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Dolphin Kit Out Google's Funky Fourth Floor Music Room
When you picture an office do you think of endless rows of cubicles or a fourth floor filled with a gym, sci-fi themed break-out areas, a meeting room with a boat and a state-of-the-art sound proof music room? If you work at Google's luxury HQ, that's the kind of environment you'll be in each day after a small fortune has been spent giving the best engineers in the UK a highly creative and exciting environments. Here at Dolphin Music we were delighted when Google asked us to help kit out their music room with everything they needed for a perfect jamming session.
David Singleton, Google's UK head engineer says the music room is a place you can go and jam with your colleagues and another great way to take a break from hard work and use the time to come up with great, innovative ideas. Google's funky fourth floor was created by a group of engineers who gave ideas of how they would like to work.
Fancy seeing right inside the Google room? Whether you're a guitarist, drummer or vocalist, or even fancy spending some time mixing…the funky fourth floor is a musician's haven...check out some of our favourite gear that we've put in the Google Music Room.
Guitarists will be able to choose from a Fender Classic player Series Telecaster that includes features made out from Fender's Custom Shop craftmen's "Dream List" or a PRS SE Series electric guitar and create some great effects with the Line 6 POD HD500 Multi FX.
If you fancy playing some keys, you'll be able to play Nord's Electro 3 61-key digital piano which carries one of the world's most advanced organs and marries modern technology along with vintage tone. Without a doubt you'll see it all over the festival scene each summer, and you'll now find it in Google's Music Room along with a Dolphin branded music stand and piano bench.
Drummers will get to sit behind one of Yamaha's most prestigious electronic drum kits, the DTX700K. Featuring all DTX-PADs for snare, toms and floor tom, a real hi-hat controller and 3-zone cymbals, you can build your drumming skills the more you play. The DTX700 has a 64 MB Flash-ROM for loading your own samples and internal performance recorder and includes real Yamaha acoustic drum samples and 1,396 voices.
For recording, the guys at Google opted for the industry standard Rode NT1-A vocal and NT2-A Studio Solution pack allowing recordings of vocals, guitars,; along with Samson's pop shield and an Alesis Multimix 16 USB 2.0 Mixing desk. Mounted on a pair of Stagg stands you'll find a pair of Wharfedale's Titan 12 Active Speakers and a pair of Genelec 8020B monitors to sit on the workstation next to a 30" Mac Pro. And of course, the Mac wouldn't be complete without Native Instruments' Komplete 8 Software.
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WikipediaRead full entry
Bats of the genus Pteropus, belonging to the megabat suborder, Megachiroptera, are the largest bats in the world. They are commonly known as the fruit bats or flying foxes among other colloquial names. They live in the tropics and subtropics of Asia (including the Indian subcontinent), Australia, East Africa, and a number of remote oceanic islands in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[1] At least 60 extant species are in this genus.[2]
The oldest ancestors of the genus Pteropus to be unearthed appear in the fossil record almost exactly as they are today[citation needed], the only notable differences being early flight adaptations such as a tail for stabilizing. The oldest megachiropteran is dated at around 35 million years ago, but the preceding gap in the fossil record makes their true lineage unknown.
Characteristically, all species of flying foxes only feed on nectar, blossoms, pollen, and fruit, which explains their limited tropical distribution. They do not possess echolocation, a feature which helps the other suborder of bats, the microbats, locate and catch prey such as insects in midair.[3] Instead, smell and eyesight are very well-developed in flying foxes. Feeding ranges can reach up to 40 miles. When it locates food, the flying fox "crashes" into foliage and grabs for it. It may also attempt to catch hold of a branch with its hind feet, then swing upside down – once attached and hanging, the fox draws food to its mouth with one of its hind feet or with the clawed thumbs at the top of its wings.
Many species are threatened today with extinction, and in particular in the Pacific, a number of species have died out as a result of overharvesting for human consumption. In the Marianas, flying fox meat is considered a delicacy, which led to a large commercial trade. In 1989, all species of Pteropus were placed on Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and at least seven on Appendix I, which restricts international trade. The subspecies P. hypomelanus maris of the Maldives is considered endangered due to limited distribution and excessive culling. The commerce in fruit bats continues either illegally or because of inadequate restrictions. Local farmers may also attack the bats because they feed in their plantations, and in some cultures, their meat is believed to cure asthma. Nonhuman predators include birds of prey, snakes, and other mammals.
The spectacled flying fox, native to Australia, is threatened by the paralysis tick, which carries paralyzing toxins.[4]
Physical characteristics[edit]
The large flying fox (P. vampyrus) is generally reported as the largest Pteropus,[1] but a few other species may match it, at least in some measurements. The large flying fox has a wingspan up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and five individuals weighed 0.65–1.1 kg (1.4–2.4 lb).[5][6] Even greater weights, up to 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and 1.45 kg (3.2 lb), have been reported for the Indian flying fox (P. giganteus) and great flying fox (P. neohibernicus), respectively.[1][7] The black-bearded flying fox (P. melanopogon) is massive and may be heavier than all other megabats, but exact weight data are not available.[8] Comparably, no full wingspan measurements are available for the great flying fox (P. neohibernicus), but with a forearm length up to 206 mm (8.1 in),[7] it may even surpass the large flying fox (P. vampyrus) where the forearm is up to 200 mm (7.9 in).[5] Outside this genus, the giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus) is the only bat with similar dimensions.[1]
Most flying fox species are considerably smaller and generally weigh less than 600 g (21 oz).[8] The smallest, the masked flying fox (P. personatus), Temminck's flying fox (P. temminckii), Guam flying fox (P. tokudae), and dwarf flying fox (P. woodfordi), all weigh less than 170 g (6.0 oz).[8]
The pelage is long and silky with a dense underfur. No tail is present. As the name suggests, the head resembles that of a small fox because of the small ears and large eyes. Females have one pair of mammae located in the chest region. Ears are simple (long and pointed) with the outer margin forming an unbroken ring (a defining characteristic of megabats). The toes have sharp, curved claws.
Primate theory[edit]
Some scientists have proposed that flying foxes are descended from primates rather than bats and that mammalian flight ability has evolved more than once. This theory is not accepted by most modern zoologists and it goes against DNA evidence.
Genus Pteropus – flying foxes
- P. alecto species group
- Black flying fox, P. alecto
- Torresian flying fox, P. alecto, initially was described as separate species P. banakrisi
- Black flying fox, P. alecto
- P. caniceps species group
- Ashy-headed flying fox, P. caniceps
- P. chrysoproctus species group
- Silvery flying fox, P. argentatus
- Moluccan flying fox, P. chrysoproctus
- Makira flying fox, P. cognatus
- Banks flying fox, P. fundatus
- Solomons flying fox, P. rayneri
- Rennell flying fox, P. rennelli
- P. conspicillatus species group
- Spectacled flying fox, P. conspicillatus (extensive entry)
- Ceram fruit bat, P. ocularis
- P. livingstonii species group
- Aru flying fox, P. aruensis
- Kei flying fox, P. keyensis
- Livingstone's fruit bat, P. livingstonii
- Black-bearded flying fox, P. melanopogon
- P. mariannus species group
- Okinawa flying fox, P. loochoensis
- Mariana fruit bat, P. mariannus
- Pelew flying fox, P. pelewensis
- Kosrae flying fox, P. ualanus
- Yap flying fox, P. yapensis
- P. melanotus species group
- Black-eared flying fox, P. melanotus
- P. molossinus species group
- Lombok flying fox, P. lombocensis
- Caroline flying fox, P. molossinus
- Rodrigues flying fox, P. rodricensis
- P. neohibernicus species group
- Great flying fox, P. neohibernicus
- P. niger species group
- Aldabra flying fox, P. aldabrensis
- Mauritian flying fox, P. niger
- Madagascan flying fox, P. rufus
- Seychelles fruit bat, P. seychellensis
- Pemba flying fox, P. voeltzkowi
- P. personatus species group
- Bismark masked flying fox, P. capistratus
- Masked flying fox, P. personatus
- Temminck's flying fox, P. temminckii
- P. poliocephalus species group
- Big-eared flying fox, P. macrotis
- Geelvink Bay flying fox, P. pohlei
- Grey-headed flying fox, P. poliocephalus (extensive entry)
- P. pselaphon species group
- Chuuk flying fox, P. insularis
- Temotu flying fox, P. nitendiensis
- Large Palau flying fox, P. pilosus (19th century †)
- Bonin flying fox, P. pselaphon
- Guam flying fox, P. tokudae (1970s †)
- Insular flying fox, P. tonganus
- Vanikoro flying fox, P. tuberculatus (†? early 20th century)
- New Caledonia flying fox, P. vetulus
- P. samoensis species group
- Vanuatu flying fox, P. anetianus
- Samoa flying fox, P. samoensis
- P. scapulatus species group
- Gilliard's flying fox, P. gilliardorum
- Lesser flying fox, P. mahaganus
- Little red flying fox, P. scapulatus
- Dwarf flying fox, P. woodfordi
- P. subniger species group
- Admiralty flying fox, P. admiralitatum
- Dusky flying fox, P. brunneus (19th century †)
- Ryukyu flying fox, P. dasymallus
- Nicobar flying fox, P. faunulus
- Gray flying fox, P. griseus
- Ontong Java flying fox, P. howensis
- Small flying fox, P. hypomelanus
- Ornate flying fox, P. ornatus
- Little golden-mantled flying fox, P. pumilus
- Philippine gray flying fox, P. speciosus
- Small Mauritian flying fox, P. subniger (19th century †)
- P. vampyrus species group
- Indian flying fox, P. giganteus
- Andersen's flying fox, P. intermedius
- Lyle's flying fox, P. lylei
- Large flying fox, P. vampyrus
- incertae sedis
- Small Samoan flying fox, P. allenorum (19th century †)
- Large Samoan flying fox, P. coxi (19th century †)
- ^ a b c d Nowak, R. M., editor (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. 6th edition. Pp. 264-271. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
- ^ Simmons, N. B. (2005). "Genus Pteropus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 334–346. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Matti Airas. "Echolocation in bats". HUT, Laboratory of Acoustics and Audio Signal Processing. p. 4. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
- ^ Mueller, R. 2000. "Pteropus conspicillatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed May 03, 2007 at [1]
- ^ a b Francis, C. M. (2008). Mammals of Southeast Asia. Pp. 195-196. ISBN 978-0-691-13551-9
- ^ Payne, J., and Francis, C. M. (1998). Mammals of Borneo. P. 172. ISBN 967-99947-1-6
- ^ a b Flannery, T. (1995). Mammals of New Guinea. Pp. 376-377. ISBN 0-7301-0411-7
- ^ a b c Flannery, T. (1995). Mammals of the South-West Pacific & Moluccan Islands. Pp. 245-303. ISBN 0-7301-0417-6
Further reading[edit]
- Altringham, J.D. (1996). Bats: biology and behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850322-9.
- Hall, L. S. & Richards, G. C. (2000). Flying foxes: fruit and blossom bats of Australia. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 0-86840-561-2.
- Marshall, A.G. (1985). "Old world phytophagus bats (Megachiroptera) and their food plants: a survey". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 83 (4): 351–369. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01181.x.
- Mickleburgh, S., Hutson, A.M. & Racey, P. (1992) Old World Fruit Bats: An Action Plan for Their Conservation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
- Musser, Guy G.; Karl F. Koopman, and Debra Califia. (1982) The Sulawesian Pteropus arquatus and P. argentatus Are Acerodon celebensis; The Philippine P. leucotis Is an Acerodon. Journal of Mammalogy 63(2):319-328.
- Neuweiler, G. (2000). The Biology of Bats. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509951-6.
- Nowak, R.M. & Walker, E.P. (1994). Walker's bats of the world. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4986-1.
- Welbergen, J.; Klose, S.; Markus, N.; Eby, P. (2008). "Climate change and the effects of temperature extremes on Australian flying-foxes". Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society 275 (1633): 419–425. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1385. PMC 2596826. PMID 18048286.
- Klose, S. M. (2006). "The flying fox manual. A new handbook for wildlife carers in Australia". Acta Chiropterologica 8 (2): 573–572. doi:10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8[573:BR]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1733-5329.
- Vardon, M.J. & Tidemann, C.R. (1995) Harvesting of flyingfoxes (Pteropus spp.) in Australia: could it promote the conservation of endangered Pacific island species? In Conservation through sustainable use of wildlife (eds G. Grigg, P. Hale & D. Lunney), pp. 82–85, Brisbane, Australia.

subset: commoncrawl


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As we previously mentioned, Safeway grocery stores have teamed up with Warner Bros. in an exclusive promotion to help kids eat healthier foods. Over the past several months, I've snagged a few of the cereal and granola bar products (They're very reasonably priced and actually pretty good!). The artwork on these things is excellent, reminiscent of the old 60's/70's/80's cartoon cereal tie-ins. I particularly like the Road Runner and Coyote artwork and the "Duck Dodgers" one. Also, I highly recommend the Foghorn Leghorn raisin bars (delicious) and recommend you avoid the Pepe Le Pew strawberry ones (kinda nasty.)
Friday, October 3, 2008
Looney Tunes "Eating Right" Safeway products
Posted by Matthew Hunter at 7:19 PM
4 comments:
- Harley Green said...
Matthew, what you tell me about the Toasted O's? they look delicious!!
- October 4, 2008 at 4:38 AM
Thank you for uploading these pics, M.T. Nice artwork. I can go to Safeway anytime to check out these healthy LT products.
- October 4, 2008 at 1:45 PM
M.T. should be "M.H."
- October 5, 2008 at 2:19 PM
I was just in Virginia and I saw these at Safeway there and almost pissed my pants. I wish my local Publix would pick these up, I would buy them up!
The Pepe and Penelope one is so cute!!
- October 6, 2008 at 5:18 PM
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NIJ-funded researchers are developing the Correctional Operational Trend Analysis System (COTAS) to predict potential trouble spots within prisons. Knowing ahead of time where trouble might arise lets managers assign extra staff or take other actions that can prevent violence and other problems.
The software development team is creating a system to map and manage information that lets all levels of managers monitor cross-functional operations quickly. COTAS is being designed so it can identify trends, patterns, and areas of concerns within specific individual institutions and statewide.
COTAS will have the ability to display events based on violent and non-violent historical indexes of data that is used to format predictive levels of inmate behavior and facility security conditions. The engineers are developing a Graphical User Interface so managers can interact with the computer's pictures, symbols and charts and make proactive decisions that will minimize or prevent criminal activity in the facility.
COTAS is being developed by the Florida Department of Corrections. Once it is complete, NIJ will evaluate it in the field. Results of the evaluation should be available in late 2013.
The COTAS dashboard provides simple graphical indicators of key measures.
Next section: Suicide Watch Technologies Could Improve Monitoring, Reduce Staff Time.
National Institute of Justice, 810 Seventh Street, NW, Washington, DC 20531


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I posted a hypothetical and pretty depressing example of a day in the life of our students. In response I almost immediately received the following from Stephanie (reposted with her permission).
To Any & All:
I am a product of the generation that created the dilemma our education system is currently facing. We were the guinea pigs for No Child Left Behind. We did what we had to do to survive with little regard for the students that were destined to follow in our footsteps. For this, I offer my sincerest apologies.
As a child, I had lofty goals for myself. I wanted to be a lawyer and move far away from my small town in Jersey where few make it out. As the youngest of three girls, I saw early on the effect the public high school had on my sisters. At the tender age of eleven, I decided I did not want that for myself. From then on, every decision I made about my life was calculated. With one decision, my childhood vanished. I set my sights on going to a private high school that sent 99% of their graduates to college. At this point, it was sink or swim. There was no looking back.
I was accepted to one of the best private schools in my area. When the time came to apply for college, I was considered a "well-rounded" student. I had a great GPA, high SAT score, was a multiple sport athlete, a member of numerous clubs and volunteered outside of school. In the eyes of any college admissions office, I was an ideal candidate. But not mentioned in my applications was all that I had sacrificed in the name of higher education. High school felt like a means to an end (the end being college). As a college student, I would no longer be under the thumb of teachers on power trips, a dean who handed out detention for our shirts not being tucked in, and parents who made sure my after-school schedule was always filled. I thought of college as my savior from my chaotic life.
College is where my life began. I feel as though I traded in my childhood for four more years of education. I remember constantly thinking in middle school how my parents did not understand all that I was sacrificing. They were looking at my life from an adult's perspective. My parents believed that hard work and plenty of time and effort were necessary to achieve success in life. Family vacations took a backseat to softball tournaments every weekend in summer; invitations to friends' birthday parties were thrown in the trash in order to allow enough time to research and write a term paper; and time with my friends had to be scheduled in advance, but with an opt-out clause should something my parents deemed more important come up. Suffice it to say that I had little control over the schedule of my life.
The catalyst for this letter was a conversation I had a few weeks ago with my oldest sister, a teacher. My niece just started first grade and my sister was complaining to me about my niece's Monday night schedule: some homework, followed by soccer practice, then a sit down family dinner and ending with more homework just in time for bed. It should be mentioned that my sister considered the homework assignment that night "pointless" for a first grader. Nevertheless, I wanted my sister to look at school through a student's viewpoint, rather than an educator's or parent's perspective. In many ways, I am grateful for my parents pushing me to work harder. They wanted the best for their children, but I honestly do not think this is how they would want me to look back on my childhood, or lack thereof. There were plenty of times I wanted to through my hands up and jump off the roller coaster, but my desire to fulfill my childhood dreams kept me going.
So, here I am at the crossroads of my life. I am a 25 year old Ivy League graduate currently living in Los Angeles and applying to law school. My four years in college were the best times of my life and was where I learned the most. Then I entered the workforce armed with a nice degree, plenty of internships under my belt, and a lifetime of trying to please others. I must say, I do look good on paper. But then reality settles in, and I begin to see how that roller coaster has never slowed down. I want my niece to have the opportunity to fulfill her own dreams, but, more importantly, I do not want her to lose her childhood in the process. I will watch from the wings as she gets on her own roller coaster. I will offer advice and encouragement when I can. And I will happily do this, because she ultimately deserves better than what our education system is currently offering her.
Best of luck to our future leaders,
Stephanie's experience of school is unfortunately common place. It makes me sad to think that even the students whom we would consider "successful" in school are going through this. No one should think of their child hood as wasted.
My recommendation for our next podcast is that we should all sit down and interview someone affected by the No Child Left Behind legacy and record the interview. More young adults need to have their story told.


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Here's something to ponder as we mark World Food Day: In the global fight against hunger, the world's poorest continue to suffer the biggest losses.
The statistics are staggering. One in eight people are suffering from chronic hunger. More than 1 billion people are undernourished, and under-nutrition is to blame for one-third of all child deaths.
As the population booms, we can expect that the food insecurity challenge will only intensify.
According to the FAO, the world will need to produce 50 percent more food by 2050 to feed a projected population of 9 billion people. Changes in diet and consumption are driving up demand. Meat consumption in low and middle-income countries is projected to grow 75 percent from 2005 to 2050, reaching 30 kilograms per person per year. South Asia alone is expected to quadruple its meat consumption in that time period. And according to projections, each person will consume 3,070 calories per day in 2050, up from 2,750 in 2007—so people will not only be eating more meat, but more cereals, vegetable oils, vegetables, fruits, coffee and tea as well. But how can we increase production when overtaxed and inefficiently managed agricultural ecosystems are already straining to meet the current demand for food? In the past 5 years, inadequate supply has driven up food prices, and put nutritious food out of reach for millions of poor people. And we can expect agricultural productivity to drop even further as weather patterns become more extreme. For each degree Celsius of global warming, the potential grain crop yield loss is about 5 percent.
Rising demand for food plus shrinking agricultural production is a formula for continued hunger and poverty, and a problem that requires ingenuity and innovative solutions. Increasingly, we see climate-smart agriculture (CSA) as an approach that can help change the equation.
Very simply, climate-smart agriculture aims to produce more food on less land, and with a minimal environmental footprint. This principle needs to be applied across landscapes—crops, livestock, forests, and fisheries—to be effective. Guided by this approach, we are working with farmers in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Vietnam to implement productive, climate-resilient agriculture ecosystems that also help mitigate climate change by reducing emissions and potentially capturing carbon. This is especially important, because aside from being the sector that's most vulnerable to climate change, agriculture is also a major cause. Research finds that agriculture, together with the deforestation associated with land conversion, accounts for about 30 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Scaling up agricultural productivity in a way that mitigates climate change and allows more people to be fed could be transformative.
Early results are promising. The World Bank's Humbo Assisted Natural Regeneration project in Ethiopia, which was jointly administered with World Vision, helped restore 2,700 hectares of a biodiverse native forest while increasing the sustainable production of forest products such as honey and fruit. CGIAR-funded research helped advance the use of fertilizer trees in Africa, an innovative agroforestry practice that improves soil fertility, reduces carbon emissions and increases yields so that more families can be fed. CGIAR scientists have also helped develop a drought-tolerant maize, which is expected to benefit up to 40 million Africans by 2016.
The reality is that we live in a world of finite resources and increasingly severe environmental challenges. So we have to use our farmland, forests and fisheries in innovative and intelligent ways. We need to produce more with less so that the world's poorest can feed themselves. We also need to limit the negative effects of agricultural activity.
The challenges are clear, but I believe there is an emerging center of gravity toward a more balanced and sustainable approach. There's no better time than now for governments, agriculture and farmer organizations, the private sector and research organizations to become more active in CSA, which is being increasingly accepted as one path to sustainable food security.
From where I sit, it is gratifying to see a global convergence surface from a previously more polarized debate. I hope we can build on this momentum.
Juergen Voegele is the director of the World Bank's Agriculture and Environmental Services Department.
The farms in the video are participants in a COOPEAGRI project supported by the BioCarbon Fund.
"What's wrong? Everybody on
"What's wrong? Everybody on Earth is in denial about our biggest problem … population growth. Too many new babies, a net of 75 million a year. And we're all closet deniers — leaders, investors, billionaires, the 99%, everybody. Yes, even Bill McKibben's 350.org global team. The U.N.'s 2,000 scientists know overpopulation is Earth's only real problem.
Get it? Earth has only one real problem, there's the one main dependent variable in the scientific equation. But we refuse to focus on it. So, yes, even scientists are science deniers too. They know population growth is the killer issue, but are avoiding it too. Thousands of scientists have brilliant technical solutions to reducing the impact of global warming. But avoid the root cause. They keep solving the dependent variables in their climate-change science equation. But population growth is the cause of the Earth's problem, not the result." Paul Farrell
This is o terrible to read
This is so terrible to read this. It is in fact a very informative article but to really read about the hunger worldwide is kind of frightening. Some people don't really appreciate what we have
Somehow we have got to do
Somehow we have got to do many things differently, do them much more ably, and do all of them simultaneously, collaboratively, better and fast. Ready or not, like it or not, we are presented with a planetary emergency. This is the time for making necessary behavioral changes by thinking globally and acting locally. Science and common sense will give us direction. What we cannot do is sit on the sidelines. No, we cannot afford to sit this one out. All hand are needed on the deck at this critical moment in the history of our planetary home. Our generation is simply not stepping up to the challenges before us. The consequences of our failures appear colossal and profound with regard to the prospects for future human well being and environmental health. The very last thing a responsible person is to do in such circumstances is consciously and deliberately choose to remain silent, I believe. Are we not participants in and witnesses to yet another preposterous failure of nerve? When are the leaders going to speak out in an intellectually honest way and act with a sense of moral courage? How terrible are things going to have to become on Earth before the-powers-that-be begin to talk about and do the right things, according to the lights and best available knowledge they possess? Whatsoever is real and true must be acknowledged if we are to respond ably to climate destabilization, pollution, biodiversity loss, resource dissipation, environmental degradation and overpopulation,but the manufactured 'nothing is wrong' reality is well-established and those who speak truth to power are consistently marginalized and ignored. It is difficult even to imagine how much can be done in such unfavorable circumstances. Still our efforts are vital because the-powers-that-be are living in a fool's paradise, and the stakes are such that the things that are not being acknowledged will likely destroy life as we know it on Earth. We know how to stop overpopulation humanely.The gravity of this and other looming human-driven global threats are understood and could be confronted with a long overdue determination to do what is necessary. All of the world's human resources, including overrated intelligence and technology, need to be deployed in order to overcome the emerging and converging wicked problems looming ominously on the horizon.The-powers-that-be could save the world if they acted with the intellectual honesty, moral courage and power they possess to sound alarm bells, forcefully warn the world, and call out loudly and clearly for changes toward sustainable lifestyles and right-sized corporate enterprises. But most of the necessary changes are unlikely to happen, The-powers-that-be want to maintain the status quo, come what may. They lack the moral courage and the imagination to save the world we are blessed to inhabit as a fit place for habitation by children everywhere and coming generations.
The AWAREness Campaign on The Human Population was founded in 2001. Since that moment I have seen it as a moral imperative to continue the work I've been doing for many years now: getting the message out and explaining to as many people as possible that human overpopulation of the Earth is occurring on our watch, that it poses profound existential risks for future human well being, life as we know it and environmental health, and that robust action is required starting here, starting now to honestly acknowledge, humanely address and eventually overcome.


text:
Java 1A Practical Class
Table of Contents
In this course you will work through a series of practical exercises which will teach you the skills necessary to program in Java. There are no lectures associated with this course, but there is a question based on the material in this course in the final exam. This material in this couse relies on the material taught concurrently in Object-Oriented Programming and Software Design.
In contrast to the practical assessment associated with Foundations of Computer Science last term, this course requires you to attend a two hour practical lesson once a week for the eight weeks in Lent Term. During the practical lesson you will work through this workbook. You may take the workbook home at the end of the lesson to complete any unfinished sections. You will also need to complete the associated assessed exercise, or tick, described at the end of each workbook.
An on-line version of this guide is available at:
You should check this page regularly for announcements and errata. You might find it useful to refer to the on-line version of this guide in order to follow any provided web links or to cut 'n' paste example code.
In each practical class you will find three course instructors who have the following duties:
The lecturer has written the material for this course and is able to offer advice on its content and correctness as well as more general help with programming.
The assessor or ticker marks submitted exercises and discusses them with students.
The demonstrator is responsible for providing practical help on the content of the workbook and associated Java programming exercises.
The course is designed to accommodate students with diverse backgrounds in programming ability; consequently Java is taught from first principles in a practical class setting where you can work at your own pace. Students with prior experience at Java should complete this workbook as normal and then seek an extension exercise from the course lecturer.
Each practical class introduces a new programming topic and provides pointers to further background reading. Each exercise is designed to provide experience and insight into the practical effort of designing, building and testing software. The work for each week is cumulative, building on work undertaken for previous weeks, so that by the end of the course you will have written a piece of software capable of playing Conway's Game of Life.[1] By way of incentive, a screenshot of the graphical user interface of the final piece of software you will write is shown in Figure 1, "Screenshot: Conway's Game of Life".
The tasks you need to perform on week n of the practical class can be expressed as follows:
Arrive at the practical class on week n at the start of your allocated time period (1400-1600, or 1600-1800).
Find your computer as allocated on the seating plan.
Collect workbook for week n.
When the ticker comes to your desk, be prepared to discuss the practical work you completed for for week n-1.
Leave your computer at the end of the session, taking your workbook(s) with you; you may continue to complete any exercises in your own time.
Submit your solution to the exercises for week n (which must pass the automated tests) before Wednesday at 5pm following the practical class on week n.
Note: when n=1 (i.e. the first week), the ticker will mark your submission for ML tick 6; the last tick of the Java course should be submitted (and pass the automated tests) by 5pm on the first Wednesday of Easter Term; you will be assessed on this tick on the first Thursday of Easter Term.
Bear in mind that this term the ticker will come to you, not the other way around; therefore you must sit in the correct place!
This course uses PWF Linux. If your PWF computer is currently running Windows, and you are unsure how to restart the machine in PWF Linux, please ask a demonstrator for the one page Starting PWF Linux guide and follow the instructions before continuing with this workbook.
Under Unix or Linux, a shell or terminal is often used to control the creation, execution and termination of applications. In this course we will be using a common shell, Bash, to control the Java tools. There are many other Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) available for Java, but we will avoid them in order to provide you with a sound understanding of the fundamentals. We recommend you use the Gnome Editor to write your Java applications—it's simple and has all the features you require—however if you are familiar with Linux or Unix you may use an alternative text editor of your choice.
Bash is a programming language in its own right. Unfortunately we won't have time to explore many of its features in this course, however improving your Bash skills in your own time will pay dividends in later years. If you are interested in finding out more you might like to take a look at the reference manual, but only if you have time.[2]
To start a Bash shell or terminal, right-click on the desktop and select. You should now see a new window with a white background. The text displayed in the Bash shell is sometimes called a prompt or command line and should look something like the following
crsid should be your own login name (e.g.
arb33 or
machine is the name of the computer you are using and the text between
: and
> represents the current working directory, in this instance your home directory, which is represented by the special symbol
You can execute Bash commands or start programs by typing the command or program name at the prompt. For example to print the current date and time you can use the Unix program
date :
crsid@machine:~> date Wed Oct 29 19:45:35 GMT 2008 crsid@machine:~>
Try typing this command into your terminal now. Notice that the program
date prints out the current date and time to the shell. After the date and time has been printed by the program
date, the program terminates and the shell prompt is displayed again. We can pass arguments to the program which will modify its operation. Arguments are written on the same line as the program and are separated by whitespace. For example, we can modify the output of the
date program by specifying an alternative output format for the date and time:
crsid@machine:~> date +"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S" 2008-10-29 19:49:35 crsid@machine:~>
In this case the additional argument after
date instructs the program to print the date and time formatted according to the ISO 8601 standard.[3] Many programs in Unix have an electronic manual associated with them which describe the additional arguments the program will accept. You can view the manual associated with a program by using the
man program. The
man program accepts the name of a program and displays the relevant manual (if any). To list the options associated with the
date program, type the following at your prompt now:
crsid@machine:~> man date
Your shell should now display the manual page for
date. You can scroll through the options for date by using the up arrow (↑) and down arrow (↓) keys on your keyboard. You can quit the
man program by typing q.
Other Bash programs you might find useful include:
ls to list the files inside a directory,
rm to remove a file or directory,
mkdir to create a new directory, and
cd to change the current working directory. You can use the
man program to determine how to use these programs just as you did for
date above.
In this section you will write a simple Java program and use the java tools to compile and execute it.
Java is a compiled language, which means that the Java programs you write must be transformed into another format before execution. To peform this transformation you need a compiler and in this course we will use the java compiler called
javac to convert Java source code into Java bytecode. Java bytecode can then be run using the Java runtime program
java. Compilers for some languages, such as C, produce machine code as output which can then be run directly on the CPU. The Java designers chose to use the bytecode format because it is portable and can be moved between computers and operating systems without the need for recompilation; the price paid for this portability is the need for a runtime program to assist the computer in the execution of the bytecode. Running the java program launches a Java Virtual Machine which in turn can execute Java bytecode.
Open a copy of Gnome Editor (or your favourite Linux text editor if you have one) and create a new file by selecting the Ctrl+n. In this new file, type in the following Java source code:button on the graphical interface or typing
class Example { public static String message = "Hello, world"; public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(message); } }
Save this Java source code to disk using the filename
Example.java. (In Java the filename must be the same as the name following the keyword
class with the extension '
.java' appended to it.)
This example contains a lot of syntax and keywords. Java has quite a lot essential syntax, even for the most basic program, which you do not need to fully understand this week. You will hear more about it in the Object-Oriented Programming course, and you will gain a thorough understanding of it in future practical classes. Even if it looks complex now, it won't do by the end of the term, and the main message at the moment is don't panic, you're not supposed to understand it!
Having said all this, you might find an overview of the example helpful, so here it is. The phrase
class Example { ... } provides a definition of a new data structure, in this case called
Example. This data structure, or class, can store values (such as integers, strings, and so on) which in object-oriented programming parlance are called fields; the example class above has a single field called
message, which stores an item of type
String. A class can also contain program code written as one or more methods; the example above has a single method called
main which takes an array of strings (
String[] args) and returns nothing (
void). This is conceptually similar to an ML function which takes a
string list and returns
unit. A method which is of the form
public static void main(String[] args) is special in Java and indicates the point at which program execution begins.
To compile the source code to bytecode make sure that your current working directory for your Bash shell is the same as the directory containing your source code. For example, if you saved
Example.java into the directory called
java inside your home directory then you will need to change into that directory before trying to compile the code:
crsid@machine:~> cd java crsid@machine:java>
In the rest of this workbook we assume your current working directory is your home directory. To compile your Java source code you should type in the following:
crsid@machine:~> javac Example.java
The prompt should return without any textual output. If the compiler does print some output it will describe one or more warnings or errors in the program because you have not typed in the source code correctly. In this case take another look at your file and correct any mistakes you find; the output from the compiler may help you to identify where these are.
If your program has compiled correctly, the compiler will have generated a file called
Example.class. You can check this exists by using the program
ls. The file
Example.class is the bytecode version of your Java source code which you can execute with the
java program. Run your Java bytecode now as follows:
crsid@machine:~> java Example Hello, world crsid@machine:~>
Notice that we do not include the '
.class' file extension when calling the
java program. What has happened here is that the program code we wrote describes a class called
Example. The compiler has turned this into bytecode and stored it in a file called
Example.class. Next we launched java and told it which class to use (not which file). However, in order to use the class the Java Virtual Machine must first load the class' bytecode. One of the means for doing this is to look for a file on disk with the same name and a
.class extension and so everything works.
In all but the most trivial of Java projects you will produce multiple classes, and because the Java compiler produces one bytecode file for each class, Java provides a convenient mechanism for encapsulating multiple bytecode files into a single file on disk. The encapsulating file is called a jar file and is similar in concept to zip files (Windows), DMG files (MacOS X) or tar files (Unix systems). Your task in this section is to package up your example program and check that you can execute it.
To create a jar file we will use the command line tool called
jar. The
jar program accepts a variety of options on the command line which you can read about by typing
man jar. To create a suitable jar file for the example above you should type the following, making sure that your current directory includes the
Example.java and
Example.class files before doing so:
crsid@machine:~> jar cfe Example.jar Example Example.*
The command line arguments to the execution of program
jar above do the following things:
Instructs the
jar program to
create a
file with the specified
entry point (see below).
The name of the jar file to be created.
The entry point, specified as the name of the class which contains the special main function, where program execution should begin.
The list of additional files to include in the jar file. In this case the
* wildcard has been used and is expanded by Bash into all files in the current directory which match the pattern
Example.*. This will include both
Example.class and
Example.java; these two file names will then be passed separately to the
jar program. It is equivalent to writing:
jar cfe Example.jar Example Example.class Example.java.
After executing the above commands in your shell you should find a jar file called
Example.jar in your current directory which contains both
Example.java and
Example.class and creates an internal manifest file which states that the
Example class contains the special 'main' function where execution begins. You can check the contents of the jar file by using the
test feature of the jar tool:
crsid@machine:~> jar tf Example.jar META-INF/ META-INF/MANIFEST.MF Example.class Example.java crsid@machine:~>
You can see that the jar tool has created an additional directory containing a file called
MANIFEST.MF as well as including both
Example.java and
Example.class. In general, the manifest file can contain a multitude of configuration parameters and options to control the execution of the Java application. You can write a manifest file by hand to specify such options, however this will not be necessary in this course.
Once you have built a jar file, you can load the classes contained within it and execute the class specified by the entry point using the
java program with the
-jar option:
crsid@machine:~> java -jar Example.jar Hello, world crsid@machine:~>
If you do not see the output '
Hello, world', then you have not packaged your jar file correctly; in this case you will need to review the steps covered in this section and if you're still stuck seek help from the demonstrator or lecturer.
In order to manage large projects and prevent different programmers from accidentally giving the same name to two different implementations of a class, Java classes can be placed in a package. By convention, Java package names use an Internet Domain Name Service (DNS) name as a prefix for a package name. Consequently in this course you should package all of your code inside
uk.ac.cam.your-crsid where
your-crsid should be replaced by your own PWF username. In other words, if you log in to PWF machines with the username
arb33 all your java code should have the package prefix
You must declare which package a class is associated with at the very top of the source file. For example, to place the 'hello world' example above into the package
uk.ac.cam.arb33.examples you write the following:
package uk.ac.cam.arb33.examples; class Example { public static String message = "Hello, world"; public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(message); } }
The source file should still be saved into a file called
Example.java but should be placed inside the directory hierarchy which mirrors the package name. Therefore in the above example,
Example.java should be saved inside a directory heirarchy of
uk/ac/cam/arb33/examples. Such a directory path can be created with the following Bash commands:
crsid@machine:~> mkdir uk crsid@machine:~> mkdir uk/ac crsid@machine:~> mkdir uk/ac/cam crsid@machine:~> mkdir uk/ac/cam/arb33/ crsid@machine:~> mkdir uk/ac/cam/arb33/examples
The electronic manual for
mkdir explains how to do this in one step:
crsid@machine:~> mkdir -p uk/ac/cam/arb33/examples
You should then move
Example.java into this location using the
mv command:
crsid@machine:~> mv Example.java uk/ac/cam/arb33/examples
Bash provides command completion to reduce the amount of typing required for commands like these. Simply type the first part of the command or the directory path before pressing the
[tab] key on your keyboard. If there is a unique completion then Bash will fill it in for you. If there are multiple completions then simply press tab again to see them or continue typing to disambiguate the options.
To compile a program which is inside a package, the current working directory of the shell must contain the outermost directory of the package (in other words, in the case above, the directory
uk should be directly inside the current working directory). The example can then be compiled as follows:
crsid@machine:~> javac uk/ac/cam/arb33/examples/Example.java
the compiler will put the
Example.class file in the same directory as
The associated jar file can be built in a similar fashion, except that the name of the class must now include the name of the package it is within:
crsid@machine:~> jar cfe Example.jar \ uk.ac.cam.arb33.examples.Example \ uk/ac/cam/arb33/examples/Example.* crsid@machine:~>
(Note: the backslash character (
\) is used to continue a single command onto an extra line; you do not have to type this character in if you write all the text on a single line.)
The jar file can then be executed using the
java program as before:
crsid@machine:~> java -jar Example.jar Hello, world crsid@machine:~>
When you become a more proficient Java programmer, you may wish to keep your source files in a separate location from your bytecode files. This is possible, but for now we will forego this complexity and keep all the files in one directory hierarchy.
You have now successfully compiled, packaged and executed a simple Java program. We will now introduce the basic data-types provided in Java and the operators you can use to manipulate them. You will use this knowledge at the end of the practical to complete the assessed exercise.
In Java we use variables to allocate computer memory to store either: (i) a value of a basic, or primitive, type or (ii) a reference to an Object. This workbook focuses on how to create and manipulate variables of a primitive type; you will investigate Objects and references to Objects in future weeks. By the end of this term, you should be able to list and use all the primitive types and explain the behaviour of the operators which act upon them.
Variables in Java are different to values in ML. Values in ML are normally immutable, in other words, once you create them you cannot modify them. In Java it is much more common to program with mutable "values" than immutable ones. A mutable "value" in Java can be modified, possibly many times, after it has been created. Consequently such mutable "values" in Java are called variables in deference to the fact that Java programs commonly modify the contents of a variable during execution.
There are eight primitive storage types in Java which can be used to store values representing truth or falsity, integers of varying size, or floating point numbers. Table 1, "The primitive types" shows the names, sizes and storage capacity of these types. At this stage you should use this table to get an idea of what's there and refer back to it as you need to. By the end of the course we expect you to be able to remember the contents. The meaning of each of the columns in the table is as follows:
The sequence of characters in a Java source file used to refer to the type.
The amount of computer memory allocated to store the data in a variable.
The larger the size (bits) of the type, the greater the number of unique values it can store. The Floating-Point Computation course will give you more details about
float and
double types. These are defined by the international standard IEEE 754.
A literal expresses a value which may be stored in a variable. Some examples are given in the table and we'll go into more detail over the next few pages.
|size (bits)
|example literals
0x34, or
2.7, or
false or
Table 1. The primitive types
We can create a variable of a particular primitive type by writing the name of the type followed by a memorable name. This can be done either within a class definition (in which case it is also called a field) or within a method such as the main method we saw earlier. Below is a simple example which declares two variables, both of type
class VariableExample { public static int fieldVar; public static void main(String[] args) { int methodVar; } }
You should choose the names of variables carefully, partly because a good name will improve readability (and therefore is strongly encouraged from a software engineering perspective), but also because some names cannot be used to name variables in Java. The following names are reserved words in Java:
abstract assert boolean break byte case catch char class const continue default do double else enum extends false final finally float for goto if implements import instanceof int interface long native new null package private protected public return short static strictfp super switch synchronized this throw throws transient true try void volatile while
using any of these words as a name for a variable will result in a compile error. If you encounter this problem, the solution is to change the name of the variable. You will learn what many of these reserved words do in this course, but not all. Some of the advanced features of Java will not be taught until the second year.
Java has five primitive types which support storage of a range of integral values:
int and
long. To explore the primitive integral types you will need to write simple Java programs. To get you started, follow the instructions below, making sure you replace
your-crsid with your username. For example, if your username is
arb33 you should use
arb33 in place of
Create a new Java source file called
PrimitiveInt.java inside the directory
uk/ac/cam/your-crsid/examples you created in the last section.
Enter the following Java program into the file called
package uk.ac.cam.your-crsid.examples; class PrimitiveInt { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 1; i = i + 1; System.out.println(i); } }
Compile your program using the
javac program.
Run your program using the
java program.
If you have followed the steps correctly, your program should print out the number 2. Make sure you work through the above even if it seems obvious! You will need to modify this program later.
The first set of operators on primitive types we will consider are the numeric operators. These perform numeric or mathematical operations with values of a primitive type and are written as follows:
+ (addition),
- (subtraction),
* (multiplication),
/ (division),
% (modulus or remainder).
These are infix binary operators. In this context, the word binary means that the operator takes two operands and infix means that the operator is written between the arguments. For example,
a + b uses the infix binary operator
+ to add the values stored in the variables
a and
b together;
a and
b are the left-hand and right-hand operands to the operator
The modulus operator (
%) might be unfamiliar to you. The operation
a % b calculates the remainder after
a has been divided by
This can be restated as follows:
a % b finds a number x such that
a - x is exactly divisible by
b. An alternative way of thinking about the modulus operation uses clock arithmetic: the position of the hour hand twenty-six hours after midnight can be calcuated as
26 % 12, which of course yields the answer two because twenty-six hours after midnight, the hour hand will be be located at position two on the clock face.
The answer to
26 % 5 can be found by considering a clock which completes a full revolution every 5 hours (rather than the usual 12) and consequently has only five hours marked on the face. Figure 2, "Clock arithmetic" contains a graphical illustration of
26 % 12 and
26 % 5.
A unary operator is an operator which takes a single argument. The unary operator
- (minus) is used to negate a literal or the value stored in a variable. For example,
-a changes the sign of the value stored in the variable
Every operator in Java produces a result which can then be used as a left-hand or right-hand operand with another operator. The order in which operands are grouped depends on operator precedence which is reasonably intuitive, but does have the potential to catch you out occasionally. You can override the default operator precendence by using round brackets. For example, the expression
1 + 2 * 3 produces the result
7. If you want the addition to take place before the multiplication you can write
(1 + 2) * 3, giving the result
In the
PrimitiveInt program, the assignment operator (
=) is used to assign a new value to the variable
i. The assignment operator is another example of a binary infix operator in which the left-hand operand is the name of a variable, and the right-hand operand is a value which the variable is updated to store. As mentioned before, every operator in Java produces a result, and the result of evaluating the assignment operator is the value of the right-hand operand. For example, the expression "
i = 1" has the value
1 as its result.
The next operators to consider are the unary increment and decrement operators written as
++ and
-- respectively. They combine together both an assignment and an addition operation, and the position of the increment and decrement operators with respect to the variable name determines the value returned as a result.
If the increment operator is written before the name of the variable, then it is more accurately called the pre-increment operator. For example, given a variable
i, the pre-increment operator is written
++i. The pre-increment operator is equivalent to writing the expression
i = i + 1, and therefore
++i increases the value stored in
i by one and also returns the increased valued as its result.
In contrast, if the increment operator is written after the name of the variable, then this operator is more accurately called the post-increment operator. For example, for the variable
i, the post-increment operator is written
i++. The post-increment operator increments the value stored in
i by one, but the result returned by the operator is the value stored in
i before it was incremented.
The pre-decrement and post-decrement operators behave similarly to the pre- and post-increment operators except that the value stored in the variable is reduced by one rather than increased by one.
Java also provides shorthand forms for all numeric operators when combined with assignment. For example,
i = i + 10 can be shortened to
i += 10 and
j = j * k can be shortened to
j *= k. A summary of the numeric and assignment operators is shown in Table 2, "Numeric operators and assignment".
+ - / * %
|Binary infix numeric operations
|Unary negation
++ --
|Post-increment, pre-increment, post-decrement, pre-decrement
+= -= *= /= %=
|Shorthands for variable updating
Table 2. Numeric operators and assignment
In order to understand the next set of operators you need to understand how integer numbers are stored in memory as binary numbers. If you have not seen binary numbers before, this section might take you some time to work through; paying careful attention to binary numbers now will pay dividends later.
We have provided some programs to help visualise the conversion between binary and decimal numbers. These can be downloaded from the course webpage.
Binary numbers can be explained by analogy to "normal" numbers. The number system used on a daily basis today is called the decimal number system, sometimes called base 10 arithmetic. The decimal system requires 10 unique digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) to write down a number. For example, the number 6409 has 6 thousands (103), 4 hundreds (102), no tens (101) and 9 ones (100); hence 6409 can be written as 6 × 10 3 + 4 × 102 + 0 × 101 + 9 × 100.
Binary numbers use base 2 arithmetic and consequently, there are only two digits in binary (0 and 1). Binary arithmetic is often used in computers because it simplifies the hardware design. The binary number 1011 has one eight (23), no fours (22), one two (21) and one one (20); hence the number 1011 can be written as 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1×21 + 1×20, or 11 in decimal. In the preceding example, the binary number was written so that the leftmost position represented the binary value with the highest power of two and the rightmost position represented the least. This is identical to our "normal" decimal number system. For binary numbers we refer the leftmost position as the most significant bit and the rightmost position as the least significant bit.
A binary number can be converted into its decimal equivalent by adding up all the powers of 2 where there is a corresponding 1 in the binary representation. In other words, if there is a 1 at position i in the number then you include 2i in the summation used to calculate the equivalent decimal number. By convention, the least significant bit is found at position 0. Therefore the most significant bit position in an n-bit binary number is n-1.
Hexadecimal notation is used to represent counting in base 16. In this notation we have 16 different digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F). In Java, a literal value is written in hexadecimal by prefixing the number with the characters
0x (a zero and lowercase x) in order to avoid confusion with decimal numbers. For example, the hexadecimal number
0x1FAD has a single four thousand and ninety six (4096 = 163), fifteen (written as
F) two hundred and fifty sixes (256 = 162), ten (written as
A) sixteens (161) and thirteen (written as
D) ones (160). In other words,
0x1FAD can be written as 1 × 163 + 15 × 162 + 10 × 161 + 13 × 160.
Hexadecimal numbers are popular with programmers because and they are easily converted to binary numbers with simple mental arithmetic and offer a more compact representation than writing a binary number directly. They also allow us to write numbers which spell out (rude) words. Java also supports octal numbers (base 8) and a literal value can be written in octal by prefixing the number with a leading zero. For example, the octal number
077 has the value 63 in decimal.
We have provided some programs to help visualise the operation of the bitwise operators. These can be downloaded from the course webpage.
The bitwise logical operators perform logical operations on the binary representation of integers. For each of the n bits in the number, the bit at position i in the left-hand operand is combined with the bit in position i in the right-hand operand; these two bits are used to produce the bit at position i in the result. The operators are as follows:
& (bitwise AND)
The output bit is set only if the corresponding bits in the right-hand operand and in the left-hand operand are set;
| (bitwise OR)
The output bit is set if the corresponding bits in left-hand operand or in the right-hand operand are set;
^ (bitwise XOR)
The output bit is set if the corresponding bit in the left-hand operand is different to the bit in right-hand operand.
For example,
23 & 24 gives the result
16, or in binary, 10111 AND 11000 equals 10000.
The shift operators are used to move the bits in a number left (towards the most significant bit) or right (towards the least significant bit). They are written as
<< and
>> for left and right shift respectively. For example, the expression
45>>3 shifts the bits representing the value
45 (written in binary as 101101) right three places, resulting in the value
5 (written in binary as 101).
The binary number system described so far cannot represent negative numbers. Most modern computers use a method called 2's complement which is able to represent both positive and negative numbers. In this scheme the most significant bit in an n-bit binary number represents -2(n-1) whilst the remaining bits at position i (where 0 ≤ i < n-1) represent the positive values 2i as in earlier sections. For example, the 8-bit binary number 10001100 is decoded as minus one hundred and twenty eight (-128 = -27) plus eight (8 = 23), plus four (4 = 22); in other words -27 + 23 + 22 = -116. This representation might seem a little odd, but it is appealing from the hardware design point of view (understanding why this is the case is beyond the scope of this course).
The right-shift operator
>> performs sign extension, which means that the value of the most siginificant bits added during the right-shift operation are filled with the value of the most significant bit rather then with zeros. The alternative right-shift operator
>>> performs a right-shift without sign extension, and therefore the top bits are always filled with zeros.
There is only one unary bitwise operator in Java, tilde (
~), which negates every bit found in its argument; in other words it, swaps 1 for 0 and 0 for 1. A table summarising the bitwise operators is shown in Table 3, "Numeric operators and assignment"
& | ^
|Bitwise binary infix operators and, or and xor
|Bitwise unary negation
<< >> >>>
|Bitwise left and right shift with and without sign-extension
&= |= ^= <<= >>= >>>=
|Shorthand notation for updating the value held in a variable
Table 3. Numeric operators and assignment
As you have seen earlier in the workbook, literal values for
int can be written in one of three ways:
in decimal as you might expect (e.g.
in octal by prefixing the literal with
0 (e.g.
064), or
in hexadecial by prefixing the literal with
0x (e.g.
You can write literal values for
long similarly, except that you must postfix the literal with an
L (i.e.
064L and
0x34L). It's not possible to write a literal value of type
byte or
short. If you want to store a literal into a variable of type
short or
byte you can do so by assigning an
int literal which will be converted to a value of the correct type automatically. For example,
short myShort = 12;
char type is 16-bits wide and is normally used to store values representing characters, but can also be used to store and retrieve integral values. Java supports unicode,[4] making programs which support non-latin character sets easy to write. You can embed unicode characters in literal text strings inside Java source code, and even use unicode characters for variable, field, method or class names. You can specify literal values for
char variables by:
placing the character that you want inside single quotes (e.g.
providing a unicode value inside single quotes (e.g.
'\u0065'), or
providing an integer value (e.g.
The storage of floating point values in
float and
double types is based on the IEEE 754 standard. Internally, floating point values are represented by a sign bit, a mantissa and an exponent, which means these types can store a much larger range of values at the expense of reduced precision. Therefore it is natural to express values in scientific notation such as 1.23 × 10 -42, which can be written in Java as
1.23e-42. In Java all literal floating point values are of type
double unless explicitly postfixed with
F in which case they are of type
float. Because the precision of values stored in variables of type
float is poor, you should always use a
double type unless you have undertaken a careful analysis to assertain that a
float will provide sufficient accuracy. Such floating point issues are beyond the scope of this course and will be covered in more detail in the Floating Point Computation course.
boolean type does not have any explicit storage size assigned to it: it can only store one of two literal values,
true or
false. There are six binary comparison operators in Java which take two primitive types
a and
b and produce a value with a
boolean type as a result. The value (
false or
true) depends on the values of
a or
b and the choice of operator:
a equals
b (written
a does not equal
b (
a is less than
b (
a is less than or equal to
b (
a is greater than
b (
a is greater than or equal to
b (
Expressions or values of type
boolean can be combined together using the binary logical operators for or (
|) and and (
&) as well as the unary operator for not (
!). Remember that whilst the operators
& and
| look identical to the bitwise operators for AND and OR, they take values of a different type, and perform completely different actions!
Here are some examples of expressions using a variety of operators mentioned so far:
int a = (1+2)*3; //9 int b = 1+2*3; //7 boolean t1 = a == b; //false boolean t2 = b >= a+2; //true boolean t3 = a != b & !(a % 4 > 1); //true boolean t4 = t1 | t2 & t3; //false
Java also has two short-circuit boolean operators written as
&& and
|| which behave identically to
& and
| respectively except as outlined in the following text. If the left operand of
&& evaluates to
false then the right operand is not evaluated; similarly if the left operand of
|| evaluates to
true then the right operand is not evaluated. This is generally sensible, since it does not affect the result of the expression and saves the computer from evaluating the contents of the right operand. The only exception to this is if the right operand has a side-effect such as updating the contents of a variable, in which case you should use the normal boolean operator not the short-circuit one.
You will often want to provide comments in your code to document how a particular piece of code works, or provide extra information to other programmers who might read or modify your code. You can write comments in Java in one of two ways:
/* A comment which can span multiple lines */ //A comment which contines until the end of the line
A multi-line comment starts with
/* and finishes with
*/; multi-line comments cannot be nested (in other words, a comment cannot contain the characters
/* or
*/ within it. A single line comment starts with
// and continues until the end of the line.
If you are writing a large application or library, you will probably want to write more extensive documentation to help other software developers use the library or maintain your software. Java supports javadoc to do this. Javadoc is a command line tool which examines your source code, looking for multi-line comments which start with
/** and uses the information held within the comment as well as its location in the source file to generate HTML documentation for the software project. Javadoc is beyond the scope of this course, although the interested reader who wants to know more may like to take a look at Sun's documentation.[5]
A Java
long is an integer with 64 bits. Your task is to write a class called
PackedLong which uses the 64 bits inside the java
long integer to store 64 boolean values. We will make use of the PackedLong class next week as the basis for our Game of Life implementation. You should create a source file called
PackedLong.java inside the directory structure
uk/ac/cam/your-crsid/tick1/ where
your-crsid is your username. Place the following code inside
package uk.ac.cam.your-crsid.tick1; //TODO: replace your-crsid with your username public class PackedLong { /* * Unpack and return the nth bit from the packed number at index position; * position counts from zero (representing the least significant bit) * up to 63 (representing the most significant bit). */ public static boolean get(long packed, int position) { // set "check" to equal 1 if the "position" bit in "packed" is set to 1 long check = //TODO: complete this statement return (check == 1); } /* * Set the nth bit in the packed number to the value given * and return the new packed number */ public static long set(long packed, int position, boolean value) { if (value) { // TODO: complete this // update the value "packed" with the bit at "position" set to 1 } else { // TODO: complete this // update the value "packed" with the bit a "position" set to 0 } return packed; } }
PackedLong class does not contain a special "main" method. Consequently this means that it cannot be executed directly using the
java command line program. Do not add a main method to this class; instead create two extra Java source files inside the same directory structure. Save the following program into
package uk.ac.cam.your-crsid.tick1; //TODO: replace your-crsid with your username public class TestBit { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { long currentValue = Long.decode(args[0]); int position = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); boolean value = PackedLong.get(currentValue, position); System.out.println(value); } }
Save the following program into
package uk.ac.cam.your-crsid.tick1; //TODO: replace your-crsid with your username public class SetBit { public static void main(String [] args) throws Exception { long currentValue = Long.decode(args[0]); int position = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); boolean value = Boolean.parseBoolean(args[2]); currentValue = PackedLong.set(currentValue,position,value); System.out.println(currentValue); } }
Once you have written your
PackedLong implementation, you should be able to test your code using the two supplied programs.
TestBit program accepts two arguments on the command line. The first argument is a
long value which represents the 64 boolean bits, and the second argument tells the
TestBit program which boolean value to print out. For example, executing
java uk.ac.cam.your-crsid.tick1.TestBit 85 4
should produce the answer "
true". If it does not, your implementation of
PackedLong is incorrect. The
SetBit program accepts three arguments on the command line. The first is the
long value which represents the 64 boolean bits, the second argument tells
SetBit which bit to set, and the third argument tells
SetBit whether the chosen bit in the new value should be set to 1 (to represent
true) or 0 (to represent
false). For example, executing
java uk.ac.cam.your-crsid.tick1.SetBit 85 2 false
should produce the answer "
81". If it does not, then your implementation of
PackedLong is incorrect.
Testing your implementation with the two examples above will probably not be sufficient to locate all the errors in your implementation of
PackedLong. Therefore you should produce a more complete list of test cases, paying particular attention to sign extension. Once you are happy with your program you should submit a jar file named
crsid-tick1.jar to
firstname.lastname@example.com for testing, remembering to replace
crsid with your username. Your jar file should contain the following files:
META-INF/ META-INF/MANIFEST.MF uk/ac/cam/your-crsid/tick1/SetBit.class uk/ac/cam/your-crsid/tick1/SetBit.java uk/ac/cam/your-crsid/tick1/TestBit.class uk/ac/cam/your-crsid/tick1/TestBit.java uk/ac/cam/your-crsid/tick1/PackedLong.class uk/ac/cam/your-crsid/tick1/PackedLong.java answers.txt
Note: you know how to build a jar file with a specified entry point in order to tell the Java runtime program how to execute the program within the jar file. There are two candidates for the entry point in this tick:
TestBit and
SetBit. Please make
TestBit the entry point for your jar file.


text:
MACOMB, Ill.--The Panther basketball team was handed a tough road loss to undefeated Western Illinois.
At halftime, GC was only down by 10 points. Unfortunately for the Panthers, a second half scoring surge catapulted the Fighting Leathernecks to a 76-49 victory.
Tim Daniel led GC in scoring, earning 9 points and recording 7 rebounds in the game. Tevin Rollins and Ron Harris also had noteworthy numbers. Rollins recorded 8 points, 2 rebounds, and 2 steals and went 4-5 in field goals. Harris scored 6 points and led the Panthers in rebounds, collecting 8 total.
Greenville went 8-8 from the free throw line, recording an impressive 100% team average. The Panthers had 6 steals and 32 total rebounds in the game.
The Leathernecks had four players score ten or more points and were lead by Adam Link, with 16 total.
The loss brings GC to a record of 4-2. The team will travel to Webster for their next game on Wednesday, December 4 at 8:00pm.


text:
Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
The expensive video card won't help for video. (I know. . .) The premium video cards are build for gaming and advanced graphics rendering. None work as well as a chip based media adapter with optimized hardware for video playback. The 6150 on board video is about as good as it gets on PC today and its not real good. (The Windows drivers are no better, same problems with tearing, deinterlacing etc.) The best I have seen is from the VIA CX700 Fiirestation, but even then its not perfect.But I watch it every day with no problem.Get an Asus M2NPV-VM and use the on board video. Its plenty good enough. Allocate 128 MB for it.Use an external AV receiver which won't cost much more than the sound card. It will be more fully refined and LMCE can control it. One with a serial interface is the best option for the best control.


text:
As combines rolled across the Desert Durum wheat fields in California's Imperial Valley and in Arizona during May and June, harvesting the crop referred to as the "Gem of the Southwest" generated worthy findings.
Early predictions included three-ton per acre average yields with 13 percent to 16 percent protein on a 12 percent moisture basis, said University of California (UC) agronomy advisor Rick Bottoms in Imperial County, who also serves as the UC Desert Research & Extension Center director in El Centro, Calif.
Cooler nighttime temperatures than normal helped create favorable conditions leading to increased yield. Reduced plant respiration at night is a positive, he said.
"USDA grading shows 95 percent of Imperial County wheat samples graded U.S. number one with dockage very low," Bottoms noted.
California Wheat Commission Executive Director Bonnie Fernandez said, "Desert Durum farmers keep telling me the yield is normal." No major pest or disease pressures, as expected, have been found in the desert."
For Desert Durum grown in Arizona, Arizona Grain President Eric Wilkey in Casa Grande painted a similar picture.
"Test weights are very good this year and will be up a full pound per bushel with moisture at 6 to 7 percent as expected," Wilkey said. "The crop looks clean. There wasn't a lot of rain during the crop period to bring on weeds."
"We have good Desert Durum prices this year," Fernandez said. "We haven't had such good prices in about 10 years. The industry deserves to have some good prices — we've earned it. I can't tell you what will happen next year, but the outlook is positive for the next year or two."
"A grower can probably expect to get $9 to $9.25 per hundredweight delivered to a grain facility in the Imperial Valley. In Arizona, grain is sold at planting time," Wilkey said.
California's Durum wheat is forecast at 257,000 tons, up 33 percent from 2006, according to the National Agricultural Statistics Service's California Field Office in Sacramento. About 90,000 acres are expected for harvest, 38 percent above the 2006 acreage. NASS predicts 2.85 tons per acre yields, 4 percent below 2006.
Fernandez said all wheat plantings would cover 608,000 acres in California in 2007, or 17 percent higher than 2006. Some 3,000 California farmers grow wheat.
About 15 percent of California's 2007 wheat ground is Durum, 88,000 acres, compared to 64,000 acres in 2006. The 2007 Durum acreage includes 52,000 acres of Desert Durum in the desert areas of Southern California, and 36,000 acres of Durum in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV).
According to results from the 2007 California Wheat Variety Survey, Kronos and Orita remain the top Desert Durum varieties in the Imperial Valley. Other major varieties include Havasu and Desert King. In the San Joaquin Valley, Platinum is No. 1 for the second year in a row followed by the introductory variety RSI 64.
Arizona's 2007 Durum wheat crop is forecast at 240,000 tons, up 8 percent from 2006, according to NASS' Arizona Field Office in Phoenix. Area for harvest is estimated at 80,000 acres, yielding an average of 6,000 pounds per acre, the same as 2006.
Arizona Grain Research and Promotion Council (AGRPC) Executive Director Allan Simons said about half of Arizona's 80,000 Desert Durum acres is grown in Yuma County, about 15,000 acres each in Maricopa and Pinal counties, plus 3,000 to 5,000 acres smattered each in La Paz, Pima, and Cochise counties.
Kronos is the most widely grown Desert Durum variety grown in Arizona over the last decade, Simons said. Other current varieties grown include Ocotillo, Orita, Alamo, Sky, Duraking, Crown, and Havasu.
While most Desert Durum wheat is sold to Italy, some is sold in North Africa and the Caribbean.
Desert Durum is a trademark name in the U.S. and Mexico owned by the AGRPC and the California Wheat Commission — only Durum wheat produced in the desert areas of Arizona and California qualifies as Desert Durum.
In general, Desert Durum's grain moisture content is usually less than eight percent. Kernels average 50 grams or more per 1,000 kernels, and are highly uniform in size and over 90 percent are classified as large.
Desert Durum has few broken, shrunken, or diseased kernels. The large uniform kernel size yields unsurpassed percentages of semolina, the coarsely ground prime endosperm of Durum wheat.
Semolina is used to make high quality pasta, and couscous, a North African and Latin American dish quickly gaining a foothold in the U.S. diet.


text:
Contents of Downton Abbey set designer's house goes on sale
An exciting auction tomorrow: pieces from Giles Newby Vincent's Georgian rectory
The designer responsible for the refined elegance of Mrs Crawley's house in Downton Abbey is putting the contents of his home on sale tomorrow (12th March).
Giles Vincent, who also designed for Elton John and Michael Heseltine, has put his Queen Anne Rectory up for sale and is moving to the French Riviera to do up a Mediterranean villa.
Coming from a long line of renowned designers and antiques dealers, including the eccentric Elizabeth Newby Vincent, Giles says he drew his first house plan when he was just five years old.
Since then he has become respected for his eye for classic English style and balance. As he puts it, 'A simple painted chair and a bunch of cowslips in a back hall can be just as effective as an old needlework armchair and a fine portrait in a drawing room.' We couldn't agree more.
Lots to look out for include an unusual low upholstered chair dating from the Victorian period (estimate £1,200-£1,800), some lovely pieces of Delftware and a selection of 17th-century earthenware ceramics such as these plates (pictured above, £800-£1,200).
We've also fallen a little bit in love with some riveted copper pails (£500-£700) – great for stacking the firewood in.
The collection from The Old Rectory will be sold on 12th March at Bonhams, New Bond Street, London. 020 7447 7447; bonhams.com


text: The Northeast Texas Community College Police Academy recently announced that 100% of graduating cadets successfully passed the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officers Standards and Education (TCLEOSE) exam, which qualifies them to work as peace officers in the state of Texas. Graduating cadets are pictured: back row (from left): Darrien Smith, Rosamond Doiron, Nicholas Moses, Collin Carlile, Cesar Guerero, and Derek Williams; middle Row (from left) Leonard Newman (instructor), Cesar Ramirez, Manuel Zamarripa, Mark Pruter, Dustin Swann, and James Zdonczyk; and front row (from left): Rosa Lopez, Sean Reynolds, and Summer Henry. The program is now accepting applications for upcoming day and night academies. Please contact Richard Jones at 903-434-8206 for more information.


text:
Trilian has arrived!
With it´s comprehensive design, Trilian brings many different types of Bass together into one extraordinary-sounding virtual instrument.
Trilian´s massive 34GB core library features highly-detailed new Acoustic, Electric and Synth basses - as well as enhanced versions of the classic Trilogy sounds. With a brand new user interface and numerous software innovations, Trilian is the first 64-bit native software based on Spectrasonics next generation STEAM Engine, and is the first virtual instrument to feature full library integration with the flagship Omnisphere synthesizer.
Whether you´re looking to anchor your mixes with a giant vault of amazing Bass patches, or you´re searching for a versatile instrument to create your own unique Bass sounds... there´s no other Bass instrument out there with the tone, variety and flexibility of Trilian – it´s simply in a class by itself.
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Web Price:209.00
Availability:in stock


text:
Deviant Art
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What would you like to see more of from me?
8 deviants said
Digital Original Art
5 deviants said
Digital Fan Art (What series?)
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Traditional Original Art
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Traditional Fan Art
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Featured By Owner
Sep 8, 2011
Student Writer
. u know me
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Sep 8, 2011
Professional General Artist
XD yep
Featured By Owner
Sep 6, 2011
everything? no i got it.......MORE STORIES!!!!!
Featured By Owner
Sep 6, 2011
Professional General Artist
That I actually will be doing. I've decided that the theme I'm going to be using for my art class this year is "storytelling" so I'll be writing a lot of little fics for some of my old pictures and my new ones.
Featured By Owner
Sep 6, 2011
yay! more stories
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Sep 6, 2011
Professional General Artist
Featured By Owner
Sep 6, 2011
i like stories
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Sep 6, 2011
Professional General Artist
Me to.
Featured By Owner
Sep 6, 2011
i have too many favorites
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Sep 6, 2011
i don't care witch style as long as it's original art :3
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Sep 6, 2011
Professional General Artist
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Sep 6, 2011
yes :3
i like original art more
fan art anyone can do °-°
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Sep 6, 2011
Professional General Artist
True, true.
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Sep 6, 2011
but you need brainz to think up oc's and original art
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Professional General Artist
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Sep 6, 2011
especially cool oc's
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Poll History
Nov 14, 2018
Beta testers! What do you think of Eclipse so far?
May 6, 2013
What do you think of Photoshop CC? https://www.adobe.com/products/creativecloud.html
Apr 18, 2013
Curiosity time again! How many of you are from Colorado?
Mar 11, 2013
How many of you have done gesture drawing before?
Jan 25, 2013
Don't like the white of the new submit page?
Jan 23, 2013
The new submit page?
Dec 28, 2012
What do you think of the new commissions widget currently being beta tested?
Nov 19, 2012
Oh look...dA gave me a badge for getting muro brushes really early. That's new.
Oct 30, 2012
Do you try to keep your desk/work area clean and organized?
Oct 30, 2012
How do you store/organize your art supplies?
Oct 30, 2012
What's your favorite kind of desk?
Oct 30, 2012
What would your ultimate desk have? (Storage is a given here XD)
Sep 26, 2012
Have you seen my new website? http://www.katwoodcreations.com/
Sep 19, 2012
When you attended college, how many issues did you have with your school?
Sep 8, 2012
Do you guys like seeing progress shots of people's work?
Aug 28, 2012
I've submitted a help desk ticket, but I'm curious if anyone else is having an issue deleting messages from their message center?
Aug 24, 2012
So, what do you think of the new thumbs?
Jul 20, 2012
Curiosity time again, how many of you guys live in Colorado? I know I've got a couple local watchers, but I wanna know how many others there are!
Jul 10, 2012
What do you guys think of the premium content platform? This thing, if you don't know what I'm talking about: http://heidi.deviantart.com/journal/Introducing-the-Premium-Content-Platform-313613925
Jul 7, 2012
What feature, of those listed, would you most like to see implemented on DeviantART and why?
Jun 30, 2012
Curiosity time again! What pets do you have?
Jun 27, 2012
Curiosity time! Where you guys from?
Jun 23, 2012
Have you ever made a visual suggestion for improving deviantART?
Jun 18, 2012
Ever been with your parents when they got arrested?
Jun 6, 2012
Has the message center been acting weird for anyone else today?
Jun 3, 2012
What's a convincing number of stitches for the size of shark bite my character Zip has? Here's a picture of him with the scar: http://katara-alchemist.deviantart.com/gallery/#/d51yfmy
May 17, 2012
Well. This contest is going better than I thought! So many comments, so little time.
May 16, 2012
Ever wanted to change your user name? Now you can! http://my.deviantart.com/messages/#/d501d7u
May 1, 2012
Check out this awesome interview with me done by :devnamenotrequired: ! http://my.deviantart.com/messages/#/d4v8n6x
Apr 14, 2012
Do you guys read the weekly site updates?
Mar 13, 2012
Just curious, how many of my watchers read my suggestions roundup journal? You can find it here if you haven't! http://katara-alchemist.deviantart.com/journal/A-roundup-of-suggestions-289898511
Feb 25, 2012
Any of my watchers from France or Spain?
Feb 11, 2012
What do you guys watch me for?
Feb 9, 2012
What continent are you guys from?
Jan 13, 2012
Would any of you guys be interested in a tutorial about how I make my devious suggestions? A couple people have shown interest, so I'm curious.
Jan 13, 2012
What do you think is the most common modern stereotype of women? (Don't worry, I don't beleive any of them, I'm asking for a project I'm working on!)
Jan 8, 2012
What would you like to be changed about DeviantART?
Dec 19, 2011
How many of you would be interested if I did a kirban?
Dec 15, 2011
Have you guys been getting my journals over the past couple months? I know Sta.sh has been causing some issues, so I'm curious.
Dec 3, 2011
Happy Holidays
Nov 20, 2011
What would you want in the unltimate journal of your dreams?
Oct 28, 2011
What do you think of the new Sta.sh feature?
Oct 7, 2011
If you could create the perfect art/writting getaway house/cabin/whatever for yourself, what would be the MOST important thing for it to have?
Sep 26, 2011
I'm curious, how many of my lovely watchers (or, you know, the random people who come by and answer my polls...>.>) have gone to art school/want to to to art school/planning on going?
Sep 15, 2011
How many of you would be capable of buying a commission from me (at any level) in the next few months?
Sep 14, 2011
How many of you are CAPABLE of buying commissions (at any level) from me RIGHT NOW? Prices can be found on the left side of my profile page.
Sep 5, 2011
What would you like to see more of from me?
Aug 29, 2011
How old are you guys?
Jul 21, 2011
Pick One
Jun 23, 2011
Send me a link to your favorite famous painting! I need ideas for paintings to re-create for a project.
May 8, 2011
Why do you watch me? (pick the main reason)
Apr 30, 2011
What's your fave of the sketches I've submitted the past couple days?
Apr 12, 2011
Do you/Did you get along with your parents?
Mar 24, 2011
What do you think of the character widget on my page? (Now on the right, under my journal)
Feb 26, 2011
Active Watcher?
Jan 25, 2011
Would you guys be interested in a coloring contest of http://katara-alchemist.deviantart.com/art/Feliciano-Inked-194619865 ?
Jul 14, 2010
How often do your characters evolve?
Jun 21, 2010
Who should I draw after I finish BB and Domino?
Apr 24, 2010
Active Watcher?
Apr 22, 2010
Have you ever lost a loved one to cancer? (I lost one this week, and one is having surgury for cancer on friday the 23rd)
Mar 28, 2010
Would you rather see Twisted Veins in comic or story format?
Dec 4, 2009
Even if you don't have the money, would you buy commisions from me?
Nov 1, 2009
Sep 30, 2009
How many concerts have you been to
Aug 4, 2009
Active watcher? (round two)
Jul 27, 2009
What's your writing process (most often)?
Jul 14, 2009
Jun 23, 2009
What do you think of the Avatar movie so far?
May 28, 2009
What do you want me to work on first this summer?
May 18, 2009
Should I upload my M.A.T.W. character sketchs?
Apr 26, 2009
Apr 17, 2009
Do you know what Day of Silence is and What it's for?
Mar 23, 2009
Do you really think this --> http://katara-alchemist.deviantart.com/art/Keep-out-113795340 looks like a photo?
Mar 13, 2009
what do you think of the 2012 theory?
Mar 9, 2009
Do you use tarot cards?
Feb 21, 2009
Active Watcher?
Feb 13, 2009
Are you entering the DA t-shirt contest?
Feb 9, 2009
Given the chance, would you drop out of school?
Feb 2, 2009
What would you choose?
Feb 2, 2009
what would you choose?
Jan 28, 2009
What would you do if a close friend was getting abused?
Jan 22, 2009
Is it worth it to go to school?
Jan 19, 2009
if someone uses stock without following the stock rules, is that art theft?
Jan 16, 2009
Are humans causing Global Warming?
Dec 31, 2008
Was 2008 a good year for you?
Dec 27, 2008
is everything on Earth organic (naturaly ocuring)?
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Are humans the dominate species?
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15 Pretty Pedestals For Wedding Confections
15 Pretty Pedestals For Wedding Confections
Whether your wedding dessert of choice is a three-tiered wedding cake, homemade pies, cupcakes, or macarons, you need a picture-perfect way to display your big day's saccharine delights. And when it comes to cake pedestals, I'm seeing everything from vintage to modern and rustic to girlie designs. Don't be afraid to use mismatched styles and colors on a dessert table, or try grouping a variety of pedestals in a monochromatic palette. Here are 15 of my favorites, dig in!
Start sharing your big day with our community. Just head to the Wedding Talk group, click "new post," and check the wedding content box.
Photo by Jill Thomas via Source


text:
Sinamar Extract
General discussion on BeerTools Pro Software.
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Sinamar Extract
Does anyone know what the numbers are to enter Sinamar extract into Beer Tools Pro as an ingredient? I am having trouble finding that info other than 4 oz. will raise color 16 srm in 5 gallons. But I would like to input it.
Macbook, Intel 2.2Ghz dual core, 4GB RAM. 13" display 1280 x 800, 320GB Sata Drive.
- bruerik
- Light Lager
- Posts: 32
- Joined: Wed Nov 08, 2006 10:12 pm
- Location: Sauk Rapids, MN
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I'm seeking a function which is Hölder continuous but does not belong to any Sobolev space.
Question: More precisely, I'm searching for a function $u$ which is in $C^{0,\gamma}(\Omega)$ for $\gamma \in (0,1)$ and $\Omega$ a bounded set such that $u \notin W_{loc}^{1,p}(\Omega)$ for any $1 \leq p \leq \infty$. Take $\Omega$ to be bounded, open.
My first guess is to do a construction with a Weierstrass function. I know this is differentiable 'nowhere' but that doesn't convince me it isn't weakly differentiable in some bizarre way. Hopefully someone knows of an explicit example.