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In this study, we hypothesize that the worldwide distribution of cognitive ability is determined in part by variation in the intensity of infectious diseases. From an energetics standpoint, a developing human will have difficulty building a brain and fighting off infectious diseases at the same time, as both are very metabolically costly tasks. Using three measures of average national intelligence quotient (IQ), we found that the zero-order correlation between average IQ and parasite stress ranges from r = −0.76 to r = −0.82 (p < 0.0001). These correlations are robust worldwide, as well as within five of six world regions. Infectious disease remains the most powerful predictor of average national IQ when temperature, distance from Africa, gross domestic product per capita and several measures of education are controlled for. These findings suggest that the Flynn effect may be caused in part by the decrease in the intensity of infectious diseases as nations develop.
1. Introduction
Since the first publication of quantitative data on average national intelligence quotient (IQ) scores (Lynn & Vanhanen 2001, 2002, 2006), five empirical studies have attempted to explain the global distribution of variation in intelligence. Barber (2005) hypothesized that IQ—like many other psychological traits—is a highly plastic trait that may increase ontogenetically as the rewards of higher intelligence increase, and with exposure to education and other cognitively demanding environments such as non-agricultural labour. He reported that, across 81 nations, average national IQ correlated with enrolment in secondary school (r = 0.72), illiteracy (r = −0.71), agricultural labour (r = −0.70) and gross national product (r = 0.54). He also proposed that health and nutrition may affect intelligence, and found that average national IQ correlated negatively with rates of low birth weight (r = −0.48) and with infant mortality (r = −0.34). While it is plausible that formal education increases intelligence, Barber (2005) admits that it is not possible to determine from the data he used whether the correlation between education and intelligence is owing to education increasing intelligence or whether more intelligent individuals seek more education. Research has shown this relationship to be intractable (reviewed in Ceci 1991). The same direction-of-causation ambiguity is true for agricultural labour (Barber 2005). We agree with Barber's assertions that health and nutrition may affect intelligence, although the variables he studied—low birth weight and infant mortality—are probably rather incomplete measures of these factors.
Lynn (1991) and Rushton (1995, 2000) proposed that temperature and climate provide important Darwinian selective pressures for intelligence, with cold climates selecting for higher intelligence, because low temperatures provide more fitness-related problems for humans that must be solved through cognitively demanding means, and through more complex social organization. Templer & Arikawa (2006) tested and supported predictions of this proposal in a cross-national study and found that average IQ correlated significantly with winter high temperature (r = −0.76), winter low temperature (r = −0.66), summer high temperature (r = −0.31) and summer low temperature (r = −0.41). Templer & Arikawa (2006) also found that average IQ correlated significantly with average skin darkness (r = −0.92). The authors offered little explanation of why this trend exists, except that they believed skin colour was related to exposure to certain climates over evolutionary time.
Kanazawa (2004) hypothesized that intelligence evolved as a domain-specific psychological adaptation to deal with environments that are evolutionarily novel. This hypothesis was tested and supported at the cross-national level (Kanazawa 2008). Results showed that distance from three points in or near central Africa—the evolutionary origin of humans—correlated positively with average national IQ (0° E, 0° N, r = 0.45; South Africa, r = 0.53; Ethiopia, r = 0.22). Kanazawa (2008) did not offer his findings as an alternative to those of Templer & Arikawa (2006), but, rather, as complementary to them. Wicherts et al. (2010a) and Borsboom & Dolan (2006) heavily criticized Kanazawa's hypothesis; for reasons they give in detail, we seriously question the ability of linear distance from sub-Saharan Africa to measure evolutionary novelty, undermining the foundation of Kanazawa's hypothesis.
Saadat (2008) and Woodley (2009) suggested that inbreeding depression and associated reduced phenotypic quality is a cause of the variation in cognitive ability across the world. They found cross-national correlations of r = −0.77 (n = 35, p < 0.0001) and r = −0.62 (n = 71, p < 0.01), respectively, between average IQ and measures of inbreeding. Woodley (2009), however, noted that rates of consanguineous marriage itself may not account for the magnitude of this variation because (i) the statistical significance of the effect disappears when education and gross domestic product (GDP) are controlled for, and (ii) the effect of inbreeding on intelligence had previously been shown to be relatively small.
Here, we offer a new hypothesis—the parasite-stress hypothesis—to explain the worldwide distribution of intelligence. The brain is the most complex and costly organ in the human body. In human newborns, the brain demands 87 per cent of the body's metabolic budget, 44 per cent at age five, 34 per cent at age ten, and 23 per cent and 27 per cent for adult males and females, respectively (Holliday 1986). Presumably, if an individual cannot meet these energetic demands while the brain is growing and developing, the brain's growth and developmental stability will suffer. Lynn (1990, 1993) has argued that nutrition is vital to high degrees of mental development. Lynn (1990) suggested that nutrition may account for the Flynn effect (large increases in IQ over short periods of time as nations develop; Flynn 1987), and later (Lynn 1993) reviewed evidence showing that undernourished children have smaller heads, smaller brains and lower psychometric intelligence than sufficiently nourished children.
Parasitic infection affects the body, and hence the brain, energetically in four ways. (i) Some parasitic organisms feed on the host's tissues: the loss must be replaced at energetic cost to the host. Such organisms notably include flukes and many kinds of bacteria. (ii) Some parasites inhabit the intestinal tract or cause diarrhoea, limiting the host's intake of otherwise available nutrients. These notably include tapeworms, bacteria, giardia and amoebae. (iii) Viruses use the host's cellular machinery and macromolecules to reproduce themselves, at the energetic expense of the host. (iv) The host must activate its immune system to fight off the infection, at energetic expense. Of these, diarrhoeal diseases may impose the most serious cost on their hosts' energy budget. First, diarrhoeal diseases are the most common category of disease on every continent, and are one of the two top killers of children under five, accounting for 16 to 17 per cent of all of these deaths worldwide (WHO 2004a). Second, diarrhoea can prevent the body from accessing any nutrients at all. If exposed to diarrhoeal diseases during their first five years, individuals may experience lifelong detrimental effects to their brain development, and thus intelligence. Parasites may negatively affect cognitive function in other ways, such as by infecting the brain directly, but we focus only on energetic costs.
The worldwide distribution of parasites is well known. Disease-causing organisms of humans are more prevalent in equatorial regions of the world and become less prevalent as latitude increases. Ecological factors contributing to this distribution include mean annual temperature, monthly temperature range and precipitation (e.g. Guernier et al. 2004). Similar trends of parasite distribution have been shown in other host species (e.g. Møller 1998).
Many studies have shown a negative relationship between intestinal helminth infection and cognitive ability (reviewed in Watkins & Pollitt 1997; see also Dickson et al. 2000). Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, none have considered intestinal worms in the larger context of all parasitic infection, nor have they considered fully the energetic cost of infection and its consequences on the brain. Other studies have shown relationships between helminth infection and economic and educational factors that are related to intelligence. For example, Bleakley (2007) studied the effects of eradication of hookworm in the southern US during the early twentieth century, and found that areas where hookworm infections had been greatly reduced had higher average incomes after treatment than areas that had not received treatment. Jardin-Botelho et al. (2008) found that Brazilian children infected with hookworm performed more poorly on cognitive tests than uninfected children, and that children infected with more than one type of intestinal helminth performed more poorly than children infected with only one.
Thus, from the parasite-stress hypothesis, we predict that average national intelligence will correlate significantly and negatively with rates of infectious disease, and that infectious disease will remain an important predictor of average national intelligence when other variables are controlled for. It is the purpose of this study to introduce this hypothesis to describe the worldwide variation in intelligence, and to provide some supportive evidence using correlations and linear modelling techniques.
2. Material and Methods
National average intelligence was taken from Lynn & Vanhanen (2006), who present their methods in detail. IQ was measured directly in 113 nations, and estimated for 79 more nations by averaging the IQs of nearby nations with known IQ. These estimates were validated by Lynn & Vanhanen (2006) by comparing them to actual measurements of IQ in the same nations. At least two studies have presented evidence of validation for these data (Lynn & Mikk 2007; Rindermann 2007), by showing strong positive correlations between Lynn & Vanhanen's (2006) national IQ scores and other measures of cognitive ability. Wicherts et al. (2010b) have criticized Lynn & Vanhanen's (2006) estimates of IQ in sub-Saharan African nations on the grounds that the selection criteria used to include studies in these estimations did not produce national IQ scores that were representative. Using selection criteria that they argue are more appropriate, Wicherts et al. (2010b) proposed new average IQ values for 17 nations in sub-Saharan Africa (but see also Lynn & Meisenberg 2010). Analyses will be performed using three datasets: Lynn & Vanhanen's (2006) original data, including estimates (LVE; mean = 84, median = 84.2, s.d. = 11.8); Lynn & Vanhanen's (2006) data using collected data only (LVCD; mean = 86.7, median = 87.5, s.d. = 11.9); and Wicherts et al.'s (2010b) revisions of Lynn & Vanhanen's (2006) data with estimates (WEAM; mean = 85.0, median = 85, s.d. = 11.0).
As a measure of infectious disease levels for each nation, disability-adjusted life years lost (DALY) owing to infectious disease were used (WHO 2004b). This measure combines years of life lost and years spent disabled owing to 28 representative and important human diseases, including tetanus, malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis, syphilis and leishmaniasis, such that one DALY equals one healthy year of life lost per 100 000 people. Although other cross-national measures of disease exist, we believe this to be the best for our study because (i) data exist for most countries of the world (n = 192), and (ii) this variable is a reasonable measure of the physiological costs of infectious disease, which concerns the parasite-stress hypothesis applied to cognitive ability. The DALY infectious-disease measure correlates strongly with other measures of human infectious disease (e.g. Thornhill et al. 2009). This variable was log-transformed owing to an extreme skew to the right (mean = 3.36, median = 3.28, s.d. = 0.761).
As an independent measure of nutrient stress, DALY owing to nutritional deficiencies (WHO 2004b) were used. This calculation includes mortality and healthy years lost owing to protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia. This variable was log-transformed owing to an extreme skew to the right (mean = 2.59, median = 2.65, s.d. = 0.49).
Average winter high temperatures (mean = 15.6, median = 17, s.d. = 12.5) were taken from Templer & Arikawa (2006). Although they used four intercorrelated temperature variables in their analysis, they reported that average winter high temperature was the best predictor of IQ of the four, so we used it.
Although Templer & Arikawa (2006) found a positive relationship between IQ and skin darkness, we will not use skin darkness in our analyses for three reasons: (i) although evidence suggests that skin darkness is a measure of historical infectious disease intensity over evolutionary time, it is unclear exactly what kind of infectious diseases it is indicative of (see discussion); (ii) Templer & Arikawa (2006) argued that the relationship between skin darkness and IQ is not causal; and (iii) Templer & Arikawa (2006) did not sufficiently explain why the association between intelligence and skin darkness exists. Without a reasonable theoretical framework for this association, we did not feel it was appropriate to compare it with other variables for which there is a better theoretical rationale.
Literacy rates (mean = 87.6, median = 96, s.d. = 15.9) were taken from World Bank (2008). This variable is defined as the percentage of the population aged 15 years and older who have at least a basic proficiency at reading. Data were from the most recent year available for each nation between 1990 and 2007. Barber (2005) used data from 1976 for his analysis of literacy because that was the average year in which IQ data were collected for all countries. We felt that a more recent date was more appropriate, however, because the IQ scores for each country we used had been modified based on recorded trends of the Flynn effect to reflect the expected modern IQ score (Lynn & Vanhanen 2006).
Enrolment in secondary school (mean = 29.0, median = 28.5, s.d. = 16.8), completion of secondary school (mean = 12.0, median = 10.5, s.d. = 9.25) and average years of education (AVED; mean = 6.17, median = 5.81, s.d. = 2.89) were taken from Barro & Lee (2001). These numbers represent the percentage of the population aged 25 and older who have attended some or all of secondary school, and the average number of years of schooling in the population. Data were used for the most recent years available after 1990. Data that were only available for years prior to 1990 were omitted.
Data of GDP per capita in US dollars was taken from the World factbook (CIA 2007), and were log-transformed for normality (mean = 3.81, median = 3.85, s.d. = 0.53).
Distance from central Africa, or the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA), was calculated using the Pythagorean Theorem, as done by Kanazawa (2008). Kanazawa used three points at the corners of sub-Saharan Africa, so theoretically any point within this triangle should be a valid centre point from which to calculate distance. We selected −5° latitude, −25° longitude, which is in the approximate centre of this area, and calculated distance from this point using the same methods as Kanazawa. Despite our own criticism of this variable and that of others (Wicherts et al. 2010a), we included this variable in the interest of thoroughness. This variable was log-transformed for normality (mean = 4.0, median = 3.97, s.d. = 0.710).
Percentage consanguineous marriages was not used in this study because it was the conclusion of Woodley (2009) that this variable is unlikely to account for the worldwide variation in intelligence. Additionally, consanguineous marriage and associated inbreeding may be a strategy for maintaining coadapted gene complexes that defend against local infectious diseases (Denic & Nicholls 2007; Fincher & Thornhill 2008).
All analyses were performed using JMP 8.0.2 statistical software.
3. Results
Log DALY owing to infectious disease and average national IQ correlated at r = −0.82 (n = 107, p < 0.0001) using LVCD, r = −0.82 (n = 184, p < 0.0001; figure 1) using LVE and r = −0.76 (n = 184, p < 0.0001; figure 1) using WEAM. Zero-order correlations were also performed for each of Murdock's (1949) six world regions (see table 2). A hierarchical linear model (HLM) was also performed to determine whether this relationship is consistent across the six regions, finding that it is (LVE: R2 = 0.78, p < 0.0001, n = 184; LVCD: R2 = 0.77, p < 0.0001, n = 107; WEAM: R2 = 0.68, p < 0.0001, n = 184).
Log DALY owing to nutritional deficiencies and IQ correlated at r = −0.72 (n = 184, p < 0.0001). Log DALY owing to infectious disease and log DALY owing to nutritional deficiencies correlated at r = 0.89 (n = 192, p < 0.0001). The partial correlation between IQ and DALY owing to nutritional deficiencies with the effects of DALY owing to infectious disease removed was near zero (r = 0.028; n = 184, p = 0.71), while the partial correlation between IQ and DALY owing to infectious disease with the effects of DALY owing to nutritional deficiencies removed remained strong (r = −0.56; n = 184, p < 0.0001). See table 1 for other zero-order correlations. The correlations between these variables and IQ are very similar across the three measures of IQ (see the electronic supplementary material, tables S1 and S2).
To select which, if any, education and wealth variables to include in a multiple regression analysis, partial correlations were performed independently between literacy, enrolment in secondary school, completion of secondary school and AVED, and average national IQ, with the effects of infectious disease removed. If a variable was no longer significant when the effects of infectious disease were removed, it was not included in the multiple regression. Only WEAM and LVE IQ measures were used for these multivariate analyses in order to have a sample size large enough to make inferences about the individual contributions of each variable. When the effects of log DALY owing to infectious disease were removed, the correlation between IQ and literacy was r = 0.15 (n = 113, p = 0.094) using LVE and r = 0.16 (n = 113, p = 0.1087) using WEAM; IQ and some secondary education was r = 0.093 (n = 120, p = 0.32) using LVE, and r = 0.23 (n = 120, p = 0.049) using WEAM; IQ and completion of secondary education was r = 0.17 (n = 110, p = 0.08) using LVE and r = 0.23 (n = 110, p = 0.030) using WEAM; IQ and AVED was r = 0.23 (n = 127, p = 0.0084) using LVE and r = 0.30 (n = 127, p = 0.0005) using WEAM; and IQ and GDP was r = 0.054 (n = 184, p = 0.46) using LVE and r = 0.036 (n = 184, p = 0.61) using WEAM. AVED was the best predictor of IQ when the effects of infectious disease were removed for both measures of IQ, so this education variable was used in regressions. As such, AVED will have the best chance of all the education variables at being significant in the multiple regression. Although GDP was not a statistically significant predictor of IQ when the effects of infectious disease were removed, and the partial correlation coefficients were well below 0.1, we included this variable in some models at the request of a reviewer (table 3).
In a multiple linear regression, average national IQ (LVE and WEAM) was predicted using infectious disease, average winter high temperature, distance from sub-Saharan Africa, AVED and GDP (see table 3 for model details). Significant predictors in this model were infectious disease, distance from Africa and winter high temperature. AVED was not significant. When GDP was removed from this model, virtually identical patterns emerged (see the electronic supplementary material, table S3 for model details).
4. Discussion
The negative relationship between infectious disease and IQ was statistically significant at the national level both worldwide and within five of Murdock's (1949) six world regions. All analyses showed that infectious disease was a significant predictor of average national IQ, whether using either of Lynn & Vanhanen's (2006) two datasets or Wicherts et al.'s (2010b) data. The zero-order correlation between DALY owing to infectious disease and average national IQ was higher than that of any other variable for which there is a previously proposed causal explanation. The world regions analysis showed that the international pattern is repeated within five of the six regions despite a region's generally similar cultural history. The only world region in which this relationship was not significant was South America. This exception may be owing to the presence of several outliers. The group of conspicuous outliers in which IQ was much lower than expected in the worldwide trend (figure 1) are all Caribbean countries (St Lucia, Dominica, St Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, St Vincent and Grenadines, and Jamaica), which represent 4 of 23 nations in the South America analysis (St Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, and St Vincent and the Grenadines). Because these outliers are in the same geographical location, it is possible that local parasites that are not included in the DALY owing to infectious disease variable are causing these outliers. HLM analysis shows that, despite the non-significance of the correlation between IQ and infectious disease within South American nations, this trend is significant overall across Murdock's (1949) six world areas.
Nutritional stress correlated with average national IQ (r = −0.72), but this relationship was not significant when the effects of infectious disease were removed. This supports the suggested link between intelligence and nutrition. Given the energetic cost of infectious disease, individuals who are burdened with parasites may be more likely to be affected by nutritional deficiencies. Likewise, individuals who are suffering from nutritional deficiencies may be less able to mount an effective immune response.
Multiple regression shows that, of infectious disease, temperature, evolutionary novelty and AVED, infectious disease is the best predictor of intelligence by a large margin. The effects of years of education are not significant, while temperature and evolutionary novelty seem to have distinct predictive power beyond infectious disease. Although this model cannot rule out the independent effect of distance from central Africa, this effect is difficult to interpret because of the doubt cast on the theory underlying this variable (Wicherts et al. 2010a). Although the effects of education and GDP per capita are not statistically significant when other factors are controlled for, this is not to say that these factors are not involved. A nation of more intelligent individuals is likely to produce a higher GDP, but a wealthier nation is also more able to pay for public education, as well as public medical and sanitation services. An indirect link between education and intelligence may also exist, as a better-educated population may be more interested in public health measures—leading to increased IQ by reducing parasite stress—provided that education includes information about germ theory and hygiene. These sources of endogeneity must be considered when interpreting our findings (and see below). It should also be mentioned that we are not arguing that global variation in intelligence is only caused by parasite stress. Rather, variation in intelligence is probably caused by a variety of factors, including those we have mentioned here as well as factors that are yet unknown.
If the general pathway we propose is correct, there are two plausible mechanisms by which a trade-off in allocation of energy to immune function versus brain development and maintenance may occur. First, parasitic infection may intermittently cause the redirection of energy away from brain development. In this case, during periods of infection, the brain receives fewer energetic resources, but this allocation to brain function will return to pre-infection levels during healthy periods. During periods of infection, whatever aspects of the brain that are growing and developing will suffer reduced phenotypic quality. Second, exposure to infectious agents may cause a developmental pathway that permanently invests more energy into immune function at the expense of brain growth. In this scenario, large amounts of energy would be allocated into immune function during periods of health, as opposed to only redirecting energy during periods of infection. This could operate through a variety of mechanisms. A plausible mechanism is that higher investment in immune system is triggered by individual exposure to infectious disease at some point during ontogeny. This may include triggering from exposure to maternal antibodies while in utero.
We also propose a complementary hypothesis that may explain some of the effects of infectious disease on intelligence. As we mentioned, it is possible that a conditional developmental pathway exists that invests more energy into the immune system at the expense of brain development. In an environment where there has consistently been a high metabolic cost associated with parasitic infection, selection would not favour the maintenance of a phenotypically plastic trait. That is, the conditional strategy of allocating more energy into brain development during periods of health would be lost, evolutionarily, if periods of health were rare. Peoples living in areas of consistently high prevalence of infectious disease over evolutionary time thus may possess adaptations that favour high obligatory investment in immune function at the expense of other metabolically expensive traits such as intelligence. Data do not currently exist on temporal variation of the severity of infectious disease across the world over human history. For genetically distinct adaptations in intelligence to exist based on this principle, parasite levels must be quite consistent over evolutionary time. If this is not the case, then selection would maintain investment in the immune system and in the brain as a plastic (as opposed to static) trait. The Flynn effect (Flynn 1987) indicates that conditional developmental causes must be at work at least in part. Large increases in intelligence across a few generations cannot be attributed to genetic differences caused by evolutionary processes. Hence, it does not seem probable that region-specific genetic adaptations are the primary cause of the worldwide variation in intelligence.
Our findings suggest that the heritable variation in intelligence may come from two sources: brain structure and immune system quality. Thus, two individuals may possess identical genes for brain structure, but have different IQ owing to differences in immune system quality reflecting their personal allocation of energy into brain development versus immunity.
Our findings are consistent with a number of other findings in the literature. In particular, the Flynn effect (Flynn 1987) demands that any hypothesis regarding the worldwide variation and distribution of intelligence must be able to account for some factor that allows for large IQ gains over time spans seemingly too short to be attributed to evolution by natural selection. The parasite-stress hypothesis allows for such a factor in the form of reduced parasitic infection. As societies become modernized, decreased parasite stress may occur through multiple pathways. As national wealth increases, medicine, vaccinations and potable water can be purchased by both the government and by individuals. Moreover, there is cross-national evidence that, as democratization increases, there are corresponding increases in public health legislation and infrastructure. Democratization also increases levels of education, better allowing individuals to seek out and understand information that reduces parasitic infection (Thornhill et al. 2009). This source of endogeneity is not a flaw, but a prediction of our hypothesis.
Mackintosh (2001) presented comprehensive evidence that skin darkness and the associated cellular components (e.g. melanocytes) have an important role in defending against infectious disease. Moreover, Manning et al. (2003) found that, in sub-Saharan Africa, rates of HIV infection were negatively associated with skin darkness. Manning et al. (2003) attributed this relationship in part to lower infection rates of other parasites, especially bacteria and fungi, that lead to tissue damage in the genital tract and hence increased opportunity for contracting HIV. Templer & Arikawa (2006) concluded that, despite the strong negative correlation between skin colour and average national IQ, there must be an unknown mediating factor accounting for both because there is no obvious reason for skin darkness to reduce IQ. Given the previous research linking skin colour to infectious disease (Mackintosh 2001; Manning et al. 2003), the unknown factor linking skin colour and IQ may be infectious disease.
Several studies have shown a positive relationship between IQ and body symmetry (e.g. Furlow et al. 1997; Prokosch et al. 2005; Bates 2007; Penke et al. 2009; but see also Johnson et al. 2008). There is evidence that body symmetry is a measure of developmental stability, an important component of which is owing to reduced contact with infectious disease (Thornhill & Møller 1997). Our study suggests that IQ and body symmetry correlate because they are both affected negatively by exposure to high infectious disease. Individuals who are exposed to infectious disease may have many aspects of their body develop imperfectly, including the brain, negatively affecting both their body symmetry and cognitive ability. Indeed, recent research indicates that there is a positive relationship between body asymmetry and atypical brain asymmetries (Yeo et al. 2007).
The hygiene hypothesis proposes that some autoimmune diseases may be caused by low exposure to pathogens during ontogeny (e.g. Strachan 1989). Previous studies of individual differences have shown that intelligence correlated positively with the frequency of asthma and allergies (reviewed in Jensen & Sinha 1993). According to the parasite-stress hypothesis, high intelligence is allowed in part by low exposure to infectious disease. Thus the relationship between intelligence and autoimmune diseases, such as asthma and allergies (reviewed in Gangal & Chowgule 2009), is probably mediated through exposure to infectious disease. We predict that this positive relationship between IQ and autoimmune diseases will also be robust across nations, and that it will be mediated by infectious disease.
Although our results support our predictions, further studies must be done to establish causation. Longitudinal methods could be used to test this hypothesis on the individual level. Children's IQ could be measured at an early age and remeasured later in life, while monitoring for infectious diseases throughout childhood. This would not only provide another test of our hypothesis, but may be able to determine the effects of individual infectious diseases on cognitive development. Additionally, it could be determined which, if either, trade-off mechanism we discussed is responsible for the detrimental effects of infectious disease on intelligence. Both may operate but with geographical differences based on the consistency of infectious disease over time. As nations develop, they could be monitored for declining rates of parasitic infection to determine (i) whether this corresponds with elevated IQ and (ii) whether any IQ gain is sufficient to account for the Flynn effect.
The authors thank Rachael Falcon, Steve Gangestad, Angela Hung, Kenneth Letendre, Paul Watson and Rhiannon West for their comments and suggestions. Three anonymous reviewers provided helpful and polite criticism.
- Received May 6, 2010.
- Accepted June 9, 2010.
- © 2010 The Royal Society


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All members of the campus community are strongly encouraged to call the police for an escort if they feel uncomfortable walking to their car at night. For information regarding this and other services, contact the police by calling 314-516-5155. Students are encouraged to add the campus police phone number (314-516-5155) to their cell phones in case of emergencies on campus.
Parking and Transportation
Parking enforcement and issuing faculty, staff and guest permits is the responsibility of the Parking and Transportation Department These permits may be obtained at the Parking and Transportation office, located at 7700 Florissant Road. Information on traffic regulations, parking, and campus maps can be obtained at the Parking and Transportation's web site.
Parking and Transportation provides limited emergency vehicle service (due to dead battery, empty fuel tank, flat tire, etc.), at no charge, to vehicles on campus. Any person requiring such service should call 314-516-5155.
Career Services
Career Services assists students and recent graduates with planning, creating, implementing and evaluating career development and job search strategies by working in partnership with employers and the campus community.
Career Readiness/Coaching, Career Counseling & Exploration and other programs are available to all degree seeking students and recent graduates of UMSL. Career Services hours are Monday through Thursday, 8 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. and Friday, 8 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. For more information, call (314) 516-5111, or visit 278 Millennium Student Center.
Career Readiness/Coaching
Make an appointment with a Career Services Coordinator to get assistance in your job search. A professional is available to assist in guiding students and alumni in the job search for internships/co-ops and full-time degree-related positions.
Career Counseling & Exploration
Meet with a staff member to evaluate your career development. Career development services are designed to help you with choosing a major and/or career. We offer career assessments, on-line resources and individual assistance to guide you in your career decision-making. Visit the Career Services website to access a variety of job search related information. Click on the Occupational Outlook Handbook to get job outlook information, access " What can I do with this major?" to help connect majors with careers, review salary survey information, and link to numerous job search related links.
Job Leads
We have a web-based software system that enables students and alumni to conduct a job search on-line 24/7. You will have access to job leads (internships, co-op, part-time degree-related and full-time degree-related positions), on-campus interview opportunities and resume referrals to employers. To be activated in this system, click on UMSLCareerKey at the Career Services website. General, non-degree-related employment opportunities that are received in Career Services are available on the Career Services website under "Off Campus Opportunities."
On-Campus Jobs
Career Services assists students with connecting to on-campus job opportunities (jobs posted through the federal work-study program and jobs posted by individual departments that are open to all students).
Job Fairs
Career Services holds three annual job fairs: UMSL Fall Internship & Job Fair (for all majors); UMSL Spring Internship & Job Fair in the Spring Semester (for all majors); UMSL Teacher Job Fair (for teaching candidates). Admission is free to UMSL students/alumni who pre-register.
Weekly Workshops
Register on-line for workshops related to the job search process, including Resume Writing, Interviewing Skills, and Job Search Strategies.
Special Programs
Other special programs are held throughout the year. This includes Classroom & Student Organization Presentations, Etiquette Banquet, and Job Search Strategies Teacher Panel.
Internship/Cooperative Education Positions
Internships and Co-ops give students the opportunity to combine classroom studies with work experience in a field related to their education and career goals. These degree related positions offer students an excellent opportunity to gain professional job experience and earn money to help with expenses while in school. Through these opportunities, students begin to understand what career choices they might make, gain valuable contacts in their field, and, in many cases, get paid for their work. They graduate with a college degree and an impressive resume. Career Services, and academic departments work with students and employers to ensure that positions are linked to curriculum and career development. These opportunities are available to UMSL students at all levels in all majors. Contact Career Services for more information at 516-5111, or visit 278 Millennium Center.
In addition to internships available through Career Services, internships and practica are available through many academic departments. Academic advisors can provide information about the requirements for these experiences, some of which are summarized below.
College of Arts and Sciences
ANTHRO 4325-4329, Internship in Cultural Anthropology, Archaeology, Folklore, Museum Studies, Physical Anthropology - elective, for credit; placement with outside organizations; junior standing required. Positions available on competitive basis as lab and research assistants, teachers/facilitators, and interns/assistants - optional, noncredit.
The Human Origin and Cultural Diversity program offers internships in educational anthropology and diversity education.
BIOL 3699, Undergraduate Internship in Biotechnology - optional as part of certificate program, for credit or noncredit, enrollment in certificate program required.
BIOL 4299, Practicum in Conservation - required as part of certificate program, for credit, enrollment in certificate program required.
Chemistry and Biochemistry
Opportunities are available to pursue research with faculty members for credit during the academic year, normally while enrolled in CHEM 3905. Stipends may be available in some cases. Expanded opportunities are available in the summer through the Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, which is typically funded by the National Science Foundation and local industry. In some cases students may conduct CHEM 3905 research at a local company through collaborative arrangement between a faculty members and an industrial chemist.
Criminology and Criminal Justice
CRIMIN 3280, Internship in Criminology and Criminal Justice - elective, for credit.
ECON 4990, Internship in Applied Economics; not required; 3 hours maximum.
ENGL 4890, Independent Writing Project - internships offered in areas such as journalism, public relations, advertising, publishing, and technical writing; for credit, enrollment in Writing Certificate Program required.
Languages and Cultures
Paid, noncredit positions as tutors in language lab available on a competitive basis. Students of German can apply for summer noncredit internships abroad in the German-American Student Exchange Program at the Study Abroad Office.
HIST 4001, Special Readings - internships occasionally available with historical agencies; department chair and/or undergraduate coordinator must approve to obtain credit.
Mathematics and Computer Science
Career-related work arrangements for students majoring in math and/or computer science are primarily administered through Career Services located in 278 Millennium Student Center. These positions are paid and non-credit-bearing.
Physics and Astronomy
The department funds research internships in the department in both physics and astronomy. The awards are competitive, and preference is given to students who have completed the PHYSICS 2111/2112 sequence.
Political Science
POL SCI 3940, Public Affairs Internship - required, for credit, for bachelor of science in public administration program. It may also count as an elective, for credit, within the bachelor of arts in political science program and is open to all majors. Placements include municipal, state, and federal governmental agencies, nonprofit organizations, courts, and political campaign offices.
PSYCH 3295, Selected Projects in Field Placement - elective, for credit.
PSYCH 3390, Research Assistant.
Social Work
SOC WK 4800 and 4850, Supervised Field Experience in Social Work I and II - required, for credit, admission to B.S.W. program and prior consent of instructor are required.
SOC 4385, Internship in Sociology - elective, for credit.
College of Business Administration
Career Services works in partnership with the College of Business Administration to assist students in securing career-related work arrangements for students majoring in all areas of business. These positions can be paid or unpaid and credit bearing or non-credit bearing. Those students choosing to receive academic credit through one of the courses listed below must contact the College of Business Administration Internship Coordinator in Room 469 SSB, by phone at 314-516-6117, or by email.
ACCTNG 3490, Internship in Accounting
BUS AD 3090, Internship in Business Administration
BUS AD 3289, Internship Practicum in International Business
BUS AD 3990, Internship in Business Law
FINANCE 3590, Internship in Finance
INFSYS 3890, Internship in Management Information Systems
LOG OM 3390, Internship in Logistics & Operations Management
MGMT 3690, Internship in Management
MKTG 3790, Internship in Marketing
College of Education
Internships (4989) are required for 3 hours credit for most undergraduate programs and Student Teaching (4990 and 4991) is required for 12 hours credit in all teacher certification programs. For more information, contact the Teacher Certification and Advising Office at email@example.com or at 314-516-6710.
College of Fine Arts and Communication
ART HS 3387, Professional Internship for Art History majors only elective, for credit.
ART HS 3388, St. Louis Art Museum Internship for Studio Art or Art History majors only – competitive position elective for credit.
COMM 1193, Practicum in Applied Communication
COMM 4393, Internship in Applied Communication
Media Studies
On-campus positions, as available:
MEDIA ST 1194, Practicum In Journalism
MEDIA ST 1195, Practicum In Advertising
MEDIA ST 1196, Practicum In Radio
MEDIA ST 1197, Practicum In Television/Film
MEDIA ST 1198, Practicum in Media Studies
Elective for credit, Senior standing, 3.0 GPA, and faculty recommendation required; off-campus positions:
MEDIA ST 3394, Internship in Journalism
MEDIA ST 3395, Internship in Advertising
MEDIA ST 3396, Internship in Radio
MEDIA ST 3397, Internship in Television/Film
MEDIA ST 3398, Internship in Media Studies
PRACTM 4920, Internship – required, for credit, enrollment in bachelor of music business required. Department sponsored internships available for all majors at St. Louis area arts institutions.
Joint Engineering Program
UMSL/Washington University Joint Undergraduate Engineering Program career-related work arrangements for students majoring in all areas of engineering are primarily administered through Career Services. These positions are paid and non-credit-bearing.
College of Nursing
Clinical courses are required in both the undergraduate and graduate programs. These experiences are limited to nursing majors only.
Pierre Laclede Honors College
Internships chosen by Honors College students, or arranged by their major departments, are valuable opportunities to broaden educational experience while also meeting the honors independent study requirement for graduation. Visit Career Services, 278 Millennium Student Center, or call 314 516-5111 for more information on these programs and other work arrangements available.
Alumni Association
The Alumni Association sponsors several scholarships for UMSL students, provides special funding for campus projects, and works as an organization to obtain increased public support for the university. Membership in the Alumni Association is open to all graduates and former students with payment of modest dues. For more information, call 314-516‑5833.

subset: commoncrawl


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Action Sports DVDs!
Sometimes you need some inspiration to get outside and enjoy the Maine weather. The library just received an entire collection of over two dozen action sports videos! Surf, rock climbing, mountain biking, ski, and snowboard are all covered. So come in and check out the new selection of adrenaline films!
Films from: Teton Gravity Research, Iron Brothers Productions, Poor Boyz Productions, Standard Films, O'Neill, Meathead Productions, Oakley, Sandbox, Transworld, Epicocity Productions.


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
As part of the Lewiston Discovery Series, the Lewiston Council on the Arts will present the "Art of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" at 7 p.m. Wednesday, Sept. 18, at the Historic Lewiston Opera Hall, 732 Center St.
Bruce Aiken, president of An Irish Secret Society of Buffalo, has written more than 20 papers on Sherlock Holmes and will delight mystery lovers and Holmes fans alike. He will explore little known connections between Sherlock Holmes, his creator Arthur Conan Doyle, and the Niagara Frontier.
No advance registration is required. Admission is $5; free to LCA members.


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Lots Of Star Wars PC Games Discounted For Star Wars Day
Get the original Battlefront 2, KOTOR, and more for cheap.
Get the original Battlefront 2, KOTOR, and more for cheap.
Star Wars: Empire at War developer teams with Trion World on yet-to-be-detailed massively multiplayer online strategy title.
Universe at War: Earth Assault developer teams with new publisher True Games for free-to-play, microtransaction-based, mythology-themed action RPG/strategy hybrid Mytheon.
NPD numbers show slight growth in US retail sales of PC games for the year, figures still down from 2004.
LucasArts to sell five of its biggest sci-fi hits from the last five years in one PC package; Galaxies trial also included.
The Sims 2: Pets expansion takes the top spot on a list dominated by recent releases.
Audio director Frank Klepacki talks about coming up with whole new corruptive sound effects for the expansion to Star Wars: Empire at War.
World of Warcraft retakes the charts; Company of Heroes, Sims 2, and Lego Star Wars II hang tough.
Forces of Corruption set to take over retail October 24; Petroglyph-developed campaign lets players take on Galactic Empire and Rebel Alliance as crime lord Tyber Zann.
Lead designer Chris Rubyor returns to explain how the multiplayer system in this Star Wars expansion will let you battle in whole new ways.
Top three spots remain unchanged from last week; remainder of list sees big turnover as older games return to chart.
Prepare to extort, intimidate, and bully planets on a galactic scale in this upcoming expansion pack for Star Wars: Empire at War
When the space battle gets a little too hot to handle, hit the ground running.
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i miss ANATHALLO
who else misses ANATHALLO?
Listening for the first time now off the back of this thread
so far reminding me of Beulah
which song?
i like both bands but don't see that comparison.
It was The River
Might have been tenuous, made that post about 1 minute into the track and took Roy Walker's advice
For ages the only album I had was Canopy Glow,
and I delved into some earlier stuff and was it like thrashy lo-fi emo.
Canopy Glow is absolutely glorious though. Like up there with Funeral in terms of epic-ness.
you actually got me in to them. great band.
pshaw no way
FUN are about a million times bett–– no, I can't do this.
fuck...had no idea there was any link!!
I used to email andrew dost way back. Crazy.
Was lucky enough to support them once. Had never heard them before the gig which I kind of like because I had absolutely no expectations of them and they were just jaw-droppingly brilliant!
Wish I'd seen them a second time.
I accepted their friend request on Myspace back in the mists of time
thought they were pretty good.
so two of them went on to make really bad but hugely successful music, eh? well hows about that.
that'd be a good thread: bands/artists you were friends with on Myspace.
this is a great start part btw;
so much fun dancing to that when i was in mansfield at 16/17


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We are binding a text input field to a property of type Long on our command class. We have a Validator which checks that the user's input is a valid number format, but in the case the user enters non-digit characters, these validations are never reached. Instead, the CustomNumberEditor throws a NumberFormatException and the user gets the following error message in the jsp:
Is there any way to customize this error message? Thanks.
Failed to convert property value of type [java.lang.String] to required type [java.lang.Long] for property 'quantity'; nested exception is java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: "dfkjd"


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Dress Laura
Added Oct 1, 2007
by fashion1
Dresden, Germany
I inadvertently removed this creation. Here it is again ^^:
I sewed the dress laura for fall and winter, so I choose corduroy to keep me warm.
Material Notes
corduroy, printed cotton, wooden buttons (from my fave fleamarket)
15 Comments Sign in to add a post
Dec 18, 2008, 11.52 PMby itsanotherani
i'm planning to make this in the near future. i am absolutely in Love with it! :D its great. and you did the lining very well.. did it take awhile? i'm wondering because ive never done lining and i was wondering if it was a tedious task or not.
VERY NICE fabric choice :]
May 1, 2008, 06.37 PMby sweetlilysews
that shirt you have under it, is so pretty, is it peasant style? did you make it? i have been searching high and low for a peasant shirt, to no avail, if any one spies one, i would be so grateful! excellent work, BTW!
Apr 28, 2008, 05.21 AMby toupinette
oh my god! so professionnal! you're very talented!
Mar 4, 2008, 02.21 PMby bathina
Thank you for the compliment on my Laura dress..but in fact you motivated me to do it in corduroy because you re looking great in it!
Oct 3, 2007, 09.04 AMby jj1
I love your fabric choice. How come I couldn't think of using fabric by myself? By the way, it looks fabulous on you.
Oct 3, 2007, 06.47 AMby lauriana
I didn't think much of this pattern before, but it looks great on you!
Oct 3, 2007, 05.10 AMby myk
I love the great surprise when you flip the pockets :) Nice fit on you!
Oct 3, 2007, 01.58 AMby lilo
fabulous! perfect fit!
Oct 2, 2007, 06.03 PMby stepanka
That dress fits you like a glove, this must be possibly the best Laura creation on this site. I really like your style.
Oct 2, 2007, 10.34 AMby mirela
Oct 2, 2007, 10.05 AMby dottietron
Lovely!!! Using cord was a brilliant idea!
Oct 2, 2007, 04.29 AMby fashion1
thank you all! @elainemay: I inadvertently removed this creation, thats why the comment from you and from the others are sadly gone :(
Oct 2, 2007, 03.46 AMby elainemay
hmm. i posted a comment here yesterday, and it disappeared… in any case, this is lovely. i like the fabric choice and it looks great on you!
Oct 1, 2007, 10.25 PMby pinkhibiscus
Such a different style with corduroy! It can look casual too. Nice job.
Oct 1, 2007, 06.59 PMby kallers
Your Laura looks great! I love your lining fabric. I used a similar pattern for mine (which reminds me…I need to post pics!). Nicely done.
Add to Favorites 34 people added it
This project is based on
LauraMake it
- Laura #6000 $4.99 Add to Cart


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Singapore is actually very close to its goal of being a top 1st world city. Our govt is already 1st world so is our transport system. Yesterday when I took the world class bus service from the MRT station to my work place, it was so crowded we were smelling each others' armpits - the transport system really world class but Singaporeans really need to apply armpit deodorants. When we get to 6.5M people we need even better deodorants.
Since the PAP govt is already the best in the world when it comes to governance, transparency, human rights, justice and equality...and Singapore is already top 1st world in its democratic political process, there is really not much room for our near perfect government to improve. Our local media identified 2 main areas of improvemet - landscaping & Singaporeans' behavior. Now you see the importance of linking votes to upgrading, the whole idea is to get us to 'top 1st world' faster. When enough blue dolphin fountains are constructed in HDB estates, we will begin to look more like Paris than Pasir Ris. The PAP has plenty of money to get the landscaping done but what about Singaporeans' behavior. The PAP govt has been trying for years to do something about that - banning chewing gum, higher fines, longer jail terms, no illegal assemby etc. Most recently they increased the maximum jail term for hitting MPs to 7 years.


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No Pain, No Gain
Office exercise for the desk-ridden white-collar worker
Hey, you frumpy slobs. You overweight, under-perfect nine to fivers. Yeah, we're talking to you, Dave, and you, too, Britney. It's time to finally do something about that ever-expanding gut, those unsightly thighs and that excess skin that pours out over those jeans you'd be well-advised not to wear.
You are fat. And nobody buys that it's congenital, or that you don't have enough time for physical fitness. Sure, all bodies are different, but all bodies have the ability to be buff. Why not impact your own bottom line instead of only worrying about the company's? Why not turn your fast-paced work environment into a fast-paced workout environment?
Working out at work isn't just about warding off sore wrists, poor posture and varicose veins: It's about finally achieving your total fitness goals, not only increasing your overall health, but improving your alertness, happiness and sexual function, all the while alleviating the tedium of your boring job. In fact, those long office hours will sail by as you simultaneously increase your muscle mass and productivity.
Through "office exercise" you can get that chiseled, defined body you've always wanted (and your spouse has always needed) without losing any precious time. From now on, when you get home from work and your wife, husband or same-sex spouse asks you to join them on an evening run, you can tell them, "No thanks, peaches, I got my cardio while checking my e-mail. Now where's that hobby I like to do so much?" You see, by combining two things you don't like to do, you'll have more time to do the things you like.
First, avoid parking anywhere near your cubical. The walk to and from work will serve as both a warm-up and cool-down. Second, elevators and escalators were made specifically for the grossly unfit, so take the stairs. Third, you're not fooling anyone with that Diet Coke, Pam, so get rid of the sugar-laden beverages and replace them with water and black coffee. Water is the fit man's drink of choice, and coffee will not only help suppress your appetite and act as a diuretic, it will help you pump out those memos faster than you can say "memo." And while we're on the topic of drinking, limit liquid lunches to Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays.
The same caution should be taken with snacks. Work out that mouth with diet-friendly yum yums such as nuts, fruit, raw vegetables, granola bars, yogurt or simply satiate your hunger with a raw egg. Just remember, everything is better in moderation, from food to alcohol to heart attacks.
All right gang, there's lots to do today. We've got some great weight training as well as aerobic exercises lined up for you. As with any exercise, we need to begin with stretches. Let's get started!
But first, maybe we should get one thing out of the way. Are you totally obese? If you are, consult your doctor before taking our advice. Chances are our plan could be both risky and ineffectual for the massively overweight. Glad that's out of the way (like a fat person is ever "out of the way").
Upper Body
In the morning while waiting for your computer to boot, why not pump yourself up? First, cross your scrawny or flabby arm, whatever the case may be, horizontally across your body, using the other arm to hold it in place at the elbow. Next, place your arm behind your head, bend at the elbow, and pull toward you.
Hold both stretches for 10 seconds and repeat with the other arm. Finally, place your arms over your head and lock at the fingers. Push back as far as you can. Repeat by locking your arms behind your back and pushing up. Now that your computer is ready to go you can take a break and get to work (or read one of those hilarious forwards your cousin sent you).
Here's a great way to stretch your back, neck and waist while fostering some much needed entertainment: When other company employees come to pester you, stand up and face them with your back. Plant your feet firmly shoulder-width apart and, using only your neck, turn your head as far to the right as you can. Now use your back and waist to continue the motion. Once you are facing them, answer their question blankly with a one-syllable response. Repeat on the other side for the next question and so on. A series of 10 or so questions from coworkers will yield a very limber mid-section.
Lower Body
Stretching your body in the workplace, especially your lower body, even if done correctly, could pose a risk of humiliation. So before propping your leg up on the secretary's desk and bending over, ask yourself some questions: How much do you care about your job? Do you mind alienating coworkers when they encounter your ass in a strange position? If the boss lectures you on appropriate office conduct as a result of your fitness regimen, do you give a shit?
Upper Body
There seems to be no end to the exercises one can do with a bottle of water. For these exercises, you will need one full bottle, the larger the better. Oh, and turn up the tunes on Cool 97 for some soft rock inspiration.
Bicep Curl: Grip the bottle firmly in your right hand and hold it at your waist. With your back straight, purse your lips, furrow your brow and curl the bottle toward your shoulder. When releasing weight back down to your waist, press the top row of teeth onto your bottom lip and blow. Three sets of 16 on each arm should suffice.
Overhead Press: Grip the bottle snuggly in your right hand and hold near your shoulder with elbow bent. Now, triumphantly press the bottle toward the ceiling, as if you're presenting the gold medal to your home country. Complete three sets of 12 on each arm, and you'll be the hero of your people.
Front Raise: Grip the bottle tenderly in your right hand and let it hang near your waist. Without bending your elbow (or your iron will), raise the bottle straight out in front of you and hold for two seconds. Now, don't drop the bottle here like you dropped the ball last week on those progress reports. Lower your arm back to your waist. Three sets of 16 on each arm will do the trick.
These exercises can, of course, be done without leaving the desk, and using just a 16-ounce water bottle should really give you a great pump. If that's a little too extreme for you, try drinking the water and using the empty container. Hey, we all need to work at our own pace. If you need more resistance in your bicep curl, overhead press or front raise, try replacing the bottle of water with that fake potted plant Cynthia keeps watering.
Some of your more progressive and physically aware coworkers might replace their regular office chair with something called a fit ball. This is simply a large, inflatable, brightly colored rubber ball you can sit on and, as you might have deduced from the name, also use for fitness. The nature of the ball promotes mid-section training as you attempt to balance on the unwieldy toy while answering the phone or organizing a mailing for your very handsome and married boss (shame on you).
If you prefer a more advanced technique, try ridding your office of anything to sit on altogether. Stand with your back straight and lower your buttocks toward the ground until your legs form a 90-degree angle. Hold this position all day. One, prolonged, eight-hour squat behind the desk can really do wonders for your calves, thighs, buttocks, back and abs. Encourage fellow coworkers (or co-workout partners) to squat in front of the conference table during meetings. The example you set will be exciting for everyone, and soon you'll be the talk of the office. We smell a promotion. Or is that just the smell of sweet sweat from vigorous soul-affirming exercise? Either way, it smells rewarding!
Need to have a drink of refreshing water after such a long day of working out? Here's a tip: Leave your cup or fun quotable mug ("Behind Every Good Boss There's a Great Secretary, and Behind Every Great Secretary There's a Good Boss") at your desk, and bring the water cooler to it. Wrapping your arms around the water jug, hold firmly and lift with your legs. Next, carry the water cooler to your office, cubicle, desk or "work station" and pour. Bonus points for filling your fellow employees' cups. And you could use all the points you can get in this game. Because this game is called "your life," Dan, and it's time you start winning.
Lower Body
Don't forget about working those legs. There's nothing more unattractive than a disproportionate, chicken-legged man. And ladies, you want slim, taut thigh and calf muscles, don't you? Well, don't you?
The Calf Raise: Any raise in an office is good news, and this one is no exception. You'll need to stand for this, so maybe try it out when reading your wall calendar or inspirational framed poster of the word "Determination" or "Forethought." Standing straight with your legs a bit less than shoulder-width apart, place one hand on the wall and lift your heels. Repeat for three sets of 20 while enjoying the view of the labyrinth of cubicles you'll reveal to yourself once you look over the boundary of your own. Go for the burn.
The Gluteal Squeeze: You type-As are probably already doing this, but for the rest of you here's a great way to work those hot buns. While seated or standing, squeeze the muscles of your buttocks. Hold for a few seconds and then relax. Repeat until the thought of not getting your way makes you want to puke. Ladies, this is a perfect opportunity to practice those Kegel exercises you're so excited about. Don't forget to breath. Heavily.
You'd think it would be difficult to achieve an efficient aerobic workout in the office, but with a little improvisation, you'll be surprised just how much of a sweat you can work up. For instance, you could take your bi-hourly walk to the copy or fax machine and turn it into a bi-hourly run. The bonus is that everyone will think you're incredibly busy doing your job, plus they won't bother you with their asinine questions and irritating requests. Your run can also be elaborated upon with upper-body movement, such as punching the air in front of you or reaching for the sky, depending on whether you'd like to project a tough or sassy image, as you swiftly move about the office. Once you get to your destination, keep running in place saying, "c'mon, c'mon, c'mon," or do jumping jacks and squat thrusts to keep your heart rate up.
A perfect implement for cardiovascular exercise can be had with just a belt, a bent piece of metal and a punching bag. By simply affixing a punching bag to a pipe and affixing that pipe to a belt and affixing that belt to your waist, you can gain instant boxer training. If anyone asks what you are doing, say, "Just blowing of some steam after closing that big deal," as you wipe the sweat from your brow. Team players need individual training, too, you know.
Remember: Office exercise is about improvisation. What else do you see around you that could be used in your training? Those rubber bands could double as elastic-resistance straps. Does your file cabinet need a thorough cleaning? What a great opportunity to do some leg presses. With some paperweights affixed to it, your phone could nicely facilitate iron pumping. Need to change a light bulb? Why don't you see how fast you can change every light bulb in the whole building? How many fit office studs does it take to change a light bulb?
Just you, Jason. Just you.
Good luck, and don't forget: Exercising at the office should never be considered goofing off during work hours. After all, physically fit employees are the foundation of a financially fit company. Eye of the tiger, baby. Go get 'em.


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NEW YORK—Former New York Gov. George Pataki is expected to testify about how more than 100 sex offenders came to be involuntarily institutionalized eight years ago when they finished prison sentences.
Tuesday's testimony comes in a civil trial in Manhattan federal court after six convicted sex offenders sued Pataki and the state. Pataki announced in an October 2005 press release that every sexually violent predator in state custody would be evaluated for involuntary civil commitment once a prison sentence was finished.
A year later, the program was discontinued after a state court ruled the state was wrongly confining convicted sex offenders in psychiatric facilities.
Pataki lawyer Abbe Lowell has urged jurors to award the plaintiffs nothing, saying his client acted honorably to protect the public.


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The piano is a wonderful instrument that encompasses harmony, melody and rhythm. It enables you to learn general musicianship skills that are applicable to all kinds of music. Also, music available for the piano covers a wide repertoire from classical and jazz right through to pop music that makes it appeal to people of all ages.
There are two main types of piano, the 'traditional' acoustic piano and the digital piano, and both have their pros and cons. The acoustic piano has a mechanical 'action' where pressing the key moves a hammer which hits the strings to produce the sound. It's the best instrument for serious piano performance, as training and strengthening the fingers are essential if you want to progress to a higher level at college.
The digital piano is a clear alternative to the acoustic. As always, you get what you pay for, the better the model, the more realistic the 'action' will become. The big advantage of the digital piano is that the volume level is totally controllable. They may also come with a range of other instrument sounds, and on some models can be used with music software on a computer. It should be pointed out that certain (more expensive) acoustic pianos are now available with a "quiet piano" system, which allows silent practice through headphones.
What to look for
- It is always best to see, hear and try before you buy. Take your time to visit a few piano shops where the staff will be able to offer you expert advice.
- Make sure you sit down and play the piano in a shop. It should be light and responsive to play and produce a tone which most importantly, you like. Be sure to play notes at the extremes of the instrument (the very top and the very bottom) to give you a good indication of the overall tonal quality.
- The two major factors that affect the tone are the soundboard area and the length of the strings. As a general rule, the bigger the piano, the better it is. It is worth considering the largest piano to suit your home and budget.
- When looking to buy a traditional upright piano, bear in mind the size of the instrument and where it will go in your home, especially if you live in a 10th floor flat!
- Don't disregard buying a brand new piano. Many of the leading brands now offer affordable options, and purchasing a new piano means you can rely on the quality and it will also come with a manufacturers guarantee.
- Acoustic pianos are made from natural materials that are susceptible to changes in temperature and need to be tuned professionally on a regular basis. Keep in touch with your piano shop, they will be able to advise on maintaining your piano.


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The Ruins Of Detroit: Yves Marchand and Romain Meffre
We have all heard about the economic decline of the storied Motor City, but Yves Marchand and Romain Meffre capture the decaying beauty of its buildings' grand interiors with compassion and a respect for eras past.
This series of photographs explores the dilapidated shells of early 20th century architectural gems - everything from hotels, theaters, churches, and homes. Because the economic state of Detroit has suffered along with that of the automotive industry, properties are being abandoned rather than maintained due to a lack of financial investment in the area. It is a sad sight to see the gorgeous detail in massive Gothic churches crumbling, but even more upsetting is what this signifies for the people of the city.
Via: The Observer


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Good Housekeeping Dec 1957
Originally uploaded by leifpeng.
Celebrating illustration, design, cartoon and comic art of the mid-20th century.
Leif, I had no idea that Joe Bowler was still working, let alone painting for a gallery. How clever of you to track him down. Of all the artists in the Cooper stable, he and de Mers were my favorites. Their work always had a lot of integrity. When young Bernie Fuchs was in art school, his teacher brought in an original Bowler illustration to show the class. Fuchs was really struck by Bowler's work, and made it a personal goal to be able to paint like that someday.ReplyDelete


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Sunday, March 25, 2012
Rainbow cupcakes
We have been so spoiled in the past week, so much sunshine!! It felt great to go to the beach and wear shorts. It was +28 in March!! It didn't last, but it was such a treat. Just a little reminder of what summer feels like at the end of winter. It is back down to normal now...-1. hahaha
I have been keeping busy with the travel plans, and the kids. Yesterday I wanted a cupcake but didn't have any inspiration, so I hit up the corner store. I wanted to grab an extract of some kind, but there wasn't any. The store by our house has lots of interesting things, I came across these rainbow sour strips, my daughter calls them " gay bacon", I think that's cute :) So these happened and I am glad they did!
5 comments:
Amazing! Do you have a recipe for these?ReplyDelete
Hi Cookie Fairy!ReplyDelete
I used a white vegan cake recipe from vegweb and a pretty simple sour cream vegan frosting that I made.
Sour cream frosting
2 tbsp earth balance,
2 tbsp tofutti sour cream
1 1/2 cups icing sugar
1 tsp vanilla extract.
Beat with electric mixer until fluffy. Sometimes you need a little more icing sugar and if it seems too clumpy add a tbsp of soymilk.
Cute and colorful "gay bacon"! Summer truly brings out fun and enjoyable moments. =)ReplyDelete
I know Raquel...summer feels like its not too far away!!ReplyDelete
These may well be the cutest cupcakes I've ever seen. Great job!ReplyDelete
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Dressing Up Windows with Colorful, Patterned Curtains
As much as I like breezy white curtains and natural blinds, sometimes you just need a little more color or pattern — or both. Here are ten instances where colorful, patterned curtains liven things up and pull the room together.
I like the idea of colorful patterned curtains because once you find the right fabric, they can sum up and showcase your style. From this outsider's perspective, that's the case with the curtains in the homes of Nicole Balch of Making it Lovely (Image 2) Sherry and John Petersik from Young House Love (Image 4) .
In the first image, I love the way the greens and the squares in the drapes play off the mustard edging and stripes of the sheets. In Images 5 and 9, the colors of the curtains are unexpected and playful. In all three instances, white would have been peaceful but way less interesting.
Shown Above:
1. Lonny
2. Making it Lovely
3. Elle Decor
4. Young House Love
5. Ashlee Noall for Design*Sponge
6. Baby Lifestyles
7. Sophie Rebecca
8. Anthropologie
9. Robyn Karp Interiors via Little Green Notebook
10. Always Mod
Images: As credited above.


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FALL RIVER, Mass. — A cousin of Aaron Hernandez was released on bail Thursday, more than five months after her indictment in connection with the murder case against the former New England Patriots player.
Bristol Superior Court Clerk Marc Santos said through a court employee that Tanya Singleton of Bristol, Conn., had been released. She has been jailed since August in Boston.
Singleton has pleaded not guilty to criminal contempt and conspiracy to commit accessory after the fact. Prosecutors granted her immunity but she refused to testify before the grand jury that indicted Hernandez.
Hernandez has pleaded not guilty to murder in the June killing of Odin Lloyd, a 27-year-old Boston man who was dating the sister of Hernandez's fiancee.
Prosecutors allege Singleton helped Hernandez's "right-hand man" Ernest Wallace travel to Florida after the killing. They also say she discussed helping another Hernandez associate, Carlos Ortiz, flee to Puerto Rico after the killing and disposed of a cellphone that Wallace had used but that was subscribed in her name. Wallace and Ortiz have both pleaded not guilty to accessory charges.
Judge Susan Garsh in October set Singleton's bail at $15,000 cash with conditions, including electronic monitoring and regular reporting to a probation officer. The judge, at first, said Singleton also had to reside in Bristol County, Mass., but later allowed her to live in a neighboring county.
Singleton's attorney, E. Peter Parker, did not immediately return messages seeking comment.
Gregg Miliote, a spokesman for Bristol District Attorney Samuel Sutter, said he had no comment on Singleton's release. The DA's office had argued initially for $100,000 cash bail.
A hearing in Singleton's case scheduled for earlier this week has been pushed back to Feb. 27.
Local & State
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Future remains bright for Messalonskee grad Nick Mayo
Local & State
Farmington and Waterville teams blast into space
Local & State
Wounded hunter in fair condition at Portland hospital


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INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has announced that Washington and Lee senior women's field hockey and lacrosse player Kate Donnelly (Houston, Texas/St. John's) is one of 29 Division I, II and III female athletes selected to receive an NCAA Postgraduate Scholarship for participation in a spring sport.
Donnelly's selection gives W&L 14 winners in the last nine years, including two this year, and 33 W&L athletes have been so honored since 1970.
"I am so honored to receive the NCAA Postgraduate Scholarship," said Donnelly. "Field hockey and lacrosse have greatly impacted my experience at W&L the past four years, and I am very lucky to have had the opportunity to combine what I have learned in my classes with what I have learned on the field to continue my education next year."
An accounting major with a minor in poverty and human capabilities studies, Donnelly earned four letters with both the field hockey and lacrosse teams, serving as a captain for both squads during her senior year. She was a four-year starter as a defender in field hockey, totaling one goal and three defensive saves and helping the Generals' to a 1.97 goals-against average during her career. In lacrosse, Donnelly played in 73 games with 40 starts and she totaled 74 points on 53 goals and 21 assists in helping the Generals to three ODAC titles. She was the recipient of the Wink Glasgow Spirit & Sportsmanship Award at the W&L Athletics Award Ceremony in May.
Donnelly was also recognized for her efforts off the field, as she received the Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse Coaches Association (IWLCA) Community Awareness Award earlier this month. While in Lexington, she founded and served as the Executive Director of Community Financial Freedom, a non-profit organization that provides personal finance counseling to low-income community members and promotes savings among them. She also served as the General Chair for the Nabors Service League, in addition to working as a marketing intern at the Maury River Senior Center this past year.
A W&L and Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC) Scholar-Athlete, Donnelly will attend the University of Virginia in the fall to complete her masters degree in accounting.
"Ultimately, I hope to have a leading role in a community development nonprofit," said Donnelly. "With the help of this scholarship, I will be able to take a step closer to pursuing my passions."
The NCAA awards up to 174 postgraduate scholarships annually, 87 for men and 87 for women. Scholarships are awarded to student-athletes who excel academically and athletically and who are in their final year of intercollegiate athletics competition.
The one-time grants of $7,500 each are awarded for fall sports, winter sports and spring sports. Each sports season (fall, winter and spring), there are 29 scholarships available for men and 29 scholarships available for women. The scholarships are one-time, non-renewable grants.
Please visit the Washington and Lee NCAA Postgraduate Scholarship page for a complete listing of W&L's scholarship winners over the years. For the complete listing of 2011 NCAA Spring Postgraduate Scholarship Awardees, download the PDF.


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Sign up and wait for an email with your coupon. Get on our email list and be the first to know about new arrivals, trends and special offers. By clicking on the button, I declare myself to be of legal age and I give my express consent to the processing of my personal data, according to the information contained in this link.
Leo Torso Toner Body Shaper for Men
Leo Crew Neck Control Tee
Leo Men's Padded Butt Enhancer Boxer Brief
Leo Superior Fit Microfiber Boxer Brief
This Leo short boxer brief puts design and comfort to the test. Contrasting waistband lies flush for comfort. DuraFit® allows for a flexible to personal fit. Specially designed leg bands stay put for no annoying roll up. Graphic stripes on sides add high tech design.
to buy 3 and the the 1 one free why do I have to pay $57 please explain, i'm ordering 1 white boxer xl, 1 red boxer xl, 1 black boxer xl and the free one is black xl
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For news and views from Triodos Bank, as well as the stories behind some of our customers
Save with Triodos Bank and we'll donate £40 to emerge poverty free**
We're a different kind of bank. We'll only lend your money to people and organisations that work to make the world a better place. And we promise you'll always know where your money goes.
How to save ethically and support emerge poverty free
- Click on the button below and choose an account that suits you.
- Complete an application form online.
- We'll donate £40 to emerge poverty free after the balance of the account reaches £100.
If you don't apply for an account now, you must revisit this website either by clicking through from the link supplied by emerge poverty free or by typing www.triodos.co.uk/emerge in your browser address bar, to ensure that the donation is paid.
Once your account is opened, and you've deposited £100 or more, you do not need to take any further action to ensure that the donation is made. We'll include the £40 donation as part of our monthly donation to emerge poverty free.
Change your bank, change the world
Changing the way you bank is one of the most effective ways you can change things for the better.
What makes us so sure? Well it's a belief we're living out every single day. Here's how:
Financing change,
changing finance
The charities and social businesses we finance work to improve and enrich the lives of millions of people; tackling inequality and injustice. And developing strong communities in the process.
Triodos Bank's customers include microfinance banks in developing countries, innovative fair trade enterprises and social housing providers.
We're 100% ethical.
We only lend our savers' money to people and organisations who are working to make a positive impact - culturally, socially and environmentally.
We only lend real money.
We only lend money entrusted to us by our savers, and not a penny more. In a climate that's seen so many banks around us thrown into turmoil, our approach has enabled us to remain solid and stable.
We're totally transparent.
We're completely open about how we use our customers' money. And you can see for yourself exactly who we lend to on our website.
If you're looking for a way to save without compromising on ethics whilst still getting a good return on your money, then switch to sustainable banking with Triodos. Whatever you're saving for, we've got an account to suit your needs - from tax-free ISAs to easy access online savings and from fixed term Bonds to Charity Saver accounts.
**The donation can only be paid if applicants complete an online application form having visited this website by either clicking on a link supplied by emerge poverty free, or by typing the URL www.triodos.co.uk/emerge in their browser address bar. The donation will be paid after the balance of the account reaches £100. This offer is limited to one donation per new customer (one donation made in the event of joint account opening), not one per account opening. Triodos reserves the right to decline any application. This offer may be changed or withdrawn without notice at any time. General Terms and Conditions for personal savings accounts, and any specific conditions for the account also apply.


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Black Net Lehenga Choli
Availability: Out of stock
Regular Price: £74.00
Special Price £57.00
10% off on £100 order use couponMIN10F
15% off on £200 order use couponSK15OFF
Time To Ship :10 to 12 working days
Additional Information
Additional Information
|Party Wear, Wedding Wear, Bridal Wear, Festival Wear, Ceremonial
|Black, Yellow
|Net, Silk
|Time To Ship:
|10 to 12 working days
Product Description
Order this Yellow color beautiful Lehenga Choli online which is in Designer style and we will suggest you to Dry Clean for wash care. The dress is made by Net fabric and embellished with Embroidered work. Blouse (choli) of this dress is in Black color made by Net fabric which also have Embroidered work with Beige color dupatta made by Raw Silk fabric and beautiful embellished with Border Lace Work.
Write Your Own Review
Shipping & Return details
- We ship throughout Europe and USA in limited time according our shipping policy.
- Our maximum shipment time is 12 working days for custom made orders and 7 working days for unstitched dress materials.
- Shipping cost is 5 GBP on order below 100 GBP and free shipping on 100 GBP or above order.
- For any return request, the customer must inform us within 24 hours at email@example.com
- We accept the return of all types of products, except custom made, stitched dresses and few other mentioned in our return policy.
- We deliver orders in France, Belgium, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain, Netherlands and Canada via Fedex, TNT and DHL.


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10 Real Life Book Storage Solutions
Book storage isn't complicated, but different systems work for different spaces. Here are ten real world solutions for book storage from some of our favorite room tours. They're a great reminder that storage solutions can be big, tall or even take up the entire wall.
1. Sayer's Repurposed Changing Table Shelves: These shelves have been in the family for years and have served many purposes over time. Now they make unique book storage that's right at kid level.
2. Esme Jane's See Through Book Holders: We like the clear display on these shelves, not only does it let the artwork shine through, it also lets little ones see what they're reaching for.
3. Levi's Wooden White Wall Book Shelves: These bookshelves are secured to the wall but don't take up a large footprint. They're a useful style to copy in most any space.
4. Sky High Slim Shelves: These shelves are slim and sleek, without sides or even paint. They're bare bones and we love them.
5. Leighton's Pretty Wall Pouches: These pretty fabric panels hold all sizes of books and provide a pretty accent to the solid walls.
6. Zoe's Display and Utility: In Zoe's room a few special books are displayed as decoration on picture ledges and the bulk of the collection can be found in easy reach in a low bookcase.
7. Liam's In-Between Storage: This spot between two windows is a great space to read. All that light makes it ideal, but a smaller footprint bookcase allows for furniture and even a side table.
8. Meg's Bedside Stash: This simple storage basket helps keep frequent reads at hand. Perfect for a bedtime story or early morning reading before mom and dad wake up.
9. Leo's Wall-To-Wall: These orange shelves make quite the statement and they're great at holding just about everything. Books look great on them and are easily accessible at all ages.
10. Lainey's Small & Simple: This simple rack above a day bed holds the right amount of books to keep little Lainey reading.
(Images credited in original posts)


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Smart Shoulders
Our shoulder joints have the greatest range of motion of any of the musculoskeletal joints in our bodies. The shoulder joint is really two joints, the glenohumeral joint between the arm bone (hume ...View Article
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Phase 2: Corrective Care
Most chiropractors regard the elimination of symptoms as the easiest part of a persons care. If all that the chiropractor does is to reduce the pain and stop there, the chances of the condition recurring are much greater. In order to prevent a rapid recurrence of symptoms, it is necessary to continue receiving care even though your symptoms are gone.
During the correction / restorative phase of your care, you will not have to receive adjustments as often as you did during the first phase of care and, depending on your particular circumstances, you may begin doing exercises and stretches either at the center or at home to help accelerate your healing.
Do not be discouraged if you have mild flare-ups in your symptoms on occasion. This is normal. Flare-ups are bound to occur during this phase because your body has not fully healed. Depending on the severity of your injury or condition and how long you have been suffering from it, this phase of your care may last anywhere from a few months to a couple of years.


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Washington Falls Victim To Furious Hawaii Comeback, 35-28
Dec. 2, 2007
HONOLULU (AP) -- Colt Brennan threw a 5-yard touchdown pass to Ryan Grice-Mullen with 44 seconds left and No. 11 Hawaii overcame a 21-point deficit to beat Washington 35-28 on Saturday night to finish the regular season 12-0 and virtually assure a BCS berth.
Brennan was near perfect with a Heisman Trophy night, throwing two fourth-quarter touchdown passes. He was 42-of-50, including 6-of-6 on the winning 76-yard drive.
He threw for 442 yards and five TDs with no interceptions.
Grice-Mullen caught a slant pass from Brennan for the score that put the sellout crowd in a frenzy, chanting 'BCS! BCS!'
Washington (4-9) took over with 38 seconds and drove all the way to the Hawaii 4, but Jake Locker's pass was intercepted by Ryan Mouton in the end zone with 3 seconds left, sealing the win and the Warriors' perfect season.
Thousands of fans charged the field and flashes sparkled in Hawaii's biggest win in school history.
Hawaii entered the game 12th in the Bowl Championship Series standings. It will need to finish in the top 12 when the final standings are released Sunday to land in one of the choice bowl games.
The Warriors might play in the Sugar Bowl against LSU. It would be their first postseason appearance outside the Aloha State since the 1992 Holiday Bowl.
Hawaii has won a national-best 13 straight games, dating to its victory over Arizona State in the Hawaii Bowl, and 22 of its last 23 games.
The Warriors tied it at 28 with 8:01 left, on Brennan's 40-yard rainbow to Rivers. It was their fourth TD hookup of the game.
Rivers finished with 14 catches for 167 yards. Grice-Mullen added 10 catches for 121 yards.
Hawaii caught a major break when the Huskies appeared to have converted a third-and-15 near to put the ball deep in Hawaii territory. Locker was flagged for crossing the line of scrimmage, even though he appeared to be right on the line.
The Warriors took over on their 24 with 4:15 left and marched down the field for their winning score.
Hawaii's high-powered offense, which averages nearly 50 points a game, got going in the second quarter with Brennan completing all 16 of his pass attempts for 179 yards and Rivers catching three TD passes.
With 1:27 left in the half, Brennan drove the Warriors 64 yards amid a passing downpour and tossed a 13-yard TD toss to Rivers to pull Hawaii to 28-21. The catch was initially ruled incomplete, but was reversed after a challenge.
Rivers also caught a 7-yard TD pass that got Hawaii on the scoreboard and capped an 83-yard drive with Brennan completing seven straight passes. Brennan was 5-of-5 on Hawaii's next drive, including a 3-yard dart to Rivers for a score.
On a day of upsets, Washington stunned the green-clad crowd of 49,566 by jumping out to a 21-0 lead in the first 9 1/2 minutes of the game. The Huskies forced three fumbles and took advantage of strong field position in the one-sided first quarter.
It was the first time Hawaii had been shutout in the opening quarter this year.
Louis Rankin led the Huskies with 145 yards on 21 carries.
Locker rushed for 76 yards, giving him 986 for the season, just missing becoming the first quarterback in Pac-10 history to rush for 1,000 yards.
The freshman scored on an 8-yard run on the game's opening series, which was kept alive by a Hawaii penalty on fourth down.
On Hawaii's ensuing drive, Nate Williams stripped Brennan that gave Washington possession at the Hawaii 21. Four plays later, Luke Kravitz punched it in on fourth down from the 1. Kravitz also scored on another 1-yard run to give the Huskies a 21-0 lead.
The Huskies tried to pad their lead late in the quarter, but a 38-yard field goal attempt by Ryan Perkins was blocked by Joshua Leonard.
Bears Fall To Stanford, 35-28Nov 17 '01
Bruins Cannot Comeback, Fall 8-3 At HawaiiFeb 9 '03
Football: Inside Pac-12 FootballTODAY | 6:00pm PTLive
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- Pac-12 Network
- Pac-12 Oregon
Pac-12 PlaylistTODAY | 9:00pm PTLive