charity has put up the four-figure reward for information leading to an arrest and conviction.
'Sickening act'
Animal abusers are a threat to the whole community and their behaviour is likely to escalate if it is not stopped, the group warned.
Police and animal welfare workers described the premeditated attack as a barbaric and sickening act of cruelty which would have caused the animal great pain before it died.
Ben Williamson, Peta spokesman, said: "It is imperative that any community faced with sadistic and violent acts such as this takes measures to find the culprit or culprits and bring them to justice.
"Animal abusers are a danger to everyone. They take their issues out on whomever is available to them - human or non-human - and must be caught before they act again."
It is understood that Police Scotland had a positive response to their appeal for information about the case and are following a positive line of inquiry.
Police can be contacted on 101 and the Scottish SPCA can be reached by dialling 03000 999 999.


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University of Rochester biologists Vera Gorbunova and Andrei Seluanov have won a 2009 Cozzarelli Prize for their pioneering research on the causes of cancer resistance in naked mole-rats.
Their paper, "Hypersensitivity to contact inhibition provides a clue to cancer resistance of naked mole-rats," was one of six papers published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) in 2009 to be given the Cozzarelli Prize. The award recognizes papers of "outstanding scientific excellence and originality."
Naked mole-rats, extremely odd-looking rodents that dwell in underground caverns, have exceptionally long life spans (up to 30 years). Cancerous tumors have never been found in a naked mole-rat. Gorbunova's and Seluanov's research demonstrated that this is because mole-rats' cells have an unusual regulation of a gene called p16 that makes the cells "claustrophobic," stopping the cells' proliferation when too many of them crowd together, cutting off runaway growth before it can start.
The scientists hope that this research can eventually be extended to be used in treatments for cancer in humans.
Gorbunova and Seluanov will receive the prize at the PNAS Editorial Board Meeting on April 25 in National Harbor, Maryland.
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Ellison Medical Foundation.


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ETC > NSA Home > Math 3-5 >
Fraction and Decimal Review Podcast
Students will use Use iPod, iTalk, iTunes, Garageband, and Keynote to create podcasts of student-created review questions.
- Students will create and solve problems.
- Students will write and edit detailed scripts of their problem solving procedure.
- Students will record their written scripts.
- List topics covered on board or other centralized location. In this lesson the focus is fractions and decimals (the basic operations, conversions, etc.) but could be applied to other areas and units of math.
- Have students sign up for topics, one that they feel very confident in and another that they know they struggle with.
- Have students create and solve problems for each of their topics. Check in on their progress from time to time to assure they are headed in the right direction.
- Have students create written, detailed scripts of how they solved their problems.
- Go through the editing process with these scripts until they are acceptable (this is truly up to the teacher). I focused on content, presentation and correctness when my students went through the process.
- As students complete their scripts, have them take an iPod with iTalk attachment to a quiet place and instruct them how to record their scripts. Once they have a first take, have students listen to their recording.
- At this point, students (and teacher) may want to reevaluate the script, the recording, or even the problem that the student created until the final product is acceptable.
done by teacher:
- Import the Voice Messages from the iPod into iTunes, convert them to AAC format.
- Open Garageband, create a new podcast, import the AAC audio file.
- Open Keynote, create slides showing student problem solving steps.
- Export slides as jpegs from Keynote, import into iPhoto, back in Garageband import photos.
- In Garageband, edit audio file and Keynote images until they are in sync with each other. Add sounds, clapping, musical introduction to spice it up.
- Export either to iTunes or iWeb and you have an instant Podcast!
Sunshine State Standards
NETS Profiles for Technology Literate Students
- Use keyboards and other common input and output devices (including adaptive devices when necessary) efficiently and effectively.
- Use general purpose productivity tools and peripherals to support personal productivity, remediate skill deficits, and facilitate learning throughout the curriculum.
- Use technology tools (e.g., multimedia authoring, presentation, Web tools, digital cameras, scanners) for individual and collaborative writing, communication, and publishing activities to create knowledge products for audiences inside and outside the classroom.
- Use telecommunications and online resources (e.g., e-mail, online discussions, Web environments) to participate in collaborative problem-solving activities for the purpose of developing solutions or products for audiences inside and outside the classroom.
- Wireless laptops
- GarageBand
- iTunes or iWeb
- Keynote
- iPod
- iTalk
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ETC > NSA Home > Math 3-5 >Fraction and Decimal Review Podcast: Students will use Use iPod, iTalk, iTunes, Garageband, and Keynote to create podcasts of student-created review questions.


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Creative Kitchen Compost Keepers
It can be stinky, and an unpleasant surprise should you stumble on it unexpectedly, but kitchen compost is anything but trash. Kitchen composters typically house scraps from cooking, so they don't require too much maintenance if you have an outdoor compost or city-wide composting programs. Just store it, empty it, and clean it now and then. So how do you tie in this kitchen essential without distracting from the design of your kitchen? Take some tips from fellow compost-inclined minds and see what ideas they have to share.
Here is the skinny on the compost keeper types out there:
Bio Bags Compost Keeper: One of the most cost-effective items on the market, and easiest to keep clean, the Bio Bags designed MaxAir compost keeper is a great utility item. The great things about these compost keepers are their ventilation, price point, door latches (so you can hang it by a handle or two back latches underneath the sink), and there aren't any filters to replace. Did we mention it is also made from 100% post consumer content?The downsides are its less than beautiful design, and if you want everything to be compostable, you must fill these with compostable kitchen bags. Prices range from $8 - $15 dependent on retailer.
Ceramic, Stainless Steel, and Copper Compost Keepers: Now enter the more beautiful sister to the MaxAir. These composters are typically designed to fit several kitchen styles, so you can keep them right on the counter. They come with filters that must be replaced every so often, and the containers should be cleaned every few times the jar is emptied since there isn't an easy bag removal like the MaxAir. That said, they are very popular, durable, and only have the occasional investment of charcoal filters that run around $5. Prices range from $20 - $75 dependent on material and size.
Clay and Jar Keepers: Popping up across Etsy and other creative sites are clay pots and jars for kitchen compost. Some are designed to function with ease for both its constant top removal in the kitchen, as well as pouring it into a larger bucket for the outdoor compost. But buyer be ware. Not all handmade compost keepers are equal. Watch for ventilation, the ease to fill and empty the vessel, and the ease of cleaning. Some Etsy composters tend to be more experimental than functional so read up before purchasing these. Prices vary considerably as do the sizes.
And now for the good stuff...
DIY Keepers: Now who says you need a fancy composting system if you are just holding kitchen scraps for short periods of time? Using cookie jars that don't seal completely or other fun items that add flair to your kitchen can also work if they are emptied frequently enough. Other common items are plastic bins with holes poked in the top, cardboard food cylinders like oatmeal containers, or flour jars that have lost their seal.
Happy Composting!
(Images: BioBags USA, NorPro, Appleware Pottery)


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Reading the forum on your cell phone? There's an easier way. We've enabled a Tapatalk app that makes browsing the forum a whole lot easier. Check it out in the iPhone or Android store if you don't own it already.
is this voter intimidation? http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/koch-industries-sends-pro-romney-packet-employees-195709471--election.html
So glad this is over. Everyone worked up over the choice between Coke and Pepsi. Whoever wins, we lose.
And it is still Bush as the worst president ever,
Page created in 0.185 seconds with 31 queries.


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|Fantastic! Just tell us what you're interested in doing, or just tell us that you want to volunteer! NO EXPERIENCE IS NECESSARY!
Intercon J is brought to you by NEIL, New England Interactive Literature, as one of the semi-annual Live Action Role-Playing conventions of the Live Action RolePlayers Association. It's a convention dedicated to LARPs, LARPers and LARPing. It's also more than just games, though! There will be vendors, parties, social get-togethers, and other LARP-related events.
Our goal is to bring together the best LARPs we can find, of all styles and genres, in one weekend, so that you can't help but find a game or three (or five!) that you just have to play. We are always looking for new and different styles of games, for short games, long games, small games and bigger games. We always have a great crowd of wonderful LARPers waiting to get into character and costume. It doesn't matter if this is your first experience with a LARP convention or if you're an old hand; there's something for everyone, and we try to help newcomers fit right in.
Intercons are organized and run by a large group of volunteers, all of whom are LARP enthusiasts. We welcome new people to the process.


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Parallax : Scrolling Muse Theme
Parallax scrolling and portfolio based adobe muse website theme template available now from THNDRBOLT theme shop. This muse template is mobile ready with customizable edge animation!
Our Features
- Parallax scrolling on objects and background image
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- Customized Tablet version included
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- Full Documentation
- Use over 100 fonts from Typekit
Connect With Us
We have a lot more themes the THNDRBOLT theme shop including Free graphic files made in Illustrator & Photoshop. You can also learn more about how to use Adobe Muse by visiting our Tutorials Page and watching videos. Don't hesitate to email or tweet us any questions you might have or praise! Thanks for purchasing our theme.


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VA: Veterans' Benefits Would Stop in Long Shutdown
(CNN) — The Department of Veterans Affairs clarified itself Saturday, saying that if a government shutdown occurs, and lasts at least a month, not all compensation and pension payments would continue.
"Those benefits are provided through appropriated mandatory funding, and that funding will run out by late October. At that point, VA will be unable to make any payments," spokeswoman Victoria Dillon said in a statement to CNN.
The agency earlier this week said all payments would be handled.
Dillon said the agency has excepted certain workers — meaning they can work if there is a shutdown. That means claims can be processed and beneficiaries can receive payments during a shutdown that lasts less than a month.
Among the benefits in question would be disability and GI Bill payments.
The change in position came after VA officials briefed staff members of the House and Senate veterans affairs committees Friday and other congressional staff who pushed for more information about the status of benefits if a shutdown occurs, one congressional aide confirmed to CNN.
The Washington Post first reported the call.
"Our nation's heroes, who are already waiting too long for the benefits they deserve, shouldn't be held at the mercy of gridlock and dysfunction in Washington, D.C.," said Sen. Patty Murray (D-Washington), chairman of the Senate Budget Committee.
By Kevin Bohn, CNN


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|2007-06-28, 22:04
|Link #1043
Gregory House
IT Support
I know most people interested in football here are European, but I wanted to remark Argentina's win tonight against the US in the initial match of the Copa America (or America Cup, whatever you call it there ) 4 - 1.
The match started better for the yanks with a penalty (and a consecuential goal), but then we Argies proved what we're all cracked up to be with four goals and general ownage.
Go Argentina!
|2007-07-13, 21:17
|Link #1045
Kira_Naruto, the ecchi
Graphic Designer
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: http://www.exciting-tits.com/
Indeed I am as well.. despite losing our captain
And this season's new signings send shivers to me, Torres, Hargreaves, Bianchi, Babel, da silva, Bramble ... Season are definitely would be a bang
.. couldn't help but to include the last one
|2007-07-13, 23:36
|Link #1046
Gregory House
IT Support
This happened on Wednesday. I almost broke my kitchen table when it happened.
Messi's on the way to becoming the number 1 player in the world, without a damn doubt.
Such a gem. And it's ours! ALL OURS! Mwahahahahaha!
Last edited by WanderingKnight; 2007-07-13 at 23:54.
|2007-07-14, 04:01
|Link #1047
Senior Member
Join Date: May 2004
Riquelme (and the midfield protecting him) has been the most important for Argentina this cup. I really hope you beat Brazil.
|2007-07-14, 06:33
|Link #1048
Destroyer of the Good
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: U.K
Age: 30
Whats happening to my beloved Leeds United!?! We still can't buy players because of the cursed FL but at least we're allowed to start the season. How are we supposed to win it now though with no players, our squad is bare thin? I hate the Chelsea scum that is at my club at the mo!
|2007-07-14, 12:15
|Link #1050
Gone for Good
Join Date: Apr 2004
(Sucks having to live more than 12 hours away from South America, a reason why South American football is not well-known compared to European football in my parts of the world, because no one can be bothered to wake up that early, especially not when it gets in the way of school/work. On the other hand, it can be a good thing because audiences can be pleasantly surprised by the occasional "gem" emerging at the next World Cup. )
Brazil has been doing quite well under Dunga. They were definitely more fluid compared to their anemic performances in last year's WC where the previous coach insisted on stifling the team with "star players" who aren't even in-form. A bit like England.
Speaking of England, hats-off to Jamie Carragher for telling McClaren to f*** off and deciding to quit England after he picked Ledley King and Wes Brown ahead of him. For eight years he had to endure being behind John Terry, Sol Campell, Rio Ferdinand and Jonathan Woodgate in the pecking order for the centre-back position.
Whenever one of them was injured, he was always left out and asked to "fill in" other empty positions, which he isn't good at, and then unfairly gets blamed for his performance there.
When you look at Carragher's Liverpool record, it has always been consistent, so it's baffling that McClaren and Eriksson before him can overlook him for other defenders.
A while ago this radio host decided to be clever and called Carragher a "bottler" (not sure what it really means, but something akin to a "loser") for "giving up so easily". However, the host never thought that Carragher himself would actually call in, and was promptly given a piece of Carragher's mind. Simply classic.
|2007-07-15, 18:14
|Link #1054
Gregory House
IT Support
Fuck, I can't help but say I'm saddened and stunned by what happened in the final match of the Copa America. Football's a bag of surprises, they say, and this turned out true today, in the match between Brazil and Argentina.
Argentina made a near-perfect tournament by winning all of the matches, scoring 16 goals and receiving only 3 in a total of 5 matches. On the other hand, Brazil had lost one match and their clash with Uruguay in the semifinals ended up in a draw (they got to the final by penalty shootout), overall a much crappier tournament than Argentina.
However, today they played a smart game. Unfair play was at the order of the day, with an unnerving amount of fouls made by Brazil in the center of the field, effectively cutting the flow of the game and isolating our top players. With the help of the Brazilian physical superiority (and the extra day of rest their players had had), their extremely tight defense didn't let our players' technical superiority shine enough. And then again, a stunning effectiveness in their attackers' feet was key to their success. Before the match got 3 - 0, both teams had had almost the same amount of goal attempts.
Football's full of surprises. And today's surprise has been one of the saddest for me. Our team had shown a clear superiority over the rest of the teams we faced during the tournament, and Brazil had only shined once, against the crippled Chile (which showed less first team players in their match due to a scandal which had involved some of them some nights ago).
Brazil 3 - Argentina 0. Brazil keeps the Copa America for themselves once again. I am however, kind of relieved--Argentina showed a heck of a performance in the matches before the final. If we can correct what went wrong today, then the future may appear brighter.
|2007-07-15, 20:43
|Link #1055
IT Support
Bahrain beats Korean Republic 2-1 in Asian Cup. Yaay!!! This will increase my country (Indonesia)'s chance to go to the quarter final! All we need is at least draw against Korea and bahrain should be lose/draw against Saudi Arabia with least score available...
|2007-07-16, 02:02
|Link #1056
Paranoid Android
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: Wherever you go, there you are
It can be that they weren't brilliant this time around (as we always expect them to be, or expect that the underdog beat them), but Brazil has always had a better team than Argentina, that's a fact that shows on how many matches and world coups they have won, not to say the average quality of their players, which is below no other nation in the world.
|2007-07-16, 08:19
|Link #1057
Dubstep - DZ
Join Date: Jul 2007
|2007-07-16, 10:40
|Link #1058
Gregory House
IT Support
There was always Maradona, too
|football, soccer
|Thread Tools


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Meteorology Merchandise
Help support Penn State Meteorology's student organizations! All proceeds benefit Campus Weather Service, PSUBAMS and PSU Storm Chase Team. Please contact Ginger Kowalchuk at firstname.lastname@example.com if you'd like to purchase any of these items. If items must be shipped, a nominal shipping charge will apply.
PSU Meteorology Heather Blue
Short Sleeve $10 (All sizes S-XXL)
Long Sleeve $20 (All sizes S-XXL) Dry Fit fabric
PSUBAMS Long Sleeve
Navy or Grey $20 (All sizes S-XXL)
PSUBAMS Hoodie Sweatshirt - $30.00 each (All sizes available s-xxl)
Storm Chase Umbrella $15
Storm Chase T-Shirt (2 Sided Gray) $15.00 (All sizes available)
Storm Chase Magnet $8 (3x10 inches)
Chi Epsilon Pi Shirt front and back design $15 (Sizes S-XL)
PSUBAMS two sided T-Shirt SALE $5.00
Sticker (2"x8") $2 ea. or 3 for $5
Water Bottle - $5


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Home / Mascot Costumes / Mascot Costumes - Frogs - 1
This sub-category of our Halloween fancy dress costumes and accessories store is for mascot costumes - Frogs. There are currently 3 products for you to choose from.
This is page 1 of 1.
To view the details of a product in this sub-category, select it from the list of Frogs mascot costumes shown below.
If you cannot find what you are looking for, use the search box at the top of this page to search this Halloween fancy dress costumes and accessories store.


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(BPT) – Winter can stretch for a very long time in many areas of the country, and with the extensive cold often comes the temptation to let weight loss goals fall by the wayside.
If you've set out to lose weight and get healthy in 2013, but are not sure how to keep going another month, much less the rest of the year, take advice from Registered Dietitian Anika DeCoster, program manager of the 90-Day Challenge for Life Time Fitness, The Healthy Way of Life Company. In its third year the national weight loss contest has helped a total of 58,000 people lose a cumulative 145,000 pounds.
"A great weight loss program provides a combination of the right exercise, nutrition and lifestyle factors, including stress management and good sleep," DeCoster says. "In addition, I've noticed that those who succeed in losing the most weight take their efforts further in order to win the competition."
She says adopting these five strategies can improve your chances of winning at weight loss.
1. Find your motivation.
You can't lose weight because your doctor said to, or your spouse hinted you should, or a close friend passive-aggressively suggested it. "Real winners spend time thinking about and identifying their own motive for losing weight," DeCoster says. "The more emotion you put into something, the more likely you'll commit for the long term. Spend time reflecting and understanding why you'll stop at nothing to achieve your overall goal." This doesn't mean you have to face your weight loss challenge alone, DeCoster adds. "But acknowledge that you are the only one to actively change your behavior."
2. Learn how and make it a habit.
"As the saying goes, 'motivation is what gets you started, but habits are what keep you going,'" DeCoster says. Forming healthy lifestyle habits will lead to long-term weight loss success. But making changes takes work and time. "Most people know what they need to do but often prevent their own success because they never take the time to learn how," DeCoster says. "For example, you might want to eat healthier and know that you should eat more vegetables, but if you don't know strategies to add more vegetables to your diet, your success will be limited." Do your research or hire a coach to help you learn about sound nutrition and exercise.
3. Write your goal down, and publicize it.
A 2007 study from Dominican University in California reported that people who put their goals in writing are more successful than those who think about them. Success rate increases further by making those goals public. Participants in the study who merely considered their goals succeeded 43 percent of the time, whereas those who wrote goals down increased their success rate to 64 percent. Those who wrote down their goals and reported their progress weekly to a friend succeeded an average of 76 percent. Thanks to the Internet, you can share your progress via social media. In fact, a study published this month in Translational Behavioral Medicine revealed that participants in a weight loss program who also used Twitter as a support tool lost more weight.
4. Take a "before photo."
You might want to skip this step, but don't; real winners take before photos seriously. A before photo is the starting line, the benchmark to stay motivated and be reminded of how far you've come. DeCoster says photos should show as much skin as you would in a swimsuit and should capture front, back and side views. "When you are the one losing weight, it can be hard to see the daily metabolic change that is going inside of your body," DeCoster says, adding that along with the photo make sure you jot down starting weight and measurements.
5. Focus on good behaviors to master, not bad behaviors to stop.
Make your weight loss journey a positive one. "Instead of telling yourself you really need to stop eating fast food for lunch, focus more on planning and packing lunches instead. Instead of telling yourself you can't have any sweets, remind yourself you're choosing healthier rewards," DeCoster explains. The shift may seem subtle, but the payoff to the approach results in long-term lifestyle changes.
If these tips from competitive weight loss winners aren't enough, entering a weight loss competition yourself could fortify your resolve. A 2009 study published in the journal Obesity concluded that team-based competitions can successfully reduce BMI and obesity rates within participating groups.
"Group dynamics can boost weight loss success," says DeCoster, whose 90 Day Challenge kicks off Feb. 9 (www.lifetime-weightloss.com/90day). "Sharing your expectations with teammates and having a team hold you accountable, while supporting you at the same time fosters a no-fail atmosphere and inspires you to achieve a healthy way of life."


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Michael Vick, who had choice words for Rob Ryan in training camp after the Dallas defensive coordinator took a shot at the "all-hype" Eagles, took the high road on Wednesday when Dallas-area reporters rehashed Ryan's August comments.
But DeSean Jackson said Thursday that Ryan's words were "uncalled for" because he was a coach and the Eagles wide receiver wouldn't have the opportunity to give Ryan "a shot" for saying "something crazy."
"For a coach to really say that, it's hard for me to kind of respect that because the coach is not really out there playing," Jackson said. "He's doing a good job of calling plays, putting his defense in the right position to stop the offense. You know, as far as the defensive coordinator to predict that, that's unheard of, uncalled for.
"It'll be good if his players said that, then I could I understand that. We're out there on the field with him so I would able to get a chance to get a shot at that player if he said something crazy. But for a coach, it ain't like I can run on the sideline and tackle the coach or run past him and score a touchdown."
The two teams face off for the first time this season Sunday night at Lincoln Financial Field. Both squads have had disappointing starts. The Eagles are 2-4 and the Cowboys 3-3, but the Eagles' slow start has generated great interest around the league because of the "Dream Team" roster they assembled.
Ryan mocked Vince Young's unfortunate July comparison between the Eagles and the 1992 U.S. Olympic men's basketball team and after the team became the toast of the NFL during the preseason.
"I don't know if we win the all-hype team," Ryan told reporters then in a thickly veiled shot at the Eagles. "I think that might have gone to somebody else, but we're going to beat their ass when we play them."


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TechNet has published the following Resource Kit chapter:
Chapter 28 - Evaluating Memory and Cache Usage
Use the Performance console and other Microsoft® Windows® 2000 tools to assess available memory and to observe the effects of a memory shortage, a common cause of poor computer performance. Examine the effectiveness of the file system cache — an area of physical memory where recently used data read from or written to the disk is mapped for quick access. In addition, use Windows 2000 tools to investigate memory problems caused by applications that have not been optimized.
Related Information in the Resource Kit
For general information about performance monitoring, see "Overview of Performance Monitoring" in this book.
For more information about developer tools see the Microsoft ® Windows ® 2000 Resource Kit companion CD, or see the MSDN link on the Web Resources page at http://www.microsoft.com/windows/reskits/webresources/default.asp .
Quick Guide to Monitoring Memory
Use this quick guide to view the topics and tasks related to monitoring memory usage in Microsoft® Windows® 2000 Professional.
Learn about memory requirements.
Memory has such an important influence on system performance that monitoring and analyzing memory usage is one of the first steps you take when assessing your system's performance.
See "Overview of Memory Monitoring" later in this chapter.
Verify that you have the appropriate amount of installed memory.
A memory shortage is a significant cause of performance problems. Therefore, one of the first steps in examining memory usage is to rule out the existence of a shortage by learning both how much memory is required for the operating system and your workload and how much is available on your system.
See "Determining the Amount of Installed Memory" later in this chapter.
Establish a baseline for memory usage.
A performance baseline is the level of performance you can reliably expect during typical usage and workloads. When you have a baseline established, it becomes easier to identify when your system is experiencing performance problems, because counter levels are out of the baseline range.
See "Establishing a Baseline for Memory" later in this chapter.
Use memory counters to identify excessive paging, memory shortages, and memory leaks that slow system performance.
Changes in memory counter values can be used to detect the presence of various performance problems. Tracking counter values both on a system-wide and a per-process basis helps you to pinpoint the cause.
See "Investigating Memory Problems" later in this chapter.
Monitor how your applications use the file system cache,and learn to use the cache and memory counters to evaluate application efficiency.
The cache and memory counters provide information about how applications running on your system make use of the file system cache. To accurately assess cache efficiency, you need to understand which counters to use and how to interpret their values.
See "Resolving Memory and Cache Bottlenecks" later in this chapter.
Tune or upgrade memory resources as needed to improve performance.
When you have determined the cause of a memory bottleneck, you can undertake steps to correct the problem by adding memory, removing unnecessary services, tuning inefficient applications, or other tuning methods.
See "Resolving Memory and Cache Bottlenecks" later in this chapter.
What's New
Users of Microsoft® Windows® 98 and Microsoft® Windows NT® version 4.0 Workstation will notice a few changes in Windows 2000 with respect to memory resources and utilization. The following list provides a brief summary of the changes in features for these operating systems.
Changed from Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000 Professional enlarges the default size of the paging file to 1.5 times the amount of installed random access memory (RAM).
Users of Microsoft® Windows NT® Workstation version 4.0 will notice the new counters under the Memory performance object in System Monitor: Available KBytes and Available MBytes, reporting the amount of available memory in kilobytes and megabytes, respectively, rather than only in bytes as reported by Memory\Available Bytes . The Memory performance object counters are similar to the Memory Manager items . The Cache object counters are similar to the Disk Cache items available in Windows 98 System Monitor, but are named differently in Windows 2000 .
Task Manager's display of file-system cache size has been modified from Windows NT Workstation 4.0 for greater accuracy. The value reported by System Cache in Task Manager represents the currently mapped file system cache plus pages in transition to disk. These were not included in values reported under Windows NT 4.0.
Overview of Memory Monitoring
Low memory conditions can slow the operation of applications and services on your computer and impact the performance of other resources in your system. For example, when your computer is low on memory, paging — that is, the process of moving virtual memory back and forth between physical memory and the disk — can be prolonged, resulting in more work for your disks. Because it involves reading and writing to disk, this paging activity might have to compete with whatever other disk transactions are being performed, intensifying a disk bottleneck . (A disk bottleneck occurs when disk performance decreases to the extent that it affects overall system performance.) In turn, all this work by the disk can mean the processor is used less or is doing unnecessary work, processing numerous interrupts due to repeated page faults . (Page faults occur when the system cannot locate requested code or data in the physical memory available to the requesting process.) In the end, applications and services become less responsive.
Figure 28.1 illustrates the sequence in which you conduct the monitoring process. Memory has such an important influence on system performance that monitoring and analyzing memory usage is one of the first steps you take when assessing your system's performance.
Figure 28.1 Role of Memory Monitoring in Overall Monitoring Sequence
In the first phase of analyzing memory usage, you need to understand your current memory configuration and workload. To help you do this, use the steps in the following list:
Determine the amount of physical memory that is currently installed, and compare it against minimum operating system requirements.
Read "Understanding Memory and the File System Cache" later in this chapter for information about the relationship between system memory and the file system cache.
Establish a baseline for memory usage on your computer by determining performance ranges for low or idle, average, and peak usage periods.
Optimize the system memory configuration to the system workload, including verifying cache and paging file sizes.
Focus subsequent monitoring on how your system uses memory, and on identifying memory shortages or other problems, by taking the following steps:
Look at memory characteristics of processes using the Process\Working Set and Process\Private Bytes counters. The Working Set counter reports the amount of committed memory allocated to the process. This might include shared and private bytes currently residing in physical memory. The Private Bytes counter reports memory allocated exclusively to the process. Working set monitoring is important because, when memory is in short supply, the operating system trims the working sets of processes and paging occurs. (The working set of a process is the amount of physical memory assigned to that process by the operating system.)
Monitor the counters listed in "Investigating Disk Paging" later in this chapter to understand the relationship between the amount of paging and the amount of disk activity and their effect on overall performance. Excessive paging can burden the disk.
Determine the effectiveness of the file system cache. Your system performs better when it can find requested data in the cache, rather than when it must read from the disk.
Learn how to tune the working sets of applications, if you have access to source code. Efficient applications maintain a small working set without generating page faults.
Determining the Amount of Installed Memory
Start your monitoring efforts by knowing that you have at least the minimum amount of memory required to run Windows 2000. Windows 2000 Professional requires at least 32 megabytes (MB) of memory.
The memory recommendation for Windows 2000 Professional is based on a typical desktop configuration including a business productivity application, such as a word processor or a spreadsheet program, an e-mail application, and a Web browser.
There are a few different ways to determine the amount of memory on your computer. You can find the amount of physical memory installed on your system by clicking the Performance tab in Task Manager. Or you can find the amount of available RAM by double-clicking System in Control Panel , and then clicking the General tab.
Note You can see the memory configuration on local or remote systems by using System Information. For more information about System Information, see Windows 2000 Professional Help.
The operating system distinguishes memory usage by applications and services depending on whether the usage involves the paged or the nonpaged pool . The paged pool contains memory for objects used by applications and services that can be paged to disk; objects in the nonpaged pool cannot be paged to disk . The operating system determines the size of each pool based on the amount of physical memory present . Memory pool usage can be an important factor in evaluating memory usage by your applications . For more information about memory pools, see "Investigating User-Mode Memory Leaks" and "Investigating Kernel-Mode Memory Leaks" later in this chapter .
The file system cache, which is a subset of physical memory used for fast access to data, and the disk paging file , which supports virtual memory , influence the amount of memory used by the operating system and applications . (The disk paging file, also called a swap file, is a file on the hard disk that serves as temporary, virtual memory storage for code and data.) Virtual memory is the space on the hard disk that Windows 2000 uses as memory . For purposes of monitoring, the most important types of virtual memory are committed memory (shown under Memory\Committed Bytes) that the system sets aside for a process in the paging file and available memory (shown under Memory\Available Bytes) that is not in use by a process . (Another type of memory managed by Windows 2000 is reserved memory, which the system sets aside for a process, but which might not be entirely used.) The following sections describe the influence of the cache and the paging file on performance and explain how best to adjust these for optimal memory usage .
Understanding Memory and the File System Cache
Windows 2000 allocates a portion of the virtual memory in your system to the file system cache . The file system cache is a subset of the memory system that retains recently used information for quick access. The size of the cache depends on the amount of physical memory installed and the memory required for applications. The operating system dynamically adjusts the size of the cache as needed, sharing memory optimally between process working sets and the system cache.
Microsoft® Windows® 2000 Server provides a user interface for adjusting the size of the file system cache, but this user interface is not available in Windows 2000 Professional. For information about adjusting the file-system cache size on systems running Windows 2000 Server, see "Evaluating Memory and Cache Usage" in the Microsoft® Windows® 2000 Server Resource Kit Server Operations Guide .
Adjusting Paging File Size
For virtual-memory support, Windows 2000 creates one paging file called Pagefile.sys on the disk or volume on which the operating system is installed. The default size is equal to 1.5 times the amount of physical memory. A small paging file limits what can be stored and might exhaust your virtual memory for applications. If you are short on RAM, more paging occurs, which generates extra activity for your disks and slows response times for the system.
Because the size and location of paging files can affect your system's performance, you might want to modify them. Also, because maintaining multiple files on multiple physical drives can improve performance, you might want to add a paging file. Figure 28.2 shows the Virtual Memory dialog box, which you use to change your paging file settings. See Windows 2000 Professional Help for specific instructions.
Figure 28.2 Virtual Memory Dialog Box
The following guidelines describe how to optimize the paging file.
Set the Same Initial and Maximum Size
Setting the paging file's initial size and maximum size to the same value increases efficiency because the operating system does not need to expand the file during processing. Setting different values for initial and maximum size can contribute to disk fragmentation.
Expand the Default Size
Expanding the default size of the paging file can increase performance if applications are consuming virtual memory and the full capacity of the existing file is being used. To determine how large your paging file needs to be based on your system workload, monitor the Process (_Total)\Page File Bytes counter. This indicates, in bytes, how much of the paging file is being used.
You can also determine the appropriate size of a paging file by multiplying the Paging File\% Usage Peak counter value by the size of Pagefile.sys. The % Usage Peak counter indicates how much of the paging file is being used. Consider expanding the page file whenever either this counter reaches 70 percent of the total size in bytes of all paging files or the Memory\% Committed Bytes In Use counter reaches 85 percent, whichever occurs first.
A large paging file uses disk storage space, so do not create a large paging file on a disk that is very active (for example, one that services heavy application or network activity) or one that has limited space. Change the file size gradually and test performance until you find the optimal balance between paging file and disk space usage. The operating system requires a minimum of 5 MB of free space on a disk. For more information, see "Examining and Tuning Disk Usage" in this book.
Move the Paging File
If disk space on your boot volume is limited, you can achieve better performance by moving the paging file to another volume . However, you might want to leave a smaller paging file on the boot volume and maintain a larger file on different volume with more capacity for the sake of recoverability . Depending on how you have configured your system's startup and recovery options, the configuration might require that you maintain a paging file of a certain size on the boot volume . Therefore, make sure to consider your startup and recovery settings when planning to move the paging file . For more information about startup and recovery options such as writing debugging information, see Windows 2000 Help .
Use Multiple Disks
Although Windows 2000 supports a limit of 4,095 MB for each paging file, you can supply large amounts of virtual memory to applications by maintaining multiple paging files. Spreading paging files across multiple disk drives and controllers improves performance on most modern disk systems because multiple disks can process input/output (I/O) requests concurrently in a round-robin fashion.
A mirrored or striped volume is a good candidate for the placement of a paging file. Placing the paging file on its own logical partition can prevent file fragmentation. Creating multiple paging files on a single logical volume or partition does not improve performance.
If you find that page writing and disk writing or page reading and disk reading are equivalent on a logical disk, splitting the paging file onto separate volumes is helpful.
Note To see how the paging file is used during memory shortages, start the LeakyApp tool on the Windows 2000 Resource Kit companion CD, which simulates memory leaks for monitoring purposes. While running LeakyApp, monitor Paging File\% Usage Peak and Process(_Total)\Page File Bytes. Log these counters to get an idea of the rate of growth of the paging file.
Establishing a Baseline for Memory
After determining that you have an adequate amount of physical memory and that your configuration is appropriate, examine your physical memory usage under a normal workload to establish a baseline or reference point for physical memory usage . The baseline is generally not a single value but a range within which physical memory usage can fluctuate and still provide acceptable performance . You can use the baseline to identify trends, such as increasing physical memory demands over time, or to recognize problems that arise from a sudden change .
To determine a baseline for your system, use the following counters to create logs of memory usage over an extended period (from several weeks to a month).
\Memory\Available Bytes
\Paging File(_Total)\% Usage
As you monitor the values of these counters, you might see occasional spikes. Typically, you can exclude these from your baseline because it is the consistent, repetitive values with which you are most concerned; the range of values that seem to appear consistently constitutes your baseline. When values fall outside of these ranges for extended periods, follow the instructions provided in this chapter to investigate the variations.
Virtual Memory Usage
Even if your system exceeds the minimum physical memory requirements for the operating system, you might face situations in which you do not have enough physical memory. For example, if you run several memory-intensive applications or if several users share your computer, the available physical memory of your system might be consumed, affecting your system's performance.
To see how much virtual memory your Windows 2000 Professional–based computer uses, start all applications and use Task Manager to see the Peak Commit Charge value. This value appears in the Commit Charge box on the Performance tab. Commit charge is the number of pages reserved for virtual memory that are backed by the paging file.
Peak committed memory is the highest amount of virtual memory (in bytes) that has been committed over this sample. To be committed, these bytes must either have a corresponding amount of storage available on disk or in main memory. Compare this value against the size of the paging file to determine whether the paging file is sized appropriately.
Under Computer Management , use Shared Folders under System Tools to view this information.
Default Services Memory Consumption
In general, Windows 2000 has been optimized so that only the most commonly used services run by default, and you do not have to turn off any services. However, you can reduce the memory requirements of your system by turning off some of the default services provided by the operating system. Administrators have access to Services in the Administrative Tools menu by default.
To stop a service
From the Start menu, point to Programs and Administrative Tools , and then click Services .
Right-click the name of the appropriate service, and then click Stop .
This procedure stops the service for the current session. To disable the service permanently, you need to change the value for service startup in the properties dialog box for the service. To use this dialog box, click Services in the Administrative Tools menu or in the Computer Management console. Right-click the service you want to change, select Properties in the shortcut menu, and then change the value to Disabled in the Startup type box.
Investigating Memory Problems
After you have observed memory usage under normal conditions and established your memory baseline, you might notice that the memory counters sometimes stray from the typical range. The following sections describe how to investigate conditions that cause memory values to deviate from the baseline.
The following activities help you to learn about and analyze memory usage and memory bottlenecks by using System Monitor counters and other tools:
Investigating memory shortages
Investigating disk paging
Investigating user-mode memory leaks
Investigating kernel-mode memory leaks
Monitoring the cache
Resolving memory and cache bottlenecks
Table 28.1 summarizes the most important counters to monitor for analyzing memory usage.
Table 28.1 Counters for Analyzing Memory Usage
|To monitor for
|Use this Object\Counter
Memory shortages
Memory\Available Bytes Process (All_processes)\Working SetMemory\Pages/secMemory\Cache Bytes
Frequent hard page faults
Memory\Pages/secProcess (All_processes)\Working Set Memory\Pages Input/sec Memory\Pages Output/sec
Excess paging with a disk bottleneck
Memory\Page Reads/secPhysical Disk\Avg. Disk Bytes/Read
Paging file fragmentation
PhysicalDisk\Split IOs\secPhysicalDisk\% Disk Read TimePhysicalDisk\Current Disk Queue LengthProcess\Handle Count
Memory leaks; memory-intensive applications
Memory\Pool Nonpaged AllocationsMemory\Pool Nonpaged BytesMemory\Pool Paged BytesProcess(process_name)\Pool Nonpaged BytesProcess(process_name)\Handle CountProcess(process_name)\Pool Paged BytesProcess(process_name)\Virtual BytesProcess(process_name)\Private Bytes
Cache Manager efficiency
Cache\Copy Read Hits %Cache\Copy Reads/secCache\Data Map Hits %Cache\Data Maps/secCache\MDL Read Hits %Cache\MDL Reads/secCache\Pin Read Hits %Cache\Pin Reads/secTo identify cache bottlenecks, also use Memory\Pages Input/sec with these counters.
Important The LogicalDisk object counters are not available by default. If you want to monitor the values for these counters, you must first activate the counters by typing diskperf – yv at the Windows command prompt.
Investigating Memory Shortages
Your system can develop a memory shortage if multiple processes are demanding much more memory than is available or you are running applications that leak memory. Monitor the following counters to track memory shortages and to begin to identify their causes.
Memory\Available Bytes indicates how much physical memory is remaining after the working sets of running processes and the cache have been served.
Process ( All_processes )\Working Set indicates the number of pages that are currently assigned to processes . When there is ample memory, the working set structures can fill with pages that are not currently needed to do work but that were needed in the past and might be needed in the future . Because there is no memory shortage, the working set structures are not trimmed . As a result the working set approximates pages that have been referenced in a longer period of time . However, when memory is in short supply, the working set might be trimmed . As a result, the working set in that case approximates the number of pages referenced in a much shorter period of time .
Memory\Pages/sec indicates the number of requested pages that were not immediately available in RAM and had to be read from the disk or had to be written to the disk to make room in RAM for other pages. If your system experiences a high rate of hard page faults, the value for Memory\Pages/sec can be high.
To maintain a minimum number of available bytes for the operating system and processes, the Virtual Memory Manager continually adjusts the space used in physical memory and on disk. In general, if memory is ample, working set sizes can increase as needed. If the memory supply is barely adequate or very close to the amount required, you might see the operating system trim some working-set sizes when another process needs more memory—at startup, for example. Figure 28.3 illustrates this situation.
Figure 28.3 Working Set Values of Processes as One Process Starts Up
If the value for MemoryAvailable Bytes is consistently below the system-defined threshold and the value for MemoryPages/sec spikes continuously, it is likely that your memory configuration is insufficient for your needs. To confirm that a high rate of paging is related to low memory, see "Investigating Disk Paging" later in this chapter.
Note You might see a low value for Memory\Available Bytes, which is not caused by a memory shortage, in the following situations:
During large file-copy operations such as a system backup. In this case, you can verify that the copy operation is the cause by also monitoring Memory\Cache Bytes. You typically see Memory\Cache Bytes rise as Memory\Available Bytes falls. Otherwise, you need to investigate the cause as described in this chapter.
The working sets of processes have become smaller and there is no demand for pages for other purposes. In this case the number of available bytes might be low but there is no need to trim working sets and there are few if any page faults.
To identify processes associated with low-memory conditions, examine memory usage by specific processes, and determine whether a process is leaking memory as described in "Investigating User-Mode Memory Leaks" and "Investigating Kernel-Mode Memory Leaks" later in this chapter.
If available memory is consistently low (2 MB or less), the computer becomes unresponsive because it is occupied exclusively with disk I/O operations . During paging due to low memory, the processor is idle while waiting for the disk to finish . Therefore, it is important to investigate and correct the cause of a low-memory condition . Notice which processes are running as well as the sizes of their working sets as you monitor memory counters . The processes might need to be updated or replaced if they are contributing to memory shortages and you do not want to acquire additional memory .
For information about how to address a memory shortage, see "Resolving Memory and Cache Bottlenecks" later in this chapter.
Investigating Disk Paging
Use memory counters that report paging activity to identify memory shortages resulting in disk bottlenecks. Start by monitoring the memory counters and working set values as you did when checking for a memory shortage in the preceding section. Confirm that hard page faults are occurring by using the Memory\Pages/sec counter.
If hard page faults are occurring, monitor disk counters to assess how the disk is behaving during paging: whether it is busy with other work or with handling page faults. Monitor disk paging by using the following steps and associated counters:
Confirming Hard Page Faults
To confirm hard page faults, examine boththe hard page fault rate by using MemoryPages/sec and the working sets of active processes by using Process(process_name )\Working Set, as described in "Investigating Memory Shortages" earlier in the chapter. Memory Pages/sec is the sum of Pages Input/sec and Pages Output/sec and reports the number of requested pages that were not immediately available in RAM and had to be read from the disk (resulting in hard page faults) or that had to be written to the disk to make room in RAM for other pages . Monitoring the working sets of processes enables you to correlate a particular application's memory usage with page faulting . When memory is in short supply, working sets are continuously trimmed and page faults are frequent .
Acceptable rates for Memory\Pages/sec range from 40 per second on older portable computers to 150 per second for the newest disk systems. Use a shorter monitoring period on client computers than on server computers (updating once per second is appropriate) because paging activity can occur in bursts on clients. Paging activity tends to reach a steady state on server computers; therefore, longer-term monitoring is appropriate.
Note Page Fault Monitor (Pfmon.exe), a tool on the Windows 2000 Resource Kit companion CD, lists hard and soft page faults generated by each function call in a running process. You can display the data, write it to a log file, or both. For more information, see Windows 2000 Resource Kit Tools Help (W2rktools.chm) on the Windows 2000 Resource Kit companion CD.
You can also monitor page faults and memory management data by using Trace Logs in the Performance snap-in. For more information, see "Overview of Performance Monitoring" in this book.
When values exceed the acceptable range for your type of disk, investigate disk activity to determine whether the faulting is causing a disk bottleneck. Memory\Pages Input/sec reflects the rate at which pages were read from the disk and thus gives you data on hard page faults. Depending on the capabilities of your disk, high values can indicate a lack of memory that is sufficient to hurt system performance. See Figure 28.4 for an example of page faulting.
Note You might see high levels of paging with Memory\Pages/sec when pages are read to and from noncached, memory-mapped files. When these files are used in this way, Memory\Pages/sec or Memory\Available Bytes is high but Memory\Paging File\%Usage and Memory\Cache Faults/sec are normal to low.
Figure 28.4 Paging Activity on a System with Low Memory
The other component of Memory\Pages/sec, Memory\Pages Output/sec, indicates the rate at which pages were written to the disk . Although this activity does not generate hard page faults, disk-write activity can indirectly reflect a memory shortage and indicates additional disk activity . This is because, as the Virtual Memory Manager needs to trim pages from a working set, it might find that some pages contain changed data . In this case, the changed data must be written to disk to free the pages . When memory is in ample supply, Memory\Pages Output/sec is likely to be low because there is less need to free changed pages and write that data to disk . For more information about investigating applications that generate disk-write activity, see "Examining and Tuning Disk Usage" in this book .
Assessing the Effect of Page Faults on the Disk
To understand the impact of page faulting on the disk, examine the number of disk operations that occur as a result of paging . If paging activity dominates your disk's workload, a memory shortage is causing a disk bottleneck . Start by looking at Memory\Page Reads/sec . This counter indicates the number of read operations by the disk that were required to retrieve faulted pages . Compare the number of reads performed against the number of pages faulted to determine how many pages are retrieved per read . A high ratio of reads to faults means a large number of pages are not found in physical memory and are being demanded from the disk, creating a disk bottleneck .
Next, determine what proportion of your disk's overall work is occupied with reading pages from memory. To do this, compare page reads against disk reads. If there is a correlation between the values of Memory\Page Reads/sec and PhysicalDisk\Disk Reads/sec, it is likely that paging activity makes up the majority of your disk activity and might be causing a disk bottleneck.
To see the relationship between paging and disk read operations from a different perspective, monitor the value of PhysicalDisk\Avg Disk Read Bytes/sec while you are monitoring Page Reads/sec . The Avg Disk Read Bytes/sec counter indicates the rate at which the disk is transferring data during reads . Because this is a measurement of bytes rather than of pages or of the number of reads, you need to convert to identical units . Use the following formula for this purpose: value of PhysicalDisk\Disk Read Bytes/sec / 4096 (number of bytes in a page) .
If the result is approximately equal to the value of Page Reads/sec, paging activity is the bulk of your disk read activity, and the memory shortage represented by heavy paging activity might in turn be causing a disk bottleneck . To see whether this activity is reaching a rate high enough to cause poor disk performance, see your disk manufacturer's documentation for the number of I/O transactions per second you can expect from your disk . Disks currently available can sustain a transfer rate of 70 I/O operations per second . For more information about locating disk bottlenecks, see "Examining and Tuning Disk Usage" in this book .
Figure 28.5 illustrates disk activity associated with paging activity when memory is low.
Figure 28.5 Disk and Paging Activity When Memory Is Low
Investigating User-Mode Memory Leaks
A memory leak occurs when applications allocate memory for use but do not free allocated memory when finished. As a result, available memory is used up over time, often causing the system to stop functioning properly. Therefore, it is important to investigate the causes of all memory leaks. This section describes how to identify memory leaks, including ones that affect the critical nonpaged memory pool, and where to find tools and information that can help reduce memory leaks.
Note It is sometimes possible to mistake an increase in system load for a memory leak . To distinguish between these conditions, observe the Memory and Process counters over a number of days . If you see the system first reach a steady state, then attain a level of increased load (usually achieved during some peak portion of the day), and then fall again, it is likely that you are seeing variations in load rather than a leak . On network computers, look at user sessions and throughput rates, such as transferred bytes per second, to eliminate workload as a factor .
Identifying a Memory Leak
The symptoms of a memory leak include the following:
A gradually worsening response time.
The appearance of an error message, shown in Figure 28.6, indicating that the system is low on virtual memory. (Another message box might precede this, indicating that virtual memory has been exceeded and that the system has increased the paging file size automatically.)
Figure 28.6 Out of Virtual Memory Error Message
The appearance of error messages indicating that system services have stopped.
If you suspect that a particular application or service is causing a memory leak, investigate the memory use of your applications by using the following counters:
Memory\Available Bytes reports available bytes; its value tends to fall during a memory leak.
Memory\Committed Bytes reports the private bytes committed to processes; its value tends to rise during a memory leak.
Process( process_name )\Private Bytes reports bytes allocated exclusively for a specific process; its value tends to rise for a leaking process.
Process( process_name )\Working Set reports the shared and private bytes allocated to a process; its value tends to rise for a leaking process.
Process( process_name )\Page Faults/sec reports the total number of faults (hard and soft faults) caused by a process; its value tends to rise for a leaking process.
Process( process_name )\Page File Bytes reports the size of the paging file; its value tends to rise during a memory leak.
Process( process_name )\Handle Count reports the number of handles that an application opened for objects it creates. Handles are used by programs to identify resources that they must access. The value of this counter tends to rise during a memory leak; however, you cannot rule out a leak simply because this counter's value is stable.
Monitor these counters over a period ranging from two hours to a few days. Logging is recommended, both because of the overhead of monitoring multiple instances of the Process counters and because leaks tend to manifest themselves slowly.
In addition, to isolate the problem and avoid unnecessary overhead, monitor from a remote computer, if possible. Network activity or interaction with other computers can interfere with the results.
Memory Leaks and the Nonpaged Pool
Although any leak is serious, memory leaks are of particular concern when they involve the nonpaged pool. Many system services allocate memory from the nonpaged pool because they need to reference it when processing an interrupt and cannot take a page fault at that time. To identify whether or not a leak affects the nonpaged pool, include the following counters in your monitoring:
MemoryPool Nonpaged Bytes
MemoryPool Nonpaged Allocs
Process(process_name) Pool Nonpaged Bytes
Note Because the internal counters used by Task Manager, Process Monitor, and System Monitor to measure the size of the nonpaged pool for each process are not precise, it is recommended that you monitor changes in the overall pool size over time (a few days, for example), rather than rely on the absolute, instantaneous values reported for each process . The counter values are estimates that count duplicate object handles as well as space for the object . Also, because the process pool size counts are rounded to page size, pool space is overestimated when a process uses only part of a page . In contrast, total pool size counts are precise . Therefore, the sum of pool sizes for each process might not equal the value for the whole system.
The counters on the Memory object monitor the total size of the nonpaged pool and the number of allocations of pool space for the whole system. The counter on the Process object monitors nonpaged pool space allocated to each process.
To use System Monitor to monitor the nonpaged pool for leaks, follow these steps:
Record the size of the nonpaged pool when the system starts. Then log the Memory and Process objects for several days; a 10-minute update interval is sufficient.
Review the log for changes in size of the nonpaged pool. Usually, you can associate any increases in the size of the pool, as indicated by MemoryPool Nonpaged Bytes, with the start of a process, as indicated by Process% Processor Time. Also look at individual Process object counters such as Process\Handle Count, Process\Private Bytes, Process\Nonpaged Pool Bytes, Process\Paged Pool Bytes, and Process\Threads. During a memory leak, you might also see rising values for these counters.
When processes are stopped, you typically see a decrease in pool size. Any growth in the nonpaged pool is considered abnormal, and you need to distinguish which process is causing the change in pool size.
You might also want to monitor the number of active threads before and after running the process (use the Performance tab in Task Manager or the ObjectsThreads or Process(_Total)Thread Count counters). A process that is leaking memory might be creating a large number of threads; these appear when the process starts and disappear when the process stops.
Watch the value of MemoryPool Nonpaged Bytes for an increase of 10 percent or more from its value at system startup to see whether a serious leak is developing.
The following additional tools provide information about the paged and nonpaged memory pools as listed in Table 28.2. These tools collect their data from the same sources.
Table 28.2 Tools That Provide Information About Memory Pools
|Tool Name
Memsnap (memsnap.exe)1
Records system memory usage to a log file.
Windows 2000 Support Tools
Process Monitor (pmon.exe)1
Provides total and per process values for nonpaged and paged pool memory. Also monitors the committed memory values shown in the Pmon display for increases; the process with the leak typically has an increasing value reported under Commit Charge.
Windows 2000 Support Tools
1 These tools are useful because they show allocations on a per-process basis.
For information about installing and using the Windows 2000 Support Tools and Support Tools Help, see the file Sreadme.doc in the \Support\Tools folder of the Windows 2000 operating system CD.
For a quick demonstration of a memory leak, start LeakyApp, a test tool on the Windows 2000 Resource Kit companion CD, and observe the values of the monitored counters. Notice the steady increase in the following counters: Memory\Pages/sec, Process(LeakyApp) \Working Set, and Process(LeakyApp)\Private Bytes.
Figure 28.7 illustrates counter activity during a memory leak generated by the LeakyApp tool.
Figure 28.7 Process Memory Activity During a Memory Leak
Although the memory leak illustrated in Figure 28.8 has a systemic effect, the problem can be tracked to a single cause—the leaking application. If you have an application that exhibits similar behavior, it is recommended that you either modify it (if you have access to the source code) or replace it with another program.
Developer tools for analyzing and tuning memory usage by applications are available on the Windows 2000 Resource Kit companion CD. For more information about developer tools, see the MSDN link on the Web Resources page at http://www.microsoft.com/windows/reskits/webresources/default.asp .
The following tools optimize memory-intensive applications.
Application Monitor (ApiMon) on the Windows 2000 Resource Kit companion CD monitors page faults caused by an application and reports them by using Microsoft® Win32® function calls.
The Working Set Tuner (WST) on the Software Development Kit (SDK) analyzes the patterns of function calls in your application code and generates an improved function ordering to reduce physical memory usage. One objective of tuning your working set is to arrive at the smallest possible working set without causing page faults.
Virtual Address Dump (Vadump) on the SDK creates a list that contains information about the memory usage of a specified process, including address size, total committed memory for the image, the executable file, each dynamic-link library (DLL), and heap usage.
The nonpaged pool size and the paged pool size are set by default during Windows 2000 Setup based on your memory configuration . The maximum nonpaged pool size is 256 MB . The maximum paged pool size is approximately 470 MB . The actual size varies depending on your configuration . More physical memory results in less paged pool because the virtual address space must instead be used to contain more critical memory-management structures . The pool sizes are defined in the registry in the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \System \CurrentControlSet \Control \Session Manager\Memory Management subkey .
To extend the file system cache working set from 512 MB to 960 MB, set the value of the PagedPoolSize registry entry to 192000000, set SystemPages to 0, and make sure that the system is optimized for file sharing with LargeSystemCache set to 1. To make the maximum virtual address space available to the paged pool, set the PagedPoolSize registry entry to –1, provided your system is not using the /3GB Boot.ini switch.
Typically you do not need to set the NonPagedPoolSize entry because on systems with more than 1.2 GB of memory, the system automatically defaults to the maximum nonpaged pool size. If you need to set the NonPagedPoolSize value, set it to the value you want (in bytes); do not set it to – 1.
Investigating Kernel-Mode Memory Leaks
Kernel-mode processes, such as device drivers, can also leak memory when bytes are allocated but not freed . Again, you typically track these over a period of several hours or days, but instead of relying on System Monitor counters, use Pool Monitor (Poolmon.exe) . For information about Pool Monitor, see Windows 2000 Support Tools Help . For information about installing and using the Windows 2000 Support Tools and Support Tools Help, see the file Sreadme.doc in the \Support\Tools folder of the Windows 2000 operating system CD .
Pool Monitor (Poolmon.exe) shows the amounts of nonpaged and paged memory that were allocated and freed, calculates the difference between these, and associates the data with a function tag to help you identify the process involved. By default, Windows 2000 is configured not to collect pool information because of the overhead. To use Poolmon, you must enable the pool tag signal. Use Gflags.exe to make the change. In Gflags, select the Enable Pool Tag check box. For information about using Poolmon and Gflags, see Support Tools Help. For information about installing and using the Windows 2000 Support Tools and Support Tools Help, see the file Sreadme.doc in the \Support\Tools folder of the Windows 2000 operating system CD.
The pool tag is a mechanism for identifying the driver or other part of the kernel allocated to a particular portion of memory . These tags can be examined to reveal memory leaks and pool corruption, and the offending code component can be determined by finding which code component is allocated to which tag . Look for a tag with rapidly increasing byte counts that does not free as many bytes as it allocates, and verify that this tag corresponds to a function for which the increasing memory allocation might be appropriate . If it does not appear appropriate, it might be necessary to debug and tune the application to eliminate the leak .
Monitoring the Cache
The Windows 2000 file system cache is an area of memory into which the I/O system maps recently used data from disk. When processes need to read from or write to the files mapped in the cache, the I/O Manager copies the data from or to the cache, without buffering or calling the file system, as if it were an array in memory. Because memory access is quicker than a file operation, the cache provides an important performance boost to the processes.
Cache object counters provide information about data hits and misses and about file I/O operations that reflect how efficiently their applications access data in the file system cache . However, because the cache counters are based on the views mapped by the Cache Manager and not on data from the Virtual Memory Manager, the cache counter values do not provide definitive information about bottlenecks . In some cases, cache counters can report low rates of hits or high rates of misses, suggesting that the system is accessing the disk when, in fact, the requested data has been retrieved from memory . This can occur if virtual addresses mapped by the Cache Manager no longer exist, for example, because the file has closed . To obtain more accurate data on I/O bottlenecks, use the Memory\Pages Input/sec counter .
The cache itself can never really have a bottleneck because it is just a part of physical memory. However, when there is not enough memory to create an effective cache, the system must retrieve more data from disk, resulting in I/O operations that can impact overall performance. Such a shortage of cache space can be considered a cache bottleneck.
Cache bottlenecks are of greatest concern to users of Windows 2000 Professional–based computers running computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) applications or large databases accessing large blocks of multiple files that rely on the cache. The cache counters can reveal that a small cache (based on a short supply of memory) is hurting system performance.
With memory-mapped file I/O, an entire file can be opened without actually being read into memory. Only the views (smaller portions of the file) are mapped into the process's address space just before I/O operations are performed. Memory-mapped I/O keeps the cache size small. For more information about memory-mapped I/O, see the Software Development Kit (SDK) link on the Web Resources page at http://www.microsoft.com/windows/reskits/webresources/default.asp .
Developers who want to understand how their programs use the cache for read and write operations might also want to monitor the cache . Data requested by an application is mapped to the cache and then c


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PHILADELPHIA - January 8, 2014 --A Colorado woman who married an Algerian terror suspect and helped support his jihadist training has been sentenced in Philadelphia to eight years in prison.
Jamie Paulin-Ramirez is getting a break after helping the FBI investigate her husband and others, including a Pennsylvania woman who called herself "Jihad Jane."
Prosecutors sought a 10-year term because Paulin-Ramirez took her 6-year-old son to Ireland, where he endured physical abuse and was trained to be a warrior and kill non-Muslims.
A defense lawyer says the Leadville, Colo., woman had a troubled life before she fled to Ireland in 2009 to marry Ali Charaf Damache, whom she met online.
Damache is in custody in Ireland, fighting extradition.
Colleen LaRose, who called herself "Jihad Jane," was sentenced Monday to 10 years in prison.


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It's a small matter, I know, compared with the historic issues now obsessing the commentariat, such as the fiscal cliff and how many mistresses and admirers David H. Petraeus could keep in the air simultaneously.
But before we say goodbye to Campaign 2012, I would just like to point out that the entire drama of a close election, as played out in the media on election night, is basically fake. Like broadcasters presenting baseball games in the early days of radio, the television networks know who's going to win the game and more or less how it's going to play out, inning by inning.
They know this primarily because of research conducted by the National Election Exit Poll on election day. And yet, in a perverse exercise of high-mindedness, the major news organizations have all agreed not to report the results of exit polls until after the polls have closed in a particular state.
COMMENTARY AND ANALYSIS: Presidential election 2012
It has evolved into a semi-religious ritual. At 11 a.m. on election day on the East Coast, representatives of each of the major news organizations — including ABC, CBS, CNN, Fox, NBC and the Associated Press — enter a "quarantine room" with no telephones or Internet access. There, they sit and analyze the exit polls until 5 p.m., when they release what they've got to their employers, who get the data directly for the rest of the evening.


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On 4 March 2010 01:50, Nicolas Cellier
<nicolas.cellier.aka.nice at gmail.com> wrote:
> 2010/3/4 Nicolas Cellier <nicolas.cellier.aka.nice at gmail.com>:
>> 2010/3/4 Igor Stasenko <siguctua at gmail.com>:
>>> On 4 March 2010 00:45, Nicolas Cellier
>>> <nicolas.cellier.aka.nice at gmail.com> wrote:
>>>> 2010/3/3 Igor Stasenko <siguctua at gmail.com>:
>>>>> On 3 March 2010 20:20, Andreas Raab <andreas.raab at gmx.de> wrote:
>>>>>> On 3/3/2010 9:53 AM, Nicolas Cellier wrote:
>>>>>>>>> After discussing this with Stephane Ducasse, I quite agree on this
>>>>>>>>> scheme:
>>>>>>>>> SmalltalkImage should better be renamed System.
>>>>>>>>> System soleInstance = Smalltalk.
>>>>>>>>> Of course an optional bakward compatibility module would define
>>>>>>>>> SmalltalkImage current
>>>>>>>> The main thing this does is to create a *third* path that we'll have to
>>>>>>>> support for eternity. I fail to see how "System soleInstance" is any
>>>>>>>> better
>>>>>>>> than "SmalltalImage current".
>>>>>>> Why would you write System soleInstance?
>>>>>>> You will just write Smalltalk.
>>>>>> Oh, I see. Sorry, I misread this, I just saw another cleansing jihad coming
>>>>>> that rewrites all references to SmalltalkImage current with System
>>>>>> soleInstance :-) Never mind then.
>>>>>>> I was speaking of renaming SmalltalkImage (not urgent at all) to
>>>>>>> reflect that Smalltalk is the soleInstance of System.
>>>>>>> And we don't have to rename soleInstance either, it was just for
>>>>>>> explaining the concept.
>>>>>> Yes, that's a significant part of my motivation for option #2 as well.
>>>>>> Having Smalltalk *be* a SystemDictionary isn't really all that useful I
>>>>>> think (although it doesn't really hurt either).
>>>>> It hurts, because there is no documentation (which is mostly our case
>>>>> today), and its easy to shoot yourself in own foot
>>>>> like using #removeKey: instead of #removeClass: and things like that.
>>>>> Exposing a low-level protocol to the universe is just plain wrong!
>>>>> Not for you as an expert, but think about newcomers.
>>>>> Instead of telling users 'please don't use this, or you will be
>>>>> punished', it is much better to build things in a way,
>>>>> which will make them hard to abuse (or even better - there will be no
>>>>> need for abuses), but even if its sometimes needed,
>>>>> things should be organized in a such way, that there will be clear
>>>>> understanding what might happen, when he will bypass a safeguards,
>>>>> because he will learn from a present architecture and so will think
>>>>> twice if he doing right thing.
>>>>> Needless to say, that we should discourage from using globals. That's
>>>>> why 'Smalltalk tools browse: #foo' is much better than
>>>>> 'ToolSet browse: #foo'. Because its ok, when you have single, well
>>>>> known root global, but when you having dozens of them scattered over
>>>>> image.. things become worse and worse.
>>>> We could ask why memorizing a message name is simpler than memorizing
>>>> a global name ?
>>>> Well it's not.
>>>> Unless we use poor semantics in class names (Framework Handler System
>>>> Management.etc. are not so informative.keywords...).
>>>> We feel forced to use such silly names because we are in a global namespace...
>>>> For messages, the namespace is a bit more local.
>>>> So why using a message would be better than a global ?
>>>> -1) because of the tools: we get a well known entry point for
>>>> browsing: Smalltalk
>>>> -2) because the message can redirect to any object, eventually conditionnally
>>>> -3) it is much easier to refactor code while maintaining
>>>> compatibility: just change an implementor instead of many senders
>>>> and we need to refactor when introducing new abstractions...
>>> this is also means better modulatiry.
>>> -4) Because of the way of thinking. First thought, when you need
>>> something to do is: 'I need to find method',
>>> not 'I need a SystemNavigation to find a method'. This means, that
>>> initially, to describe our intent we using verbs, which characterizing
>>> what you going to do, and only then we going to next question 'what
>>> is a proper tool to do that?' or 'what object(s) should be used to do
>>> that?'. And in this way we are forming a message - selector is verb,
>>> and receiver is noun.
>> Well, not exactly here, we are complexifying the grammar a bit:
>> Smalltalk vm
>> Smalltalk commandLine
>> This are just nouns at genitive case... The verb will follow.
It was about removing extra globals from use.
Smalltalk vm version. Smalltalk query implementorsOf: #foo
is better than
SmalltalkVm version. SystemNavigation implementorsOf: #foo
because we using less globals :)
>> Nicolas
> Just another thought: you might ask does it scale ?
> No.
> Having thousands of message or more indirections would just be bad...
> Smalltalk vm memory policy doSomething
will you prefer 'SmalltalkVMMemoryPolicy doSomething'? ;)
The explosion of names have to happen somewhere, when you adding new
> But the answer is:we don't want to scale !
> We want a small manageable Kernel, don't we ?
> Nicolas
>>> And, obviously, because of that, first thing which one going do is to
>>> look for implementors of 'find' or 'findMethod', because it is really
>>> irrelevant who is implementor, once it satisfies the need. And so, it
>>> is not important to have a global with nice name which will reflect
>>> what it is used for or its potential behavior
>>> (AlternatePluggableListMorphOfMany - sorry Chris, can't resist :), but
>>> much more important to have a properly named methods which
>>> implementing this behaivor.
>>>> Maybe some will see other advantages (security ?)
>>>> Nicolas
>>>>>> Hm ... now that I've been thinking about it I'm starting to lean for #2
>>>>>> myself a little more.
>>>>>> Cheers,
>>>>>> - Andreas
>>>>>>>> Seriously, if we want to move this stuff forward we should be starting by
>>>>>>>> having a moratorium on adding new methods to the old places and rather
>>>>>>>> discuss where *new methods* should live. This way we learn over some
>>>>>>>> period
>>>>>>>> what works and what doesn't and if we're happy with the outcome then we
>>>>>>>> move
>>>>>>>> a few more bits to those places. The approach of "let's just fix this
>>>>>>>> problem once and forever" simply does not work here because the solution
>>>>>>>> space is too big.
>>>>>>> Using a message indirection like Smalltalk vm certainly helps.
>>>>>>> But sure, it does not solve every problem,
>>>>>>> One day or the other, we will want to change the level of abstraction
>>>>>>> for sure...
>>>>>>>> Concretely speaking, what would be alternative places for the cleanup
>>>>>>>> methods that I just added, and why? Where would you expect them and why?
>>>>>>>> If
>>>>>>>> we have a good place we might start moving a few of the other
>>>>>>>> housekeeping
>>>>>>>> methods over there. To me, this is a much more fruitful direction than
>>>>>>>> the
>>>>>>>> above.
>>>>>>> I would start with minimal changes and gradually introduce indirection
>>>>>>> messages.
>>>>>>> Then slowly deprecate message, and provide optional compatibility modules.
>>>>>>> But there, I always prefer a deeper analysis on true code :)
>>>>>>> Nicolas
>>>>>>>> Cheers,
>>>>>>>> - Andreas
>>>>> --
>>>>> Best regards,
>>>>> Igor Stasenko AKA sig.
>>> --
>>> Best regards,
>>> Igor Stasenko AKA sig.
Best regards,
Igor Stasenko AKA sig.


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Hello all,
I am warming up to tying trout flies, I really enjoy the dry fly patterns the most at this point. I was curious how effective dry fly patterns are in march on the guadalupe. I plan on going then, and intend to tie a nice selection of flies before my trip. If I can use dries with success, which patterns/colors would be the best choice?
Thanks in advance for any advice
dry fly question/suggestions?
Fun with fur and feathers
Post Reply
3 posts • Page 1 of 1
- Posts: 7
- Joined: Tue Feb 01, 2011 9:46 pm
Re: dry fly question/suggestions?
I'm sure you'll get multiple recommendations on this one. One I would definitely recommend is Elk Hair Caddis pattern. Tie a few different body colors (cream, brown, olive, or even black). One other pattern I always have in my box is a Klinkhammer style fly (Google it and it will come). I prefer a natural or gray hare's ear body with grizzly hackle and light gray post in #14/16/18.
- Posts: 7
- Joined: Tue Feb 01, 2011 9:46 pm
Re: dry fly question/suggestions?
Thanks for the recommendation, I appreciate it.
Post Reply
3 posts • Page 1 of 1


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Perry, D. Sedin, St. Louis are Hart finalists
Everyone has his own definition of what constitutes "most valuable." It may not always be the player who scored the most goals or recorded the greatest number of points, but in the case of this year's nominees for the Hart Trophy, the National Hockey League's MVP award, it's hard to argue what they meant to their respective clubs.
Corey Perry of the Anaheim Ducks, Daniel Sedin of the Vancouver Canucks and Martin St. Louis of the Tampa Bay Lightning were named as finalists Thursday. The trio occupied the top three spots on the scoring list and were instrumental in their teams' accomplishments.
The Hart Trophy will be presented on June 22 at the 2011 NHL Awards in Las Vegas.
If Perry, who led the League with 50 goals and finished third with 98 points, isn't the favorite, his ascension into the list of contenders was certainly the most rapid. Perry scored 19 goals and added 11 assists over the Ducks' final 16 regular-season games, helping them rise from a playoff bubble team to the fourth seed in the Western Conference. He recorded three hat tricks during the season and his 11 game-winning goals were also tops among all NHL players. He was also second among forwards in average ice time, playing over 22 minutes a game.
Sedin's offensive game is as well-rounded as any current player, as his statistics this season will attest. He tied teammate Ryan Kesler for fourth in the NHL with 41 goals and placed third with 63 assists for a League-best 104 points. Sedin's 18 power-play goals also placed him atop that category, while his plus-30 rating was second among NHL forwards and his 10 game-winning goals trailed only Perry and Alex Ovechkin. Sedin will be attempting to keep the trophy in the family after Henrik Sedin captured it last year by edging two-time defending winner Ovechkin.
St. Louis, who will have turned 36 by the time the award is presented, just continues to marvel. He narrowly missed out on his second career 100-point season and eclipsing the 102 he put up during the 2006-07 campaign. All the same, St. Louis finished second in the League in both assists (68) and points (99), while scoring more than 30 goals for the sixth time in eight seasons. He also finished in the top 10 among forwards with nearly 21 minutes of ice time per game, a feat helped by the fact St. Louis, also up for the Lady Byng, amassed only 12 penalty minutes.
According to research, it's the first time in at least 50 years three wingers have been up for the award.
Tickets to the 2011 NHL Awards are available via Ticketmaster.com at nhl.com/awardstickets and at the Pearl Concert Theater Box Office. Tickets include access to the 2011 NHL Awards show and the official NHL Awards Party, a cocktail reception to be held immediately following the show. Guests must be 21 or older to attend the NHL Awards Party.


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Well, it's time, my Core 2 duo system is starting to have hardware failures so it is time for an upgrade.
I have picked out some parts here from my local vendors, i game quite a bit at 1920 x 1080 and have the natural tendency to multitask even if i am in a game heh
Any input regarding my choices is welcome, i trust the OCC members.
Case: Thermaltake Kandalf VA9000 Aluminum (Held in my core 2 duo system and i love the case so ill be keeping it)
PSU: Corsair TX-650 (bought it last year for the core 2 duo system)
RAM: 2x4GB Corsair Vengeance (CL9) DDR3 1600mhz 1.5v
CPU Cooler: Thermalright HR-02 MACHO
Motherboard: MSI Z68 GD-80 Gen3 (will get it at the price of a GD-65 with a sweet deal)
GPU: Asus HD7850 DC2 2GB DDR5 PCI-E
HDD: 320GB Hitachi Deskstar 7200 rpm 16mb SATA (it's the hard drive from my last build, the capacity is more than enough for me)
SSD: Corsair 120GB Force GT SATA 3
I will be overclocking and i have no intention on doing crossfire in the future.
And there you have it, i know Ivy Bridge is just around the corner but unfortunately i have to get this now
Sorry for any spelling or structural mistakes.
Edited by G500, 11 April 2012 - 03:21 PM.


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Dog Drool - Why Worry?
We often see dog drool on glass, and, frankly, it's not a pretty sight! It is loaded with bacteria, not great when you have kids around, and, looks about as bad as it gets! Is it something that should concern you? Absolutely!!Read more
Making the most of your water
Water is the world's most precious commodity, therefore it just makes a whole lot of sense to harvest rainwater and recycle our grey (used) water as much as possible. Whether we live in a rural area or a house in the city we can all do our bit for the environment and reduce our water usage and costs.Read more
Get Protected - Making your home more secure
Earlier this year Perth Newspapers reported crime statistics in Western Australia for 2014 and 2015. These statistics were alarming with a staggering 9% increase in home burglaries.Read more
Renovating? Time to think about you outdoor additions
Australians traditionally love the outdoors. We love to take advantage of the abundant sunny days and warm evenings by entertaining outdoors. Outdoor rooms and outdoor kitchens along with verandahs, decks, pergolas, patios, cabanas and gazebos provide us with a space to extend our living into the outdoors. Relaxed, informal entertaining these days is a very popular way to catch up with family and friends. You would be hard pressed to find an Australian home that does not have some form of outdoor living space.Read more
What you need to know about plasterers
A plasterer is an expert in the supply and installation of plasterboard (also known as dry wall plaster). The majority of homes and buildings in Australia will have a number of rooms, if not all, with plasterboard internal walls and ceilings.Read more


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Three high school buddies of Dzhokar Tsarnaev, wearing shirts and jackets from the wrestling team, showed up at the crime scene outside his apartment Friday afternoon with a message about their old friend, now a terrorist bombing suspect.
John Casanova, who went to Cambridge Rindge and Latin School with Tsarnaev, said "we saw posts on Facebook that he's a bad guy. That's not the real story. We don't want people thinking that he's a bad guy."
Tsarnaev is now the target of an unprecedented manhunt that his shut down the city of Boston and surrounding suburbs. Tsarnaev with his brother, who died after a police shoot-out early Friday, has been named one of the suspects in the bombing that killed three and injured more than 175 people Monday at the Boston Marathon.
Casanova, joined by friends Sanjaya Lamichhane and Peter Tenzin near the media throng on Cambridge Street and not far from Tsarnaev's apartment, brought along a high school yearbook. They emphasized they were there to speak up about another side of the alleged bomber. The apartment and entire neighborhood had been sealed-off by police.
Casanova remembered Tsarnaev as someone who was "outgoing and talked to everybody" who was a "good athlete, good student." He said that one time when Casanova asked Tsarnaev about his life back in Russia, he said, "I don't want to talk about the past. I just want to live my life and go to school here."
Lamichhane, who graduated in 2010, was Tsarnaev's wrestling partner.
"We used to wrestle together. He would motivate me,'' said Lamichanne, who also attended the University of Massachusetts with Tsarnaev. When he last talked to him, about a year ago, Lamichanne said that Tsarnaev told him "I am not doing as well as I expected."
Tsarnaev graduated from Rindge and Latin 2011 and was both a team captain and an all-star wrestler. His coach told the Boston Globe that he was "just one of us."
The three young men who came to the crime scene outside of Tsarnaev's apartment said they only remembered Tsarnaev mentioning his father once.
Peter Tenzin was also involved in a program called "Best Buddies" with Tsarnaev that helped kids with learning disorders
"It's a program where kids would meet up and we would take time and we would really do arts and crafts, eat, play"
"He was really involved into it," said Tenzin, remembering a Best Buddies dinner at a local jazz and blues club in Cambridge. "He was outgoing and really supportive of helping people and not doing harm."
Tenzin said he didn't know the older brother but he "just doesn't seem like the younger brother...complete opposite character"
"Show the best buddies picture," said Tenzin, as the friends flipped through the yearbook, wondering how an old friend could have ended up the suspect behind the biggest manhunt in state history.