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Sauropodomorph dinosaurs originated in the Southern Hemisphere in the Middle or Late Triassic and are commonly portrayed as spreading rapidly to all corners of Pangaea as part of a uniform Late Triassic to Early Jurassic cosmopolitan dinosaur fauna. Under this model, dispersal allegedly inhibited dinosaurian diversification, while vicariance and local extinction enhanced it. However, apomorphy-based analyses of the known fossil record indicate that sauropodomorphs were absent in North America until the Early Jurassic, reframing the temporal context of their arrival. We describe a new taxon from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona that comprises the third diagnosable sauropodomorph from the Early Jurassic of North America. We analysed its relationships to test whether sauropodomorphs reached North America in a single sweepstakes event or in separate dispersals. Our finding of separate arrivals by all three taxa suggests dispersal as a chief factor in dinosaurian diversification during at least the early Mesozoic. It questions whether a 'cosmopolitan' dinosaur fauna ever existed, and corroborates that vicariance, extinction and dispersal did not operate uniformly in time or under uniform conditions during the Mesozoic. Their relative importance is best measured in narrow time slices and circumscribed geographical regions.
1. Introduction
Dinosauria originated in the Southern Hemisphere in the Middle or early Late Triassic, where it quickly diversified into its three major constituent clades, Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda [1–3]. Matters of long-standing interest and current debate involve the phylogenetic relationships within these clades, and the timing and driving causes behind their distribution and diversity. Contemporary models often portray two broad episodes in Mesozoic dinosaur evolution [4–7]. The first played out in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, when the three major clades rapidly spread across Pangaea to establish a cosmopolitan community of uniform, low diversity. Ease of terrestrial dispersal across Pangaea is believed to have limited faunal differentiation that might otherwise have arisen in response to geographical isolation, explaining the range and apparent uniformity of this community. The second episode ensued as Pangaea fragmented and drifted apart during the Middle to Late Jurassic and the Cretaceous. Vicariance accelerated diversification through increased faunal isolation and provincialism, by regional extinction, and with episodic intercontinental 'sweepstakes' arrivals. In sum, three processes allegedly governed the pattern of dinosaur diversification. Vicariance and regional extinction generally enhanced diversity, while dispersal reduced it [4].
Considerable effort has been devoted to rigorous testing of these generalizations. Cladistic biogeographic methods testing congruence of clade splitting events with vicariant events provided a first approximation of the large-scale relationship of Pangaean fragmentation with dinosaurian diversification [4,5]. Successively refined phylogenetic analyses provided constraints on scenario-building as well as sources of hypotheses amenable to further testing [1–3]. Tree reconciliation analyses added statistical precision to measuring congruence of phylogenetic splitting events with continental fragmentation [8,9]. These studies found that vicariance is detectable statistically in Late Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaur cladogenesis [9], in Cretaceous crocodyliforms, and in other late Mesozoic clades [10].
Unfortunately, the studies also showed that extinction and most forms of dispersal are resistant to statistical tests, and that phylogenetic analysis remains the best tool to assess their relative impact on dinosaur diversification prior to and in the earliest stages of Pangaean fragmentation. An important advance was the realization that scales of temporal and geographical range are critical in framing such analyses [8,11]. Because diversity and distribution patterns change in potentially independent modes, pattern comparison may be increasingly error-prone across broader temporal and geographical ranges. In other words, the veracity of broad global generalizations may be tested by measuring them in narrow time slices and restricted areas.
We explore these general questions of diversification using a 'reductionist' approach to the problem. We describe a new taxon from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona that is among the oldest North American sauropodomorphs, and analyse its relationships in a restricted basal segment of the sauropodomorph clade, over a limited 'slice' of geological time and in a bounded geographical region. This approach affords a nuanced view of early sauropodomorph evolution in North America, and a refined perspective on the relative importance of dispersal, extinction and vicariance on dinosaurian evolution throughout the Mesozoic.
2. Material and methods
Early dinosaurs are the subject of intense scrutiny by researchers applying phylogenetic analysis to individual specimens, in an attempt at rigorous enforcement of apomorphy-based taxonomic allocation of each catalogued specimen, to examine 'microscopically' each entry on the local faunal lists upon which more sweeping global statements stand [12–15]. The results produce opposing revisions to older measures of faunal composition, each with important corollaries.
Diversity in any given faunal assemblage is reduced when older identifications based on fragmentary specimens lacking diagnostic apomorphies are invalidated. For example, all three major dinosaurian clades are reported in Late Triassic North American tetrapod assemblages, but when the evidentiary standard of apomorphy is scrupulously enforced, theropods are the only dinosaurs verifiably recorded in North America at that time [12–15]. This begs the question of 'primitive absence' versus 'pseudoabsence' (i.e. present but undiscovered [9]). Nonetheless, these Triassic deposits are broadly exposed and have been intensely sampled by more than a century of fieldwork. Triassic sauropodomorphs verifiably occur in South America, Africa, Europe and East Greenland [16]. But at present, there is not a single known specimen preserving an apomorphy to refute the statement that ornithischians and sauropodomorphs were primitively absent in North America in the Triassic.
The opposite effect increases taxonomic resolution and diversity, where a taxon once believed wide-spread is shown to comprise separate diagnosable individuals. The Kayenta sauropodomorph was first referred to as 'Massospondylus sp.' in accord with the view that Massospondylus was part of a cosmopolitan Early Jurassic continental fauna [17–19]. However, thanks in part to new complete specimens, its distinctness is now evident. This increased resolution raises measures of sauropodomorph diversity in the Early Jurassic, while also decreasing the geographical ranges of individual taxa and confining Massospondylus to southern Africa. Both classes of revision cast new light on the biogeography and diversification of early dinosaurs.
Accepting the primitive absence of North American sauropodomorphs in the Triassic places their arrival on the continent in an entirely new temporal context of the Early Jurassic. In total, North American Early Jurassic sauropodomorphs are known from approximately 20 individual specimens that support the diagnosis of three nominal taxa. These are Anchisaurus polyzelus from the Portland Formation in the Hartford Basin [20,21], Seitaad ruessi from the Navajo Sandstone of Utah [22] and the Kayenta taxon named below. Additional material from the McCoy Brook Formation of Nova Scotia (Canada) probably represents a fourth taxon, but it remains undiagnosed [23]. The McCoy Brook specimens represent the oldest known record (Hettangian) of sauropodomorphs in North America. Anchisaurus and the Kayenta taxon are younger (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian), and Seitaad is the youngest (Toarcian).
Did North American sauropodomorphs arrive in a single sweepstakes event to undergo a local adaptive radiation, or did they arrive in multiple dispersal events? To answer this question, we added the Kayenta taxon to two different published taxon/character matrices focused on basal sauropodomorph relationships [24,25]. The augmented 'Yates matrix' [24] consists of 51 taxa and 361 characters, and includes the more recently named Early Jurassic taxa Glacialisaurus (Antarctica; [26]), Adeopapposaurus (Argentina; [27]) and Seitaad [22], plus several new characters. The augmented 'Upchurch et al. matrix' [25] consists of 38 taxa, including Adeopapposaurus and Seitaad, and 292 characters. We analysed both matrices using PAUP* 4.0a11 Beta [28] and evaluated character distributions with MacClade [29]. Analyses were run using a heuristic search with maxtree set at 10 000, TBR branch swapping and DELTRAN optimization settings. Multi-state characters were unordered and polymorphism treated as uncertainty (figure 1).
Our analysis had two primary goals. The first was to verify that the Kayenta taxon is diagnosable, and the second was to examine narrowly its relatedness to other North American Early Jurassic sauropodomorphs. A sweepstakes arrival into North America would link them in a clade as closest relatives, whereas separation on the tree would indicate multiple dispersals.
We ran three sets of analyses with each matrix. The first two were 'total evidence' parsimony analyses for all taxa and characters. The first was unrooted and the second was rooted using outgroups specified by Yates [24] and Upchurch et al. [25]. The Yates matrix was insensitive to rooting, and both analyses yielded 130 equally parsimonious trees of 1234 steps. The Upchurch et al. matrix was sensitive to rooting, and both analyses yielded 3585 trees of 820 steps. With PAUP, we generated strict, 50 per cent majority, and Adams consensus trees (electronic supplementary material, figures S1–S6). Using REDCON 3.0 [30], we generated reduced cladistic consensus trees (electronic supplementary material, tables S1 and S2).
Owing to discordant tree topologies between the two matrices, we conducted a third set of analyses that involved taxon pruning, to test whether taxon sampling and missing data affected our results. We first tested 'safe taxonomic reduction' [31] using TAXEQ3 [32], which indicated that no 'equivalent taxa' susceptible to 'safe' (a priori) removal were present in either matrix. We then ran a series of a posteriori pruning experiments based on percentages of missing data [33,34]. The taxa ranged from 99 to only 4 per cent complete (electronic supplementary material, tables S3 and S4). Starting with each 'total matrix', we sequentially eliminated incomplete taxa in both the ingroup and outgroup, until all taxa less than 50 per cent (an arbitrary limit) were excluded. The only exception was Seitaad, which fell below this threshold. As a North American taxon it was retained in all analyses (figure 1).
(a) CT imaging
To augment conventional preparation, we scanned the holotype braincase at The University of Texas High Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography Facility (http://www.digimorph.org/specimens/Sarahsaurus_aurifontanalis/).
3. Systematic palaeontology
Dinosauria Owen 1842
Saurischia Seeley 1887
Sauropodomorpha Huene 1932
Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis taxon nov.
(a) Etymology
Named in honour of Sarah (Mrs Ernest) Butler, whose broad interests in the arts, the sciences and medicine have enriched Texas in so many marvellous ways, and sauros (Gr., lizard); second part of binomen from aurum (L., gold) and fontanalis (L., of the spring), in reference to Gold Spring, Arizona, where the holotype was discovered.
(b) Holotype
TMM 43646-2, a partial skull (premaxilla, frontal, quadrate and braincase) and a nearly complete, largely articulated postcranial skeleton (figures 2 and 3). The holotype is ontogenetically mature based on fusion of the opisthotic-exoccipitals to the basioccipital, fusion of the neural arches to their centra along the entire vertebral column, and fusion of the sacral and caudal ribs to their respective vertebrae.
(c) Locality and horizon
Northern edge of Gold Spring Wash drainage basin, in northeastern Arizona, USA; middle third of the 'Silty Facies' of the Kayenta Formation (Glen Canyon Group); Early Jurassic (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian).
(d) Referred specimens
TMM 43646-3, a partial postcranial skeleton from the holotype quarry; and Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, MCZ 8893 (figure 4), a crushed but nearly complete skull and mandible, with cervical and caudal vertebral fragments, the distal end of a humerus and a femoral shaft. Referral of the MCZ specimen is based on skeletal elements shared with the holotype, including the braincase, quadrate, frontal, premaxilla, cervical vertebrae and humerus, in which the two specimens are identical in all character scores and in all other respects. The only notable difference is that MCZ 8893 represents a less mature individual, with open sutures between the exoccipital-opisthotics and basioccipital, whereas the holotype was fully mature and has closure of these sutures.
(e) Diagnosis
Among sauropodomorphs, Sarahsaurus is unique in the configuration of a low wall between the basicranial tubera with a central anterior fossa; presence of spine tables on its dorsal vertebrae; a manual phalangeal formula of 2-3-4-2-2; and presence of a pubic foramen. Sarahsaurus is also diagnosed by the largest unique suite of character states of any taxon analysed in either matrix. Our diagnoses are based on the pruned analysis, because unequivocal local apomorphic states cannot be taken from consensus trees [31]. In the pruned Yates matrix, Sarahsaurus had a branch length (BL) of 61 steps (electronic supplementary material, table S5) and in the Upchurch et al. matrix 35 steps (electronic supplementary material, table S6). Most characters are homoplastic with taxa elsewhere on the tree, but the combinations were unique in all tests.
(f) Description
Here, we enumerate derived character states that bear on the Placement of Sarahsaurus among sauropodomorphs. The external narial margin is formed by the premaxilla and nasal, with a small contribution from the maxilla. Behind the premaxillary teeth, a posterolateral process overlaps the maxilla along the posteroventral corner of the naris. The palatal shelves of the premaxillae are narrow and enclose an incisive foramen between them. A large subnarial foramen penetrates the descending segment of the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla above the tooth row, and a small neurovascular foramen is situated above the alveolar margin behind the first tooth on the right premaxilla.
The maxilla has a subnarial ramus that is longer than deep. A shelf-like area lateral to the external naris extends onto the anterior end of the maxilla. There are at least seven distinct neurovascular foramina on the lateral surface of the maxilla, the last of which opens posteriorly. The medial shelves of the maxillae were probably in contact anteriorly.
The nasal has a posterior process extending between the frontal and prefrontal. The nasal contributes to the lateral edge of the antorbital fossa dorsally but does not form a deep recess over the dorsal apex of the fossa. The length of the antorbital fenestra is less than that of the orbit. The jugal makes a small contribution to the border of the antorbital fenestra. The length of the dorsal process of the lacrimal is less than half the height of its ventral process. The antorbital fossa extends onto the ventral end of the lacrimal. The prefrontal has a long ventral process that extends medial to the posterior foramen for the canal for the nasolacrimal duct, and it medially overlaps the ventral ramus of the lacrimal. The prefrontal is more extensively exposed on the skull roof than the lacrimal. There is no ridge on the dorsolateral surface of the lacrimal and no associated knob on the lateral aspect of the prefrontal.
The frontal is longer than wide and broadly contributes to the orbital rim. It is gently concave in the interorbital region, which is constricted at mid-length. The frontal does not enter into the anterior margin of the supratemporal fenestra, but the supratemporal fossa extends for a short distance onto its posterodorsal portion. The anterior margin of the infratemporal fenestra continues below the orbit. The anterior process of the postorbital is forked at its medial contact with the frontal, and the supratemporal fossa extends onto its posterodorsal surface. The ventral process of the postorbital overlaps the dorsal process of the jugal, whereas its posterior process overlaps the anterior process of the squamosal.
The posterolateral process of the parietal is deflected ventrolaterally and contacts the medial process of the squamosal slightly below the top of the skull roof. The ventral process of the squamosal is strap-like and four times as long as its basal width. The quadrate foramen penetrates the suture between the quadrate and the quadratojugal. The angle between the anterior and the dorsal rami of the quadratojugal is acute (approx. 60°).
The braincases of the holotype and the referred skull correspond in detail and share the unique configuration of a shallow transverse wall between the basipterygoid processes. There is a large postparietal fenestra between the parietal and the supraoccipital. The supraoccipital is diamond-shaped and inclined at 45° so that its anterior tip lies above the basipterygoid process. The distinct basipterygoid processes are connected only by a narrow transverse ridge. The floor of the braincase is relatively straight with the basal tubera, basipterygoid processes and parabasisphenoid rostrum all more or less aligned. A ridge forms along the junction of the parabasisphenoid and the basioccipital, between the basal tubera, and has a smooth anterior face. Co-ossification at the extremities of the basal tubera is complete in the holotype, so that the basioccipital and the parabasisphenoid form a single rugose tuber on either side. The basal tubera are knob-like, with the basisphenoid component protruding rostral to the lateral basioccipital components.
The jugal process of the ectopterygoid is strongly recurved and hook-like. The medial process of the pterygoid is flat and blunt. The dentary curves ventrally towards its anterior tip, and there is no evidence of a rhamphotheca. The jaw articulation lies at a level below the dorsal margin of the dentary. The referred skull was broken across the palate and few other details are visible.
The dentition is moderately heterodont. The maxillary tooth row extends posteriorly beyond the posterior end of the dentary tooth row. There are four premaxillary teeth, 16 maxillary teeth and 20 dentary teeth. The first dentary tooth is inset a short distance from the anterior tip of the dentary and is slightly procumbent. Individual tooth crowns are labiolingually compressed, taller apicobasally than wide and convex to varying degrees mesiodistally, straight rather than recurved and more or less symmetrical in labial view. The tooth crown and root are separated by a slight constriction. The mesial and the distal carinae are coarsely serrated with denticles that project apically at an angle of about 45° relative to the carina, as in other basal sauropodomorphs. There are up to 20 denticles per tooth crown. The crowns are angled relative to the long axis of the jaw and imbricate slightly, such that each tooth has its mesial margin lying lingual to the distal margin of the crown immediately in front.
Sarahsaurus has 10 cervical vertebrae, 14 dorsals, three sacrals and approximately 50 caudals. The cervical postzygapophyses are flush with the ends of their centra, while the prezygapophyses extend forward over the preceding centra to reach their articulations. The cervical vertebrae are laterally compressed. On all presacral vertebrae, there is a centrodiapophyseal lamina. The epipophyses do not overhang the posterior margin of the postzygapophyses.
The lateral surfaces of the dorsal centra are not deeply excavated for presumed air sacs. Laterally expanded tables are present at mid-length on the distal apices of the cervical and the anterior dorsal neural spines. The posteriormost presacral rib is fused to its vertebra. In the sacrum, it is unclear whether the third sacral vertebra represents a dorsosacral or a caudosacral. The distal ends of the sacral ribs are fused into a sacricostal yoke that attaches to the ilium. A longitudinal sulcus is present on the ventral surfaces of the caudal centra.
The scapular blade is hourglass-shaped, with narrow, curved margins in its mid-section. The coracoid has a flat surface between the glenoid and the coracoid tubercle on its posteroventral edge. The scapula and coracoid are separated (figure 3h), and the edges along which they abut one another are slightly incised, suggesting the persistence of cartilage in this zone. The more basal sauropodomorph Saturnalia preserves the ancestral condition for Saurischia in that the scapula and coracoid are fused in mature individuals. In the holotype of S. aurifontanalis, the lack of suturing between the scapula and the coracoid may indicate that skeletal maturation, though largely finished, was not complete at the time of death.
One of the paired sternal plates was recovered, and it bears a longitudinal ridge with an ovoid articular surface for the clavicle (figure 3e). The clavicle is a long, straight bone with a broad articular facet for the sternal plate, in what was evidently a synovial joint (figure 3d). An elongate process extends from this articulation towards the midline, where it met its counterpart. The right and left clavicles did not fuse, but were apparently held in close proximity by a median ligament.
The humerus (figure 3f) is more than half as long as the femur. The deltopectoral crest is long, extending half the length of the humerus, and its leading edge is sigmoidal. The proximal end of the ulna is triradiate and incised by a notch for reception of the head of the radius (figure 3g). In the wrist, the maximum linear dimensions of the ulnare and radiale are less than those of any of the distal carpals. The first distal carpal is wider than the transverse width of metacarpal I. The lateral end of the first distal carpal overlaps the second distal carpal. The second distal carpal does not completely cover the proximal end of the second metacarpal. In the manus, there is strong asymmetry in the lateral and medial condyles of the first metacarpal. The ungual phalanx on digit I is the largest in the hand. Metacarpal V has a broad proximal end that is nearly as wide as long with a strongly convex proximal surface.
The iliac portion of the acetabulum is completely open (figure 3k). The ischial peduncle of the ilium is reduced and about half the length of the pubic peduncle, and has a posteriorly projecting heel at its distal end. The pubic shaft supports a broad, thin apron of bone that has a concave profile. The pubis (figure 3l) is unique among sauropodomorphs in the presence of both an obturator foramen and a pubic foramen, whereas in most archosaurs only the obturator foramen is present. The pubis makes more than twice the contribution to the acetabulum than the ischium. At its distal end, the ischium expands dorsoventrally to nearly twice the thickness of the shaft at its isthmus (figure 3m).
The femoral shaft (figure 3i) is straight and has an elliptical transverse section. The long axis of the femoral head and the transverse axis of the distal end are roughly parallel. Both the fourth trochanter and the anterior trochanter are low ridges. On the distal end of the femur is a depression for the leg extensor musculature. The fibula has expanded proximal and distal ends, and bears a bulbous muscle scar on its lateral surface. The length of the tibia is about 84 per cent the length of the femur. The transverse width of the distal end of the tibia is subequal to its anteroposterior width. Its medial malleolus is reduced, exposing the posterior fossa of the astragalus in posterior view. The ascending process of the astragalus (figure 3j) keys into the distal end of the tibia.
In the pes, both the medial and lateral margins of the proximal end of metatarsal II are concave. Metatarsal V has a transversely broad proximal end and narrow distal end so that the metatarsal is funnel- or paddle-shaped.
4. Discussion
(a) Phylogenetic results
The two matrices produced different trees under total evidence analyses. The Yates matrix yielded consistent relationships among the North American taxa under all conditions (electronic supplementary material, figures S1–S3). Anchisaurus was positioned closest to Sauropoda, whereas Seitaad clustered with Adeopapposaurus and Massospondylus in a more basal clade. Sarahsaurus was the most basal of the three, lying on its own branch in the Adams consensus tree, or clustered with Glacialisaurus, Lufengosaurus and Coloradisaurus in the 50 per cent majority consensus tree.
The Upchurch et al. matrix also produced consistent relationships among the North American taxa in the total evidence analyses (electronic supplementary material, figures S4–S6). Anchisaurus/Ammosaurus (coded separately) formed a clade positioned closest to Sauropoda, whereas Sarahsaurus and Seitaad were successively more basal. Both the Adams and 50 per cent majority consensus trees clustered Sarahsaurus in an unresolved clade with Adeopapposauru, Massospondylus, Lufengosaurus, Coloradisaurus, Mussaurus and Plateosaurus. Seitaad was linked with Jingshanosaurus in a more basal clade in the 50 per cent majority consensus tree.
Both matrices were sensitive to taxon pruning. The Yates matrix was the most robust, and removing all taxa less than 50 per cent complete slightly altered relationships among Sauropoda without changing the relative positions of the North American taxa (figure 1a). In the pruned Upchurch et al. matrix, Sarahsaurus moved to a basal position within Sauropoda, whereas Anchisaurus and Seitaad remained outside and were successively more basal (figure 1b).
Which of these results should we accept? In response to our first question, all tests confirm Sarahsaurus as diagnosable based on autapomorphies plus a unique suite of character-states. The exact combination of states varied between trees. Because unambiguous apomorphy lists cannot be generated from consensus trees, we used results of the pruned analysis as the basis for separate 'Yates' and 'Upchurch et al.' diagnoses (electronic supplementary material, tables S5 and S6).
In response to the second question, all tests rejected the hypothesis of a local adaptive radiation and were consistent with the interpretation that sauropodomorphs populated North America in at least three independent dispersal events during the Early Jurassic. Thus, all results provide decisive answers to our first two questions.
The results were less satisfying in resolving the important (if, in this context, peripheral) problem of basal sauropodomorph relationships generally. The Yates matrix produced a highly resolved, relatively stable tree in all three analyses. However, it presents one potentially impeachable result in placing Sarahsaurus as the most basal North American sauropodomorph. There, Sarahsaurus sits isolated on a branch 61 steps in length, with 44 character states in the vertebral column, girdles and limbs shared homoplastically with Sauropoda, plus 14 reversals from derived (1 or 2) to ancestral (0) states (electronic supplementary material, table S5). Taxon-pruning experiments have shown a long BL comprised mostly of homoplasies and reversals to be symptomatic of topological error [33,34]. This, together with its distribution in time (approx. 40 Myr younger than the oldest known sauropodomorph) and in space (remotely situated in the Western Interior), suggests that the basal placement of Sarahsaurus is probably incorrect.
In the pruned Upchurch et al. matrix, placement of Sarahsaurus within Sauropoda cut its BL almost in half, and the reversals and homoplasies are distributed more widely across the tree. It may be prejudicial that this unique result obtained by pruning taxa, because even incomplete taxa can provide phylogenetic signal [31,33,34], and five of our six analyses reached different conclusions. Nevertheless, the many striking resemblances that Sarahsaurus shares with giant sauropods lend a measure of credibility to this result. It is also consistent with recent studies suggesting that skeletal features once believed tied to gigantism, such as columnar hindlimbs, instead originated in smaller animals for other functions and only later facilitated the evolution of gigantic size [20,35]. A robust solution to basal sauropodomorph phylogeny awaits the recovery of more complete fossils.
(b) Vicariance, extinction and dispersal
Vicariance predicts patterns of 'foreign relationships' resembling that of the Early Jurassic North American sauropodomorphs, but Pangaean fragmentation was only incipient at this time and could not have produced this pattern [36]. However, the multiple independent arrivals of sauropodomorphs in North America are consistent with an 'area coalescence' model in which taxa from separate geographical areas come together by dispersing into a newly accessible region [8–10]. Like vicariance, this allows taxonomically diverse groups to effect similar changes in range. The coalescence event in this case was not a colliding tectonic plate or the elimination of an oceanic barrier, but more probably involved easement of physical barriers to dispersal from the adjoining lands of present-day South America, Europe and Africa, where the phylogenetic affinities of the North American sauropodomorphs probably lie. Also implicated by some, but not all, of the phylogenetic results is the establishment of a land connection to eastern Asia.
Corroborating the area coalescence model is repetition of the pattern of foreign relationships by ornithischian dinosaurs. Also apparently absent in the North American Triassic [12–14], their oldest representatives appear simultaneously with Sarahsaurus in the Kayenta fauna and include the thyreophorans Scutellosaurus lawleri [37] and 'Scelidosaurus sp.' [38] and an undescribed heterodontosaurid [39]. A recent phylogenetic hypothesis of ornithischian interrelationships [40] would suggest that all three Kayenta taxa are related more closely to foreign ornithischians than to each other. Kayenta tritylodontid cynodonts [41] and a goniopholidid crocodyliform [42] also repeat this pattern of apparent immigration.
The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) is implicated in shaping these events, based on its timing and geographical position. This large igneous province is represented by tholeiitic lava flows, dikes and sills in eastern North America, northern South America, northwestern Africa and western Europe, in a broad band separating the North American interior from most of the rest of Pangaea [43]. High-precision geochronology indicates that CAMP activity occurred in a brief magmatic episode all along the pre-Atlantic rift zone approximately 201.5 Ma, and appears to be temporally coincident with end-Triassic extinctions in marine faunas [44,45]. CAMP volcanism may have surpassed even the end-Permian Siberian flood basalts in volume and area, profoundly altering climate, and disrupting Pangaea by opening the proto-Atlantic Ocean [43–46].
The timing of events suggests that in North America, at least, the end-Triassic extinctions were not driven by competitive invasion of foreign taxa, nor is there faunal evidence of such an invasion. Theropods were present during most or all of the Late Triassic and survived the extinction [15]. But it may not have been until after the end-Triassic extinctions, cessation of CAMP volcanism and following an early Hettangian 'recovery period' of up to 2 Ma [44], that sauropodomorphs and other members of its Early Jurassic fauna independently dispersed into North America. Current reconstructions of Early Jurassic Pangaea [47] suggest the possibility of terrestrial dispersal from South America, Africa, Europe and possibly Asia into North America. This 'local snapshot' is consistent with a broader picture of dinosaurs as opportunistic occupants of niches vacated by prior extinctions [3,5,14,15,48,49].
However, our snapshot contradicts the assertion that dispersal reduced diversity [3], or was less influential than vicariance in shaping dinosaurian diversity. All three early dinosaurian clades reflect high degrees of endemism [12–15] that contest the notion of a uniform cosmopolitan dinosaur community in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, or at any time up to the present day. The 'cosmopolitan dinosaur community' is more probably an artefact of poor taxonomic resolution, and confusing the evolutionary process of divergence with the historical result of accumulated morphological novelty. Late Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaurian faunas are sharply differentiated by the discrete landmasses they occupy, and easily recognizable owing to more than 100 Ma of accumulated novelty and divergence. The Late Triassic and Early Jurassic patterns are more subtle and lack sharp geographical boundaries, but are present nevertheless.
The earliest North American sauropodomorphs support the view that early dinosaurian diversification was driven by dispersal and adaptation over the vast and ecologically heterogeneous environs of Pangaea, and opportunistically amplified by the end-Triassic extinctions. Only later in the Jurassic, as Pangaea disintegrated, was vicariance superimposed as a diversification factor. It remains to be seen whether this new factor or dispersal on continental scales had greater impact at any given time.
The relative importance of competition, vicariance, extinction and dispersal often is framed as an essentialist debate promoting a single dominant cause throughout dinosaurian history. It seems more likely that these factors did not operate uniformly over time or under uniform conditions, and only in narrow time slices and bounded regions can their roles be assessed.
This research was funded by the Jackson School of Geosciences and NSF AToL 0531767. Nicola Wong Ken and Ken Dupuis prepared the specimen drawings in figures 3 and 4, respectively. We thank Paul Barrett, Sterling Nesbitt and several anonymous reviewers for improving the manuscript. We thank the Navajo Nation Minerals Division for granting collecting permits. Above all, we thank Elizabeth Gordon, who found the site, and the dozens of members of the vertebrate palaeontology communities at the University of Texas and at Harvard who helped in the arduous fieldwork, preparation and curation of this material.
- Received August 31, 2010.
- Accepted September 13, 2010.
- © 2010 The Royal Society
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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D-Blog Day 2010
Today is the sixth annual D-Blog Day (thank you, Gina Capone!) -- and though I've spent little time on the blog over the past year, there's no way I could let the day go by without posting.
In keeping with this year's theme, here are six things I want everyone to know about diabetes (along with a boatload of links to illustrate them):
1. Diabetes is a thief.
It steals time.
The time it takes to count carbs, prick fingers, test blood sugars -- and to THINK about what all those bloody numbers mean; the time needed to treat the inevitable high and low blood sugars.
It also steals experiences -- because it cannot be ignored.
And even with the best of care, it steals lives.
2. Managing diabetes forces children to grow up too fast; the risk of complications forces children to grow up too fast.
3. An insulin pump and infusion set does not equal a working pancreas.
Pumps malfunction; cannulas bend -- sometimes with frightening consequences.
And even when fully operational, these tools are only as good as the humans operating them (see #5).
4. Parenting a child is hard; parenting a child with type 1 diabetes is heartbreaking.
5. Just because we're not perfect, doesn't mean we're not trying.
So much about managing diabetes truly is a shot in the dark. You can test and log your blood sugars, watch what you eat, exercise, treat highs and lows as they happen -- use the best technology available to you...
But still.
You will never have perfect (or even near perfect) control all of the time.
Because as much as any of us try to "think like a pancreas," we will never be a pancreas.
6. Community makes a difference.
The Diabetes Online Community saved me that first year after Joseph's diagnosis. Just knowing we were not alone gave (and continues to give) all of us strength.
(Thank you, DOC!)
And here is my bonus 7th thing...
7. You can help someone who needs insulin, but can't afford it just by watching a video. Really.
For every view of the video below, a donation will be made by Roche Diabetes Care -- up to $75,000 -- to the Diabetes Hands Foundation. This money will be used to help provide insulin to children in the world's poorest countries.
Again, all you have to do is watch.
We have to get to 100,000 views by Sunday to get the maximum donation, so again -- please watch!

subset: commoncrawl


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Diagnosis and treatment of uveitis is important for a number of reasons. Uveitis can cause permanent damage to the eyes and vision loss that cannot be reversed. Also, uveitis may be caused by another disease or condition that, if left untreated, can lead to serious illness. For some people, a diagnosis of uveitis is a first step in diagnosing and treating a life-threatening problem.
Anyone who notices signs of eye problems should visit an eye doctor for a complete eye exam. At a complete eye exam, the eye doctor will do a thorough examination of the eyes, using some of the following tests:
Medical History
Because uveitis is often caused by other diseases and conditions, it is very important for the eye doctor to get a thorough picture of your medical history. This may start with a questionnaire that you fill out in the doctor's waiting room. It is important to be as careful and accurate as possible in filling out this questionnaire. This questionnaire may include questions about your family, your personal medical history, your work, etc. Your eye doctor will go over your history with you during the exam. And will also examine you for signs of diseases outside the eye that could cause uveitis.
The eye doctor will put drops in your eyes (which may burn a little) to make the pupils bigger (dilate). This helps the eye doctor look inside the eyes and check the optic nerve at the back of the eye.
Visual Acuity
Your eye doctor will test your visual acuity (the sharpness of your vision). The Snellen eye chart is the most common way that eye doctors test visual acuity. Eye doctors may also use an "HOTV" chart or "rolling E" chart.
Visual Field
Damage to the optic nerve may cause a loss of side vision (peripheral vision). A visual field test can check your peripheral vision for any changes.
Pupils and Eye Movements
The eye doctor will look at your pupils to check for signs of eye problems and check the movement of the eyes.
After numbing the eye, the doctor gently places a special lens on the surface to examine the area in the front of the eye that drains fluid.
Tonometry measures pressure in the eye. Medicine drops are used to numb the eye. An instrument gently presses on the outside of your eye. Pressure is shown as a number followed by the abbreviation "mm Hg." This stands for "millimeters of mercury," a standard measure for pressure. An average pressure is about 16 mm Hg.
Slit Lamp Microscope
To find signs of eye inflammation, the eye doctor uses a special microscope called a slit lamp. The machine shines a light into one eye at a time so the doctor can look closely at the inside of the eye. The eye doctor will also be able to look for different kinds of inflammation to help in discovering the cause of the uveitis.
Fluorescein Angiography
Doctors can find potential damage caused by some kinds of uveitis by injecting a substance that "lights up" the veins. This simple procedure provides a clear picture of the blood vessels in the retina at the back of the eye.
Other Procedures
To look for underlying causes of uveitis, your eye doctor may also order lab tests. You will have blood drawn for these tests.
Be sure to tell the eye doctor about all the medicines your child is taking.
If your child has diabetes or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), he or she may need to see an eye doctor several times a year. Please follow the recommendations of your child's doctors in scheduling eye exams.


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We offer what you need to achieve success. Come explore and find out why so many students have decided to call one of the colleges in the Alamo Colleges District the pathway to their future.
Not sure where to start? Our Career Assessment Tool can help.
Alamo Colleges Education Services is a secure portal connecting Faculty, Staff & Students to Academic Resources, Email, and other Online Resources.
Support Contacts Helpdesk (210) 485-0555 Weather Line (210) 485-0189
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Dr. Federico ZaragozaVice Chancellor of Economic & Workforce Development
Dr. Federico Zaragoza has been the Vice Chancellor of Economic and
Workforce Development at the Alamo Community College District (ACCD) since
2004. Under his leadership, ACCD
received the prestigious American Association of Community College Trustees'
2005 National Workforce Excellence Award for ACCD's role in developing
exemplary job training programs for Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Boeing, and
Lockheed Martin. Dr. Zaragoza serves on
several local, state, and national boards and committees. These include the National Council on
Workforce Education (NCWE), the National Automotive Manufacturing Training and
Education Consortium (AMTEC), National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) –
Education Committee, the Workforce Solutions Alamo (WSA), Future of the Region,
Inc. (FORI), San Antonio Manufacturers Association, San Antonio Empowerment
Zone Governance Board, and Tomorrow's Future Workforce National Committee. He
was originally appointed in 2010 and reappointed in 2013 by US Secretary of
Education, Arne Duncan to serve on the National
Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity (NACIQUI) established
to enforce national education standards for accrediting agencies or
associations. In 2013, he was also appointed to the American Association of
Community Colleges – 21st Century Workforce Education Implementation
He was instrumental in establishing the Alamo University Center
– a Multi-Institutional Teaching Center
that allows Alamo Colleges graduates to earn Bachelors and Master Degrees from
five partnering universities in the region (Texas State University, Texas
A&M San Antonio, Wayland Baptist, St. Mary's University, and Incarnate Word
University. He has also worked with area
businesses, independent school districts and community stakeholders to
implement innovative articulated school and career partnership programs, such
as the Alamo Area Aerospace Academy, Advanced Manufacturing, Health
Professions, and Information Technology Security Academies. Dr. Zaragoza is
also credited for implementing the award winning ACCD Workforce Specialty
Centers serving three rural communities and San Antonio's west side inner city
neighborhoods. In 2013, LERN awarded the "National Instructional Innovation Award
to the Alamo Colleges for the "Just in Time" Training programs developed by Dr.
Dr. Zaragoza is a distinguished lecturer in technical and
industrial education and has lectured throughout the United States and in Germany,
Spain, Brazil, Columbia, Peru, Nicaragua, and Mexico,. He also co-authored the Texas Workforce Commission Limited English Proficiency (LEP) Handbook
for Workforce Professionals. Dr. Zaragoza is a much in demand speaker,
having presented at various national and state conferences and Think Tank forums
such as the NCWE (2005-10); Aspen Institute Sectoral Summit (2008); Columbia
University Forum on Community Colleges (2008), Texas A&M Economic
Development (2006); Texas Workforce Commission State Conference (2005-13); and
UT-Hidalgo Global Conference (2007-08), National Career Pathway Network
Dr. Federico firstname.lastname@example.com 210-485-0015Fax 210-485-0111
Alamo Colleges Economic & Workforce Development Division website
201 W. Sheridan, San Antonio, Texas 78204-1429. 210-485-0000


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Made with creamy satisfying Greek yogurt, TCBY's newest flavor, Wildberry Greek, is a protein-packed brand of frozen yogurt. The refreshing summertime treat is available in all TCBY locations on the first day of summer, June 21.
"Wildberry Greek is loaded with strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries making it a deliciously healthy way to cool down during the hot summer months ahead," says Neal Courtney, interim CEO of TCBY's parent company, Famous Brands International. Wildberry Greek is only 110 calories per four-ounce serving, and provides eight grams of protein and four grams of fiber.
TCBY continues to build on the success of its first-to-market Greek frozen yogurt. Wildberry Greek makes for a perfect meal replacement. One 10-ounce serving of Wildberry Greek has twice the fiber (10 grams), 10 percent more protein (20 grams), 67 percent more calcium, and more than double the daily value of vitamins D and A, and calcium, than a 6-inch sub from a large national sandwich chain.
"Consumers look to Greek yogurt as a satisfying, filling, and healthy option. In fact, Greek yogurt is 76 percent more likely to be eaten as a meal replacement," says Dr. Wayne Geilman, who developed the product for TCBY. "Greek fro-yo moves beyond just a snack or treat, serving up a more robust meal option and including toppings such as fruit, honey, and granola." With over 40 toppings, Wildberry Greek's strawberry, blueberry, and raspberry flavor profile is the perfect frozen yogurt to mix and match any topping combination.
The five times weekly e-newsletter that keeps you up-to-date on the latest industry news and additions to this website.


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20 Oct 2011 09:01:28 AM
Awww Snap: Brandon Vera Calls Thiago Silva a "Juice Monkey" and "A Piece of Sh*t"
(Steve Mazzagatti never could decide when it was the right time to pull the old hat-over-the-eyes prank.)
In an interview Monday during The MMA Hour with Ariel Helwani, recently re-signed UFC light heavyweight Brandon "The Truth" Vera had some less than positive things to say about the last man he faced in the octagon, Thiago Silva.
It has been nearly 10 months since Vera and Silva threw down at UFC 125: Resolution, with Silva coming away the victor by unanimous decision and handing Vera his walking papers. However, when the drug tests came back, it was revealed that Silva had altered the results of his urine in an effort to mask the steroids he had been taking for back pain. Silva was then fined over 33 grand for the incident, and suspended a year. Vera was invited back to the UFC, and is fighting for the first time since the incident against Elliot Marshall at UFC 137, barring any last second injuries.
When asked about the Silva fight, Vera lived up to his nickname, not holding any of his feelings back in regards to Silva.Read More DIGG THIS


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Martin Pakledinaz
Tony-winning costume designer
Tony Award winner Martin Pakledinaz, 58, who was one of Broadway's most sought-after costume designers, died Sunday at his New York City home after a long battle with cancer, said Patrick Herold, his agent.
Pakledinaz, pronounced "pack-leh-DEEN-ehz," received 10 Tony nominations and won for work on two musicals, in 2000 for the revival of "Kiss Me Kate" and in 2002 for "Thoroughly Modern Millie" with Sutton Foster, whom he also dressed for her 2011 Tony-winning turn in "Anything Goes."
"My characters were defined from the fabric, the seams, the details of his work, his eye," Foster said in a statement.
Actors liked being costumed by Pakledinaz because he typically took the designs of a period "one or two additional steps toward the flamboyant, while never crossing the line into cartoonishness," Playbill said in its obituary.
Between 1980 and 2012, Pakledinaz amassed 35 Broadway credits. They included Tony nominations for costumes for "Nice Work if You Can Get It" this season, "Anything Goes," "Lend Me a Tenor," "Blithe Spirit," "Gypsy," "The Pajama Game," "Golden Child" and "The Life."
He worked extensively in regional theater and opera, and had an enduring collaboration with director Peter Sellars creating productions in the U.S. and overseas.
Pakledinaz also designed costumes for the Metropolitan Opera, the Royal Dramatic Theatre of Sweden, the Mark Morris Dance Group and the 2011 film "My Week With Marilyn."
Born in 1953 in Detroit, Pakledinaz was one of eight children. His father was a model maker for an automobile manufacturer, and his mother was a library secretary. Pakledinaz received a bachelor of fine arts degree in 1975 from Wayne State University in Detroit and moved to New York in 1977 after earning a master of fine arts degree from the University of Michigan.
After being nominated for a Tony for "Thoroughly Modern Millie," Pakledinaz said: "Costumes have to tell you in a moment what that person is feeling, what they're going through, what changes are happening."
Marvin Traub
Bloomingdale's chief transformed chain
Marvin Traub, 87, the former chief executive of Bloomingdale's who transformed the department store chain into an international powerhouse, died Wednesday at his home in Manhattan. He had bladder cancer, according to Mortimer Singer, president of Marvin Traub Associates Inc., a consulting firm that Traub started in 1992.
Traub began his career at Bloomingdale's in 1950. Over 41 years, he transformed the company from a staid department store into a prestigious retailer that launched the careers of such iconic designers as Tommy Hilfiger, Ralph Lauren and Donna Karan.
During the 1970s and '80s, Traub also brought show business to retailing, hosting productions and special merchandise assortments that honored various countries including India and China, according to New York-based retail consultant Walter Loeb. Under Traub's stewardship, Bloomingdale's cultivated a loyal following among such celebrities as Jacqueline Kennedy. And in 1976, Traub escorted Queen Elizabeth II through the Midtown store.
Born April 14, 1925, in Manhattan, Traub served in the Army during World War II. He graduated from Harvard College in 1947 and received his master's in business at Harvard in 1949.
He started his retailing career in the Bloomingdale's midtown store's bargain basement, and quickly rose through the ranks. He became executive vice president in charge of merchandising and sales promotions at age 37 in 1962, according to a blog devoted to Traub. By 1969, he was president, and he was named chairman and chief executive in 1978.
Traub retired from Bloomingdale's in 1991 and a year later started his consulting business, which counted such clients as Ralph Lauren, Jones Apparel Group, Saks Fifth Avenue and Al Tayer, a privately held company based in Dubai. Working with Al Tayer, Traub was involved in helping Bloomingdale's open its first store in Dubai in 2009.
Leon Schlumpf
Former president of Switzerland
Leon Schlumpf, 87, a former president of Switzerland who was the father of the country's current head of state, died Saturday in a hospital in Chur, Switzerland. The Swiss government announced his death but did not give a cause.
Born in 1925, Schlumpf served as the country's head of state in 1984 for the traditional one-year term. He was a minister in the federal department of transport, communications and energy from 1980 to 1987.
His daughter, Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, has been a minister of the federal government since 2008 and assumed Switzerland's rotating presidency this year.
Robert Reno, a former longtime Newsday columnist and the brother of former U.S. Atty. Gen. Janet Reno, died Saturday in Miami of complications from Alzheimer's disease. He was 72.
Times staff and wire reports


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HONOLULU (AP) - Dustin Johnson withdrew Friday after nine holes at the Sony Open because of the flu.
Johnson was coming off a four-shot win last week in the Tournament of Champions at Kapalua, which started Monday and raced to a 54-hole finish a day later because of high wind.
He opened with a 70 at Waialae and was 3 over on the front nine - at least four shots away from making the cut - when he informed tournament officials that he was too ill to continue.
Johnson had a chance this week to join Ernie Els as the only players to sweep the two Hawaii tournaments at the start of the year. Els won both in 2003.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Fire Restoration Update
Partners & Vendors
Contractors, Installers, & Suppliers
Energy Centers: Become an Receive hands-on training at one of our state-of-the-art Energy Education Centers.
Energy Efficiency Expert
Your Business is Our Business
From providing classes and workshops to enhancing your services and purchasing your electricity, we are here to be your partner.
Solar Installation
On Location


text:
March 7th, 2012
Junk food ads prevalent in Maine high schools despite ban, study finds
By Jackie Farwell
Bangor Daily News
Maine high schools are plastered with promotions for junk foods despite a state law that prohibits marketing unhealthy snacks and drinks on public school grounds, according to a new study.
Posters and signs for junk foods appeared in 85 percent of 20 Maine high schools examined by the study led by Michele Polacsek, an associate professor of public health at the University of New England. Schools violating the law averaged nearly a dozen of the promotions, with many of the ads springing up far beyond the cafeteria doors, the study found.
We were not surprised to find that most of the states high schools marketed unhealthy foods and drinks where those items are sold and consumed, but we were very surprised to learn that so many schools still promote unhealthy fare in teachers lounges and near athletic areas, including gyms and sports fields, Polacsek said in a press release.
Read more: http://bangordailynews.com/2012/03/07/health/junk-food-ads-prevalent-in-maine-high-schools-despite-ban-study-finds/


text:
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There will be an informational meeting to learn more about
the LADR Program and applications will come out shortly
thereafter. Please check back here very soon for further
information. To find out more about the LADR program, please
visit our website.
Applications will be coming out soon. Please check back
here soon for more information.
Judicial Externship is a 4-credit hour Pass/Low Pass/Fail
program open to students who have completed at least their
first full year of law school and want to do legal research
and writing for a federal appellate, district or magistrate
judge or a designated Illinois appellate or circuit court
Information application packets for the Summer and Fall
Judicial Externships should be available both in the Law
Offices reception area (Room 600), and in the Career Services
Office as of Friday, February 1st. Because the program requires
a grade point cutoff, the distribution of applications are
necessarily delayed until such time as current grades and
ranks are announced.
On Tuesday, February 12th, at noon in Room 170,
Professor Gross will conduct an Informational Meeting on
Summer/Fall 2008 Judicial Externships for all interested
On January 8th, 2008, Professor Richard Kling and his Law
Offices Colleague, Susana Ortiz, saw victory in the case
of their client, Herb Whitlock. Mr. Whitlock, of downstate
Paris, Illinois, was wrongfully incarcerated on murder charges
for over 20 years and thanks to the efforts of Professor
Kling and Ms. Ortiz and teams of Law Offices clinic students
who have been working on the case for the past 7 years,
Mr. Whitlock saw freedom when the State dismissed the charges
against him as a result of a new trial obtained for him
by Kling and Ortiz. In the Appellate Court opinion which
granted Mr. Whitlock a new trial, the Court cited the fact
that favorable evidence was hidden from the defense and
that Mr. Whitlock's trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to investigate key forensic evidence that would have shed
serious doubt on the credibility of the State's witnesses.
After his release, Mr. Whitlock was reunited with his daughter,
Brittany, who was 12 at the time of his original trial and
he met his seven-year old grandson for the first time. Read
the article from the Chicago
On January 7, 2008, Professor Daniel Coyne was admitted
on motion in open court before all nine justices of the
supreme court in a group admission ceremony. The admission
was sponsored by the National Association of Criminal Defense
Lawyers. There were ten admittees from various jurisdictions
across the country. Immediately following the admission,
the death penalty case of Baze v. Rees was argued.
Baze challenges the propriety of the use of lethal
injection to execute condemned inmates.
Do you want to develop your legal skills, get practical
legal experience, see what it is like to work in a corporation,
firm or government agency and -- at the same time -- make
yourself more marketable to prospective employers? If so,
then consider doing a for-credit externship and signing
up for Chicago-Kent's Legal Externship Program (LEP).
LEP is 4 credit hours, non-graded, and open predominantly
to students in their last three semesters of law school.
Externs interested in civil law may select to work in
such diverse legal areas as immigration, tax, commodities,
securities, health care, medical malpractice, or general
corporate law. Externs in criminal law may choose to work
with the State's Attorneys Office, Public Defender's Office,
or the U.S. Attorney's Office. Some externships offer the
opportunity to obtain a 711 license and appear in court.
The information about Summer 2008 Legal Externships and
an accompanying application form will be available in early
Please e-mail Professor Vivien Gross (firstname.lastname@example.com)
to set up an appointment for more information about externships.
For a complete description of all clinical programs, please
visit the Law Offices' Home Page at http://www.kentlaw.edu/academics/clinic.
Main Chicago-Kent event
Academic calendar
CLE calendar
Alumnae/i event calendar
Admissions calendar


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|Barry's final resting place looks out over these beautiful hills.
Yesterday was a tough day in Israel, and specifically heavy for Gush Etzion. There were a number of vehicle accidents that resulted in deaths, three of whom were from our communities; and a friend here in Neve Daniel lost his battle with cancer.
Forty-three is just too young. Especially when there are three little kids left behind with their mother to try to figure out what is going on. There are so many sad ironies here: Barry seemed to have won his battle, more-or-less, and was on a pilot trip with his family to determine where they would live when they made aliyah. He was suddenly stricken ill; and during his long stay in the hospital, much around him changed, as a result of his circumstances.
His dear friend and brother-in-law had summed it up with his usual off-beat humor (that he says he learned from Barry): "When he wakes up, he's going to have to deal with some pretty big changes. He and his family are olim [new immigrants to Israel]. He's got a new country, a new language to learn; his kids are all enrolled in Israeli schools... I think the first thing I'll tell him is that Bin Laden is dead. He'll be able to handle that."
He never got to put a smile on Barry's face by sharing that news.
This difficult couple of days strangely reminds me again about the good of being a Jew, and the good of living in Israel.
In my personal olden days, I was spared the pain of knowing too deeply the pain of others, or the great joy of being constantly apprised of their moments of joy. I was unaccustomed to being intertwined at the Jewish level in the lives of others.
But as we got involved with the Jewish experience, we were joyfully and painfully aware of the life cycle events, from birth to death, of our adopted extended family. And since we moved to Israel, this collective sensation has only deepened. Clearly, this is bad and good.
In the famous words of fellow blogger, RivkA, a"h, "I choose to focus on the good."
- When you hear about the traffic accidents in Israel, you know that most of the country will be pasted to computers, trying to find out who were the victims, and if they were, in fact, accidents. (At this writing, that last detail is still being investigated.)
- When you hear the names at last, you know that you know them, or at least something about them, or at least someone who knows them, because we are such a small and intimate country.
- When you need a ride to the levaya, you know that five to ten people will come through with offers.
- Some people at the levaya will be from places across the country, even though they are not related to the family, because the whole country is the size of New Jersey.
- Because it's Israel, we can all cry together and say Tehillim anywhere, and no one will look at us funny.
- Because we are family, we will visit the mourners for seven days, and listen to whatever they have to share -- even silence, or stories, or tears, or laughter.
- Because we are family, I know those little children and their mother will eat and have shelter, even as they try to figure out what they are going to do with their lives.
As we were leaving the cemetery, one of his daughters said, with the sweetness of a young becoming-aware child: "Most of these people only met my daddy once or twice. They don't even know him."
I said to her, "You will tell stories, and then they will know him. And if you tell them a lot, then you will remember them. I'm coming to see you later. Think of a really great story, okay?"
She gave me that shy smile/shrug that she's already picked up from the Israeli kids she goes to school with.
Eliezer Baruch Chaim ben Gedalia, I have to take you off my refua shelaima davening list. But you will stay in my heart, even though I am one of those people who will have to rely on stories to get to know you. Like many other people, in our community and beyond, I took on a small mitzvah in your merit. Each week when I learn that little extra on your behalf, you will be there.
Thank you for making me a better Jew.
May Amy and her children Miri, Eliana, and Binyamin, along with the rest of Barry's family, be comforted among the mourners of Tzion and Yerushalayim.
To learn more about Barry, and to help in any way you can with the care of widow and his orphans, please visit The Barry Shuter Family Trust.
To learn more about Barry, and to help in any way you can with the care of widow and his orphans, please visit The Barry Shuter Family Trust.
Barry, we hardly knew ye: a play on the title a famous Irish anti-war song. We are at war with cancer; so it seemed fitting.
Levaya: funeral
Gush Etzion: a "settlement bloc" in the southern foothills of Jerusalem, in the hills of Judea
Refua shelaima davening list: too many names of sick people who need a speedy and total recovery, for whom we pray


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Check out our Arctic Trucks Toyota 120 Prado photo gallery
with HQ pics.
Last update in Toyota 120 Prado gallery: 2009-02-18
The car debuted in several versions at once: globally hybrid performance, modifications to the China and North America markets.
The Japanese brand is testing the Mazda3 hatch third generation. Carscoops first spotted the car inside.
Volkswagen vehicle owners can now open/close cars at the expense of the iPhone.
BMW M340i xDrive Sedan of the new generation G20 will debut on November, 28, in Los Angeles.
The management of the Japanese company analyzed model range, realizing that it was necessary to remove several of their cars.
Volkswagen is actively engaged in tests of the T-Roc heavy-duty version at the Nurburgring.
We select only big size arctic trucks toyota 120 prado photos
for our photogallery.


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Dublin's Number One Citizen
J.M. Finn was rightly named "Dublin's Number One Citizen." Although that honor could be shared by several others during the Golden Age of the Emerald City, Finn's list of contributions to the growth of Dublin from a sleepy railroad village to one of Georgia's most important commercial cities was unparalleled. And, who else would be a booster of Dublin like Finn, who was one of the cities truest Irishmen that our city ever knew.
James Moore Finn was born in Franklin, Kentucky on October 6, 1866. His father, John A. Finn, was a prominent lawyer and a state representative. His brother, Gerald, also practiced law and was honored with a term as Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Bluegrass State. Finn's paternal grandfather, John Finn, emigrated from Galway, Ireland in 1816 directly into Franklin, where he became a successful merchant and politician.
After attending local schools, Finn began his business career as a clerk in a store in Franklin. James Finn attended the prestigious Vanderbilt University, where he was an outstanding student and member of the Kappa Alpha fraternity. After his graduation in 1889, Finn worked in various positions until he migrated to the awakening town of Dublin, Georgia, where he took a position as the cashier of the Bank of Dublin, the city's first bank. Before coming to Dublin on the 4th of July 1892, Finn married Hyrell McGoodwin, affectionately known as "Birdie."
Before Finn's arrival in Dublin, the city was on the verge of an explosive growth. With the bridging of the Oconee River by the Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad, the construction of a passenger bridge over the river, and the coming of the Macon, Dublin, and Savannah Railroad from the west, the once, sleepy, drunken, lawless town of Dublin was about to grow exponentially under an unprecedented boom which would last for a quarter of a century until thwarted by the devilish boll weevil, which all but destroyed the cotton crop. And, it was James M. Finn who climbed aboard the crest of the tidal wave and rode it all the way to the end of the city's first golden age.
Right from the beginning, the people of Dublin and Laurens County endeared "Mr. Jim" Finn, and right from the beginning, "Mr. Jim" endeared the people of Dublin and Laurens County. Once a complete stranger, the voters of Laurens County elected Finn to the Board of County commissioners during his first few years in the county. It was Finn who lent his financial knowledge to build a new courthouse in 1895 without funding by a bond issue and without any debt.
The bank's early success led to Finn's success as well. He built a handsome residence on the southeast corner of Bellevue Avenue and South Calhoun Street. The house, which is now owned by Arnold Adams, still stands today.
First and foremost, James M. Finn was a banker. After the death of the bank's founder, Capt. R.C. Henry, in 1900, Finn remained in the position of cashier until the bank merged with its across the street neighbor to form the Dublin-Laurens Banking Company. Finn became the Active Vice President of the Dublin-Laurens Banking Company. In 1918, Finn was elected as the Second Vice President of the Southern Exchange Bank, when it acquired the Commercial Bank of Dublin.
J.M. Finn was highly regarded by his banking colleagues across the state. In 1910, Finn was elected chairman of the prestigious "Group Five" of the Georgia Banker's Association, which had previously met in Dublin and were wined and dined by Dublin's best cooks and hospitable citizens.
It was, at least in part, Finn's banking skills which helped Dublin and Laurens County to place near the top of the state in the number of banking institutions. In 1917 at the pinnacle of Dublin and Laurens County's growth before the coming of the boll weevil, Dublin had six banks, tying Macon for sixth place in the number of banks among cities in Georgia. Laurens County, with its 14 banks, was third behind only Fulton and Chatham Counties.
The number of local banks began to plummet during World War I. With the collapse of the cotton crop, all of the county's banks, including the powerful First National Bank, closed. Only the Bank of Dudley and Farmers and Merchants Bank, remained open. When the last Dublin bank closed, a new bank, "The Dublin Bank and Trust Company," was organized by the owners of Citizens and Southern Bank on October 31, 1928. J.M. Finn, George T. Morris, and H.R. Moffett were named to the bank's local board of directors.
J.M. Finn was also closely associated with the cotton industry. Finn served as an officer and director of the Georgia Cotton and Compress Company, which once boasted that it could process a farmer's cotton on Monday morning and place it aboard a European bound ocean going vessel on Tuesday afternoon. It was a century ago when Finn's company, along with other cotton gins in the county, processed more than 30 million pounds of cotton, the largest single county cotton crop in the history of the state, until broken in the late 1900s.
Finn, also a cotton farmer, was closely allied with the Dublin Cotton Mills, a somewhat successful cotton mill on the west side of Dublin. Finn realized that transportation of his cotton was essential and involved himself for more than two decades as a director of the Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad, the county's most successful railroad.
Although laundry lists of a person's activities are often boring, Finn's short resume of his activities as an officer and director is quite impressive: Dublin Board of Censorship, Dublin Board of Tax Assessors, Dublin Board of Trade, Dublin Chamber of Commerce, Dublin Chamber of Commerce Warehouse Company, Dublin City Board of Education, Dublin City Executive Committee, Dublin Cotton Mills, Dublin Fair Association, Dublin Lumber Company, Dublin Peanut Company, Dublin Red Cross, Dublin Stockyard Company, Finn, Garrett & Holcomb Real Estate Company, Georgia Cotton and Compress Company, Georgia Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Georgia State Chamber of Commerce, Laurens County Centennial Commission Chairman, Southern Compress Association, Southern Cotton Association, Southland Veneer and Lumber Company, 12th District Fair Association, War Savings Stamp Board, and Wrightsville & Tennille Railroad. Finn also served as vice-president of the Georgia Chamber of Commerce and as a member of the Georgia Highway Commission in its early years.
All of Dublin was saddened on July 4, 1936, when J.M. Finn passed away after a long illness. He is buried in Northview Cemetery beside his wife. Sadly they had no children, to pass along the legacy of being a descendant of the number one citizen of Dublin.


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To add or change your team name, please email email@example.com or call the KCBS office at 1-800-963-5227.
KCBS Team Bios
HOUSE OF QYear Started: 2004
Team Bio:
I am a farm raised bbq boy that was taught by my father the love of smokin'. I entered my first contest and received a 9th chicken and wanted to be a BBQ "rockstar" The rest is a long road with wins and losses, but a great respect for the sport and the valuable friendships we have obtained. I am married to my wonderful wife Kristin & our new son Mason.
Hometown: Springville
State/Province: AL
Country: US
Most wins in a year: 3 grands, 1 reserve
Biggest Wins: Music City BBQ- Nashville- 3-1st place & a 4th Boonville,MS 3-2nd & 1-1st Aburdeen, MS 3-1st & 1-2nd Montevallo, AL 4-1st place
Sponsors: Service Construction Supply,Inc BBQ Best Distributing Coon Construction Company, LLC Briggs & Stratton Simple Green
Website: http://Houseofqonline.com


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Sander Scholten necesitaba un nuevo diseño de papelería y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 103 diseños de 25 diseñadores freelance.
We are a company operating since two years 'registry services' in the field of domain name registrations (registrars and resellers can register domain names on behalf of their customers via us)
Our company name is 'CoDNS' and we run several seperately branded websites (a.o. http://www.domain.co.nl).
Our Target audience is the market of Domain Name Registrars (we do not target end customers directly, so strictly B2B)
Examples of registrars that register at us: MarkMonitor.com, EuroDNS.com, Oxxa.com, Cscglobal.com etc
Our logo should be well present, possibly in some 'arty' way in large presented on the back of the business card as well.
The required info on the card:
My name: Sander Scholten
Ful company name is CoDNS B.V.
Address is: Amsterveenseweg 92
1075 XJ Amsterdam
The Netherlands (address should be easy to replace, in case i ever move)
Phone nr: +31 (0) 20 8080081
Cell: +31 (0) 611625540
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position and website don't need to be on the card IMO.
Anything you suggest to add??
The design should be playfull yet professional (more in less with our logo as attached to this assignment)
For colour usage, i suggest to use the orange of the logo and black. Both you can use in all colour scales that you thing are usefull (so grey for black etc). As long as i can print the card with two colours.
UPDATE >>> The colour White of the paper can of course be used in the design as well!
Shape of the card (if exceptional), and all other things can be 'out of the box'. Pls come with new and original ideas, looking forward to them!!
Thanks for your time,


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With the holiday shopping season off to a terrific start, you may be tempted to playretail. But where exactly should you put money to work?
Retail is a tricky play right now because the fiscal cliff could drag many stocks in this space down into the abyss.
Also many retailers have run ahead of the holiday season - in other words, strength may already be baked into share price. Read More: Consumer Nation - Tracking the Pulse of America's Spenders
Market influences such as those outlined above suggest playing the sector broadly isn't the best move. Instead, investors need to be picky.
One stock that CNBC's Jim Cramer says may be worth a look is Ross Stores.
Here's why:
1. Recession Resistant
"Consider that since 2005, Ross Stores has only had a single quarter of negative same store sales growth—that was during the great recession in 2009. Just one quarter. That's an incredibly consistent track record," said the Mad Money host.
In other words, because Ross sells merchandise that's been marked down dramatically, business should remain relatively strong even if we go into a fiscal cliff induced recession, just as it did in 2009 as the nation struggled with a global recession.
- Cramer's Top Dividend Stocks 2012
- Cramer's Ultimate Growth Stocks for 2012
- Cramer's Plays on a Potential Housing Rebound
2. Value Play
"Ross was trading around $70 at the very end of the summer, it's now at $56 and change, down nearly 20% from its recent highs," said Cramer.


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The description of a man you see with an odd shaped stature with no neck at all appearing to have just a head and body for example ...Barbie dolls boyfriend Ken Doll is neckless.He has no neck he is all head body and all muscle.where the head sits stiffly on its shoulders without neck length or gap
Not necessarily touched with the ugly stick
Not necessarily touched with the ugly stick
Went to karaoke saturday night and saw a neckless bloke at the pub...he was neckless all body and no neck!
by munyuck October 12, 2008
A string of hickeys from ear to ear on a persons neck. This shows a total loss of control when getting hickeys and the person can not say stop!
Debbie got a neckless last night
by Lap dog August 15, 2005
buy the domain for your pet site


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John F. Smith's smartly-designed biblical anti-slavery map of the mid-19th Century United States. Prepared in 1888; excerpted from "Maps for an emerging nation".
Maps don't just convey information--they can also shape the way that we think about the world that is being represented by that map. Maps are texts and sometimes they have very strong perspectives that the cartographer put into that map. This persausive map shows one way of interpreting American history after the end of reconstruction. Notice that in addition to the very overt religious, moral tone condemning the South for slavery, the ideas of Manifest Destiny are also woven into the fabric of this map.
Tags: cartography, historical, USA.
Via Seth Dixon


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Two caught cashing bad checks
Two suspects tried to pass forged checks, but were quickly caught by bank employees and police after a short chase.
According to a BPD press release, officers responded to the Community Bank in the 6300 block of Phelan to find bank clerks who said two men had attempted to cash fraudulent checks.
When officers arrived and began to question the men, one of them refused to cooperate with police and fled from the bank. Officers caught up to the suspect, a man they identified as Clyde S. Porter, 30, of Houston and booked him into the Jefferson County Jail on one count of forgery, one count of resisting arrest and one count of evading arrest, with bonds of $10,500, $250 and $250, respectively.
Police say the other man who tried to pass a fraudulent check did not run and later identified him as Lawrence B. Zeno, 42, of Houston. He was booked into the Jefferson County Jail for forgery, according to the press release.
Zeno's bond is set at $7,500.


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One of the last surviving battalion commanders from the U.S. assault on Iwo Jima during World War II was laid to rest Friday with full military honors at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.
Marines gave retired Col. Richard Rothwell a four-helicopter flyover during the 30-minute ceremony, as family members quietly watched. Rothwell, a former Mission Valley resident who died in May at age 99, was one of just five infantry battalion commanders who survived the entire 36-day battle after landing with his unit at the start of the invasion.
"As Marines, we grow up in the Corps hearing about our legendary forefathers," said Col. Wayne Sinclair, who presented American flags to Rothwell's wife, Rebecca, and two sons, Richard and Charles. "There's a natural gravitation to history for all Marines. Iwo Jima was one of the greatest battles in history. There's really little I can say except it's a wonderful honor to be able to participate."
A Silver Star recipient for his actions on Iwo Jima, Rothwell graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1936 and served until he retired from the Marine Corps in 1961. His 25 years in the military included two tours in China and one tour in the Philippines before World War II.
During World War II, he served with 2nd Battalion, 24th Marine Regiment, 4th Marine Division from its activation until its postwar deactivation.
Rothwell commanded infantry units at the platoon, company, battalion and regimental levels. On the day units came ashore in the battle of Iwo Jima, 18 infantry battalions began the ground battle, and the majority of commanders didn't return. Just two battalion commanders remain alive today.
The battle of Iwo Jima, which lasted from Feb. 19 to March 26, 1945, was a key element of the U.S. advance toward the Japanese mainland. It involved fierce fighting and has been immortalized by a photo of troops raising an American flag atop Mount Suribachi.
Sixty-five years later, Rothwell returned to Iwo Jima at age 97.
"Iwo was different then," Rothwell told a Stars and Stripes reporter in March 2010, sitting in a wheelchair atop Mount Suribachi, as he stared down at the sands of Invasion Beach. "This place was full of mangled vegetation. Like some planet you never wanted to go to."
Rothwell is survived by his wife, two sons, four grandchildren and five great-grandchildren, many of whom were on hand Friday.
Marine Corps Recruit Depot Master Sgt. Robert Knoll called Rothwell an inspiration and the embodiment of why young men and women become Marines.
"You learn about legends like Col. Rothwell," Knoll said. "He was a Marine leader who led from the front."
Knoll later added: "Col. Rothwell and others who fought on Iwo Jima were tremendous Americans and tremendous Marines."


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Sept. 8, 2009
This weeks Great Example is golfer Scott Lewis. A native of Henderson, Nev., Lewis has experienced a bright summer in the national spotlight, while competing in both the U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur Championships.
Ever sense receiving his acceptance letter from UCSB, Lewis was determined to make a place for himself on the Gaucho golf team. Entering his freshman year in 2008 with hopes of walking onto the team, he was one of 20 competing for just two spots. Lewis made the team and had solid showings in a pair of tournaments near the end of the season.
Early in the 2009 Lewis experienced success, yet inconsistency plagued the end of his sophomore season. Although he wasn't one of the players chosen by head coach Steve Lass to represent UCSB at the Big West Conference Championship, Lewis walked the course of San Luis Obispo Country Club to support his Gaucho teammates.
Despite Lewis's struggles during season he was able to bounce back in a big way. Lewis had the experience of a lifetime, qualifying for the U.S. Open at Bethpage Black in New York in June.
"It was unbelievable," Lewis said. "Getting the opportunity to watch the professionals play from inside the ropes, have lunch with them, and even run into them in the elevator at the end of the day. It was like living in a week-long dream world. They respect the fact that you earned your spot. It was also amazing to be treated like one of them, for a few days at least."
Entering his junior year, as one of the Gauchos top golfers due to his elite tournament experiences, Lewis's goal for the season is "to develop consistency. I have a lot of skill that I can use to help my team, but my game goes through ups and downs. I'd like to contribute good scores more consistently by having my game in roughly the same place all year round."
Lewis took some time to answer some questions about himself.
1. What is your favorite aspect about going to UCSB?
My favorite aspect about attending UCSB is the people. The social environment at UCSB is truly one of a kind.
2. What are your aspirations after college?
After college I will attempt to turn professional. Should this not work out I would like to enter a career where I can help people by making a difference in their lives.
3. What do you most enjoy about golfing for the Gauchos?
I enjoy playing for Coach Steve Lass. He runs the program in such a way that I feel I am given the greatest opportunity to both compete and improve my game. In addition, the team he has put together is a great group of guys that I consider my friends and teammates.
4. Is there any motto that you live by?
I wouldn't call it a motto but I like to give everything I work on a complete effort and I always see it through. It's just the way I like to handle my life. Give it everything and never quit until its done.
5. What has been your greatest accomplishment while golfing here thus far?
My greatest accomplishment thus far in my golf career is qualifying to play in the 2009 US Open.
6. What is your favorite golf club to hit?
Putter. All the excitement happens on the green.
7. Do you have any pre-round rituals?
None. Standard warm-up.
8. Who is your biggest role model?
My father.
9. What moment will you always remember about competing in the U.S. Amateur tournament?
I will always remember making birdie on number 16. The longest and toughest par four on the course at over 500 yards. I hit a drive about 335 yards, and then followed it up with an 8 iron from 170 yards that finished about 3 feet from the hole.
10. What has been your favorite class at UCSB?
My favorite class at UCSB was Psychology 1. Professor Revlin taught the course. It was so easy to pay attention. I truly enjoyed going to lecture because he made it as entertaining as informative. A short time after the class I became a psychology major.
11. What is one thing about you most people don't know?
I'm really shy.
12. What has been your biggest challenge in your collegiate career?
Walking on to the UCSB golf team. There were 20 guys for 2 spots.
13. What do you like to do in your free time?
I play a lot of Xbox 360 and catch up on sleep in my free time.
14. If you could only pick one I.V restaurant to eat at, which one would you pick?
IV Deli Mart!
15. What is the most embarrassing moment in your golf career?
I once broke a club in my hands after a bad shot during a round that really didn't matter. It wasn't qualifying or a tournament. It was embarrassing because I didn't break it intentionally; I just meant to give it a little torque across the shaft. Oops!!
16. What did you learn while competing in the U.S. Open?
I learned many things at the US Open. The most valuable was that when you're in the deepest rough or a really desperate situation bogey is an excellent score.
17. Why did you ultimately choose to attend UCSB?
As a good student, I was initially interested in UCSB for their academic program. After learning that there was a possibility of continuing my golf career by walking on to the team, I decided UCSB was the school for me.


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A staple of northern Italy, polenta is a type of corn meal that can be served in a number of ways—as a first course, baked, with stews or even as a bread substitute.
Serves 4 to 6. If you do not have a heavy-bottomed saucepan, you may want to use the ExtraLow® setting on your Thermador range or cooktop to manage the heat. A flame tamer, another option, can be purchased at most kitchen supply stores, or one can be fashioned from a ring of foil. It's easy to tell whether you need a flame tamer or not. If the polenta bubbles or sputters at all after the first 10 minutes, the heat is too high, and you need one. Properly heated polenta will do little more than release wisps of steam. When stirring the polenta, make sure to scrape the sides and bottom of the pan to ensure even cooking. Use this polenta as the base for any stew or braise. Cooked leafy greens also make excellent toppings for soft polenta. Ingredients: 6 cups water Salt 1½ cups medium cornmeal, preferably stone-ground 3 tablespoons unsalted butter, cut into large chunks Ground black pepper
1. Bring the water to a rolling boil in a heavy-bottomed 4-quart saucepan over medium-high heat. Reduce the heat to the lowest possible setting, add 1½ teaspoons salt, and pour the cornmeal into the water in a very slow stream from a measuring cup, all the while whisking in a circular motion to prevent lumps. 2. Cover and cook, vigorously stirring the polenta with a wooden spoon for about 10 seconds once every 5 minutes and making sure to scrape clean the bottom and corners of the pot, until the polenta has lost its raw cornmeal taste and becomes soft and smooth, about 30 minutes. Stir in the butter, season with salt and pepper to taste, and serve immediately. Polenta with Gorgonzola Serves 4 to 6 as a substantial first course or light entrée Choose a Gorgonzola dolce or other mild, creamy blue cheese such as Saga Blue. Do not use an aged Gorgonzola for this dish. Other aged blue cheeses will also be too salty, crumbly, and pungent. Follow the recipe for Basic Polenta, dividing the finished polenta among individual bowls. Top each bowl with a 1-ounce slice of Gorgonzola cheese and serve immediately.


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Pietersen was omitted from a 16-man touring party this morning, the latest indication from the England and Wales Cricket Board that he faces a long road back before he represents his adopted country again.
Without Pietersen, England have called up two uncapped batsmen - Joe Root and Nick Compton - to help fill the vacancies left not only by him but by the retirement of former captain Andrew Strauss.
Pietersen responded by releasing a statement, via his agents Mission Sports Management, to clarify his position after a summer of contract wrangles which culminated in his omission from both the Lord's Test and then England's squad which will imminently defend the ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka.
It read: "Kevin Pietersen is naturally disappointed about today's decision, having gone to great lengths to reach a reconciliation with the ECB."
In it, he also sought to set the record straight over the "provocative" text messages he sent to opposition South Africa players during the Headingley Test - in which there were allegations he made "derogatory" references to Strauss.
The statement continued: "Pietersen has met with - and apologised to - Andrew Strauss.
"He has also met with Alastair Cook to stress his commitment to England and met with ECB board members, including face-to-face meetings with Hugh Morris, David Collier and Andy Flower, prior to his departure to Sri Lanka.
"At all times, Pietersen had wished his dealings with the ECB to remain private so as not to inflame an already difficult situation.
"His recent silence was not an admission of any wrong-doing; he wanted to explain and apologise to the ECB for the messages exchanged with members of the South African team.
"He has also made absolutely clear both to the ECB and the England team that - despite unsubstantiated allegations to the contrary and repeated media speculation - he did NOT offer ANY tactical advice to the South Africans.
"Pietersen remains available for England."


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Indiana Secretary of State Todd Rokita announces "Who's On Your Ballot?" initiative for Hoosier voters
April 8, 2010
New online service will supply voters statewide with a comprehensive list of state and local candidates on their primary and general election ballots
INDIANAPOLIS – Indiana Secretary of State Todd Rokita announced today the launch of a new online service developed by his office to provide Hoosier voters with a complete list of candidates who will appear on their upcoming primary and general election ballots. "Who's On Your Ballot?" will be available to all Hoosiers online at http://www.indianavoters.com/.
"Voters want to know what to expect when they receive their ballot on Election Day or before voting absentee," Secretary Rokita said. "Previously, Hoosiers could not find a comprehensive candidate list for federal, state and local offices until they received their ballot. 'Who's On Your Ballot?' allows Hoosiers to find this information online ahead of going to the polls. Voters can then use the information to become further informed about the candidates."
Hoosiers can enter their registration information into the "Who's On Your Ballot?" service to access the ballot for their precinct. For the primary election, Hoosiers can use "Who's On Your Ballot" to access candidate information from Democrat, Republican and non-partisan ballots, or obtain information about all primary candidates, regardless of party affiliation. For the general election, "Who's On Your Ballot?" will list all candidates for all voters in a precinct, along with any public questions, such as proposed state constitutional amendments.
Candidates for statewide office, Indiana House, Indiana Senate, U.S. Congress and U.S. Senate, judicial offices and prosecuting attorney must register with the Secretary of State's office. Secretary Rokita's team was able to use this information to build the foundation for the "Who's On Your Ballot?" service. From there, Secretary Rokita's Indiana Election Division worked with all of Indiana's 92 county clerks to collect ballot information for county, township, municipal and school board elections and local public questions.
"This service is designed to be a starting point for Hoosiers as they begin their Election Day research," said Secretary Rokita. "Voters have typically called county and state election offices in the past wanting to know what candidates and what races would be on their ballot. Now, at http://www.indianavoters.com/, voters can get the same information that's on the ballot – simply the candidate's name and party affiliation."
Hoosiers can access the "Who's On Your Ballot?" service on http://www.indianavoters.com/.
Media Contact: Jim Gavin, 317.233.8655, email@example.com


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UNT College of Visual Arts and Design - 2 Matching Results
Search Results
- Picture Hat
- Picture hat of black straw. The hat has a broad brim of woven black straw with an upturned outer edge which is trimmed in black velvet. The low, domed crown is also of woven black straw, with a band of black ostrich feathers around the base of the crown. One large ostrich feather plume attached to base of crown and extends out and over the back of the brim. Inside crown is black cloth lining. Sewn inside crown is black cloth label: "Mme Georgette / 11 Rue Scribe / Paris"
- Pumps
- Pair of lady's dancing pumps of red kid leather. The shoes, designed with gently pointed toes, are of soft red fine kid leather leather with a square-ended flap at vamp/instep, and applied red satin bow at vamp. The inner sole of the shoe is a dark red quilted satin. The low heels are styled as a modified boulevard or Louis heel, with rounded sides and back, flaring to base, and straight across at front. Heels covered with matching leather. Sole of black leather at heel and tan on rest of shoe. Stamped in sole on one shoe: "2", on other: "4".


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TNB awards good grades pay winners
Sweetwater High School had another great six week period with sixty-six students making the A-Honor Roll and Texas National Bank continued with its commitment to recognize and award one lucky scholar from each grade with $50. The winners of the Texas National Bank Good Grades Pay Award for the third six seeks were Mark Lawrence (9th grade), Andria Golden (10th grade), Quentin Wetsel (11th grade), and Madeline Montgomery (12th grade). Other students making the A-Honor Roll were, ninth grade, Alaina Andrews, Kilanie Arpin, Mickenzie Brownlow, Mikeilah Foust, Victor Garcia, David Geron, Isaiah Gonzales, Elizabeth Cray, Hanna Hayes, Michael Hunt, Ashleigh Jimenez, Michael Lawrence, Erick Rico, Tuff Saunders, Ashley Sifford, Alyssa Soles, Lorenzo Soto, Keygan Valdez, Sarah Valdez, Keegan Von Atzigen and Thomas Whittenburg; tenth grade, Caroline Brennan, Dean Chapman, Holly Johnson, Madison Jones, Corynn Martin, Caleb Thompson, Leah Warren and Jeremy Witt; eleventh grade, Mason Andrews, Haley Brownlow, James Clift, Rachel Gray, Michael Hazard, Kaleb Hoover, Crysten Ivy, Ashley Johns, Caroline Lawrence, Steven Le, Noland McKnight, Taylor McPherson, Jenny Medellin, Teresa Perez-Poe, Micaela Reschman and Bryan Vause; twelfth grade, Shelby Cason, Addisyn Cleckler, Blayne Ferguson, Christopher Gonzalez, Mackensey Hayes, Allison Hunt, Rachel Hunt, Ashley Kincheloe, Sarah Lawrence, Ryan Linebaugh, Cole Maxwell, Madison Meneses, Sean Morrow, Jerren Villa, Nicholas Walker, Amy Witt and Blake Young."Congratulations to those who made all A's during the third six weeks, and to the Good Grades Pay winners. Texas National Bank wants to remind students to apply themselves, set goals and study hard, because good grades pay."The Good Grades Pay program was established by Texas National Bank in 2012 to encourage Sweetwater High School students to do well in school and pursue higher education. To date, the bank has awarded $400 to local students.


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Ivory Pillar Candle - 30cm x 10cm
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New Lots!!!! The Orchards Of Mukwonago Phase III offers a peaceful neighborhood setting at an incredible value. Easy and close access to I-43, shopping, schools and parks. Home/Lot Packages are available.
Features Vacant Land
|1 Story SqFt Min: 1700
|2 Story SqFt Min: 1900
|2 Story 1st Flr SqFt Min: 1050
|Topography: Association, Level, Subdivision
|Body of Water:
|Subdivision: The Orchards Of Mukwonago
|Taxes: $1,026
|Tax Year: 2017
|Lot Size: +/- .35 Ac
|Est Acreage: 0.35
|School District: Mukwonago
|High School: Mukwonago
|Middle School: Park View
|Elementary School: Rolling Hills
|Zoning: Residential
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