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This content has been marked as final. Show 52 replies
1. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3Curt Y Feb 1, 2008 7:04 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)In edit>camera raw there is a check box on opening raw files in jpeg or not.
2. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3Heiner Strentzsch Feb 1, 2008 7:20 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)That is part of the problem. There is no menu entry for Camera Raw. In photoshop of course i can select it in the preferences, but i don't want to open jpgs everytime with camera raw.
3. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3JimHess-8IPblY Feb 1, 2008 8:41 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)You make that change in the Bridge preferences, not the Photoshop preferences. If you cannot find it, if you hold down the shift key while you double-click your JPEG image, it will bypass ACR and open directly in Photoshop. Or, you can highlight your JPEG image in Bridge and press Ctrl/O and it will open in Photoshop.
4. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3Heiner Strentzsch Feb 1, 2008 9:00 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)No chance, in preferences there is no Camera Raw in the list. Bridge doesn't reckognize Camera Raw at all. The reason could be my special constellation, describe above.
5. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Jeff_Ratliff) Feb 21, 2008 11:34 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Heiner & Jim,
I have the same problem and have had. Today, I finally reinstalled Windows from scratch, and installed Photoshop with Bridge just to see what would happen and had the same issue.
Bridge->Edit->Preferences->General In the Behavior section all that appears is Number of Recent Items to Display. Raw does not show up anywhere in any Bridge menus.
Prefer Adobe Camera Raw for JPEG and TIFF files on the Thumbnails tab also has no effect. Raw works fine in Photoshop but not Bridge.
This must be a known issue as I have seen it posted on other forums. And, it used to work under CS2.
Any solutions to this problem would be greatly appreciated.
6. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3JimHess-8IPblY Feb 22, 2008 7:55 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)This is a puzzling challenge for which I have no solution. For some reason, on very rare occasions, I will try to open an image in ACR and the option in Bridge is completely missing. But it seems to be on an individual image basis. I can click on another image and all the options are there. I realize that you have probably tried all of these different methods, but just as kind of a double check:
1. Click on one of your images in Bridge and then press Ctrl/R.
2. Right-click on one of your images. Open in Camera Raw should be an option.
3. In Photoshop, do a File/Open As and select camera raw. This should open a JPEG image in ACR.
If none of these options work for you, then apparently have the bug that Adobe cannot seem to replicate. If that is the case then I suppose you can only hope that they will resolve the issue in CS4.
7. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(dark) Feb 23, 2008 9:21 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Here is what I did after hours of trying:
(1) Cut the Camera raw plug-in from the suggested directory, e.g .../Common Files/Adobe/Plug-Ins/CS3/File Format
(2) Paste previously cut Camera Raw plug-in into Bridge's Plug-in directory
(3) Start Bridge, 'open' raw file, of course this time PS will complain it can not find the plug-in.
(4) Close Bridge and copy camera raw and paste it to PS's /plug-ins/File Formats/ directory
(5) Start bridge again, and this time you may still no 'Open with camera raw' option, in this case just open a raw file in PS and leave it open in PS
(6) Go back to Bridge, right click on a raw file and, in my case, the damn option was right there!
This is what I did in exact order.
Maybe the point is to move Camera raw plug-in from "Common File" to both Bridge and PS own plug-in directory.
I'm so tired to figure that out, maybe someday I'll uninstall them all and play with it all over again, bu for now, I'll leave that.
Have a good night, guys.
8. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Fried_Elliott) Mar 22, 2008 6:27 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I am suddenly and mysteriously having the same problem:
I can open .NEF files in PS CS2 but not from Bridge.
ACR 3.7 was in the Common files... folder. I tried deleting it from there and copying the ACR plug-in into both the Bridge and PS Plug-Ins/File Formats folders. PS still opens .NEF but Bridge still does not.
I have remnant of CS3 still lurking around from an aborted and canceled CS2 upgrade to CS3. I know I have the correct version of ACR for CS2.
As usual with my Adobe SW, this stuff happens when I'm up against a deadline tomorrow noon. HELP!!!
9. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Fried_Elliott) Mar 23, 2008 6:49 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I uninstalled and then reinistalled Bridge 1.0 and that seems to have fixed the problem.
You have to drill down into the CS2 CD to find the installer for Bridge 1.0. It is not exposed on the regular the CS2 install menus.
ADOBE: you lost me as a customer as a result of a horribly failed and disastrous CS3 upgrade and roll back. I'll never upgrade from CS2 and I'll never buy another Adobe product. You seem to not understand the most basic concept: professionals need tools they can rely on to work. I can find work arounds for anything if I can count on my tools. Broken and flawed tools, however, cannot be relied on to do anything and they wind up in the trash.
10. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Sam_Gay) Mar 23, 2008 8:00 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I had the same problem of not be able to open a raw file(and jpg) directly from Bridge. I did not have ACR loaded in the correct folder. You might try copying ACR to another folder in the Bridge directory. I have forgotten what the correct folder.
Sam Gay
11. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3John Joslin Mar 23, 2008 11:57 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)The ACR plug-in should be here and nowhere else!
C:\Program Files\Common Files\Adobe\Plugins\CS3\File Formats.
You need to have all the right boxes ticked in Bridge and Photoshop preferences.
12. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Allen_Stewart) Mar 29, 2008 8:50 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)My Bridge does not give option to open in ACR, even though when I double click a .jpg file it opens in ACR. This does not happen when I double click a tif file - it opens in PS CS3.
I can open Tif files in ACR only from within PS "Open as..."
Also, tif files don't display a thumbnail in Bridge unless I rename them (leaving the extension unchanged).
I have uninstalled Bridge and CS3, reinstalled and updated. Updated ACR too. Purged the cache many times.
Looks like lots of people having same/similar problems.
Hey, Adobe! Any comments or help?
ADDITIONAL INFO: I just went to the ACR plugin Win: \Program Files\Common Files\Adobe\Plug-ins\CS3\File Formats\
and double clicked on the CameraRaw.8bi file and now I can open Tif files in ACR by double clicking them just like I can with jpgs, even though there is no right click menu option to open in ACR.
13. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Danilo_Salvego) Apr 9, 2008 4:46 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Same problem here... There is no "Open with camera Raw" in Bridge. I can only open using Camera Raw throught PS CS3. Tried every step in this post.
Tried too to reinstall Adobe PS + Bridge. No success...
Adobe: any light in the end of this tunnel?
Thanks in advance for any help...
14. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3hrh gracie May 3, 2008 4:18 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Well John, THANKS FOR THE VERY DEFINITE STATEMENT... But if the software actually WORKED, we WOULDN'T BE TRYING TO PUT camera raw files all over the <bleeping> box to try to get this working.

I had CS2 and CS3 installed on the laptop. Uninstlled CS2 and it screwed CS3. SO, I reinstalled CS3, and OF COURSE, lost the ability to open RAWs in Bridge. And I'D LOVE to "have all the right boxes checked" BUT THERE IS NO CHECK BOX IN BRIDGE PREFERENCES FOR TELLING IT TO "Edit Camera Raw Settings in Bridge"......

And YES, I've reset Bridge, REINSTALLED CS3 AGAIN, purged all the cache, and tried a half dozen other things - INCLUDING the "move the camera raw file all over the place" note above. WITH NO RESOLUTION.
There is NO choice on the context menu to open the file in Bridge.

This has been going on for months, and as near as I can tell, there's nobody at Adobe doing much about it. Would SOMEBODY please get us a FIX FOR THIS 'cause it was annoying the first time it happened, and its gotten real old now...
15. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3Curt Y May 3, 2008 5:02 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Might also take a look at this thread on the grayed out option to "open in camera raw". Has a solution that has worked for some.
16. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3John Joslin May 3, 2008 11:46 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Read the page linked below in its entirety and follow the instructions exactly. Make sure you have removed all instances of Camera Raw.8bi previously.
17. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Fried_Elliott) May 4, 2008 5:12 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I had this problem March 22, hacked it, but I'm back because yesterday I discovered it had happened again while on location at a shoot. As a professional, I can't afford to rely on tools that keep breaking. So I'm switching to Photo Mechanic TODAY. Adios Adobe!
Despite grinding down a complete Adobe and MS deinstall of CS3, there are still CS3 folders lurking around on my system. So I suspect we're getting clobbered by an Adobe Update that is being pump faked by a buggy CS3 install/deinstall. Who knows what is happening. I no longer care.
John, I (along with many others) have read the "link in it's entirety and followed the instructions exactly." It didn't solve the problem or I (at least) wouldn't be here taking up everyone's precious time and bandwidth. We've all reached the stage of desperation well beyond that one reaches when an admonishment to "read the directions" is helpful.
18. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3John Joslin May 4, 2008 5:48 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)> John, I (along with many others) have read the "link in it's entirety
Fair enough. A lot of people apparently didn't follow the instructions.
If you are really giving up on Photoshop you won't care, but there is a CS3 clean-up script on the Adobe web site for such cases and running this, followed by a "manual" check for Adobe detritus will normally permit a good install.
You can then disable automatic updates (like I do for everything).
Having said that, Adobe installers are very intolerant towards a lot of the stuff that some people have running on their work machines.
19. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3hrh gracie May 6, 2008 5:12 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)OK, I've now tried the sledgehammer approach... Uninstalled CS3 AGAIN, for about the 5th time. Then ran the old (and as far as I can find, ONLY) cleanup script for CS3. THEN went through all the adobe directories on every disk of the machine and deleted them. And the common files AND the Documents and Settings directories... So, unless CS3 is STILL leaving garbage in some mystical location where neither its uninstall nor the cleanup script, NOR my searching can find them, this machine is about as clean as I know how ot make it before a re-install...
And re-installed CS3 from the original media AGAIN.... Which puts some ancient version of camera raw in a subdirectory of the common files tree....... And 220.127.116.115 of Bridge......
And, true to form, I HAVE NO PREFERENCE TO TURN ON raw CONVERSION FROM BRIDGE. No updates, no changes, no NOTHING. Just an install from the original media.....
So, I installed Bridge 2.0. And STILL got no RAW Converter from Bridge...
So, I installed Bridge 2.1.... And, you guessed it, STILL nothing...
Oh, and John, my reading comprehension is quite good. And I've READ the notes in THEIR ENTIRETY. THEY DO NOT FIX THE PROBLEM....
NOW would somebody over at Adobe PLEASE get us a SOLUTION FOR THIS? I know you're the 800 pound gorilla, but do you guys at Adobe have ANY idea how much stupid crap like this makes people using these products FERVENTLY hope some other company will come up with a Photoshop killer so we can switch instead of spending months trying to get this kind of incredibly annoying garbage fixed?
(I'll let everyone else add the vulgarities where they'd like)...
20. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3John Joslin May 8, 2008 1:20 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Did you ever ask yourself, "Why is this happening on my computer and not on the tens of thousands of computers running Bridge without problems?"?
21. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3hrh gracie May 9, 2008 4:12 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Its always convenient to blame the user instead of fixing the problem, but did YOU ever ask yourself "Why is this happening on <pick your greater-than-zero number> of computers?" Or "Why did it work on this computer and now, after having to reinstall CS3, it doesn't? This isn't the only post in here about the problem, nor the only forum on the Internet where this has come up. So, when somebody over there gets tired of trying to deflect or ignore the problem, could we insignificant users who are having the problem please get a SOLUTION?
22. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3JimHess-8IPblY May 9, 2008 6:48 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)It seems to me that at this point, our only hope is that the CS4 version of Bridge will be better. Then we will just have to identify the problems in that version in hopes that Adobe will fix them in the next release. I don't think we will see any more fixes for Bridge 2.x.
23. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3Curt Y May 9, 2008 7:46 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)The problems with the "SOLUTION" is that all computers have different hardware and software that makes an almost infinite combination of problems. If the software works as designed on 98%? of the computers then it is probably judged a success by the company. With the 2%? of the users that are having problems it is extremely frustrating, but if the software was tweeked to work with their computer most likely other users would experience problems.
The challenge for the user experiencing problems that others don't have is to figure out where the conflict is, and this is no easy task. Some great mind needs to design a "Find the *&^$@(!* Problem" software.
One solution is to have all computers have the same software, hardware, and OS. Oh wait, that was how Apple started isn't it?
24. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Fried_Elliott) May 9, 2008 1:24 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I don't think it has anything to do with specific hardware configurations or installations of other software.
My suspicion is that for those of us struggling with CS2->CS3->CS2 roll-back and multiple installs/reinstalls/deinstalls... then trying clearing out folders, deleting folders, moving or copying files... clean up scripts yada yada... all to no avail...
Something has corrupted Adobe-specifc keys in our Registry along the way. And none of the Adobe "fixes" have zeroed in on resetting the right registry key(s) at the right stage of the install/recovery/repair process.
I have no idea where to even begin to fix that. Adobe Updater still thinks I have CS3 installed (it keeps trying to install updates for CS3) even though I've ran through all the usual deinstall/cleanup steps.
It has to do with how Adobe was initially installed, then an upgrade goes awry and doesn't recovery gracefully, then subsequent attempts make matters worse... all buried in the Registry in a way we can't sort out for ourselves.
My guess. I'm trialing PhotoMechanic and BreezeBrowser Pro instead of wasting more time trying to figure it out.
25. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3BedtymeBear May 9, 2008 5:49 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)This is a user-to-user forum. If you would like to notify Adobe of the problem you are having, use the information on the following page to contact them:
Most of the key factors about this issue have been noted, but I will summarize and add as I am able.
- I am assuming that everyone here is talking about CS3 Bridge, and so the following information has been tailored to the current version.
- In my experience, to have Camera Raw features in Bridge, you must have installed Photoshop, a Creative Suite, or After Effects; installing Bridge with any other program will not include this feature.
- The Camera Raw plug-in (Camera Raw.8bi) should be installed to the common files directory (C:\Program Files\Common Files\Adobe\Plug-Ins\CS3\File Formats), and all other instances of the plug-in should be removed. Also note that having any other files in this common files directory, including an .EXE file or a .DLL, can prevent the plug-in from loading.
- Verify that Bridge is up-to-date with version 18.104.22.168. In addition to this update, Bridge requires that you have installed the Version Cue 3.1.0 Client update and the Asset Services 3.1.0 update for it to run correctly. All of these updates can be obtained through Adobe Updater (Help->Updates in Photoshop) or on the following page:
- Check that you are running the latest version of Camera Raw. At the time of this writing, it was 4.4.1.
- If you can access it, and you are having problems opening TIFF or JPEG images in Camera Raw, open the Camera Raw preferences (under the Edit menu). Make sure the two options on the bottom are checked ("Always open JPEGs..." and "Always open TIFFs...").
- Try enabling the following options in the Bridge preferences and then restart the application before trying again:
Click Edit--Preferences...
Under the General section, check the "Double-Click Edits Camera Raw Settings in Bridge" option.
Under the Thumbnails section, check the "Prefer Adobe Camera Raw for JPEG and TIFF Files" option.
- Try resetting the Bridge preferences and cache to see if that resolves the issue. To do this, hold down CTRL when you launch Bridge, check all three options in the Reset Settings dialog, then click OK.
- Try Steps 3, 4, and 11 in the following document:
- Create a new user account on the computer, log out of your current one, log into the new one, and then see if the Camera Raw items in Bridge function correctly there. If you are in an office environment, create a local account that does not log onto the network domain. (You may have to contact your IT department to have rights to create local accounts.)
If you current user account in Windows is a "standard" or "limited" then compare to how it works in an administrator account. If it does not function in an existing admin account, create a new admin account and try it.
I hope this was of some assistance.
26. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(laszlo_detre) Jul 31, 2008 8:40 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I just downloaded Photoshop CS3 for the first time. The camera raw plug-in is in comomon files etc. -- where it should be. I have the very latest version of Bridge (today's) and the very latest version of camera raw (4.5) I am at home not in an office and have a Intel centrino dual processor-based Toshiba laptop with plenty of memory of all kinds.
I went into Bridge CS3 and got some raw files (CR2). The raw files option in bridge is GREYED OUT and when I double click a raw file (or try to open it in other ways), it takes me to Photoshop CS3 which tells me that "Could not complete your request because it is not the right kind of file".
Any solutions? This is my 30-day trial starting today and, if not, I don't buy this and tell all my friends and acqaintances, many of whom are photographers and artists, not to either. Based on the threads here that I have read, I do not have much hope.
27. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3JimHess-8IPblY Aug 1, 2008 6:57 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Heiner,
If you activate the "Prefer Camera Raw for JPEG......" option you can still open a JPEG image without going through Camera Raw by highlighting the image and then pressing Ctrl+0 (that is the letter O). And (I think) you can also hold down the shift key while you double-click a JPEG image and it will bypass Camera Raw.
The first thing I would suggest would be to hold down the Ctrl key while you start Bridge. A dialog will appear that will allow you to reset your preferences. Choose all three options then proceed. That has reportedly resolved this issue for some people.
28. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Fried_Elliott) Aug 1, 2008 7:32 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Based on going round and round with this issue there are three possible forms this takes:
1. The ACR file is in the wrong place
2. Bridge options have been set improperly
3. Some sort of a installation snafu between CS2 and CS3.
The third is the nut. Based on the *unresolved* posts in this forum, it seems the common thread to those of us living with this unresolved problem is that some sort of conflict gets created when CS2 either remains installed and a later version of CS3 is installed then "updated" or CS2 is uninstalled subsequent to an updated CS3 install.
In my particular case, I had a current CS2 install, then later installed CS3, then installed the online CS3 updates and got seriously hosed. I uninstalled everything, installed CS2 again, and everything is fine. However, if I ever let Adobe Updater install a new version of Bridge I get hosed again. So Adobe Updater is now off and I'm on the original CD version of CS2.
The first two are relatively easy to chase down and get right. I'm sure Adobe assumes this is the root of the problem. Its not. We're not all idiots here. And BTW Laszlo, Adobe doesn't give a flying flip about your negative word-of-mouth campaign. We've got people in these forums screaming, threatening, begging and pleading for any sort of a hint vowel or patch to assist with this problem and they don't even bother to post a reply.
29. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(laszlo_detre) Aug 1, 2008 4:48 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)thx jim. The point is i want to open raw files so i can use them to create HDR photos. I do not want to open jpeg files which i have no trouble opening in photoshop anyhow.
Fried i get your drift. I never had CS2 installed on this computer so not an issue
30. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(laszlo_detre) Aug 1, 2008 5:21 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Jim. i tried your suggestions. No cigar. All I want to do is to open a raw file in a RAW converter like Adobe Camera Raw, save 5 exposures of the same image, convert those 5 images into jpegs or tifs, use another tool to combines these 5 images into a single HDR image, then use tone mapping to create the final output. Alternatively i want to start with 5 original RAW exposures of the same subject and follow the same steps.
That is mainly why i went to Adobe. But if i cannot do step one, i am screwed.
31. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3JimHess-8IPblY Aug 1, 2008 6:09 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)You have to take different exposures. The Photoshop HDR feature requires that. If you take your multiple images, and then set up Photoshop properly, you should be able to do exactly what you want to do.
32. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3John Joslin Aug 4, 2008 2:24 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Did you follow the instructions for installing ACR 4.5 exactly ie move the old plug-in right out of that directory before placing the new on in there?
If you didn't, that will cause your problem.
33. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Lorrin_Baker) Aug 10, 2008 4:39 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I'm not totally clear on the issue, but I do know that once you have openened a particular JPEG in Camera RAW, it will always do so in the future.
I have not personally tried to fix the issue, but I do know that if I then export the JPEG from the RAW converter to a duplicate JPEG, the resulting JPEG will again open in PS3 as normal. Hope that's clear...
Good Luck!
34. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Lorrin_Baker) Aug 10, 2008 4:44 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Addition to last post:
When I first open and edit a JPEG in Camera RAW, instead of clicking on the Open or Done buttons, I will oftentimes hold down the ALT key while clicking the Open button. This will change the Open option to "Open Copy" and keep the JPEG associated with its original application.
35. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(laszlo_detre) Aug 10, 2008 4:58 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Lorrin: perhaps it is my lack of knowledge. When I expose an image with my camera, the result is two files of the same image. One is a RAW image file, while the other is a JPEG image file. I simply wanted to open the RAW file in PS3, not the JPEG file. Am I not understanding something? Am I doing something I should not be doing?
36. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(laszlo_detre) Aug 10, 2008 5:05 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I want to open RAW files in PS3 because I want to work on RAW files not JPEG files.
37. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Lorrin_Baker) Aug 10, 2008 5:27 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)It sounds like your Windows file associations may not be how you want them.
If you right click on a JPEG in Windows Explorer and go to Properties, you shoud have an option "Opens With:". Click the Change button and select "Adobe Photoshop CS3".
I think the only reason a RAW file would open in any other application is if your camera came with its own application, in which case you would want to do the above on a RAW file in Windows Explorer, or uninstall the other application altogether.
At work, I use Bridge as my file explorer when working with RAWs (so I have thumbnails). In this case, I simply select any/all RAW files I want to edit (selecting multiple files using the CTRL or SHIFT keys) and press CTRL+R, which opens the RAWs in the CS3 RAW converter.
All of my JPEGs (even those produced simply as a duplicate to the RAW by my camera) open with the application I have set in my Windows properties dialog, unless of course I have previously opened them in the RAW converter.
Hope I am understanding and hope that helps?
38. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3John Joslin Aug 11, 2008 2:33 AM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)Laszlo
Why don't you set your camera to shoot raw only?
39. Re: No Camera Raw Support in Bridge CS3(Lorrin_Baker) Aug 12, 2008 2:56 PM (in response to Heiner Strentzsch)I use mainly a Leica Digilux 2 for shooting RAW and for some reason it automatically produces a duplicate JPEG - I'm assuming it uses it for in-camera previews. I rarely use the JPEG but have not bothered searching for a setting to do away with it.


text:
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The Office of Institutional Research (OIR) at Montclair State University, housed within the Office of Information Technology, serves all segments of the University community, including faculty, staff, administrators, and students. This is accomplished through the collection, maintenance, analysis, and interpretation of information required for both planning and the assessment of institutional effectiveness, as well as through the dissemination of reports and summary findings.
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text:
Thursday, April 26, 2012
Paris Yeah!
27 comments:
I think they should call La Polonaise Mount Everest or Mont Blanc?ReplyDelete
Is it named after Chopin?
- Geri, NJ8:34 AM
Love ~ and how exciting it must be to see your own work in a shop. That flower shop is like a mini Monet's garden, which must be bursting in spring.ReplyDeleteReplies
it was thrilling...Delete
I had to buy it :)
Guilty as charged.
Well, it is cold and dull here and not at all like Paris.ReplyDelete
What I want just about now ia bouche a la reine --a sort of overflowing vol au vent with creamy chicken and mushroom gloop in it.
But I expect you already have had lunch......Replies
La bouche a la reine sounds too gloopy for me, Buster but I'm not a cream personDelete
Those frog bags are a riot. Somehow I don't see Parisian women sporting those. Love the breezy watercolors. Wonder whose they are?ReplyDelete
Oh my. I wish I was there! Somehow drizzle doesn't seem so bad when you're in Paris, does it?! Have fun!ReplyDelete
Ha! you are now famous in Paris! How great that must have felt to see your artwork on display in bookshops!ReplyDelete
Will this rain never end?
And do they make that Sonia T-shirt in adult sizes (& if not why not?)Replies
The rain is intermittent here in Paris with occasional teasing by the sun.Delete
Then another splatter. Natch I left my umbrella at home but no matter
The Sonia T-shirt for kiddies was 90€!
I did have myself in mind...quelle idiot moi..
A child's size 12 is a long time ago.
Carol, it surely looks as if you and that independent travelling Bear are having a grand Parisian time whatever the weather.ReplyDelete
Lovely to see you book cover in a chic Paris shop!
It's still quite chilly in NYC and rain has joined the mix ce soir.
You, or Bear, must know ... how does one properly pronounce Rykiel? Tell me when you get back to NYC. Tea is a must.
You've got our Paris weather Frances so enjoy it :)Delete
Drizzle + chilly with occasional teasings by the sun popping out and departing quickly...
c'est comme ca
Rykiel = (I think..)
rye-key-L (J'pense oui)
most ppl just say Sonia..easier
I enjoyed my walk through Paris with you very, very much. As you new follower I look forward to revisiting and I look forward to your visit and commentsReplyDelete
Looks like you and Bear have hit the ground running, as usual.ReplyDelete
Love the illustrations.Replies
Exactement Bill :)Delete
Yesterday I finally went to take a break in Galeries Lafayette Home in their little resto upstairs.
I sat down
No one came by with a menu
No one came by at all
I fell asleep
I woke up refreshed
And left.
I must do this again some time.
They did wish me, 'au revoir' as I was leaving :)
I cant believe you bought the book. You should have been given a FREE one. :) How fun to see it there. Love that child's T Shirt. To bad its so small.ReplyDeleteReplies
I WAS given one free but I forgot to bring it with me!Delete
Must have book by my side at all times Cris
How I love that Printemps artist! Why are they so shy about attribution?ReplyDeleteReplies
I think it's their regular artist..Delete
I've take shots before of similar style loose fashion figures...
I will investigate.
You must visit 'Merci' a concept store on Bvld. Beaumarchais in the 3rd. Our apartment was just a few doors down, and I loved stopping in daily to see what was new. It's tucked into a courtyard and has a very magical feel.ReplyDeleteReplies
But I did post on MERCI hereDelete
and many other times..
I LOVE their cantine!!
Ohhhh, I LOVE your blog!!! Thanks for posting pictures of people on the street. I will be arriving in Paris May 8 for ten days. I have never been to Paris (Or anywhere in Europe) and I was hoping it would be a bit warmer....I had already picked my wardrobe (based on Ines de la Fressange "Parisian Chic" style guide). However, after seeing your photos, I have decided to go with MUCH warmer "Parisian Chic" clothing! Thanks for the warning you didn't even know you were giving! I hope you and Bear are keeping warm!!ReplyDeleteReplies
Paris is a stripper's dream.Delete
You must bring light layers and have a bag to throw them in as you strip throughout the day..
GREAT post idea!
merci carolg
Check this out! Your book cover is in a giveaway on Design*Sponge!!ReplyDelete
BIG MERCI Jeanette!!Delete
You as always are Mme Sharp Eyes
alons with the long ears, ahem
Quadrille Publishers was lovely to work with..


text:
Mountainbike Guiding & Coaching for All Abilities
MTB RIDE GUIDE is Fort William's guiding and skills coaching company for Cross Country, Freeride and Downhill Mountainbiking.
We offer guiding and skills coaching based around classic local trails as well as the network of trails around Nevis Range including the World Cup XC course and the gondola accessed Red Route and World Cup Downhill Courses.
From meandering forest trails to full on natural mountainbiking we can offer something for all abilities.
MTB RIDE GUIDE operate all over the Fort William and Lochaber area including Nevis Range, Glen Nevis and Spean Bridge as well as Kinlochleven and Glencoe. We also travel to the nearby Laggan Wolftrax Trail Centre and onwards to Golspie Trails, infact we can go to most places you would ever want to mountainbike.


text:
Have one to sell?
flag of Zimbabwe Hard Case for HTC ONE M8 ( Sugar Skull ) by mcsharks
by mcsharks
Currently unavailable.
We don't know when or if this item will be back in stock.
We don't know when or if this item will be back in stock.
- Hard case made from premium polycarbonate & Feels case-less and bare for a natural impression
- you can access to all functions and buttons be easy without removing the case.
- Exposed buttons and port openings for quick and easy access
- Durable silicon inner skin provides soft cushion and shock/impact absorption
- For Smooth Black Only: Soft finish coating provides grip and a matte-finish
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fashion and cute designed,this case is only fit for iphone 38116c
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text:
The mission of Bobby Stephen's Fund for Education is to assist deserving New Hampshire citizens to further their career goals by means of scholarships to postsecondary educational institutions.
This 501(c)3 organization is a shining example of how a modest investment, with the addition of hard work, can benefit a multitude of young people in society!
Scholarship Application


text:
Preds bury Avalanche with strong third period
Nashville, TN – David Legwand netted the winner late in regulation, as Nashville claimed a 3-1 victory over Colorado at Bridgestone Arena.
Patric Hornqvist also tallied and Taylor Beck added two assists for the Predators, who put the brakes on a three-game slide and avenged a 1-0 overtime loss in Denver last Saturday.
"It's really important because we're right in the thick of things right now," Nashville head coach Barry Trotz said.
Pekka Rinne stopped 25 shots.
Matt Duchene posted the lone score for the Avalanche, losers in nine of their last 11.
Jean-Sebastien Giguere made 35 saves in defeat.
"Giguere played one heck of a game for us, and that was definitely not the way to repay him," Duchene said.
Legwand took control of a loose puck behind the net to the right of Giguere, curled in front and slipped the disc home through the veteran's five-hole with 1:14 on the clock.
Gaustad slid the insurance marker into the empty net with 15 seconds left.
Giguere and Rinne matched each other save for save through the first 40 minutes, as the former made 20 stops and the latter turned away 16.
Duchene snapped a scoreless deadlock with 61 seconds played in the third period, outracing three Predators pursuers from inside his own zone and beating Rinne low and through the pads.
Nashville tied the game at 8:23, when a Beck shot was slowed but the loose puck ticked off Hornqvist's skate in the crease and over the goal line. A review determined there was no kicking motion.
Game Notes
Rinne won for the first time in his last four starts ... Beck posted his second career multi-point effort and his first career two-assist game ... Nashville hosts Columbus on Thursday and Colorado hosts Detroit on Friday.


text:
Ally Hylton has had a difficult life. When she was...
Fight For You {Book 2 completed}
- por shefancies1D & J.K. Panesar
- Rating:
- Publicado: 23 ago 2012
- Actualizado: 19 feb 2014
- Estado: Complete
*Sequel to Only You* It is said that time heals all wounds, but Ally's cuts just keep getting deeper and deeper. She thinks the horror is over when Damen is locked away, but little does she know. What will she think when she starts getting cryptic little 'presents' on her doorstep early in the morning? And how will she react when there is a note left, threatening the people she loves? Little does Ally know that the horror is hardly over.
Copyright ©
Copyright ©
Join MovellasFind out what all the buzz is about. Join now to start sharing your creativity and passion
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text:
Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora debuted a new song detailing his past substance abuse issues at an anti-drug rally for youngsters in his native New Jersey this week (beg26May14).
Sambora has a long history of substance abuse, entering rehab facilities in both 2007 and 2011 to battle his addictions, before finally getting sober.
He drew on his past troubles during an anti-drug forum at a high school on Tuesday (27May14) by debuting a song called Lighthouse, which he hopes will give listeners strength to fight their demons.
He tells reporters, "I wanted to do something optimistic, a beacon of light and hope. Everyone needs that light when they're far off the shore."
The rally, which was attended by around 5,000 youngsters and parents, was held to raise awareness about the abuse of heroin and prescription medication in the Jersey Shore region.
Sambora, who is father to a teenage daughter, addressed the fellow parents in the crowd, saying, "I'm mostly here as the father of a 16-year-old girl. I'm scared... But we can't be scared silent. Together we can make a difference because this epidemic has to stop."
Proceeds from Lighthouse's sales will help fund a drug treatment facility planned for the area.
The musician is father to 16-year-old Ava, whose mother is actress Heather Locklear.


text:
1. Re: rich:tabPanelAbdulla Abdurakhmanov Jun 23, 2007 4:52 AM (in response to Joao Mello)
I implement this feature with using the action in rich:tab and selectedTab in the tabpanel.
<rich:tab label="MyName" id="MyName" action="#{MySessionBean.activateSecuritySettingsTab}" >
And using after:
<rich:tabPanel id="tblPnl" selectedTab="#{MySessionBean.activeTabName}">
I think you might to create MySessionBean correctly ;-)
2. Re: rich:tabPanelJoao Mello Jun 23, 2007 3:39 PM (in response to Joao Mello)
Thanks. I end up finding the solution.
3. Re: rich:tabPanelAndrei Keybo Jun 26, 2007 6:34 AM (in response to Joao Mello)
I got similar problem
akira, could you specify more detailed your MySessionBean.
I just try
public void activateSecuritySettingsTab(ValueChangeEvent event) {
but it not working
4. Re: rich:tabPanelAbdulla Abdurakhmanov Jun 26, 2007 9:25 AM (in response to Joao Mello)
I don't find any solution then:
class MySessionBean {
private String activeTab;
public String activateMyTab2() {
activeTab = "MyTab2";
return null;
public String getActiveTab() {
return activeTab;
You can also trying to store in session a TabPanel binding...
I think This is must be working too.
5. Re: rich:tabPanelAndrei Keybo Jun 26, 2007 9:40 AM (in response to Joao Mello)
Thanx for fast replay
I put switchType="server" into <rich:tab>
<rich:tabPanel id="tblPnl" switchType="client" value="#{Bb.currentTab}">
<rich:tab id="uploader" name="uploader" label="Upload" switchType="server">
<ui:include src="/WEB-INF/includes/uploader.xhtml"/>
<rich:tab id="manager" name="manager" label="Manage" switchType="server">
<ui:include src="/WEB-INF/includes/manager.xhtml"/>
looks like it works too
6. Re: rich:tabPanelAbdulla Abdurakhmanov Jun 26, 2007 9:44 AM (in response to Joao Mello)
No problem.
I'm glad that this problem has many solutions ;-)
7. Re: rich:tabPanelAndrei Keybo Jun 27, 2007 4:43 AM (in response to Joao Mello)
Hi again
My System architect almost kill me after he review my previus solution. It really works slow and swichType on tab has higher priority under swichType on tabPanel. So I put swichType="ajax". Like:
<rich:tabPanel id="tblPnl" switchType="ajax" value="#{Bb.currentTab}">
<rich:tab id="uploader" name="uploader" label="Upload">
<ui:include src="/WEB-INF/includes/uploader.xhtml"/>
<rich:tab id="manager" name="manager" label="Manage">
<ui:include src="/WEB-INF/includes/manager.xhtml"/>
very sadly but cant find solvation with swichType="client". Is it really possible in principal
8. Re: rich:tabPanelTamara Bealer Oct 2, 2007 2:02 PM (in response to Joao Mello)
Has any else looked into changing the selectedTab attributed client side without making a request to backing bean?
9. Re: rich:tabPanelPaula Oct 30, 2007 3:35 PM (in response to Joao Mello)
I am trying to implement this, and I keep getting a error..
javax.faces.el.PropertyNotFoundException: /editprofile.xhtml @17,91 selectedTab="#{userHome.tabValue}": Bean: UserHome_$$_javassist_10, property: tabValue
What do I need to put in the bean?
10. Re: rich:tabPanelLuis Tama Jun 29, 2010 12:33 AM (in response to Joao Mello)
Hi everyone!
I know this is a very old question, but I want to share the solution I came up with... IMHO, the offered ones are not good enough, considering that I was redirected here by the RichFaces FAQ...
In my app I needed to save the currently selected tab in the DB (not only the current session), so on the next login the last selected tab would be displayed. In fact, I wanted to save it in a task instance variable, as I'm using Seam + jBPM, but any persistence method should work.
Also, I needed my rich:tabPanel to be switched completely on client-side.
So, for this to work, we need the following:
- RichFaces 3.3.3.Final (I didn't chetk if this works on earlier versions, but I guess it should).
- A rich:tabPanel with the tabs named by id (e.g. "tab1", "tab2" and "tab3", etc.).
- A backing bean (e.g. named "myBean"), with a property (with getter and setter) related to the selected tab name (e.g. selectedTabName).
- An a4j:jsFunction that will do the update on the backing bean property.
- The rich:tabPanel must have its selectedTab attribute associated to the backing bean property.
- Also, the rich:tabPanel must call the a4j:jsFunction by its function name on the ontabchange event, sending the recently updated enteredTabName attribute in the event object (to learn more, see the function RichFaces.onTabChange inside your RichFaces UI jar file: richfaces-ui-3.3.3.Final.jar/org/richfaces/renderkit/html/scripts/tabPanel.js).
Please note:
- We don't need any server-side event listeners - that's the part I didn't like in the older posts, the motivation to figure out this...
- This works with any tab switching method (server, ajax or client).
- The (possible) downside is that on every tab change, the backing bean property will be updated via AJAX. But anyway, when else would you update it?
Finally, here's the code!
The property in the backing bean:
... // You don't need the @In and @Out lines if not using Seam + jBPM // I use them because that's how I save the selected tab // in my task instance for later use @In(required = false) @Out(scope = ScopeType.BUSINESS_PROCESS, required = false) private String selectedTabName; public String getSelectedTabName() { // you could check if it's the first time the page is rendered, // maybe with something like: // if (this.selectedTabName == null) // this.selectedTabName = "tab1"; // or you could check it in your bean creation method return this.selectedTabName; } public void setSelectedTabName(String selectedTabName) { this.selectedTabName = selectedTabName; // here you could add your DB update code for the selectedTabName // or maybe somewhere else. // Seam + jBPM saves the variable in the task instance for me // automatically on conversation end via outjection :) } ...
The a4j:jsFunction and the rich:tabPanel on your page (note how the function is called):
<a4j:jsFunction id="tabChangeFn" name="tabChangeFn"> <a4j:actionparam name="name" value="name" assignTo="#{myBean.currentTabName}" noEscape="true" /> </a4j:jsFunction> <rich:tabPanel switchType="client" selectedTab="#{myBean.currentTabName}" ontabchange="tabChangeFn(event.enteredTabName)"> <rich:tab id="tab1"> ... </rich:tab> <rich:tab id="tab2"> ... </rich:tab> <rich:tab id="tab3"> ... </rich:tab> </rich:tabPanel>
Please tell if this works for you, or if you have any suggestions.
God bless you.
Luis Tama
11. Re: rich:tabPanelIlya Shaikovsky Jun 29, 2010 4:42 AM (in response to Luis Tama)
Thanks for detailed post! Thats would be greate if you will be able to use wiki posts for such cool design solutions contributions in future. [RichFaces Knowledgebase] It will helps community newcomers much in future!
B.t.w. you talking that should works with any modes. But I believe that additional JS function really need in client mode only. In other mode - you will have request from tabPanel itself and could store information just in change listener. And even more - I'm concerned with the fact that such usage - will cause concurrent requests in ajax or server mode(request fro tabpanel and in the same time request from jsFunction)
12. Re: rich:tabPanelLuis Tama Jun 29, 2010 6:16 AM (in response to Ilya Shaikovsky)
Thanks for your reply, Ilya...
I'm sure you're right when talking about server-side tab switching - tab name could be remembered in that single server request, maybe with some action event listener? What I was pointing out was that my code worked with the 3 modes without changes. I used that solution because I my tabPanel switches tabs client-side...
But... hehe... In fact, I'm already facing some problems with concurrent AJAX requests (on every tab change). I'm solving it with a global a4j:queue, as explained in the examples.
Another solution would be to bind one single call to my a4j:jsFunction on the unload event of the window, but I haven't checked deeply what JS method I should call from tabPanel.js and how. It seems that the page does always wait for these onunload listeners, as stated by jQuery, at least if not closing the browser window, but I haven't tested. I first wanted to try to make it work with pure RichFaces...
And yes, I would really like to contribute to that KB. I must you tell you that I have some JS client-side tricks (added methods and properties, etc.) for some of RichFaces components, because sometimes they can't do what I need them to out-of-the-box...
So... What do you mean by wiki posts? Would it be useful if I change my last post to wiki format or should I create an article or blog post? When posting to the forums, should I always use wiki markup?
Best regards,
Luis Tama
13. Re: rich:tabPanelIlya Shaikovsky Jun 29, 2010 6:38 AM (in response to Luis Tama)
for clien mode - your solution seems most good one. And for server side - yes I prefer to remove jsFunction and store selectedTab from valueChangeListener of tabPanel.
Asfor contribution - yes, just create new article in RichFaces space, then after published - copy it's permanent link and paste it into main page I shown you by editing it. I'm monitoring all the wiki changes and will be glad to review any contributions.
14. Re: rich:tabPanelSteve Stair Jun 25, 2012 1:32 PM (in response to Luis Tama)
How is this any different than just using switchType="ajax"?
<rich:tabPanel switchType="ajax"
<rich:tab id="tab1">


text:
Control of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle has proven particularly challenging where reservoirs of infection exist in wildlife populations. In Britain and Ireland, control is hampered by a reservoir of infection in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles). Badger culling has positive and negative effects on bovine TB in cattle and is difficult, costly and controversial. Here we show that Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination of captive badgers reduced the progression, severity and excretion of Mycobacterium bovis infection after experimental challenge. In a clinical field study, BCG vaccination of free-living badgers reduced the incidence of positive serological test results by 73.8 per cent. In common with other species, BCG did not appear to prevent infection of badgers subjected to experimental challenge, but did significantly reduce the overall disease burden. BCG vaccination of badgers could comprise an important component of a comprehensive programme of measures to control bovine TB in cattle.
1. Introduction
Tuberculosis (bovine TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, is a serious zoonotic infection that affects cattle and other wild and domesticated animals. Over the past two decades, the incidence of bovine TB in cattle has increased substantially in parts of Great Britain (GB) creating a significant economic burden on government and the cattle industry [1]. Tuberculin testing and the slaughter of infected cattle has been sufficient to control or even eradicate the disease in parts of the world, but this has proven more challenging where infection persists in a wildlife reservoir.
In 1971, M. bovis infection was first detected in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in GB [2]. Since then, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that M. bovis infection is present in badgers across large parts of Britain and Ireland [3,4], that infected badgers may excrete M. bovis [5] and are a source of infection for cattle [6,7]. However, badger culling can have complex epidemiological outcomes, including both positive and negative impacts on the incidence of bovine TB in cattle [8,9]. Furthermore, badger culling as an approach to disease control can be costly, practically difficult and indiscriminate, and remains controversial. Vaccinating badgers may be an alternative or complementary strategy that overcomes some of these challenges [10].
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated strain of M. bovis, which is widely used around the world as a vaccine against human TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BCG protects against severe childhood forms of TB but has only limited efficacy against adult pulmonary disease [11,12]. Thus, BCG has long been considered to restrict the extent of disease rather than prevent infection [12]. However, this dogma has recently been challenged by observations in humans [13], wild brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) [14,15], and experimentally and naturally infected cattle [16,17], where vaccination appeared to prevent infection in a proportion of subjects. As the aim of a badger vaccine would be to at least limit transmission from infected badger populations to cattle, we reasoned that a vaccine which prevented disease progression to a point before animals became infectious could still achieve this goal [18]. Previous studies have shown that BCG confers some protection to badgers against experimental challenge with M. bovis when delivered via the subcutaneous or combined intranasal/conjunctival routes [19,20]. Our recent studies have shown that intramuscular (IM) administration of BCG to badgers is both safe and of equivalent immunogenicity to subcutaneous delivery [21]. It also has the practical advantage of being readily administered to trapped badgers without recourse to anaesthesia. Here we present the results of IM vaccination of badgers with BCG from two experimental infection studies and a 4-year clinical field study.
2. Material and methods
(a) General
(i) Anaesthesia
In all cases, badgers were anaesthetized through intra-muscular injection of a combination of ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg ml−1, Vetalar V, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Crawley, UK), medetomidine hydrochloride (1 mg ml−1, Domitor, Pfizer, Sandwich, UK) and butorphanol tartrate (10 mg ml−1, Torbugesic, Fort Dodge Animal Health Ltd, Southampton, UK) at a ratio of 2 : 1 : 2 by volume, respectively [22]. This was supplemented with inhalant isoflurane when necessary.
(ii) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination
BCG Danish strain 1331 vaccine (Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark) was supplied at 2–8 × 106 colony-forming units (CFU) per vial. The vaccine was prepared by adding 1 ml of Sauton diluent to each vial. In all studies, the vaccine was injected in the lumbar muscle, following shaving and cleaning of the overlying skin. All vaccinated animals received 1 ml of vaccine that had been reconstituted for less than 4 h. At the end of each vaccination session, residual vaccine was cultured on modified Middlebrook 7H11 agar plates to determine the viable count and titre of the vaccine.
(iii) Immunological assays
Immune responses of badgers in all studies were monitored by gamma interferon (IFNγ) ELISA [23] and by measuring antibodies in serum to any combination of four mycobacterial antigens (MPB83, CFP-10, 38 kDa, Mtb8.4) using the Brock TB Stat-Pak test (Chembio Diagnostic Systems Inc., New York, USA) [24,25]. Blood samples were taken into heparin and SST BD Vacutainer Blood Collection Tubes (BD, Plymouth, UK) and processed on the same day. Antigens used to stimulate blood cultures were PPD-B and PPD-A. After antigen stimulation, supernatants from the blood cultures were used to test for badger IFNγ by ELISA [23]. Quantitative data from the IFNγ ELISA (optical density units) were converted into binary data (positive/negative result) on the basis of a test cut-off determined during the development of the test [23].
(iv) Culture of M. bovis
Clinical samples (tracheal aspirate, laryngeal and rectal swabs, urine and faeces) taken from badgers were not decontaminated before culture with the following exceptions. Rectal swabs were soaked overnight in 0.85 per cent sodium chloride saline solution and faeces were suspended in saline. The saline solution or faeces suspension were decontaminated with 5 per cent final volume oxalic acid for 10 min at room temperature. Material for culture was retrieved by centrifugation and the oxalic acid removed by a wash step using saline.
Tissue samples collected at post-mortem examination were taken aseptically, weighed and frozen at −20°C. Subsequently, they were thawed to room temperature and each tissue type cultured separately. Tissues were homogenized in 10 ml 0.85 per cent saline using IKA tubes (IKA Werke GmbH & Co. KG, Staufen, Germany). All samples were cultured on Middlebrook 7H11 medium and incubated for 12 weeks at 37°C before examination for the presence of bacterial growth. Confirmation of the identity of colonies as the M. bovis challenge strain was obtained by spoligotyping [26].
(b) Mycobacterium bovis experimental infection studies
(i) Mycobacterium bovis
The M. bovis strain used for challenge in the experimental infection model was originally isolated from an infected wild badger in the UK in 1997 (isolate 74/0449/97). This was stored as a first passage stock culture until expanded and stored as frozen aliquots (−80°C) for experimental infection studies. The clonality of the culture was confirmed by demonstrating the spoligotype—SB0140 (VLA type 9) and VNTR type (8-5-5-5-3-3.1) of 10 per cent of colonies grown from a culture of approximately 105 CFU ml−1. The stock vials used for the challenge had not been passaged further and contained approximately 107 CFU ml−1 viable M. bovis.
(ii) Animals and sampling
The first experiment vaccine efficacy study 1 (VES1) involved five badgers and the second experiment vaccine efficacy study 2 (VES2) involved 10 badgers (table 1). The animals were trapped from the wild in a county of England with no reported cases of TB in badgers and very few cases of bovine TB. After capture, badgers were confirmed TB-free on the basis of three consecutive negative results, one month apart, for both IFNγ and culture of clinical samples. The badgers were housed in groups of up to four animals, each of which contained individuals from the same social group of origin wherever possible. Badgers were identified by a unique tattoo on the belly and a subcutaneous microchip with a unique number (AVID PLC, Lewes, UK).
Each group of badgers was housed in an open-air pen of approximately 50 m2, containing concrete tunnels and wooden pallets for environmental enrichment. The badgers received a diet of dog food, peanuts and occasionally eggs, and had constant access to fresh water. The badgers were moved to an Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens Containment Level 3 facility approximately five to six weeks before challenge.
Once every two to three weeks, the badgers were anaesthetized and examined. Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture and subjected to IFNγ and Stat-Pak tests. Tracheal mucus was collected by aspiration with a flexible urinary catheter (Arnolds Veterinary Products, Shrewsbury, UK) and dispensed into Middlebrook 7H9 broth. Laryngeal and rectal swabs were collected and placed into 7H9 broth and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Urine was collected into sterile 15 ml plastic tubes by manual compression of the bladder.
(iii) Experimental infection with M. bovis
Seventeen weeks post-vaccination, all badgers were infected with M. bovis. One vial of stock M. bovis was thawed and serially diluted in sterile water + 0.05% (v/v) Tween 80 to contain approximately 5 × 103 CFU ml−1. At each dilution, the suspension was vortexed to diminish the risk of bacterial clumping. The final dilution (challenge inoculum) was made in sterile PBS + 0.05% Tween 80. The titre of the challenge inoculum was determined by plating on Middlebrook 7H11 agar a sample from a syringe kept in the same conditions as those used for challenge.
For both experiments, challenge occurred over two separate days, and the viable count of the inoculum was determined on each day. The challenge inoculum was delivered by endobronchial instillation to anaesthetized badgers using a 70 cm fibroscope (Olympus UFR-P2, 3.6 × 1.2 mm canal), targeting the bronchus of the right middle lobe. Mycobacterium bovis suspension in a 1 ml volume was inoculated via a sterile plastic catheter (1 mm × 1 m) and the catheter was flushed with 1 ml PBS. Between animals the fibroscope was disinfected with ortho-phthalaldehyde (Cidex-OPA) and 70 per cent ethanol and then rinsed with sterile water.
(iv) Post-mortem examination
Twelve weeks after challenge (29 weeks after vaccination), the badgers were killed humanely with an intravenous overdose of sodium pentobarbitone and immediately subjected to post-mortem examination by pathologists blinded to treatment allocation. A pre-determined set of tissues was collected and examined for gross/visible lesions. Gross lesions were detected by finely slicing lymph nodes (LNs) and organs. Each LN was divided for histology and culture, and for the larger organs such as spleen, approximately 3 cm3 of tissue was submitted for culture and the remainder for histology. Histologically, a TB lesion consisted of one or more granulomas containing acid-fast bacteria (AFB) in Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN)-stained sections. A visible lesion score was derived using a standardized ordinal scoring system of 1–4 (few foci or slight swelling to extensive caseation or areas of coalesced foci) [27,28]. Only visible lesions subsequently confirmed as tuberculous by either isolation of M. bovis from the tissue by culture or the appearance of AFB in ZN-stained histological sections counted towards the final score. The score was derived from the sum of the highest scoring lung lobe plus the scores from all other tissues. The parameters used to assess the severity of gross disease present post-mortem have been used to assess the efficacy of BCG vaccine in white-tailed deer [29] and cattle [17,30], as well as badgers [19].
(v) Data analysis
Each variable under test was evaluated for between study differences using a general linear modelling approach. As no significant differences were obtained between the two studies, the results of experiments VES1 and VES2 were combined to increase the statistical power and give the best estimate of treatment effects. Lesion scores were measured on an ordinal scale and investigated for evidence of a difference between treatment groups (vaccinate or control) and experiments (VES1 or VES2) using the Mann–Whitney non-parametric rank test. Further analysis was conducted to compare treatment groups with respect to the time until M. bovis was isolated from any clinical sample post-challenge. The mean time to a positive culture result was estimated with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using Kaplan–Meier estimates. A non-parametric distribution analysis approach was undertaken using the log-rank test to identify significant differences between times to positive culture. All analyses employed Minitab v. 15.1 (2007) (Minitab Ltd, Coventry, UK) and NCSS v. 7.1.5 (2008) (NCSS, Kaysville, UT, USA). Differences in the proportion of positive and negative culture results between clinical samples were tested using χ2 and between treatment groups in the captive animal studies using Fisher's exact tests.
(c) Field study
(i) Social group identification and treatment allocation
Fieldwork took place from 2006 to 2009 inclusive, over an area of approximately 55 km2 in Gloucestershire, southwest England where a relatively high density of badgers was anticipated. The number of badger social groups and the spatial configuration of their territories were identified from surveys for active setts (communal burrow systems) and bait marking [31].
Active badger setts in the study area were subjected to two consecutive nights of trapping, and the entire area was trapped at least twice each year in all but one year. In 2007, a foot and mouth disease outbreak resulted in restrictions to fieldwork and hence the study area was trapped only once. Allocation of treatments to social groups was carried out after the first trapping session in 2006. Groups were randomly assigned to vaccinate or control treatments at a ratio of 60 : 40, while ensuring, as far as possible, an approximate balance of group sizes and bovine TB prevalence between treatments (see the electronic supplementary material for details of this design process). If a social group was allocated to vaccination, every badger caught from that social group was vaccinated irrespective of prior knowledge of its infection status. Badger social groups can split or merge over time, which would present a problem for treatment allocation where two groups of differing treatment merged. Hence, we determined that any animals in control social groups that merged with vaccinated groups be regarded as new to the study, and that they should be vaccinated and their history prior to vaccination ignored.
(ii) Sampling and vaccination
Badgers were captured in cage traps deployed in the immediate vicinity of sett entrance holes, then transferred into holding cages labelled with the sett name to ensure that each badger was returned to its point of capture at the end of procedures. On arrival at the sampling facility, badgers were anaesthetized and each new individual was marked with a programmed microchip (inserted subcutaneously between the shoulders) and a tattoo on the abdomen with a unique three-digit identification. Clinical samples were taken from all badgers: blood (into Vacutainer tubes of heparin and SST); tracheal mucus (by catheter); urine (by manual expression or catheter); faeces (by Microlax enema); and swabs of any wounds or other samples (e.g. abscesses, discharges). BCG vaccine was administered to badgers in the vaccination treatment group on recapture at a rate of one dose per calendar year. Three diagnostic tests for bovine TB were applied to badgers at each capture event: two immunological blood tests (IFNγ and Stat-Pak) and culture for M. bovis of clinical samples.
(iii) Data analysis
The purpose of the analyses was to identify any effect of vaccination on the likelihood that an individual would change its diagnostic test status from negative to positive. Such a change in status is termed an 'incident case'. Hence, we restricted our analyses to include only animals that were negative to all diagnostic tests on their initial capture and that were trapped more than once during the study. The unit of statistical analysis was the badger social group as specified by the cluster-randomized design of the study, and the response variable was the proportion of incident cases within each social group. The binomial data were analysed using a generalized linear model with a logit (log odds ratio) link function and binomial errors, fitted by maximum quasi-likelihood with provision for over-dispersion (i.e. greater than expected binomial variability). Models were fitted using GenStat 12.1 (VSN International, Hemel Hempstead, UK). The model was fitted separately for each diagnostic test and for Stat-Pak and culture combined, to estimate the proportions in each social group (with 95% CI) of test-positive incident cases in vaccinate and control treatments. An approximate F-probability test was used to indicate evidence of any statistically significant difference between treatments.
3. Results
(a) Experimental infection studies
Following experimental challenge with M. bovis, vaccinated badgers had significantly lower lesion scores detected at post-mortem examination than unvaccinated animals (p = 0.013, Mann–Whitney test; table 1 and figure 1). There was no evidence of differences between experiments (p = 1.00, Mann–Whitney test). Although BCG did not prevent infection in vaccinated badgers, it reduced the extent of disease in all but one animal (D313). Mycobacterium bovis was detected by culture of clinical samples in a significantly smaller proportion of vaccinated than unvaccinated badgers (p = 0.028, Fisher's exact test; figure 2). All six non-vaccinated badgers yielded at least one positive culture sample; M. bovis was detected intermittently in the larynx/trachea from four weeks post-challenge in the first experiment and from two weeks post-challenge in the second (see the electronic supplementary material, table S1). By contrast, three of the nine vaccinated animals yielded positive samples at 2, 8 and 12 weeks post-challenge (see the electronic supplementary material, table S1). Mycobacterium bovis was not detected in the urine of any badger, and was only isolated from one faecal sample taken post-mortem from the most heavily infected badger (D313; see the electronic supplementary material, table S1). The average time taken for vaccinated badgers to yield a positive culture sample was significantly longer than in non-vaccinated badgers (p = 0.002, log-rank test).
Six of the eight vaccinated badgers were positive to the IFNγ test after vaccination. Positive results were recorded from 2 to 17 weeks after vaccination (see the electronic supplementary material, table S2). One of six non-vaccinated badgers recorded a single positive IFNγ test result two weeks prior to challenge with M. bovis. After challenge, all badgers except two (one control, one vaccinated) were positive to the test, and most were intermittently positive (see the electronic supplementary material, table S2). There was no obvious association between the frequency of test positivity after challenge and the extent of pathology post-mortem. A single (vaccinated) badger was positive by Stat-Pak at all time points. After challenge, four of the six non-vaccinated badgers and eight of the nine vaccinated badgers became Stat-Pak-positive (see the electronic supplementary material, table S3).
(b) Field study
During the lifetime of the study, 844 badgers were caught and sampled. For the purpose of the analyses presented here, we identified 262 individuals which had been captured more than once and were test negative on initial capture. These comprised 179 vaccinated badgers (from 38 social groups) and 83 controls (from 26 social groups) that remained unvaccinated.
Vaccination was associated with significant reductions in the incidence of positive Stat-Pak results (73.8%; p < 0.001) and combined Stat-Pak and culture positives (61.4%; p < 0.01; table 2). The incidence of IFNγ test-positivity was not significantly reduced by vaccination (19.7%; p = 0.41; table 2). Mycobacterium bovis was isolated by culture from 189 of 4854 clinical samples, most frequently from abscesses or wound sites although these types of sample represented only 3.4 per cent of all clinical samples taken. Of the remainder, M. bovis was more frequently detected in tracheal mucus (4.1%) than in urine (2.6%) or faeces (2.2%) (see the electronic supplementary material, table S4). These differences were significant (p < 0.01, χ2-test) and are consistent with the predominantly respiratory nature of the infection [5]. The incidence of culture positivity in vaccinated groups was not significantly lower than in control groups (27.1%; p = 0.50; table 2).
4. Discussion
Vaccination of wildlife has been studied for at least 50 years since the earliest attempts at oral vaccination against classical swine fever (CSF) (reviewed by Kaden et al. [32]). Although routine vaccination against CSF is prohibited in domestic pigs within the European Union, emergency vaccination is permitted. Vaccination has become more widely accepted as a potential option for the management of disease in wildlife populations following its successful employment in the control of sylvatic rabies [33]. Although currently very few vaccines for wildlife species have been licensed, work is on-going in a number of areas. Recent examples include experimental vaccination of wild white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) [34], a reservoir host species of the human Lyme disease agent (Borrelia burgdorferi), American robins (Turdus migratorius) [35], an amplification host for West Nile Virus, and bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus elaphus) against brucellosis [36]. A more extensive review of the subject can be found in Delahay et al. [37].
In the UK and Ireland, it is recognized that vaccination of badgers may play an important role in managing the risks of TB infection in cattle. The results presented here demonstrate that the IM administration of BCG to badgers can reduce the severity and progression of experimentally induced TB and the frequency of excretion of M. bovis. Furthermore, our field study provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence for a beneficial effect of BCG on M. bovis infection in free-living badgers.
As a decision was taken by the sponsors of the work not to kill the badgers at the end of the study, we used three different diagnostic tests to assess the TB status of badgers at the time of capture: IFNγ and Stat-Pak blood tests and isolation by culture of M. bovis from clinical samples. The IFNγ test measures the production of IFNγ following stimulation of whole heparinized blood with bovine and avian tuberculin, with estimated specificity of 93.6 per cent and sensitivity of 80.9 per cent [23]. The Stat-Pak is a lateral flow assay for the presence of antibodies to M. bovis antigens in serum [25] with estimated specificity of 93.1 per cent and sensitivity of 34.4 per cent in infected badgers with no visible TB lesions, rising to 78.1 per cent in cases of more advanced disease, including where M. bovis is being excreted [24]. Although less sensitive than the IFNγ test, in a wide variety of species including badgers, the appearance of serum antibodies to mycobacterial antigens during natural and experimental infection, correlates with advanced disease (reviewed in [38]) and has previously been used as a surrogate for BCG-mediated protection against experimental M. bovis infection in badgers [20]. Furthermore, the Stat-Pak test is able to discriminate between M. bovis-infected and BCG-vaccinated individuals, as it relies on antibody recognition of antigens that are either poorly (MPB83) or not (CFP-10) expressed by BCG Danish; or are poorly immunogenic (38 kDa antigen and Mtb8.4) in vaccinated badgers [25].
While the isolation of M. bovis from a clinical sample is definitive for bovine TB infection, a precise estimate of the sensitivity of the culture of clinical samples is unknown. On the basis of the reported sensitivities for the two immunological tests and the total number of positive test results we estimated it to be in the range of 20–24% for the field study, which is consistent with a previous estimate [39].
The highly significant reduction in the incidence of positive Stat-Pak results observed as a result of vaccinating wild badgers with IM BCG is consistent with a protective effect of vaccination, as antibody production is positively correlated with the extent and severity of TB infection in both humans and badgers [24,40]. Vaccination had no influence on Stat-Pak positivity post-challenge in the experimental studies, despite this being observed previously when BCG was evaluated experimentally in badgers [20]. The number of viable M. bovis organisms used in the challenge inoculum is likely to be substantially higher than that encountered during natural exposure, and while this is a stringent test of vaccine-induced protection, the large antigenic dose it represents probably accounts for why 12 out of 15 (80%) of the captive badgers became seropositive following challenge.
Although the incidence of culture positivity in vaccinated groups of wild badgers was lower, the lack of statistical significance was not altogether surprising given the estimated low sensitivity of the method and the reported infrequency with which infected badgers appear to excrete M. bovis [39]. Similarly, the incidence of IFNγ-positivity in vaccinated groups was lower but not significantly so, either as a consequence of the relatively low power of the field study to detect a significant difference or because of false-positive test results associated with the vaccine itself. The latter appears to be the case since in our experimental studies, six out of eight captive vaccinated badgers yielded positive IFNγ results between 2 and 17 weeks after vaccination. As a result, the effect of vaccination on TB transmission in the field study will have been underestimated in our analysis.
5. Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that IM BCG vaccination reduced the severity and progression of experimental bovine TB infection in captive badgers and the frequency of M. bovis isolation from clinical samples. The endobronchial M. bovis infection model is particularly suitable for the experimental evaluation of vaccine efficacy as the respiratory route is considered the primary route of M. bovis infection in wild badgers [5].
IM BCG in free-living, wild badgers significantly reduced their likelihood of yielding a positive result to a serological test associated with progressive/severe disease [24]. Assays that distinguish IFNγ responses to infection from those induced by vaccination will help in measuring the impact of BCG on transmission in badger populations, but from a disease-management perspective, the key question will be to determine whether vaccination has an impact on the spread of M. bovis to cattle. What is clear is that while vaccination of badgers is unlikely to be the sole solution to this disease problem, the advent of the first licensed BCG vaccine for use in wildlife could provide a new and important component of a comprehensive programme of bovine TB control for cattle in the UK and Ireland.
Licenses from The Home Office, Natural England, and the Veterinary Medicines Directorate covered various aspects of this work. All animal work was cleared following review by institutional ethical review panels.
We are indebted to the numerous staff who contributed to this work from the VLA (Pathology Department, TB Diagnostic Section, Animal Services Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis and Quality Management Group) and from Fera (in particular, the commitment and hard work of the field team). We are grateful to Douglas Young and members of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Vaccine Programme Advisory Group for discussion and advice, and to the landowners and tenants in the field study area for allowing us access. We thank members of the Food and Farming Group at Defra for their support and for funding this work. © British Crown Copyright 2010
- Received September 10, 2010.
- Accepted November 8, 2010.
- This Journal is © 2010 The Royal Society


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Turn the World Upside Down: Discipling the Nations with the Seven Mountain Strategy - eBook
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|Format: DRM Free ePub
Vendor: Destiny Image
Publication Date: 2011
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Many Christians have been preaching the gospel of salvation and attempting to disciple the nations by bringing people into their church congregations, but they have not seen their cities and countries transformed. Jesus, however, preached the Gospel of the Kingdom, and He equipped and empowered His disciples to turn the world upside down in a drastic cultural transformation.
In the Bible, mountains usually represent the authority of kingdoms. Learn how you can occupy the seven mountains of authorityfamily, church, business, government, education, arts/entertainment, and mediaand bring Heavens influence to earth, transforming your culture and discipling the nations!
You will learn:
How the Gospel of the Kingdom turns the world upside down.
What the seven mountains of authority are.
How to take your mountains with the Gospel.
To step into your destiny as a world-changer!
Maiden writes: "You were predestined for a reason and purpose by God! Your gifts, anointing, personality, and history will all synergize into a dynamic purpose when you find your mountain!"
Tackle your mountain today!
Author Bio▼▲
Dr. Michael Maiden and Mary, his beloved wife of 30 years, are the senior pastors of Church for the Nations in Phoenix, Arizona. Dr. Maiden has earned both a Masters and Doctorate degree in Christian Psychology and has authored seven books, including The Joshua Generation: Gods Manifesto for the End Time Church. He is a strong prophetic voice to his generation and serves on the apostolic board of Church on the Rock International, a dynamic ministry that oversees 6,000-plus churches worldwide. He is also on the board of Fishers of Men International, the Jewish Voice International, and several local churches.
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The kingdom lifestyle of the believer is capable of bringing about cultural transformation. But when the church pulls back from the world, not wanting to be contaminated by its darkness, we lose our voice and influence. Can we influence society without becoming like them? Yes. In fact, we must! Dr. Michael Maidens Turn the World Upside Down helps by identifying the seven major mountains of influence established in society. By targeting these realms, it becomes possible for each one of us to maximize our place of influence where we are most gifted. Dr. Maiden does so with great wisdom and practical insight. Books like Turn the World Upside Down help me to realize that our dream of presenting entire cities and nations to Jesus is actually doable.
Bill Johnson
Pastor of Bethel Church, Redding, California
Author, When Heaven Invades Earth and Face to Face With God
The church was always called to possess and occupyto dynamically and aggressively fill the earth with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord. As believers, we are to influence and change the world around us; we were never called to have the world change us. Dr. Michael Maiden in his book Turn the World Upside Down has skillfully, under the anointing of the Holy Spirit, laid out an apostolic strategy that is attainable for all. Turn the World Upside Down built my faith, clarified my focus, and ignited fresh fire in my heart for the churchs commission to "Go ye therefore...." This book should be in every believer's library. It is a now word and a must read. Yes, a must read!
Patricia King
Founder of XPmedia
In a world appearing to be and feeling as if it is spinning out of control, In a season of time when the Church is having little success in affecting society, And in a time of paradigm shifting, there is a longing, if not a crying, for more than encouragement in our distress: We need direction and answers. Dr. Michael Maiden delivers both. He exposes seven areas of unconquered territory and shows the way to possess what God has given us. His challenge, if accepted, will indeed Turn the World Upside Down. I recommend that you read this book several times before passing it on.
Iverna Tompkins, DD,,
My dear friend Pastor Mike Maiden has consistently been on the cutting edge of what the Lord is doing in the earth. His keen prophetic gift has served to make a significant impact on the lives of multiplied believers both in Phoenix, Arizona and all around the world. As we begin to move forward towards what many are calling a new apostolic reformation, it is essential that we begin to realize that we have a cultural mandate inherent in the Gospel of the Kingdom. We are called to influence and disciple nations. Our paradigm and our worldview as the people of God is being enlarged to align with Christs intention for the nations. As Pastor Mike unfolds the necessity for a greater understanding of the Gospel of the Kingdom, my prayer is that you will discover in a fresh way, your responsibility and part that God has called you to play in the restoration He is bringing to the earth in this hour. Thanks Pastor Mike for lifting your voice like a trumpet and once again prophetically speaking to this generation!
Dr. Mark Chironna
The Masters Touch International Church
Mark Chironna Ministries
Orlando, Florida
Turn the World Upside Down is truly one of the best books Ive read on the relevant, significant topic of the Seven Mountains. Dr. Maidens engaging discussion on the call of todays Church to regain its influence over these prominent focal areas of our society, our culture, make this a must-read for Christians everywhere: pastors, leaders and Church members alike. His insights demonstrate spiritual inspiration as well as qualified expertise of the subject matter, and Mikes writing style propels one effortlessly through the book. I literally couldnt put it down! I highly recommend Turn the World Upside Down. I know Ill read it again and again.
Dr. Lawrence Kennedy
President and Senior Pastor, North Church
President and Bishop, Church on the Rock International
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How exciting! The Humble Libertarian's first birthday is coming up this October 2nd. That's right, this blog turns 1 in less than two weeks!
It is unbelievable to consider how far we've come in such a short time and positively energizing to dream big for this libertarian website's future. To celebrate, I'm giving away some really awesome prizes:
3rd Place - A copy of "The Revolution: A Manifesto" by Congressman Ron Paul (Amazon.com's "Most Loved" Book of 2008):
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GRAND PRIZE - An autographed copy of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence, by none other than U.S. Senate candidate Rand Paul. I got this pocket Constitution and Declaration of Independence signed by Dr. Rand Paul during a private reception when he came to speak in Nashville last month, and I am giving it away for The Humble Libertarian's birthday!
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