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Friday's Sports In Brief
An investigation into the racially charged Miami Dolphins bullying scandal detailed widespread harassment in the team's locker room that extended beyond the two players at the center of the probe.
The NFL-ordered report stated there was a "pattern of harassment" committed by at least three players and extended to two lineman and an assistant trainer, all targets of vicious taunts and racist insults.
Lawyer Ted Wells released the report Friday, saying guard John Jerry and center Mike Pouncey followed Richie Incognito's lead in harassing Jonathan Martin, who left the team in October. They threatened to rape his sister, called him a long list of slurs and bullied him for not being "black enough."
In a statement emailed by a league spokesman, the NFL did not make any mention of possible punishment stemming from the case.
NEW YORK (AP) NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell made $44.2 million in 2012, according to tax returns the league has submitted.
Goodell earned $35.1 million in salary, bonus and pension compensation. Based on IRS reporting guidelines, his total 2012 compensation includes a $5 million incentive payment and a $4.1 million pension payment from the 2011 lockout year that was paid in 2012.
LOS ANGELES (AP) – Prosecutors charged former NFL safety Darren Sharper with raping and drugging two women in California and disclosed he is under investigation in connection with five more drug-related rapes in three other states.
Sharper briefly appeared in Los Angeles Superior Court, where his arraignment was postponed until Feb. 20 at the request of his lawyers. They issued a statement saying he would be exonerated.
Prosecutors then filed a motion to increase Sharper's bail to $10 million and outlined details of investigations involving him in Las Vegas, Tempe, Ariz., and New Orleans.
Sharper has not been charged in the other jurisdictions.
NEW ORLEANS (AP) – Carmelo Anthony said he knows "for a fact" the Knicks won't trade him, and said he would be open to staying in New York for less than a maximum contract.
Anthony has said he plans to become a free agent this summer. The NBA's trade deadline is Thursday, but Anthony ruled out any chance the Knicks would move him to avoid the possibility they could lose him for nothing in July.
"I know for a fact I'm not being traded," Anthony said at the NBA's All-Star weekend. "There's two things: I know for a fact I'm not being traded and I'm not going in there and saying I want to be traded."
New York can pay him around $30 million more than any team, but Anthony said he wouldn't insist on making the Knicks do it.
NEW ORLEANS (AP) – David Stern is going from the NBA commissioner's office to the Hall of Fame.
The recently retired Stern was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and will be enshrined with the class of 2014 on Aug. 8 in Springfield, Mass.
Stern was on a ski trip to Colorado with his wife while the NBA was holding its first All-Star weekend without him in charge since 1983.
ATLANTA (AP) – Jim Fregosi, a former All-Star who won more than 1,000 games as a manager for four teams, died Friday after an apparent stroke. He was 71.
The Atlanta Braves said they were notified by a family member that Fregosi died early Friday in Miami, where he was hospitalized after the apparent stroke while on a cruise with baseball alumni.
Fregosi ended more than 50 years in baseball as a special assistant to Braves general manager Frank Wren.
Fregosi managed the Philadelphia Phillies to the 1993 National League pennant and the 1979 California Angels to their first American League Western Division title. He also managed the Chicago White Sox and Toronto Blue Jays.
Fregosi was an infielder in the majors from 1961 to 1978, hitting .265 with 151 homers and 706 RBIs. His best seasons came with the Angels, where he was six-time All-Star as a shortstop.
TAMPA, Fla. (AP) – Joe Girardi found out about Derek Jeter's retirement announcement the same way almost everyone else did: when the New York Yankees captain posted a letter to the world on his Facebook page this week.
Girardi arrived at spring for his seventh season as Yankees manager, and Jeter's decision to retire after this season dominated the opening news conference.
"I think we were probably all a little bit taken aback by it," the manager said. "You're never sure how someone's going to do it, but I had no inkling that that's what he was thinking."
TAMPA, Fla. (AP) – New York Yankees ace CC Sabathia has reported to spring training at a slimmed-down 275 pounds, 40 below his high.
Sabathia decided to lose the weight after a cousin, Demetrius Davis, died of a heart attack at age 45 in December 2012.
GOODYEAR, Ariz. (AP) – Starter Mat Latos had surgery to repair torn cartilage in his left knee while the rest of the Cincinnati Reds pitchers and catchers got physicals and worked out.
Latos is expected to be sidelined for about 10 days.
DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. (AP) – Tony Stewart is 20 pounds lighter and has a titanium rod in his surgically repaired right leg.
As far as he's concerned, those are the only major changes since he broke two bones in his leg in an August sprint-car crash. So when the green flag drops Saturday night at Daytona International Speedway for his first race since the accident, Stewart believes it will be the same old "Smoke" behind the wheel.
If he had any doubts – and he's insisted he didn't – they were alleviated by 24 smooth laps in the first of two Friday night practice sessions for the exhibition Sprint Unlimited.
All told, Stewart ran 50 laps – 125 miles – around Daytona.
LOS ANGELES (AP) – Bae Sang-moon is off to another great start at the Northern Trust Open. The next step is a better finish.
Bae played bogey-free Friday on another gorgeous day at Riviera for a 5-under 66, giving him a one-shot lead over Aaron Baddeley and Robert Garrigus going into the weekend.
MELBOURNE, Australia (AP) – Sweden's Caroline Hedwall had a hole-in-one and finished with a 7-under 65 to take the second-round lead in the Women's Australian Open.
The Solheim Cup was one shot ahead of second-ranked Suzann Pettersen of Norway. Pettersen, the first-round leader after a 66, had a 68.
NAPLES, Fla. (AP) – Defending champion Bernhard Langer shot an 8-under 64 to take a one-stroke lead after the first round of the ACE Group Classic.
ORLANDO, Fla. (AP) – Two-time Olympian Chloe Sutton broke the meet record in the 400-meter freestyle in the Arena Grand Prix event at YMCA Aquatic Center.
Sutton, from Mission Viejo, Calif., finished in 4 minutes, 10.11 seconds to edge Hungary's Katinka Hosszu.
BUENOS AIRES, Argentina (AP) – Top-seeded David Ferrer defeated fellow Spaniard Albert Ramos 6-1, 6-2 to reach the semifinals of the Copa Claro tournament in the Argentine capital.
Ferrer will play fellow Spaniard Nicolas Almagro, the fourth seed, who defeated Jeremy Chardy of France 7-6 (7), 6-3.
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) – Michael Russell upset third-seeded Lleyton Hewitt of Australia 6-3, 7-6 (6) in the quarterfinals of the U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships.


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It is the policy of LexisNexis and Westlaw to restrict summer access to those not involved in law school activities. Full access will resume August 1st. If you will be doing law-school related research, however, you may request full access to both databases by registering before the end of May. Instructions follow. LexisNexis To register, go to LexisNexis and click on the Summer Access graphic (on right). If you do not register, your LexisNexis law school ID will be limited to only career materials as of June 1, 2007. You must verify that you will be doing one of the following:
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Submitted by Bonnie Shucha on September 4, 2007
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subset: commoncrawl


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videoUrlUse:[ 9JGSv2Oz4X4 ] (e.g., IetIZ82pXc0)
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Mad River Journey 156 Recreation Canoe
Comments: Click here to see more about the Journey Canoes
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Mad River Journey 156 Recreation Canoe(1310898)
Mad River Journey 156 Recreation Canoe - The Journey canoe has been designed to accommodate any paddler. Stable and easy to get the hang of for first time users, yet capable of everything that more experienced paddlers require in a boat.
Mad River Journey 156 Recreation Canoe - The Journey 156 is great for families that are after a afternoon for paddling on flat water, but it's versatility and three layer body material makes it equally suited for trips down winding and rocky rivers. It's web seats offer the paddler more mobility for navigating tricky rivers or fishing for monster trout! The symmetrical hull design gives you more predictable handling as well as being able to be paddled in reverse. A shallow arch was added to aid in efficiency and speed during calm conditions.
- Color: Red
- Materials: Triple Tough Three Layer Vinyl
- Weight: 83 lbs
- Length: 15ft 6in
- Width at Gunwale: 37in
- Width at 4in Waterline: 35.25in
- Maximum Width: 37in
- Depth at Center: 14.5in
- Depth at Bow: 20.5in
- Depth at Stern: 20.5in
- Rocker at Bow: 1.25in
- Max Capacity 1100 lbs
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Directory Listing
compilation fixups.
should make things compile again
turn create-localdecls into semi-autotooled
need to include config.h
scripts to generate/clean build
remove generated files
stupid libtool.
adjustment so it stops installing a couple of extra srcs to /usr/share.
corrections to remove hardcoded paths.
nore should these.
this shouldn't be in cvs.
removed the /usr/lib/portage/ hardcoded reference for bashrc.
nuke the creation of a gz for dist target.
final make dist tweak. stupid bugger.
corrections for make dist, include canocicalize.c
changed the dist target to include building bz2'd tarballs.
annoying autotool files. stuck usual copyright stuff w/ gpl v2 notice in COPYING.
a quicky attempt at making authors actually useful. Fairly complete from what I can see. Basically walked the changelogs, cvs logs, etc.
entry regarding cvs shift, and the beast being autotooled.
Initial revision
New repository initialized by cvs2svn.
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Ixokai necesitaba un nuevo diseño de botón o icono y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 80 diseños de 27 diseñadores freelance.
Ixokai Softworks
I'm a lone little software developer who loves food, loves cooking, and loves technology -- and has an idea to meld the two together in a fun little way. Only problem? My design-fu is weak.
Typical iUsers: tech-savvy with an eye for elegance and things that just work and work simply at that.
***PLEASE NOTE***: I decided to extend the contest an additional day to give recent additions a fair shake. Technical difficulties made it hard for me to give feedback in a timely matter to recent additions, so I want those people to have a chance to respond.
I am NOT going to consider new entries to the contest. This is only to get some final revisions form folks who deserve a chance to respond to my feedback to their designs.
I'm looking for an icon which should have a somewhat distinctive style, but still be pretty simple in the detail.
A chef's hat would be pretty cliche, so I want to avoid that: something that says 'cooking' and 'tools' at once would be ideal. A bowl of food with a spoon in it, or a frying pan superimposed beside a whisk. Something foody.
But there should also be an element of technology-- but something as simple as a kitchen timer would be just fine.
Technically, it needs to be a vector graphic that can scale and still look decent from sizes 512x512 to 57x57 (... that crazy odd number baffles me). SVG or Adobe Illustrator formats accepted.
I have no preference towards color scheme or even the artistic style of the illustration-- something that feels crisp and elegant and distinctive is all I'm after.
REMINDER: As I said above, Chef's hats are not something I'm interested in. Please don't waste your creative talent with hat-designs that I have to feel bad about eliminating :)


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Buying drones directly from the factories & wholesale suppliers in China has never been cheaper, easier or faster! How to buy drones wholesale? When buying drones in bulk, price depends on the quantity. Contact the supplier via the contact form to the side of each ad, and let the supplier know how many drones exactly you want to buy. Save your money. Buy factory direct. Are you a drone wholesale supplier? Post a free ad, and reach thousands of wholesale drone buyers worldwide!


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It is a rarity that an A&R reader is better informed than us on a topic, but one of the great things about online media is that there is an instantaneous two-way dialogue on every subject we publish. As such, a special hat-tip goes out to commenter "Bob" who spilled the beans that Motus had dropped gasoline direct injection (GDI) for the Motus MST sport-tourer that the company is soon to unveil at the Daytona Bike Week. We followed up the comment with Lee Conn, President and Co-Founder of Motus, about the comment, where he confirmed that Motus would adopt a port fuel injection & ride-by-wire scheme instead of the heavily touted GDI setup.
"Having ridden the MST's with GDI all over America, I can report that we pioneered a really cool GDI system and it works great," said Lee Conn. "GDI is a modern, smart and efficient way to fuel an engine, but after a lot of discussions with dealers, customers, technicians, and tuners, we concluded that there is not enough support in the current industry to roll out this technology yet." After seeing what bikes A&R commenters were using in comparison to the Motus MST, Lee made a joke about how the Motus team would have to rethink its product messaging, and then said something that is very central to the Motus MST ethos.


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Luis Suarez trained with his new Barcelona team mates, including Neymar, for the first time on Friday after the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ruled that he need not be banned from all soccer activity.
The original four-month ban for biting Italy's Giorgio Chiellini at the World Cup in June prevented him from training with Barca, but that part of the punishment was rescinded on Thursday by CAS, whose ruling also allowed him to take part in friendly matches.
Barcelona failed, however, to reduce the suspension.
"I am glad to feel like a player and be here with my team mates," the controversial Uruguayan striker, who joined Barcelona from Liverpool in July for a reported 75 million pounds ($125.19 million), told Barca TV.
"I felt I was in an awkward situation," he added. "I was paying for an error I made and had apologized for.
"Now it's time to forget about it, to leave all this behind, and to think about the future and the present and the fact that I am at this great club I always dreamed to play for."
Suarez will be introduced to the Barcelona crowd before Monday's home game against Mexican side Leon.
Neymar again trained with the squad on Friday following his return since fracturing a vertebra playing forBrazil in their World Cup quarter-final against Colombia on July 4.
The striker returned to light training on Monday although he has yet to be given a final 'all-clear' by the club's medical staff.


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Opinion: Most Likely Cities to Go Bankrupt
WSJ editorial page editor Paul Gigot on the aftermath of Detroit's decision to file for bankruptcy. Photos: Associated Press
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... thus the opportunity to stabilize the trade and crowed ... and because he after back to the fundamentals of all ... the most important thing is not just the dot Corection dot question needs to address eighteen million dollars in liabilities ... but even more important ... is the car ability to the citizens of Detroit ... they're not getting the services they deserve it may happen ... welcome to Opinion Journal I'm Mary Kissel that was Michigan Governor Rick Snyder ... on the implications of Detroit's big bankruptcy lots of people watching ... what this president means not just for Detroit ... but for other broker nearly broke cities across the country ... Wall Street Journal Editorial board and or Polish ago is here ... to take editoral page editor ... Paul ... why is this president ... so in court and some people might look it this is a will isn't bankruptcy law clear when or why or why he wanted so we don't know that that the bankruptcy laws not clear in the case of Chapter nine because there would be a big fight over ... whether state law takes ... precedence here and and dominate or the federal bankruptcy code which allows chapter ... and that'll involve things like ... our pension benefits able to be in here or reduced as Kevyn Orr the Michigan emergency mended Detroit emergency manager wants to do ... the unions will fight to stay in the Michigan Constitution that's not a lot ... going ... on and or will say well we have to do that otherwise we really can get back to ... growing city ... this'll be fun out of court it's very important ... that what are the reasons this is important as as a potential legal precedent ... ok it's not just the pensioners watches right you've also got investors here to your creditors to creditors ... so you have is that play out the cards and unsecured creditors left on the call ... not knowing if they're old we don't know exactly why home bigger haircut don't take to clear their dire maul guaranteed to take a big one ... I don't know we can that'll be worked out in the bankruptcy process for ... Kevyn Orr gave them a very big one and they just might get in the center will take their chances in court ... no contest of the bill say you can impair contracts under the Michigan Constitution I suspect ... the loos that I think ... now have intentions will be and will be of will be a close Iran thing because there's enough ambiguity ... in the Chapter nine statute about federal preemption ... which under the Constitution federal law should ... dominate state law take precedence ... yes it's clear ... but if it's not clear the Supreme Court doesn't always side with the federal government was consulting contract out for awhile we will ... meet in the editorial today ... talked about Oakland as Detroit's doppelganger ... among other city centers in their proper almost broke down the into these other cities we talked about the editorial today to the time to turn things around could to try to be the spark that ... wakes them up in and says let's let's do something and they all had a really nice city Ascena's banish a overall as Detroit but ... are they in these other cities would mention Philadelphia Chicago ... um they all share ... characteristics with that right which is they've overpromised and pension benefits ... they have very very powerful public unions ... and they don't have that they haven't had the economic base to be able to drive the revenues to finance the sort to be doing ... is borrowing to pay to make a pension payments ... I there when you do that you incur more debt obviously ... but you also ... don't do anything to change the fundamental benefit so ... you've got a real problem there and soon or later ... that something's gotta give a new song last week in Chicago were Rahm Emanuel was saying look ... the pension crisis has already affected our schools ... is good to lay off ... people in the school system to meet the pension of about thirty seconds left is Bankruptcy unclean thing and that ... he draw a line under this reading or ... could it affect investment that it is unfortunate overall with a much better to work this out without bankruptcy ... but the what Bankruptcy does dues you get that provides the discipline ... it says if you can work it out ... we're going to make sure that we are able to ... take down the debts reduce the pensions ... and and honestly impair the creditors ... in India so it is the object lesson ... of all reminder once again the eternal lesson ... that there's no such thing as a risk free investments a thing as risk free in the days when you let me try even when you're learning to softer side when you when into sovereigns thank you Paul


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A common comment that will be thrown at you when debating or discussing with a theist will be that "if you don't get your morality from god, where do you get your morality" or "are atheists then immoral" or something else of that flavor. There are many way to address these comments such as discussing where morals come from and the definition of morals, which can be tricky, or that morality is intrinsic in each being and you don't need god to have them or that morals preceded religion and there are plenty of examples that can go along with that last point. These can all be very effective but I heard something the other day that I felt made a lot of sense.
When asked "were you a moral person", the person, who was an atheist said, "you're right I'm not moral because morals is a set of behavioral guidelines derived from authority whether real or imagined and I don't use morality in my day to day life to make decisions, however I'm a very ethical person, and I think that social ethics as they evolved out of social dynamics, are a better course to pursue then morality, because if you're being a moral person, and you are doing what the authority has instructed you to do, that authority may not in itself be moral. So for me social ethics are the way to go."
Now I understand that by ethics are defined as moral behaviors. But the distinction is blurry to me. So I would like to hear your opinion on a) the differences between the two if there are any in your view and b) your preferred method to answer this question. How do you answer someone who comes at you with the "morality" argument?
Views: 3327
I sigh repeatedly during these discussions because, as atheists, we all should really have a better answer than I see most of us having.
Don't sigh, that's why we keep having these conversations. :-)
Nelson, I could wax philosophic and attempt to come up with a TOE (Theory of Everything) that would shake theists to the core, but the truth is, that I can never speak for anyone but myself, and I would be deluding myself and attempting to delude others, if I were to try to do so.
This may sound a bit simplistic, but so is E equals MC squared:
I'm an Atheist. There's no god, no heaven, no hell, and no life after my electrical impulses shut down. I don't have to live with a god, but for as long as it lasts, I must always live with myself, and if we're all there is, then we're all we've got. If there's no afterlife, anything I do, anyone I touch, I have to do it now. If I detract from another's enjoyment of the brief existence we all share, I have to live with that, and that is simply something I'd rather not do. I can't purport to tell other atheists how to think or believe, that's something we each have to decide for ourselves - we exchanged the hard and fast rules a "god" gave us, for the right to think for ourselves. I can only decide what I feel is important to me. As simple as it may seem, that's all the argument I need.
pax vobiscum,
Well we can't have that now, can we?
pax vobiscum,
Yeah, there's one thing I can't comprehend about people who worship the God of Abraham. God demands you worship/love him. Hello religious people! Do you not see anything "morally" wrong with this? Here's a little friendly advice. More like a rule really…….
If something demands you worship/love it, then it doesn't truly love you in return.
Now in its delusional psychopathic mind – it might think it loves you. But it doesn't. That's not love. It's an immoral concept. And as a human being… you should have a problem with it. I would argue that worshiping is immoral. So… I'm the one without morals? hmmmm
Is not this Craig's argument?
RE: "we can't say that anything is actually good or bad"
Actually Nelson, Shakespeare concurred when he wrote, "Nothing ever is right nor wrong, but thinking makes it so." And that's where the difference lies - thinking makes it so.
If my thinking determines how I relate to others, you may well ask from where that thought process comes. I can't put it into an axiom by which others can live, but I can say that I had good examples as a child - my parents, while religious in beliefs, were not particularly religious in practice. I learned basic "rights" and "wrongs," based not on religion, but on their personal life experiences of how people should treat each other if we are all going to coexist in this world.
Dostoevsky told us that without god, "all is permitted," Again, I disagree. There are certain social obligations we must expect of ourselves and others, if we are to live in an organized society, but again, there's no need to refer to biblical concepts of right and wrong to access those. Frankly, I can't recall the last time I killed a witch.
If I were to suggest a moral code of conduct with which each of us could successfully, securely and peacefully live, I would have to refer to the Jerry Springer show, as simplistic again as that may sound. Near the end of his show, Springer has a segment called, "Jerry's Final Thought," during which he murmurs platitudes regarding the theme of that particular day's show. But he ends the segment with the only commandment I've found worth following - he says, "Be good to yourself, and each other." I can think of nothing to add to that.
pax vobiscum,
Just so you are able to admit a little grey towards Xian's there is Mother Theresa, Bishop Tutu, and George Muelller. Not all of them fly in lear jets to their speaking engagements.
And along with Bill Gates and other's, we could also list Stalin, Pol Pot, Mao and others.
Neither party is black or white but shades of grey.
Yes, but at least Pol Pot never cheated on his wife! ;)
Good morals help sustain human existence and advancement. If you value humans, be they friends, society, or the species in general, you have or are working to develop good morals that will sustain and advance that which you value. If you don't value humans, you need fear and conditioning to guide your behavior, kind of like a trained dog does.
Theists could reply that way. And I would say "what morals accomplish is precisely the question."
Your question "why would you value humans without an objective grounding to morality" would evidence a failure to understand my point. Morality exists because of a value of humans, not the other way around as your question asserts.
You are free also to not value humans. That seems to be what you refer to as cutthroat. That's a lack of morality.
Self interest is not inherently bad and does not preclude one from caring about others. I am self-interested and I am my final judge. I treat others well because I value them and want them in my life. I judge myself to be a good person. So do all the Christians and Muslims I know. Does lack of faith change that I'm a good person? (I don't really mind if they think I'm going to hell, but I would mind if they thought it made me bad.)


text: Sega Game Pack 4in1 - Achievements Sega Game Pack 4in1 is a misc game developed by Sega and released on GameGear.Here you will find a list of all achievements and trophies available in the game. Jump to a section: Home Releases Credits Overview Walkthrough Achievements Cheats Share Achievements with others < Prev: Walkthrough Next: Cheats > Do you want to earn money creating pages just like this? Gamewise is currently looking for writers, find out more here. Around the Network Sega Game Pack 4in1 Brainwaves View all → Sega Game Pack 4in1 Achievements


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By Alex Luces: While their legacies may never be finalized by fighting each other, Manny Pacquiao and Floyd Mayweather Jr. have decided to keep moving along their respective careers. "Money Mayweather" has stayed true to his name and advanced toward a fight with Miguel Cotto, the second highest-grossing pay-per-view star not named Pacquiao.
Though Cotto has always been an aggressive fighter in the ring, he has always remained a gentleman outside of it, promotional banter notwithstanding. Mayweather, on the other hand, has always had a flair for showmanship and bravado that even some pro wrestlers would deem outrageous. From his public feuds with his father to his constant flashing of his wealth, Mayweather is never at a loss for words and posture. He continued this display on HBO's Face Off, repeatedly talking during Cotto's interview to check on one of his many sporting bets. Cotto, to his credit, remained stoic and even jovial. Some fans hate Mayweather for his Money image. Others gravitate toward his confidence. Either way, it has always worked for Mayweather.
Mayweather has already conquered this summit before. It was almost five years ago that he trekked north of the welterweight division to the junior middleweight division. Maybe his journey there told him it was not that easy.
Maybe it was a still-ready-for-prime-time Oscar De La Hoya that convinced Mayweather to go back down to his weight class. Or maybe it was the lack of serious paydays. Either way, in 2012, Mayweather has decided to make a trek back to the 154 lb. mountain. However, his journey to the summit this time will be met by a new force.
That force is Miguel Cotto, a warrior who, even in defeat, has never been an easy journey for any fighter. However, Cotto's aggression will be meaningless if it does not consistently test Mayweather second after second, minute after minute, round after round. Opponent's fists finding Mayweather's chin has been akin to radar pin-pointing a stealth bomber's trajectory. So, how does Cotto plan on beating Mayweather when they meet on May 5 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas?
"We're going to figure it out in our training camp," Cotto told Max Kellerman when asked how he would defeat Mayweather.
The problem with Cotto's statement is that it came off as dubious rather than definite. There have been 42 opponents who have tried and failed. Well, 41 if Jose Luis Castillo has any argument with regards to their first fight. The formula to beat Cotto (37-2) has been shown already by strong punchers late in the fight of a war. He is not an easy win but he has looked vulnerable even before his first loss to Antonio Margarito, now in question following the illegal hand-wrapping incident. DeMarcus "Chop-Chop" Corley, back when he was still a top contender, came close to stopping Cotto in Cotto's hometown of Puerto Rico before suffering what some called a quick stoppage by the referee.
Mayweather, for the most part, has always used his defensive prowess to always have a comfortable lead in nearly all of his fights. Cotto cannot begin to match Mayweather's speed, reflexes, and boxing acumen. If there is still another great fight left in Cotto, he will have to turn back the clock and fight in his old style of moving forward, cutting off the ring, going to the body, and throwing every punch with mean intentions. The problem is that lately Cotto has seemed to slow down in the later rounds when facing elite fighters. And while Mayweather is as elite as they come, he is not the concussive kayo puncher that Pacquiao, Corley, Ricardo Torres, Shane Mosley, Zab Judah and *Margarito were to Cotto. (*Plaster of Paris?)
The smart money says that Mayweather will bob, weave, dip, slip, slash and dash his way to a close but well deserved unanimous decision over the shop worn Cotto. The funny money says that Cotto, newly invigorated after exorcising the demon that was Margarito, will be able to rise to an occasion higher than any mountain and pull an enormous upset over the undefeated Mayweather.
April 10, 2010
© 2000 - 2011 Knockout Entertainment Ltd & SecondsOut.com


text:
PARADISE ISLAND, Bahamas - Laurence Bowers had 14 points and 11 rebounds and Phil Pressey had 11 points and eight assists, leading No. 13 Missouri to a 68-65 victory over VCU on Saturday in the third-place game of the Battle 4 Atlantis.
Pressey gave the Tigers (5-1) the lead for good with a 3-pointer with 1:17 to play. That capped a run of five straight possessions where the teams exchanged the lead.
The Rams (3-3) turned the ball over with 57 seconds left. The Tigers called a timeout with 10 seconds left on the shot clock. Pressey took the inbounds, dribbled off a few seconds then made a move to the basket where he ducked under a VCU player and hit a flip shot as the shot clock hit zero.
Troy Daniels of VCU missed a 3 and the Tigers ran out the clock.
The Tigers lost to No. 2 Louisville in the semifinals, when they committed 23 turnovers. They had 14 against VCU. Pressey had eight turnovers against Louisville and five against the Rams.
VCU lost to No. 5 Duke in the semifinals. The Rams had been 23-6 in games following losses under coach Shaka Smart.
Negus Webster-Chan and Keion Bell had 12 points apiece for Missouri while Earnest Ross added 11.
Treveon Graham and Juvonte Reddic both had 12 points for the Rams while Rob Brandenberg added 11.
PARADISE ISLAND, Bahamas - Chris Crawford and Joe Jackson, two of Memphis' better players who had been struggling, scored 18 and 15 points, respectively, and the 19th-ranked Tigers avoided losing all three games in the Battle 4 Atlantis, beating Northern Iowa.
Memphis (3-2) was one of four ranked team in the regular-season tournament, but it was the only one not to reach the semifinals and things didn't look so great late in the first half against the Panthers, who led 26-12 with 4:34 to play.
Crawford, who had 12 rebounds, hit a 3-pointer to start a 10-0 run that closed the half and Jackson ended the spurt with another 3 to make it 26-22.
The Tigers never really took control in the second half but they grabbed the lead for good with 4:04 left when Crawford scored on a layup to make it 42-41. Jackson's three-point play after a bad turnover by Northern Iowa's Deon Mitchell made it 48-41 with 36 seconds left. Crawford hit two free throws with 13 seconds to go to make it 52-44.
Mitchell led the Panthers (3-3) with 18 points and five assists, but Northern Iowa shot 31.4 percent (16 of 51), including going 7 of 27 (25.9 percent) from 3-point range.
Jackson, considered one of the better point guards in the country, entered the game with 12 assists and 11 turnovers and was averaging 8.8 points for the season. Coach Josh Pastner only played him 7 minutes in the 78-65 consolation semifinal loss to VCU - none in the second half.
Crawford came in averaging 7.3 points and was shooting 31 percent overall and 21 percent on 3s. He was 6 for 10 on Saturday and made 4 of 6 from 3-point range.
The Tigers, who lost 84-75 to Minnesota in the first round, had 15 turnovers against Northern Iowa, many of them unforced against the Panthers' zone.
Northern Iowa lost 51-46 to No. 2 Louisville in the first round and 66-60 in the consolation semifinals.


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Frequent Links
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
|Obsessive–compulsive disorder
File:OCD handwash.jpg
Frequent hand washing occurs in some people with OCD
|Classification and external resources
|Obsessive–compulsive disorder
|Patient UK
|Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly, have certain thoughts repeatedly, and feel they need to perform certain routines repeatedly. People are unable to control either the thoughts or the activities. Common activities include hand washing, counting of things, and checking to see if a door is locked. Some may have difficulty throwing things out. These activity occur to such a degree that the person's daily life is negatively affected.[1] Often they take up more than an hour a day.[2] Most adults realize that the behaviors do not make sense.[1] The condition is associated with tics, anxiety disorder, and an increased risk of suicide.[2][3]
The cause is unknown.[1] There appears to be some genetic components with identical twins more often affected than non-identical twins. Risk factors include a history of child abuse or other stress inducing event. Some cases have been documented to occur following infections. The diagnosis is based on the symptoms and requires ruling out other drug related or medical causes.[2] Rating scales such as Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale can be used to assess the severity.[4] Other disorders with similar symptoms include: anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, eating disorders, tic disorders, and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder.[2]
Treatment for OCD involves the use of behavioral therapy and sometimes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The type of behavior therapy used involves increasing exposure to what causes the problems while not allowing the repetative behavior to occur.[5] Atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine may be useful when used in addition to an SSRI in treatment-resistant cases but are associated with an increased risk of side effects.[6] Without treament the condition often lasts decades.[2]
Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their life.[7] Rates during a given year are about 1.2% and it occurs worldwide.[2] It is unusual for symptoms to begin after the age of thirty five and half of people develop problems before twenty.[1][2] Males and females are affected about equally.[1] In English the phrase obsessive–compulsive is often used in an informal manner to describe someone who is excessively meticulous, perfectionistic, absorbed, or otherwise fixated.[8]
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Causes
- 3 Mechanisms
- 4 Diagnosis
- 5 Management
- 6 Epidemiology
- 7 Prognosis
- 8 History
- 9 Society and culture
- 10 Research
- 11 Other animals
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Signs and symptoms
Obsessions are thoughts that recur and persist despite efforts to ignore or confront them.[9] People with OCD frequently perform tasks, or compulsions, to seek relief from obsession-related anxiety. Within and among individuals, the initial obsessions, or intrusive thoughts, vary in their clarity and vividness. A relatively vague obsession could involve a general sense of disarray or tension accompanied by a belief that life cannot proceed as normal while the imbalance remains. A more intense obsession could be a preoccupation with the thought or image of someone close to them dying[10][11] or intrusions related to "relationship rightness."[12] Other obsessions concern the possibility that someone or something other than oneself—such as God, the Devil, or disease—will harm either the person with OCD or the people or things that the person cares about. Other individuals with OCD may experience the sensation of invisible protrusions emanating from their bodies, or have the feeling that inanimate objects are ensouled.[13]
Some people with OCD experience sexual obsessions that may involve intrusive thoughts or images of "kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, anal sex, intercourse, incest and rape" with "strangers, acquaintances, parents, children, family members, friends, coworkers, animals and religious figures", and can include "heterosexual or homosexual content" with persons of any age.[14] As with other intrusive, unpleasant thoughts or images, most "normal" people have some disquieting sexual thoughts at times, but people with OCD may attach extraordinary significance to the thoughts. For example, obsessive fears about sexual orientation can appear to the person with OCD, and even to those around them, as a crisis of sexual identity.[15][16] Furthermore, the doubt that accompanies OCD leads to uncertainty regarding whether one might act on the troubling thoughts, resulting in self-criticism or self-loathing.[14]
People with OCD understand that their notions do not correspond with reality; however, they feel that they must act as though their notions are correct. For example, an individual who engages in compulsive hoarding might be inclined to treat inorganic matter as if it had the sentience or rights of living organisms, while accepting that such behavior is irrational on a more intellectual level.
Primarily obsessional
OCD sometimes manifests without overt compulsions.[17] Nicknamed "Pure-O",[18] or referred to as Primarily Obsessional OCD, OCD without overt compulsions could, by one estimate, characterize as many as 50 percent to 60 percent of OCD cases.[19] Primarily obsessional OCD has been called one of the most distressing and challenging forms of OCD.[20] People with this form of OCD have distressing and unwanted thoughts emerging frequently, and these thoughts typically center on a fear that one may do something totally uncharacteristic of his self, something potentially fatal to him or others.[20] The thoughts may likely be of an aggressive or sexual nature.[20]
Rather than engaging in observable compulsions, the person with this subtype might perform more covert, mental rituals, or might feel driven to avoid the situations in which particular thoughts seem likely to intrude.[18] As a result of this avoidance, people can struggle to fulfill both public and private roles, even if they place great value on these roles and even if they had fulfilled the roles successfully in the past.[18] Moreover, the individual's avoidance can confuse others who do not know its origin or intended purpose, as it did in the case of a man whose wife began to wonder why he would not hold their infant child.[18] The covert mental rituals can take up a great deal of a person's time during the day.
Some people with OCD perform compulsive rituals because they inexplicably feel they have to, others act compulsively so as to mitigate the anxiety that stems from particular obsessive thoughts. The person might feel that these actions somehow either will prevent a dreaded event from occurring, or will push the event from their thoughts. In any case, the individual's reasoning is so idiosyncratic or distorted that it results in significant distress for the individual with OCD or for those around them. Excessive skin picking (i.e., dermatillomania) or hair plucking (i.e., trichotillomania) and nail biting (i.e., onychophagia) are all on the obsessive–compulsive spectrum.[medical citation needed] Individuals with OCD are aware that their thoughts and behavior are not rational,[21] but they feel bound to comply with them to fend off feelings of panic or dread.
Some common compulsions include counting specific things (such as footsteps) or in specific ways (for instance, by intervals of two), and doing other repetitive actions, often with atypical sensitivity to numbers or patterns. People might repeatedly wash their hands[22] or clear their throats, make sure certain items are in a straight line, repeatedly check that their parked cars have been locked before leaving them, constantly organize in a certain way, turn lights on and off, keep doors closed at all times, touch objects a certain number of times before exiting a room, walk in a certain routine way like only stepping on a certain color of tile, or have a routine for using stairs, such as always finishing a flight on the same foot.
The compulsions of OCD must be distinguished from tics; movements of other movement disorders such as chorea, dystonia, myoclonus; movements exhibited in stereotypic movement disorder or some people with autism; and the movements of seizure activity.[23] There may exist a notable rate of comorbidity between OCD and tic-related disorders.[23]
People rely on compulsions as an escape from their obsessive thoughts; however, they are aware that the relief is only temporary, that the intrusive thoughts will soon return. Some people use compulsions to avoid situations that may trigger their obsessions. Although some people do certain things over and over again, they do not necessarily perform these actions compulsively. For example, bedtime routines, learning a new skill, and religious practices are not compulsions. Whether or not behaviors are compulsions or mere habit depends on the context in which the behaviors are performed. For example, arranging and ordering DVDs for eight hours a day would be expected of one who works in a video store, but would seem abnormal in other situations. In other words, habits tend to bring efficiency to one's life, while compulsions tend to disrupt it.[24]
In addition to the anxiety and fear that typically accompanies OCD, sufferers may spend hours performing such compulsions every day. In such situations, it can be hard for the person to fulfill their work, family, or social roles. In some cases, these behaviors can also cause adverse physical symptoms. For example, people who obsessively wash their hands with antibacterial soap and hot water can make their skin red and raw with dermatitis.[25]
People with OCD can use rationalizations to explain their behavior; however, these rationalizations do not apply to the overall behavior but to each instance individually. For example, a person compulsively checking the front door may argue that the time taken and stress caused by one more check of the front door is much less than the time and stress associated with being robbed, and thus checking is the better option. In practice, after that check, the person is still not sure and deems it is still better to perform one more check, and this reasoning can continue as long as necessary.
Overvalued ideas
Some OCD sufferers exhibit what is known as overvalued ideas. In such cases, the person with OCD will truly be uncertain whether the fears that cause them to perform their compulsions are irrational or not. After some discussion, it is possible to convince the individual that their fears may be unfounded. It may be more difficult to do ERP therapy on such people because they may be unwilling to cooperate, at least initially. There are severe cases in which the sufferer has an unshakeable belief in the context of OCD that is difficult to differentiate from psychosis.[26]
Cognitive performance
A 2013 meta-analysis confirmed people with OCD to have mild but wide-ranging cognitive deficits; significantly regarding spatial memory, to a lesser extent with verbal memory, fluency, executive function and processing speed, while auditory attention was not significantly affected.[27] Spatial memory had been evaluated by results from Corsi block-tapping test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test-immediate recall and Spatial Working Memory between search errors. Verbal memory had been evaluated by Verbal Learning Test-delayed recall and Logical Memory II. Verbal fluency was evaluated by Category fluency and Letter fluency. Auditory attention was evaluated by the Digit Span Test. Processing speed was evaluated by Trail Making Test part A.[27] Indeed, people with OCD show impairment in formulating an organizational strategy for coding information, set-shifting, motor and cognitive inhibition.[28]
Associated conditions
People with OCD may be diagnosed with other conditions, as well or instead of OCD, such as the aforementioned obsessive–compulsive personality disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder,[29] generalized anxiety disorder, anorexia nervosa, social anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, Tourette syndrome, Asperger syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dermatillomania (compulsive skin picking), body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania (hair pulling). In 2009 it was reported that depression among those with OCD is particularly alarming because their risk of suicide is high; more than 50 percent of people experience suicidal tendencies, and 15 percent have attempted suicide.[4] Individuals with OCD have also been found to be affected by delayed sleep phase syndrome at a substantially higher rate than the general public.[30] Moreover severe OCD symptoms are consistently associated with greater sleep disturbance. Reduced total sleep time and sleep efficiency have been observed in people with OCD, with delayed sleep onset and offset and an increased prevalence of delayed sleep phase disorder.[31]
Behaviorally, there is some research demonstrating a link between drug addiction and the disorder as well. For example, there is a higher risk of drug addiction among those with any anxiety disorder (possibly as a way of coping with the heightened levels of anxiety), but drug addiction among people with OCD may serve as a type of compulsive behavior and not just as a coping mechanism. Depression is also extremely prevalent among sufferers of OCD. One explanation for the high depression rate among OCD populations was posited by Mineka, Watson, and Clark (1998), who explained that people with OCD (or any other anxiety disorder) may feel depressed because of an "out of control" type of feeling.[23]
Someone exhibiting OCD signs does not necessarily have OCD. Behaviors that present as (or seem to be) obsessive or compulsive can also be found in a number of other conditions as well, including obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), autism spectrum disorders, disorders where perseveration is a possible feature (ADHD, PTSD, bodily disorders or habit problems),[32] or sub-clinically.
Some with OCD present with features typically associated with Tourette's syndrome, such as compulsions that may appear to resemble motor tics; this has been termed "tic-related OCD" or "Tourettic OCD".[33][34]
The cause is unknown.[1] Both enviromental and genetic factors are believed to play a role. Risk factors include a history of child abuse or other stress inducing event.[2]
There appears to be some genetic components with identical twins more often affected than non-identical twins.[2] Further, individuals with OCD are more likely to have first-degree family members exhibiting the same disorders than do matched controls. In cases where OCD develops during childhood, there is a much stronger familial link in the disorder than cases in which OCD develops later in adulthood. In general, genetic factors account for 45–65% of OCD symptoms in children diagnosed with the disorder.[35] Recent evidence supports the possibility of a heritable predisposition for neurological development favoring OCD.[36]
A mutation has been found in the human serotonin transporter gene, hSERT, in unrelated families with OCD.[37]
Per evolutionary psychology moderate versions of compulsive behavior may have had evolutionary advantages. Examples would be moderate constant checking of hygiene, the hearth, or the environment for enemies. Similarly, hoarding may have had evolutionary advantages. In this view OCD may be the extreme statistical "tail" of such behaviors possibly due to a high amount of predisposing genes.[38]
Rapid onset of OCD in children and adolescents may be caused by a syndrome connected to Group A streptococcal infections (PANDAS)[39][40] or caused by immunologic reactions to other pathogens (PANS).[41]
Brain scans of people with OCD have shown that they have different patterns of brain activity than people without OCD and that different functioning of circuitry within a certain part of the brain, the striatum, may cause the disorder. Differences in other parts of the brain and neurotransmitter dysregulation, especially serotonin and dopamine, may also contribute to OCD.[42] Independent studies have consistently found unusual dopamine and serotonin activity in various regions of the brain in individuals with OCD. These can be defined as dopaminergic hyperfunction in the prefrontal cortex (mesocortical dopamine pathway) and serotonergic hypofunction in the basal ganglia.[43][44][45] Glutamate dysregulation has also been the subject of recent research,[46][47] although its role in the disorder's etiology is not yet clear. Glutamate is known to act as a cotransmitter with dopamine in dopamine pathways that project out of the ventral tegmental area.
People with OCD evince increased grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei, extending to the caudate nuclei, while decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri.[48][49] These findings contrast with those in people with other anxiety disorders, who evince decreased (rather than increased) grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular / caudate nuclei, while also decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri.[49] Orbitofrontal cortex overactivity is attenuated in people who have successfully responded to SSRI medication, a result believed to be caused by increased stimulation of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C.[50] The striatum, linked to planning and the initiation of appropriate actions, has also been implicated; mice genetically engineered with a striatal abnormality exhibit OCD-like behavior, grooming themselves three times as frequently as ordinary mice.[51]
Formal diagnosis may be performed by a psychologist, psychiatrist, clinical social worker, or other licensed mental health professional. To be diagnosed with OCD, a person must have obsessions, compulsions, or both, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The Quick Reference to the 2000 edition of the DSM states that several features characterize clinically significant obsessions and compulsions. Such obsessions, the DSM says, are recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and that cause marked anxiety or distress. These thoughts, impulses, or images are of a degree or type that lies outside the normal range of worries about conventional problems.[52] A person may attempt to ignore or suppress such obsessions, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action, and will tend to recognize the obsessions as idiosyncratic or irrational.
Compulsions become clinically significant when a person feels driven to perform them in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly, and when the person consequently feels or causes significant distress. Therefore, while many people who do not suffer from OCD may perform actions often associated with OCD (such as ordering items in a pantry by height), the distinction with clinically significant OCD lies in the fact that the person who suffers from OCD must perform these actions, otherwise they will experience significant psychological distress. These behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing distress or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these activities are not logically or practically connected to the issue, or they are excessive. In addition, at some point during the course of the disorder, the individual must realize that their obsessions or compulsions are unreasonable or excessive.
Moreover, the obsessions or compulsions must be time-consuming (taking up more than one hour per day) or cause impairment in social, occupational, or scholastic functioning.[52] It is helpful to quantify the severity of symptoms and impairment before and during treatment for OCD. In addition to the peron's estimate of the time spent each day harboring obsessive-compulsive thoughts or behaviors, concrete tools can be used to gauge the people's condition. This may be done with rating scales, such as the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). With measurements like these, psychiatric consultation can be more appropriately determined because it has been standardized.[4]
Differential diagnosis
OCD is often confused with the separate condition obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). OCD is egodystonic, meaning that the disorder is incompatible with the sufferer's self-concept.[53][54] Because ego dystonic disorders go against a person's self-concept, they tend to cause much distress. OCPD, on the other hand, is egosyntonic—marked by the person's acceptance that the characteristics and behaviours displayed as a result are compatible with their self-image, or are otherwise appropriate, correct or reasonable.
As a result, people with OCD are often aware that their behavior is not rational, are unhappy about their obsessions but nevertheless feel compelled by them.[55] By contrast people with OCPD are not aware of anything abnormal; they will readily explain why their actions are rational, it is usually impossible to convince them otherwise, and they tend to derive pleasure from their obsessions or compulsions.[55]
OCD is different from behaviors such as gambling addiction and overeating. People with these disorders typically experience at least some pleasure from their activity; OCD sufferers may not actively want to perform their compulsive tasks and experience no pleasure from doing so.
Behavioral therapy (BT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and medications are first-line treatments for OCD.[56] Psychodynamic psychotherapy may help in managing some aspects of the disorder. The American Psychiatric Association notes a lack of controlled demonstrations that psychoanalysis or dynamic psychotherapy is effective "in dealing with the core symptoms of OCD."[57] The fact that many individuals do not seek treatment may be due in part to stigma associated with OCD.
The specific technique used in BT/CBT is called exposure and ritual prevention (also known as "exposure and response prevention") or ERP; this involves gradually learning to tolerate the anxiety associated with not performing the ritual behavior. At first, for example, someone might touch something only very mildly "contaminated" (such as a tissue that has been touched by another tissue that has been touched by the end of a toothpick that has touched a book that came from a "contaminated" location, such as a school.) That is the "exposure". The "ritual prevention" is not washing. Another example might be leaving the house and checking the lock only once (exposure) without going back and checking again (ritual prevention). The person fairly quickly habituates to the anxiety-producing situation and discovers that their anxiety level has dropped considerably; they can then progress to touching something more "contaminated" or not checking the lock at all—again, without performing the ritual behavior of washing or checking.[58]
Exposure ritual/response prevention (ERP) has a strong evidence base. It is considered the most effective treatment for OCD.[58] However, this claim has been doubted by some researchers criticizing the quality of many studies.[59]
It has generally been accepted that psychotherapy, in combination with psychiatric medication, is more effective than either option alone. However, more recent studies have shown no difference in outcomes for those treated with the combination of medicine and CBT versus CBT alone.[60]
Medications as treatment include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the tricyclic antidepressants, in particular clomipramine.
SSRIs are a second line treatment of adult obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with mild functional impairment and as first line treatment for those with moderate or severe impairment. In children, SSRIs can be considered as a second line therapy in those with moderate-to-severe impairment, with close monitoring for psychiatric adverse effects.[61] SSRIs are efficacious in the treatment of OCD; people treated with SSRIs are about twice as likely to respond to treatment as those treated with placebo.[62][63] Efficacy has been demonstrated both in short-term (6–24 weeks) treatment trials and in discontinuation trials with durations of 28–52 weeks.[64][65][66]
The atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine have also been found to be useful when used in addition to an SSRI in treatment-resistant OCD. However, these drugs are often poorly tolerated, and have metabolic side effects that limit their use. None of the atypical antipsychotics appear to be useful when used alone.[6]
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been found to have effectiveness in some severe and refractory cases.[67]
Surgery may be used as a last resort in people who do not improve with other treatments. In this procedure, a surgical lesion is made in an area of the brain (the cingulate cortex). In one study, 30% of participants benefited significantly from this procedure.[68] Deep-brain stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation are possible surgical options that do not require destruction of brain tissue. In the US, the Food and Drug Administration approved deep-brain stimulation for the treatment of OCD under a humanitarian device exemption requiring that the procedure be performed only in a hospital with specialist qualifications to do so.[69]
In the US, psychosurgery for OCD is a treatment of last resort and will not be performed until the person has failed several attempts at medication (at the full dosage) with augmentation, and many months of intensive cognitive–behavioral therapy with exposure and ritual/response prevention.[70] Likewise, in the United Kingdom, psychosurgery cannot be performed unless a course of treatment from a suitably qualified cognitive–behavioral therapist has been carried out.
Therapeutic treatment may be effective in reducing ritual behaviors of OCD for children and adolescents.[71] Family involvement, in the form of behavioral observations and reports, is a key component to the success of such treatments.[72] Parental intervention also provides positive reinforcement for a child who exhibits appropriate behaviors as alternatives to compulsive responses. After one or two years of therapy, in which a child learns the nature of his or her obsession and acquires strategies for coping, that child may acquire a larger circle of friends, exhibit less shyness, and become less self-critical.[73]
Although the causes of OCD in younger age groups range from brain abnormalities to psychological preoccupations, life stress such as bullying and traumatic familial deaths may also contribute to childhood cases of OCD, and acknowledging these stressors can play a role in treating the disorder.[74]
Obsessive–compulsive disorder affects about 2.3% of people at some point in their life.[7] Rates during a given year are about 1.2% and it occurs worldwide.[2] It is unusual for symptoms to begin after the age of thirty five and half of people develop problems before twenty.[1][2] Males and females are affected about equally.[1]
Psychological interventions such as behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy as well as pharmacological treatment can lead to substantial reduction of OCD symptoms for the average person. However, OCD symptoms may persist at moderate levels even following adequate treatment course and a completely symptom-free period is uncommon.[75]
From the 14th to the 16th century in Europe, it was believed that people who experienced blasphemous, sexual, or other obsessive thoughts were possessed by the Devil.[53] Based on this reasoning, treatment involved banishing the "evil" from the "possessed" person through exorcism.[76][77] In the early 1910s, Sigmund Freud attributed obsessive–compulsive behavior to unconscious conflicts that manifest as symptoms.[76] Freud describes the clinical history of a typical case of "touching phobia" as starting in early childhood, when the person has a strong desire to touch an item. In response, the person develops an "external prohibition" against this type of touching. However, this "prohibition does not succeed in abolishing" the desire to touch; all it can do is repress the desire and "force it into the unconscious".[78]
Society and culture
Movies and television often portray idealized representations of disorders such as OCD. These depictions may lead to increased public awareness, understanding, and sympathy for such disorders.[79] In the 1997 film As Good as it Gets, actor Jack Nicholson portrays a man "with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)".[80] "Throughout the film, [he] engages in ritualistic behaviors (i.e., compulsions) that disrupt his interpersonal and professional life", a "cinematic representation of psychopathology [that] accurately depicts the functional interference and distress associated with OCD". [80] The 2004 film The Aviator depicts the biography of Howard Hughes, with Leonardo DiCaprio in the title role. In the film, "Hughes appears to have been affected by OCD symptoms that at times were severe and incapacitating."[81] "Many of Hughes' OCD symptoms were apparently quite classic, particularly his contamination-related fears."[81] The film Matchstick Men (2003), directed by Ridley Scott portrays a con-man named Roy (Nicolas Cage) who has obsessive-compulsive disorder. The film "opens with Roy, at home, suffering with his numerous obsessive compulsive symptoms, which take the form of a need for order and cleanliness and a compulsion to open and close doors three times, whilst counting aloud, before he can walk through them."[82]
British poet, essayist, and lexicographer Samuel Johnson is an example of a historical figure with a retrospective diagnosis of OCD. He had elaborate rituals for crossing the thresholds of doorways, and repeatedly walked up and down staircases counting the steps.[83] American aviator and filmmaker Howard Hughes is known to have suffered from OCD. "Nearly two years after his death, Hughes's estate attorney called on former APA CEO Raymond D. Fowler, PhD, to conduct a psychological autopsy to determine Hughes's mental and emotional condition in his last years and to help understand the origins of his mental disorder." Fowler determined that "Hughes's fear of germs grew throughout his life, and he concurrently developed obsessive-compulsive symptoms around efforts to protect himself from germs."[84] Friends of Hughes have also mentioned his obsession with minor flaws in clothing.[85]
English footballer David Beckham has been outspoken regarding his struggle with OCD. He said that he has to count all of his clothes, and his magazines have to lie in a straight line.[86] Canadian comedian, actor, television host, and voice actor Howie Mandel, best known for hosting the game show Deal or No Deal, wrote an autobiography, Here's the Deal: Don't Touch Me, describing how OCD and mysophobia (fear of germs) affect his life.[87] American game show host Marc Summers wrote Everything in Its Place: My Trials and Triumphs with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, describing the effect of OCD on his life.[88]
The naturally occurring sugar inositol has been suggested as a treatment for OCD.[89]
Nutrition deficiencies may also contribute to OCD and other mental disorders. Vitamin and mineral supplements may aid in such disorders and provide nutrients necessary for proper mental functioning.[90]
μ-Opioids, such as hydrocodone and tramadol, may improve OCD symptoms.[91] Administration of opiate treatment may be contraindicated in individuals concurrently taking CYP2D6 inhibitors such as fluoxetine and paroxetine.[92]
Much current research is devoted to the therapeutic potential of the agents that affect the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate or the binding to its receptors. These include riluzole,[47] memantine, gabapentin, N-acetylcysteine, topiramate and lamotrigine.[citation needed]
Other animals
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?". Retrieved 27 May 2015.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5 ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 237–242. ISBN 9780890425558.
- ↑ Angelakis, I; Gooding, P; Tarrier, N; Panagioti, M (25 March 2015). "Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis.". Clinical Psychology Review 39: 1–15. PMID 25875222. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.03.002.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Fenske JN, Schwenk TL (August 2009). "Obsessive compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management". Am Fam Physician 80 (3): 239–45. PMID 19621834.
- ↑ Grant JE (14 August 2014). "Clinical practice: Obsessive-compulsive disorder.". The New England Journal of Medicine 371 (7): 646–53. PMID 25119610. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1402176.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Decloedt EH, Stein DJ (2010). "Current trends in drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 6: 233–42. PMC 2877605. PMID 20520787. doi:10.2147/NDT.S3149.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Goodman, WK; Grice, DE; Lapidus, KA; Coffey, BJ (September 2014). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder.". The Psychiatric clinics of North America 37 (3): 257–67. PMID 25150561. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004.
- ↑ Bynum, W.F.; Porter, Roy; Shepherd, Michael (1985). "Obsessional Disorders: A Conceptual History. Terminological and Classificatory Issues.". The anatomy of madness : essays in the history of psychiatry. London: Routledge. pp. 166–187. ISBN 9780415323826.
- ↑ Markarian Y, Larson MJ, Aldea MA, Baldwin SA, Good D, Berkeljon A, Murphy TK, Storch EA, McKay D (February 2010). "Multiple pathways to functional impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder". Clin Psychol Rev 30 (1): 78–88. PMID 19853982. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.09.005.
- ↑ Baer (2001), p. 33, 78
- ↑ Baer (2001), p. xiv.
- ↑ Doron G, Szepsenwol O, Karp E, Gal N (2013). "Obsessing About Intimate-Relationships: Testing the Double Relationship-Vulnerability Hypothesis". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 44 (4): 433–440. PMID 23792752. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.003.
- ↑ Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2005). Abnormal child psychology (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 197.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Osgood-Hynes, Deborah. Thinking Bad Thoughts (PDF). MGH/McLean OCD Institute, Belmont, MA, published by the OCD Foundation, Milford, CT. Retrieved on 30 December 2006.
- ↑ Steven Phillipson I Think It Moved Center for Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy, OCDOnline.com. Retrieved on 14 May 2009.
- ↑ Mark-Ameen Johnson, I'm Gay and You're Not : Understanding Homosexuality Fears brainphysics.com. Retrieved on 14 May 2009.
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- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Hyman, B. M., & Pedrick, C. (2005). The OCD workbook: Your guide to breaking free from obsessive–compulsive disorder (2nd ed.). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger, pp. 125–126.
- ↑ Weisman M.M., Bland R.C., Canino G.J., Greenwald S., Hwu H.G., Lee C.K. et al. (1994). "The cross national epidemiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 55: 5–10.
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- ↑ Elkin GD (1999). Introduction to Clinical Psychiatry. McGraw–Hill Professional. ISBN 0-8385-4333-2.
- ↑ Boyd MA (2007). Psychiatric Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 418. ISBN 0-397-55178-9.
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- ↑ "Hygiene of the Skin: When Is Clean Too Clean? Subtopic: "Skin Barrier Properties and Effect of Hand Hygiene Practices", Paragraph 5.". Retrieved 26 March 2009.
- ↑ O'Dwyer, Anne-Marie Carter, Obsessive–compulsive disorder and delusions revisited, The British Journal of Psychiatry (2000) 176: 281–284
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Shin NY, Lee TY, Kim E, Kwon JS (19 July 2013). "Cognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis.". Psychological Medicine 44: 1–10. PMID 23866289. doi:10.1017/S0033291713001803.
- ↑ Çetinay Aydın P, Güleç Öyekçin D (2013). "Cognitive functions in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder". Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry 24 (4): 266–74. PMID 24310094. doi:10.5080/u7172.
- ↑ Chen YW, Dilsaver SC (1995). "Comorbidity for obsessive-compulsive disorder in bipolar and unipolar disorders". Psychiatry Research 59 (1–2): 57–64. PMID 8771221. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02752-1.
- ↑ Turner J, Drummond LM, Mukhopadhyay S, Ghodse H, White S, Pillay A, Fineberg NA (June 2007). "A prospective study of delayed sleep phase syndrome in patients with severe resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder". World Psychiatry 6 (2): 108–111. PMC 2219909. PMID 18235868.
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- ↑ Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Differential Diagnoses – 2012
- ↑ Mansueto CS, Keuler DJ (2005). "Tic or compulsion?: it's Tourettic OCD.". Behavior Modification 29 (5): 784–99. PMID 16046664. doi:10.1177/0145445505279261.
- ↑ "OCD and Tourette Syndrome: Re-examining the Relationship". International OCD Foundation. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
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- ↑ Menzies L, Achard S, Chamberlain SR, Fineberg N, Chen CH, del Campo N, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW, Bullmore E (2007). "Neurocognitive endophenotypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder". Brain 130 (Pt 12): 3223–36. PMID 17855376. doi:10.1093/brain/awm205.
- ↑ Ozaki N, Goldman D, Kaye WH, Plotnicov K, Greenberg BD, Lappalainen J, Rudnick G, Murphy DL (2003). "Serotonin transporter missense mutation associated with a complex neuropsychiatric phenotype". Mol. Psychiatry 8 (11): 933–6. PMID 14593431. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001365.
- ↑ Bracha HS (2006). "Human brain evolution and the "Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:" Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30 (5): 827–853. PMID 16563589. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008.
- ↑ Moretto, Germana, Pasquini Massimo, et al.: "What every psychiatrist should know about PANDAS: a review". Department of Psychiatric Sciences and Psychological Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome. In: Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 2008.
- ↑ "PANDAS studies are no longer recruiting patients". Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
- ↑ Swedo SE, Leckman JF, Rose NR (2012). "From Research Subgroup to Clinical Syndrome: Modifying the PANDAS Criteria to Describe PANS". Pediatr Therapeut 2 (2 doi = 10.4172/2161–0665.1000113). doi:10.4172/2161-0665.1000113.
- ↑ "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – Cause". WebMD. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ↑ van der Wee NJ, Stevens H, Hardeman JA, Mandl RC, Denys DA, van Megen HJ, Kahn RS, Westenberg HM (2004). "Enhanced dopamine transporter density in psychotropic-naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder shown by [123I]{beta}-CIT SPECT". Am J Psychiatry 161 (12): 2201–6. PMID 15569890. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2201.
- ↑ Kim CH, Cheon KA, Koo MS, Ryu YH, Lee JD, Chang JW, Lee HS (2007). "Dopamine transporter density in the basal ganglia in obsessive-compulsive disorder, measured with [123I]IPT SPECT before and after treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Neuropsychobiology 55 (3–4): 156–62. PMID 17657168. doi:10.1159/000106474.
- ↑ Harsányi A, Csigó K, Demeter G, Németh A (2007). "New approach to obsessive-compulsive disorder: Dopaminergic theories". Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiatriai Tarsasag tudomanyos folyoirata 22 (4): 248–258. PMID 18167420.
- ↑ Pittenger C, Bloch MH, Williams K (2011). "Glutamate abnormalities in obsessive compulsive disorder: Neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment". Pharmacology & Therapeutics 132 (3): 314–332. PMC 3205262. PMID 21963369. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.006.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Wu K, Hanna GL, Rosenberg DR, Arnold PD (2012). "The role of glutamate signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 100 (4): 726–735. PMC 3437220. PMID 22024159. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.007.
- ↑ Radua J, Mataix-Cols D (November 2009). "Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive–compulsive disorder". British Journal of Psychiatry 195 (5): 393–402. PMID 19880927. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Radua J, van den Heuvel OA, Surguladze S, Mataix-Cols D (5 July 2010). "Meta-analytical comparison of voxel-based morphometry studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder vs other anxiety disorders". Archives of General Psychiatry 67 (7): 701–711. PMID 20603451. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.70.
- ↑ Kim KW, Lee DY (2002). "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Associated With a Left Orbitofrontal Infarct". Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 14 (1): 88–89. PMID 11884667. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14.1.88.
- ↑ Welch JM, Lu J, Rodriguiz RM, Trotta NC, Peca J, Ding JD, Feliciano C, Chen M, Adams JP, Luo J, Dudek SM, Weinberg RJ, Calakos N, Wetsel WC, Feng G (August 2007). "Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice". Nature 448 (7156): 894–900. PMC 2442572. PMID 17713528. doi:10.1038/nature06104.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Quick Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-IV-TR. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Aardema, F. & O'Connor. (2007). The menace within: obsessions and the self. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 21, 182–197.
- ↑ Aardema, F. & O'Connor. (2003). Seeing white bears that are not there: Inference processes in obsessions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17, 23–37.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Carter, K. "Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder." PSYC 210 lecture: Oxford College of Emory University. Oxford, GA. 11 April 2006.
- ↑ Doctor's Guide. (2007). New guidelines to set standards for best treatment of OCD. Doctor's Guide Publishing, Ltd.
- ↑ Koran LM, Hanna GL, Hollander E, Nestadt G, Simpson HB (July 2007). "Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry 164 (7 Suppl): 5–53. PMID 17849776.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Huppert & Roth: (2003) Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Exposure and Response Prevention. The Behavior Analyst Today, 4 (1), 66 – 70 BAO
- ↑ Klein DF (2000). "Flawed meta-analyses comparing psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy". Am J Psychiatry 157 (8): 1204–11. PMID 10910778. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1204.
- ↑ Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Davies S, Campeas R, Franklin ME, Huppert JD, Kjernisted K, Rowan V, Schmidt AB, Simpson HB, Tu X (2005). "Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder". Am J Psychiatry 162 (1): 151–61. PMID 15625214. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.151.
- ↑ "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder" (PDF). November 2005
- ↑ Arroll B, Elley CR, Fishman T, Goodyear-Smith FA, Kenealy T, Blashki G, Kerse N, Macgillivray S (2009). Arroll, Bruce, ed. "Antidepressants versus placebo for depression in primary care". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD007954. PMID 19588448. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007954.
- ↑ "Medscape Log In".[dead link]
- ↑ Fineberg NA, Brown A, Reghunandanan S, Pampaloni I (2012). "Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 15 (8): 1173–91. PMID 22226028. doi:10.1017/S1461145711001829.
- ↑ "Sertraline prescribing information" (PDF). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ↑ "Paroxetine prescribing information" (PDF). Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ↑ Cybulska Eva M (2006). "Obsessive Compulsive disorder, the brain and electroconvulsive therapy". British Journal of Hospital Medicine 67 (2): 77–82.
- ↑ Barlow, D. H. and V. M. Durand. Essentials of Abnormal Psychology. California: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.
- ↑ Barlas S (8 April 2009). "FDA Approves Pioneering Treatment for Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder". Psychiatric Times 26 (4).
- ↑ Surgical Procedures for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, by M. Jahn and M. Williams, Ph.D,. BrainPhysics OCD Resource, Accessed 6 July 2008.
- ↑ William O'Donohue and Kyle E. Ferguson (2006): Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology and Behavior Analysis. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(3) 335–347. BAO
- ↑ Rapoport, J. E. (1989). Obsessive-compulsive Disorder In Children & Adolescents. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.
- ↑ Adams, P. L. (1973). Obsessive Children: A Sociopsychiatric Study. Philadelphia: Brunner / Mazel.
- ↑ D'Alessandro TM (2009). "Factors influencing the onset of childhood obsessive compulsive disorder". Pediatr Nurs 35 (1): 43–6. PMID 19378573.
- ↑ Eddy KT, Dutra L, Bradley R, Westen D (2004). "A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder". Clin Psychol Rev 24 (8): 1011–30. PMID 15533282. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.004.
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 M. A. Jenike; Baer, L.; & W. E. Minichiello. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders: Theory and Management. Littleton, MA: PSG Publishing, 1986.
- ↑ Berrios G E (1989). "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Its conceptual history in France during the 19th Century". Comprehensive Psychiatry 30: 283–95. doi:10.1016/0010-440x(89)90052-7.
- ↑ Freud S (1950). Totem and Taboo:Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics. trans. Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00143-1. p. 29.
- ↑ Goldberg FR (2007). "Turn box office movies into mental health opportunities: A literature review and resource guide for clinicians and educators", p. 8. Beneficial Film Guides, Inc. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 Berman, Noah (5 October 2012). "Is This "As Good as It Gets?": Popular Media's Representation of OCD". https://mghocd.org. Massachusetts General Hospital OCD and Related Disorders Program. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 Chosak, Anne (12 October 2012). "The Aviator: A real-life portrayal of OCD in the media". https://mghocd.org. Massachusetts General Hospital OCD and Related Disorders Program. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ↑ Almeida. "Royal College of Psychiatrists, Discover Psychiatry, Minds on Film Blog, Matchstick Men". http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/. Royal College of Psychiatrists. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ↑ "SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709–1784): A Patron Saint of OCD? by Fred Penzel, Ph.D. from the Scientific Advisory Board of the International OCD Foundation". Westsuffolkpsych.homestead.com. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- ↑ Dittmann, M (July–August 2005). "Hughes's germ phobia revealed in psychological autopsy". www.apa.org. American Psychological Association. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- ↑ M. Dittmann (July–August 2005). "Hughes's germ phobia revealed in psychological autopsy". APA Online: Monitor on Psychology 36 (7).
- ↑ "The obsessive disorder that haunts my life". Daily Mail (London). 3 April 2006.
- ↑ "EXCERPT: 'Here's the Deal: Don't Touch Me' by Howie Mandel – ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ↑ "The Official Marc Summers Web Site". Viryours.com. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ↑ Camfield DA, Sarris J, Berk M (1 June 2011). "Nutraceuticals in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): a review of mechanistic and clinical evidence". Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 35 (4): 887–95. PMID 21352883. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.011.
- ↑ Lakhan SE, Vieira KF (2008). "Nutritional therapies for mental disorders". Nutr J 7: 2. PMC 2248201. PMID 18208598. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-2.
- ↑ Davidson J, Bjorgvinsson T (June 2003). "Current and potential pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 12 (6): 993–1001. PMID 12783603. doi:10.1517/13543722.214.171.1243.
- ↑ Koran LM (2007). "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Update for the Clinician". Focus (5): 3.
Further reading
- Abramowitz, Jonathan, S. (2009). Getting over OCD: A 10 step workbook for taking back your life. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 0-06-098711-1.
- Schwartz, Jeffrey M.; Beverly Beyette (1997). Brain lock: free yourself from obsessive–compulsive behavior: a four-step self-treatment method to change your brain chemistry. New York: ReganBooks. ISBN 0-06-098711-1.
- Lee, PhD. Baer (2002). The Imp of the Mind: Exploring the Silent Epidemic of Obsessive Bad Thoughts. New York: Plume Books. ISBN 0-452-28307-8.
- Osborn, Ian (1999). Tormenting Thoughts and Secret Rituals : The Hidden Epidemic of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-50847-9.
- Wilson, Rob; David Veale (2005). Overcoming Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. Constable & Robinson Ltd. ISBN 1-84119-936-2.
- Davis, Lennard J. (2008). Obsession: A History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-13782-7.
- Emily, Colas (1998). Just Checking: Scenes from the Life of an Obsessive-compulsive. New York: Pocket Books. p. 165. ISBN 067102437X.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Obsessive–compulsive disorder.
- Obsessive–compulsive disorder at DMOZ
- National Institute Of Mental Health
- International OCD Foundation
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what about dBPowerAmp or BeSweet?-lanux128 (January 30, 2008, 07:21 AM)
GermaniX Transcoder-PhilB66 (January 30, 2008, 07:39 AM)
what about dBPowerAmp or BeSweet?-lanux128 (January 30, 2008, 07:21 AM)Hm, didn't even think about dbPoweramp, I do own a license but I only use it for ripping . If it can handle cue/wav input, I should take a look at it, though. But iirc it uses fraunhofer and not LAME for MP3 codec, ho humm.I think I got foobar2000 to do what I want, though - I set single tracks formatting specifier to this: [%album artist%]\[%album artist% - ][{%date%}] %album%\[%tracknumber%] - [%title%] ... I would prefer straight brackets around %date%, but I dunno how to escape them -f0dder (January 30, 2008, 07:41 AM)
Yeah, Peter should include a help file like God intended, or at least provide some more documents on advanced configuration with the package. I think the quotes trick was mentioned somewhere with foobar 0.8.3, though.-Lashiec (January 30, 2008, 01:04 PM)
TheQwerty: I keep my "archives" in .wav format (planned to go .flac all the time, just didn't get to it yet - more focused on getting my CDs ripped, as I can always batch compress later). As I've mentioned before, each CD I rip gets a single .wav file and a .cue sheet with all the necessary meta information.My use for MP3s, and one-file-per-track, is specifically for my new MP3 player (did you read the first post in this thread? ), which obviously doesn't support flac or cue sheets. Thanks for the Titleformat_Introduction link - it had a link at the bottom that has the really useful information.-f0dder (January 31, 2008, 04:29 AM)
Yes, except that I will drag the .wav files and not the .cue files into foobar (I want single-file-per-album mode), and afterwards I'll have to fix all the .cue sheets to reference .flac instead of .wav files.-f0dder (January 31, 2008, 06:08 AM)
Another reason to switch to FLAC or Wavpack, is for integrity checking of the file, which is built in and it will report errors within, or you can use an external utility to scan a drive (which could always go bad) for corrupted sound files. I believe both formats have such a utility available for mass checking.-vegas (February 01, 2008, 08:33 AM)
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Chritmas try to recreate a Christmas atmosphere. Is made by Marimbas, celestas, Glokenspiel and Bells. I think is very suitable for Christmas advertisement or tv campaings.
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Green & Pink Floral iPhone Skin
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Largest EEOC Disability Discrimination Settlement Ever in Puerto Rico
SAN JUAN, PR -- The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) today announced its largest settlement ever of a disability discrimination lawsuit in Puerto Rico, garnering $200,000 for one individual in a case against La Cruz Azul (Blue Cross) de Puerto Rico for allegedly violating Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) by limiting health insurance coverage for AIDS and AIDS-related conditions. The Honorable Hector Lafitte, Chief District Judge of the U.S. District Court of Puerto Rico, approved the settlement.
The monetary relief will be paid to Gerald E. Spillman, Jr., an employee of Cornell University at the Observatorio de Arecibo in San Juan, to settle the lawsuit filed by the EEOC on his behalf in April 1999. The lawsuit charged that La Cruz Azul, as an insurance carrier, violated the ADA by providing Cornell University with an employee health insurance plan that excluded coverage of medical services obtained outside Puerto Rico relating to AIDS and AIDS-related illnesses but which included coverage for all other catastrophic illnesses obtained outside the Commonwealth.
"La Cruz Azul provided no evidence of a legitimate business reason for treating AIDS and related conditions differently from other catastrophic illnesses for which medical attention is sought outside Puerto Rico," said EEOC Chairwoman Ida L. Castro. "This Decree sends a clear message to all employers and their insurance providers that they cannot discriminate against people with disabilities by arbitrarily limiting health benefits. If they do, the EEOC will step in to protect those individuals."
In addition to compensating Mr. Spillman for the discrimination he suffered, La Cruz Azul agreed to eliminate the discriminatory provision from health insurance plans it offers employers in the future and to implement policies and procedures to eliminate disability discrimination generally in its health plans and workplace. The agreement, entered in the form of a Consent Decree, will be in effect for five years, during which time the EEOC will monitor the company's compliance with its provisions. Although La Cruz Azul denied the allegations in the lawsuit, it signed the Decree and entered into an agreement with the EEOC.
Spencer H. Lewis, Director of the EEOC's New York District Office, which enforces the federal anti-discrimination laws in Puerto Rico, emphasized that nondiscrimination in health benefits is particularly crucial for workers with catastrophic illnesses such as AIDS. "The EEOC will seek full relief against entities who discriminate," he said.
Since 1992, EEOC has received a cumulative total of over 2,400 ADA charges alleging disability bias due to AIDS/HIV, about 2% of all ADA charge filings, and obtained over $22 million for victims of such discrimination.
In addition to enforcing Title I of the ADA, which prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in the private sector, state and local governments, the EEOC enforces Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin; the Equal Pay Act; prohibitions against discrimination affecting individuals with disabilities in the federal sector; sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1991; and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Further information about the Commission is available on the agency's Web site at www.eeoc.gov.
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