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Karma Collective
PIYOGA pants are boutique lounge & yoga pants with a purpose.
They are handmade with love from the tropical shores of Bali and 10% of net profits are donated back to sea turtle conservation efforts around the world.
Our Mission is simple.
We strive to empower women of all shapes and sizes to feel comfortable and confident on and off their yoga mat.
Scrunched Bottom Sizing.
PIYOGA pants are designed for every BODY.
Waist Band: The waist band is 5" wide designed to flatter your natural curves and to avoid the dreaded "muffin top". The waist band stretches to fit US W size 0-12. UK size 4-16. EUR size 32-44.
Ankle: The elastic ankle can be gathered to fit anyone from 4 feet 10" to 6 feet tall (147cm to 182cm).
Bonus: Pocket on the side for your cell phone.
**The Scrunched Bottom size is our Best Seller!**
Want more options in size? We also offer:
US W size 12-16 Scrunched Bottom Pants
US W size 0-10 Petite Straight Leg Pants (under 5' 1.5" or 156cm)
US W size 0-10 Regular Straight Leg Pants (over 5' 2" or 157cm)
Our Story.
I was inspired by my travels around the world to create a brand that gives back to the community and environment in Bali.
While I was living in Bali I met a seamstress and was inspired by how she had started her business from scratch. She was very ambitious and showed me it was possible to start a business of my own and to empower other women by working together. Since then, the message of women empowerment has become deeply rooted in the PIYOGA mission and to this day her and her daughter still make the pants.
Bali is a beautiful gem with so much to offer, and with me being from California I was naturally drawn to the ocean. I picked up diving and fell in love when I swam with a sea turtle for my very first time!
However, diving also showed me a closer look into the harsh reality of what life is like under the sea. With coral bleaching, dynamite fishing, and pollution visibly causing a problem in the ocean it was obvious that this was where I needed to help. PIYOGA proudly donates 10% of net profits back to sea turtle conservation efforts with our vision to expand efforts globally.
At this point the idea of starting a business seemed like an unattainable dream, but I asked myself this question. "If I could start any business, what would my intentions be?" My intentions were clear. To create a conscious brand that would empower women, contribute to conservation, and inspire myself and others to pursue our dreams.
Thus, where the name PI came from. Like the number pi that goes on forever, the intention of PI is to "continue infinitely in the direction of your dreams."
100% Rayon.
Fun Facts:
Made from wood pulp, not synthetic, lightweight, absorbs moisture, wicks moisture away from your body, keeps you cool, made to withstand hot weather (40C+/100F+), made to withstand high humidity (100%), fast drying, doesn't block your pores, protects you from the sun, flame retardant, does not build up static electricity, and does not pill like cotton.
Care Instructions.
Please care for your PIYOGA pants to keep them in their best condition. Always hand wash them with cold water and hang them to dry. Since they are rayon they will dry a LOT faster than your cotton clothes!
For Domestic USA orders we ship using Amazon Fulfillment which has 27 locations throughout the US to ensure the fastest delivery. You can expect your PIYOGA pants in 2-5 business days. For international order delivery can take 5-21 days depending on customs.
All of our products come with a 100% Satisfaction Guarantee!
If you ever have a question or concern please email us immediately at email@example.com
Enjoy your taste of Paradise!


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Let me layout the settings and proposed strategy. It's a 16 team league with 5 rounds of auction ($100 auction money) followed by rounds 6-25 of regular serp picks. It's H2H with 5x5 categories (R,HR,RBI,S,OBP,W,K,SV,ERA,WHIP) plus 4-OF, MI/CI and 8 P slots.
With regard to the half auction, you can buy 2 guys for $50 each or 8 guys for $100 total - just think of it as a regular serp if your debating over the strategy. Last year I had Cano/Stanton/Andrus for say $86 total... the top hitters go for 40-50, and the top pitchers go for 20-25 (with only about 10 auctioned).
Strategy: I'm looking to buy 4-5 top SP's in the auction (no hitters). $100 will allow me to get say, Kershaw (28), Strasburg (25), Lee (18) = $71 so far, maybe another $15 in Darvish = $86 total (leaves 14)
My thinking is, sort of like punting offense but not completely. In a 16 team H2H league, I'm looking at starting these 4-5 monster SP's (high innings, high k's) with 2 good closers and shutting the door on all the pitching categories.
This obviously puts me behind in hitting, I mean I'm facing a guy with say Votto/Cano/Hanley... but his #1 SP might be a guy like Latos (who would be good for my 5th or 6th SP slot). He can't possibly keep up in pitching that week...
Then I'm serping rounds 6-20 basically all hitters... positions are thin enough with 16 teams - offense can be streaky on any given week.
Granted pitching is deep, but I've been burned so many times with 1st and 2nd round hitters that cost too much and either get injured for months or have a down year - let's say you are serping regular and pickup Carlos Gonzo & Justin Upton (they have a down year or an injury)... wouldn't drafting Verlander & Strasburg give you an immediate advantage over the guy who lost an early round hitter - since his pitching is worse... (that is if your SP stay healthy)
I'm not looking for balance, I'm looking to shake things up and take a shot... and not with 1 or 2 high aces, but 4-5... all in!

subset: commoncrawl


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Flames return home to host road-challenged Avs
The Calgary Flames will get a few days to forget about their longest road losing streak in team history.
The Flames play the first of back-to-back games at home on Wednesday evening as they host a Colorado Avalanche club that is going through similar struggles on the road.
Calgary dropped its 10th straight as the visiting club with Tuesday night's 2-0 setback to the Chicago Blackhawks. It is 0-9-1 since its last road win, which came on Feb. 17 in Dallas. The Flames sit at just 3-10-2 on the road this season.
Miikka Kiprusoff made 33 saves in a game that saw the Flames get outshot 35-16, including by a 16-3 margin in the second period. The 16 shots by Calgary were a season low.
"We didn't create nearly enough. I thought we had some spurts in the first," said Calgary captain Jarome Iginla. "In the last 10 minutes in the first we had something going, but in the second they took over. We haven't created enough on the road. And we got out-competed tonight -- all of us -- except (Kiprusoff), who was great again in net for us. As a group in front of him, we got out-competed."
The Flames have lost four of five and seven of their last 10 overall and sit 14th out of 15 teams in the Western Conference with 28 points, ahead of only the Avalanche and their 26 points. Calgary is six back of a playoff spot and will also host Columbus on Friday.
First, the Flames will look to deal the Avalanche a 10th straight road setback and Colorado comes in 2-10-3 as the visiting team. Beginning on Wednesday, the Avs will play their next two on the road after Sunday's 3-2 home loss to the Vancouver Canucks.
PA Parenteau posted a goal and an assist, while Jamie McGinn also lit the lamp for the Avs, who have lost two straight and six of their last seven games.
Jean-Sebastien Giguere gave up all three goals on 30 shots in the setback.
"You can't really look for silver linings this time of the year," Avalanche defenseman Erik Johnson said. "It's frustrating, it's not fun."
Colorado suffered a pair of injuries in the setback, with Paul Stastny exiting in the first period with a bruised left foot and Ryan Wilson aggravating an ankle injury in the second. Wilson was placed on injured reserve, while Stastny is expected to miss at least 10 days according to head coach Joe Sacco.
The Avs have won four straight over the Flames, including two earlier meetings this season. Colorado has won twice in Calgary over that time.


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"Sheaman" Surname
Frequency of "Sheaman" Surname in the US
2000 US Census
The surname "Sheaman" is not included in the US Census Bureau's ranking of surnames with 100 or more people. Since fewer than 100 people with this surname were included in the 2000 Census, it is relatively uncommon.
Source: "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the Census 2000", US Census Bureau.
1990 US Census
Accoring to the US Census Bureau, "Sheaman" ranked #42,116 in frequency out of 88,799 surnames for which statistics were released from the 1990 Census.
Source: "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 1990 Census", US Census Bureau.
"Sheaman" Graves on Histopolis
Histopolis currently has 0 grave(s) with the surname "Sheaman".
Resource Links for "Sheaman"
Do you know of a web page containing information about this surname that would be useful to genealogy or history researchers? Please add it now! (Free registration required)
Surnames that Sound Like "Sheaman"
The surname "Sheaman" has a Soundex code of S550. The following 234 surname(s) may sound similar to "Sheaman" since they share the same Soundex code.


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Parents Need to Act Against Climate Change for Their Kids' Sake
Mark Hertsgaard says most parents are in soft denial about Climate Change. His fears for his daughter's future manifest in a nightmare, "...my 7-year-old daughter, Chiara, and I who were crossing the street, frozen in place, as the climate train bore down upon us."
[The nightmare illustration I made doesn't show his daughter.]
Today's parents don't vote as if the climate matters.
...I think there are three main reasons for parents' surprising passivity.
First, many parents don't know, or choose not to believe, what science says about the climate threat. Most people get their information about such matters from the news media, and media in the U.S. report climate change through political rather than scientific lenses.
Second, if parents do face the facts, they understandably find them depressing. Who wants to think about their kids inheriting such a perilous future? It's easier to pretend it isn't happening.
This is especially true given the third reason: a widespread belief that there is nothing one can do to change the situation. The problem is too big, the political system too broken, the polluters too powerful.
As a result, many parents end up practicing what I call "soft denial." Not to be confused with the denial purveyed by right-wing ideologues, soft denial does not reject climate science per se. No, a soft denier accepts the science, at least intellectually. But because climate science's implications are so disturbing, the soft denier acts as if the science does not exist. In psychological terms, such a parent is in denial.
...nothing is more urgent than changing the strongest drivers of climate change: the government policies and corporate practices that push greenhouse-gas emissions ever higher. Under current rules, polluters can emit greenhouse gases for free; worse, they're subsidized with billions of tax dollars. Until that stops, individual lifestyle choices won't make much difference.
We're launching a group that aims to mobilize parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, teachers, coaches, and anyone else who cares about young people.
For now, we're calling our group Climate Parents, because we believe that taking action on climate change has become part of every parent's job description, just like providing proper food, clothing, and shelter. [emphasis mine]
Views: 700
Climate Change is bumpy over the short term, but that doesn't mean the long term average isn't rising. Sulfur particles from China's coal burning create a haze that temporarily cools, and two natural cycles are in their cooling phases. But sulfur falls out fairly quickly while the C02 from coal burning stays in the air a very long time. Don't count on this to turn into a long term trend and save us from Climate Change.
When you step back to see longer term temperature change, the ten year flat period doesn't seem as significant.
Why global temperatures held steady for 10 years
A major reason for this is the rise in coal use in China. This produces a lot of sulphur particles, which cool the global climate. This more-or-less cancelled out the warming effect of the greenhouse gas emissions.
That shouldn't come as a surprise. It's well-established that aerosol particles can have a major impact on the climate. In south-east Asia, particularly China and India, there is often a "brown haze" of pollution that has an overall cooling effect on the planet.
With the two human-produced effects cancelling each other out, natural variation in the climate took hold. As it happened, two of the natural trends were towards cooling.
The first was the El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO), a cyclic change in the behaviour of the Pacific Ocean. 1998 saw the system in an extreme state, so the Pacific dumped a lot of heat into the atmosphere and surface temperatures spiked as a result. Since then ENSO has gone in the other direction, so the Pacific has taken heat from the atmosphere.
And the second shift came from the sun, which goes through a regular 11-year cycle of changing activity. From a peak in 2000, solar activity fell steadily to a low in 2007, so it sent less radiation our way.
Consider us lucky, for the past decade, what with extreme weather and Arctic ice melting. When the temperature starts rising again extreme weather and ice melting will accelerate. Meanwhile, rising ocean acidity, which is just as important a Climate Change problem as global temperature, has been steadily getting worse.
Keep in mind that pH going down (the light aqua line) means getting more acidic.
image from
Ocean acidity increasing at unprecedented rate not seen in last 300...
This article will probably be more helpful to understand what's misleading about the article you cited, Robert. Ten Charts That Make Clear The Planet Just Keeps Warming
In particular this chart.
Ruth, Those charts are all well and good, but they don't show the whole picture. As referenced in the article, much fanfare was accompanied with the release six months ago of climate data that only went to 2010 which looks like what that chart belongs to. It goes on to mention that the temperature increases in that time frame have been erased by the current temps and we are at a net zero increase now. The article I posted referenced a chart and data released just last week by a respected climate organization the MET Office that works with one of the main global warming proponants, Professor Phil Jones. The time frames chosen for data compilation are very important to prevent a skewed result and it is interesting that only six months ago data was released which only went to the end of 2010, when the data for the present is also available.
Another inportant point in the article and a recent response to me by you, you mentioned that a ten year flat line in temperature increases isn't significant and from the article it mentions what Professor Jones said in e-mails:
"Yet he insisted that 15 or 16 years is not a significant period: pauses of such length had always been expected, he said.
Yet in 2009, when the plateau was already becoming apparent and being discussed by scientists, he told a colleague in one of the Climategate emails: 'Bottom line: the "no upward trend" has to continue for a total of 15 years before we get worried.'
But although that point has now been passed, he said that he hadn't changed his mind about the models' gloomy predictions: 'I still think that the current decade which began in 2010 will be warmer by about 0.17 degrees than the previous one, which was warmer than the Nineties.'
Only if that did not happen would he seriously begin to wonder whether something more profound might be happening. In other words, though five years ago he seemed to be saying that 15 years without warming would make him 'worried', that period has now become 20 years."
So in terms of charts and data, I am referencing the most up to date stuff, and your chart looks like it ends with the 2010 data.
Another extremely important point is this point from the article: Like Prof Curry, Prof Jones also admitted that the climate models were imperfect: 'We don't fully understand how to input things like changes in the oceans, and because we don't fully understand it you could say that natural variability is now working to suppress the warming. We don't know what natural variability is doing.'
This is why so many people don't trust or believe the scientists that first claimed coming ice age in the 70's, global warming and polar ice melt in the 90's and just call it climate change today and blame it all on human behavior. How can you have an accurate model for weather without taking into account the sun and oceans? I'll tell you how, you can't! They didn't put it into their models because they couldn't, they still don't understand it, so until I see some non-biased research by people that aren't seeking to make billions on green energy or get millions in funding sent to their departments, I won't believe that human behavior is the sole and worst cause of shifting climates and I refuse to fall into the religious fervor of the green movement in prophecying the end of the world because some people drive SUV's.
Like I said in my last post, If you want to clean the planet for the good of yourself and everyone else, more power to you, but leave the doom and gloom end of the world, we're all going to die in ten years if we don't use florescent bulbs stuff to the religious people.
I don't like bullies, and that is what climate changers sound like to me.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2217286/Global-warmi...
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As you're concerned about the missing data from 2012, Robert, here's a chart showing the year to date temperature percentiles.
With the transition of La Niña early in the year to ENSO-neutral conditions, the average 2012 year-to-date global temperature for land and oceans combined has increased each month since February. For the year-to-date (January-August), the temperature was 0.56°C (1.01°F) above the 20th century average, marking the ninth warmest such period on record. [from AccuWeather] [emphasis mine]
I didn't respond to all of the questions you raised in my last reply.
There was no scientific consensus in the 1970's that an ice age was coming.
In the thirty years leading up to the 1970s, available temperature recordings suggested that there was a cooling trend. As a result some scientists suggested that the current inter-glacial period could rapidly draw to a close, which might result in the Earth plunging into a new ice age over the next few centuries.
In fact, as temperature recording has improved in coverage, it's become apparent that the cooling trend was most pronounced in northern land areas and that global temperature trends were in fact relatively steady during the period prior to 1970.
By 1980 the predictions about ice ages had ceased, due to the overwhelming evidence contained in an increasing number of reports that warned of global warming. Unfortunately, the small number of predictions of an ice age appeared to be much more interesting than those of global warming, so it was those sensational 'Ice Age' stories in the press that so many people tend to remember. [emphasis mine]
What were climate scientists predicting in the 1970s?
I wouldn't make too much about a discrepancy of 5 years when someone is giving a ballpark figure of when he'd worry their predicted trend had disappeared in an email to a colleague rather than published data. When you're just chatting about how you feel with a colleague via email, do you always use exactly the same numbers from one year to the next?
You say
How can you have an accurate model for weather without taking into account the sun and oceans?
Solar cycles aren't ignored in models. But, since 1985 the influence of greenhouse gases has been more powerful in influencing Earth's temperature than solar input. While the sun was at a minimum temperatures were rising rather than falling.
Solar Cycle Length/Global Warming Link Broken Since 1985
We're in solar cycle 24, which is weaker than usual.
As far as I know science can't yet predict the strength or timing of a solar cycle until it's started. Solar Cycle Prediction
I think we can only approximate cycle 25 or 26, our knowledge of the sun is too limited to quantitatively predict solar input many years in advance for climate models. A climate change denier can always insist climate models must be biased unless they're more precise, and even more precise, etc. Please keep in mind that the deniers aren't providing fact based evidence with greater quantitative validity than the climate scientist community, they're just attacking the science any way they can. Charges of bias based on profit motive, that climate scientists "make billions on green energy or get millions in funding sent to their departments", are ad hominum attacks. The real money trail goes from climate deniers to fossil fuel industries.
I also failed to address the lack of data for 2011.
The global average surface temperature in 2011 was the ninth warmest since 1880, according to NASA scientists. The finding continues a trend in which nine of the 10 warmest years in the modern meteorological record have occurred since the year 2000.
Here's another source about the climate change denier money trail, from US News.
It's no secret that for nearly as long as scientists have spoken about climate change, energy companies have been funding conservative think tanks—CTTs in Beltway-speak—to create the impression that there is no scientific consensus on the topic. They have blitzed the airwaves and the bookshelves with pseudo-scientific fact-muddling written by non-specialists. For example, according to a 2008 study, of the 141 books denying the seriousness of environmental problems that have been published since 1972, 130 were published by CTTs or written by authors affiliated with them.
By contrast, 928 peer-reviewed articles were published in scientific journals between 1998 and 2002 adducing evidence proving the existence of human-caused climate change, and zero—zero!—were published contradicting it. If that's not consensus, I don't know what is.
Who are these so-called "climate skeptics"? As described in Naomi Oreskes' "Merchants of Doubt," they're not climate scientists; they're paid political lackeys.
For example, Steven Milloy, who co-authored the American Petroleum Institute's 1998 plan to sow doubt and confusion about climate change, is also a Fox News commentator, a scholar at the Cato Institute, and a former lobbyist for Exxon, Philip Morris, the Edison Electric Institute, and Monsanto. He holds an undergraduate degree in natural sciences and an MA in health statistics, but no PhD and no climatology credentials. Yet he's an "expert."
Or take Dr. Timothy Ball, a former geography professor who's published just four peer-reviewed journal articles, none of which addressed atmospheric science. Yet CTTs such as the Frontier Centre and the amusingly named Friends of Science say he has an "extensive science background in climatology."
In short, nearly every climate skeptic been funded by the energy industry. [emphasis mine]
The Vast Right-Wing Conspiracy to Lie About Climate Change Has Worked
So Ruth,
Does this mean that you are labeling the MET Office, the UK's official meteorological weather service as a right wing climate denier service?
The research by the UK weather service, MET Office is scientific research.
As for the issue of "Zero-Zero" articles published proving human caused global warming doesn't exist, I rely on my regular argument and everyones common sense on the matter. If a department has millions of dollars of grants at stake by proporting a unified point of view, then just like what is done with survey's, information that doesn't agree with the current line (anthropomorphic global warming) will be quashed, changed or hidden.
Humans are humans, and the same individuals that work in business also work in universities. They will lie and cheat to get the funding that they need. If the researchers themselves are more honest than the department heads, just as lower management may be more honest than the CEO's, the department heads will keep certain articles from being published by researchers to ensure that their schools do not get reduced funding. While I trust the work of researchers, I also know we do not get all of the research that is done, some is rejected simply because it doesn't tow the line.
If you can show that the MET Office is in the pockets of conservatives then maybe your post has an inkling of relevance to the new research data they released, otherwise it just looks like you are trying to change the subject from "an inconvenient truth."
This redirecting towards anti-conservative viewpoints seems like some of the redirecting arguments creationists give when faced with scientific facts about evolution. And I reject religious fervor in life weather the god is some human like being, some gaia or the religion of global warming doom and gloom.
If I don't accept jesus I will go to hell and if I don't accept global warming I will burn on earth.
Robert, I cast no aspersions on the MET office. Any data source can be misrepresented. When someone pays attention to just the data they like and ignores everything else it's propaganda, not science. The technique is called cherry-picking data. That doesn't reflect on the original data source.
You have a very cynical view of how science is conducted, which doesn't take into account the self-correcting mechanisms built into it. Scientists have strong incentives to expose weaknesses in published science studies. If you can prove a colleague made a mistake or cheated, your reputation is guaranteed.
It's also true that new studies that have positive results, rather than "no correlation found" are preferred by academic journals. Journals are less likely to publish studies that tried to replicate someone else's research and don't get the same results as the first study. That's the bias of journal editors who want exciting findings that will make headlines, it's NOT the bias of the scientists who got rejected for publication.
As far as I know, the main area in which research doesn't get reported is studies by big pharma which don't support claims that their drug works, and that's not the doing of scientists doing the research (who sign confidentiality agreements). The corporations sponsoring the research quash those studies which might threaten their drug's approval or profit.
Climate science isn't sponsored by solar power or green investment companies, with scientists forced to sign confidentiality agreements. There's a wide range of funding, some private university departments and many government agencies from different countries, and many scientists pay for their research out of their own pocket. Such sources are transparent, open to public scrutiny. Climate science integrates information from a huge variety of scientists, from deep sea monitoring from submersibles, to satellites, to college professors studying plants and animals on their own time for decades in particular spots on many continents. Climate Denialist accusations of endemic corruption just aren't plausible. Such accusations are personal attacks on the scientists, a propaganda tactic which comes in handy when the data can't be refuted. I've personally known scientists, and none were getting rich from writing grants and doing studies. It was a living. They worked hard and cared about the truth.
This redirecting towards anti-conservative viewpoints seems like some of the redirecting arguments creationists give when faced with scientific facts about evolution.
But Robert, from here it looks as if you are the one "redirecting arguments" when faced with scientific facts about climate change. Just because climate change predicts doom and gloom, doesn't make taking it seriously religious fervor.
In fact we are all in the same boat, and those of us who saw it coming will experience the same consequences as those such as yourself who can't believe climate science's seemingly outrageous predictions. You're not the only one who finds accusations that thousands of professional scientists harbor malicious intent easier to believe than charts and models forecasting disaster.
Here's an article about this particular article, from a journalism perspective.
Climate change: journalism's never-ending fight for facts
... the art of "manufacturing doubt" has long been in the playbook of those hoping or needing to divert attention away from evidence. We saw it a generation ago with smoking, just as we see it today with climate change. But knowing how this blatant tactic is deployed doesn't make it any easier to nullify or deter. Compounding the problem is the speed at which "facts" can now spread unchallenged across the internet. Rebutting or contextualising inaccuracies takes expertise and, above all, time and energy.
This week has witnessed two text-book examples of this phenomenon in action. First, we had an article in the Mail of Sunday with the arresting headline that "Global warming stopped 16 years ago". Predictably, it was picked up and repeated across the world by news outlets keen to push that line. A day or so later the rebuttals and clarifications from scientists started to land, but the meme had already gained purchase with those seeking such confirmation.
What, for example, can realistically be done about David Rose and his periodic articles in the Mail on Sunday purporting to cast doubt on climate science? The Press Complaints Commission has confirmed to me that it has received complaints about the latest article's accuracy. But it adds that it takes, on average, 35 working days for it to investigate and adjudicate on such cases. How could that ever correct the fact that the story was picked up and repeated all around the world with hours? Will all those outlets publish any adjudication if, indeed, it rules against the Mail on Sunday? I think we already know the answer.
What about "punishing" the journalists who persistently mislead on climate change? Is exposing their mistakes and wilful misinformation enough? Or do they need to face some kind of tougher sanction?
How old will your children be in about 37 years? If we continue business as usual, the latest data say Earth will be "Hell on Earth", because it'll be 4°C hotter. And by the end of the century, during the lifetime of your grandchildren? 6°C hotter than today was the temperature of the Permian Extinction, the worst extinction ever, from which it took Earth 5 million years to recover.
... our current emissions trajectory is leading us: to a world 4 degrees C hotter, perhaps as soon as 2050; and perhaps even 6 degrees C hotter by the end of the century. Four degrees global temperature rise involves so many utterly catastrophic impacts — permanent droughts, large-scale shifts in agriculture, megastorms, rapid sea-level rise, ecosystem collapses, and so on (all triggering social instabilities) — that we can't expect our global civilization to avoid serious disruptions, and in many places, long-term ruin. A world 4 degrees C hotter is, as some put it, "beyond adaption." (A world 6 degrees C hotter is almost beyond comprehension: To conceive of a world 6 degrees warmer, imagine alligators in the Arctic.)
Our Climate Is Headed Toward 'Extremely Dangerous' or 'Catastrophic...
If you don't have time for the article, here's my related video less than 3 minutes long.
Global Ponzi Scheme Revisited: How Climate Inaction Betrays Our Chi...
Obama has now framed climate action and inaction in moral terms, as a betrayal of future generations.
... every generation that comes after the Baby Boomers is poised to experience the dramatic changes in lifestyle that inevitably follow the collapse of any Ponzi scheme.
This global Ponzi scheme is not just a metaphor ... but a central organizing narrative of how to think about the fix we have put ourselves in ....
In our case, investors (i.e. current generations) are paying themselves (i.e. you and me) by taking the nonrenewable resources and livable climate from future generations. To perpetuate the high returns the rich countries in particular have been achieving in recent decades, we have been taking an ever greater fraction of nonrenewable energy resources (especially hydrocarbons) and natural capital (fresh water, arable land, forests, fisheries), and, the most important nonrenewable natural capital of all — a livable climate.
We aren't all Madoffs in the sense of people who have knowingly created a fraudulent Ponzi scheme for humanity. But given all of the warnings from scientists and international governments and independent energy organizations over the past quarter-century (see for instance IEA's Bombshell Warning: We're Headed Toward 11°F Global Warming an...) — it has gotten harder and harder for any of us to pretend that we are innocent victims,...
In short, humanity has made Madoff look like a penny-ante criminal.
... the only way in which the global economy hasn't become a Ponzi scheme is that everything being done is perfectly legal!
By most enriching those who did the most plundering, we enabled them to fund lobbying and disinformation campaigns to convince substantial fractions of the public and media that there is no Ponzi scheme — that global warming is "too complicated for the public to understand" and nothing to worry about.
And by "paying ourselves" with the wealth from future generations ... we cleverly took advantage of victims not yet born, those not able to even know they were being robbed.
Madoff is reviled as a monster for targeting charities. We are targeting our own children and grandchildren and on and on. What does that make us?
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Penguin Science | Exploring Species Climate Change Options
Like animals everywhere, Antarctic penguins are adjusting, or not, to changes in their habitat brought by warming temperatures. With extensive field research on their existing colonies, and a 45,000 year-old record contained in deposits of their bones and egg shells, we know more about how Antarctic penguins will adjust to rapid climate change than almost any other creature on Earth.
Animation illustrating penguin response to advance and retreat of ice sheets in the Ross Sea: click here to begin
To learn more about global climate change, click on "Climate & Penguins" tab above, and also view related webisodes delivered in high definition: click here
click here to view videos or on image below
PenguinCam time-lapse animations from Cape Royds, Shackletons Hut and and the Cape Royds adelie penguin colony: click here to begin or on image below
Penguin Science | Losing the Last Pristine Marine Ecosystem on Earth
To learn about effects of industrial fishing on the penguins' food web and its impact on the Ross Sea ecosystem click here
Penguin Science | Penguins Marching Into the Classroom
Don't miss our Education section. You can always find it in the site menu at the top of every page or: click here
If you would like to take part in our Postcard Project go HERE. Click on the picture to see examples of previous postcards from all over the world.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Sponsored by the National Science Foundation this 40-minute educational film takes viewers on a journey to Antarctica and inside raucous "penguin cities" where millions of penguins converge once a year to rear their young.
| Click here to watch the full DVD |
NEW ! ! ! Be a Citizen Scientist. Researchers need to know how many Weddell seals are in Antarctica. Go HERE to search satellite images for the Satellites Over Seals project. Just click on the seals - the computer does the rest.
H.T.Harvey & Associates
Oregon State University
Point Blue - Conservation Science
Oikonos - Ecosystem Knowledge
Landcare Research - New Zealand
National Aeronautics & Space Administration
Penguin Cam | Cape Royds
In 2006, we erected an automated camera at Cape Royds to record the comings and goings of penguins. We are especially interested in the number of birds that return to molt after we depart each year in February.
Go HERE to see the daily images from our penguin camera at Cape Royds.


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Thanks to Hal Boedeker for highlighting this news today!
It appears that the CBS '48 Hours Mystery' will be looking at the Casey/Caylee Anthony case sometime during the Fall season.
From The TV Guy:
The news magazine issued a statement: "In keeping with longstanding policy and practice, CBS News did not pay for any interviews relating to the Anthony story. Licensing footage is a standard industry practice done by television news programs to produce a visually complete story."
A Web site promo for the program shows Cindy Anthony, Casey's mom, talking in an interview. An announcer says, "The case that riveted the country. Her granddaughter dead. Her own daughter accused. Now Casey Anthony's parents are fighting to save her life." Casey Anthony is charged with the first-degree murder of her 2-year-old daughter, Caylee.


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Image Gallery: Fishes by habitat - pelagic fishes
Pelagic fishes are those that spend much of their lives swimming in open water away from the bottom. Typical pelagic fishes include the tunas, marlins, swordfish and trevallies. Pelagic fishes usually have streamlined bodies, often without scales. Some pelagic fishes, however, have quite different body shapes. This is certainly true for the larval stages of some species.


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Latest Features
North American Juniors Game Night: 10/14/10
Sault Ste Marie Greyhounds 1 @ Brampton Battalion 5
D Brock Beukeboom, SSM: 0-0-0, -1, 18 PIM (Checking-from-behind [4], fighting vs. Barclay Goodrow, checking-from-behind [4], fighting vs. Sean Jones)
Season Totals: 7 GP, 0-0-0, -2, 34 PIM
The Soo lost their sixth game in a row, being outshot by Brampton 41-22 in the process. Beukeboom had his third and fourth fights of the year. You certainly like to see passion from the captain, but two double minors for checking-from-behind is over the line. Beukeboom didn't fare too well in his first fight (click for hockeyfights.com video) and his second wasn't much of a contest before the linesmen came in.
Owen Sound Attack 6 @ Barrie Colts 2
D Geoffrey Schemitsch, OS: 0-0-0, +2, 2 PIM (holding)
Season Totals: 7 GP, 1-4-5, +5, 2 PIM
Schemitsch hasn't had a point in a few games, but the team is winning and is tied with Kitchener for the Mid-West Division lead at 6-1.
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Carolina Watchman
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the carolina watchman ■, r yvhi-tnird series salisbury n c thursday march 3 1892 3 children ., _ kilis ivonns g.ted sii.tu and prooootea di : ..-.: s :.. p »■; .... v : wiactit in jarlotis medication . .,;...,. •.. ".,,! anr '. •» for sevrral years i have eecommmi'ied .;;,. r r your ' cswtoria ' tad nhau always continue^to f , lonoit i vc-imv d j ao aa it has invariablrproauoea beceflrtai -, : . do not ketip castoria results edwin f paedex 51 d n.^".vs j\p ib 0 a t l>iuii-oi j , 11 lsilhktro<:tana?lhave tiri crjtacn oomfax7 77 hmtbaz stesct kbw york _-, - . y^ft 1 hih ■' ' "" ll tii — - i i ■r f lishin floods g . r with r nice line of _- • l i .. l » , . : tiwont restock of ii & l wright mil \ eaniiiii onr goods and barga ns at er\s clothing store , lutafd o|.p.wt e postofflco i a johnston t l elliott johnston & elliott chaelotte il c . steam ■■- ■, at wholesale and retail own - /.' i cr : .. ersof ihe celebrated fc '.■' ;•'••• v - : ' in iredell county agents for iron fe^^^jsj^^r i?e««»i fiil:li nestings fee of salisbury and vicinity wanting monuments should h us kst inflates furnished gratis ■: :■. rite ■■dl -'-■■■- .' ? x ! ii s y i i i i i ga ltd a rr lily increased my facilities for handling and r '-\ i the coming season i would now again respect iny and all orders entrusted to me promising to von promptly with what coal you may want at the lowest ice in order io obtain advantage of the lowest sum should at once sen<l me your orders remember ■mly the best grades of screened goal including • ■' ■. i ;:•!•' \\)\- grates stoves heaters c . liand at alj limes the finest grade of blacksmith j.allen brown rtm^ifitti 1sdrit wapiti is tie l : lic3 to set llonuments tcmustonos ftc of vermont marble to arrive in ;\ few flays wo guarantee re pect and positively will not be undersold . : e monnitients c e/webb & co pkoppjetor m atl .. the w . ; lim i . wlien you write te q j . .' jf-ttt'.'^|gw fe f ' = *~"' — n " ~- — m^fe |-" ■■- : -. . sent executive occupies four buildings—unrivalled in facil i(.r l : 3uin and woken for success in life the outlook foi / \ ~~ n is most favorable for business opportunities the v / 1 /^ j demand for our graduates is unprecedented no v i i , . / j y . vacation p»p 1s olin enter at nny tiwe with z^'j f 1 sf/r equal advantage never attend ft school because • \ <& f s £/*&// f s jry/2 tho tuition is cheap for ch eap is very dear \ / f (.\ zyj x^c^u^^r \ it means cheap surroundings inferior facilities ' / v j mi'1 ltl'ors nooptkirtunitiesforsi-curinsiposi «=^ »«».• tions f r its puyiils and graduates this ch stai ' ' ■'." ea fellence has placed in business more young men and , ,. •'. than all pimilur institutions combined catalogueand a d le r . phes,-f a saole r.sec-y b ltimore.m p iuuan v hi o : ■u write st louis platform r»j ivxt f the declaration of frinci jjcs adopted by the labor conference this the first great labor conference of the united states and tlu world,rep reseuting ail divisions of urban and ni al organized industry assembled in na t-ional congress invoking upon its ac tion th blessing of almighty g^d put f * s r i m to aad for producers of tlie nation this declaration of union and independence the conditions which surround s be^t justify ar co-operation we meet in the midst of a nation brought i ic the verge of moral political and material ruin corruption dominates the ballot box legisl:ii nres and congress and touches even the ermine of the i besteh the re*:->'e are demoralized many of the states have !."-< n com piled to isolate voters at the polling places in order to prevent universal intimidation or bribery newspapers are subsidized or muzzled public opiii j ion is silenced business prostrated our j homes covered with mortgage labor impoverished and land concentrating in the hands of capitalists urban workman i denied the right of or ganization for self-protection imported piiuperized lal»er beats d iwn their wages a hireling standing army unrecognized by our laws is established to shoot them down a;;d they j't-j rapidly de generating to european condition the fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal for tune unprecedented in the world's history while iheir possessors despite the republic and endanger liberty from the same prolific womb of gov rn i».ntal injustic breed th two ruiss 1 .-; paupers and millionaires i\a iiou .: power to create money is appro priated to enrich bondholders silver which has been accepted as coin sine the dawn of history has been demon etized io add to the purchasing power of goid by decreasing the value of ali , forms f projieify as well s human labor aud the bujiply of currency is urposoly abridged to fatten usurers liutikrupt enterprise and pnsiave indus try a vast conspiracy r.gaipst mankind has ! ocrii organized on two continents and is taking possession of the world if not v\a in ! overthrown ii once i forebodes terrible social c v;;!s:o;-s tise d«'s.niction of civilisation or tli establishment of an absolute despotism u this erisi of human iiilairs in'icih btent working people and producers oi the united states hare cmne together n the u'.rn of peace and order i defend liberty prosperity and justice we declare our union and ndc ead enee we assert our purpose through our political organization which repre sents nur principles we charge thai the controlling influences dominating the oid political parties have allowed the existing dreadful condition to de velop without serious effort to restrain or prevent them neither do they now intend to accomplish reform they have r.greed together to ignore in tho coming campaign every i.-suc but one they propose to drown the outcries of the plundered people with the uproar < i a sham buttle over the tariff so thai corporations national banks rings j \ trusts watered stocks 1 demonetiza tion of silver and the oppression of usurers may all be losi sight of they propose to sacrifice our home and chil dren upon the altar of mammon to destroy the boots of the multitud in order to secure corruption funds foi the great lords of plunder we assert that a political organiza tion representing political principles herein ptated is necessary to redress the grievance of which we complain resembled on the anniversary of the illustrious man who led the first gre.it revolution on this continent agamsl npriresvjii-n filled wilji the geiitiuk'n which actuated that gtand g n ratio we seek to re-tore the government oi the republic to the hamls of the.'jplain people 1 ' with whom it originated our doois are open to all points of the compass we ask all honest men to join with nd heiji us in ord?r to re strain the ex'ortions of aggregated capital t'i drive inoiiev-el'ai'gers out of the temple to form a p rlct union establish justice insure do m e tic tran quilly provide for tuo common do if-nce promote the g-iiera welfare and secure the blessings of liberty fir our selves rsd our posterity we do ordain and e ral i>h ti e following p atf rm of pi c 1 : 1 we declare the union rf the la bor forces of the united rfta'es thn lav accomplished permanent find per petual may its spirit outer into all hh.!<-t for the s lv ; tion of the republic i d the uplifting of man tan 1 2 wealth ;•.;•:.•!! s t i him who crea ted it every d<>ll r taken i'rom indus try without an tquivalent is robbery if'anv wili not work neither shall h • eat the interest of rural at d urban . ..> •)■re . ne same iheir enemies ; re identical 3 we demand a national cunency — afe sound and flexible issued h the i>'ii r.il giv.'iniueiit oiily a full leg 1 ten ier for all debis publ c nd priv-ile iind without ihe use of bank ing .•<;]' >!-:) ' i i s : ;; just and i quitable niean.s of circtiliilinn at a tux not to exceed two per cent as set forth in the s'lb-tr raury dun of tl c farmers 1 al liaim or some letter s stem also by pavmeutn in the <!: charge of its ob'i ■gal*"n por pnblk imj'.rovi ments 4 we demand free and unlimited coinage of silvt r i we demand the amount of cir culating medium to be speedily i;i crea3ed to not loss than 50 per capita 0 we demand a gradual income tax 7 \\ e l>elieve that the in mey of the j treasury nhoaid be kept as much a ! possible in the hands of the people and hence we demand all national and state re veiiues shall be limited to the necessary expenses of govern nieht economically and hon b t i y administered j 8 we demand that postal saving j banks l>e esiabllshe'l by ti:e govern lueni for the safe deposit of earnings i of t-ue people ii:l fascilite exchange 9 your sub-coiuinit-lee upon the land pbmk beg to sufiaiit to your p provnl tho foiiowings the laud in cluding ail natural resear^es of wealth j is i he hvritiijge of all people and should i not he mos-vpoiized for speculative | pu»"puses and alien ownership of land should he prohillitetl ail lauds noyy held by railroads and other copondions in excess of their actual needs and all lands now owned by aliens should be reclaimed by the government and held foi ciclual settlers only t.oth transportation being a means of defence and public necessity the government should own and operate roads in the interest of the people 1 1 f.h the telegraph and telephone like ihe postal system bt iag a necessity for ih transmission of news should be owned v-i operated by the government i;i fcl>e interest of the people 1 2th we demand that the govern ment issue legal tender notes and pay the union soldiers the difference be tween the pric3 of depreciated money i;i which he h.'s paid and goid tho wildest excit-meiit a,'"(,«se after the reading of the pulform one of the suspecttid vampiren : i corpora tions on fcht floor attnuted to ed^e in a motion amending the doctuueni and almost insiautly there was ;; riot i was requested by the delegation to make that motion he stubbornly re turue.i the m;in proved t ul f swityiie cx-member of the missouri legisiaturt he was forcibly ej cted uu moti'ii of powiieriy the dele gati'f without taking a vote on the adoption of the p'alf rm a<ijourned for i t^7o hours a tiglii for recognition of the pro hibition ir-sue in the pia'forin and for universal suffrage was made upon the reassembling oi the convrnhon but liually the platform as ryporlcd by the dual until ;.: was uiiauiiiious{y adopk'd ije.ttcr fr«>tti asunnltigf corrrspondence ol tiie > ; itcii r a - n the farmers are about through sow mig oats and breaking corn land fields that were seen in cotton last year will be planted in oats and rum this yvheat is not looking so well ju>t now the salem school closed the 27 is we believe that the great principles upon which tho demands of our order are based are correct we believ their recognition and adoption in our governmental policy would conserve tho highest interests ol the public ivb . we believe that the jusl equipoise be fcwt-en the indusffies of our country which is absolutely rwi.i.i to us ks a fret people has been de stroyed we believe that the political power and wealth of the country are being appropriated and absorbed through discriminating and vicious legislation by the few to the detri ment and ran ot the many w be li-'ve i.h ii as a people we are fusi drifting awav from ihe landmark of the f;tther f the republic it is aboul time for the riu^ster p()li-ti('iaua to put in their ,■;! r ihe most inii.t n : ; m farmers in neighborhood counties and districts ii:id off r to tr-ide with iie:n they will oifer to aid these brethren in se iiriug a n-iiuiuation foi commissioner sheriff county treasurer clerk i the legislature provided ihe farmer will work for a certain m tn for congress or i state or federal oili c already the old mingsters have fixed up their slate and are trying to r»fse in the farmers bv every conceivable device to jdedge thenisrlv-'.s for a ce-t.in man i'he r ha already laid its wires to foi-t their ujan upon ih ; poi>j»!e and tliey are at work like b"e.s we warn all the farmers not to be en snand ii their trap stand right square upon your shoe bot'oms and swear that you intend to vote for no nun ii this year of 1802 for any re sponsible office who belong to th riiii or is tied up with the ra i roads or any other corporate monopoly go ! farther and say lhat you will vote for i no man who does no sfa.nl olidly and squ trelv on our iriiicipies t us is the way to wi i ihw is the ro-id to siici-ess ; . : i horror stand oi i fall l»v your onl r we avc w itching the n aneverings j of certain people and »« say now once for all lhat if aiiv attempt i m de to blinl and delude our people into ihe support of men whose rec«»i<!s pnive th it they iuivh ! •> n uo friemu ! ( f the alliance we tell the farmers , 0 k ■« ;■tii ir eves ■;••■:. f«»r the enemy i is coming keep a sharp lookout for them we think the pe,et sings — the •■;■ifisr.i in ■; hi m '•■■■■''■■'' ilituj . the doctor lu-;iu the i\»yi r pleads the ti rc!;;iiil ii may buy sin i 11 r ' ! " i s i children cry for pitchers castork busy m khchan ts 0:ir corrfsp mid-iit takes a poep into charlotte's bnsiaess houses aad tells what lie sees corr3spon;lence of uie wutchman having a little spare time the other day i thought 1 would go nround among some of the charlotte mer chanta and find out what thev thought of the oc-ala platform and the watch ma also to tell them that we have a coiu to stay md that we would not hurt anybody and that v*c were all bretheriug and sistering uud that we had no hoj'.i3 of cloven hoofs and that ! if we did not have ihe olive branch cif i peace we would comeasnearas irecoul if we i-ould do no better we would pin a dog fennel bloom on our coat in gorug down north fry on street 1 stumped my toe and fell ii*tb the racket store i saw a place where i ! cous crawl under the counter and get j round the shields you will find shields | in all wcii regulated scores and the racket has a heavy-weigttfc hence nsy trouble in getting ttronnd well 1 elbowed my way through the crowd about thirty yards down the aisle where 1 met my old friend dais with a stniie on his face as long as the county commissioners yard stick and a nickel-in-the-slofc cig;*r in his mouth i told capt davis 1 was stai ing under the mecklenburg end of the watch man and that it had come to stay he said he believed it and as he always shows his faith ty his works he gave | die an advertisement but he would hare me walk around and jjive niv eyes a feast well we wended our | way to the cellar i told him i was a member of ihe b a & i u the k of l the 0 of r r snd she k k k and lh.it we never drank anything i said it was not a drink f-ast he was i inviting mo to but a sight feast j well the first thing i saw was 120 ciises oi hats averaging ~ ; ) dozen to the case all m one lot he said he found i house in virginia in th sonp and that he bought them out ! for 33 cents on the dollar think of that yon bareheaded dinners who are going abont with your darfs old hal ; or \\\' swili bucket on your head 2,400 dozen hate 28,800 in all and lhat is only a put of his hat stock che next thing w.i struck was the i-.lothing department i saw o.".e 10,000 lot of clothing that hud been st'ooprd in frorj a tired house for 4 sent on the dollar i got through with my old clothes on and never i attempted to swj p but i though i i>f um sveil sranie oi those new clottiea would look on at the lodge meeting i told mr duvis tbr.t me nml mrs li.iz r would coma and i new pair of clothes us s;(;u as our graksiioppcra got ripe we were then pushed iiit.i the dress goods department millinery department shoes book notion glassware etc there was 5,000 worth of silk in one pile more than our people have worn since the demon etization of silver 1 saw ribbon enough to wrap the atlantic cable from new york to liverpool i tken visited the third floor which is strictly wholesale i cannot tell anything rbout that you know what the queen of sheba said whan she went through old solomon's brown stone { building i remember only six yc^r iy[o when c;»pt d.ivis was running a small shelving i asked wherein uy his success he said buying and soiling for cash cheap goods fair dealing close attention to busiues and a free use of printer's ink i saw the point e m a2tdeews 1 railed at the furniture eniparlum of e m andrews and found thefmn if ihe si re ! ii 1 « ith ( u to :\> :--. a i very p»»iite clerk met mo at h door and ask'-d me if her 1 ww .-; 1 ■-'':.:■.: iie i o ild lww me i >.-\^ y s sir so ton i thai lh crowd could ali h'-ar m 1 could tell from t he looks of ihe • i wi ! and the smile that the c k put oi i that they thought i was n oij bloated bondholder — ma de a in tuber of ihe standard oil c nipany — and iiad j ist married a young wife and was in to buy a car load of furniture for a new hou-e on fifth avenue 1 i imagine 1 i could he*r th sliippii g clerks thinkiiiijtiiey woujd have an ali night job packing go«'»ls for that old solomon-looking fellow well we passed down the aisle on the iir-l fl tor and siw bedsteads dressing cases hai racks anil chairs of all styles and makes then to ihe second fl or there we saw desks dressing t ■■■■-. wardr l s roller top desks < •-:■■ladies wrting desk extension tables etc of ill styles makes and prices ! furniture made of maple oak walnut cherry md mahogany i selected a parlor suite a bed-ro un suite and two extr.i cliairs he of fered me the lot for 300 the parl r . iitc v/as turkish plush the the bed i ro is suite was french oak and the ! extm i hairs were pbiti-d witii gold and silver i i old him i would b ing m . it to i ok iu them ijefore ! : '. 1 will j wt s iy : : at mr andrews c:irri s the largest siock < i i rnitnre ,.-< ivi c b iti mure and n-w < orleans ! will n-iy vou i .; i .■■,"•, if vou d m'l ' ;• ■■' ' tiug ii ■- pin o a:i i or^an dep r com g < and see i h . ■'•' ■ihe !: df !!■• b.iys fair 1 ili:m ""« pri iler's ink \- ' ii 1 - - : - •'-' ■--. s e hi ad in i ; r boyne * bad ■■'::.: 1 ca'led on ifoyne & bailor j -■■'- e.-a 1 ihou-iii '. ■time th:«n any other house in in the city ana i foanfl it so well ■ia n n tho tc;\r to mj eye i si the regulution niue !"•'• •• spring four dolk vvaterbnry watch i<l i thin .; you c;;n think oi ■kh f wanted t i : s'.v :[> my vrateh '<» li-n i > .^ \ ; • -^ to hang up for a regulator he looked s ! it and said unit the kind of watch i cir ried w:is not vttlued wry high north lie said he ordered two barrels of irish potato s ii 1 when they ca 1 ":!•> was la barrel of watches like mine he wrote them o;;r the inistako hut ii;.-v said i wjjs a i ie watches urere the same nn •••. sj.4 » a burrel but rnyw;:y thfir stocky of jewelry is c mipletr cousi&iiii of wutchi s clocks rings silverware e mes etc jira says i hi ;- q t much fi r hearts clubs or spades bui n hen it cos nl linn he has -; flush and e in beat the state my attention was ii\i*n to a clock and i was feeling in my pocket f>>r the change to pay fur it as i thought it would make a good office clock when jim came up and said you see that is i bronze french clock worth vs go uud see for yourself ■: k3ebs 1 clothtnq house 1 dropped i;i the rogers clothing house and found them too busy to talk thej had just scooped in a s1g 000 tired clothing house at 45 cert on the dollar and r/ere too busv sel ling llogera said ;••_> iransp nc d ;'.:> ply now come later h h morse & sox i left rogers and started to ray i>';i wheu 1 n«*t dick morse lie said he wanted to?c me a headstone i usk«:d fiim if he thought i w;.s dead h said no that lie had never sold a do;iu man n head sto and rather than have me mess r.p the side walk with hi c;i>t iss lie g ve :.:■' an j i john-ton i elliott gave rue r-n ad but ti'.ey were no k"i ;; j about tijing tci sell io iiving licwsp iper men ;■- dick morse was a - i was g nn ; around to my den tt th ■white froi dru ■:'.'■":.•:• - • j g - .. .:■noiihuu - -■' ; bi : loote«l ch ■'■■■rau i ; g::i;i •' ',.;■• with a ! ■: 1 g.tthered myself up and asked for au apology he said if ho had done auy : thin 4 tha he was s rry for ha \- ■glad of it but since they had h their lar re new well selected ■• of grocries th.it they h m no tin lirivo uround immp3 und my t y h.-id j not beeu in ule f sh • p li dc w'ith the woo oil 1 collld li ' sr-cu ihfl wuik vhh full of goods and tno or tl . ivifo s loadi'si ' 1 said ves sir and wen to ihj den !'• :; ■;: ■ra2 . . k;ither tired of it st peter let mo sec miss where arv vou from new arrival i am from boston st peter playfully ah yes 1 have heard of boston n e w arrival n o w , see here if you s-ty one word ab mt beans i won't go :!•. — new york weekly there p i mo pati t medicines th it are more :..:. ; v > dozen doctor's ■. tit they a t those that '■■■■fi ( vcrythin ?. everybody iu>w liufl iben i is ":•■down,"""i>!a3 ■■' ' '■'■'■" ' ; •••'•' '' ''■''■' but iu power to ;:• ■■■''■•'■'■■vitally they are not sick euougli io call n doctor bal just too sick to be well that's where the right kiud of a patent medicine cornea in ami loi-s for a dollar what the doctor wouldn't do for less than five or ten we | ut in onr claim for dr pierce'a ien me iical discovery laira - cli rem " ,,;., fo purify the blood mid invigorate iver u c cliiiin il i creating an app i \ u t th i 1 «■'!. and ; revi nihi biliou v ■• ioid and malaria if taken in ; •:;,',.. the time to take it is whi n you ' ■;.-. feel the sipn of weariuca i ] -,, , nkncss 1 h ■tiiau to take it • .. : • j t-ral priticiplr.s is n*;\v the m m w ; i r m i a newspip . j undertak •-> to rleash everybody i i borniwa trouble 11 lias enough i ! out it apt j d john r •:>. to m.1 '■■■: ■•' it h iv *'' ■nil a ■• in k iii lug to iti i-m ■: ■■• • i ■i i - ■•'■. ; | " ' . . ..,- oj 111 fenown .,-■p p < i ■•: ■■■' > e '^ ,• ii an n?l mj face a ■• ■" v.i-i .;■■■- jfct ulitli ibi ■■in r i re • ' ■- ... ed j '■■• •-•• • . . - - •. : ' \ pro : - ~ aod irows ; uiat icouidootw.t - ■n ..-. n ". , ii i ■-. n r a sei me i trlid ■-• m i • ,-;;• weni to sew jfort ni r m \- one itme dw ■• " • ■'■: 1 iri ih.ii •■>■!•-■■a rs u j -' "•!■' l i-i,i t iewar i • .. . inn in a ■■:.. lnglv uop i as ■for ■••. i , ■■- • ■• ;• v p an i led rej lce«i 1 • . ■■' •■" •■■' ■- ■- ' ' tebien 0ui - it ' - ■'..• i . - : i ..■; ■! ■■. ■»'.";. ■s - < . ■. wuasbel . ' - - - •■■- ■•-:->■i the model school of lioness • i visits :> t ix rowan v\v and written cp in graphfe style mr ■-!;] my other letter i ; pr wise i the watchman rea i rs a di - scrip'.iou of the model school 1 de partment of the university of nash | ville l>ut ns i am not sufficiently ! well acquainted with this trnlj model ':" j ) d scribe it a ir should ta 1 will give a brief description of a ■• the tennessee in ;■;- a crowd of normalites btarted one dav about one o'clock to visit the i tri 1 scho >!. on of 1 nm i onward ami upward er sri exhilirating walk ' : our - ••. the p , q js to rered vnth statelv n the midst of these trees a large three brick building made it evident that we had reached our destination it !:■> been bat a few yeara that tennessee could boast of an industrial school where the uncontrolable youths are trained to make s«od citizens it was founded by i sin determined man several years since a wealthy . of nashville uained mr col was very forcibly impressed by the death of his son of the need f such a school i - boy bad every pleasure ol money i the hands ; i ld pnr ehasjc yet he u dissatisfied he would n i submit to the government ..; his iv.'i er and greatly t bis father grief his mh left home the boy not used to the snares and temptations ot the world was easil led astray uad company induced iiiiu to frequent the a n natural consequence he was ofu-n drunk one sad ily nine i;i this deplorable condition {!»■wan !;!;••]. ilia father deeply affected j$ave all his son's heritage to found this scho •'. ill 1 9aid if my son could ; .-. i ' tr«»pt in such a fthool sul jftcted to a - i ling influences i : i!d uol have - 1 ft re-l tlii-s great v i h refore in sympathy with other parents who have unru'v lie foun it 1 the >■■'<< i >! and ifter having suci run if for cverul ye r lie gave it t i the state let th i ;•■f this boy whoso pic ture : . snjja in t : : lining ro m and ] ' ■': ■. d wn in ;. dipathy i!{);>n tho • a warning to all boys who : i are ; : ' me at pre nt there are two hundred and twenty-sis the f-chool ■.. 1 > : t ■! in head and in heart for i i f ; ; i 1 iur ■its niid t xo in tha afternoon every day in the year except legal holidays and sun days the other time in emplovod in teaching the childmn tho following industrie chair-in«kin shoe-raakiup tailoring printing lmrnosh-making carpentering painting tloricultnre gardening farming broorn-raaking caring fur btock cooking laundrying md ail sorts of general work the m rises a good english k-keeping some of . re taking lessons ography telegra phy '. cal and band all i ii r ' ho .'• and religious inilu i ■brought t bc;ir up n . leiigio ■» : iv held in the chapel every sunday and the ge:ier.~.l appearance of tho school presents nn air of refinement mid culture it is affecting to see tli^m to bed at y man h in ordernpset • ml different l't.s of ata n into the $ :. ii ! with i i ■beds after t \ ing a suitii ieni tim jual is given at . ■'. . ■■i ■sved in | jok upon this r ; r>ils into .■- ii.it • • ■. . n praj er a i r pr y r nil g • to b d at al oul time an i - eep round 1 to the • if an '■f ■! ly by the five k bell ( > ■..' to the dining • . - -. an i • ' thing eh • i leue in the - .-■■• bjste v after a he school an pre pared i : n or occupa - ■f work • ns and the . i all win have - :•• i pay the work ill [ ■- .- : human being i a the ... ■theft ■: i and :• ! gi i them i j rep inng thenj r useful citizenship i leave to tho reader t . . n '. : ■':: '■■s •••! mal p mil : . ' tleprecjile the ..; . n . et w ■•: ■•• ; il students • - • • v •. j . > contemplate ' >-;■>!!. uuwnn ivp . i!at ive !.• re . v »■: ; 1 m < rs r . . ; . w '• i imiihim i f u'it . , ■fli • i and won •• i it re ! u i ni luti re i a hall t :: . b\b.2o l£«j ; no 18
Object Description
|Carolina Watchman
|The Carolina Watchman
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archivial image is an 8-bit greyscale tiff that was scanned from microfilm at 400 dpi. The original file size was
|J. L. Ramsey Editor and Publisher
|Date Digital
|J. L. Ramsey Editor and Publisher
|United States, North Carolina, Rowan County, Salisbury
|Digital Format
|Project Subject
|State Archives of North Carolina Historic Newspaper Archive
|The Thursday, March 3, 1892 issue of the Carolina Watchman a weekly newspaper from Salisbury, North Carolina
|The SA of NC considers this item in the public domain by U.S. law but responsibility for permissions rests with researchers.
|OCLC number
|Carolina Watchman
|The Carolina Watchman
|Technical Metadata
|Image was scanned by OCLC at the Preservation Service Center in Bethlehem, PA. Archivial image is an 8-bit greyscale tiff that was scanned from microfilm at 400 dpi. The original file size was 5739369 Bytes
|Date Digital
|Hamilton C. Jones
|United States, North Carolina, Rowan County, Salisbury
|Digital Format
|Project Subject
|State Archives of North Carolina Historic Newspaper Archive
|An archive of the Carolina Watchman a weekly and semi weekly newspaper from Salisbury, North Carolina
|The SA of NC considers this item in the public domain by U.S. law but responsibility for permissions rests with researchers.
the carolina watchman ■, r yvhi-tnird series salisbury n c thursday march 3 1892 3 children ., _ kilis ivonns g.ted sii.tu and prooootea di : ..-.: s :.. p »■; .... v : wiactit in jarlotis medication . .,;...,. •.. ".,,! anr '. •» for sevrral years i have eecommmi'ied .;;,. r r your ' cswtoria ' tad nhau always continue^to f , lonoit i vc-imv d j ao aa it has invariablrproauoea beceflrtai -, : . do not ketip castoria results edwin f paedex 51 d n.^".vs j\p ib 0 a t l>iuii-oi j , 11 lsilhktro<:tana?lhave tiri crjtacn oomfax7 77 hmtbaz stesct kbw york _-, - . y^ft 1 hih ■' ' "" ll tii — - i i ■r f lishin floods g . r with r nice line of _- • l i .. l » , . : tiwont restock of ii & l wright mil \ eaniiiii onr goods and barga ns at er\s clothing store , lutafd o|.p.wt e postofflco i a johnston t l elliott johnston & elliott chaelotte il c . steam ■■- ■, at wholesale and retail own - /.' i cr : .. ersof ihe celebrated fc '.■' ;•'••• v - : ' in iredell county agents for iron fe^^^jsj^^r i?e««»i fiil:li nestings fee of salisbury and vicinity wanting monuments should h us kst inflates furnished gratis ■: :■. rite ■■dl -'-■■■- .' ? x ! ii s y i i i i i ga ltd a rr lily increased my facilities for handling and r '-\ i the coming season i would now again respect iny and all orders entrusted to me promising to von promptly with what coal you may want at the lowest ice in order io obtain advantage of the lowest sum should at once sen


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text: Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums :: View topic - abortion Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in abortion Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Opinions View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message zenJoined: 12 Jul 2003Posts: 2Location: japan Posted: Sat Jul 12, 2003 8:56 am Post subject: abortion What do you think about the abortion? If you are a student or you are in the situation that you can't bring up your child ... do you give a birth to your child? Till now, I thought that abortion is very sad thing and it must not exist, but I couldn't realize it. Recently I read many articles, opinion that is written by woman who has a experience of abortion and thought about abortion seriously. Abortion is very sad thing!! I can't imagine the wounds... BUT... If I get pregnant now, I will decide to terminate... The undesirable pregnant must not exsist. OF course, we must do birth control if the pregnant does not desire. BUT... If you.... What do you think? What do you do? Back to top CoreyJoined: 23 Mar 2003Posts: 445Location: Costa Rica Posted: Tue Jul 22, 2003 10:53 am Post subject: Heavy. Most people probably don't want to answer a question as controversial as this. However I will go on record as saying I support a woman's right to choose. Take care, Corey_________________Niagara Summer Programs Back to top zenJoined: 12 Jul 2003Posts: 2Location: japan Posted: Thu Jul 24, 2003 9:34 pm Post subject: I'm sorry... I thought that this ploblem is important purely... I didn't expect that all people don't want to answer... I'm sorry... I think that my consideration was lacking. Thank you. Back to top obelixJoined: 09 Feb 2003Posts: 304 Posted: Fri Jul 25, 2003 5:00 am Post subject: It's a reasonable question. Abortion is a legal medical procedure and I agree that women should be able to decide if they want to give birth or not. However, I think that abortion should be done very early in a pregnancy. Here's another question. What right, if any, does the father of a child have in this decision? Back to top CoreyJoined: 23 Mar 2003Posts: 445Location: Costa Rica Posted: Fri Jul 25, 2003 11:33 am Post subject: Zen, it's not that you shouldn't ask the question. You can do that in "English" cultures. Obie - now that is a tough question._________________Niagara Summer ProgramsLast edited by Corey on Thu Jul 31, 2003 11:24 am; edited 1 time in total Back to top RoserayJoined: 19 Jan 2003Posts: 47 Posted: Wed Jul 30, 2003 3:49 am Post subject: With religious background, of course, abortion is equal to killing. You have no rights to kill a new life. However, if every circumstances show that the woman is undesirable to give birth to a baby, abortion is a right choice. The responsibility of parents is great and tough. It includes feeding and nuturing. If the parents are not ready to take this great job, the children will suffer. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Opinions All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Student Forums----------------ComputersCurrent NewsCultureEnglish SchoolsFamilyFilm and CinemaFoodHealth and FitnessHelp CenterHobbiesHolidaysLearning EnglishLiteratureMaking FriendsMusicOpinionsPetsScienceSportsThe Strange and MysteriousTOEFL and Other English ExamsTravel You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Dave's ESL Cafe is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Banner Advertising | Bookstore / Alta Books | FAQs | Articles | Interview with Dave Copyright © 2018 Dave's ESL Cafe | All Rights Reserved | Contact Dave's ESL Cafe | Site Map Teachers College, Columbia University: Train to Teach English Here or Abroad Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group


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Stories of sexual violence, punctuated by the words "RAPE IS RAPE," were projected onto the U.S. Capitol building last night in Washington, D.C. Activist groups Luminous Intervention and FORCE: Upsetting Rape Culture organized the action with the intent of drawing attention to the discourse around rape culture, noting that "American culture is uncomfortable to the point of being incapable of recognizing the reality of rape in this country...the culture of rape will not improve until a more difficult conversation is had."
The activists noted that only 14% of rape fits the definition of "forcible," and so chose to highlights stories that fall outside of this category. The stories illuminated onto the Capitol included the following:
As a young girl I was raped by a group of teenage boys. They put money on the bed afterward. I was convinced it was my fault.
I was drugged and raped by a man I met while traveling in Greece. He offered to show me around and then put sleeping pills in my food. It was broad daylight. Since my rape was not "violent," the Greek courts did not charge my rapist.
I can't even count the number of times I have had sex against my will. Some of the times I was pressured and other times I was drunk. I've never been able to call these situations rape.
In a press release, the organizers stated, "The origins of 'legitimate rape' or 'women who rape easy' are deeper than anti-abortion legislation, conservative views, or a few politically incorrect statements. The problems in the public conversations about rape are bigger than election year politics. The image of forcible rape is the only publicly recognized image of sexual violence in America, and it is not realistic. Rapists do not only use physical violence. Rape is not only committed by a few sick criminals. Rape is not a rare occurrence. Rape is much more complicated and much more common. If sexual violence is going to end, Americans need to drop the story of 'forcible rape' and face reality. These stories are here to force the issue."
The language of forcible rape has come to the forefront in the past year, as a campaign led by the Feminist Majority Foundation and Ms. Magazine alongside a massive grassroots campaign succeeded in urging the FBI to change its definition of rape. Prior to the change last December, the 82-year-old definition had limited what was legally considered rape to an act that was "forced" and only enacted on a woman, excluding the majority of sexual assaults and leading to major underreporting and a lack of adequate response.
Also last year, Vice Presidential candidate Rep. Paul Ryan (WI) partnered with Rep. Todd Akin (MO) to redefine rape under the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act so that only those deemed "forcible" could receive Medicaid funding for abortions.
Media Resources: FORCE/Luminous Intervention Press Release 10/21/12; Think Progress 8/19/12; Feminist Daily News 12/7/11
© Feminist Majority Foundation, publisher of Ms. magazine
If you liked this story, consider making a tax-deductible donation to support Ms. magazine.
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Weekly soccer team notes (PDF)
COOKEVILLE, Tenn. – With last Sunday's 3-1 victory over UNC-Asheville - witnessed by over 500 spectators in Cookeville - still fresh in their minds, the Tennessee Tech women's soccer team will hop a bus to head to Birmingham, Ala., for a weekend tournament hosted by Samford University.
The team will look to carry that momentum into this weekend as they match up against two Southern Conference opponents, beginning with Georgia Southern on Friday evening at 4:30 p.m. They will cap off play for this week when they meet Samford on Sunday at 2 p.m.
Four games into their season, Georgia Southern has an even record of 2-2 against non-conference opponents. Traveling in from Statesboro, Ga., the Eagles are coming off of a home field, 3-2 victory over Charleston Southern.
Tech has not competed against Georgia Southern since 2003, when they shouldered a 1-0 loss to the Eagles.
On Sunday, the Golden Eagles will finish up competitive play for the week when they go toe-to-toe with the Samford Bulldogs. The contest will mark the 10th time that TTU will face off against the Bulldogs, who they met last in 2007. Samford took the hefty 5-0 win late in the season.
The Bulldogs also own the series against Tech with a 2-7-1 record, having netted 20 goals to the Golden Eagle's nine in the series. The tie came in 1998 with a 1-1 final score, while Tech collected their last win from Samford in 2002 with a 3-2 victory. Since then, the Golden Eagles have been on a five-game losing streak, which they'll look to snap Sunday.
Samford in 3-2-1 on the season so far, recently earning a 1-0 win over the University of Alabama – Birmingham.
"We are looking forward to facing this weekend's opponents," said first-year coach Daniel Brizard. "Georgia Southern is coming off a stellar 3-2 victory over Charleston Southern, and we know that they are going to compete and play hard. We should match up well against them and hopefully can get a good result.
"On Sunday we face Samford, who was a previous powerhouse in the OVC," he continued. "They are having a great season, and we know that they will be well organized, disciplined and play attractive soccer."
Fans who cannot make it to Birmingham for the weekend can follow the Live Stats for both games here.


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Carlos Montezuma and the Emergence of American Indian Activism
Maurice Crandall
Carlos Montezuma was one of the most influential Indians of his day and a prominent leader among the Red Progressives of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Born to Yavapai parents in central Arizona, he was kidnapped by O'odham (Pima) raiders at a young age, and sold soon after into the Indian slave trade that for centuries had engulfed the US-Mexico borderlands. Educated primarily at public schools in Illinois, Montezuma eventually went on to be the first Native American graduate of the University of Illinois (1884) and one of the first Native American doctors (Chicago Medical College, 1889). Montezuma was a lifelong friend of Richard Henry Pratt, the founder of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, and he firmly believed in the importance of Indian education. He insisted that educated Indians like himself must serve as examples of what Indians were capable of achieving if given the opportunities. He became deeply involved in the pan-Indian reform movements of the day and was one of the founding members of the Society of American Indians. Montezuma had a rocky relationship with the group, however, because many in the organization found his calls for the immediate abolition of the Indian Bureau and an end to the reservation system difficult to accept. From 1916 to 1922, he published his own journal, Wassaja, in which he relentlessly assailed the Indian Bureau, the reservations, and anyone who stood in the way of Indian "progress." But Montezuma's most important work was as an advocate for his own people, the Yavapais of Fort McDowell, Arizona, and other Arizona Indian groups. He spent the final decade of his life working to protect their water, land, and culture, and eventually returned to his Arizona homelands to die, in 1923. Although he was largely forgotten by historians and scholars in the decades after his death, Carlos Montezuma is now correctly remembered as one of the most important figures in Native American history during the Progressive Era.
Food in 19th-Century American Cities
Cindy R. Lobel
Over the course of the 19th century, American cities developed from small seaports and trading posts to large metropolises. Not surprisingly, foodways and other areas of daily life changed accordingly. In 1800, the dietary habits of urban Americans were similar to those of the colonial period. Food provisioning was very local. Farmers, hunters, fishermen, and dairymen from a few miles away brought food by rowboats and ferryboats and by horse carts to centralized public markets within established cities. Dietary options were seasonal as well as regional. Few public dining options existed outside of taverns, which offered lodging as well as food. Most Americans, even in urban areas, ate their meals at home, which in many cases were attached to their workshops, countinghouses, and offices.
These patterns changed significantly over the course of the19th century, thanks largely to demographic changes and technological developments. By the turn of the 20th century, urban Americans relied on a food-supply system that was highly centralized and in the throes of industrialization. Cities developed complex restaurant sectors, and majority immigrant populations dramatically shaped and reshaped cosmopolitan food cultures. Furthermore, with growing populations, lax regulation, and corrupt political practices in many cities, issues arose periodically concerning the safety of the food supply. In sum, the roots of today's urban food systems were laid down over the course of the 19th century.
Gambling in the Northern City: 1800 to 2000
Matthew Vaz
While American gambling has a historical association with the lawlessness of the frontier and with the wasteful leisure practices of Southern planters, it was in large cities where American gambling first flourished as a form of mass leisure, and as a commercial enterprise of significant scale. In the urban areas of the Mid-Atlantic, the Northeast, and the upper Mid-West, for the better part of two centuries the gambling economy was deeply intertwined with municipal politics and governance, the practices of betting were a prominent feature of social life, and controversies over the presence of gambling both legal and illegal, were at the center of public debate. In New York and Chicago in particular, but also in Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, gambling channeled money to municipal police forces and sustained machine politics. In the eyes of reformers, gambling corrupted governance and corroded social and economic interactions. Big city gambling has changed over time, often in a manner reflecting important historical processes and transformations in economics, politics, and demographics. Yet irrespective of such change, from the onset of Northern urbanization during the 19th century, through much of the 20th century, gambling held steady as a central feature of city life and politics. From the poolrooms where recently arrived Irish New Yorkers bet on horseracing after the Civil War, to the corner stores where black and Puerto Rican New Yorkers bet on the numbers game in the 1960s, the gambling activity that covered the urban landscape produced argument and controversy, particularly with respect to drawing the line between crime and leisure, and over the question of where and to what ends the money of the gambling public should be directed.
Haymarket Riot and Conspiracy
Timothy Messer-Kruse
The Haymarket Riot and Conspiracy of 1886 is a landmark in American social and political history. On May 4, 1886, during an open-air meeting near Haymarket Square in Chicago, someone threw a dynamite bomb into a squad of police, sparking a riot that resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four rioters. Eight anarchists were brought to trial. Though the bomb-thrower was never apprehended, the eight radical leaders were charged as accessories before the fact for conspiring to murder the police. After the longest criminal trial in Illinois history up to that time, seven men were convicted and condemned to death and one to a long prison term. After all appeals were exhausted, four were executed, one cheated the hangman with a jail cell suicide, and the death sentences of two others were commuted to life imprisonment (all three incarcerated men were later pardoned by Governor John Peter Altgeld in 1892).
The Haymarket bombing and trial marked a pivotal moment in the history of American social movements. It sparked the nation's first red scare whose fury disrupted even moderately leftist movements for a generation. It drove the nation's labor unions onto a more conservative path than they had been heading before the bombing. The worldwide labor campaign for clemency for the convicted men became the foundation for the institution of International Workers' Day on May 1, a holiday ironically observed in most countries except for the United States. It also began a tradition within the American left of memorializing the Haymarket defendants as the first martyrs to their cause.
Infrastructure: Streets, Roads, and Highways
Peter Norton
By serving travelers and commerce, roads and streets unite people and foster economic growth. But as they develop, roads and streets also disrupt old patterns, upset balances of power, and isolate some as they serve others. The consequent disagreements leave historical records documenting social struggles that might otherwise be overlooked. For long-distance travel in America before the middle of the 20th century, roads were generally poor alternatives, resorted to when superior means of travel, such as river and coastal vessels, canal boats, or railroads were unavailable. Most roads were unpaved, unmarked, and vulnerable to the effects of weather. Before the railroads, for travelers willing to pay the toll, rare turnpikes and plank roads could be much better. Even in towns, unpaved streets were common until the late 19th century, and persisted into the 20th. In the late 19th century, rapid urban growth, rural free delivery of the mails, and finally the proliferation of electric railways and bicycling contributed to growing pressure for better roads and streets. After 1910, the spread of the automobile accelerated the trend, but only with great controversy, especially in cities. Partly in response to the controversy, advocates of the automobile organized to promote state and county motor highways funded substantially by gasoline taxes; such roads were intended primarily for motor vehicles. In the 1950s, massive federal funds accelerated the trend; by then, motor vehicles were the primary transportation mode for both long and short distances. The consequences have been controversial, and alternatives have been attracting growing interest.
Late 19th-Century U.S. Indian Policy
C. Joseph Genetin-Pilawa
As the Civil War ended and U.S. leaders sought ways to reconstruct a devastated nation, many turned to westward expansion as a mechanism to give northerners and southerners a shared goal. Simultaneously, though, the abolitionists and activists who had fought long and hard for an end to slavery saw this moment as one for a new racial politics in the postwar nation, and their ideas extended to include Native communities as well. These two competing agendas came together in a series of debates and contestations in the late 19th century to shape the way the federal government developed policies related to Native landholding and assimilation. Far from a unified and direct movement across the 19th century, from removal to reservations to land allotment, Indian policy after the Civil War was characterized by intense battles over tribal sovereignty, the assimilation goals, citizenship, landholding and land use, and state development. During this era, the Office of Indian Affairs (OIA) became a meeting ground where policymakers and reformers debated the relationship between the federal government and its citizens and wards.
The National Parks
Donald Worster
The national parks of the United States have been one of the country's most popular federal initiatives, and popular not only within the nation but across the globe. The first park was Yellowstone, established in 1872, and since then almost sixty national parks have been added, along with hundreds of monuments, protected rivers and seashores, and important historical sites as well as natural preserves. In 1916 the parks were put under the National Park Service, which has managed them primarily as scenic treasures for growing numbers of tourists. Ecologically minded scientists, however, have challenged that stewardship and called for restoration of parks to their natural conditions, defined as their ecological integrity before white Europeans intervened. The most influential voice in the history of park philosophy remains John Muir, the California naturalist and Yosemite enthusiast and himself a proto-ecologist, who saw the parks as sacred places for a modern nation, where reverence for nature and respect for science might coexist and where tourists could be educated in environmental values. As other nations have created their own park systems, similar debates have occurred. While parks may seem like a great modern idea, this idea has always been embedded in cultural and social change—and subject to struggles over what that "idea" should be.
The Panama Canal and the United States
Michael E. Donoghue
The United States' construction and operation of the Panama Canal began as an idea and developed into a reality after prolonged diplomatic machinations to acquire the rights to build the waterway. Once the canal was excavated, a century-long struggle ensued to hold it in the face of Panamanian nationalism. Washington used considerable negotiation and finally gunboat diplomacy to achieve its acquisition of the Canal. The construction of the channel proved a titanic effort with large regional, global, and cultural ramifications. The importance of the Canal as a geostrategic and economic asset was magnified during the two world wars. But rising Panamanian frustration over the U.S. creation of a state-within-a-state via the Canal Zone, one with a discriminatory racial structure, fomented a local movement to wrest control of the Canal from the Americans. The explosion of the 1964 anti-American uprising drove this process forward toward the 1977 Carter-Torrijos treaties that established a blueprint for eventual U.S. retreat and transfer of the channel to Panama at the century's end. But before that historic handover, the Noriega crisis and the 1989 U.S. invasion nearly upended the projected transition of U.S. retreat from the management and control of the Canal.
Early historians emphasized high politics, economics, and military considerations in the U.S. acquisition of the Canal. They concentrated on high-status actors, economic indices, and major political contingencies in establishing the U.S. colonial order on the isthmus. Panamanian scholars brought a legalistic and nationalist critique, stressing that Washington did not create Panama and that local voices in the historical debate have largely been ignored in the grand narrative of the Canal as a great act of progressive civilization. More recent U.S. scholarship has focused on American imperialism in Panama, on the role of race, culture, labor, and gender as major factors that shaped the U.S. presence, the structure of the Canal Zone, as well as Panamanian resistance to its occupation. The role of historical memory, of globalization, representation, and how the Canal fits into notions of U.S. empire have also figured more prominently in recent scholarly examination of this relationship. Contemporary research on the Panama Canal has been supported by numerous archives in the United States and Panama, as well as a variety of newspapers, magazines, novels, and films.
Progressives and Progressivism in an Era of Reform
Maureen A. Flanagan
The decades from the 1890s into the 1920s produced reform movements in the United States that resulted in significant changes to the country's social, political, cultural, and economic institutions. The impulse for reform emanated from a pervasive sense that the country's democratic promise was failing. Political corruption seemed endemic at all levels of government. An unregulated capitalist industrial economy exploited workers and threatened to create a serious class divide, especially as the legal system protected the rights of business over labor. Mass urbanization was shifting the country from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial one characterized by poverty, disease, crime, and cultural clash. Rapid technological advancements brought new, and often frightening, changes into daily life that left many people feeling that they had little control over their lives. Movements for socialism, woman suffrage, and rights for African Americans, immigrants, and workers belied the rhetoric of the United States as a just and equal democratic society for all its members.
Responding to the challenges presented by these problems, and fearful that without substantial change the country might experience class upheaval, groups of Americans proposed undertaking significant reforms. Underlying all proposed reforms was a desire to bring more justice and equality into a society that seemed increasingly to lack these ideals. Yet there was no agreement among these groups about the exact threat that confronted the nation, the means to resolve problems, or how to implement reforms. Despite this lack of agreement, all so-called Progressive reformers were modernizers. They sought to make the country's democratic promise a reality by confronting its flaws and seeking solutions. All Progressivisms were seeking a via media, a middle way between relying on older ideas of 19th-century liberal capitalism and the more radical proposals to reform society through either social democracy or socialism. Despite differences among Progressives, the types of Progressivisms put forth, and the successes and failures of Progressivism, this reform era raised into national discourse debates over the nature and meaning of democracy, how and for whom a democratic society should work, and what it meant to be a forward-looking society. It also led to the implementation of an activist state.
The Special Relationship: Anglo-U.S. Relations since 1776
Ted R. Bromund
The Special Relationship is a term used to describe the close relations between the United States and the United Kingdom. It applies particularly to the governmental realms of foreign, defense, security, and intelligence policy, but it also captures a broader sense that both public and private relations between the United States and Britain are particularly deep and close. The Special Relationship is thus a term for a reality that came into being over time as the result of political leadership as well as ideas and events outside the formal arena of politics.
After the political break of the American Revolution and in spite of sporadic cooperation in the 19th century, it was not until the Great Rapprochement of the 1890s that the idea that Britain and the United States had a special kind of relationship took hold. This decade, in turn, created the basis for the Special Relationship, a term first used by Winston Churchill in 1944. Churchill did the most to build the relationship, convinced as he was that close friendship between Britain and the United States was the cornerstone of world peace and prosperity. During and after the Second World War, many others on both sides of the Atlantic came to agree with Churchill.
The post-1945 era witnessed a flowering of the relationship, which was cemented—not without many controversies and crises—by the emerging Cold War against the Soviet Union. After the end of the Cold War in 1989, the relationship remained close, though it was severely tested by further security crises, Britain's declining defense spending, the evolving implications of Britain's membership in the European Union, the relative decline of Europe, and an increasing U.S. interest in Asia. Yet on many public and private levels, relations between the United States and Britain continue to be particularly deep, and thus the Special Relationship endures.
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