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of the American Society for Information Science
Go to Bulletin Index
Volume 25, No. 3
February / March 1999
Scholars as Subsistence Foragers
by Pamela Effrein Sandstrom
Pamela Effrein Sandstrom is affiliated with the Helmke Library at Indiana University-Purdue University in Fort Wayne, Indiana. She can be reached by mail at the university at 2101 Coliseum Blvd. East, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805; by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com or by phone at 219/481-6514.
Picture yourself a successful hunter-gatherer foraging in an uncertain environment, exploiting certain food resources and simply passing by others, all the while wary to avoid becoming prey yourself. In your daily forays you might sometimes forage like a generalist, consuming a wide array of resources. In other times and settings, you become more a specialist, ignoring plentiful foodstuffs in favor of some preferred prey type that, however rare, you invariably pursue and consume once you encounter it. What rules of thumb do human and animal subsistence foragers apply in choosing one resource and ignoring others? Why forage in one place and not another? How long should foragers remain in a particular microhabitat, and should they forage alone or in groups? What are the fitness consequences of different strategies?
Questions like these have absorbed anthropologists and biologists who take an evolutionary ecological approach to understand prey-predator-environment interactions. Their theoretical insights and empirical data offer a compelling model for librarians and information scientists studying information seeking and scholarly communication. We might ask: How and where do information seekers forage for valued resources? Are scholars, as a special category of information seekers, conforming to the same decision principles followed by all subsistence foragers? Are research specialties like productive microhabitats (or patches) within some larger information space? Do certain characteristics of resources and specialties explain or predict the use -- and deliberate non-use -- of information by scholars?
The many intriguing parallels between subsistence foragers and scholarly information seekers can be explored using an optimal foraging framework. (See resource list for recommended references on this topic.) In this deductive, microeconomic approach, the basic requirements of foraging models include an actor choosing among alternatives, a currency by which the actor measures costs and benefits, a set of constraints limiting behavior and a strategy set specifying the actor's range of available options. The currency (for example, calories in the food-foraging context) provides a measurement scale for assessing the effects of alternate decisions. By establishing some empirical cost-benefit currency, analysts are able to rank foragers' preferences, predict which resources will be pursued, and specify the net returns associated with particular choices.
But before approaching information seeking as a prey-choice or patch-choice problem, or proposing an appropriate currency for scholarly foraging, it is first helpful to know a good deal about a scholar's information environment.
Disciplinary Literatures as Bibliographic Microhabitats
The puzzle of how scholars' information behavior creates the skewness of bibliometric distributions -- concentrating some names, neglecting or scattering others -- intrigues scholars themselves as well as those of us charged with keeping systems of external memory. Literatures that are poorly connected to other bodies of work are often overlooked or ignored by information seekers, even when apparently relevant to their concerns.
Scholars spend years mastering the patterns of ideas and names that go together. Because of their training and active participation in a field, they are able to achieve a balance between familiar, core sources and unfamiliar, novel ones scattered widely throughout the published record. An individual's own knowledge or published body of work, however, rarely defines the breadth of the information base, even in a narrow specialty.
Instead, productive scholars maintain an awareness of the key authors in one or more central areas of research concern and demonstrate only nodding familiarity with work from more peripheral areas. Distinctly interdisciplinary work presents special information-foraging challenges. By operationalizing scholars' foraging behaviors through the empirical trace of their cited references, analysts are able to study the underlying intellectual structure and interrelatedness of research areas. These unobtrusive, remnant gestures of information seeking and use are on par with voting patterns, dimensions of which are often beyond the awareness or recollection of individuals. Through the graphical techniques of author co-citation analysis (ACA), specialties can be rendered as two- or three-dimensional maps of human interests and contiguous bibliographic microhabitats. ACA employs multidimensional scaling, cluster and principal components analysis in conjunction with behavioral and cognitive inventories, interviews and other validation measures. Authors of works judged important by a community of citing scholars and repeatedly juxtaposed in references-cited lists will cluster together. Authors whose works are rarely or never linked will stand apart. Clustered configurations of names often reveal shared schools of thought or methodological approach, common subjects of study, collaborative and student-mentor relationships, ties of nationality or other relationships -- all of which must be validated using independent methods.
ACA gives analysts the power to depict regions of scholarship as densely crowded and interactive, or the opposite, isolated and nearly vacant. ACA demonstrates its value as a tool to study information seeking when used within the framework of optimal foraging theory (OFT). Using insights from OFT, individuals' actual decisions to select or ignore information resources can be related to characteristics of particular resources and to features of the bibliographic microhabitats in which they forage.
Prey Choice and Other Optimal Foraging Models
The OFT prey-choice model predicts the composition of a forager's diet and the circumstances causing resources to be added or deleted. Analysts apply the model to natural environments containing a distribution of heterogeneous resources by separating foraging into mutually exclusive categories: search and handling activities. Searching involves the time a forager searches for all potential prey types before encountering the preferred prey. Handling begins with the forager's decision to pursue, and involves the time required to capture, process and consume one item of a given prey type.
In this deductive model, an individual's consumption mix represents the optimal set of prey types (that is, resources, in general terms) that personal and environmental constraints allow. For the scholar, these resources would include the range of authors or colleagues and their ideas and works consumed for the purpose of sustaining one's research and publishing career. OFT predicts that a particular resource will be included in the optimal diet if its energy return per unit handling time remains greater than the return rate (including search time) averaged for all higher-ranking resource types. This trade-off in time and energy is described by the intersection of inverse cost curves for searching and handling (as shown here).
Analysts plot time costs per unit harvest along the y-axis. Along the x-axis, resources are ranked according to their value in an appropriate cost-benefit currency per unit handling time. High-ranked resources are those with lower handling costs; higher handling costs are associated with low-ranking resources. Adding one more resource type increases handling costs but lowers searching costs, as more types are judged acceptable. An improvement in foragers' skills or technology also lowers searching costs.
The intersection of searching and handling cost curves describes the upper limit of resource types in the optimal diet. Specialism or generalism describes a forager's variability of feeding behavior and number of distinct resource types consumed. With many high-ranking resources available, foragers tend to have narrow diets, that is, they are specialists who pass by resources in favor of a few choice items. But when a favored type becomes depleted, the range broadens and foragers tend to be generalists. Foragers thus respond to changes in the density of high-ranking resources and constantly assess the average handling costs of items relative to the overall mix.
Similar to prey choice, the OFT patch-choice model is used to assess the time spent foraging in particular patches or microhabitats before moving elsewhere. This model applies when prey are superabundant (as is typical under conditions of information overload). In this situation, a forager's best strategy may be to sample patches but remain in the single microhabitat offering the highest return rate. Where resources become depleted through foraging, Charnov's marginal value theorem describes a forager's decision to abandon searching in one patch and exploit other locales. Again, a forager aims for a long-term average rate of return for all patches that maximizes energy but minimizes time spent foraging. Other OFT models relate resource distribution patterns to the costs and benefits of solitary foraging versus foraging in social groups.
Relating these principles to the scholarly forager demands that analysts regard a scholar's searching time as analytically distinct from handling time. Searching involves time spent identifying usable information. Scholars may invest time, for example, in searching via indexing and abstracting services or other bibliographic tools, or they may prefer routine reading, bibliographic chaining, monitoring key journals and semi-directed browsing. Searching also includes time consulting with colleagues about information resources. Scholars' information-seeking activities in the search phase fall along a continuum from active to passive, or from hunting-like to gathering-like strategies. Most scholars get by through a mix of monitoring and socially mediated strategies, avoiding the exhaustive search. In this sense, scholars appear to behave more as gatherers than hunters, preferring its reliable returns over more risky hunting strategies.
Information resources can be ranked like food items in terms of handling efficiency. Handling involves the time required to retrieve, read and process the contents of each encountered item. Information foragers incur lower handling costs by using a familiar set of resources (the same authors or specific items) over and over. This strategy has the effect of narrowing the overall variety of resource types in a scholar's consumption mix. But scholars also value recent publications or works from outside their major areas of research. Such resources should be admitted to the optimal diet if they can be handled efficiently relative to the overall mix of resources and if higher-ranked resources become less prevalent or devalued through overforaging.
Tracking Scholars' Foraging Behavior in the Wild
In reality, the relations among scholars, information resources and bibliographic microhabitats are dynamic. The shifts can be traced through ACA studies comparing different time periods, or captured at some single point in time and results compared for separate specialties. ACA provides a handy method for empirically tracking scholars in their information-seeking forays. OFT places the fascinating descriptive data of ACA studies in a wider explanatory framework.
One limitation of the OFT approach for studying scholars' behavior, however, is the problem of operationalizing a measurable currency. But the problem is not insurmountable. In analyzing how a group of anthropologists searched for and handled cited works by authors belonging to core and peripheral ACA clusters (Sandstrom, 1998, see references), I proposed a measurement scale that ranked the relative novelty of a resource to the research concerns of foragers. This novelty-redundancy continuum operates as the measurement scale against which information foragers gauged the costs (in foraging time) and benefits (in resource value) of their selection decisions.
At least two definitions of novelty are relevant to scholars in the OFT framework. The first relies on a conventional information-retrieval definition in the sense of personal unfamiliarity (an emic measure, that is, novelty is judged from the perspective of the subjects of a study). The study also measured the concept etically (that is, judged from the perspective of trained observers) by defining a resource's novelty in terms of its rarity or scarcity within a set of co-cited names. This scarcity-prevalence dichotomy is another way to describe the likelihood of encountering a particular pairing of authors in a particular bibliographic context.
For the study, I derived from a purposive sample of five active contributors the names of recently referenced authors and significant colleagues. I used these input names to create ACA maps of these scholars' research concerns. These renderings were based on information resources actually selected by individual contributors, but they also reflect the collective view of authors publishing in the Social Sciences Citation Index source journals. Cluster analysis classified co-cited authors into three center-periphery zones: the contributor's own cluster, other core clusters and omitted clusters. Results of this exploratory study showed that scholars' searching and handling mechanisms varied by zone, variations that were accounted for by the OFT models and traceable using ACA mapping.
I found that such searching behaviors as regular reading, browsing or the deliberate information foray (relatively solitary information-seeking activities) yielded resources belonging mostly to the peripheral zones of scholars' information environments. Peripheral resources tended to be first-time references and previously unfamiliar to citing authors. They were retrieved largely through temporary loan from colleagues or libraries -- both high-cost handling strategies. By contrast, resources belonging to core zones were comparatively low-cost in terms of handling, retrieved from existing personal collections or purchased. Core resources emerged from searching activities that emphasized routine monitoring of key sources and such socially mediated activities as graduate training, recommendation by a colleague or student, review of prepublication drafts and reprint exchange. These core resources had been referenced previously and the cited authors were often collaborators or acquaintances.
Findings suggest that visible and easily exploited resources belong to core ACA clusters. A scholar's regular reading and bibliographic chaining through cited references yields a background literature of familiar works and authors' names. A high mean co-citation rate within a cluster inhabited by a critical mass of productive contributors indicates that cluster members form an integral part of the information space. They are integral in the sense that they connect separate microhabitats of the mapped environment, knitting together parts of the field's intellectual structure.
Routine monitoring, informal communication and maintaining active social ties between producers and consumers facilitate information foraging in these high-density microhabitats. Both searching and handling costs are low because the information-supply system conveniently delivers a restricted range of resources. These resources are made even more accessible by forming part of the scholar's personal collections. The breadth of resources is thus narrower and foragers who concentrate on the items that these microhabitats deliver would be considered specialists.
In contrast, clusters with relatively low mean co-citation rates stand apart. Authors in these clusters are weakly connected to other cluster members and are not integral to the core research concerns of contributors to the specialty. Except for the chance juxtaposition of these authors with a few of the others on the map, this type of cluster exhibits a lower density of information resources of recognized value. The odds of encountering a given pair or set of authors are slight. These low-density microhabitats are characterized by a scarcity of familiar, previously paired authors. Low density signals that novel resources are more likely to be encountered than redundant ones.
Such microhabitats are difficult to exploit because the bibliographic and intellectual linkages are less salient. Successful foraging depends on labor-intensive reading in ever-wider circles, deliberate searching strategies and handling mechanisms that emphasize temporary access to materials over ownership. Maintaining social ties with individuals outside a scholar's core circles, however, facilitates information transfer from the periphery, making the handling of at least some peripheral resources less costly. Social interaction characterizes all sectors of the scholar's information environment but appears to differ in quality and quantity as distance between colleagues increases. Scholars who maintain many links to remote microhabitats have resource mixes of greater breadth and would be described more as generalists.
Further Research in Modeling the Bibliographic Topography
A research agenda within the socioecological ACA-OFT framework would aim to (1) characterize various information environments with greater precision, (2) establish more accurate decision criteria for information foragers and (3) predict and test how changed conditions alter the actual behavior of scholars. Diachronic studies (comparing shifts in co-citation structures over time) or synchronic comparisons between different fields or specialties hold significant promise for the empirical description of, and explanation for, scholars' elusive information-foraging behavior.
A Few Key References to Sources on Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT)
MacArthur, R. H., & Pianka, E. R. (1966). On optimal use of a patchy environment. American Naturalist, 100, 603-609.
Sandstrom, P. E. (1994). An optimal foraging approach to information seeking and use. Library Quarterly, 64, 414-449.
Sandstrom, P. E. (1998). Information foraging among anthropologists in the invisible college of human behavioral ecology: An author co-citation analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University.
Smith, E. A. (1983). Anthropological applications of optimal foraging theory: A critical review. Current Anthropology, 24, 625-651.
Smith, E. A., & Winterhalder, B. (Eds.) (1992). Evolutionary ecology and human behavior. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Winterhalder, B. (1981). Optimal foraging strategies and hunter-gatherer research in anthropology. In B. Winterhalder & E. A. Smith (Eds.), Hunter-gatherer foraging strategies (pp. 13-35). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
How to Order
@ 1999, American Society for Information ScienceLast Update: February 21, 1999


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SEMI Equipment Productivity Working Group (EPWG)
Findings Concerning a Wafer Size Transition to 450 mm
November 2005 – April 2008
Executive Summary
An open, rigorous and defensible analysis of the economic benefits of a wafer-size transition to 450 mm wafers shows that the best way to enable continued technical progress and profitable growth for the entire semiconductor industry is to reject 450 mm engagement until a need for it is substantiated, and to focus work and resources on targeted 300 mm Prime opportunities.
The move to a 450 mm wafer-size transition being proposed is based on faulty assumptions and a flawed economic model, and should be rejected based on fact, not accepted based on intuition or emotion.
Beginning in 2004, SEMATECH executives were forecasting a significant relative increase in the manufacturing cost of IC's starting in approximately 2006. They proposed that a near-term transition from 300 mm silicon wafers to 450 mm wafers was an essential element of an effort to combat this forecasted cost increase. Given the recent painful transition from 200 mm to 300 mm wafers, these assertions attracted great attention and concern throughout the industry. In previous years, both SEMATECH and SEMI have issued reports indicating that the combination of slower industry growth and increasingly challenging technology goals is creating a significant gap in RD&E resources available to fund future innovation. In an effort to address these concerns collaboratively, Board Members from SEMI and SEMATECH held joint meetings which resulted in the formation of a Joint Productivity Working Group (JPWG). The group was tasked with replacing "intuitive consensus" with "analytical rigor" in guiding investment priorities for the industry.
The JPWG has met for over two years, yet has not been successful in reaching agreement—between manufacturers and suppliers, or even among chip manufacturers—on the relative merits and drawbacks of a possible 450 mm transition. With few representatives of the chip-making community participating in the JPWG effort, the SEMI EPWG1 was formed and has completed a series of economic studies that are presented here.
Economic Findings and Conclusions
The EPWG has conducted simulation, survey, and modeling to support research, analysis, and discussion of the role of wafer scale-up in enabling continuous productivity gains. Initial work has contradicted ISMI's initial assertion that wafer processing cost curves were shifting unfavorably. Rather, no statistically significant shift in these costs is evident.
Subsequent EPWG work over the past two years has shown 450 mm should be an extremely low-priority area for industry investment. Given the industry's limited R&D resources and the significant technical challenges ahead, careful analysis shows that 450 mm wafer scale-up represents a low-return, high-risk investment opportunity for the entire semiconductor ecosystem. Based on bottom-up analyses of fab economics and operations, EPWG has shown that the economic benefits of a wafer scale-up are intrinsically limited, and in fact are shrinking (due to a shifting cost structure). Furthermore, a 450 mm transition would not be justified by market demand until well into the 2020's (if at all), and its economic impact on chip costs would be neutral to negative—definitely insufficient to recoup the significant investment in the transition.
Current Status
Unfortunately, the JPWG activity has suffered from minimal participation by chip manufacturers. In general, suppliers have typically outnumbered customers (excluding consortia) by at least 4:1 in most JPWG meetings; and discussion materials may not have been properly shared with all sponsoring chipmaker executives. As a result, ISMI has emerged as the key contact and counterpart for suppliers.
The EPWG cautioned ISMI against further 450 mm work based on their strong analytical findings. ISMI has not tried to refute these bottom-up analyses, and it has not provided any credible analysis to substantiate the need or the economic merits for a scale-up to 450 mm in the foreseeable future. Based on analysis, the EPWG believes that ISMI has, unfortunately, taken a fundamentally flawed approach in launching a 450 mm program. In particular, in moving forward with their effort, ISMI:
1. Based their 450 mm decision on a top-down, unsubstantiated, 30% cost savings "expectation" survey, rather then rigorous analysis.
2. Bundled high-return and lower-cost automation / architecture shifts, tool innovation, and continuous improvement benefits with the high cost of a wafer-size increase. This overstates the value of a 450 mm transition, and these approaches can be decoupled to improve return on R&D investment.
3. Created a premature and unnecessary so-called "blue-diamond" deadline for a "go/no-go" decision on 450 mm, forcing a flawed decision to be made with limited data and minimal analysis.
Since the "blue-diamond" decision date, the attempt to engage ISMI in objective 450 mm discussion has reached an impasse. The EWPG has leveraged solid economic rationale, technical knowledge, and operational insights in a transparent mode to evaluate and prioritize potential initiatives. The lack of reasonable discussion based on fact, rigorous analysis, and thoughtful consideration has led the EPWG to request discontinuing the JPWG engagement on 450 mm work while publishing our work to date. The EPWG will continue its efforts on 300 mm Prime (300 mm NGF) work.
Risk of Proceeding with a Flawed Decision
The debate over the merits and disadvantages of a wafer scale-up is not, as some have portrayed it, an academic battle of dueling models. Instead, it is an attempt to tackle what is one of largest threats to industry prosperity in our time.
While most semiconductor manufacturers are highly skeptical of 450 mm, the current dynamics are clearly pushing suppliers for engagement in this low-return, high-risk endeavor. This presents the entire industry – not just the supplier community – with a clear and present danger of wasting precious resources.
SEMI and EPWG members are concerned that industry-level joint activity (which should have been an opportunity for advancing the broad interests of the industry) might circumvent the real need of the majority of the industry and ultimately result in a slowdown in pace of technology.
Summary, Recommendations and Next Steps
The EPWG has analytically shown that a transition to 450 mm should not be a high priority issue for the semiconductor industry. Work of any type (including standard-setting) on 450 mm is liable to be premature and suboptimal, thereby distracting and diverting resources from activities with proven cost-saving or cycle-time improvement value.
Given this, the EPWG will be focusing their analysis efforts on the economics of optimizing 300 mm for the markets and business models which exist today and will predominate in the future. Initial EPWG analysis and surveys show that highly agile fabs which can handle rapidly changing consumer trends and markets could significantly enhance the value of the 300 mm wafer size generation. If properly planned and executed, this effort could and should push out or even eliminate the need for larger wafers while benefiting the entire semiconductor ecosystem.
Therefore, our next steps will be independent analysis as well as collaboration with ISMI and interested chipmakers on key topics intended to optimize the return-on-investment for development activities in the 300 mm NGF. These findings and strategies will be documented elsewhere.
Our analysis concluded that the best way to enable continued technical progress and profitable growth for the entire industry would be to reject 450 mm engagement until a need for it is substantiated, and to focus work and resources on targeted 300 mm Prime opportunities. Ultimately it is, of course, up to each chipmaker and equipment supplier to individually determine the best means to meet their customers' and investors' requirements. We intend for the analysis presented here to provide insight and data for industry participants to make the optimal roadmap, timing, and investment decisions best suited for their companies.
1 The SEMI Equipment Productivity Working Group consists of senior executives from ASML, Applied Materials, Axcelis, Brooks Automation, KLA-Tencor, Lam Research and TEL.

subset: commoncrawl


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It's that time of year again; show off your kids—I mean, holiday photo—time! Have you gotten that perfect shot yet?
Our sister publication Popular Photography interviewed eight photojournalists from around the country to get their best tips for getting great photos of your family. They all suggest going for a candid rather than a posed shot; candids feel less artificial, and capture unique expressions that go a long way toward revealing who your kids are. And if you have small kids like I do, one of which refuses to stay still for less than .3 seconds, candids might be your only option anyway.
Other secrets: opt for natural light over flash, and don't be afraid to get into weird positions to get good angles. Get the rest of their genius tips—and check out the candid that I chose for my Christmas card!
What tricks do you use to get great photos of your kids?


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New Features on Blue Access for EmployersSM Now Available
As of March 24, 2011, employers can now take advantage of new functionality on the Blue Access for Employers (BAE) site.
- A "print" option is now available within the ADP Discount Summary and the Benefit and Expense Summary screens in the Monthly Settlements section.
- The homepage has been redesigned to streamline the appearance of the left and right navigation features and to minimize screen scroll.
- The "Changes Since Last Bill" screen now provides the ability to sort by Name and Employee ID.
To take advantage of these new features, log in to your BAE account or learn how to register for a BAE account .
If you have any questions, please contact the BAE Internet Help Desk at (888) 706-0583 or your BCBSIL representative.


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Ken returned for a week. He will be taking a few weeks off and has asked Jackson Buck (host of KFAI's Freewheelin') and Ron and Jean (formerly of Radio Rumpus Room) to hold down the fort in his absence. Rest easy: your favorite purveyor of traditional country music promises to return in mid-April if not before!
Freewheelin' host Jackson Buck sat in for Ken this week.
"There ain't no easy run." — Dave Dudley
Ron Thums and Jean Silverberg sat in for Ken this week. We appreciated all the calls — particularly the positive ones!
"It sure was fun sitting in for Ken again this week. Thanks for all the great phone calls." Jackson Buck, host of KFAI's Freewheelin'
Ron and Jean sat in for Ken this week. Of course songs about truck driving, train derailments, North Korean nuclear threats and very many examples of questionable marriage practices followed. Probably better you just listen to the archive and judge for yourself. (BTW, only two more weeks till Mr. Hippler returns.)
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Table of Contents:
This article provides information on "How to Install the Optional Finisher Guide Bar on the B5460dn / B5465dnf / S5830dn Dell Laser Printer"
An Optional Finisher Guide Bar may need to be installed when installing a 4-bin Mailbox, Staple Finisher, or Output Expander.
Continue with the installation of the 4-bin Mailbox, Staple Finisher, or Output Expander.
More info can be found in the B5460dn User's Guide , B5465dnf User's Guide or the S5830dn User Guide.
If these steps do not correct the problem, please contact Dell Technical Support.Back to Top
Article ID: SLN289219
Last Date Modified: 05/30/2018 04:42 PM
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Propellerheads announced Reason 3.0
Propellerhead Software announced version 3.0 of Reason, an update that focuses on live performance, taking Reason from the studio realm to the stage.
Reason 3 introduces a new module, the Combinator, which allows users to build elaborate chains of Reason devices-instruments, effects, pattern sequencer etc., and save as a Combi patch. With it\'s ability to load-up complex instruments routed through effect units and dynamic processors in one go, the Combinator is a playable, performance friendly device.
Additional new features include:
- Remote: Instant out of the box integration with most major control surfaces including support for motorized faders and controller displays.
- New soundbank: An expanded soundbank with increased focus on providing a wide palette of multi sampled instruments and huge sounding Combi patches.
- New browser: Reason\'s new browser will help you work faster and better in Reason. Free text search across your entire sound library, organize your sounds in favorite folders, audition play all samples and patches via MIDI.
- MClass: A mastering suite comparable with any hard- or software units. The suite consists of a four band parametric + shelving EQ, a stereo processor, a fantastic sounding compressor and a maximizer with look ahead limiter.
Reason 3 is expected to ship early 2005. An upgrade discount will be available for Reason owners. Upgrade and retail price TBA.
Untill the official release of Reason 3.0 in early 2005, Propellerheads are looking for beta testers of the new version. If you are a registered user of Reason visit www.propellerheads.se for more information on becoming a beta tester for Reason 3.0.
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How is it done? ReCycle will analyze your groove and break it up into its rhythmic components. You are now in complete control and free to change the tempo or the pitch, without one affecting the other. And that's just scratching the surface. Then what? Load the resulting REX2 file into your audio sequencer or software sampler and you can…
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Modimolle Hotel Deals from ZUJI
Looking for cheap accommodation in Modimolle, South Africa? ZUJI helps you compare hotels in destinations all over the world for any time of year, whether youre booking early to secure a great rate or trying to snap up a cheap last minute room. Compare TripAdvisor reviews, browse our comprehensive range of Modimolle hotels and make your travel booking with ZUJI today!


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Josh Freeman's career with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers is officially over.
The team waived Freeman on Thursday, eight days after the fifth-year quarterback was replaced as Tampa Bay's starter by rookie Mike Glennon.
The Buccaneers confirmed the move to USA TODAY Sports minutes before general manager Mark Dominik released a statement:
"We made the decision today to release Josh Freeman. We appreciate his efforts over the past five seasons, but we felt this was in the best interests of both Josh and the Buccaneers."
THE Q: How things fell apart between Freeman and Bucs
BELL: Freeman saga sparks questions of trust
General manager Mark Dominik contacted every other team in the NFL in an unsuccessful attempt to trade Freeman, a 4,000-yard passer a year ago and the team's career leader with 1,144 completions and 80 touchdowns. He is now eligible to be claimed off the waiver wire, though in that scenario another team would have to pick up the balance of Freeman's salary.
Coach Greg Schiano benched Freeman after the 25-year-old completed just 45.7% of his passes and posted a league-low quarterback rating of 59.3 through three games, all losses. Glennon made his first pro start last Sunday, turning the ball over three times during the fourth quarter of a 13-10 loss to the Arizona Cardinals.
Freeman is owed the remaining $6.25 million on the contract he signed as the third quarterback selected in the 2009 draft behind Matthew Stafford and Mark Sanchez.
Freeman threw for 4,065 yards, 27 touchdowns and 17 interceptions in 2012, but his inconsistent play down the stretch contributed to the team losing five of six games and failing to make the playoffs for the fifth straight year. He led the Bucs to a 10-6 record — though not a postseason berth — while throwing for 25 TDs and just six interceptions in his first full season as a starter in 2010.
The release caps a tumultuous month in which Freeman overslept before missing a team photo shoot, was not voted a captain for time since his rookie year, and reportedly missed at least one other team meeting.
This week, the saga took a messy turn when Freeman released a statement through his agent, saying he had Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and entered the NFL substance-abuse program more than a year ago after mistakenly taking Ritalin instead of Adderall to treat the condition.
The NFL Players Association is investigating the quarterback's claim that someone in the Bucs organization leaked confidential information about him being in the program to the media.
According to Freeman and his agent Erik Burkhardt, the quarterback has passed all 46 tests administered by the league.
The winless Bucs have a bye this weekend.
For Freeman, it's a permanent goodbye.
Contributing: The Associated Press
Follow Jarrett Bell on Twitter @JarrettBell
VIDEO: Bucs fall in latest power rankings
Find out where your team ranks as the NFL heads into Week 5.


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I know your trips on business for conventions and trade shows are packed solid with productive meetings and hard work. But most people think you behaved badly. Very badly.
According to a recent survey by Harris Interactive for virtual events company On24, which was quoted in the L.A. Times, a whopping 94 percent of those surveyed said "bad behaviors" take place among people who travel to business trade shows and conventions.
The behavior, according to those who took the survey, included heavy drinking (77 percent), cheating on a spouse (66 percent), spending too much money (54 percent) and eating fatty foods (53 percent).
With all that going on, how in the world did you find time to work?
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29 U.S. Code § 216b - Liability for overtime work performed prior to July 20, 1949
No employer shall be subject to any liability or punishment under this chapter (in any action or proceeding commenced prior to or on or after January 24, 1950), on account of the failure of said employer to pay an employee compensation for any period of overtime work performed prior to July 20, 1949, if the compensation paid prior to July 20, 1949, for such work was at least equal to the compensation which would have been payable for such work had subsections (d)(6), (7) and (g) of section 207 of this title been in effect at the time of such payment.
Section was enacted as part of the Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1949, and not as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 which comprises this chapter.
"January 24, 1950" substituted in text for "the effective date of this Act". See Effective Date of 1949 Amendment note set out under section 202 of this title.
LII has no control over and does not endorse any external Internet site that contains links to or references LII.


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Name: Michael Bock
Member since: 2007-02-03 20:59:41
Last Login: 2007-02-04 04:34:50
I'm an electro-optical systems engineer who has done a lot of labview programming. I have built 6 axis stepper motor fiber optic alignment stations and want to be able to build robots using a PC or a Mac. I'm new to robotics and want to switch fields.
Recent blog entries by malan
I am an electro-optical engineer with an MS in EE. I have done a lot of upper level programming (labview) of motion control systems for fiber optic and semiconductor laser applications. I am now looking to switch fields to robotics. I have ideas for robots I want to build at home. I have looked at robot kits and a lot of these have BASIC stamp microcontrollers. I'm really interested in building PC/MAC controlled robots. I know C++ but do not know the lower level programming necessary to communicate over USB. I don't want to do hobby level robotics but rather University level robotics at a 1st year grad school level. However, I don't know some basic things about microcontrollers. I realize I have to learn the basics first.
What I'd like to do for a beginning project is to get a USB controller that will simply move a stepper or servo motor. I would like to write a program that sends commands over the USB port to make the motor move and control velocity, acceleration of said motor.
I don't know anything about basic USB programming so I'm going to need a book. I would like a book that they would use at the university level for teaching USB programming in C++. I'm going to be doing this programming from Mac OS X (X code) but I also have a PC that I could use (Windows or Linux). Could anyone recommend a good USB programming book that fits this bill. I looked at the offerings at Amazon so far and the reviews weren't that great.
I could also use some advice on other learning tools I could use. I think learning microcontroller fundamentals would be beneficial. As I said before, I'd rather stay away from things releated to basic stamp. However, I was wondering if people here may think it would be a good introduction to the basics of microcontrollers at home. I've looked at the products on this website http://www.hobbyengineering.com/SectionER.html and the Stampworks V2 looks interesting.
However, when I was doing research at MIT they had these great protoboards for their digital electcronics class. I downloaded the whole course from MIT open courseware and am considering going throug it. I think the labkits would be ~$1000 compared to the basic stamp kit above for $250. The MIT course teaches verilog. That seems like it would be a more important skill than basic stamp if the two can be compared?
Advice is greatly appreciated for these home learning projects I'm trying to get started.
I don't understand the organization of this blog as I'm new to this website. I don' see my e-mail address listed as public and the discussion isn't organized like the forums i'm used to on ARStechnica or MacNN. If you have any advice for me along the lines I requested above please e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Others have certified malan as follows:
- The Swirling Brain certified malan as Apprentice
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This BrandingWire challenge is from a color consultant. What is a color consultant, you say? Read on, see how Rachel describes her business and her need to gain broader exposure, then give your advice in the comments. All marketers are welcome to pitch in with their ideas and counsel!
With a fine arts background, I painted pet portraits for several years, capturing the personality of each pet by utilizing color psychology. (http://www.rperls.com) This was a natural segue into color consulting. Now, I'm an independent color consultant, specializing in helping small business owners realize the full potential of color in their branding strategy. I also assist in the incorporation of brand colors into work and sales environments.
Current Status:
Having recently completed extensive training and certification through the International Association of Color Consultants, (http://iaccna.org) I've got the education, but need to get the word out about my services. I also author a blog about color, but haven't figured out how to best utilize it as a venue for getting work. (http://hueconsulting.blogspot.com) Additionally, I've developed a detailed questionnaire to analyze businesses and determine their appropriate color/color palette, and would like to offer this as an online service. Since I am relocating to another state in less than a year, it seems like a better use of my time to focus my efforts online.
I want to be known as the go-to consultant for small businesses looking to harness the marketing power of color. As a newcomer to the market, gaining credibility and establishing a name for myself is essential to success. The question is, with so many options out there, how do I develop this business to make it a viable endeavor?
OK, you bloggers/marketers. BrandingWire exists so you can show off your expertise in very tangible ways. What questions do you have that you'd ask Rachel? How would you help her, or someone in a position like hers, to grow the business? Get the conversation rolling in the Comments!


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Fall Color Combo: Red, Yellow and Green
Even in Los Angeles it feels like Fall weather is here to stay (which we're totally excited about). In our transition for cooler weather, our interior often reflects the season happening outside. Annalea is well on her way to making her home fit in with Fall using reds, yellows and greens...
A buttery yellow wall oozes warmth (and can be made to go with any season). Here, Annalea uses reds and greens to play up the color pattern from Fall leaves. Floral green and red curtains pair perfectly with each rooms yellow walls (and we love that they make each space feel taller and spacious). DIY wall art in the dining room consists of tree branches and sewn birds--each with their own unique fabric. Our favorite room just might be the nursery (which is given away only by the alphabet letters and animal cards). We think the space would translate into any work or studio space with only a few minor changes.
Related Posts
- 8 Ways To Get Your Home Ready For Fall
- Birch Candles Are Back For Fall
- Inspiration: Red, Yellow and Gray


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Beautiful Landing Page for our Open Source Malaria Detection Project
Presupuesto $2-8 AUD / hora
We need a beautiful landing page for our Open Source Malaria Computer Vision project.
This is hosted on Github Pages.
[url removed, login to view]
Note its an Open Source Computer Vision project to help eradicate Malaria so please keep your bids low as I am paying for this out of my own pocket. Thanks Mike
If you want to contribute to the project please feel free to pull the repo and make your contributions.
12 freelancers están ofertando el promedio de $6/hora para este trabajo
Hi Mate, Greetings of the day!! After reading your job description very carefully I came to know that you are looking for landing page designer. I am professional landing page-designer/developer and pleasure Más
Hello, I just checked short description of project, I'm very interested to your project and sure give to you best quality of project, Can you please take short time to me for discuss about your project. LANDING P Más
Dear Hiring Manager, I am more then 4 years experienced in WEB-DESIGN / GRAPHIC-DESIGN / WORDPRESS /Magento/Joomla Adobe-Photoshop / corel-draw / PHP /Bootstrap/ PSD-TO-XHTML / PSD-TO-HTML / MYSQL / CSS / HTML / HTM Más
Hi, I am kausik das and I am working with PHP,CakePHP,Codigniter,WordPress, MYSQL, Java Script, J-Query, HTML/HTML5, CSS and Bootstrap. I have completed a number of projects that are relevant to the skills required Más
Hello Sir, Since it is for Malaria and non-profit organization therefore I will charge only $5 as a tip for the landing page. Regards, Musadiq Khan
I am an experienced web developer based out of India. Having hands on experience of angular2 and ionic2 for mobile app and site. My experience revolves around website, mobile site, hybrid mobile application, web appli Más
I had been working as Front end Developer for 4 years now,and i guarantee clean UI?UX design,resposible design,clean and mentainable code,reusable code ,all i need is a chance to operate and you'll not be disapointed.
i have a team , we can the job sooner than other. We are all web developers, so e can do the job with high wuality.


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Belize Tours and Excursions
Special Offer: Cave Tubing and Zip Line - Group of 6+ Only USD$80.00 per/ person
Special Offer: Cave Tubing, Zip Line, and Mayan Ruins - Group of 4+ Only USD$150.00 per/ person
Our Tour Company is made up of Belize tour guides that came together to offer their services at the lowest rates possible. We offer family friendly activities to groups of all size and ages. The members of our team were all employed with the larger tour companies as freelance tour guides. Today we have a well established and trained team that is ready to give you an UN- BELIZE-ABLE TIME! Belize Tour Companies - offering personalize tour services.
Altun Ha Mayan Ruins and Zipline Canopy Tours
4 persons: USD$125.00 per/ person
5 persons+: USD$100.00 per/ person
Call: 011-501-600-2631
Youngest Allowed: 3 years old
Heaviest Allowed: 350 lbs
Tour Duration: 5 hours
Save by booking your Belize tours and Belize shore excursions with us. We offer private tours and shore excursions throughout the country of Belize. Our tours are sold at group discount rates and are offered to groups of call size and ages. If you interested in Jungle adventures, Belize caving adventure you are at the right place. We will help you arrange your activities and it will not cost you much. Book your Belize tours with us to save.
Belize adventure tour company offering personalize tour services. We offer our services to visitors staying in Ambergris Caye, San Pedro, Caye Caulker, Belize City, San Ignacio, and Belmopan. We also offer our services to cruise ship passengers who would like to have a great experience without having to spend much.
Experience exhilaration! This is just one of the feelings you may have as you imitate the Black Howler monkeys of Belize, zipping through the treetops about 70-80 feet above the forest floor in interior Belize! Tarzan did it… now so can you. Flying through the trees at up to 40 miles per hour is an exhilarating experience you'll never forget. The fun begins once you arrive at our location in Belize. Canopy tours start off slow and low, allowing you to get a feel for the lines. Each stretch of the tour gets longer, higher, faster and more exciting. With professional guides close by at all times, you'll discover an adrenaline rush unlike any other.


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Cindy Gerard eBooks
When you check out her books page, you'll see she wrote a number of category romances for Bantam's Loveswept line and for Silhouette Desire before she took the plunge and started writing single title romantic suspense action adventures. She is loving the larger format which gives her the opportunity to create bigger, bolder, grittier novels. Apparently, you all are loving it too. Thanks to all of you who put her on the NEW YORK TIMES list with my Bodyguard Series. It was a thrill to get the call!
During the course of her career, one thing has never changed. Whether she is speaking to a group or simply visiting with a reader, her most often asked question is: Where do you get your ideas? The truth is, she doesn't always know. She realize that sounds strange but there it is. Sometimes a song will prompt a story. Sometimes a photograph or a scene in a movie. Most often, it's the characters who first appear to her and once she knows who they are, their story unfolds.
The only thing she does know is that since selling that first book, it's been full speed ahead ever since and every day remains an adventure and a learning experience. She hopse that never changes!


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Join Arizona State Museum zooarchaeologist Nichole Mathwich and educator Larea Lewis Saturday, Sept. 17, for a three-hour exploration of "Bones Beneath the Ballpark: Zooarchaeology Training for Middle & High School Teachers."
The program, which will earn attendees 3 hours of continuing education credit, includes a visit to ASM's renowned Stanley J. Olsen Laboratory of Zooarchaeology on the University of Arizona campus.
The day begins at 9 a.m. and ends at noon. Fee is $35 and includes refreshments.
Among the benefits:
- Incorporate skills outlined in Arizona standards and Common Core.
- Train on archaeology and zooarcheaology curriculum units.
Teachers will be certified to check out ASM's Bank One Ballpark zooarchaeoiogy kit with hands-on materials and lesson guides.
Space is limited. Register today by contacting Larea Lewis at 520-621-9434 or email email@example.com.


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It's great that you have decided to fundraise for Butterfly Conservation and we are delighted that you are supporting us. Whether you are planning something big or small, don't forget to shout about it! We are here to help you spread the word.
Posters and flyers
These are a great way of spreading the message of your event. If you produce any publicity materials to promote your fundraising event please include the following statement:
"Butterfly Conservation is a charity registered in England & Wales (254937) and in Scotland (SC039268). This event is raising funds for Butterfly Conservation. Butterfly Conservation is very grateful for this support and delighted to accept the proceeds, but is not liable for this event."
If you would like to use our logo, please get in touch and we can email the relevant logos and images.
Press Coverage
Your local paper or radio station might be interested to hear about your fundraising plans. We can provide advice on how to approach the media and help you get in touch with them. Contact the Publicity Team directly on 01929 406005 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. We would love to hear from you!
Online Promotion
Just Giving - It's easy than ever (and completely free) to set up a fundraising webpage on Just Giving. You can write out your personal fundraising story, add photos and even add video and colour to your page. You can share your page address with your friends, by email or using the free facebook and iPhone apps. They even provide widgets for you to use on your own website or social networking pages. Create a page here.
Facebook and Twitter - Social media is a fantastic way of contacting us and our Publicity Team directly, as well as spreading your message, event or project with thousands of people instantly. We love connecting with people on both Twitter and Facebook, and are more than happy to share your post or give you a retweet to get your voices heard! Check out the links below to contact us via these networks. See you in cyberspace!


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product description
Related Products:
MAC Knives
MAC Superior Series
Japanese/Asian Knives
Stainless - Other
Stainless Steel
Wood - Pakkawood
Double Bevel
Kitchen Knives
Maker: MAC Knives (click to see more by this maker)Product line: MAC Superior Series (click to see more in this line)
Price: $89.95
Saving: $15.05
Item num: 83635
Blade length: 10.50 in.Total length: 15.25 in.Blade height (at heel): 1.51 in.Blade thickness (near bolster): 0.07 in.Item weight: 5.68 oz.Shipment weight: 9.36 oz.Blade: Tungsten alloy stainless steel for longer edge holdingHandle: Resin impregnated wood
Description: Bread knives are serrated for easy slicing through loaves of bread. They are also great for slicing pastries and tomatoes. The reverse serration used by MAC also makes this an exceptional knife for slicing roasts.
The MAC Superior Series is an updated line of the Original Series. Knives in the Superior Series have larger handles and slightly thicker (2mm) blades for more weight and strength. The improved Tungsten alloy steel provides a longer lasting edge and makes resharpening easier.


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Write a News Story
Meet a Pioneer Pilot
Amelia Earhart Home
Back to
Story List
Amelia's Disappearing Trick
By: Aven H.
Iowa, Age 11
Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan take off for Howland Island. Howland is barely half a mile wide and hardly two miles long - - only a dot in the Pacific Ocean. Only twenty hours into the flight, Amelia's voice is picked up by a ship's radio near the island. Unfortunately, the Electra and crew never arrive. President Roosevelt personally authorizes nine naval ships and 66 planes to help in the search effort. Over 4,000 men rake through the waters and islands of the South Pacific. But Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan are never seen again.
Back to
Story List


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Lansing Family History Center
Jessica Miller, an Archivist at the Archives of Michigan, will be presenting a program that will help audience members become more familiar with several types of records available at Seeking Michigan, and may introduce even seasoned researchers to some new leads. Jessica will explain how to search for Michigan death records, Michigan state census records, and Civil War service records. The talk will also include an overview of Archives of Michigan subject guides and indexes available at Seeking Michigan.
For more information about the Family History Seminar, please visit the Lansing Family History Center's website.
The world watched as Hurricane Harvey smashed into...
Reimund Holzhey robbed stagecoach and train passengers...
Meet our Michiganologist, Jill! Jill works in the Archives...
Death Records, 1921-1952
Documents, Family History, Primary Sources
Surveyor Notes
Documents, Primary Sources
State Census, 1827-1874


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President's Page
What Has Information Science Contributed to the World?
by Trudi Bellardo Hahn
The Council of Scientific Society Presidents recently asked me to respond to a survey question: What were the most important seminal five to seven discoveries in the field represented by your professional society in the 20th century? Such a question raises several complex issues, such as what are the most remarkable achievements unique to the field of information science in the past 100 years? Who are the individuals who were responsible for each one? Just what constitutes our field as separate from other fields such as computer science, librarianship, chemistry, engineering, medicine, management, law or education? How do our research methods differ from those of the social sciences, operations research, linguistics and others from which we have obviously borrowed?
Since I could not answer the survey question off the top of my head, I consulted ASIST members who research and write the history of information science. Michael Buckland, Eugene Garfield, Julian Warner and Robert Williams replied. It appeared that developments is more apt to describe information science activities than discoveries.
However, their responses appeared to have discouragingly little consensus or overlap.
By merging their responses into larger categories and consulting some information science textbooks and historical papers, I drafted a list of five major categories of accomplishment that I believe can be attributed directly and solely (well, nearly) to IS researchers and developers.
1. Information science researchers measured the information explosion. They created the field of bibliometrics the study of published literature and its usage. Bibliometrics has many aspects, including studies of impact, diffusion of innovation, bibliographic coupling, citation and co-citation patterns and other statistical regularities in scientific and scholarly productivity and communication.
2. Information science developers contained the information explosion. Information scientists pioneered innovations in indexing systems that were very different from traditional subject cataloging in libraries automatic indexing and abstracting, KWIC and KWOC indexing, citation indexing, keyword indexing and post-coordination, text analysis and natural language searching systems. They also developed thesauri or controlled vocabularies for thousands of disciplines and specialties.
3. Information science developers applied computers to manipulating documents and document records in information storage and retrieval systems. This began almost as soon as computers became available in the 1950s, but really took off with third-generation computers in the 1960s. The development of online database systems was accompanied by related telecommunications and networking technologies and specialized search functionalities, as well as large machine-readable databases. The application of formal logic (Boolean operators) to database searching was a major component of these developments.
4. Information science researchers studied users information seeking, needs and preferences, as well as related areas such as relevance and utility assessment. The sociologists got us started, but we quickly developed our own body of research in the second half of the last century.
5. Information science leaders in government and industry contributed to formulating national information policies related to issues of privacy, security, regulating dissemination and access, intellectual property, acceptable use and others. They contributed to developing standards for the processing and communication of information, as well as the monitoring of the national information infrastructure (human, technological, materials and financial) to ensure that information systems and services related to the public interest were maintained.
ASIST members are invited to debate the content of this list, to suggest additions or items that should have high priority, to identify the pioneers and to date seminal discoveries, developments or inventions. We know we are multidisciplinary and cross-disciplinary, but I believe there is a core of knowledge and developments that is uniquely ours if we can but define it.
I have asked Robert Williams, University of South Carolina, to work with members of the Special Interest Group on History and Foundations of Information Science to refine and expand this list. He has already started the process by compiling a draft of a detailed chronology of information science and technology available at www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/Ischron.htm. Please help by sending your thoughts and suggestions to Bob (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Our goal is to publish an authoritative list of accomplishments on the ASIST website. In addition to the existing About ASIST page and the mission and vision statements, it will show ASIST members and potential members what this field is about, what it values and where the greatest potential for future discoveries and contributions lies.
Trudi Bellardo Hahn
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Information Science and Technology


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Peanuts Shirts
Good grief! Are you feeling like there's a constant rain cloud over your head? Or like you're on a baseball team that never wins? Or like someone pulled a football out from underneath your feet? If talking with a 5¢ psychiatrist doesn't seem to help with your woes, don't worry! Cheer yourself up with one of our Charlie Brown shirts, costumes, and other great Peanuts gear. We've even got all you "Joe Cool" types out there covered with tees featuring everyone's favorite beagle, Snoopy! We think even crabby Lucy would have to agree: Happiness is a Peanuts t-shirt!
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Since it's a Monday, many Thai residents in Bangkok are wearing their 'Long Live the King' polo shirts, and the students in my class tonight are no different: I face a sea of yellow to talk about American legal practice relating to the 4th Amendment's protections against unreasonable search and seizure. The lessons of the Framers, and of our constitutional cases, make for an awkward discussion, since these Thai law students are living through what we would call a "constitutional moment" as their predominantly Buddhist, peaceful culture struggles to reconcile recently imposed martial law, their nominally democratic constitutional monarchy and an increasingly divided society. They surely have as much to teach me as I have to offer them.
Click here to read full story.
Peace Negotiations Watch is a weekly publication detailing current events relating to conflict and peace processes in selected countries across the world. The next issue will be released Thursday, February 22, 2007. Peace Negotiations Watch can be found at http://www.publicinternationallaw.org/peace/. Peace Negotiations Watch is prepared by the Public International Law & Policy Group, in cooperation with the School of International Service at American University, and is made possible by grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Ploughshares Fund.
As in 2006, the Spring Conference will be held during the Shearman & Sterling International Rounds of the Jessup Moot Court Competition. The ILSA Conference will also occur at the same time and location as the 101st annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law. More information about the ILSA Spring Conference will follow in the coming days, including registration information. Check www.ILSA.org for information.
Come hear about study abroad options from Dean Lazar and students who have done it. Wednesday, March 21 is the deadline to apply for most Chicago-Kent study abroad programs (Bucerius, Augsburg (summer), Oslo, Copenhagen, New Zealand, etc) so come to this timely meeting and hear all about the programs. We will have a special guest speaker from Pepperdine University school of Law in London who will talk about that program as well.
The Council for American Students in International Negotiations (CASIN) is currently looking for volunteers to fill vital roles within the organization. Current openings include: Executive Director, Editor-in-Chief for the International Journal on Human Rights Law, Director of Delegations, Webmaster, and Membership Coordinator. Descriptions of these positions are posted on their website at www.americanstudents.us under the Volunteer section. If you would like to apply or are interested in other volunteer work within CASIN, contact the Staff Coordinator, Jamie Bay, at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Council for American Students in International Negotiations, Inc.
Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights Law, Volume 2
The Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights Law is a publication from the Council for American Students in International Negotiations, Inc. (CASIN) designed to address international human rights issues more broadly. The first volume of the Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights Law was ranked #8 among top international law reviews on ExpressO rankings. To access an online copy of the first volume, please visit the following webpage:
We are interested in submissions exploring political, philosophical, and legal questions related to international human rights, in an effort to create a more thoughtful polity better able to make informed choices about ethical foreign policymaking.
CASIN is an international non-profit, non-governmental organization providing young Americans unprecedented access to the international policymaking process by sending delegations to meetings of various United Nations bodies, the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and other international negotiations. CASIN (formerly the Independent Student Coalition for the International Criminal Court) takes a well-rounded approach to the study of international relations. The Office of Education Programs and Publications deliver scholastic research covering the International Criminal Court (ICC), human rights issues, children and women's issues, health issues, disarmament and development issues, and nuclear non-proliferation issues.
We invite paper and book review submissions from students, young professionals, academics and journalists. All papers must meet the submission requirements below.
Contact Information:
Harry M. Rhea
(856) 220-8569
Submission Requirements:
1) Manuscripts must be submitted in English and sent directly by electronic mail in MSWord format along with a 150 word abstract.
2) Receipt of all manuscripts will be acknowledged, and authors of papers selected for publication will be notified within eight weeks of receipt of the manuscript.
3) Deadline for manuscript submissions is May 31, 2007.
Format Requirements:
1) Manuscripts must be typed and double-spaced throughout, including footnotes, tables and indented quotes.
2) Manuscripts should normally range from 20-25 pages, in length.
3) The journal adheres to the footnote style of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.
The Houston Journal of International Law invites submissions to compete for best unpublished student paper on international economic law. The deadline to submit your work is March 2, 2007 . For more information about submission guidelines, see Ms. Fife Osikanlu in Dean Lazar's office.
Application instructions and eligibility guidelines for the Arthur C. Helton Fellowship Program are now available on the web site of The American Society of International Law (http://www.asil.org/aboutasil/heltonindex.html). Established in honor of Arthur C. Helton's remarkable career advocating for refugees and his many contributions to international law, this program will assist students and young lawyers in need of modest sums (up to $1000) to pursue their first opportunities to engage in human rights work and research. The application deadline is February 26, 2007 and awards will be made by March 23, 2007.
The Rotary World Peace Fellowships train professionals in conflict resolution and mediation strategies to foster policies and create settings that ensure peace worldwide. The master's level degree program is aimed at mid-career professionals in government, nongovernmental organizations and private corporations. Program alumni have found high-ranking positions for organizations such as USAID, the United Nations, Interpol and the World Bank. Rotary, one of the world's largest humanitarian service organizations has partnered with seven leading universities around the globe to develop the Rotary Centers for International Studies in peace and conflict resolution.
Rotary requests your help to seek out qualified candidates for our Rotary Centers. For more information, please visit: http://www.rotary.org/foundation/educational/amb_scho/centers/index.html.
Sing accessible music in a collegial setting with director Becky Patterson, a great person and a noted choral teacher. All skill levels are welcome. After some warm-ups and vocal exercises, we sing. About halfway through we break for refreshments, followed by more singing. The first rehearsal was on January 17, but we continue to meet on the 2nd and 4th Wednesdays of each month. Rehearsals are from 6 - 8 p.m. at the CBA building, 321 S. Plymouth Court, in Corboy Hall on the second floor. The Chorus' next venture is Faure's Requiem, to be performed with the Chicago Bar Association Symphony Orchestra on Thursday, May 10, 2007, at St. James Cathedral. Come to our rehearsals and try us out. We know you'll be hooked after the first hour. To get started, email or call one of the committee co-chairpersons with your contact information: Jennifer Widmer at email@example.com or (312) 759-2155, or Mark Burkland at firstname.lastname@example.com or (312) 578-6557.
In 2007, the Graduate Institute of International Studies (HEI) will be offering its first Summer Program on WTO Studies. This will be a four week course, commencing with a one-week introduction to the world trading system, followed by one week on trade and agriculture, followed by one week on trade in services, and concluded with one week on contingency protection (i.e. subsidies, countervailing measures, antidumping and safeguards). For more information: www.heisummer.ch
Circle of Legal Studies, Jatinangor City, Indonesia
is seeking donations of law books. As the nation is
in transition to democracy, the group would like to
participate in promoting equality before the law in
their country. The Circle for Legal Studies meets
to discuss and explore various issues in Law; however,
there is a shortage of Law books in Indonesia.
interested or for further information, e-mail the
Circle for Legal Studies Jatinangor at email@example.com
or write Cricle for Legal Studies, PMII Jalan Jatinangor,
Warung Kalda, Jatinangor- Sumedang, Indonesia 45363.
text books can be brought to the Office of International
Law and Policy, Suite 320B. A $5 donation is requested
to help cover the cost of shipping.
Main Chicago-Kent event
Academic calendar
CLE calendar
Alumni event calendar
Admissions calendar


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Turns out it wasn't the Eagles' new defensive coordinator who was waiting for national signing day to pass before announcing his was leaving college for the NFL. It was the new offensive line coach.
In what looks like the biggest coup new head coach Chip Kelly has managed, the Eagles are expected to name Alabama offensive line coach Jeff Stoutland to run their unit. A league source said the hiring, reported by Footballscoop.com, "is likely to happen."
Stoutland, 50, had the best offensive line in college football last season, for the national champion Crimson Tide. He coached there two seasons, coming from Miami, where he has been among those implicated in the scandal involving booster Nevin Shapiro. A recent Palm Beach Post story said Stoutland is cooperating with NCAA investigators.
Stoutland's 2012 Alabama line featured Chance Warmack, a guard who could be among the top half-dozen or so draft prospects, Rimington Trophy winner Barrett Jones and tackle D.J. Fluker, who also could be a first-round draft pick this April.
Previously Thursday, a league source confirmed former Browns linebackers coach Bill Davis will become the Eagles' defensive coordinator.


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Never Highlight a Book Again! Just the FACTS101 study guides give the student the textbook outlines, highlights, practice quizzes and optional access to the full practice tests for their textbook.One gap junction channel is composedoftwo connexons which connect across the intercellular space. HeLa: A ... The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken onFebruary 8, 1951 from Henrietta Lacks, a patientwho eventually died ofanbsp;...
|e-Study Guide for: Biology: Today and Tomorrow Without Physiology
|Cram101 Textbook Reviews
|Cram101 Textbook Reviews - 2014-01-01
You must register with us as either a Registered User before you can Download this Book. You'll be greeted by a simple sign-up page.
Once you have finished the sign-up process, you will be redirected to your download Book page.How it works:


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Football falls at Amherst in season opener
Ryan Silva '14 rushed for 170 yards and his first career touchdown as Amherst College pulled away in the second half and defeated Hamilton College 38-14 in the 2012 NESCAC opener for both teams at Amherst's Pratt Field on Sept. 22.
Tyler Jacobs '15 (97 yards) and Steven Jellison '14 (59 yards) each ran for their first career touchdowns, and the Lord Jeffs outgained Hamilton 376 to 60 on the ground. Max Lippe '15 threw for two touchdowns and 116 yards on 12-of-18 passing and rushed for 19 yards on six carries in his collegiate debut. Wade McNamara '14 led the receiving corps with four catches for 55 yards and a touchdown.
Sam Clark '13 led Amherst's defense with nine tackles and Travis Dickenson '13 chipped in seven tackles, including 3.5 for a loss.
Jeff Hopsicker '15 completed 12-of-25 passes for 116 yards and a touchdown in his first game at Hamilton. James Stanell '14 returned a kickoff 94 yards for a score and added 31 yards rushing on 16 carries. The touchdown return is the second of Stanell's career with the Continentals. Joe Jensen '15 led the receivers with four receptions for 51 yards and a touchdown.
Jared Kochenash '13 led all players with a career-high 12 tackles for Hamilton. Mike MacDonald '13 and Andrew Austin '14 added 11 tackles apiece.
After forcing the Continentals to punt on their first possession, the Lord Jeffs capitalized with a seven-play, 48-yard drive capped by a five-yard touchdown pass from Lippe to Tom Holahan '13 with 10:20 remaining in the first quarter. It was the first career touchdown for both players.
Hamilton tied the score on Stanell's 94-yard kick return along the right sideline and the extra-point by Garrett Hoy '13. Amherst reclaimed the lead after an eight-play, 74-yard drive that ended with a 35-yard touchdown run by Silva with 7:25 to play in the first quarter.
Three plays after a punt by Hoy that was pinned at the Amherst 1-yard line, Silva broke off a 49-yard run that ended the first quarter. The drive resulted in a 32-yard touchdown pass to McNamara and a 21-7 lead for the Lord Jeffs.
The Continentals answered back on their next possession with an eight-play, 62-yard drive. Hopsicker racked up 57 yards passing on the drive, including a 36-yard touchdown strike to Jensen with 6:39 remaining in the half. That touchdown proved to be the final points of the half, and Amherst took a 21-14 lead into the locker room.
Amherst dominated both sides of the ball in the second half. Jellison scored on a 29-yard run on the first drive of the third quarter. The Lord Jeffs added a 36-yard field goal by Jake Schmidt '14 with 6:50 remaining in the third quarter to take a 31-14 lead. Amherst tacked on one last score in the fourth quarter. Jacobs rushed untouched down the right sideline for a 56-yard touchdown with 4:46 left.
Hamilton travels to Wesleyan University for a NESCAC matchup on Saturday, Sept. 29.


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February 25th, 2009 at 11:12 AM ^
I "hate" OSU because they're our primary rival. Their fanbase is just as shitty as ours, only a tad more into it because people in central Ohio have no other sports options.
February 25th, 2009 at 8:30 PM ^
I don't hate OSU, I respect them. They have a great football tradition. That said, no game is more important in all of sports.
Two, I am now convinced that their fan base is equally as shitty as ours. No tad difference, as the Detroit Lions are not a viable sports option.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:23 AM ^
Yes, that was quite the belligerent ad. I saw and instantly wanted to flip cars over and start a fire in the street. LETS RAGE MAKERS MARK RAGE!!!!!!!!
February 25th, 2009 at 10:57 AM ^
I'm writing an insurance ad (exciting!) this morning that will run only in Michigan.
I vow to exact revenge.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:06 AM ^
Go with some Single Malt Scotch instead. Or Wild Turkey. there you go, 2 price points, enjoy.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:13 AM ^
Single malts are not a substitute for bourbon. They taste completely different.
And yeah, they're more expensive, so unless you don't like the delicious slight sweetness of bourbon and would rather have something with a load of peat in it, bourbon is a better buy. Really good bourbon is at a similar price point to some of the entry-level single malts from some of the well-known distilleries.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:29 AM ^
So what is the difference between Bourbon and Whiskey then? I thought Bourbon was a sweeter blend that came out of Bourbon county, Kentucky, but is that just a myth?
Essentially, aren't Scotches, Whiskeys, and Bourbons essentially different variations of the same alcohol? I know there are differences in the ingredients in Scotch, etc, but are they truly different spirits.
To put it another way, when it comes to beer, Stout and IPA are very different but both come under the umbrella of Beer. Is this true for the Jack, Jim, and Dewar's as well? (for example)
February 25th, 2009 at 12:23 PM ^
Although there are certainly regional characteristics that accompany whiskey from different regions.
Bourbon is whiskey from Kentucky. Jack Daniels has certain characteristics in common with Bourbon, but it is not from Kentucky, so it is not Bourbon. Jack is Tennessee Whiskey.
Scotch is whiskey from Scotland. Whiskey from Ireland is referred to as the more staight-forward Irish Whiskey.
February 25th, 2009 at 2:08 PM ^
Bourbon and Scotch are both kinds of whisk(e)y. But I really don't consider bourbon and scotch, especially the Islay and Campbeltown single malts, to be comparable drinks. For example -- next time you hit a bar, have a Pappy van Winkel or Woodford Reserve, and then have a Laphroig or Ardbeg. They aren't even remotely close to the same taste, you'll see why I don't really consider them the same beverage even though they're both whiskey.
The similarities are they are made of malts of some kind. However, bourbon must have corn in it and is aged in virgin white oak barrels. Simgle malt scotch is all barley, and they use used barrels (typically purchased from the bourbon distilleries, actually), and the local water sources they use have a significant effect on the flavor profile, along with the amount of peat smoke they introduce.
Some of the Highland and Speyside (subset of Highlands, really) single malts do have some noticeable sweetness, but that peaty flavor is something that distinguishes them from bourbon, and really I've never had one that has a similar sweetness to bourbon.
Personally, I enjoy the ridiculous smoky peaty flavor of the Islays and the one Campbeltown I've been able to try (there's only three distilleries left there) - we jokingly referred to Laphroig as "liquid bacon". The Highlands and Speysides have more subtle flavor. The Islays are in-your-face, much like bourbon is, but with totally different flavors.
February 25th, 2009 at 2:15 PM ^
I don't know the geography of my Scotch, but I can cosign the general observation that Single-Malts are generally smoother and more subtle, while bourbon packs more of a smokey, hard, punch. The only single malt that I've had that can hold it's own in pure punch to bourbon is Tallisker 10-year, which is a crazy glass of liquor.
In general, I prefer bourbon.
AND, not that this episode should be what stops you from drinking Maker's, but you shouldn't be drinking it anyway - at it's price point, it's about the worst bourbon you can buy.
February 25th, 2009 at 2:58 PM ^
Talisker isn't in any of the 5 "regions" (Lowland, Highland, Speyside, Islay, Campbeltown), actually. There's several distilleries on islands that are not part of the regions (Highland Park is another famous one). I think Talisker is on the Isle of Skye? Anyways, its flavor is more like the Islay single malts -- big peat and smoke, kinda salty. If you liked that one, try some of the Islays. I really like pretty much everything of Ardbeg's that I've tried.
Wikipedia actually has good info on single malts if people are interested.
February 25th, 2009 at 3:00 PM ^
I generally agree that single malt scotches are smoother, but if you want something very different, try a bottle of Laphroaig out of Islay. In my amateur experience, that is a very smokey, hard punch single malt scotch.
February 25th, 2009 at 8:37 PM ^
The only scotches I've ever been able to drink are single malts. They are smoother; the best I've had in my limited experience Balvenie and Ambassador's Royal Salute. These have been described (correctly, IMO) as being so smooth they taste like cognac.
I prefer bourbon as well, and do not at all like Maker's Mark. It gets high reviews, and is often compared to scotch (the blends); hence why I never cared for it. Scotch lovers seem to think its the best bourbon.
Jack Daniels has always been an "outlier" for me; its a sour mash, and that just comes across differently than the more traditional scotches and bourbons.
February 26th, 2009 at 8:42 AM ^
If you really want smoky, try Bowmore Darkest (I think there are at least 8 different varieties from that distillery). That's a unique scotch.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:12 AM ^
However, the bigger problem is that by specifically targeting one group, they are automatically alienating a separate market segment.
I hope the management of Maker's Mark has done their homework. If their market share in Ann Arbor was even close to the same percentages of what they enjoy in Columbus, the idea is a failure... because there WILL be a fallout. Either that or they should experiment with a reciprocate outdoor to appease the maize and blue.
Dey made a funny sign for us but da DickRods up nort' aint gonna like it.
I hope da booze peeple figgered out if dey sell as much licker in Ann Arbor as C-Bus cuz if dey do, dem Bitch-Again fans won't buy da wiskey anymore. Cuz a' dat sign. Eeder dat or dey hafta build a sign in Ann Arbor (is a whore, teehee) dat says sumtin' bad about da Buckeyes to make dem happy.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:15 AM ^
Be prepared, you're about to be attacked...You clearly don't understand marketing. (Sarcasm)
February 25th, 2009 at 11:19 AM ^
I can't imagine this would hurt them that much. The number of Michigan fans who will see that sign are negligible and Ann Arbor itself is a tiny market. The wider Detroit market is not going to be effected by a drop in sales amongst Michigan fans, especially if they mount a similar campaign that might bring in State, Lions, Tigers, Pistons or Red Wings fans.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:24 AM ^
And if you choose your bourbon based off of one ad, then you are an idiot.
(not you six zero, the Royal 'you')
February 25th, 2009 at 12:41 PM ^
I choose my whiskey (not technically bourbon) based on whether or not it comes in a bottle labeled YUKON JACK.
That's some good stuff.
February 25th, 2009 at 1:53 PM ^
I realize that you're joking (and I laughed, FWIW), but what if your criteria was whether the bottle read "Maker's Mark"? Would you really stop buying it?
This ad is a joke at our expense. That's it. We should suck it up and take the joke. Seriously.
February 25th, 2009 at 7:21 PM ^
I commented on this thread purely in terms of marketing. At no point did I ever play a part in the whole "THIS IS AN OUTRAGE" thing.
Although I did grumble with Pogue a bit-- I'll stick to my suspicions of any damn Buckeye here in our clubhouse, thank you very much.
By the way-- catch my post to you on that Threet post?? If it were my call, the Best Invented Term of the Week goes to you.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:26 AM ^
I would wager this ad campaign will bring them many more customers in Columbus than they will lose in Ann Arbor. I love MGoBlog, but I'm going to go out on a limb and say there are a lot more eyeballs seeing that sign than this post.
The real question is whether or not a more neutral campaign would bring them the equivalent number of customers in Columbus without losing the AA customers. Given the degree to which central Ohioans seem to identify with the team and consequently U-M's failures, I would say no. That's pure speculation on my part.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:32 AM ^
what a pathetic town columbus is. Over 1 million people in the metro area, and the life of every individual in the city revolves wholly around the football team. There is no culture, no class, and certainly nothing else to look forward to. They have to pick on Michigan right now because they no longer matter in the national scope after three straight bowl losses and a schlacking at USC. As someone who grew up in that toilet bowl excuse for a city, I can honestly say that no proper thinking person would allow themselves to live their by choice. However, Buckeyes probably find it hard out here in the real world, so they stick to their disgusting little bubble that we call columbus, and I used to have to call home. They are really the worst people in the world.
February 25th, 2009 at 7:24 PM ^
that if I was drinking milk when I saw this it would have come straight out my nose.
'Round here we call that funny.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:41 AM ^
in the shadow of the whore's shoe. went to high school down the road at upper arlington and my parents still live there. The worst time of the year is xmas, because that is the only time I have to go back. anymore stupid questions?
February 25th, 2009 at 11:59 AM ^
Your experience of living in Columbus is different than my 6 months of living there... I found the people cultured, educated and interesting.
February 25th, 2009 at 12:08 PM ^
a michigan fan? perhaps you've been lucky so far, but just give it some time. It really is unbelievable how they covet their football team. growing up there was pretty miserable, and that was during the cooper years - my last football season living in Columbus was 2000.
February 25th, 2009 at 12:15 PM ^
If by open you mean "Do you engage people in an antagonistic manner and try to mock them not expecting to get it back" then no. I wore a Michigan hat and nobody really cared.
February 25th, 2009 at 12:26 PM ^
drawer with my porn mags. WTF does it mean to "openly" be a Michigan fan? Jesus.
February 25th, 2009 at 2:04 PM ^
Born, raised, and actually attended OSU for a semester. You speak the truth, sir. However, I finally convinced my parents to get the hell out and move out here.
Quit your bitchin', by the way... at least you went to UA. I'm from Grove Tucky!
February 25th, 2009 at 11:40 AM ^
If you're going to go off on an ill-informed lunatic rant, do it right. Shellacking.
February 25th, 2009 at 11:51 AM ^
what part of my rant was ill-informed? Do you have better information on Columbus? Did you grow up there as a die-hard Michigan fan? As a 6 year old kid, did did adults tell you that Michigan sucked and about how this was OSU's year to beat the snot out of "that school up north?" Ill-informed? I don't think so. Perhaps better informed was what you meant to say.
February 25th, 2009 at 12:22 PM ^
I think you need to go outside and get some air if you're this worked up over a fucking liquor billboard that is some far-off city. But for the record, this was what I felt was ill-informed:
"There is no culture, no class, and certainly nothing else to look forward to."
That was a massive overgeneralization, and no matter how long you lived there, you are nowhere near "informed" enough to make such an inevitably inaccurate statement.
February 25th, 2009 at 12:37 PM ^
did my sweeping generalization of Columbus really offend you that much? Or surprise you rather that someone would do such a thing on an internet blog? Yeah I said it, and I meant it. Maybe it's not true, but I will believe it till the day I die based on what I know. Try not to get your panties in a bunch.
February 25th, 2009 at 12:48 PM ^
I've always loved the "don't be so sensitive" jab. It implies in a non-direct way that someone is a woman or gay and that they are less of a man for being sensitive. It's even cooler on the internet when you actually have no idea what the persons true disposition is like. The panties line is great too. I love the internet insult, you can yell as loud as you want, be completely wrong and go to bed at night convinced of your amazingly well hung internet endowment.
February 25th, 2009 at 12:55 PM ^
that I'm 6'4" and weigh 245lbs (read, a very small individual). But that was kind of my point, people are going to run-off at the mouth under a veil of anonymity. The guy shouldn't be surprised to see a remark that is not entirely based on fact - it happens!
February 25th, 2009 at 12:59 PM ^
So you are admitting that you made the whole thing up? You have too much time on your hands.
February 25th, 2009 at 1:07 PM ^
that maybe casting a judgment over all Columbus area residents is probably inaccurate, but based on my experiences, I will believe what I stated previously. That's all.
February 25th, 2009 at 1:13 PM ^
You are admitting to an inaccurate judgment but you are going to stick by it. Did I get that right? This needs no further discussion.
February 25th, 2009 at 1:35 PM ^
Fact: I grew up in Columbus and feel that OSU fans are by and large assholes who focus on little more than OSU football.
Fact: Not every Columbus resident is a football loving nut-job.
Therefore, it is inaccurate of me to say that the whole city revolves around nothing more than football. However, it is also accurate for me to say that most of the people I know from that town are Buckeye football crazy and can be pretty ruthless if you don't fall in line. Therefore, I am speaking about my personal experience. My experience in Columbus may not be the universal, but what I found. Do you see how that works? I can make a judgment off an experience that I had, however, it may not be true all the time. That does not make my experience or opinions on the experience wrong.
February 25th, 2009 at 1:00 PM ^
They are pink, frilly, lacy thong panties, and they are all twisted around me because of what this jackass said on the internet. Also, my penis is 2 inches long, FULLY ERECT. So obviously I should be ignored.
February 25th, 2009 at 1:16 PM ^
Just out of curiousity... wacha gonna do with them panties when you're done with them. maybe we could work out a deal or sumthing.
February 25th, 2009 at 1:56 PM ^
The IRONY is here:
Someone, horribly offended by both a Bourbon advertisement on an office building AND someone still scarred by someone being "mean" to them when they were 6 is calling someone else too "sensitive".
February 25th, 2009 at 12:58 PM ^
"Maybe it's not true, but I will believe it till the day I die based on what I know."
Shorter wolverinewest:


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posted by Thom Holwerda on Tue 29th Jan 2013 18:47 UTC
"Microsoft's Surface Pro tablet, due on February 9th, will have a smaller amount of storage space than expected. A company spokesperson has confirmed to The Verge that the 64GB edition of Surface Pro will have 23GB of free storage out of the box. The 128GB model will have 83GB of free storage. It appears that the Windows 8 install, built-in apps, and a recovery partition will make up the 41GB total on the base Surface Pro model." Oh Microsoft.