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We propose here two new transformations between inertial frames that apply for relative velocities greater than the speed of light, and that are complementary to the Lorentz transformation, giving rise to the Einstein special theory of relativity that applies to relative velocities less than the speed of light. The new transformations arise from the same mathematical framework as the Lorentz transformation, displaying singular behaviour when the relative velocity approaches the speed of light and generating the same addition law for velocities, but, most importantly, do not involve the need to introduce imaginary masses or complicated physics to provide well-defined expressions. Making use of the dependence on relative velocity of the Lorentz transformation, the paper provides an elementary derivation of the new transformations between inertial frames for relative velocities v in excess of the speed of light c, and further we suggest two possible criteria from which one might infer one set of transformations as physically more likely than the other. If the energy–momentum equations are to be invariant under the new transformations, then the mass and energy are given, respectively, by the formulae and where denotes the limiting momentum for infinite relative velocity. If, however, the requirement of invariance is removed, then we may propose new mass and energy equations, and an example having finite non-zero mass in the limit of infinite relative velocity is given. In this highly controversial topic, our particular purpose is not to enter into the merits of existing theories, but rather to present a succinct and carefully reasoned account of a new aspect of Einstein's theory of special relativity, which properly allows for faster than light motion.
1. Introduction
Einstein's special theory of relativity is well known to provide an accurate description of physical phenomena, providing that the relative velocity v>0 does not exceed the speed of light c. The two well-known formulae for the mass m and energy are 1.1where m0 denotes the rest mass, and they apply only for v<c and exhibit singular behaviour when v=c. There is a large literature on special relativity and the causality implications of superluminal motions (Fox et al. 1969; Camenzind 1970; Bers et al. 1971; Recami et al. 2000; Liberati et al. 2002). Other scientific contributions such as the works of Feinberg (1967), Ehrlich (2003) and Asaro (1996) tend to assume imaginary masses or complex speeds and coupled with complicated physics to provide meaningful formulae. There is also an extensive popular literature on faster than light theories. Here, we describe corresponding special theories of relativity that apply for relative velocities v in excess of c, namely . If the energy–momentum relations are to be invariant under the new transformations, then for the new theories, in place of (1.1), we have simply 1.2where denotes the value of the momentum p=mv in the limit of the relative velocity v approaching infinity. We observe that for the Einstein theory (1.1), at v=0 the rest mass is finite while the momentum is zero, while for the new theory, at the momentum is finite while the mass is predicted to be zero. However, if the requirement of invariance of the energy–momentum relations is relaxed, then we may propose other relations, such as 1.3which predicts a finite mass in the limit of infinite relative velocity, and denotes an arbitrary constant. For the new theories, unlike the Einstein theory, there are no obvious points of identification such as Galilean transformations, finite rest mass m0 and the familiar kinetic energy expression m0v2/2 to help determine the new transformations and the constants and . The purpose of this paper is to present a brief but careful derivation of new special theories of relativity valid for v>c.
For the new theories, there are three important points that we wish to emphasize. First, as will be seen from the derivation, the new theories are merely the logical extension of Einstein's theory but apply for relative velocities in excess of the speed of light. The new theories are consistent and complementary with the Einstein theory and all arise from the same mathematical framework. The second important point is that all theories exhibit singular behaviour when the relative velocity is exactly equal to the speed of light. The third important point is that the new theories provide a framework in which we may discuss relative velocities in excess of the speed of light without resorting to the introduction of imaginary masses or complicated physics to ensure real outcomes.
As already mentioned, for the regime 0≤v<c, we can at least associate Galilean transformations, the rest mass m0 and the kinetic energy m0v2/2 for v≪c to help determine the theory. However, for the regime , there are no corresponding points of identification, and it is not even known whether it is physically sensible to speak of a finite mass for infinite relative velocity v. We have only a formal mathematical structure suggesting firstly that there are corresponding theories of relativity for the regime , and secondly that the velocities in this regime are somehow connected to velocities c2/v in the regime 0≤v<c and vice versa. This is the motivation underlying the mass formula (1.3)1, namely it is formally obtained from (1.1)1 by changing v to c2/v and re-labelling m0 to , and it is an expression with a meaningful and well-defined limit for v tending to infinity. For the uncommon physics applying for motion with relative velocities in excess of the speed of light, we can only be motivated by the suggestive mathematical structure.
As with the Einstein formulae (1.1) that are Lorentz-invariant, the new formulae (1.2) also do not depend on the frame velocity and are therefore invariant under the proposed new transfomations of inertial frames. In fact, (1.2) is the only possibility if the corresponding energy–momentum equations are be invariant under the new transformations, and formulae such as (1.3) have energy–momentum relations that are not invariant under the new transformations. For extensive accounts of modern tests of Lorentz invariance, we refer the reader to Baccetti et al. (2012a), Coleman & Glashow (1999), Liberati et al. (2001), Mattingly (2005) and Mattingly et al. (2003).
In §2, we summarize the basic equations that form the Einstein special theory of relativity. In the subsequent section, we show how these equations can be exploited to extend the Einstein theory for relative velocities v>c. Following this, we discuss some of the physical implications of the universal equation (2.6) or (4.1) for velocity addition. In the section thereafter we develop the new formulae for mass, momentum and energy, applying to v>c. In §6 of the paper, we make some brief conclusions. In appendix A, we give an approximate analysis for v≈c, following two possible criteria that are invoked that may eliminate one of the possibilities for . These criteria are either that the new transformation for this regime should locally admit the same spatial and temporal dependence as that for the Einstein theory, or that we adopt the new transformation that changes the sign of the characteristic x−ct, which is singular about v=c.
2. Special relativity for 0≤v<c
As usual, we consider a rectangular Cartesian frame (X,Y,Z) and another frame (x,y,z) moving with constant velocity v relative to the first frame, and the motion is assumed to be in the aligned X- and x-directions as indicated in figure 1. We note that the coordinate notation adopted here is slightly different to that normally used in special relativity involving primed and unprimed variables. We do this purposely because subsequently we wish to view the relative velocity v as a parameter measuring the departure of the current frame (x,y,z) from the rest frame (X,Y,Z), and for this purpose, the notation used in nonlinear continuum mechanics is preferable. Time is measured from the (X,Y,Z) frame with the variable T and from the (x,y,z) frame with the variable t. Following normal practice, throughout we assume that y=Y and z=Z, so that (X,T) and (x,t) are the variables of principal interest. For a modern approach to inertial frames, we refer the reader to Baccetti et al. (2012a,b) and Padmanabhan & Padmanabhan (2011).
For 0≤v<c, the standard Lorentz transformations are with the inverse transformation characterized by −v, thus 2.1and various derivations of these equations can be found in the standard textbooks such as Feynman et al. (1966) and Landau & Lifshitz (1980), and other novel derivations are given by Lee & Kalotas (1975) and Levy-Leblond (1976). The above equations reflect, of course, that the two coordinate frames coincide when the relative velocity v is zero, namely 2.2so that trivially 2.3and subsequently we view (2.2) as a prescribed constraint when the parameter v is zero. Equations (2.2) an (2.3) connect the same physical event as viewed from two distinct moving frames with constant relative velocity v and assuming that 0≤v<c.
From equation (2.1), we observe that 2.4which of course coincides with (2.3) when v is zero and in particular we have which is well known. Further, with U=dX/dT and u=dx/dt, we have from (2.4) 2.5or equivalently, we may deduce the well-known law for the addition of velocities, namely 2.6This is an important equation that is perfectly well defined through the singularity v=c and therefore we might argue that it applies in both regimes 0≤v<c and , and gives u=U for v=0 as is also evident from (2.2), but on the other hand gives the relationship uU=c2 for v tending to infinity. Strictly speaking, for we assume only that uU=c2 for v tending to infinity and then establish that (2.6) holds throughout.
We comment that for 0≤v<c, there is formally a second theory of Einstein's special relativity arising from the constraint x=−X and t=−T being consistent with u=U and merely giving the Lorentz transformations (2.1) with X and T replaced by −X and −T, respectively. Physically, this additional theory corresponds to a reversal of both space and time, and in Einstein's theory for 0≤v<c, the Galilean transformations are invoked to exclude this as a possibility. However, for such issues are not quite so transparent, and we can be guided only by the mathematical structure.
The question now arises as to what equations might apply if the relative velocity v exceeds the speed of light. Namely, what are the new transformations between inertial frames that are valid for , and we answer this question in §3.
3. Special relativity for
In order to deduce the corresponding new transformations that are valid for , we speculate that the new transformations and the Lorentz transformation are derivable from the same 'pseudo-velocity' equations that give rise to (2.1), with (2.1) arising from the constraint (2.2) and the new transformations arising from different constraints. We have in mind that the Lorentz transformation (2.1) is a one-parameter group of transformations, with the relative velocity v serving as the parameter, and the identity arising from the value v=0. By the 'pseudo-velocity' equations, we refer to the derivatives dx/dv and dt/dv, subject to the constraint (2.2). The basic underlying idea is that any one-parameter group of transformations is completely determined from its infinitesimal vector; so in the regime we use the same infinitesimal vector as that determined from the Lorentz transformation, but we apply a different constraint. We comment that the general structure of other relativity groups that are distinct from the new transformations given here are examined by Bacry & Levy-Leblond (1968), Gorini (1971) and Lugiato & Gorini (1972).
We now speculate that in the regime that the relationship arising from (2.6) applies, namely uU=c2, for v tending to infinity, so that for the new transformations valid for , the required constraint might be supplied by either 3.1or alternatively 3.2In terms of the characteristic variables, these constraints become respectively 3.3and 3.4Again we comment that for the Einstein special relativity theory, there are also two theories arising from u=U for v=0, and one is excluded on the basis of the Galilean transformations. However, for and in the absence of conflicting information, there are no corresponding Galilean transformations that might be invoked to exclude one possibility, and both sets of new transformations arising from either constraints (3.1) or (3.2) might have a physical meaning.
We now view x and t defined by (2.1) as functions of v, and by the following 'pseudo-velocity' equations 3.5where d/dv denotes total differentiation with respect to v, keeping the initial variables (X,T) fixed. We further speculate that the new transformations applying for are captured by the above 'pseudo-velocity' equations subject to either constraints (3.1) or (3.2). We now proceed formally to show how by solving (3.5), Einstein's theory emerges from the constraint (2.2), while two new transformations between inertial frames, valid for emerge from the constraints (3.1) or (3.2).
From a rearrangement of (3.5), we have 3.6which becomes an autonomous system if we introduce a new parameter ϵ such that so that On making the substitution , this equation becomes which integrates to give Suppose we assign the value v=v0 at ϵ=0, then from this equation we may deduce 3.7and the special relativity theories arise from the two values v0=0 (corresponding to the constraint (2.2)) and (corresponding to either constraints (3.1) or (3.2)). From (3.7), we may readily deduce 3.8and 3.9If we think about the parameter ϵ in these equations as being the same, then they suggest a connection that the new theory reflects the Einstein theory but with velocity replaced by c2/v, noting that both (3.8) and (3.9), and their intervals of application, are compatible with this correspondence. In either case, the two ordinary differential equations (3.6) become so that on differentiating either with respect to ϵ, we may eventually deduce 3.10and 3.11where A and B denote arbitrary constants of integration. In the case of Einstein's special relativity, we have from (2.2), (3.10) and (3.11), that A=−cT and B=X, giving the well-known pseudo-Euclidean rotation (Landau & Lifshitz (1980)) 3.12and 3.13noting that in this case v as a function of ϵ is defined by (3.8), which gives 3.14and together (3.12)–(3.14) yield (2.1), as might be expected.
However, in the event and assuming the constraint (3.1), we find A=X and B=−cT and hence (3.10) and (3.11) become and and from (3.9) we have 3.15noting in particular that for ϵ>0 we have adopted the positive square root for and essentially the above two theories reverse the roles of and . Altogether, we find that one possible new transformation valid for is 3.16and we observe that these are quite consistent with the constraint (3.1). We also comment that, of course, the transformation (3.16) is simply the standard Lorentz transformation (2.1) but with a well-defined denominator that applies for .
From (3.16), we have the relations 3.17which are in agreement with (3.3) and in particular we have Again with U=dX/dT, and u=dx/dt, (3.17) yields a result identical to that of (2.5), which is equivalent to the velocity addition law for the Einstein theory, namely (2.6). Notice also that (2.5) and (2.6) have the rather peculiar feature that they remain invariant under any two changes of u, v and U to c2/u, c2/v and c2/U, respectively. This reflects the fact that under these transformations, terms such as (u+c)/(u−c) in (2.5) change sign, and the equation itself remains unaltered, changing two such terms at a time.
It is clear from (3.17) and (3.3) that there is no particular reason why the positive characteristic should change sign, and equally well, in place of (3.1), we could impose the alternative constraint (3.2) as being entirely consistent with uU=c2. In this case, we have A=−X and B=cT and in place of (3.17), we find that the new transformations valid for become 3.18from which we obtain 3.19We see from (2.4), (3.17) and (3.19) that the positive characteristic x+ct remains well defined through the singularity v=c, while the negative characteristic x−ct is singular, and therefore for this reason we might speculate that the immediately above new transformation (3.18) is more likely to represent the continuation of Einstein's special theory of relativity than (3.16). However, from an approximate analysis presented in appendix A, perhaps the new transformation (3.16) with the constraint (3.1) is more likely to be the physical continuation of the Einstein theory as it gives the same spatial and temporal dependence as the Einstein theory. Accordingly, if we expect the same local spatial and temporal dependence on both sides of the singularity v=c, then we propose (3.16), but if physically we expect the singular characteristic to change sign, then we propose (3.18). In the following section, we discuss some of the physical implications of the universality of equation (2.6) for velocity addition.
4. Implications of universality of (2.6)
We argue in the previous sections that Einstein's equation for the addition of velocities (2.6) applies for all real values of v, u and U. To recapitulate, we assume one inertial frame (X,T) with an observer at rest and who measures a second frame (x,t) moving at velocity v in the positive x-direction (the x-axes of both frames are assumed to be parallel to one another), and a second observer, at rest in this second frame, which measures some particle moving at a relative velocity u, also in the positive direction of x. Then from (2.6) relative to the first observer, the particle will have a velocity U given by 4.1When |u|,|v|<c, this leads to the result |U|<c, or in other words, superluminal velocities cannot be achieved by the accumulation of any number of subluminal velocities. In §3, for we assume uU=c2 at , and show that (2.6) holds throughout, so that the addition formula (4.1) is applicable to all velocities (less than, equal to and greater than c) and this has counterintuitive physical implications for the relationship between frames moving relative to one another at these velocities.
The first thing to notice is that if |u|,|v|>c, then |U|<c, which is also the case when |u|,|v|<c. In other words, if the second frame is moving with a velocity greater than c, and the second observer measures a particle travelling faster than light, then relative to the first observer this particle is seen to be travelling less than the speed of light. This leads to a classification of all inertial frames into two sets, relative to some rest frame: (i) those with a relative velocity less than c, denoted here as Ssub; and (ii) those with a relative velocity greater than c, denoted by Ssup. All the frames in Ssub have a relative velocity less than c when compared with all other members of that set and a relative velocity greater than c when compared with all members of Ssup, and likewise all the frames in Ssup have a relative velocity less than c with all other members of Ssup and a relative velocity greater than c with all members of Ssub. Thus, in the example where |u|,|v|>c, if the first frame is taken to be in Ssub, then the second frame is in Ssup and the rest frame for the particle being measured is superluminal compared with the second frame and therefore it is a member of Ssub and hence the relative velocity with the original frame is |U|<c.
Other possibilities are when |u|<c and |v|>c, or alternatively when |u|>c and |v|<c. In the first case |v|>c and hence if we assume the first frame is in Ssub, then the second frame is in Ssup and since |u|<c then the particle's rest frame is also in Ssup and therefore |U|>c. Similarly, in the second case, we have |v|<c and therefore the first two frames are both in Ssub and because |u|>c then the particle's rest frame is in Ssup and again |U|>c. We comment that the two sets of frames Ssub and Ssup are completely symmetric and there is no objective way to identify whether a particular frame is in the subluminal set or in the superluminal set of frames other than by reference to some arbitrary rest frame. However, once a rest frame is established, any of the frames in the set Ssub provide an equally good rest frame for the purpose of defining these sets, and choosing any member of Ssub as the rest frame would lead to exactly the same members in the two sets Ssub and Ssup.
Further insights can be gained by considering the result U arising from equation (4.1) for various ranges of u and v, as indicated in figure 2. In this figure, the velocities u and v appear as the axes and the resulting value of U is in one of four ranges: either less than −c, which is shown as yellow; between −c and zero, which is shown as green; between 0 and c, which is shown as blue; and, greater than c, which is shown as red. In figure 2, there are a number lines that correspond to the lines , U=±c and U=0, which divide the plane into 16 distinct regions, each being one of the four types described previously. We note that the U=0 isoline occurs only for v=−u which is a statement on the uniqueness of rest frames.
We observe that across the isoline U=0 (v=−u) the sign of U changes, and in particular if |u|,|v|<c then v>−u implies that U>0. However, in the regions |u|,|v|>c where v>−u then U<0. The counterintuitive physical implication being that if for the second frame v>c, and the observer in this frame measures a particle with velocity u<−c and |u|<|v|, then relative to an observer in the rest frame, the particle has a negative rather than positive velocity. The U=c isolines occur for u=c or v=c and conversely the U=−c isolines occur for u=−c or v=−c, indicating that the addition of velocities, either subluminal or superluminal, will not result in U=±c unless one of the input velocities itself is ±c. The rectangular hyperbola v=−c2/u prescribes an isoline over which U is discontinuous and approaches either depending on the direction that one approaches the line. Of particular interest are the points (u,v)=(c,−c) and (u,v)=(−c,c), and we note that all of the isolines mentioned so far pass though these two points. Indeed, it is possible to construct isolines for any value of U, that likewise will pass through these two points, and hence U might be referred to as being highly singular at these points. In figure 3, we show a three-dimensional view of U as a function of u and v. In this figure, the hyperbolic isolines of are identified as well as the central region where |u|,|v|<c. Now we consider fixing one of the velocities v to examine the behaviour of the resultant final velocity U as a function of u. With reference to figure 4, we see from (4.1) that when v=0 then U=u, which appears as a straight line on the (u,U) plane, but when 0<v<c, then the relationship is a curve in the (u,U) until we reach the value v=c, at which point we again reach the straight line U=c. Subsequently, as the relationship uU=c2 leads to the hyperbola U=c2/u in this limit. From this graph, we also see the relationship described earlier in this section, that |U|<c either when |u| and |v| are both less than c or when they are both greater than c, so that |U|>c implies one of |u| or |v| is less than c and the other is greater than c. In §5, we summarize formulae for mass, momentum and energy.
5. Mass, momentum and energy
The now widely accepted formula (1.1)1 for the special relativistic variation of mass with velocity is derived from the following formal calculations. Using , Einstein derives the mass formula (1.1)1 from the energy and momentum equations (Feynman et al. 1966) 5.1so that altogether we have and from which it is clear that the energy and momentum equations are properly satisfied, providing that m as a function of v is given by (1.1)1. For the Einstein theory for 0≤v<c, we may deduce from p=mu and P=MU and the velocity addition law (2.6) the Lorentz invariant energy–momentum relations 5.2which give
Now again using , for , we may deduce the mass formula , because the above formal device again carries through, yielding which, of course, is identically zero for m defined by . If now for we assume the energy–momentum relations 5.3so that then from this equation, p=mu and P=MU we may readily deduce the frame invariant relation indicating (1.1)1 and (1.2)1 as the only possibilities for the mass variation giving rise to the invariant energy–momentum relations (5.3), noting again that at least one of |u|, |v| and |U| must be less than c.
If we do not insist on the energy–momentum relations (5.3) and we wish to propose a mass variation expression that has a finite value for v tending to infinity, then given the widespread acceptance of (1.1) and the suggestive nature of the two sets of expressions (3.14) and (3.15), it is reasonable to propose (1.3)1 as a possible mass variation for v>c, because this is the only likely expression that tends to a finite value as v tends to infinity. Thus, if we do not impose the invariance requirement, the corresponding energy calculation is as follows. We assume that the energy has the structure for some function ϕ(ξ), where ξ=(v/c)2. In terms of ξ, the above energy balance (5.1) becomes which we regard as an ordinary differential equation for the determination of ϕ(ξ). The above equation can be rearranged to yield which upon integration gives where ϕ0 denotes an arbitrary constant of integration. In terms of the original variables, we may eventually deduce 5.4so that the constant ϕ0 reflects an arbitrary datum point for zero energy.
As two simple illustrations of the mass formula (1.3)1 for the regime , at time t=0 consider a particle travelling at n times the speed of light (n>1), and subject to either (i) a constant force F or (ii) a force linearly dependent on velocity, namely fv, where f is a constant. In both cases with x(0)=0 and v(0)=nc and assuming the mass variation (1.3)1, we may solve the momentum equation to determine the subsequent particle trajectory. Thus, for problem (i), we have and where t0 is a characteristic time scale defined by , α=(n2−1)1/2 and y0(t) is given by where β=(α−1)2/α, and γ=(α+1)2/α. For problem (ii), we find and where, in this case, the characteristic length scale x0 is defined by , and y0(x) is given by and where α, β and γ are as previously defined.
Finally, we comment that for any mass variation m(v), the energy equations (5.1) admit the general integral, say for , 5.5since on writing (5.1) as and so by addition of mv on both sides, we obtain the integral (5.5). We may exploit (5.5) to deduce the energy expression for any assumed mass variation m(v). For example, for and m(v) defined by we find including both the classical formula when is zero, and equation (5.4) when m0 is zero.
6. Conclusions
We have proposed two possible new transformations between inertial frames as extensions of the Einstein special theory of relativity that apply for relative velocities v such that , and do not necessitate the introduction of imaginary masses and complicated physics to make the theory sensible. The proposed new transformations connecting inertial frames, namely (3.16) and (3.18), are similar to the standard formulae (2.1) but have well-defined denominators. These new transformations are derived from certain 'pseudo-velocity' equations and constraints. In the regime 0≤v<c, the constraint arises from v=0 and the coincidence of velocities u=dx/dt and U=dX/dT, namely u=U. However, in the regime the constraints arise from and the equation uU=c2. Formally, in each regime, there are two possible theories. For 0≤v<c, the second theory is excluded on the basis that the Galilean transformation applies for v≪c. For the situation is not quite so transparent, and there are two possibilities. We may suggest the new transformation (3.16) in preference to the transformation (3.18) on the basis that the approximate analysis for v≈c given in appendix A predicts the same spatial and temporal dependence for (3.16) but not for (3.18). However, from (3.17) and (3.19), we see that (3.16) preserves the sign of x−ct but changes the sign of x+ct, whereas (3.18) preserves the sign of x+ct and changes the sign of x−ct. Because x+ct is well defined through v=c, whereas x−ct is singular at v=c, there may be an argument to suggest that the changing of sign should occur on the singular characteristic, which recommends (3.18) in preference to (3.16). Neither argument is completely convincing, and conceivably Einstein's special relativity could bifurcate through the singularity v=c to become two equally physically plausible theories.
The well-established Einstein formulae (1.1) involve Lorentz invariant energy–momentum relations (5.2), and if for we also require the corresponding relations to be invariant under the new transformations, then inevitably the only mass variation with this feature is (1.2)1 along with the well-known formula . Together, the two equations (1.1) and (1.2) show that at v=0 the rest mass is finite while the momentum is zero, while for the new theory, at the momentum is finite while the mass is predicted to be zero.
The mathematical formalism suggests a connection with v for 0≤v<c and c2/v for . On the basis of this connection and on Einstein's well-known formula (1.1)1 for the mass variation, we have also proposed the new formula (1.3)1 for the variation of the mass with relative velocity in the regime . In this case, Einstein's energy formula no longer holds, and instead on expansion, the respective energy expressions (1.1)2, (1.2)2 and (1.3)2 give where m0 denotes the usual rest mass, denotes the limiting momentum for infinite relative velocity and is the value of the mass for infinite relative velocity. As far as the authors are aware, the relationship of m0 with either or is unknown through the theory of special relativity, and no doubt requires a higher theory to establish any connection.
Our primary purpose here has been to provide a deliberate account of two possible extensions of the Einstein special theory of relativity, and lay down the basic equations of the extended theories. At this stage, we particularly do not want to enter into the debate regarding the merits of existing theories for the uncommon physics applying for motion with velocities in excess of the speed of light. However, the formulae elucidated here will have many physical implications for issues such as light-cones, causality and space- and time-like intervals. It will have implications for the stipulations on the structure of space–time, such as those proposed by Ignatowsky (1911), and it will be of interest in many other areas of theoretical physics.
This work forms part of research funded by the Australian Research Council, and their support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors are also grateful to the University of Adelaide, and particularly to Prof. Jim Denier, for his constant support and encouragement. The authors acknowledge both the lengthy comments of the three referees and many conversations on this topic with our colleague Dr Judith Bunder, all of which have materially improved the presentation.
Appendix A. Approximate analysis of (3.6) for v≈c
We observe from (3.6) that in the limit of v tending to c, the coefficients of the highest order derivatives tend to zero, and therefore an approximate asymptotic analysis of (3.6) is necessary. In the regime 0≤v<c, we look for the solution of (3.6) about v=c, and we make the substitution v=c(1−ξ) where ξ≪1, and we have 1−(v/c)2≈2ξ and dv=−cdξ. From these relations, we see that (3.6) becomes A 1which by differentiation of either equation with respect to ξ, and solving the resulting second-order ordinary differential equation, we may readily deduce that A 2where A and B denote arbitrary constants. From (A2), it is clear that but from (2.4) we may deduce A 3and therefore we obtain A 4so that either from (A2) and (A4) or directly from (A3), we may deduce the asymptotic expressions and which are valid in the limit . Thus to leading order, we have A 5valid in the limit from below and where ξ=1−(v/c).
We now repeat the same analysis for the regime and v tending to c from above. Accordingly, we make the substitution v=c(1+η), where η≪1. In this case, we have 1−(v/c)2≈−2η and dv=cdη and from these relations, we see that (3.6) becomes the same equation as (A1) but with η in place of ξ, so that we have the same formal solution: where C and D denote arbitrary constants. From these relations, it is clear that while the two alternatives (3.17) and (3.19) yield respectively and In the former case, we have the asymptotic relations and while in the latter case, we obtain and so that in the limit we obtain the respective limits and On comparison of these expressions with (A5), it is clear that the former gives the same local spatial and temporal dependence, while the latter corresponds to the alternative theory for the regime 0≤v<c, which has both space and time reversed. On the basis of the above approximate analysis, we might suggest that the new transformation (3.16) provides the continuation of the Einstein special theory of relativity into the regime . Finally, we comment that the asymptotic formulae derived are entirely consistent with those obtained directly from the appropriate Lorentz transformation and the new transformations.
- Received June 8, 2012.
- Accepted September 3, 2012.
- This journal is © 2012 The Royal Society


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Hearty Vegetable Sandwich
|Vegetables, Bread, Dairy
|Day Part
|Dinner, Lunch
|Menu Part
|Cuisine Type
Source: McIlhenny Company/TABASCO® Brand Products
Whole wheat bread, grilled and raw veggies and low-fat cottage cheese add up to a healthy but filling sandwich fit for a hearty eater. Tabasco sauce adds lots of bold flavor without the calories and fat found in most sandwich condiments.
10 pt. low-fat cottage cheese (large curd, cream style)
3 pt. plain yogurt
3 cups skim milk
4 1/2 cups chopped onions, chopped
2 1/2 tbsp. cumin seeds, ground
2 tbsp. original Tabasco sauce
24 whole wheat bread slices
24 thin slices tomato
12 grilled eggplant slices
36 fresh basil leaves
36 thin slices zucchini or cucumber
3 pt. alfalfa sprouts
- In large bowl, combine cottage cheese, yogurt, skim milk, onions, cumin and Tabasco sauce.
- Top each slice of bread with 2 tomato slices, 1 grilled eggplant slice, 3 fresh basil leaves and 3 zucchini slices. For each serving, plate 2 slices bread and top with 2/3 cup cottage cheese mixture. Sprinkle with 1 tbsp. alfalfa sprouts. If desired, serve with additional original Tabasco sauce.

subset: commoncrawl


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Help with your holiday shopping, part two.
November's theme is EVOLUTION. For details on how to send us your work, please read our Submit page. ✴
Rookie is an online magazine and book series for teenagers. Each month, a different editorial theme drives the writing, photography, and artwork that we publish. Learn more about us here, and find out how to submit your work here!


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For best printing results turn on "Print background colors and images" in your browser settings.
The photos and videos shown here may be of a different model, model year or body type from the one selected. The ratings of one vehicle often apply to other models if they are built on the same platform. In addition, a test of a vehicle from one model year may apply to earlier or later model years if the vehicle hasn't been significantly redesigned.
The Nissan Sentra was redesigned for the 2007 model year.
Measures taken from the dummy indicate a low risk of any significant injuries in a crash of this severity. (Note: during the test, some of the injury data from the chest were not obtained, but after the Institute reviewed comparable test data from Nissan, the chest injury risk was rated good.)
Dummy movement was well controlled. The driver side curtain and side thorax airbags deployed during the crash. During rebound, the dummy's head contacted the side curtain airbag, which kept the head away from any stiff structure that could cause injury.
How this test is conducted
Two side crash tests of the Sentra were conducted. In the first test, the side curtain airbag of a 2008 model provided only acceptable head protection for the rear occupant when it was caught by the B-pillar trim during deployment. Although the overall side crash protection still would have been rated good, with low risk of injuries to both driver and rear passenger dummies, Nissan engineers were concerned about the interference with the deployment of the side curtain airbag. In response, Nissan changed its factory assembly process to better assure proper positioning of the airbag and trim parts for all Sentras produced after January 2009. Also, Nissan has initiated a service campaign to inspect and modify the assembly of the side curtain airbags and trim at its cost for cars produced earlier. In a second test of a 2009 model with new assembly procedures in place, the side curtain airbag deployed fully, and the head protection for both dummies was rated Good.
Ratings of the Sentra are based on the results of the second test, except that the structural rating is based on both tests.
Driver — Measures taken from the dummy indicate a low risk of any significant injuries in a crash of this severity.
Passenger — Measures taken from the dummy indicate a low risk of any significant injuries in a crash of this severity.
Driver — The dummy's head was protected from being hit by any hard structures, including the intruding barrier, by a side curtain airbag that deployed from the roof.
Passenger — The dummy's head was protected from being hit by any hard structures, including the intruding barrier, by a side curtain airbag that deployed from the roof.
In the test, the strength of the roof is determined by pushing a metal plate against one side of it at a slow but constant speed. The force applied relative to the vehicle's weight is known as the strength-to-weight ratio. This graph shows how the ratio varied as the test of this vehicle progressed. The peak strength-to-weight ratio recorded at any time before the roof is crushed 5 inches is the key measurement of roof strength.
A good rating requires a strength-to-weight ratio of at least 4. In other words, the roof must withstand a force of at least 4 times the vehicle's weight before the plate crushes the roof by 5 inches. For an acceptable rating, the minimum required strength-to-weight ratio is 3.25. For a marginal rating, it is 2.5. Anything lower than that is poor.
All seats AHR
IIHS doesn't track or investigate vehicle defects. Use this link to search the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's database for recalls on this or any other vehicle.
©1996-2018, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute | www.iihs.org
IIHS-HLDI in the Classroom
An educational resource for students and teachers


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Browns' owner Randy Lerner spoke out about the job security of coach Romeo Crennel and GM Phil Savage in a rare interview today and gave a little bit of a glimpse into what he's looking for leadership-wise for the Browns in 2009. Obviously, he didn't give his current coach or GM a ringing endorsement for next season and even went as far to openly question how the team that was 10-6 last season could have fallen so far. And, of course, Savage's little email incident popped up in the conversation. Needless to say, Lerner was not impressed:
Lerner was troubled by the e-mail situation, but said he understands Savage's frustration at the Browns' startling fall after just missing the playoffs in 2007. "I was embarrassed, probably not unlike Phil was embarrassed," Lerner said.
If Savage does lose his job this season, it appears more and more that this e-mail will be one of the only things remembered from his time as Browns' GM. Sorry. ****** TONIGHT: Watch Sussman liveblog the Ball State game for Jason Whitlock's amusement. TOMORROW: Well, think of something fun to do. It'll be a pretty relaxed day over here. I'm running "Deleted Scenes" tomorrow so it doesn't get lost in the Black Friday shuffle. There will be no Waxing Off this week, but it will be back next week with Weintraubian resiliency. If you, commenters, would like to share what you're thankful for, please send me an email with your commenter name and I 'll post them like all quicklink style. They can be sincere, sarcastic, obscene, etc. Do your best to entertain, as you always do. Let's get in the holiday spirit. Thank you for your continued support of Deadspin.


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NEW YORK (Reuters) - In March 2009, it was easy to say stocks were cheap - the S&P 500, after all, had lost half its value. Fast-forward almost four years, and U.S. stocks have recovered almost all of those losses, and now sit just a stone's throw from a new record.
It might be tempting to suggest it is time for a pullback. Yet, for many investment strategists, the combination of a gradually improved economy, Federal Reserve stimulus, and relatively inexpensive valuations has them predicting further gains - and even talking about the chances of a new bull market.
"The national conversation for four years has been, 'Are you being conservative enough in this high risk world?'" said Jim Paulsen, chief investment officer at Wells Capital Management in Minneapolis.
"I think as we go to new highs that is going to change to 'Are you being too conservative in what may be a new bull market?'"
It's likely that before long the S&P 500 .SPX .INX will surpass its 1,576.09 record, reached October 11, 2007. On Tuesday, it closed at 1,519.43. The Dow is even closer, only about 1 percent away from its all-time record of 14,164.53.
Still, the value of stocks against earnings expectations shows the market is cheaper than in 2007. In addition, the economy appears to be improving rather than peaking, and earnings are much less reliant on what was then a heavily leveraged financial sector.
In addition, the Federal Reserve's massive bond-buying programs, designed to keep interest rates low, has boosted the market's value. That raises concerns about what will happen when the Fed says it is ready to begin tightening policy - but that could be some time away as the central bank is targeting a jobless rate of 6.5 percent against 7.9 percent in January.
And, in any case, if the Fed did stop its easy money policies it would be a sign that economic growth was climbing.
There is also a wall of money argument in the stock market's favor.
The strong surge in prices at the outset of the year, which has driven the Dow up 7 percent, has sucked more money into equity mutual funds in a five-week period than at any time since April 2000, according to Thomson Reuters' Lipper unit. That has been partly fueled by concerns that bond prices - after climbing in recent years - could retreat. Given low interest rates, investors are also struggling to find attractive yields for bank deposits or in money market funds.
To be sure, that has raised some concerns that there's excessive bullishness in the market, but that alone isn't enough of a reason to derail a rally that is also being fueled by signs of increased deal making.
Mergers and acquisitions in the Americas picked up sharply in the fourth quarter, with about $427 billion in announced deals, compared with about $272 billion in the year-ago period, according to Thomson Reuters data. So far this year, the pace has kept up with deals such as the proposed $24.4 billion buyout of computer maker Dell Inc by Michael Dell and his partner, Silver Lake.
The initial public offerings and secondary offerings markets have also been strong, with 76 companies selling shares in the United States to raise a total of $18.2 billion, the best start of a year since 2008.
One of the basic variables investors use to define a stock's value is its forward price-to-earnings ratio, the amount of cash an investor has to pay for every dollar of earnings the company is expected to earn in the next year.
Current data show both forward and trailing price-to-earnings ratios for U.S. companies are lower now than they were in October 2007 by about 11 percent to 13 percent.
"The quality and the sustainability of the earnings stream is much higher today and also you're paying less for it because multiples are lower," said Paul Zemsky, head of asset allocation at ING Investment Management in New York.
"Much less earnings are coming from finance companies and fewer are coming from leveraged-type companies now," he said.
The financial sector accounted for more than a fifth of the S&P 500 in October 2007 according to Standard & Poor's data, thanks to record-breaking profits from companies like Lehman Brothers that ceased to exist during the financial crisis.
Financials now make up 15.7 percent of the index. Something similar happened to technology during the dotcom boom and bust. At the height of the 2000 tech bubble, the sector accounted for 34.5 percent of the S&P - it now accounts for 19.2 percent, still the largest sector.
In October 2007, five of the 10 sectors were above the 10 percent mark and now seven of the 10 make up more than 10 percent each. This more balanced distribution suggests no one sector is overwhelming the average, and that earnings do not depend on bubble-like results from one industry.
The economy has rebounded even though the jobless rate remains elevated. The last three months of payroll figures have seen an average of 200,000 in job gains. In addition, industrial output has hit highs last seen in mid-2008 - just before the financial crisis hit.
"If industrial output and the employment numbers continue to improve, this could catch investors by surprise, and spur a new wave of equity investment," said Brad Lipsig, senior portfolio manager at UBS Financial Services Inc in New York.
The sluggish recovery has kept the Federal Reserve in crisis mode. Some see the Fed, not market fundamentals, as the strongest pillar behind the four-year rally. They worry the market will react harshly when the Fed starts to remove its accommodative stimulus - which could come as early as next year.
Stocks have done well, in part, because the Fed has underwritten the market's risk, and made stocks look attractive by forcing interest rates lower. If rates rise quickly due to some kind of inflationary shock, it will not help equities.
But even if the market surpasses the 1,576 all-time high, it wouldn't effectively be equal to that 2007 peak. When adjusting for inflation, the benchmark would have to scale 1,700 to truly reach new highs. But strategists see a relatively clear path to more gains as retail investors continue to shed their caution.
"The emotional journey from panic to jubilance may take much longer than four years," said Lipsig.
Reporting by Rodrigo Campos; Editing by Martin Howell and Leslie Gevirtz


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Published on September 2nd, 2011 | by behostels
Spanish Village in the center of Barcelona!
The Poble Espanyol, or Spanish Village, is an open-air museum comprising full-scale replicas of 117 buildings from different parts of Spain. It was built on Montjuïc Mountain for the 1929 International Exhibition in Barcelona and the diversity of its squares, streets and houses give it the feel of a real village.
Since it was conceived in 1929, El Poble Espanyol has been considered as a different, unique space in the city. Its urban layout – a real village with streets and squares, without wheeled traffic and in the natural surroundings of the hill at Montjuïc – has helped to create a special microcosm, offering an invitation to escape the city's daily routine.
The open-air museum is a really special place. One could say that the "poble" lives. It has 117 buildings which are represented by 40 craft workshops, 22 shops, 12 restaurants, and 1 Flamenco show. Also, there are more than 300 works of contemporary art in a permanent collection. Furthermore, there is another museum in the open-air museum which shows modern works of different artists.
Besides the daily business, El Poble Espanyol has much more to offer. During the night the village turns into a place to go for party people and people who want to have a nice dinner or a drink. The best thing to find out where to go and what to do, is to check the official website. Under the categeroy "One Village, So Many Villages" they list every single bar, shop, restaurant and the two clubs. This is the link to El Poble Espanyol's website.
Be Hostels strongly recommends you to visit this place during your stay in Barcelona at any time of the year!
Bus 13, 50 and 61. | Barcelona Bus Turístic, stop Poble Espanyol.


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A more polished Chris Sale and a promising Tyler Flowers warmed the spirits of a chilled sellout crowd trying to rid itself of the White Sox's frustrating finish seven months ago.
With the confidence of a changeup to complement his 94 mph fastball and wicked slider, Sale added another dimension Monday against a Royals team that handed him three of his eight losses during his 17-win 2012 season.
And in addition to handling Sale with ease behind the plate, Flowers validated the front office's faith that he'll provide more power than predecessor and fan favorite A.J. Pierzynski by homering off James Shields in the fifth inning.
Those contributions, along with exceptional defense, enabled the Sox to seize a 1-0 victory in the season opener at U.S. Cellular Field.
Solving a Royals team that beat them 12 of 18 times in 2012 is the first step for a Sox team trying to earn respect after finishing three games out of first place in the American League Central last season.
"I guess you'll get respect when you go out and earn respect," said Jake Peavy, who will pitch Wednesday.
Sale, 24, showed he's closer to becoming an opening-day fixture than a one-year wonder as he struck out seven in 72/3 innings.
He wasn't afraid to employ his changeup more in the later innings.
"He is a little more fine now where he can hit that outside corner a little more to right-handers," Flowers said.
Unlike last year, Sale isn't on a strict innings limit, and manager Robin Ventura marveled that Sale was able to get through 72/3 innings with 104 pitches.
"I looked up to see how many pitches he had in the fifth or sixth, and last year it probably would've been 20 pitches higher," Ventura said. "I think it's maturity that allows him to do that."
Sale was just as complimentary of Flowers, 27, who has been touted as the catcher of the future since the Sox acquired him from the Braves after the 2008 season but didn't get a chance to start until Pierzynski's departure this winter.
"Not only defensively was he there, but what better way to win a 1-0 ballgame than for your partner in crime to put it in the seats," Sale said. "It was fun to watch, and I was excited for him. He really picked us up and won the game for us."
One of the staples of the Sox's 2012 success — defense — remained intact. Second baseman Gordon Beckham made a leaping catch to rob Lorenzo Cain of a hit that would have moved the tying run into scoring position in the seventh.
And Jeff Keppinger, whose time at third base was limited in spring training while he recovered from ankle and arm injuries, quickly fielded and threw to retire Alex Gordon for the second out in the eighth.
Twitter @MDGonzales


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Built: In 1942 by a private manufacturer in Germany who worked for the Deutsche Reichsbahn (German state railway). The car's "builder's plate," discovered Nov. 28, 2005 during the restoration process, carried the inscription: "Gottfried Lindner Aktiengesellschaft, Ammendorf bei Halle," and showed a "works number" of 6953 and year of production as 1942. Ammendorf was a rail production facility near the city of Halle in central Germany. Production of this model ceased in 1942 due to a lack of materials. All cars produced for German authorities after 1942 had a different style.
Model: One of 28,000 round-roof, covered freight cars of the "Grhs Oppeln" style manufactured during this period. The Museum car will be the only round-roof model on display in North America. This model was named after the city of Oppeln in the province of Upper Silesia (Oberschlesien), where the Auschwitz death camp was located. All German rail car models of this period were named after German cities as a matter of identification convenience, however, so the name has no direct relation to use, if any, to carry prisoners to Auschwitz or other camps.
Use: Originally built to transport cattle, grain and other commodities. As used in many countries across Europe during World War II, these cars carried up to 100 people for as long as 72 hours. As used within Poland, as many as 200 people were crammed into a single car for as long as 6 to 8 hours. Trains often were sidetracked or delayed, however, resulting in trips that sometimes took days to complete. Many occupants died en route to their destinations.
Nickname: Commonly known as the "Treblinka Car" after World War II because cars of this type were identified as having carried prisoners to the Treblinka death camp. Others were photographed near Auschwitz.
Height: 4.1 meters (13.5 feet)
Width: 2.8 meters (9.2 feet)
Length: 7.8 meters, (25.7 feet), with bumpers: 10.5 meters (34.6 feet)
Weight: 10.5 metric tons (23,150 lbs)
Acquisition: Located for Holocaust Museum Houston in Blankenburg, Germany in 2005 while being used by a private railway workshop for storage of spare railway parts. Acquired by Holocaust Museum Houston in October 2005.
Authentication: Authenticated and documented by Alfred Gottwaldt, senior curator for railways for the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin (German Museum of Technology and Transportation in Berlin). Gottwaldt is one of the world's leading experts on the history of German rail transports during the Holocaust, having studied the field extensively since 1987.
Transport to Houston: On board the world's largest production cargo aircraft, an Antonov AN-124-100F (Ruslan), operated by Polet Airlines, a Russian-based cargo airline under direction and management of EP-Team, Inc., an international logistics management company specializing in providing unique transport and logistics solutions. The car was flown to Fort Worth Alliance Airport and then carried via highway by heavy transport by Emmert International to Houston.
Technical Advantages for Human Transport:


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Product Description
Ibanez Artcore AFS75T-TRD
Ibanez Artcore AFS75T-TRD, thin hollow body electric, single cutaway, Bigsby-style vibrato, floating bridge, humbucking pickups, red finish.
In excellent condition.
We strive to accurately depict each item in our inventory and would be more than happy to give you an in-hand description over the phone. Give us a call (773) 252-5580 or email us –>[email protected] if you have any questions. At Avenue N it is our aim to provide the Chicago music community with the best in quality yet affordable products, service, instruction and performances. Our staff are all professionally active musicians out in the 'real world'. We've been through it all and will be able to help you on your musical quest what ever the issue or inquiry may be. We appreciate you stopping by and hope you enjoy your visit. Drop in and see us in person when you're in the neighborhood!


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Trans Fat Solutions Continue To Evolve
The trans fat disclosure ruling of 2006 continues to challenge processors, but oil alternatives are getting better all the time.
Two years past the trans fat disclosure ruling, the issue continues to shape the industry and will for years to come. Some companies are way ahead of the curve, but others still are scrambling to catch up to the new reality.
Smart Balance Inc. (www.smartbalance.com), Paramus, N.J., is an example of the former. "Smart Balance spreads use a patented, natural blend of palm, soy and canola oils," says CEO Steve Hughes. "It has zero trans fat and we don't use hydrogenated or interesterified fats in our process."
Once, fat was simply the enemy of dieters. Now it's recognized as a sophisticated food ingredient, with both health and functional qualities that can make or break a product. "The edible oil industry is doing a good job developing second- and third-generation low-trans alternatives meeting the oxidative and functional challenges faced by food manufacturers," says Tom Tiffany, senior technical sales manager for ADM Food Oils Div. (www.admworld.com), Decatur, Ill.
"Even though oxidative stability and functionality may be lacking in certain low trans alternatives, improvements in food packaging, oil handling and processing techniques are being used to make up for some of these shortcomings," he adds.
Note to Marketing
Products made with the new, trans fat-replacing oils, oil blends and shortenings or fibers and gums often can enable the inclusion of healthy fats and reduction of saturated fats. This can open the door to labeling, branding or claims as a healthier product. However, it is imperative all legal requirements and parameters are met for such labeling or claims, including appropriate phrasing and required substantiation.
Trans fats, or more properly, trans fatty acids, occur naturally in most meats and dairy products where their presence is considered beneficial. In fact, vaccenic acid, an endogenous trans fatty acid found in ruminants, is naturally converted to conjugated linoleic acid, which has been associated with anticarcinogenic properties in animal research.
Conjugated linoleic acids are a family of trans-fatty acid isomers not counted as trans fats for the purpose of nutrition labeling in the U.S. These naturally occurring trans fats aren't the problem; the ones produced by adding hydrogen to liquid oils are.
The original idea was simple: Turn less expensive vegetable oils into saturated-like fats and you get the best of all worlds. Hydrogenation reduces the tendency of vegetable oils to oxidize, neutralizes off flavors and increases the shelf life of baked and fried foods. Hydrogenated oils match the desirable baking properties of naturally occurring saturated fats, and at lower cost.
The value of hydrogenation didn't come into question until well after research linked saturated fatty acids with cardiovascular disease via increased low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), the particles in blood that carry fat and cholesterol to the tissues. This earned LDL the oversimplified label "bad cholesterol." In fact, hydrogenated oils received the endorsement by the Center for Science in the Public Interest in 1984. After all, they were derived from unsaturated fats, and it was saturated fats that were the problem.
Further research indicated that the byproduct of hydrogenation, trans fatty acids (fatty acids rearranged into the trans configuration), not only raised LDLs, but also lowered high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), the particles that carried cholesterol back to the liver for conversion to bile acids and eventual disposal - the so-called "good cholesterol." Trans fats became the ultimate "bad fat." Health-conscious consumers caught on quickly, and manufacturers were on the hunt for new oils.
Drilling for new oil
With hydrogenated soy oil as the industry standard, the first reaction was to rethink, revisit – and in some cases reinvent – food oil. Monounsaturated fats, rich in omega-9 fatty acids, have built a reputation as "healthy fats" ever since olive oil was shown to lower LDL while raising HDL. This led to the search for sources of monounsaturates without the olive taste and cost for processing.
There have been several contenders.
In the mid 1990s, Dow AgroSciences LLC (www.dowagro.com), Indianapolis, developed Nexera seeds, a line of canola seed naturally bred for high oil stability without the need for hydrogenation. Oils made from Nexera canola and sunflower seeds have a unique combination of high oleic (more than 70 percent) and low linolenic (less than 3 percent) fatty acids (linolenic acid an is omega-3 fatty acid highly susceptible to oxidation). This unique and patented fatty acid profile gives the oils desirable taste, health and performance attributes.
In 1793, Eli Whitney solved one problem and created another. By inventing the cotton gin, he increased the production of cotton and left growers with a surplus of cottonseed. One business' surplus is another's gold. Getting the golden oil stored in cottonseed necessitated innovations in seed crushing technology and created the oilseed industry.
Cottonseed's natural fatty acid profile includes 26 percent saturated fatty acids and virtually no linolenic acid, a profile that, according to the National Cottonseed Products Assn. (www.cottonseed.com), Cordova, Tenn., stabilizes the oil, making hydrogenation unnecessary.
Many processors prefer the frying and baking properties of cottonseed oil, especially as it has neutral flavor characteristics. Mike Rice, chairman, CEO and third-generation owner of Utz Quality Foods Inc. (www.utzsnacks.com), Hanover, Pa., believes cottonseed oil is the perfect match for his company's potato chips. "It's the gold standard in our industry. Our original chip formula - fresh whole potatoes, sliced and cooked in 100 percent pure, non-hydrogenated cottonseed oil - will never change," says Rice.
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We have been importing vintage and classic American cars, parts, Americana memorabilia and gas pumps for over 20 years.
We specialise in all types of Americana, vintage and classic cars. Our stock is constantly changing so please make sure you keep checking on our inventory.
Vintage advertising, Americana memorabilia, vintage American gas pumps, globes, air meters, vintage car parts and a whole lot more...
Please note all our pieces are ORIGINAL unless otherwise stated.
Original glass Shell petrol pump globe, in very nice original condition, lettering a little faded, no cracks or chips.
Price SOLD
If you really like this Original glass Shell petrol pump globe please give it a 'thumbs up' and share the joy!
Silverstone Classic
20th - 22nd July 2018
Atomic Festival Sywell Aerodrome
28th - 29th July 2018
Le Bug Show, Spa
4th - 5th August 2018
Old Warden Super Nats Biggleswade
10th - 12th August 2018
Beaulieu Auto Jumble
1st - 2nd September 2018
Goodwood Revival
7th - 9th September 2018
NEC Classic Motor Show
9th - 11th November 2018


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DocTest 1.0 For Ruby Released
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DocTest allows the easy generation of tests based on output from the standard interpreter shell (IRB for Ruby), cut and pasted into docstrings.
Copy/paste your IRB testing output as comment for your function:
# doctest: Add 5 and 5 to get 10Later you'll be able to run the test:
# >> five_and_five
# => 10
def five_and_five
5 + 5
$ rubydoctest five.rbThis will run with latest sources from the git repository. An updated gem will soon be available
=== Testing 'five.rb'...
OK | Add 5 and 5 to get 10
1 comparisons, 1 doctests, 0 failures, 0 errors
Such docstring-driven testing has its pros:
- Those who are familiar with IRB live testing will find it useful and natural to use.
- One place to look at for the test.
- Simple.
- Large docstring should be avoided and put into a separate test file.
- Some complex testing assertion are not available.
- It can be tedious to test large outputs.
A screencast demonstrating DocTest usage is available.
InfoQ caught up with Duane Johnson to discuss DocTest and docstring-driven tests.
InfoQ: Firstly, what led you to write DocTest? I read you looked at 2 previous implementations.
The latest code can be found on github? It's a merge with a previous version of DocTest? What did you add?
Aren't you satisfied with all the Ruby test frameworks?
DocTest is outside the BDD cycle?
Is DocTest supposed to be a replacement for the other unit test framework or just an additional tool?
Isn't the way DocTest annotates code polluting the reading?
Rate this Article
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Tell us what you think
DocTests in Zope and Python
Kevin Teague
Doc testing is fun! :)
Doctesting has been a common form of testing in Zope for a long time (around 2001 or so). The merits and good uses of doc testing were recently discussed in this thread. The summary is it's important to seperate the use cases for doc testing:
- * Executable documentation doctesting: Intended as "testable" documentation. Documentation comes first with this form of doc test. Outdated or wrong documentation can be rather annoying, so this is good. The risk is that it's easy to go of on a tangent and start testing corner cases - this spoils the readability of the documentation. Narrative doc tests are also harder to maintain, since you may need to comprehend the whole narrative to expand upon one.
- * Edge-case and bug fix doctesting: In this case the narrative between the
test cases is there primarily to explain what is being tested and why. Some
developers like to bang out doc tests as they work, writing down thoughts and snippets of code as they go.
This second form can produce files that are also semi-usable as documentation, and are often preferable when approaching software over reading source code. Sometimes the software you are developing doesn't justify the cost of proper documentation, so this type of doc testing is "better than nothing". The flipside is that this may inhibit initiatives at writing proper documentation, "Look at all these files with words in them that this package already has, I guess it doesn't need anymore documentation." And in an open source project, people can find a packages test-centric doc tests and end up complain about the poor quality of documentation ...
Packages such as z3c.testsetup can be directed to more sophisticated automated detetion of doctests. Aside from picking doc tests out of source code, it also can run plain .txt files as doc tests - these files and the testing layer they are associated with (unit, functional, integration) are denoted with a line such as:
:Test-Layer: functional
:Test-Layer: unit
Re: DocTests in Zope and Python
Sebastien Auvray
Thank you for this informative comment!
1.0 Gem Available
Duane Johnson
sudo gem install rubydoctest


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Seconds ago, my colleague Dana walked into our office and said he tried to talk to the people sharing his elevator up to our floor about the new iPhone 5. To his surprise, neither one of the two people knew what he was talking about, and hadn't even realized Apple announced a new product.
In our tech-obsessed professions, it can be hard to remember that not everyone (especially not in our industry) keep up with the ever-changing world of consumer technology. Of course, Jimmy Kimmel had a different take on the matter. The late-night talk show host decided to take it to the streets of Hollywood and showed random people the iPhone 4S and told them they were previewing the iPhone 5. This resulted in a ton of people truly believing the phone was new and different, even though some of the previewers owned an iPhone 4/4S themselves.
Some of the comments include a change in weight, thinness, and processing speed. One guy was even holding his own iPhone 4 in the other hand and still commented that the weight was different, while another says he owns an iPhone 4S and likes the "new one" better.
We're not sure what Jimmy Kimmel actually thinks of the iPhone 5, but maybe this is his way of saying what we've all mentioned yesterday… been there, done that, nothing remarkably new. But of course, we'll be the judge of that when we actually get the authentic iPhone 5 in our hands to see if what this lightweight, skinny body, A6 processor really means. If you see anyone in the street telling you to preview an iPhone 5, just remember: the official Apple product ships September 21. Anything before that is a jerk trying to hoax you!


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DC Coalition Against Domestic Violence
5 Thomas Circle NW
United States
About Us
DCCADV: The District of Columbia's Domestic Violence Coalition
DCCADV is the federally-recognized statewide coalition of domestic violence programs, organizations and individuals organized to ensure the elimination of domestic violence in the District of Columbia.
We are a resource for the thousands of adults and children experiencing domestic violence in the District each year, as well as the local organizations that serve them. The Coalition offers support and services for today, and education, advocacy and leadership to shape a violence-free future for families in the District of Columbia.
Our work applies a framework for identifying social, economic, cultural, political and legal factors that have critical implications for those affected by violence, oppression, subordination and discrimination. We leverage our expertise to expand community activism, deepen community awareness surrounding poverty caused by domestic violence and address systems gaps by promoting sound and effective public policy initiatives.


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[Number] qualify: 'meters'. | Manual
[Number] qualify: 'meters'.
Qualifies a number. Alias for: [Number] [String]. See the [Number] [String] message signature for more details.
Welcome to the Citrine Online Manual Pages. This online manual has been generated automatically from source code comments using the shtml.ctr script. All Citrine documentation is also available as a UNIX manual file included in the download package. These pages are just a web version of the original Citrine Programming Language User Manual and Reference Guide.
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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
Congressman Brian Higgins, D-NY-26, spoke from the Floor of the House of Representatives to advocate for orally administered chemotherapy drugs to be covered by insurance companies at an equal cost to more traditional intravenous chemotherapy drugs.
Higgins noted, in part, "(Oral chemotherapy) is also driving some of the most exciting research in fighting cancer. Thirty-five percent in the oncology pipeline are oral chemo drugs."
Higgins has introduced H.R. 1801, the Cancer Drug Coverage Parity Act, which currently has 64 bipartisan cosponsors. This issue has already received attention at the state level (21 states - including New York - and the District of Columbia, have already passed legislation requiring oral chemotherapy parity).
The text of Higgins' speech is below:
"Mr. Speaker,
"Orally administered anti-cancer drugs are becoming the standard care for certain types of cancer, as a promising alternative to traditional chemotherapy, which is administered through the vein.
"It is also driving some of the most exciting research in fighting cancer. Thirty-five percent in the oncology pipeline are oral chemo drugs.
"Unfortunately, insurance policies have not kept up with the science. Typically IV chemotherapy is covered as a medical benefit while oral chemotherapy is covered under the prescription drug component. This creates a disparity in coverage and a financial disincentive to choose oral chemotherapy.
"Cancer patients should choose a course of treatment based on what they and their doctor believe will work best.
"That's why I've introduced the Cancer Drug Coverage Parity Act. It would require that insurance plans provide coverage for oral chemotherapy at a cost no less favorable than traditional chemotherapy.
"My bill has 64 bipartisan cosponsors. I urge my colleagues to join us to support the development of these promising treatments and to patients who need them."


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After almost ten years' planning and consultation, a new community, The Wixams, near Bedford, UK has moved a step closer to realisation with the signing of a Section 106 planning agreement. Developer Gallagher Estates, in joint venture partnership with the landowner RWE npower, has been working with Mid Beds District Council, Bedford Borough Council and Bedfordshire County Council to devise a sustainable new community development on the former industrial and storage land south of Bedford, one of the largest brownfield sites in England. The scheme will provide 4,500 houses, an employment zone providing 1 million sq ft of office space, a new railway station, seven schools, a town centre, primary health care centre, sports and leisure facilities and 150 acres of parkland and open space. Gallagher Estates is one of the largest master developers promoting and delivering residential and mixed-use schemes throughout Britain.
An architect has yet to be appointed.
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150 to 200W CFL - 600W Equal Compact Fluorescents
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150 to 200W CFL - 600W Equal Compact Fluorescents
The 150-watt and 200-watt CFL bulbs available from 1000Bulbs are a very cost-effective lighting solution. These bulbs will last much longer than standard bulbs and provide thousands of hours of use. Critical components of the bulbs that will be most directly exposed to heat are selected for their high heat tolerance, and the bulb's body is configured as a series of tubes rather than a single object in order to allow more heat to escape. The 600-watt equal CFL bulbs are an example of how this design provides more lighting surface area in a more compact space. The selection available at 1000Bulbs means you won't find better deal on these bulbs anywhere else.


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
Expands commitment to covering Western New York weather
WGRZ has announced Jennifer Stanonis is now full time on the 2 On Your Side team, making Storm Team 2 the largest weather team in Buffalo. Stanonis joins Kevin O'Connell, Andy Parker, Maria Genero and Mary Beth Wrobel, thus expanding the station's commitment to covering weather in Western New York.
Stanonis joined the 2 On Your Side team in 2012. She is a northern California native who moved to Western New York nearly a decade ago, in 2005, when she started forecasting on Buffalo television. She has covered the most severe weather events here since, from the studio anchoring and out in the field reporting. These include the Cheektowaga tornado and the October snowstorm of 2006, numerous tornado outbreaks, and damaging snow and wind events.
Stanonis has a calculus-based meteorology degree from SUNY College at Brockport. She graduated in the top of her class and in the honor's program. She also founded the local Brockport Chapter of the National Weather Association and Meteorology Club in 2011.
Stanonis is a member of the American Meteorological Society, the National Weather Association and has her broadcast meteorology certificate from Mississippi State University.
Before moving to Buffalo, Stanonis was a weather anchor, weekend news anchor, and general assignment reporter for two years at KCWY, NBC in Casper, Wyo.
Storm Team 2's forecasts are the most accurate in Buffalo for nine years running, according to WeatheRate, the national company that measures forecast accuracy across the country.


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Nokia launches budget 'iPod killer' music phone
VoIP-friendly and smart clamshells too
Nokia yesterday launched a trio of handsets, including its latest bid to win business from Apple's iPod and other music players with its a colourful music-friendly handset. It also took aim at the mid-range 3G arena with a clamshell-format 3G smart phone.
The Nokia 6290 runs Nokia's S60 user interface on top of the Symbian operating system to deliver the usual array of features you'd expect from a Nokia smart phone: personal information management, web browsing, email with PDF, Word, Excel and PowerPoint attachment viewing, and so on.
Nokia's 6086 (left) and 6290
The clamshell opens to reveal a 2.2in, 240 x 320, 16m-colour display and a basic camera for video calling. Round the back is two megapixel main camera with 4x digital zoom. Nokia claimed the handset delivers up to 3.5 hours' talk time and up to ten days' operation in stand-by mode.
Nokia also unveiled the 6086 camera phone, though its picture taking is limited to a VGA - 300,000-pixel - camera with 4x digital zoom. In its favour, the 6086 has a quad-band GSM radio and supports UMA - in other words, it has Wi-Fi on board so it's ready for network-sanctioned VoIP services.
Nokia claimed the 6086 will let you talk for up to five hours and run for ten days on stand-by.
The Nokia 2626 is a budget music phone - it'll retail for a mere €75 ($99/£51) before network subsidies, Nokia said - that will ship in a variety of bright colours and has an on-board FM radio. The price suggests the spec will be basic, and indeed it is: dual-band GSM/GPRS and a 128 x 128, 65,536-colour display. The battery will provide up to three hours' talk time but a whopping 12 days on stand-by.
The 6290 and 6086 are due to ship in Q1 2007 for around €325 ($428/£220) and €200 ($263/£135), respectively. Nokia didn't say when the 2626 will ship. ®
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Linked by Kaj-de-Vos on Thu 20th Dec 2012 00:22 UTC
As the Syllable project predicted many years ago, version 3 of the REBOL programming language has finally been open sourced, under the Apache 2 licence (screenshot on Syllable Desktop). Also, the alpha version of the high-level Red programming language, supporting Syllable Desktop, has been released, by now in version 0.3.1 (screenshot, demo program, video at the Science Park in Amsterdam).
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RE[13]: Comment by cipri
by zima on Tue 25th Dec 2012 20:52 UTC in reply to "RE[12]: Comment by cipri"
RE[14]: Comment by cipri
by demetrioussharpe on Tue 25th Dec 2012 21:28 in reply to "RE[13]: Comment by cipri"
"The funny thing is that you used to talk about how far ahead of Haiku we were. The whole time, Haiku was blowing past us at lightening speed.
Looking at the bickering between Syllable and Pyro camps, Haiku looks even better now... (with how friendly and lively it is) "
I was referring to back when we were all Syllable developers. Well, all of us except for Kaj, who's never actually developed an actual piece of Syllable. At that point, we hadn't forked.
RE[15]: Comment by cipri
by zima on Thu 27th Dec 2012 18:14 in reply to "RE[14]: Comment by cipri"


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New Car Review
2014 BMW 6 Series: New Car Review
The way things used to be, BMW was the sporty brand, and Mercedes stood for traditional luxury. But the 2014 BMW 6 Series coupe and convertible show just how outdated those stereotypes have become. Emphasizing comfort and technology rather than the traditional "ultimate driving machine" ethos, the 2014 6 Series identifies BMW as a serious player in the exclusive league of personal luxury cars.
Notably, this isn't BMW's first time around this particular block. The 1990s saw the rise and fall of the 8 Series, a sleek grand-touring coupe with an available V12 engine. Like the new 6 Series, the 8 Series was an excellent car that drew criticism for being too heavy and soft by BMW standards. Unfortunately, it was launched during a recession and never sold well -- a fate that BMW hopes the latest 6 Series will avoid.
We like its chances. Boasting a pair of awesome turbocharged engines, superb interior craftsmanship and epic high-speed composure, the 6 Series hits all the right notes for drivers who want that king- or queen-of-the-road character. And while sporty handling isn't really part of the 6 Series formula anymore, this is still a massively capable car when you give it the spurs. Just make sure the corners aren't too tight to accommodate the car's considerable size.
Overall, the 6 Series seems quite comfortable in its newly conservative role, providing all the luxury and power that shoppers in this segment expect. BMWs are a different kind of driving machine these days, and judging by the 2014 6 Series, that's potentially a pretty good thing.
What's New for 2014?
All-wheel drive is now available on the entry-level 640i coupe and convertible, and a new M Sport Edition package adds sporting flair to any 6 Series.
What We Like
Fantastic engines; awesome long-distance cruiser; high-quality interior; plenty of tech; available all-wheel drive
What We Don't
Less athletic than you may expect; useless back seat; convertible isn't offered with a retractable hardtop
How Much?
Fuel Economy
All 6 Series models come with an 8-speed automatic transmission that uses BMW's distinctive joystick-like shifter. Rear-wheel drive is standard, and xDrive all-wheel drive is optional.
The 640i features a turbocharged inline 6-cylinder engine rated at 315 horsepower and 330 lb-ft of torque. Fuel economy with rear-wheel drive is an impressive 22 miles per gallon city/32 mpg hwy (20 mpg city/30 mpg hwy for the convertible). Adding all-wheel drive yields 20 mpg city/29 mpg hwy with either body style.
The 650i boasts a twin-turbocharged V8 with 445 hp and 480 lb-ft of torque. Environmental Protection Agency ratings with rear-wheel drive are 17 mpg city/25 mpg hwy for both body styles; adding all-wheel drive yields 16 mpg city/24 mpg hwy.
Standard Features & Options
The 2014 BMW 6 Series is offered as a coupe or soft-top convertible in two trim levels: 6-cylinder 640i and 8-cylinder 650i.
The 640i coupe ($76,325) and 640i convertible ($83,825) come standard with a turbocharged inline 6-cylinder engine, 18-inch alloy wheels, adaptive xenon headlamps, fog lights, a sport-tuned suspension with adaptive dampers, front and rear parking sensors, a tilting glass roof panel (coupe only), keyless entry with push-button ignition, auto stop/start, leather upholstery, 10-way power front seats with lumbar support and driver memory, a power tilt/telescopic steering wheel, dual-zone automatic climate control, iPod/USB and Bluetooth connectivity, a 9-speaker audio system, and the hard-drive-based iDrive infotainment system with a 10.2-in widescreen display, digital music storage, a navigation system and a rearview camera.
The 650i coupe ($87,625) and 650i convertible ($95,125) add a twin-turbocharged V8 engine, an available manual transmission, 19-in alloy wheels, 20-way Multi-contour power front seats and Nappa leather upholstery.
Some of the 650i's extra features are available on the 640i as options. All-wheel drive is a $3,000 option on all 6 Series models.
Notable add-ons include 20-in wheels, adaptive cruise control, side- and top-view cameras and a 16-speaker Bang & Olufsen audio system. The M Sport Edition package contributes aerodynamic tweaks, unique M-design 19-in wheels, adaptive LED headlights, LED fog lights, high-gloss shadowline trim, black-painted brake calipers, dark chrome exhaust tips, extensive M interior modifications (including extended Alcantara and Nappa leather trim) and a full range of technology features (including advanced safety technologies on 650i models).
The 6 Series model's back seat is pretty much useless unless the folks in front have short inseams. Even then, headroom is severely limited unless you're in the convertible and the top's down. Speaking of which, we can't complain about the vinyl roof's rapid power operation; we'd just note that soft tops are inherently vulnerable to break-ins and harsh weather in ways that retractable hardtops simply aren't.
As for cargo space, the coupe boasts a reasonable 13 cu ft, while the convertible has 11 cu ft with the top up and a couple fewer with it folded.
The 2014 BMW 6 Series comes with stability control, 4-wheel anti-lock disc brakes, active front head restraints and four airbags (front and front-side). Numerous high-tech safety features are available, including blind spot warning, lane departure warning and a forward collision mitigation system with automatic braking. The convertible adds roll bars that pop up automatically in emergencies.
Neither the government nor the independent Insurance Institute for Highway Safety has crash-tested the 6 Series.
Behind the Wheel
Although the 6 Series borrows heavily from the 7 Series under the skin, its cabin is unique, and the first thing we noticed in our interior evaluation was the lowness of the front seats. They're not hard to get into, but there's a definite sports-car flavor here. The standard 10-way power front seats are more than pleasant, but the 20-way Multi-contour seats are so versatile and supportive that they're almost a must-buy.
The gauges on the 6 Series use BMW's familiar white-on-black numerals that switch to orange-on-black at night. Interior materials are exceptionally nice, and the sporty dashboard -- exclusive to the 6 Series -- swoops snugly toward the driver, accented by the beautiful 10.2-in iDrive screen with its much-improved current interface. Our only real quibble concerns the steering wheel, which seems a bit large for coupe/convertible duty.
Acceleration is strong yet civilized with the 640i's inline 6-cylinder. You'll be surprised by how easily this little engine chucks the chubby Bimmer around. But the main event here is the 650i's twin-turbo V8, which is so quick at any speed that it makes us question the point of the M6. This engine is simply spectacular. Whatever you think of the 6 Series, you can't help but fall in love with what's under the 650i's hood. We feel similarly about the 8-speed automatic (standard on all models), which upshifts seamlessly and enthusiastically matches revs on downshifts.
The 6 Series is more athletic in corners than the already-capable 7 Series on which it's based, but it's too large and heavy for "ultimate" driving. The 6 Series model's comfort zone is on the highway, where it's impossible to get this car flustered. Think serene and planted at all speeds.
Other Cars to Consider
Audi S5 -- The S5 coupe and convertible are much cheaper than their 6 Series counterparts, but they have many of the same traits. The S5 is fast and composed, with a beautiful interior and more nimble handing. We prefer its looks, too.
Chevrolet Corvette Stingray -- The base Corvette Stingray is a true bargain at barely half the price of a 650i, and the convertible's a similarly excellent value.
Porsche 911 -- The current 911 has morphed into more of a GT car, but it's still much more engaging than the sedate 6 Series. The 6er has a better ride, though.
AutoTrader's Advice
We're in awe of the 640i's fuel economy, but that's not what a car such as this is about. You get a 6 Series to reward yourself for a job well done, a life well lived -- and the best reward is the fantastically powerful yet refined 650i.


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BuddyPress Menus
I wanted to create this topic to discuss using WP menus for BuddyPress menus. I created a ticket here: http://buddypress.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/4538
Per discussion in the dev chat, @jjj would like to use WP menus but it needs to be thought out more. There are many issues to deal with like user nav on profiles. WP menus will probably not be a core feature until 1.8.
Until then, I'm going to develop out a plugin to test what works and doesn't. You will be able to use the plugin and help decide how the UI/UX should work. I'll post to this thread the development of the plugin and gather everyones thoughts so that this feature makes into core.
Here is an update to BP Profile Menu that includes admin configurable menus for BuddyPress
Please test and report back.
Paul GibbsKeymaster
Thanks for taking the initiative!
Sure, I was updating that plugin so thought might as well get the WP menu ball rolling. We can test usernav with sidebar widgets. I played a bit with that. I think it might be easier in the long run to use core menus. It already has the management down of item creation. BP wouldn't even need to manage the menu items because a plugin can just add an item to the meta box
As we know the url cant be saved in admin dialog. I need to dig further into code to see if we can add meta to menu items during creation. I'm using link relation xfn right now as that is available. But i'd rather the variable to route be hidden.
I'm finding the list of menu items in the meta box to be insufficient in handling all the menu items that will be introduced. So need to do a little wire framing and feedback
I have: [Directory] [Profile] [User] [Plugins] with just a straight list of items.
I think unifying Profile + User into just User. Also, I did not include the Group nav.
I suggest: [Directory] [User] [Group] [Forum]
Then for [User] tab in meta box show indented sub nav items to distinguish the sub nav items.
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Plugins can add to this list to create items for their components.
The directory structure would function the same way. Plugin components that have a directory can add their items to the directory menu items tab.
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My Achievements`
Paul GibbsKeymaster
How would we (or a plugin) add those items to that metabox? Those items are post types, right?
I don't know but I simply know that modemlooper is the best. this plugin was what I was looking for, for months.
@djPaul, you'd be surprised. It uses custom link type menu items. Too bad WP doesn't allow you to register new menu item types. The meta box is just html. When you click add to menu it takes input value and adds it to the menu but the post type is not create until you add to menu. So a plugin just needs to add the required markup. Simple.
We can write the code so that if a component is deactivated it just doesn't show that markup in the meta box. Plugins can just attach to the array that contains each items info
For backpat I was thinking the current method should not even be messed with. Since new method core menus could use a menu location built into template files then you just check against if a menu has been placed in that menu location. If it has then show the custom menu or show the old bp nav.
I have had issues with some of the sub-menu items throwing back a page not found error on my test server, and others that works excellent. For example the Settings in sub-menu is throwing that error. Using WP 3.4.1. and BP 1.6.1. no plugins either. Also, I would still like to see the notifications added to this new iteration of the plugin. Ultimately it would be best if its beside the parent navigational menu item for profiles like you would see the number that shows when you have unread messages in WP admin bar. Its a matter of taking it from the WP admin bar, and having the nifty little number pop-up beside the parent menu item when there is messages. Anyway, just a thought and some feedback. Thanks again @modemlooper for your hard work!
That might not be the nav items issue. If the link is correct to your settings page them it could be something else. The link would be either
/members/username/settings Or
If plugin fails link is # and it would not be clickable
Is it a local test setup with a funky URL? Try removing item that is not working and add again.
Good suggestion about notification but that seems to be a design choice. We shouldn't force that onto people. However, I will include a notification menu item.
@modemlooper I will look more in depth and report the issue on the setting sub-nav later. Just got back from a loooong driven vacation. About the suggestion of the message notification on the parent menu profile menu though I am swayed between it being a design choice but I also ask myself and some others and most agree that they like to know immediately when they log in if they have a notification. They and I agree that just hovering over the profile menu to see it in the sub-menu isn't a clear enough indication upon login. I personally would like the site to be unidentifiable as a WordPress and BuddyPress site as possible, not to discredit everyone's work but as a safety precaution so its not as obvious as to the software we are using and its clear to me that it is one way to somewhat cloak the software is by not using the WP admin bar at all and being able to rely on the function of this great plugin you have worked on. At least that is what I would like to see transpire but I will respect the choice you ultimately make. Thanks again!
This is a fantastically useful plug in. Can I suggest:
1. On the plug in site you add just a tiny bit more about what the plug in can be used for for less sophisticated users like me eg
This plugin will add a BuddyPress Menu to the admin at Appearance > Menus. You can use it to create menu items or custom menus that link to BuddyPress features including the logged in user's profile, settings and topics. You can re arrange the menu which includes the user profile links.
2. In the plug in itself the field "Url" which has "#" as the default value is confusing to a non programmer – at first I thought I had to insert the URL. Suggest you change label or add a description with something like "Leaving URL as # will work in most cases.".
Anyway for what it's worth and hope that's helpful. Great work!
Good suggestions, in next update there will many more links and a complete how to/ instructions.
Because the tab/link colors in the profile pages (eg. profile, messages, settings, album, etc.) are default to the color white and there's a white default background the tabs/links are invisible. How can i change this?
Use firebug for firefox, or Google Chrome developer tools to target the element and adjust the CSS accordingly.
have no clue what ur getting at. Maybe Im in the wrong forum. Im not a developer, just a person whos using buddypress on his site. Can u give simplier instructions please? Thanks.
This has nothing to do with this thread. Repost in a new thread with a clear title and I will respond.
@modemlooper sorry, your right its a css issue not anything specifically to do with this thread. Not enough sleep on my part I suppose!
- The topic 'BuddyPress Menus' is closed to new replies.


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An officer was briefly hospitalized after being assaulted during a mostly peaceful protest in Northern California over the fatal police shooting of an unarmed teen in Ferguson, Missouri, authorities said Saturday.
Officers demonstrated "a high level of restraint" during Friday's protest, said Sean Whent, chief of police in Oakland, a city that has grappled with numerous protests spanning from the fatal shooting of Oscar Grant by a transit police officer in 2009 to Occupy Oakland in 2011-12.
Another Ferguson-related protest was planned in Oakland Saturday evening.
On Friday, several protesters assaulted the officer while he attempted to make an arrest, said Officer Johnna Watson, an Oakland police spokeswoman. The injured officer was taken to a local hospital and later released.
At least two other officers were pepper-sprayed and treated at the scene, said Watson, who added that the march was mainly nonviolent.
"A majority of the crowd was peaceful, but there were some individuals and groups who participated in assaulting police, vandalizing businesses and committing graffiti along the march route," Watson said.
The protest began outside Oakland City Hall, the site of a peaceful gathering the previous day. Marchers encountered several Oakland police officers, some in riot helmets, blocking a freeway on-ramp to keep them from walking onto Interstate 880 - as some did to protest the fatal shooting of Florida teen Trayvon Martin in 2012.
As nightfall approached, a few protesters with covered faces pulled out paint cans and hammers and sprayed anti-police graffiti on buildings as the march continued along a main Oakland thoroughfare into the neighboring city of Berkeley.
Oakland police later arrested two men in their 40s, one for assaulting an officer and the other for obstructing and resisting police, Watson said.
In Berkeley, where protesters set a trash can on fire, at least two people were arrested Friday for resisting or obstructing an officer, said Officer Jennifer Coats, a Berkeley police spokeswoman.
(Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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posted by Thom Holwerda on Thu 7th Feb 2008 16:26 UTC, submitted by ericvh
"The Register has unearthed a research paper that shows IBM working on a computing system capable 'of hosting the entire internet as an application'. This mega system relies on a re-tooled version of IBM's Blue Gene supercomputers so loved by the high performance computing crowd. IBM's researchers have proposed tweaking the Blue Gene systems to run today's most popular web applications such as Linux, Apache, MySQL and Ruby on Rails."