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Kentucky Military Records
United States U.S. Military Kentucky Military Records
Military records identify millions of individuals who served in the military or who were eligible for service. Evidence that an ancestor actually served may be found in family traditions, census records, naturalization records, biographies, cemetery records, and records of veterans' organizations. Military records can give birth, marriage, and death dates; spouses' and children's names; and places of residence throughout the life of the family.
Military records are found at the Family History Library, the National Archives, and other federal and state archives. The Kentucky Military History Museum in Frankfort (which is part of the Kentucky Historical Society, listed in the "Societies" section) also has many military records. The United States Military Records Wiki article provides more information about the federal records and search strategies. For Kentucky the following sources are also available.
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- Fort Boonesboro (1775)
- Fort Jefferson
- Fort Nelson -- French and Indian War (1754–1763)
- Newport Barracks -- Textual records of this post, 1833-1894, including registers, reports, and correspondence, are in the National Archives and are described in Records of United States Army, Continental Commands, 1821-1920, under the section entitled Records of Posts, 1820-1940 (Record Group 393.7).
Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
- Taylor, Philip Fall. A Calendar of the Warrants for Land in Kentucky, Granted for Service in the French and Indian War. (See Kentucky Land and Property.) This record contains an alphabetical list of soldiers, mostly from Virginia, who received warrants for bounty land in what is now Kentucky from about 1774 to 1789.
If a person supported the Revolution, he may be mentioned in records as a rebel, patriot, or Whig. Those who opposed the Revolution were Loyalists or Tories.
Service and pension records and indexes for patriots are available on film at the National Archives and the Family History Library. See the United States Military Records Wiki article for these sources.
The Revolutionary War was fought before Kentucky became a state in 1792. Many veterans came to Kentucky and may be listed in:
- Quisenberry, Anderson Chenault. Revolutionary Soldiers in Kentucky: Containing a Roll of the Officers of Virginia Lines Who Received Land Bounties, a Roll of the Revolutionary Pensioners in Kentucky, a List of the Illinois Regiment Who Served Under George Rogers Clark in the Northwest Campaign, also a Roster of the Virginia Navy. Baltimore, Maryland.: Southern Book, 1959. (Family History Library book 976.9 M2q; film 908017 item 5; fiche 6051503.) These lists are arranged by county and alphabetically within each county by the name of the pensioner.
- Virginia State Library. Department of Archives and History. List of the Revolutionary Soldiers of Virginia: Special Report of the Department of Archives and History for 1911 and 1912. Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1954. (Family History Library film 29893.) The contents of this record are arranged in alphabetical order by surname.
An Internet site entitled "Revolutionary War Warrants is available to determine the names of Virginia veterans (or their assignees) who received bounty land warrants as payment for military service. The database also includes scanned images from the Warrants Register and the file identification for the patents authorized by the evolutionary War land warrants.
The 1835 Pension Roll
On June 5, 1834, the U.S. Senate required the Secretary of War to submit a statement showing the names of pensioners who were on the pension rolls or had previously been on the pension rolls. For more information on the 1835 Pension Roll see Revolutionary War Pension Records. The 1835 Pension Roll of Kentucky, which includes Revolutionary War pensioners and heirs of War of 1812 casualties, is available online:
- Report from the Secretary of War... Vol. III (Google Books)
- The Pension Roll of 1835, Vol. III (Ancestry) ($)
- Kentucky Pension Roll for 1835 (Ancestry) (free)
For Loyalist records see the Canada Military Records Wiki article.
War of 1812 (1812-1815)
- Kentucky. Adjutant General. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky. Soldiers of the War of 1812. 1891. Reprint, Greenville, South Carolina: Southern Historical, 1992. (Family History Library book 976.9 M2ke; film 1463598 item 2.) This book lists by company all soldiers who served, giving their name, rank, enlistment and termination dates. An index is included with the book. See also:
- Index to Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky, Soldiers of the War of 1812. Frankfort, Kentucky: Kentucky Historical Society, 1968. (Family History Library film 1463598.)
- Broglin Jane Sloan: Kentucky abstracts of pensions : Revolutionary War, War of 1812 and Indian wars (Indianapolis, Indiana: Heritage House, c1999) 4 Vol FHL Book 976.9 M28
Mexican War (1846-1848)
- Kentucky. Adjutant General. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky: Mexican War Veterans (1846–1847). Frankfort, Kentucky.: Historical Society, 1966. (Family History Library film 551064 item 3.) These are arranged by company and regiment and then alphabetically by the name of the soldier. It includes his name and rank, dates and length of service, the places he was mustered in and out of, and the dates this mustering took place.
Civil War (1861–1865)
See Kentucky in the Civil War for information about Kentucky Civil War records, web sites, etc. with links to articles about the Kentucky regiments involved in the Civil War.
The regimental pages often include lists of the companies with links to the counties where the companies started. Men in the companies often lived in the counties where the companies were raised. Knowing a county can help when researching more about the soldiers and their families.
The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System allows name searching for soldiers. The result set gives the regiments for the soldiers. Then you can check the Wiki regiment pages to determine counties. Often knowing the counties that had men in a regiment will help you determine if a soldier was your ancestor.
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
- Kentucky, Civil War Service Records of Confederate Soldiers, 1861-1865 (FamilySearch Historical Records)
- Kentucky, Civil War Service Records of Union Soldiers, 1861-1865 (FamilySearch Historical Records)
Spanish-American War (1898)
- Kentucky. Adjutant General. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky: Kentucky Volunteers, War with Spain, 1898–1899. 1908. Reprint, Frankfort, Kentucky.: Historical Society, 1966. Family History Library film 551064 item 2.) These unindexed records are arranged by company and regiment and then alphabetically by name. They include the soldier's name, rank, date and place of enrollment, and dates and places of mustering in and out.
- Volunteer Officers and Soldiers of the Spanish American War, 1898–1899. Frankfort, Kentucky.: Kentucky Historical Society, 1966. (Family History Library film 482881.) These are arranged alphabetically by name within the company and regiment. The soldier's name, rank, and enlistment and muster dates and places are listed.
World War I (1917-1918)
- Haulsee, W. M. Soldiers of the Great War. 3vols. Washington, DC: Soldiers Record Pub. Association, 1920. (Family History Library [1]].) Roster of soldiers who died in the war. Kentucky soldiers are listed in volume 1, pages 375 to 408. It gives the soldier's name, residence, rank, and cause of death, and it includes pictures.
- United States. Selective Service System. Kentucky, World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918. National Archives Microfilm Publications, M1509. Washington DC: National Archives, 1987–1988. (On 92 Family History Library films, beginning with 1643933) These cards have been digitized and are searchable online. See WWI Draft Records for more information.
Following World War I Kentucky attempted to keep three sets of records by county. They were:
- Scrapbooks.
- Records filled out by soldiers.
- Records from the government with service number.
These records are scattered, though a full set may be found in the Department of Libraries and Archives in Frankfort, Kentucky.
World War II (1941-1945)
Vietnam War (1963–1972)
- Register of Vietnam War Casualties from Kentucky. Frankfort, Kentucky: Kentucky Department for Libraries & Archives, 1988. (Family History Library book 976.9 M28k.) This book lists soldiers alphabetically and by county. It includes lists of soldiers who came from other states and those who were missing in action. The soldier's name, rank, birth date, residence, and casualty date are given.
Other Military Records
For a published list of militia officers from 1792 to 1811, see:
- Clift, Garrett Glenn. The Corn Stalk Militia of Kentucky, 1792–1811: A Brief Statutory History of the Militia and Records of Commissions of Officers in the Organization from the Beginning of Statehood to the Commencement of the War of 1812. Frankfort, KY.: Kentucky Historical Society, 1957. (Family History Library book 976.9 M25c; film 1035658 item 4; fiche 6051254.) This book is indexed and includes an alphabetical list of soldiers by year, showing each soldier's name, regiment, and enlistment date.
For an index to Kentucky veterans from the War of 1812 to World War I, see:
- Kentucky Historical Society (Frankfort, Kentucky). Index to Veterans of American Wars from Kentucky. Frankfort, KY: Kentucky Historical Society, 1966. (Family History Library films 471728–74.) This microfilm is arranged by war and then alphabetically by the name of the veteran. It references published rosters for the various wars.
- For a comprehensive description of both federal and Kentucky state military records, see James C. Neagles's book U. S. Military Records: A Guide to Federal and State Sources, Colonial America to the Present. Pages 246 to 254 provide details of military records (many of which are not microfilmed) housed in various archives in Kentucky.
Additional military information and sources can be found in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
- 1880 Cenus Index CD Manuel.


text:
Thirty-eight Afghan passengers from a jet hijacked in February who were denied asylum in Britain by Home Secretary Jack Straw began their appeal yesterday. The hearings involved 32 Afghan men and women and six children.
Shaw refused asylum to the passengers on the grounds that they faced no danger of persecution in their home country. Straw has previously denied any attempt to prejudice the 69 asylum applications received by Parliament.
Barry Stoyle, director of the Refugee Legal Center, which is providing attorney's for many of the refugees, said that Straw's decision would force the asylum-seekers to return "to a country with no constitution, rule of law or independent judiciary and which commits human rights abuses on a massive scale."
To say that Afghans face no persecution in Afghanistan is to ignore the fact that the Taliban militia, which controls 90 percent of Afghanistan, has imposed a strict system of gender apartheid against all women living in areas controlled by the Taliban. The Taliban's edicts, which have been brutally enforced, banish most women from the work force, closed schools to girls and expelled women from universities, and prohibited women from leaving their homes unless accompanied by a close male relative.
Media Resources: The Associated Press - 8 May 2000, and Feminist Majority Foundation
© Feminist Majority Foundation, publisher of Ms. magazine
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
WEST CHESTER, Pa. (AP) - October 31, 2012 --Opening statements are scheduled Thursday in the death penalty trial of a man accused of having killed a suburban Philadelphia teenager and dismembered his body with a chain saw in drug dispute four years ago.
Officials say jury selection was concluded Wednesday in Chester County for the trial of 33-year-old Laquanta Chapman, who is charged with first-degree murder in the disappearance of 16-year-old Aaron Turner.
Investigators allege that Chapman forced Turner into the basement of a Coatesville home with the help of two other men in October 2008, stripped him naked and shot him multiple times before dismembering the body. They allege that the victim's remains were then left along the road in trash bags for pickup. Turner's remains were never found.


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Jets fall apart in second quarter, allowing 35 points as Tom Brady and Pats roll to 49-19 win
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. – The New York Jets were in this one for a quarter.
Then it got ugly. And, fast.
As for their slim playoff hopes? Those appear to be done, too.
Rex Ryan's Jets turned the ball over five times and New England took advantage, using a 35-point second quarter to cruise to a 49-19 victory Thursday night. Tom Brady threw three touchdown passes and ran for a score.
"That was crazy," Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez said. "I've never seen anything like that. This is a team you can't turn the ball over against because they make you pay. That was a great display of that today."
After a scoreless opening quarter, the Patriots (8-3) went on a touchdown spree despite holding the ball for only 2:14, making the most of several mistakes by the hapless Jets (4-7). Their 35 second-quarter points tied for the fourth-most in a quarter in NFL history.
"That team is a good enough team where we don't have to help them," Ryan said. "Thirty-five points in a quarter, I thought that was almost impossible to do. They found a way to do it."
Disgusted Jets fans were chanting for Tim Tebow — who later revealed he has two broken ribs — to play before the second quarter of this Thanksgiving showdown was over, and booing as the team left the MetLife Stadium field at halftime.
"Shoot, I don't blame them for booing," Ryan said.
New England, which beat Indianapolis 59-24 on Sunday, scored four touchdowns in just over 6 minutes — including three in a jaw-dropping 52-second span — helping Bill Belichick become the eighth coach in NFL history with 200 career victories, including the playoffs. The 108 points in a two-week stretch are also a franchise record.
Julian Edelman returned a fumble for a touchdown and caught a 56-yard pass for a score before leaving with a head injury. Wes Welker and Shane Vereen had touchdown catches, Steve Gregory returned a fumble for a score, and Stevan Ridley ran for a touchdown.
"I was unfortunately on the other side of that in a Pro Bowl where they scored on a fumble, then an interception," Belichick said. "It doesn't take a lot to score like that — defensive touchdowns, special teams, they can add up in a hurry.
"Nothing surprises me in the NFL."
But not even Ryan saw this coming for his team.
The Jets allowed their most points since giving up 52 to Miami in the 1995 season opener, and will likely have to win their remaining five games to even have an outside chance at the postseason.
"Discouraged? Of course," Ryan said. "I'll put it to you this way: We're about as wounded as you possibly can be, but we're not dead."
They're getting close, though. Even if they're not ready to acknowledge that yet.
"We have five games left and let's see how good we can play and how good we can coach," Ryan said.
Ryan, whose job security has come into question with the Jets struggling, was asked if he expects to return next season.
"I do," he said. "I think our team will play a heck of a lot better and I don't believe anybody will ask that question by the time the year's over. That's my personal opinion."
Sanchez was 26 of 36 for 301 yards with a touchdown and an interception. Tebow didn't play at all and stood on the sideline with a cap on throughout despite the occasional chants for him to get some snaps.
New England was without star tight end Rob Gronkowski, out a few weeks after breaking his left forearm in the win Sunday against Indianapolis. It didn't need him — not with the Jets fumbling and bumbling around.
Brady finished 18 of 28 for 323 yards before leaving with 2 minutes left in the game. He reached 3,000 yards passing for the 10th time, becoming one of six players to accomplish the feat. He also passed Dan Fouts for 10th place on the career passing list.
It looked as though this one might be a close one as both teams missed opportunities to score in the opening quarter, including Stephen Gostkowski going wide left on a 39-yard field goal attempt for New England. The Jets were hoping to boost their playoff hopes and keep some momentum going after a 27-13 victory at St. Louis last Sunday that snapped a three-game skid.
But this one got out of hand in a hurry.
The Patriots jumped on a poor decision by Sanchez, who ruined a nice drive by keying in on Jeremy Kerley on second-and-6 from the 23. Gregory read the play the whole way for an easy interception.
Brady then led the Patriots on a 15-play, 84-yard drive that was capped by Welker's 3-yard touchdown catch on the first play of the second quarter.
The Jets made another costly mistake on their next possession when Shonn Greene fumbled on fourth-and-inches from the Patriots 31 and Gregory recovered. Brady threw a swing pass on first down to Vereen, who zipped down the left sideline untouched for an 83-yard touchdown that made it 14-0 with 9:43 remaining in the opening half.
The Patriots were back in the end zone moments later when Sanchez fumbled on second down as he fell when right guard Brandon Moore's backside slammed into him. Gregory picked up the ball and ran it 32 yards for a score to put New England up 21-0.
And, the Patriots weren't done.
Joe McKnight, one of the league's top returners, fumbled the ensuing kickoff on a hit by Devin McCourty. Edelman grabbed the ball out of the air and scooted 22 yards for yet another score.
"That was quick," Patriots defensive end Rob Ninkovich said. "They were some of the quickest scores I've ever seen on any level."
Edelman caught a 56-yard pass from Brady to make it 35-0 with 3:08 left in the first half.
"This," Moore said, "was totally unexpected."
NOTES: Jets WR Clyde Gates also left with a head injury in the second quarter after a hard hit from Kyle Arrington. ... Ridley was called for a chop block in the end zone midway through the third quarter, giving the Jets a safety. ... Jets players ran out of the tunnel together, and first responders for Superstorm Sandy were introduced as a group before the game. Staten Island's Filipowicz family served as honorary captains for the Jets. John K. Filipowicz and his son, John C. Filipowicz, were killed in the storm.
Online: http://pro32.ap.org/poll and http://twitter.com/AP_NFL


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If you have been thinking about making a switch to Sprint's unlimited data and awesome prices, now might just be the right time to do it. Amazon is holding a special sale this month, offering all Sprint 4G devices for a mere penny.
The offers starts today, and extends until March 26th. You might not want to wait too long before taking advantage of this, though. Those that sign up before the 19th will get their activation fee waived, saving you a cool $36. As expected, this offer is only available for new customers. Upgrades and added lines will add some cash to your device's price tag.
But if you are near the end of your contract or plan on switching to Sprint, this is a great chance to get a good deal on some of those high-end devices. Options include the Samsung Galaxy S II Epic 4G Touch (black and white versions), the HTC EVO Design 4G, the HTC EVO 3D, the Samsung Nexus S 4G, the HTC EVO Shift 4G and the Motorola Photon 4G, as well as a bunch of other devices that are not worth getting when all of these bad boys are going for the same price.
If interested, just check out the links below and sign up for your free phone!
Get your free phone
Link: Samsung Galaxy S II Epic Touch 4G
Link: Samsung Galaxy S II Epic Touch 4G (White)
Link: Samsung Nexus S 4G
Link: HTC EVO 3D
Link: HTC EVO Shift 4G
Link: HTC EVO Design 4G
Link: Motorola Photon 4G


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Assault on Peace Officer – Selling Fake Drugs – Armed Robbery all on Missoula Justice Court Docket Monday [DOCUMENTS]
Missoula Justice Court Judge John Odlin began the month of April by seeing several individuals face a variety of charges via video from the county Jail.
Michael Scott Burke, 31, of Spokane, Washington was apprehended Friday night after allegedly robbing the Walgreen's Drug Store on Brooks Street at gunpoint. He was charged with armed robbery, criminal endangerment, and criminal possession of dangerous drugs, all felonies. His bail was set at $150,000.
Also appearing Monday afternoon was Eric Van Zomeran, who was charged with felony assault on a peace officer and misdemeanor criminal trespassing. Court documents indicate that Van Zomeran, 52, was harassing customers outside the Walmart store on Brooks on Easter Sunday. Missoula police officer Cammi Fiscus approached the suspect and told him he needed to leave the property. When he refused, officer Fiscus grabbed his arm to lead him away. Van Zomeran then struck officer Fiscus on the right side of her head and face with his elbow. His bail was set at $10,000.
Tiffany Johnson and Joseph Nelson were charged with criminal possession of imitation dangerous drugs and criminal manufacture of imitation dangerous drugs, both felonies. Court documents indicate that Johnson, 18 and Nelson, 21, were in a vehicle behind the Super Walmart on Mullan Road early Sunday morning, when Missoula County Sheriff's Deputy Jared Cochran approached the vehicle. The two had apparently been mixing sea salt with super glue and putting the mixture into baggies to sell, pretending it was methamphetamine. Both were arrested and placed in the Missoula County Jail. Bail was set for each at $5,000.


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Super slim design compliments the stripped down look of the Street Bob or any other "bare bones" style bike. Saddle isn't even broken in yet but I love the way it feels and looks, tons better than the stock saddle.
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5 out of 5 stars (based on 29 reviews)
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Super slim design compliments the stripped down look of the Street Bob or any other "bare bones" style bike. Saddle isn't even broken in yet but I love the way it feels and looks, tons better than the stock saddle.
Seat looks great on my street bob. It's comfortable, and takes me away from the bars. I'm 6'1" so that's perfect for me.
Maybe I weigh too much, but my butt gets a little sore after a couple hours. The seat itself looks freakin awesome on the bike, and really is comfortable, just not for a looong haul.
Changed out the stock solo seat with this Le Pera. Looks way better. And its a little more comfortable too.
I like these grips but they did not fit my 2009 FXDFSE Fat Bob as advertised.
Awesome Le Pera quality and truly amazing J&P service are an unbeatable combination! Thanks again!
comfortable seat and gives a sportier feel to my riding.
i sit on the back edge so it seems like it should be a little longer but has the look i wanted
It's a great seat, real comfortable. Makes you feel like your part of the bike, not just sitting on top of it.
fits not in use yet looks sharp
fits not in use yet looks sharp
love it
Improved the look of my 93 Heritage no end. Improved responsivness of handling. Sitting position is very supportive.
Lean and mean. Amazingly comfortable considering it`s thin narrow design. Another quality product from Le Pera.
Great seat with a great look. I love the way it looks on my Softail Deluxe. Takes a little to get used to going from the Stock seat but feels good once you get used to it.
Ordered many items from JP over the years--- this LaPera Bare Bones gel ranks up their among all time great purchases. It made my 2003 Anniversary FatBoy scream -- 'bad ass'. It fit perfect and only regret I have is not having purchased it sooner !!!
great look though very sore on my back! grocery store getter for me...
Very comfortable seat.
Definitely a great looking seat. But would not take on a long trip. 100 miles and your but is numb.
Great seat. Exactly the look I wanted. Solid price, fast shipping. No complaints.
Couldn't be happier with the seat.
Have yet to put it on the bike. Waiting for paint to be finished. The shipping was fast and the product came in great shape.
Haven't had out on a long ride as of yet, but in my daily commute it is nice. Cleans the bike up.
I can't say enough about this La Pera seat. It looks AWESOME on my Night Train. Looks like the seat was made with the specific lines and curves of my bike. I had a minor issue with customer service that was resolved the following day and I received my seat on the day they said I would receive it. I would recommend this seat to anyone who wants to make a minor custom change and make a major difference.
Fitted perfectly. Delivery to Australia was very quick and went off without a hitch
So much nicer on the ass than non gel version. Especially after 8 or 9 hours riding. Do yourself a favour and spend the extra bucks. Your ass will thank you
This is a 100 mile seat but it looks good on the Fatboy lo
Style & comfort , perfect fit , easy to install , gives a little more of that attitude look .
I put this on a 08 Crossbones. I'm 5' 8" and I was able to reach the controls just fine. The first day I took it out with the new seat I put over 120 miles on the it without no issues at all. Very happy with this purchase.
Seats, once mounted, cannot be returned. Returned seats must be in new condition with no evidence of wear or mount marks. Be careful to check fitment before mounting your new seat. When checking fitment of seat, place a cloth under seat, do not bolt down seat. Carefully set seat on bike and check fitment. Returned seats showing any signs of wear or mount marks cannot be accepted. Please be careful when checking fitment.
Additional oversized shipping charges will be applied for expedited shipments within the contiguous U.S. Shipping charges outside the contiguous U.S. are calculated by weight and dimension during checkout.
This product will fit your Motorcycle
This product does not fit your Motorcycle.


text:
KANSAS CITY, Mo. - Ervin Santana pitched seven scoreless innings, Salvador Perez hit a two-run homer and the Kansas City Royals held on to beat the Cleveland Indians 3-2 Saturday night.
Santana (3-1), who was acquired in an Oct. 31 trade with Anaheim for minor-league pitcher Brandon Sisk, allowed six singles, struck out five and walked none.
Greg Holland, who logged his sixth save in seven opportunities, gave up two unearned runs in the ninth on a Michael Brantley two-out triple, which scored Mark Reynolds, who had an infield single, and Lonnie Chisenhall, who reached on Eric Hosmer's error. Holland struck out Jason Kipnis to end the game.
The Indians have scored three runs or less in eight of their past 10 games and 13 times this season, going 3-10 in those games.
Scott Kazmir (0-1), who was making his second big league start in two years, was charged the loss. He gave up two runs on five hits, while striking out four and walking two. In his previous start, the Indians scored 19 runs and were ahead 14-0 going into the bottom of the second at Houston, but Kazmir failed to get out of the fourth inning, giving up six runs on eight hits, including two homers.
Kazmir, a two-time American League All-Star selection while with Tampa Bay, pitched last season with the Sugar Land Skeeters in the independent Atlantic League and signed a minor league contact with the Indians in January. He won a slot in the Cleveland rotation after a strong spring training.
Perez homered just inside the right-field foul pole in the second inning on an 0-1 pitch from Kazmir after he walked Jeff Francoeur.
The Indians had five base runners in the second and third innings, but failed to score.
Drew Stubbs, Kipnis and Asdrubal Cabrera singled in the third, loading the bases with one out. Nick Swisher grounded into a double play to end the inning.
Swisher led off the second with a single and Carlos Santana reached on a Miguel Tejada error. Ervin Santana struck out Reynolds and Chisenhall to end the threat.
The Indians used five relief pitchers in the seventh when the Royals added a run. Alex Gordon's two-out single was the only hit. The inning included Bryan Shaw walking the only two batters he faced and Rich Hill walking Eric Hosmer, the only batter he faced, with the bases loaded to score Gordon.
Herrera replaced Santana and promptly gave up a leadoff double to Michael Brantley to lead off the eighth. Brantley went to third on a wild pitch, but was stranded
Notes: The Royals will call up LHP Will Smith from Triple-A Omaha today as the 26th man for the day-night doubleheader with the Indians and he will start the second game. Smith went 2-1 with a 2.45 ERA in four Pacific Coast League starts. RHP Corey Kluber will make his first start of the season in the nightcap for the Indians. He was rained out of his previous two starts. .RHP Jeremy Guthrie, who starts the opener, is 7-0 in his past 15 starts, dating to Aug. 8. LHP Paul Splittorff holds the Royals' record with 16 consecutive undefeated starts in 1977-78.


text:
Number 5 on our reasons of "Why We're Excited for the Met Gala" was "Big Hair."
And leave it to Nicole Richie to not even make us wait until the red carpet to fulfill our wishes.
PHOTOS: Check out all the star arrivals on the PEOPLE.com homepage starting at 7 p.m.!
The star left her hotel in an elegant, embroidered white gown with a high neck, which she offset with a seriously hair-raising do: an up-combed pompadour spray-painted silver that contrasted with her bronze skin and dark wine lips.
If things are getting this funky before the night even begins, we cannot wait to see what's on its way to the Metropolitan Museum of Art as we speak.
Tell us: What do you think of Richie's hair?
–Alex Apatoff


text:
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"Same Dna Live On Philly's Own 100.3 The Beat Philly Home Jamz. Promoting their new mixtape "Take Off" and new website http://www.samednatv.com/ "
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text:
Friday, December 18, 2009
Homemade Christmas Gifts: Stocking Stuffer Exchange
is hosting the
Handmade Stocking Swap 2009.
I had 14 kids to make goodies for
ranging in age from
10 months old to 6 years old!!
I made a Crinkle Fleece Star
for the 10 month old.
Felt pouches for each of the three
1 year-olds containing
my Rainbow
And finally...did you guess it?
for all of the big kids.
I saved mini plastic bottles
from drive-through chocolate milk
(thank you Burger King)
and small water bottles
to use as our rice bottles.
I made a big batch of rainbow rice
with the girls.
Then we added tiny goodies
to the rice and bottles:
birthday candles, paper clips,
pom-poms, mini toothpick flags,
beads, polly pocket shoes,
a shiny penny, feathers, etc.
I super-glued the lids
onto the bottles
so there won't be any spills!
What are you putting in
your stockings this year?!
Posted by pink and green mama MaryLea
Labels: Christmas, Create, Food Coloring Fun, Holidays, Homemade Gifts, Rainbow, Sewing Fun
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text:
LINCOLN, R.I. — A former Doherty High School track star and a young mother, both from Worcester, were killed Sunday morning when the car they were riding in collided with a vehicle being driven in the wrong direction on Route 146.
The accident happened about 3 a.m.
State police officials said Aldo Almanzar, 39, of North Smithfield, was driving his 2012 Toyota Camry south in the northbound lane when it collided head-on with another vehicle. Mr. Almanzar also died in the crash.
Rhode Island State Police Cpl. Jay Gibbs said Andrew J. Hilow, 26, of Worcester was driving his 1999 Honda Accord with Alexis Correa, 21, and Isable Vasquez, 21, as passengers.
Mr. Hilow was wearing his seat belt and was treated at an area hospital and released, police said, but his passengers were both killed.
Mr. Correa was wearing his seat belt, but Ms. Vasquez was not, the corporal said.
State police said Mr. Almanzar was unlicensed and not wearing his seat belt.
The two cars collided almost head-on and there was major damage to both vehicles, police said.
Mr. Correa was a member of the track team and also played football — the sport he most loved — at Doherty High School. Along with three others, he still holds the school record in the 4-by-100 relay, his coach, Wendy Marshall, said.
Ms. Marshall recalled him warmly, speaking of his "big heart and intense loyalty."
When he tore his ACL and could not run during his senior year, he was a supportive presence on the sidelines. She said she's heard from some of his friends who are devastated by the loss.
"He really was like a brother (to some of his friends). The athletes form strong bonds," she said.
He also had a strong work ethic.
"He was a hard-working guy. He'd say, 'I'm going to do this and he'd do it,'" his friend and teammate Bedward Ortiz Rivas said.
Mr Correa had been working at Walmart and was dating Ms. Vasquez who, according to her Facebook friends, has a young daughter.
"She was a great girl. She was a good friend to me," Mr. Rivas said, adding that Mr. Correa adored her.
"He really loved her," he said.
Mr. Correa was also known among his friends for loving his mother, Mr. Rivas said.
On his Facebook page he had posted a message to his mom earlier this year: "Just want to say happy birthday too my beautiful mother I love you so much you are the most positive figure in my life without you I don't know where I would be right now thank you for keeping me out of trouble I love you more then words can express," he wrote.
Mr. Rivas said he spoke with his friend's mother and that while she was grieving, she was also thankful to have had him as her son.


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For inquiries, please call DarUSHA on (+965) 2246-6570. DarUSHA is located at Qibla, behind the Church. Beit AlMazar (17).


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I've updated the editors draft as well as the Last Call publication draft. regards, Frederick Frederick Hirsch Nokia On Dec 31, 2011, at 9:11 AM, ext Juraj Somorovsky wrote: > Hi Frederick, > > that looks perfect. > > Thanks for the acknowledgement. > > Regards > Juraj > > On 12/31/2011 02:22 PM, firstname.lastname@example.com wrote: >> Juraj >> >> >> Would the following addition be good addition >> >> after "Therefore, we recommend the usage of RSA-OAEP. " add >> >> "RSA-OAEP also has a risk of a chosen ciphertext attack [[OAEP-ATTACK]] which >> can be mitigated in security library implementations." >> >> I also would like to add to acknowledgements the following >> >> "The working group also acknowledges the contribution of Juraj Somorovsky raising the issue of the CBC chosen ciphertext attack and revising the security considerations of XML Encryption 1.1." >> >> suggestions welcome >> >> Thanks >> >> regards, Frederick >> >> Frederick Hirsch >> Nokia >> >> >> >> On Dec 31, 2011, at 6:50 AM, ext Juraj Somorovsky wrote: >> >>> Hi Frederick, >>> >>> I have checked it, the document looks good to me now. >>> >>> RFC3218 already mentions the possibilities for exploiting of the >>> Bleichenbacher attack in Section 2.2. It considers timing as well as >>> specific CBC-attacks in Section 2.2.1 (please note that the padding >>> scheme used in xmlenc is different, but the attack applies similarly). >>> >>> The countermeasures against these attacks are then introduced in Section >>> 2.3. I wanted however to explicitly mention that these countermeasures >>> cannot 100% thwart the CBC-based attacks as the attacker can guess >>> correct padding in the encrypted data. Guessing of the correct padding >>> takes 256 requests so the attack is 256-times slower but not infeasible. >>> It could be applied to some ciphertexts also if careful checking would >>> be used as introduced in 2.3.1. >>> >>> To complete the chosen ciphertext section, maybe you could also >>> explicitly mention that the developers should be aware of the chosen >>> ciphertext attack against RSA-OAEP[1] (I think that this attack should >>> be however thwarted in the most of the security libraries implicitly). >>> >>> Regards >>> Juraj >>> >>> [1] J.Manger: A Chosen Ciphertext Attack on RSA Optimal Asymmetric >>> Encryption Padding (OAEP) as Standardized in PKCS #1 v2.0 >>> >>> >>> On 12/30/2011 07:57 PM, firstname.lastname@example.com wrote: >>>> Juraj >>>> >>>> These changes look good and improve the document. I have incorporated them into the editors draft with some minor editorial update (and will update the draft for Last Call publication). >>>> >>>> Perhaps you can please take a look to see if section 6.1 looks good to you now. >>>> >>>> http://www.w3.org/2008/xmlsec/Drafts/xmlenc-core-11/Overview.html#sec-chosen-ciphertext-attacks >>>> >>>> Is the text referring to RFC3218 applicable to all three bullet items? >>>> >>>> Thanks! >>>> >>>> regards, Frederick >>>> >>>> Frederick Hirsch >>>> Nokia >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> On Dec 30, 2011, at 12:23 PM, ext Juraj Somorovsky wrote: >>>> >>>>> Hi, >>>>> >>>>> I would like to contribute with some comments to improve your new sections. >>>>> >>>>> First of all, I think it would be reasonable to divide section 6.1 into >>>>> two new sections: >>>>> 6.1.1 Attacks against the encrypted data (CBC-based attacks) >>>>> 6.1.2 Attacks against the encrypted key (Bleichenbacher's Million >>>>> question attack on PKCS#1.5) >>>>> This would make the document better readable since these two attacks are >>>>> completely different, they are attacking different parts of the >>>>> encrypted xml documents and yielding different outputs. >>>>>> >>>>>> Hal has provided a new section for the XML Encryption 1.1 security considerations section, for ACTION-850 >>>>>> >>>>>> I will add this to the Last Call publication draft so it can receive wider review. Please indicate any concern, comment or corrections on the public list before 30 December >>>>>> >>>>>> (1) New section 6.1 in Security Considerations section (I corrected various spelling errors): >>>>>> [[ >>>>>> 6.1 Chosen-Ciphertext Attacks >>>>>> >>>>>> A number of chosen-ciphertext against implementations of this specification have been published and demonstrated. Also known as Bleichenbacher attacks, from the author of the first attack of this type, they all involve the following elements: >>>>> Bleichenbacher attack is only the attack on PKCS#1.5. >>>>>> >>>>>> 1. The attacker knows a lot about the format of the cleartext. >>>>> Not necessarily "a lot": The attacker knows the format of the cleartext. >>>>>> 2. The attacker is able to submit substantial numbers of ciphertext messages. >>>>>> 3. The attacker is able to send arbitrary ciphertext, based on previous results. >>>>>> 4. All the ciphertext purports to use the same encryption key. >>>>> Better: The attacker is able to force the server to use the same key >>>>> (secret key by CBC-based attacks and server's private key by PKCS#1.5 >>>>> attacks) for processing of the adapted ciphertext. >>>>>> 5. The server attempting to decrypt the ciphertext in some way signals whether the decrypted text is well formed or not. >>>>>> >>>>>> The attacker uses the knowledge of the format and the information about well formedness to construct a series of ciphertext guesses which reveal the plaintext with much less work than brute force. Attacks of this type have been demonstrated against symmetric encryption using CBC mode [XMLENC-CBC-ATTACK<file:///Materials/Builds/xmlsec2/Drafts/xmlenc-core-11/WD-2011-12/Overview.src.html#bib-XMLENC-CBC-ATTACK>] and on PKCS#1 v1.5. Other, future attacks can be expected whenever these conditions are met. >>>>> 6.1.1 Attacks against the encrypted data (<EncryptedData> part) >>>>> >>>>> Using the CBC-based chosen-ciphertext attacks, the attacker sends to the >>>>> server XML document with modified encrypted data in the symmetric part >>>>> (<EncryptedData>). After a few requests, he is able to get the whole >>>>> cleartext without knowledge of the symmetric key. >>>>>> >>>>>> It would seem that these attacks can be countered by by disrupting any of the conditions, however in practice only preventing condition 3 is fully effective. To counter condition 3, it is necessary for the decrypting system to require authenticated integrity protection over the ciphertext. However, unless the mechanism used is bound to the encryption key, there will no way to be sure that the signer is not attempting to recover the plaintext. The simplest and most efficient way to do this is to use an authenticating block mode, such as GCM. An alternative would be an HMAC based on the encryption key over the ciphertext, but it is less efficient and provides no advantages. >>>>>> >>>>>> Other countermeasures are not likely to be effective. Limiting the number of messages presented or the number of messages using the same key is not practical in large server farms. Attackers can spread their attempts over different servers and long or short periods of time, to foil attempts to detect attacks in progress or determine the location of the attacker. >>>>>> >>>>>> Signaling wellformedness can occur by emitting different messages for distinct security errors or by exhibiting timing differences. Implementations should avoid these practices, however that is not sufficient to prevent such attacks in an XML protocol environment, such as SOAP. Using a technique called encryption wrapping, the attacker can insert the ciphertext in some schema-legal part of the message. If the decryption code notices a format error, an error will be returned, but if not the message will be passed to the application which will ignore the bogus plaintext and ultimately respond with an application level success or failure message, >>>>> >>>>> 6.1.2 Attacks against the encrypted key (Bleichenbacher's Million >>>>> question attack on PKCS#1.5) >>>>> >>>>> The goal of the attacker applying the Bleichenbacher's attack is to get >>>>> the symmetric secret key, which is encrypted in the <EncryptedKey> part. >>>>> Afterwards, he would be able to decrypt the whole data carried in the >>>>> <EncryptedData> part. >>>>> >>>>> The basic idea of this attack is to modify the data in the >>>>> <EncryptedKey> part, send the document to the server, and observe if the >>>>> modified ciphertext contained PKCS#1.5 conform data. This could be done by: >>>>> 1) observing the fault messages of the server notifying directly that >>>>> the request was not PKCS#1.5 conform (this should not happen). >>>>> 2) enlarging the data in the <EncryptedData> part and observing the >>>>> timing differences between inclusion of PKCS-valid and PKCS-invalid >>>>> keys: if the key is PKCS-valid, the session key is extracted, and the >>>>> large data is decrypted. Otherwise, the session key cannot be extracted >>>>> and the large data is not processed, which yields a timing difference. >>>>> 3) specific modification of the <EncryptedData> part based on the CBC- >>>>> and padding-properties. >>>>> >>>>> These problems are already described by Eric Rescorla >>>>> (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-smime-pkcs1-01). >>>>> >>>>> The most effective countermeasure against the timing attack (2) is to >>>>> generate a random secret key every time when the decrypted data was not >>>>> PKCS#1-conform. This way, the attacker would not get any timing >>>>> side-channel. >>>>> >>>>> Please note that this is however not a valid countermeasure against the >>>>> specific modification of the <EncryptedData> part (3). The attacker >>>>> could still use a few millions of requests to decrypt the encrypted >>>>> symmetric key. Therefore, we recommend the usage of RSA-OAEP. >>>>>> >>>>>> ]] >>>>>> >>>>>> (2) Addition to end of section on Nonce and IV >>>>>> >>>>>> [[ >>>>>> 6.4 Nonce and IV (Initialization Value or Vector) >>>>>> .... >>>>>> >>>>>> Note: CBC block encryption algorithms should not be used without consideration of possibly severe security risks. >>>>>> >>>>>> For the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) used by this specification, the IV must not be reused for any key and should be random, but it need not be secret. >>>>>> >>>>>> ]] >>>>>> >>>>>> (3) Hal suggested removing the security considerations on Error Messages and Timing but I suggest keeping them for Last Call, due to the short time for reviewing these changes, and since they are still good practices in general and may help mitigate various attacks, even if they are not able to prevent the CBC attack. >>>>> I suggest keeping these considerations since they clearly describe the >>>>> problems with application of different countermeasures. >>>>> >>>>> I hope my comments are useful. >>>>> >>>>> Regards >>>>> Juraj >>>>>> >>>>>> regards, Frederick >>>>>> >>>>>> Frederick Hirsch >>>>>> Nokia >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>> >>>>> -- >>>>> M.Sc. Juraj Somorovsky >>>>> >>>>> Lehrstuhl für Netz- und Datensicherheit >>>>> Ruhr Universität Bochum >>>>> ----------------------------------- >>>>> Universitätsstr. 150, Geb. ID 2/411 >>>>> D-44780 Bochum >>>>> >>>>> Telefon: +49 (0) 234 / 32-26551 >>>>> Fax: +49 (0) 234 / 32-14347 >>>>> http://www.nds.rub.de >>>> >>> >>> -- >>> M.Sc. Juraj Somorovsky >>> >>> Lehrstuhl für Netz- und Datensicherheit >>> Ruhr Universität Bochum >>> ----------------------------------- >>> Universitätsstr. 150, Geb. ID 2/411 >>> D-44780 Bochum >>> >>> Telefon: +49 (0) 234 / 32-26551 >>> Fax: +49 (0) 234 / 32-14347 >>> http://www.nds.rub.de >> > > -- > M.Sc. Juraj Somorovsky > > Lehrstuhl für Netz- und Datensicherheit > Ruhr Universität Bochum > ----------------------------------- > Universitätsstr. 150, Geb. ID 2/411 > D-44780 Bochum > > Telefon: +49 (0) 234 / 32-26551 > Fax: +49 (0) 234 / 32-14347 > http://www.nds.rub.deReceived on Saturday, 31 December 2011 19:55:46 UTC
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.3.1 : Tuesday, 6 January 2015 20:55:17 UTC


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Article Summary: This article provides information on designating an Active Directory domain controller as a global catalog server.
In a multi-domain Active Directory forest, a global catalog (GC) server is a domain controller (DC) that stores limited data about every object in the forest, in addition to the data that every DC stores about objects in its own domain. This allows searches for objects in other domains to be conducted quickly and efficiently. For information about this and other functions of global catalog servers, see The Functions of the Global Catalog in Active Directory.
The first DC in a domain is automatically designated a GC server, as every domain must contain at least one, but it is relatively simple to designate additional DCs as GC servers. To do so, perform the following steps:
It may take a few minutes for the DC to become a global catalog server. Note that designating a DC as a GC server will likely cause an increase in that server's AD replication traffic, as it will be replicating more data than before.
To reverse the process (in other words, designate that a DC should no longer be a global catalog server), follow the procedure above but uncheck the checkbox in step 5.
Also note that it is often not recommended to make the domain controller which holds the Infrastructure Master FSMO role a GC server. For more information on this, see Should the Infrastructure Master FSMO Role be Placed on a Global Catalog Server?
Identificación del artículo: SLN283492
Última fecha de modificación: 09/12/2014 01:50 PM
Muchas gracias por sus comentarios.


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SILC Showcase
Showcase December 2010: Systematic Bias in Location Memory Arises from Uncertainty
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Systematic Bias in Location Memory Arises from Uncertainty
Mark P. Holden, Temple University
Nora S. Newcombe (PI), Temple University
Thomas F. Shipley, Temple University
For the archival version of this research, and the preferred citation, see:
- Holden, M. P., Newcombe, N. S. & Shipley, T. F. (2015). Categorical biases in spatial memory: The role of certainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(2), 473-481. [DOI]
When asked to make spatial judgments or to recall locations, participants frequently make non-random errors. Rather, errors tend to be systematically biased toward the central value of the surrounding region (e.g. Fitting, Wedell, & Allen, 2007; Holden, Curby, Newcombe, & Shipley, 2010; Huttenlocher, Hedges, & Duncan, 1991; Plumert & Hund, 2001).
While some researchers have suggested that such errors simply show the schematized, distorted quality of spatial memory representations (e.g., Tversky, 1981), a more recent model – the Category Adjustment (CA) model – suggests that such errors are merely the result of an adaptive process of optimal combination across multiple levels of information about a given location – a process that actually minimizesoverall error (Huttenlocher et al., 1991).
The key to this model is that it assumes that information about spatial locations is coded at multiple levels of specificity; the metric level is a very fine-grained estimate of location, while the categorical level is a much coarser type of coding. For example, in remembering where one's keys are on a table, one could remember that they are 4 inches from the bottom edge, and 3 inches from the left edge (metric information) or they could simply recall that they are "on the table" (categorical information). Critically, the CA model posits that individuals remembering a given location combine information across these levels. According to the CA model, this combination proceeds in a Bayesian manner; the final estimate is essentially a weighted average of metric and categorical information, with each type of information weighted by its relative reliability (or certainty). For example, one's certainty regarding the metric estimate might be higher immediately after dropping the keys than if the keys were dropped hours ago. Thus, in the latter case, the metric estimate would be relatively less strongly weighted than the categorical information (which is represented by the category center or prototype). This "weighted averaging" results in biased estimates that deviate away from the metric estimate (and correct location), toward the category prototype. However, this process of Bayesian combination is actually an optimal strategy in that it minimizes overall error across multiple estimates.
Empirical evidence for this model has primarily been derived from experiments in which people are asked to recall locations presented within simple geometric spaces, such as a blank circle (e.g., Huttenlocher et al., 1991). Participants used both metric and categorical information (corresponding to the quadrants of the circle) in remembering the locations. Bias was seen toward the category prototype (center of mass) of the surrounding quadrant. However, a recent study in our lab has shown that the same bias in location memory toward category prototypes was also found when individuals were asked to recall locations in color photographs of complex, natural scenes (Figure 1; Holden et al., 2010).
Figure 1. Sample image from Holden et al., 2010. Participants' errors in recalling the yellow dot showed bias toward the center of the surrounding region (the shadow-covered area).
Although the finding of categorical bias is robust, there are at least a few uncertainties. First, it is not entirely clear from recall tasks whether the metric information is lost during the combination process. Sampaio and Wang (2009) had participants perform a recognition task, and found that they preferentially chose the correct location over a biased location, implying that metric information was not lost. However, their task involved simple geometric shapes and only one potential error (the biased location) was available. In our first experiment, we sought to address this question by replicating Sampaio and Wang's findings using much more visually-complex stimuli, and by including other possible errors. This also allowed us to examine, on trials when errors are made, whether those toward the category center were the most likely. In experiment 2, we asked whether individuals were more likely to choose these biased responses under conditions of uncertainty.
For stimuli, we used a subset of the locations used in Holden et al. (2010). These defined the correct location. For all test versions of an image (excluding the correct one), the to-be-recalled dot was moved the same distance from the correct location. This distance was equal to the average error in Holden et al.'s recall task using that same location. The CA bias location was moved that given distance in the direction of the category center. Seven "other error" images were then created by moving the dot the same distance, but in directions that that deviated from the CA bias path by ±45, 90, 135, and 180°. If these manipulations resulted in an image with a dot that was no longer within the same category as the correct location, then that image was discarded. A sample of 4 images is below (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Sample Test Images. Clockwise from top left: Correct, CA bias, Error 1 (45°), Error 2 (90°)
The results of Experiment 1 are shown graphically below (Figure 3). We found that individuals chose the correct answer significantly more often than any other option, t(29)=15.53, p0.01. If metric information were lost, we would expect that CA bias errors would be chosen more often than correct. This finding therefore implies that metric information is not lost, and is still available for use in this task. Interestingly, though, CA bias errors were still chosen significantly more often than the other errors, t(29)=4.96, p=0.02. We explored this in more detail in experiment 2.
Figure 3. Recognition Test Choices.
In Experiment 1, we showed that CA bias errors were more likely than any other type of error, even in recognition tasks. In Experiment 2, we asked whether these errors arise under conditions of uncertainty. The task was the same as in Experiment 1, except that subjects now had the option of pressing a key to skip a trial, if they were uncertain. Thus, for trials in which a key was not pressed, the participant is relatively certain about their response. However, the key press only worked 75% of the time, randomly. On the remaining trials, when a key press did not work, subjects were required to make a response – even though they were uncertain about the location. The error patterns under these two conditions were then examined.
As in Experiment 1, when subjects were relatively certain of their responses, the correct location was chosen significantly more often than any other choice, t(34)=3.09, p<0.01 (Figure 4a). However, under these conditions, the CA bias image was not chosen any more often than any other type of error, t(34)=1.045, ns. Conversely, when subjects were uncertain, but required to respond, the CA bias was chosen significantly more often than any other response, including correct, t(8)=2.50, p=0.04 (Figure 4b). Comparing across the two conditions, participants were significantly more likely to choose images depicting the CA bias under conditions of uncertainty, t(8)=2.86, p=0.02.
Figure 4. Percent of Choices in Experiment 2. 4a Shows the choices made under conditions of relative certainty (i.e. no key-press), while 4b shows the choices made under uncertainty (i.e. key-press did not work, therefore choice is still required).
Our results therefore suggest that metric information is not lost during the process of combination, because it is used to correctly recognize previously-seen locations (experiment 1). This replicates Sampaio and Wang (2009), using a very different set of stimuli and methodology. Furthermore, we built upon Sampaio and Wang by also showing that, when errors are made in a recognition task, participants are still more likely to choose CA bias locations over any other type of error. Finally, in experiment 2, we demonstrate that this effect is due to uncertainty about the metric location; when participants have the ability to opt out of trials in which they are uncertain, any errors made appear to be random, yet, when they are forced to choose under conditions of uncertainty, the CA bias is by far the most common response.
- ♦ Fitting, S., Wedell, D. H. & Allen, G. L. (2007). Memory for spatial location: Cue effects as a function of field rotation. Memory & Cognition,35, 1641–1658.
- ♦ Holden, M.P., Curby, K.M., Newcombe, N.S., & Shipley, T.F. (2010). A category adjustment approach to memory to memory for spatial location in natural scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 36, 590-604.
- ♦ Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Duncan, S. (1991). Categories and particulars: Prototype effects in estimating spatial location. Psychological Review, 98, 352–376.
- ♦ Plumert, J. M., & Hund, A. M. (2001). The development of memory for location: What role do spatial prototypes play? Child Development, 72, 370–384.
- ♦ Tversky, B. (1981). Distortions in memory for maps. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 407–433.
- ♦ Sampaio, C., & Wang, R.F. (2009). Category-based errors and the accessibility of unbiased spatial memories: A retrieval model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 35, 1331-1337.


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Parent Directory | Revision Log | Revision Graph
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Merge automake into head
Merge change from head
- Do a better job at drawing the merge lines by selecting the shortest path from the revision boxes. An analysis is now done whether the source and destinations should be on the left or right side. - Fix the left_right case for merge lines to display correctly. - Fix a +/-1 error on the merge lines to account for both rounding errors and the shadow of the revision boxes. - Add configuration option 'merge_on_tag' to force the left_right case to display merge lines on the tags instead of on the top/bottom sides. This also solves imagemap overlaps where multiple sources or destinations would be displayed at the same position. - Fix the imagemap function to record the correct position of the merges.
Streamline the config with patches from Fedora rpm distribution
- Added dynamic colors and strings for more flexibility in visual representations of the tree. - Added keyword rev_idtext to define the revision ID in a revision box. Normally this would show the revision number, but can now be changed dynamically. - Fix dashed lines when stripped revisions have mergepoints attatched
Implemented multiple regex match for triplets merge_{from,to,color} so that merges can be detected with more disjoined tag definitions.
Fix typo in comment.
Implement selection of png compression level with image_compress and enable interlacing (progressive load) for both png and jpeg images with image_interlace.
Added patch from Gordon Hollingworth <Gordon.Hollingworth {at} TTP.com> to use mergepoints as implemented by CVSNT. Adapted the patch to enable both tag-detected merges and mergepoints to be shows at the same time.
Apply the patches by Ville Skyttä (with many thanks) - spelling fixes - config fix for & -> & - wrapper example generics fixes
- Add resorting of branches on how many revisions they have. This saves space under circumstances.
- Add patch from Henrik Carlqvist <henca {at} users.SourceForge.net> * add option rev_hidenumber for disabling revision number display. * add option tag_ignore_merge for disabling merge_from/merge_to display if matched with tag_ignore. - Add option merge_findall so that merge_from/merge_to tags can have multiple matches. - Fix some whitespace to tab.
- Added drawing of partial trees. You now can select a subtree based on a revision number, branch number or symbolic tag to show only that part of the tree. New config option branch_subtree selects which part is shown. If the subtree is empty, then the whole tree is shown. - Most error and warning messages are now displayed in the graph, instead of being written to stderr. This enables you to see an image eventhough errors might be present. The old method would generate a corrupt image. New configuration options include msg_color and msg_font to control the looks of it. Messages are always printed at the bottom of the image. - Fixed a bug in the folding code where subtrees would not fold correctly. - Added diff links in the map-generation for detected merges so that you can get the differences in merge-operations. The options map_merge_href and map_merge_alt must be set accordingly.
Add tag_negate option so to include matching tags instead of ignoring them
Implement tag-ignoring on basis of a regular expression
- Add the arrow patch from Haroon Rafique <haroon.rafique {at} utoronto.ca> - Adapt the arrow patch to be more configurable
- Implement folding for all branches on the same branchpoint if empty. New option branch_foldall controls this behavior. See cvsgraph.conf(5) for details.
- Fixed a bug in the initial placing of left to right displaying. - Half-fixed a bug in the kerning code, where a loop-safeguard was triggered way too soon (at 100 iterations). This has now been changed to 10000, but should be dependent on the number of drawable branches, as the function is _at least_ order O(N^2). However, more analysis is required to ensure safe guarding under all circumstances. - Implemented folding of empty branches. Many uses of CVS create many branches on the same revision but have no commits on them. This occurs often with stable files like .cvsignore files and the like. A new configuration option branch_fold enables imaging consequtive brances with no commits in the same branch-box. This reduces images by a huge factor (28000x1700 -> 2100x2300, i.e. a factor of 10). It also speeds up drawing considerably. The branch_fold option is *on* by default. - Fix duplicate branch-boxes (branch_dupbox=true). No duplicates should be created if there are no commits on a specific branch. There is no reason for having two boxes on top of each other.
- add merge visualization - Provide solution for possible XSS bug in tag expansions
Add rev_maxtags config to limit number of tags per revison box Hopefully fix configure.in (finally?)
Finished implementing left_right drawing.
- Fix browserbug ordering y-coordinates - Speed up parsing by bypassing deltatext parse - Add logentry expansion
*** empty log message ***
- Added a new version of auto_stretch. It seems to work better bit it still needs improvement (a lot) - Added TrueType support. This solves also a problem of missing libraries if libgd needs -lttf or -lfreetype.
Major code update to enable some more features. The new formatting scheme is not yet 100%. This should be close to version 1.2.0.
- Updated the docu a bit - Renamed the branch_mirror to branch_dupbox which is more appropriate - strip_untagged displays now draw dashed connector lines to indicate a jump
- Added upside-down imaging of the tree - Added extra branch-box at the bottom/top of the trunk - Added stripping of untagged revisions
Fixed the cvsroot setting from cvsweb.cgi to be propagated.
- Dead tags (i.e. a tag without a valid revision or branch) does no longer print a message in quiet mode. - Added expansions for cvsroot and cvsmodule without trailing '/' - Remove core-files in a 'make clean'. - Fixed default config file to use entities < and >.
Make '<' and '>' entities < and > in the expansion.
Added manual pages for executable and configuration. Minor tweaking and README update for release 1.1.1.
- Fixed path problems. Cvsroot and module will always have a trailing '/' if they are not empty so that simple files can be addressed directly from the commandline. This also eases expansions. - Implemented new features: * revisions can have custom text * background colors of boxes working * boxes can have shadow (looks nice) * imagemaps generate diff areas between revisions - Several new config parameters to support above functionality.
Basic imagemap stuff done. The expansion code needs some work to allow for conditional expansion.
Major update of the code. - Complete new method of getting the revision structure by directly reading the rcs/cvs file. This should also speed things a bit because no external program needs to be called anymore. This also means that "remote-graphs" are no longer a possible extension of the program. But, who cares. - Implemented branch-kerning to save place. The images are now much smaller in width, dependent on the settings of the exterior margins. - Fixed disjoint braches by reading the structure direct from the rcs/cvs file. The revision/branch structure is no longer determined from the revision numbers, but solely from the rcs/cvs file structure. - Fixed display of branches with no revisions attached to them. These only have a tag describing the new branch.
- Fixed the recursion problem so that branches of branches are properly placed. - Fixed a lonely '+' in an expression. - Started to make an imagemap functionality (not very functional yet)
Fixed the soring of revisions permanently. All sections of the revision numbers are important. Implemented better control over libgd with autoconf and added support for generation of png and jpeg from the configuration file (thanks to Kurt L. Sussman for a patch, although I modified it a bit).
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about the grading in Europe with PCGS !
PRIVIET.FR puts his experience in the service of Russian numismatics for all numismatists. Whatever your collection themes, please take advantage of our expertise in our online store. Supplies are available and we add regular coins but also selected products.Chaussures Hommes Hommes Asics Tiger 13769 Gel saga Asics Noir | 82d1784


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Set in a fantastic world based upon the mythology of Native America, Brave: A Warrior's Tale plays as a series of flashbacks in which a now elderly Brave describes the events of his life. Between the warrior's tales of his youth, the player takes control of Courage, a young boy who takes lessons from his elder's experiences to stop the current threat to their village. The game provides players expansive exploration and in-game interactivity on their quest to defeat the sources of evil, continuously offering a significant challenge to players as they advance through a world of untamed wilderness. Brave is able to transform into various animals, track prey, and battle enemies that stand in his way with bows and arrows, tomahawks and a variety of ancient powers.
SouthPeak Games announced today it is working in conjunction with Evolved Games to publish and distribute Brave: A Warrior's Tale for Wii, Xbox 360 video game and entertainment system from Microsoft and PSP (PlayStation Portable) system worldwide this fall. Developed by Collision Games, Brave: A Warrior's Tale, is an expanded reinvention of the original PlayStation 2 computer and entertainment system game Brave. Read More »
Also known as: Brave: The Search for Spirit Dancer, Brave: Warrior's Tale
Release Region: United States
Release Date: August 11, 2009
Publisher: SouthPeak Games
Release Region: Australia
Release Date: August 28, 2009
Publisher: SouthPeak Games
Also available on: Xbox 360
Brave: A Warrior's Tale at IGN
Brave: A Warrior's Tale at GameSpy
Brave: A Warrior's Tale at GameStats


text:
The Tom Airwasher and Humidifier by Swizz Style
Why do one function when you can do two... or more? That seemed to be the mantra behind many of the home appliances I saw at Housewares, particularly the humidifiers. Like the Tribest Humio Humidifier and Night Lamp, the Tom humidifier from Swizz Style is also an "air washer." Large rotating discs filter up to 50% of small to medium-sized particles out of the air, while at the same time achieving a humidifying capacity of 3.5 gallon per day—and all on only 19 watts of power!
Tom's features include:
- Simultaneously cleans and humidifies the air
- No replacement filters needed - special humidifying discs are easy to clean and are reusable
- Built-in digital humidistat automatically maintains your desired humidity level; Humidity can be set between 40% and 70% (plus continuous always-on mode)
- Soft-touch pad control panel
- Four energy-efficient fan speeds
- Removable 1.6 gallon water tank can be refilled during operation
- Auto shut-off when water tank is empty or desired humidity is reached
- Automatic, Sleep, Timer, and Clean modes: Automatic fan mode regulates fan speed depending on room humidity level; Night mode for quiet operation and dimmed lights while sleeping; Timer mode for auto shut-off after 1-8 hours; Clean mode for easy maintenance of humidfying discs
- Natural evaporation process produces no white dust
- Fragrance dispenser
- Quiet operation - less than 29dB(A)
- Energy Efficient (uses only 19W)
- Patented Ionic Silver Cube included (replace once per year) releases silver ions into the water to control microbial growth and help keep the water clean. This optional accessory uses the antimicrobial action of silver to inhibit the growth of mold and bacteria for up to 1 year of continuous use.
- 1-year limited warranty
Buy It! The Tom Airwasher and Humidifier, $599.99 from Swizz Style


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NB President
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History – President
President was built in 1909 at a cost of £600 in Fellows, Morton and Clayton's company dock at Saltley, Birmingham; and registered on 23rd June. One of the directors of the company, Joshua Fellows, gave his name to the distinctively shaped "Josher" hull which has riveted wrought iron sides and a 3 inch elm bottom. The company built and operated 31 steamers between 1889 and 1931. The specially developed compound steam engine and coke fired boiler took up much valuable cargo space. Steamers could carry only 18 tons compared to over 25 tons in a horse drawn boat, but were powerful enough to tow several unpowered boats ( called butty boats ). Steamers usually worked "fly", that is day and night, on the canals between London, Birmingham, Coventry, Derby, Leicester and Nottingham. The busiest part of the route was between London and Braunston. Here steamers often unloaded or exchanged cargoes and butty boats, returning to London or working alone to Birmingham where narrow locks made it easier to use a horse rather than tow the unpowered boats. Steamers usually took 54 hours between London and Birmingham non stop using about 1 ton of coke as fuel and drawing water direct…
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The Bruins made some lineup shifts Sunday in Washington and they paid off with a 4-1 win over the Capitals.
In addition to the swap of Chris Kelly and David Krejci as centers for the first and third line, respectively, the Bruins also replaced Zach Hamill in the lineup with Jordan Caron.
Hamill's healthy scratch seems to have been the first step toward shipping him out of town, either to the Providence (AHL) farm club or another organization. According to the Twitter feed of TSN reporter Bob McKenzie, Hamill was placed on waivers today. If no one claims him, he can then be assigned to the P-Bruins.
In 16 games for the Bruins — his longest NHL look in this his fourth professional season — Hamill has posted just 0-2-2 totals with a plus-3 rating. Basically, he's shown very little of what prompted the Bruins to use a first-round pick on him in 2007. Should a team claim him, it would have to pick up his entire salary and cap hit.


text: This is the accessible text file for GAO report number GAO-11-824T entitled 'EPA Health Risk Assessments: Sustained Management and Oversight Key to Overcoming Challenges' which was released on July 14, 2011. This text file was formatted by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to be accessible to users with visual impairments, as part of a longer term project to improve GAO products' accessibility. Every attempt has been made to maintain the structural and data integrity of the original printed product. Accessibility features, such as text descriptions of tables, consecutively numbered footnotes placed at the end of the file, and the text of agency comment letters, are provided but may not exactly duplicate the presentation or format of the printed version. The portable document format (PDF) file is an exact electronic replica of the printed version. We welcome your feedback. Please E-mail your comments regarding the contents or accessibility features of this document to email@example.com. This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. Because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately. United States Government Accountability Office: GAO: Testimony: Before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives: For Release on Delivery: Expected at 10:00 a.m. EDT: Thursday, July 14, 2011: EPA Health Risk Assessments: Sustained Management and Oversight Key to Overcoming Challenges: Statement of David Trimble, Director: Natural Resources and Environment: GAO-11-824T: Chairman Broun, Ranking Member Edwards, and Members of the Subcommittee: I am pleased to be here today to discuss our prior work on the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) program and database. As you know, IRIS is one of the most significant tools that EPA has developed to support its mission to protect people and the environment from harmful chemical exposures. The IRIS database contains EPA's scientific position on the potential human health effects that may result from exposure to more than 540 chemicals in the environment and is a critical component of EPA's capacity to support its mission. EPA created IRIS in 1985 to help the agency develop consensus opinions within the agency about the health effects from chronic exposure to chemicals. Over time, the importance of the program has increased as EPA program offices, state and local environmental programs, and some international regulatory bodies have increasingly relied on IRIS health risk assessment information to support risk-based decision making to protect public health and the environment. As the IRIS database became more widely used and accepted, EPA took steps, beginning in the early 1990s, to improve and maintain the IRIS program and database. Over the years, the agency has implemented a variety of new operational procedures aimed at improving the IRIS program and database--with the most recent change to its IRIS assessment process occurring in May 2009. Because of the potential for EPA's health risk assessments to lead to regulations that can significantly affect certain industries or federal agencies, IRIS assessments have frequently received considerable attention. For example, in recent months, much attention has been focused on EPA's draft health risk assessment of formaldehyde and the National Academies' review of the draft assessment.[Footnote 1] In addition to reviewing the draft assessment of formaldehyde, the National Academies' report also offered some suggestions for improving the preparation and presentation of draft health risk assessments in general. Our work to date has not focused on these aspects of IRIS assessments. Instead, our body of work on the IRIS program has more broadly evaluated the overall IRIS assessment process and the challenges the program has faced in implementing it. In March 2008, we reported that the IRIS database was at serious risk of becoming obsolete because EPA had not been able to routinely complete timely, credible assessments. [Footnote 2] After subsequent reports,[Footnote 3] in January 2009 we added EPA's processes for assessing and controlling toxic chemicals to our list of areas at high risk for waste, fraud, abuse, and mismanagement or in need of broad-based transformation.[Footnote 4] We are currently undertaking a review of EPA's revised 2009 IRIS assessment process and the agency's progress in implementing it and plan to issue a report later this year. In this context, my testimony today discusses our past work on (1) the timeliness and credibility of IRIS assessments and (2) EPA's May 2009 IRIS assessment process. We conducted the performance audit work that supports this statement in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Additional information on our scope and methodology is available in each issued product. Summary: From March through September 2008, we reported on shortcomings in EPA's IRIS process that limited the agency's ability to complete timely and credible IRIS assessments. For example, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) required and managed interagency reviews of IRIS assessments, and OMB determined when assessments could proceed to the next process step, frequently resulting in delayed IRIS assessments. Such shortcomings contributed to our decision to designate the IRIS program as a high-risk area in January 2009. In June 2009, we testified that EPA's May 2009 IRIS assessment process reforms, if implemented effectively, would represent a significant improvement over the previous IRIS process by restoring EPA control, establishing transparency, and streamlining the process. We are currently undertaking a review of EPA's revised 2009 IRIS assessment process and the agency's progress in implementing it and plan to issue a report later this year. EPA's Inability to Complete Timely, Credible IRIS Assessments Contributed to the Program's High-Risk Designation: From March through September 2008, we reported on shortcomings in EPA's IRIS process that limited the agency's ability to complete timely and credible IRIS assessments.[Footnote 5] These shortcomings contributed to our decision to designate the IRIS program as a high- risk area. Specifically, beginning in 2004, OMB began requiring and managing two interagency reviews of IRIS assessments by OMB and other federal agencies with an interest in these assessments, such as the Departments of Defense and Energy. These reviews contributed to concerns about the timeliness and credibility of IRIS assessments. In particular, EPA was not allowed to move forward with an assessment until OMB determined that EPA had satisfactorily addressed all OMB and other federal agency comments. As a result, IRIS assessments were frequently delayed. In addition, the content of the OMB-required reviews was not publicly available, thus limiting the transparency and the credibility of IRIS assessments. The credibility of the assessments was further limited by the involvement of other federal agencies that could be affected by the assessments if they led to regulatory actions. That is, if EPA issued an IRIS assessment that resulted in a decision to regulate a chemical to protect the public, some of the agencies participating in these reviews, such as the Department of Defense, could face increased cleanup costs and other legal liabilities. In addition, some EPA management decisions to suspend ongoing IRIS assessments to wait for new and ongoing scientific studies to be completed also limited the timeliness of IRIS assessments. In fact, EPA's decisions to await the results of new and ongoing studies before completing some IRIS assessments resulted, in some cases, in delaying them for years. We understand that there may be exceptional circumstances under which it may be appropriate to wait for the results of an important ongoing study, such as a major epidemiological study that will provide new, critical data for an assessment. However, as a general rule, requiring that IRIS assessments be based on the best science available at the time of the assessment is a standard that would best support a goal of completing assessments within reasonable time periods and minimizing the need to conduct significant levels of rework, as we reported in March 2008. Moreover, in April 2008, EPA revised its IRIS assessment process, but the revised process did not address the issues we raised in our March 2008 report.[Footnote 6] More specifically, our report contained recommendations for EPA to reevaluate its proposed revisions to the IRIS assessment process and to streamline the process to better ensure that EPA had the ability to develop transparent, credible assessments. However, in April 2008, EPA issued a revised IRIS assessment process that was largely the same as the proposed revisions that we had evaluated and had taken issue with during our review. As a result of these and other issues, in January 2009 we added transforming EPA's processes for assessing and controlling toxic chemicals to our list of high-risk areas. EPA's May 2009 IRIS Assessment Process Reforms Appeared to Represent Significant Improvement, but the Viability of the IRIS Program Will Depend on Effective and Sustained Management and Oversight: As we testified before the House Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight in June 2009,[Footnote 7] the IRIS assessment process reforms instituted by EPA in May 2009 appeared to represent a significant improvement over the previous IRIS process and, if implemented effectively, with sustained management and oversight, could help EPA restore the credibility and increase the timeliness of this important program. The reforms included the following: * Restored EPA control. The new process and the memorandum announcing it indicated that the IRIS assessment process would be entirely managed by EPA, including the interagency science consultations (formerly called interagency reviews). Under EPA's prior process, these two interagency reviews were required and managed by OMB, and OMB determined when assessments could proceed to the next process step. The control restored to EPA under the new process is critical in ensuring that EPA has the ability to develop transparent, credible IRIS chemical assessments that the agency and other IRIS users, such as state and local environmental agencies, need to develop adequate protections for human health and the environment. * Established transparency. The new process addressed a key transparency concern highlighted in our 2008 report and subsequent testimonies. As we recommended, the new process expressly required that all written comments on draft IRIS assessments provided during interagency science consultations by other federal agencies and OMB be part of the public record. * Streamlined process. The new process streamlined the previous one by consolidating and eliminating some steps. Importantly, EPA eliminated the step under which other federal agencies could cause IRIS assessments to be suspended in order to conduct additional research, thus returning to EPA's practice in the 1990s of developing assessments on the basis of the best available science. As noted previously, long delays to await the results of new scientific research do not support a goal of completing assessments within reasonable time periods and minimizing the need to conduct significant levels of rework. Although EPA's May 2009 IRIS assessment process appeared to represent a significant improvement over the previous IRIS process, we testified in June 2009 that the viability of the IRIS program would depend on effective and sustained management and oversight. We identified the following factors that collectively could present significant management challenges to EPA's ability to complete timely, credible IRIS assessments. * Unlike a number of other EPA programs with statutory deadlines for completing various activities, no enforceable deadlines apply to the IRIS program. We believe the absence of statutory deadlines may contribute to EPA's failure to complete timely IRIS assessments. For example, assessment schedules can easily be extended--and frequently are. Chronic delays in completing IRIS assessments have detrimental consequences for EPA's ability to develop timely and scientifically sound decisions, policies, and regulations. * Because science and methodologies are constantly changing, there will always be a tension between assessing the best available science and waiting for more information. The IRIS program will remain viable only if it continues to use the best science available at the time of its assessments and plans for periodic updates of assessments to identify the need for revisions. * An overarching factor that affects EPA's ability to complete IRIS assessments in a timely manner is the compounding effect of delays-- even one delay can have a domino effect, requiring the process to essentially be repeated to incorporate changing science. For example, delays often require repeating reviews of the scientific literature on a chemical to take into account the time that has passed since the literature review was completed; this, in turn, may require detailed analyses of any new studies found to be relevant. * Long-standing difficulties in completing assessments of chemicals of key concern--those that are both widespread and likely to cause significant health issues--stem in part from challenges by external parties, including those that may be affected by EPA regulation of chemicals should an assessment lead to such action. Such challenges are to be expected and can be best addressed by EPA's focusing on the best available science, obtaining credible expert review, and completing the assessments. * IRIS process reforms, such as those issued in May 2009, are not established in regulation or statute and thus can easily be altered. As we have reported, continuous changes to the process have presented a challenge to the chemical managers who undertake the assessments.[Footnote 8] To produce timely, credible IRIS assessments over a sustained period of time, it will be important for EPA to maintain a stable, consistent process going forward. Chairman Broun, Ranking Member Edwards, and Members of the Subcommittee, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be happy to respond to any questions that you or other Members of the Subcommittee may have at this time. GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments: For further information on this statement, please contact David Trimble at (202) 512-3841 or email@example.com. Contact points for our Congressional Relations and Public Affairs offices may be found on the last page of this statement. Other staff that made key contributions to this testimony include Diane LoFaro, Assistant Director; Summer Lingard; Christine Fishkin; Nancy Crothers; Richard P. Johnson; Kiki Theodoropoulos; Robert Grace; and Jennifer Cheung. [End of section] Related GAO Products: High-Risk Series: An Update. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-11-278]. Washington, D.C.: February 2011. EPA Chemical Assessments: Process Reforms Offer the Potential to Address Key Problems. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-774T]. Washington, D.C.: June 11, 2009. Scientific Integrity: EPA's Efforts to Enhance the Credibility and Transparency of Its Scientific Processes. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-773T]. Washington, D.C.: June 9, 2009. High-Risk Series: An Update. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-271]. Washington, D.C.: January 2009. EPA Science: New Assessment Process Further Limits the Credibility and Timeliness of EPA's Assessments of Toxic Chemicals. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1168T]. Washington, D.C.: September 18, 2008. Chemical Assessments: EPA's New Assessment Process Will Further Limit the Productivity and Credibility of Its Integrated Risk Information System. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-810T]. Washington, D.C.: May 21, 2008. Toxic Chemicals: EPA's New Assessment Process Will Increase Challenges EPA Faces in Evaluating and Regulating Chemicals. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-743T]. Washington, D.C.: April 29, 2008. Chemical Assessments: Low Productivity and New Interagency Review Process Limit the Usefulness and Credibility of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System. [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-440]. Washington, D.C.: March 7, 2008. [End of section] Footnotes: [1] The National Academies comprises four organizations: the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council. [2] GAO, Chemical Assessments: Low Productivity and New Interagency Review Process Limit the Usefulness and Credibility of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-440] (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 7, 2008). [3] GAO, Toxic Chemicals: EPA's New Assessment Process Will Increase Challenges EPA Faces in Evaluating and Regulating Chemicals, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-743T] (Washington, D.C.: Apr. 29, 2008); Chemical Assessments: EPA's New Assessment Process Will Further Limit the Productivity and Credibility of Its Integrated Risk Information System, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-810T] (Washington, D.C.: May 21, 2008); and EPA Science: New Assessment Process Further Limits the Credibility and Timeliness of EPA's Assessments of Toxic Chemicals, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1168T] (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 18, 2008). [4] GAO, High-Risk Series: An Update, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-271] (Washington, D.C.: January 2009). This high-risk area addresses EPA's implementation of the IRIS program as well as implementation of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). [5] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-440], [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-743T], [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-810T], and [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1168T]. [6] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-440]. [7] GAO, EPA Chemical Assessments: Process Reforms Offer the Potential to Address Key Problems, [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-774T] (Washington, D.C.: June 11, 2009). [8] [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-774T]. [End of section] GAO's Mission: The Government Accountability Office, the audit, evaluation and investigative arm of Congress, exists to support Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and accountability of the federal government for the American people. GAO examines the use of public funds; evaluates federal programs and policies; and provides analyses, recommendations, and other assistance to help Congress make informed oversight, policy, and funding decisions. GAO's commitment to good government is reflected in its core values of accountability, integrity, and reliability. Obtaining Copies of GAO Reports and Testimony: The fastest and easiest way to obtain copies of GAO documents at no cost is through GAO's Web site [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]. Each weekday, GAO posts newly released reports, testimony, and correspondence on its Web site. 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