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Growth Groups
by Howard J. Clinebell, Jr.
Chapter 7: Growth Groups for Children and Families
At each age and stage of their child's growth, parents experience themselves differently. They relive, often without realizing it, their comparable growth stage.... This reliving process can become a constructive thing, giving parents a second chance to do unfinished growth work.... This happens only if they are aware of what is happening and make the necessary effort.... A child's growth phases and struggles are really an invitation to continued growth on the part of his parents!
Crisis and Growth l
Growth groups can be helpful in the difficult, challenging assignment faced by all parents. Parent growth groups offer in-depth training in the art of parenting. Growth groups for children can facilitate a child's development by providing fulfilling experiences. Multiple-family groups can help whole-family units discover and develop their strengths. The goal of these family-oriented growth groups could be stated as "self-actualizing person in the full functioning family."2
Parents face a king-sized challenge as the primary growth enablers (or blockers) in their children's most rapid growth years. Almost all parents want to do a good job. Fortunately, most possess enough strength and love to succeed reasonably well. But parenting is getting more difficult; lightning-fast change increasingly widens the gulf between the worlds in which successive generations are formed. Somehow parents must help children learn broader, more flexible life-styles and role concepts which will be viable in the new world of tomorrow. To nurture healthier, more life-loving children capable of making something better of that unknown world -- this is the need and the challenge. Growth groups can help. Every family, like every individual, has unused, or partially used, strengths, abilities, resources. A growth group aims at helping families mine this hidden gold.
Growth Groups for Children
The use of play therapy methods with "normal" children in nursery schools, elementary schools, Sunday schools, clubs, and homes can nurture growth and prevent many emotional problems from developing. Clark E. Moustakas, child therapist, describes these methods as "an opportunity to enter into a significant personal relationship with an adult in a situation where the boundaries are greatly expanded" and the child is free to express and play out usually forbidden feelings.3
A play-growth group for preschool or elementary school children should be small (three to six is best) and led by an adult who likes children, understands the basics of play therapy,4 and isn't threatened by children's often violent feelings. Any warm, accepting, and emotionally stable parent or teacher can develop the skills needed for a play-growth group. The setting is a room where one doesn't have to worry about the floor and furnishings. Equipment may consist of paints and paper ( both finger and brush types); families of dolls and puppets for fantasy play; clay for making and squashing things; a pan of water and a sand tray for messing; and lots of toys for encouraging release of pent-up aggressiveness -- tanks, trucks, pounding boards, punching devices, and things for throwing or shooting without hurting. The adult's role is to encourage free expression, to be available to relate as the children reach out, and to enforce (if necessary) the ground rules -- ''Here we can do anything we like except hurt ourselves or others, or destroy property." Communication and expression by the children should be allowed to be spontaneous and free -- through play, fantasy, words, paintings, acting with dolls, puppets, or whatever. Activities may be pursued individually or in spontaneous subgroupings of children. The facilitator doesn't pressure the children to discuss what they are doing, but he welcomes and encourages spontaneous communication.
A play-growth group encourages children to play out negative feelings (anger, jealousy, fear, guilt, destructiveness ) so that these will not be expressed in self- or other-hurting behavior, nor block positive feelings (joy, love, pleasure, self-esteem), nor distort relationships. Play-growth groups provide opportunities to relate to other children in an atmosphere of openness and growth. They encourage children to use their imaginations in creative ways. Finally, they provide an experience of relating to an adult who values feelings, fantasy, and play -- and can help each child use his unique inner resources in socially constructive ways. Such experiences allow a child to grow in his ability to relate and in his "it's-good-to-be-me" feelings.
Groups can help grammar school children deal with the big feelings related to the achievement of growth goals at that stage -- feelings related to acquiring major language and mathematics skills, learning to function comfortably outside the home, and firming up relationships with the same-sexed parent and chums. Under use of one's full potential in school (underachieving) often reflects fears and inner conflicts which can be resolved in a growth group. Although there is usually more verbal communication in such groups than in preschool groups, activities and play still predominate. The adult facilitator is available when the child is ready to discuss what he's doing and feeling. There may be brief sharing sessions as a group.
Parent-Led Growth Experiences
Parents who are tuned to feelings can use home-grown play-therapy growth methods to help a child deal with crises such as the death or departure of a family member, an accident or natural disaster, a family uprooting, or a stress such as starting school. It can also be used at noncrisis times to free the child to employ and enjoy his strengths more fully.
Clark Moustakas recommends these principles:
(1) There should be a particular place to play. (2) A variety of play materials should be provided . . . [such as those described above]. (3) Children should be permitted to express what they wish and not be obliged to follow a model or product that meets a social or art standard. (4) No attempt should be made to interpret to the child the symbols involved in his play.... The child's own judgment and expressed feelings provide the best clues to the meaning of his play. They should be accepted exactly as they are expressed. (5) The parent should listen to the child's expressions, take his clues from the child, and convey full acceptance and understanding.5
There are excellent suggestions on parents' uses of play-therapy methods in several books about children.6 A small play-growth group composed of one's own children, with perhaps several from the neighborhood, is one productive approach to using this method.
"Filial therapy" is a promising development in the mental health field. It involves training parents in groups of six to eight to conduct play-therapy sessions with their emotionally disturbed children in their homes. Parents continue to attend weekly group meetings with the trainer-therapist to discuss the play sessions and any other relevant matters. The children are not seen by the therapist. Instead, the parents, supported by the professional therapist and the group of parents involved in the same process, are responsible for the total therapy.7 The possibilities of applying the filial therapy model to the growth work of normal children are exciting indeed. A parents' growth group could be trained to use play-growth procedures at home concurrently with the life of the group. Ideally, both parents should participate in the group and in leading the play sessions at home.
Growth Groups for Parents
Parent education does not automatically increase parental effectiveness. But it does to the extent that it helps parents deal with their feelings (including feelings about their children), increases their head and heart understanding of themselves and their children, and strengthens their sense of competence as parents. Churches, schools, and community agencies should provide such groups for parents of children at each family stage from prebirth through launching ( adolescence ). Each stage makes different demands; each offers new opportunities for family fulfillment. Parents can help the whole family become a growth group by learning to satisfy the psychological hungers of each other and their children. Changing male/female roles, which enable fathers to be more deeply involved in child nurture than ever before, increase the need for parent education beamed at them. The most effective parent growth groups are those in which mothers and dads are equally involved.
For the mental health of tomorrow's world, no groups could be more strategic than those for parents of infants and toddlers. In these crucial growth years, a child's basic foundation of trust or mistrust is developed. To be able to nurture a child's trust, parents must feel trust in themselves and each other. Parent growth groups for this stage should be trust building groups, attempting to reduce new-parent jitters, to give mutual support and an opportunity to share feelings, and to lessen the loneliness and anxieties connected with learning new parental roles.
A Long Island church sponsored a child-study nursery group meeting one morning a week throughout the school year. The group combined a child-study/growth experience for the mothers, child-care for infants, and a nursery school for preschoolers. A rotating steering committee was elected to plan programs and handle the mechanics of the meetings. An "interest finder" to identify needs was circulated periodically to all members as a basis of program-planning. The group was open to any mother of a preschool child in the church or community.
Sessions usually began with input to stimulate interaction: a film on children, a brief talk on a topic such as "developing confidence in children," a panel of mothers discussing an article on sex education for children, or some such activity. The interaction which followed often, though not always, reached a level of personal feelings, problems, and worries. Participants became a support-group to each other. As trust grew, the focus tended to broaden from childrearing to further discussion of their own needs. While the mothers met, a staff of six trained volunteers supervised the nursery school and provided baby care.
Evening meetings were held to share choice programs with husbands. In retrospect, it is clear that much greater involvement of the men would have increased the growth impact of the group. As it was, however, it met many needs.
Every stage of child development poses special stresses in parent-child relationships. Growth groups for parents of preteens and teen-agers can be highly productive. One church invited parents of the high school fellowship to a series of Sunday night discussion sessions using Haim Ginott's Between Parent and Teen-Ager as a stimulus for group interaction. A part of each evening was spent in a joint parent-youth rap session. The importance of intergenerational dialogue is increased by the urgent need to overcome the alienation from adults which many young people feel. Kingman Brewster, President of Yale University, has stated pointedly: "If the country does not rediscover its own sons and daughters, no amount of law and order or crisis management will make any difference in the long run."8
Parent Effectiveness Training9 has demonstrated that many parents can improve relationships with their children through dynamic education in groups. Over fifteen thousand persons in two hundred communities have taken courses in this "school for parents." The program might be described as training and coaching in communication and relationship skills. (The same principles have now been applied in a Teacher Effectiveness Training program. )
An Oregon psychologist who has led P.E.T. groups reports that this approach attracts many people because it is explicitly training (not therapy) aimed at greater effectiveness (a positive, growth-oriented goal). It keeps the focus on relationships with one's children, not on relationships within the group. Active involvement and practice of essential skills are encouraged by role-playing and case illustrations.10
Befriending our Inner Child
In parent growth groups where the intent is to deal with whatever attitudes and feelings are distorting good parent-child relationships ( as contrasted with the skill-training and discussion-type growth groups ), it is be essential to help persons reconnect with their inner Child or Adolescent. One method for accomplishing this was described in the last chapter. In one group, each person was asked to draw a picture of himself as a child and then to reflect on it for a few minutes. Following this, he was asked to close his eyes, fantasy himself as a child at the age he had drawn, and then picture in his imagination some experience from his childhood, attempting to relive the original feelings. Subsequent discussion in the group revealed that several individuals had reconnected dramatically with their still active child feelings. The night after this experience, I had a powerful dream which gave me access to unresolved grief feelings from a painful loss early in my childhood.
Some ineffectiveness in parenting is rooted in unresolved guilt, dependency, and resentment toward one's own parents, living or dead. In growth groups, fantasy techniques may help resolve these feelings: "Picture yourself at the age when your feelings toward your parents were most intense . . . How do you feel? . . . Now, see yourself confronting your parents . . . tell them how you feel . . ." (At this point the person is invited to verbalize his feelings as intensely as he desires.) In one parents' group, a woman was able in this way to reduce her resentment toward rigid restrictions on her during adolescence. She discovered subsequently that this lessened the conflict with her teen-age daughter.
Transgenerational Growth Experiences
Parent/child and parent/teen relationships can often be enhanced by transgenerational group experiences. One such approach is play therapy with entire families participating.11 Dad, mother, and children all come to the playroom. Each does what best expresses his own inner world and they interact with one another as they play and create. This approach has many possibilities for increasing well-family effectiveness in churches and community agencies, family camps and workshops.
One of many values of play -- growth groups for adults is that they may reawaken the capacity to play -- a capacity stomped down in many of us by long subservience to the work ethic. Spontaneous, expressive play -- in contrast to the frantic "recreation" which is really a form of compulsive work -- is itself liberating and growth-stimulating. It belongs in every growth group but it is particularly valuable as a bridge between generations in parent/child, parent/teen, and family groups. Children and youth watching adults play may be embarrassed (or amused) at first, but the experience may establish a positive bond linking the Child sides of each generation. Activities such as shared play therapy or a period of free movement to frolicking music in a group can awaken the spirit of playfulness.
The family growth conference or celebration is another transgenerational approach. In a session of one and a half hours with a growth-oriented counselor,pastor, or family-life educator, a family seeks to accomplish these goals: discover what each member appreciates and what he would like to change about the family; find out what each member thinks are the unused strengths of the family; get each person's suggestions for improving the family by using more of these strengths; set a few goals based on areas of agreement about improving things and using family strengths. (In the next session, progress toward these goals is reported.) After the checkup phase, growth in the family is celebrated with a party or something else the whole family enjoys. Families with good communication can conduct their own checkup/celebrations (perhaps with a rotating chairman). But an outside facilitator is essential in many situations, particularly for the first few sessions. Herbert Otto's Family Strength Inquiry is an action-oriented inventory which is useful in structuring the checkup around specific areas of family strength, thus avoiding the danger of getting sidetracked in a nongrowth, family pathology direction.12
Family Growth Networks
The health of a family is directly related to the strength of the supportive circle of relationships just outside the family. The biological clan (grandparents, aunts, uncles, within close range) no longer exists for most families. Therefore, to become true growth groups for their members, families need workable alternatives to the clan.13 Fortunately, functional families can become mutual growth facilitators to each other, by relating with continuity, openness, and caring! The late Fred Stoller proposed a new structure which he called "the intimate network of families":
A circle of three or four families who meet together regularly and frequently, share in reciprocal fashion any of their intimate secrets, offer one another a variety of services and do not hesitate to influence one another in terms of values and attitudes.14
The idea emerged from experiences in family workshops -- weekend growth meetings of three or four families aimed at developing more creative interaction. Openness and intimate sharing developed rapidly. A number continued to meet periodically after the workshops, developing at least a partially intimate network. Certain communes involving clusters of families are close approximations of family networks.
Growth-oriented family camps provide ideal settings for experiencing the people dynamic both within and among families. Camps which are designed for maximum growth provide small group opportunities for strengthening husband-wife, parent-child, whole-family, and family-to-family relationships. One such model included a daily parents growth group, family cluster groups ( three families meeting together ), and marriage enrichment groups (for couples, each evening). These were interspersed with opportunities for crafts, nature study, hikes, art, dramatics, dance, stories, games, as well as meals, rest, and a "family hour." One goal of this plan was to "help families form ties of friendship, caring and sharing, with other families -- thereby developing a network of extended families."15
"Y" programs, in various places, have developed whole-family growth activities. For example, one YMCA in California sponsored a Saturday-Sunday Family Growth Workshop aimed at improving family communication. In Milwaukee, the "Y" sponsors Family Coteries, groups of eight to ten couples who are in the same stage of the family life cycle. A head couple is chosen by the group to work with the "Y" staff to discover program ideas which will meet the needs of these families. A monthly meeting of adults starts with a potluck meal followed by an educational or social program geared to the participants' needs. In addition, the families meet once a month for programs related to their interests. Once a year, the Family Coterie spends a weekend together to foster "in-depth relationships within and among the families." The goals of the Family Coterie program include: "developing communication between adults and youth, seeking a better understanding of ourselves . . . developing human relations skills, learning how to release the growth potential in the young, gaining a sense of balance in a world of confused values."16
Additional Reading -- Family Growth Groups
("L" = of interest primarily to group leaders.)
Auerbach, A. B., Parents Learn Through Discussion: Principles and Practices of Patent Group Education New York: John Wiley, 1968.
L Axline, Virginia, Play Therapy. New York: Ballantine, rev. ed. 1969.
Axline, Virginia, Dibs, In Search of Self. New York: Ballantine, 1964.
Baruch, Dorothy W., New Ways in Discipline. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949.
Clinebell, Charlotte H. and Howard J., Jr., Crisis and Growth: Helping Your Troubled Child. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971.
Clinebell, Howard J., Jr. and Charlotte H., "Developing Parent-Child Intimacy," The Intimate Marriage. Chap. 8.
Ginott, Haim G., Between Parent and Child. New York: Avon Books, 1965.
Gordon, Thomas, Parent-Effectiveness Training. New York: Peter H. Wyden, 1970.
L Guerney, Bernard G., Jr., Ed., Psychotherapeutic Agents. New Roles for Nonprofessionals, Parents and Teachers. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969, Part 6.
Moustakas, Clark E., Psychotherapy with Children, The Living Relationship. New York: Harper & Row, 1959. Chap. 8.
L Satir, Virginia, Conjoint Family Therapy, A Guide to Theory and Practice. Palo Alto, Calif.: Science and Behavior Books, 1964.
1. Charlotte H. and Howard J. Clinebell, Jr., Crisis and Growth: Helping Your Troubled Child, pp. 32-33.
2. Ellis G. Olim, "The Self-Actualizing Person in the Fully Functioning Family; A Humanistic Viewpoint," The Family Coordinator, July, 1968, pp. 141 ff.
3. Clark E. Moustakas, Psychotherapy with Children, p. 41.
4. See books by Axline and Moustakas.
5. Moustakas, op. cit., p. 277.
6. See Chapter 8 in Moustakas; Guerney, Part 6; and Baruch, Part III. Ginott's Between Parent and Child is a guide to the art of staying on the child's wavelength.
7. Bernard, Guerney, Jr., "Filial Therapy: Description and Rationale," in Guerney, Psychotherapeutic Agents, p. 459.
8. Joseph Fletcher, "Generation Gap: Opportunity Lever," The Churchman, Aug/Sept., 1970, p. 6.
9. P.E.T. was developed in 1962 by Thomas Gordon.
10. Personal communication, Frank Strange, May 9, 1971.
11. Charlotte H. Clinebell has used this approach in her work as a child and family therapist.
12. See Herbert A. Otto, "The Minister and Family Strengths," Pastoral Psychology, April, 1966, pp. 21-28. The Pastoral Institute of Calgary now has a "Marriage-Checkup" program for functional marriages.
13. The proliferation of communes in North America is in part a search for a more supportive "family" by youth reared in isolated nuclear families.
14. "The Intimate Network of Families as a New Structure," The Family in Search of a Future, p. 152.
15. Mrs. Edith Cole developed this plan for future use by her church group.
16. From a brochure on "The Family Coterie," YMCA of Greater Milwaukee.


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Opening up your own practice can be a really exciting time. However, we know it can also be quite stressful. After all, you went to study medicine and not law, so a lot of the ins and outs of setting up a business might be completely new to you.
Maybe you have been working for someone else as a W2 employee and now you'd like to start up as an independent contractor. You're right to be looking into starting either a corporation or a limited liability company (LLC), as they are among the most popular options for physicians. Oftentimes, incorporation or starting an LLC can lead to a much lower tax bill for you individually, depending on your situation.
There are all sorts of acronyms and terms that keep coming up and maybe it's all a bit overwhelming. We're here to simplify all this legalese into plain English and guide you through the difference between setting up an S Corp. vs an LLC for a Physician's practice.
As with all business and legal matters like this, you should always do your own research and explore your options, but you want to make sure to also consult with your own legal and financial professionals who will help advise what is best for your situation and corporate structure.
Before we get into the differences between S Corporations and LLCs for physicians, we need to do some defining first so we're all on the same page.
What is an S Corp.?
An S Corp. is short for subchapter or small business corporation. It was created as part of the tax code back in the 1950s to help build up small and family owned businesses. What is unique about the S Corps. is that they are made to limit the burden of double taxation that can occur with conventional corporations, while also ensuring limited liability.
S Corps. don't pay regular business income taxes, rather the shareholders split the income and losses. They then receive these as income and report it on their own individual tax returns. This gets around the double taxation we mentioned previously, but eliminates the corporate tax element.
Liability is really important and the main reason against going into business as just a sole proprietor. Should the business suffer financial hardship or legal problems, by and large, you as the individual are not responsible if you've incorporated. You and the company are separate entities. As a physician, liability is a huge consideration, so it is basically a given that you will form an LLC or corporation. Although neither a corporation nor an LLC will protect a physician against malpractice claims, a practice should generally not be run as a sole proprietorship or partnership.
It's important to note that many states prohibit professionals from starting regular corporations and require that they start Professional Corporations (PC) instead. The main distinction here is that PCs require approval from the state professional licensing board, in this case the Medical Board of your state, and includes in the Article of Incorporation that the specific purpose of the corporation is to practice medicine. Further, all shareholders need to be licensed professionals in order to be owners of the PC. See, e.g., Cal. Corp. Code § 13406(a); NRS 89.070(c); Tex. Bus. Code § 301.006.
What is an LLC?
An LLC is a business entity that's not quite a corporation, but isn't a partnership or sole proprietorship either. It's a bit of all of these which is what makes LLCs so attractive, especially for small business owners.
Similar to an S Corp, an LLC provides limited liability to you as an individual—it's in the name, after all! The members of an LLC are protected from creditors coming after their personal assets should the company go into debt, although it's important to remember that this asset protection won't cover all cases of liability.
In terms of tax rates, an LLC has a lot more flexibility than a corporation. They are taxed like partnerships and sole proprietorships with what is called pass-through taxation by default. "By default" being the key phrase here. LLCs have the option to file as a C Corp. or S Corp. as well with the IRS.
Professional limited liability companies (PLLC) are a special class of LLCs reserved for, well, professionals! And of course, physicians qualify for this. It's basically the same as a regular LLC, except the professional is protected in a PLLC. It's important to note that in some states, like California, professionals are prohibited from operating LLCs or PLLCs. So if you plan to start a practice in the Golden State, you'll want to focus on the information regarding Professional Corporations instead.
What are the differences LLC or S. Corp?
As we've established by defining the two, S Corps and LLCs seem rather similar at first glance: both offer their members protection from liability and both avoid double taxation by allowing taxable income to pass-through and be filed directly as just income tax. However, at their core they are fundamentally different altogether: an LLC is a business structure, whereas an S Corp. just describes how a business is taxed.
The true comparison here is LLCs vs Corporations (with the S Corp. designation). The main things that set apart an LLC and a corporation is the reporting requirements. LLCs have less paperwork, which makes them easier and cheaper to set up and run. Corporations have to file corporate tax returns and owners are paid as W2 employees or through distributions. Therefore, the company gets taxed and then the individual gets taxed again on their dividend income. This doesn't sit well with many small business owners and so they choose to file as an S Corp., rather than a C Corp.
The IRS, however, restricts who can start an S Corp. as opposed to an LLC. Only US citizens or permanent residents can own an S Corp. and shareholders max out at just 100. There are also more regulations associated with the S Corps., like issuing stock, drafting up bylaws, holding annual shareholder meetings, and keeping official meeting minutes.
LLCs have the most open ownership rules in most states, so pretty much anyone can be an owner of one: foreign citizens and businesses, individuals, and companies can all be owners. The most notable exceptions are for S Corps. and LLCs opting to be taxed as S Corps., for which the Internal Revenue Code lists certain types of financial institutions,, insurance companies, and current and former domestic international sales corporations as ineligible corporations. See 26 USC § 1361(b).
LLCs also have their own set of founding documents which can be analogous to those of a corporation. The Articles of Incorporation are used instead of the Articles of Organization. The Bylaws of a corporation translate to the Operating Agreement in an LLC and this is not required in most states (although highly advisable regardless). You only need to file the previously mentioned Articles with the state once and keep them updated with the statement of information, which basically just includes your company's contact information.
Which one is better for physicians?
A lot of the information you are likely finding across the web is very general. As a physician looking to open your own office and practice medicine, you want to know what is best for your situation. Of course, your own lawyer and accountant will be in the best position to evaluate your business goals and vision for the future, but as an overview before you speak with them, here are some of the things for doctors specifically to consider when deciding.
LLC Governance
The parts that are most attractive about setting up and LLC—less paperwork, fewer regulations, and overall flexibility—are also what can sometimes be their downfall. LLCs are not required in most cases to have an Operating Agreement, and even when they are, the laws don't specify whether it needs to be in writing or what needs to be included. Rather, state laws usually outline what you cannot alter or include in your entity's Operating Agreement. Thus, oftentimes the state rules apply by default if something isn't in your Articles explicitly. Unless a unique situation is addressed specifically, a business partner may feel uneasy about working with a newly formed, not so well regulated company. For a doctor's office, it may mean more difficulties in procuring the necessary medical equipment to set up the office.
As previously mentioned, In some states, one being California, professionals, including physicians, are prohibited from operating as LLCs. They have to form a professional corporation instead. So depending on where you live, you may not even have the LLC option available to you and will need to form a PC.
Ownership Transfer
If one of your members leaves the practice, with a corporation it's generally easier for them to transfer ownership. Further, professionals can take part in management and profits without being liable for malpractice arising from the actions of other physicians in the corporation.
Both LLCs (PLLCs) and corporations (PCs) provide a similar amount of protection in terms of personal liability protection for doctors. However, it is important to note that while there is some protection, there are major exceptions in cases of negligence or obvious things like assault. There is no clear cut answer as to which is better for doctors overall, since it really depends on your own situation. Company size is a major consideration as well. Generally, the smaller the organization the more likely it is to be an LLC or PLLC.
When it comes down to it, it's fundamentally about the paperwork involved and ownership. If you will not have too many members and don't plan to sell stock for raising capital, then LLCs are going to be easier to form. You can still file your taxes as an S Corp. and receive that tax benefit (with lots of tax savings), while lowering the amount of paperwork you have to file, thus keeping your legal and accounting bills more manageable.
However, if you plan to grow larger and want to be additionally protected from potential malpractice caused by the acts of others in your practice, you will want to consider incorporating. Further, if you live in a state where you are required as a medical professional to form a professional corporation, you may have no choice.


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New York City is known for exceptionally clean drinking water. Over a billion gallons, most of it unfiltered, reaches over 8 million city inhabitant daily. Yet, despite one of the most comprehensive water treatment and testing regimens in the county, some remain concerned about their water quality after cities like Flint, Michigan made headlines with a series of water treatment errors that led to high levels of lead in the municipal drinking supply.
At present, New York City has a waiver from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that allows most of its public drinking supply to go unfiltered as long it meets stringent safety criteria. Although the water isn't filtered, it is disinfected and treated with orthophosphate, a lead inhibitor that coats pipes, and sodium hydroxide, a substance that decreases the natural acidity of water, discouraging corrosion in lead-containing plumbing fixtures.
In 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act was passed to protect the public by regulating public drinking water supplies, but while this legislation addresses potential contamination at the source, it doesn't guarantee that holding tanks, pipes and fixture won't introduce harmful contaminants. In fact, although New York City has an excellent reputation for protecting its public waters, enforcement of regulations for the cleaning of holding tanks has been questioned by water safety advocates, while it remains highly cost-prohibitive to retrofit old pipes and remove lead from existing plumbing fixtures.
Regulations are in place to reduce lead, but older buildings may still have pipes with lead solder and fixtures that contain lead if they were installed before 2014 when plumbing fixtures were allowed to have up to 8% lead. Today, even so-called lead-free models can still have up to 0.25% lead in the surfaces that come into contact with water.
Water quality monitoring that exceeds safety requirements is done daily in New York City and citizens can be comfortable with the overall integrity of their public water. But, once the water leaves the reservoir, what can residents do to ensure that their water is lead-free?
According to the EPA, several steps will reduce the amount of lead in drinking water. Since lead has no color, taste, or odor, testing is the only way to detect it. A certified lab can test water for as little as $20 and if lead is found, taking the following steps will improve water safety.
– Before drinking, flush pipes by running tap water it is noticeably colder.
– Clean the faucet aerator regularly.
– Install a whole home or faucet water filter. Check reviews of home water filtration systems to find a model that is as effective as possible at reducing lead and other concerning contaminants. Pitcher filters improve the taste of water, but won't remove lead.
Lead is a powerful neurotoxin that can have severe and irreversible health effects. The best advice for residents of New York City is to enjoy their clean water, but take sensible precautions to protect themselves from harm by getting the lead out.
Roland Hanna is a native New Yorker. He lives just outside the city with wife Marie and two kids and their dog, Harper.


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A Glimpse of A Changed AI Perspective in India
What a conference! I consider it a privilege to have attended O'Reily's Strata in London. Tim O'Reilly gave the most inspiring keynote on day two. When the whole world is worried about AI taking away jobs, Tim flipped the problem around and said why can't we use AI to create jobs? He finished the keynote by giving some examples: Zip line which supplies medicines and blood on demand in Rwanda as well as that of Google's Deep Mind, which is helping radiologists look at images faster. A startup called SigTuple based out of Bangalore has created a computer vision based AI system that can analyze blood smear slides and create a complete pathology report using deep learning on the cloud.
Anthony Goldbloom of Kaggle gave an interesting keynote on the lessons learnt from the millions of data scientists. Data scientists must use version control. An important tool to help in enabling data scientists to use version control has been released recently. A few leaderboards such as the one by Hacker Earth giving the top 10 Indian data scientists in Kaggle helps in the human aspect of data science. There seems to be a dearth of India specific problems on Kaggle.
Advanced Machine version in India
M C Srivas, gave an enlightening keynote on how Uber is using real-time intelligence. Rivas also talked about autonomous vehicles and what ML problems they had to solve. Motion planning is another ML problem that involves avoiding obstacles and getting to the destination safely as well as maneuver planning which involves adjusting to road conditions. Quality assurance of the complex software is humungous – regression testing is a massive map-reduce problem. Interestingly, Tata Elexi is slated to try out self-driving cars in Bangalore. A legislation to oversee self-driving cars in India is in the process of becoming ratified and has been referred to a parliamentary standing committee. Possible applications of self-driving cars in India may be in agriculture, where these vehicles may be useful in simpler tasks such as field inspection if combined with advanced machine vision. Self-driving cars may also be useful in supply-chain optimization too.
AI in Real Estate sector
Eddie Copeland of Nesta gave a keynote on "Lessons from Piloting the London Office of Data Analytics (LODA)". LODA brings together data from multiple boroughs and determines the top-k (with respect to risk) properties that need to be inspected in a given geographical area. There are a host of problems in the realty sector which can be addressed using AI. Price valuation is one that comes to mind immediately. The price of a given property depends on various factors such as locality, apartment infrastructure, builder's brand-name, quality of construction, age, size among others. Data available with entities such as the National Crime Records Bureau can be used to train a deep learning network to understand patterns and detect anomalies and consequently help the Indian police force.
Is Finance ready for AI?
Aida Mehonic of ASI Data Science gave a keynote speech on "Is finance ready for AI?"Interestingly, fraud detection is but a specific case of anomaly detection, which has huge implications for finance. Applications of anomaly detection in finance include rogue trading, insider trading, HR function, market abuse, cybersecurity etc. Interestingly, digital transformations of the early 21st century become data transformations of today and the AI transformations of the future! Relevant to Indian finance, anomaly detection based on AI can help in identification of manipulation in financial markets, fraud and market volatility. Many Indian Fintech Startups such as Lending Kart or Policy Bazaar provide an AI based market place for lending to SMEs – smaller loans than what can be obtained from banks. As new forms of financial payments come up such as the NCPI's Unified Payments Interface (UPI), AI based fraud detection becomes more important in the Indian context.
Privacy, Regulations and AI
Aurelie Pols from Mind Your Group by Mind Your Privacy gave an interesting keynote session on issues of privacy in a big data world. A framework known as GDPR is being enacted in Europe under which rights of data subjects are ideally protected by data protection officers (who have certain responsibilities). It turns out that Indian laws are archaic and there is an urgent need for robust digital data privacy and consumer protection laws as well as code of conduct on ethical use of AI, which is evident in this Carnegie Study. To illustrate further, can a self-driving car get a driving license in India? What are the "safe zones" for such a car to navigate? What are the laws governing robotics based manufacturing in India, such as those of Foxconn? What if a robot was to injure or god forbid kill a worker accidentally? Who is liable in this case? Another important consideration is that there are not enough data centers in India, implying that even if a regulation is brought in similar to GDPR that ensures data must stay within the Indian geography, we do not have sufficient capacity to store this data.


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Roca Countertop Basins
Roca countertop basins come in all shapes and sizes, so whether you're looking for a elegant round countertop basin to sit high from your surface, or a smaller wall-hung basin to fit in limited space, the Roca range has plenty of choice. This is a manufacturer and range which is as popular with businesses as it is with people kitting out a residential property, as the durability of Roca products means they are robust enough to stand up to repeated use in high-traffic areas.
Roca products are made with quality materials and so it should come as no surprise that this range of basins comes with a 25 year guarantee. The shiny white finish gives an added illusion of space, and the contemporary design will instantly update any bathroom. If you've been looking for a basin with a difference then Roca is the brand for you - so what are you waiting for?


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Casey Holdahl of Blazers.com has a transcript of an interview with ESPN.com's Chad Ford, conducted by Travis Demers and Josh Wilcox on 1080 AM The Fan, that touches on the Portland Trail Blazers' position heading into the 2013 NBA Draft.
Audio of the interview is here. The full transcript is here.
A lot of fans think the Trail Blazers should trade the No. 10 pick. How difficult is it going to be to trade a pick in this year's draft in that range?
Well when you have 25 teams selling, it's tough, and that seems to be the consensus on virtually every team, including the team at the top, the Cleveland Cavaliers. This is a draft where there's no clear No. 1 pick. There's no clear top-tier players in the draft. A lot of the teams in the lottery don't really want to be in the lottery, don't want to take the long route of building through the lottery so they would like to go ahead and try to find a player maybe that can help them now. And so you're seeing literally from every team in the top 10 talk about trading this pick. That makes it much harder. If people were coveting draft picks and you were one of the few teams willing to give it up, you could get a lot for that. But right now this is a buyers market all the way because so many teams are trying to sell.
A lot of projections have the Trail Blazers selecting a big man with their pick, be it Alex Len (if he falls that far), Kelly Olynyk or Cody Zeller. How much sense does it take for Portland to draft a center considering they already have Meyers Leonard, who is a project in his own right?
I think it's okay. I think, personally, that they're much more likely to go get a shooter and I think there's a lot stronger batch of shooters in this draft than there are bigs right now. If you're going to draft a big at ten, my feeling is you're reaching a little bit to draft him. I think the Blazers reached just a little bit even with Meyers Leonard but that happens every year with bigs, teams will reach a little ahead of time. If you want value, you go for a shooter, and I think one of two guys, either C.J. McCollum out of Lehigh or Kentavious Caldwell-Pope out of Georgia, those guys should be there when the Blazers are drafting.
What is the consensus on Neil Olshey's ability to make moves and how aggressive he will be?
Oh, I think he's very aggressive. I think he's a very creative GM and I think he's one that has good relationships with people around the league. And look, he's got Paul Allen behind him, which means he has the resources to make moves if he wants to make moves. I think the challenge this year -- as we just talked about at the beginning -- is it's crowded. It's crowded. There's a lot of teams wanting to make moves, a lot of teams wanting to trade. That typically means you don't get high returns.
-- Ben Golliver | email@example.com | Twitter


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Veterans-Lit Anthology Deadline is April 19, 2019
According to the call for submissions, entrants can submit to a contest in which each category carries a first-prize of $250, or submit to the anthology alone. All entries will be considered for the anthology. There is no entry fee to the contest or publication.
Through the efforts of the Warriors Arts Alliance, the Missouri Humanities Council, and Southeast Missouri State University Press, the first "Proud to Be" volume was published in November 2012.
"[T]his series of anthologies preserves and shares the perspectives of our military and veterans of all conflicts and of their families," reads the Southeast Missouri State University Press contest page. "It is not only an outlet for artistic expression but also a document of the unique aspects of wartime in our nation's history."
With second, third, and fourth issues, the press established itself as a leading venue for "veterans-lit," consistent in both quality and quantity. In 2014, the press also published "The Shape of our Faces No Longer Matters," a poetry collection by U.S. Marine veteran Gerardo "Tony" Mena.
The tradition of excellence continued with the fifth, sixth, and seventh issues.
Red Bull Rising blog reviews of past issues of the "Proud to Be" anthology appear here and here.
For a 2012 Red Bull Rising interview with Susan Swartwout, who was then the editor of the series, click here.
Submissions must be made through the Southeast Missouri State University Press Submittable page here. According to guidelines:
- Put your name and contact info on first page and nowhere else on the manuscript.
- Limit one submission in each category per person.
- Poetry: up to 3 poems (5 pages maximum). Keep poems in one document (with 1st poem as title).
- Fiction, essay, or interview: 5,000-word limit.
- Photography: up to 3 good-quality photos (will be printed in the book as black and white).
- Submissions exceeding the limits will be disqualified.
- Include a biography of 75 words or less with each submission. Explicitly mention author's connection to military.
- Winners and contributors will be notified by Aug. 1, 2019.
Want to receive exclusive early-bird notice of military-themed writing opportunities, events, and markets?
Want to view insider ratings and recommendations on prospective journals, anthologies, and contests?
Want to gain members-only access to an on-line Facebook forum of enthusiastic, motivated, and focused practitioners, just like you?
Join our community of practice for as little as $1 a month! Details here: www.patreon.com/aimingcircle.


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This glossy magnet features the famous phrase "Practice, Practice, Practice," and makes the perfect gift for anyone who needs to be reminded.
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The networks tab in the Chrome developer tools panel can provide rich insights. It allows you to see what resources are being loaded, how many HTTP requests are being made, which scripts are blocking the page load, how long it takes for assets to load, how long it takes for the page to load, when the DOM is ready, if there are any 404 status codes, and much, much more.
To take advantage of the network panel in Chrome developer tools, just open up the developers tools by right clicking any element on the page and clicking 'Inspect Element' or by going to the 'View' menu bar item, selecting 'Developer', then clicking on 'Developer Tools'. Next, make sure to select the 'Network' tab and reload the page to ensure you get a full dataset.


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I Love You Grandpa Coloring Pages- Pleasant in order to the website, in this moment I'll teach you with regards to i love you grandpa coloring pages. And today, here is the 1st image:
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AND THE DEAD SHALL RISE: The Murder of Mary Phagan and the Lynching of Leo Frank, by Steve Oney. Pantheon, 742 pp., $35.
Newsday, November 16, 2003
On the morning of Aug. 20, 1915, Leo Frank's widow, his parents and a couple dozen friends joined the family rabbi at Mt. Carmel Cemetery in Cypress Hills, Queens, to bury the 31-year-old pencil-factory superintendent. The private funeral came two years after Frank was accused of killing Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old employee at the Atlanta plant who collected her wages from him one Saturday and within hours was found dead. The courtroom drama overflowed into the streets of Atlanta and onto front pages around the country, making Frank a national figure. As muckrakers and editorial writers decried his conviction, citing shaky circumstantial evidence, unreliable testimony and far-fetched prosecutorial theories, many Georgians insisted on enforcing a death sentence even if the trial judge's ruling were reversed. So when John Slaton, Georgia's outgoing governor, commuted Frank's sentence to life in prison, Frank was abducted from prison, whisked through the night along back roads and hanged at dawn from a tree outside Marietta, Phagan's hometown.
The plot's guiding spirit was Tom Watson, the populist Georgia politician and editor whose vicious exhortations to vengeance in his weekly, the Jeffersonian, painted the free-Frank movement as a creeping Jewish conspiracy. But until recently, the people of Marietta maintained an impenetrable silence, protecting the local men who, as they saw it, served justice by taking it into their own hands. In Atlanta, where the German Jewish community had been accepted more or less as the equals of other whites, discussion of Frank's lynching also has been a lingering taboo.
Now Steve Oney, a former reporter at the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, has painstakingly reconstructed the lynching and identified 25 Mariettans involved, including Joseph Brown, a former governor; Herbert Clay, son of a U.S. senator; and Newt Morris, a circuit judge and Democratic Party leader. Former sheriff William Frey, who owned the farm where Frank died, readied the noose. Watson's indignation about perceived conflicts of interest (the pardoning governor was law partner to one of Frank's defense attorneys) did not extend to the inconclusive investigation of the lynching, in which seven grand jurors and two lawyers were conspirators. Later, jewelry store owner George Daniell gave participants a set of silverware for "a job well done."
Oney's ventilation of the plot against Frank comes at the end of his swollen, disappointing explication of this notorious episode in American history. Oney's accumulation of detail helps illuminate the secrets of Frank's lynching, but in the 17 years he spent on the book, Oney seems to have gotten lost in the volume of trial transcripts, newspaper accounts and other secondary sources. Readers may, too; if "And the Dead Shall Rise" were a movie, all the spinning headlines would make anyone faint from dizziness.
Oney devotes 150 pages to Frank's trial, awarding points for each skirmish won by the prosecutor or defense as if it were a boxing match, but too much back-and-forth of conflicting testimony frays the narrative thread. A paragraph devoted to advances in air conditioning technology might seem charming, if only he had conveyed why spectators mobbed the courtroom and waited outside, and why it devolved into a spectacle akin to professional wrestling, with Frank cast as the heel.
His bald expression of the Southern social contract did not help. "No white man killed Mary Phagan," Frank reportedly said before he was arrested. Despite his confidence that jurors would see things the same way, the prosecution's star witness was Jim Conley, a black janitor at the pencil plant who was questioned about the murder. Conley, who had a criminal record, went on to concoct three inconsistent statements, each more elaborate than the previous, eventually claiming that Frank paid him to move Phagan's corpse to the factory basement and write out the notes found at the crime scene. At first, Conley told police he couldn't write but quickly admitted that this was a lie. "Not since Uncle Remus had a black man's story so enthralled Atlanta," Oney quips in his gratingly folksy way.
In a time and place when a black person's testimony against a white person had little impact – an unjust state of affairs, but this is the way things were – why did the jury buy Conley's story? In his closing statement, the lead defense lawyer introduced the idea that "religious prejudice against the factory superintendent had permeated the case." Oney uses this to broach the topic of anti-Semitism, as if to suggest that it might be no more than a desperate ploy by Frank's lawyers. Other kinds of animus may help explain why he wasn't accorded the usual privileges of whiteness in Georgia – he was an outsider, a northerner and a plant manager, a symbol of the urban industrialism that was devouring country girls like Phagan – but the case against Frank has enough coded expressions of anti-Semitism, from Conley's pre-trial statement that Frank said, "Why should I hang, I have wealthy people in Brooklyn" to the painting of Frank as an Old Testament-style "Sodomite," ascribing all manner of deviance to him because he was "unlike other men" (i.e., circumcised). Press reports that Frank's mother called the prosecutor a "Christian dog," a statement she denied making, fed anti-Semitic feeling. But the animus mostly was implicit, just as the looming crowds outside the court didn't have to tell the jurors they expected Frank to be found guilty and hanged.
Then, in his account of the legal and public appeal, Oney almost seems to share some of the nativist hostility toward the national Jewish organizations that stepped in to defend Frank, and the generous individuals among them, such as Chicago ad man Albert Lasker, who funneled cash to Frank's wife to cover expenses. Special disdain is reserved for Adolph Ochs, the Chattanooga-born editor famous for bending over backward to avoid any appearance of parochial bias in the New York Times, who responded to Leo Frank's conviction by what former executive editor Howell Raines might have called "flooding the zone." Even in the swirl of yellow journalism around Frank – Watson's venomous Jeffersonian; Hearst's sensationalism in the Georgian, stirring Atlanta's newspaper wars – Ochs' intense editorial interest in Frank, and what he represented, is treated as an outsider's outrageous impertinence, much as detractors dismissed Raines' recent campaign against discrimination at the Augusta National Golf Club. Frank's defenders may have played their hand poorly and their persistence may have had the opposite of the desired effect – Watson grew shriller by the week – but they weren't responsible for his murder.
The Leo Frank case lies at a nexus of nerves still sensitive today: racial tensions, anti-Semitism, class, regionalism, politics and the behavior of the press, which explains why it has attracted writers from David Mamet to Alfred Uhry. Oney is clearly a dogged researcher, and there are some fine stretches of writing here – his passages on Conley's lawyer, William Smith, who declared his belief in his one-time client's guilt during the appeals process and spent many years living in a sort of exile from Georgia, stand out. But it fails as interpretive history; the tone is off. It's hard to put a finger on the source of the dissonance; perhaps he finds Frank an unappealing victim, or recoils at the implications of exonerating him, which would leave Jim Conley as the prime suspect. Whatever the reason, "And the Dead Shall Rise" gets wrapped up instead in the whirlwind of events and strays from the grandeur it so clearly aches to attain.


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Ice hockey digital signage.
Ice hockey digital signage is now proving to be a winner for several installations in the USA and Canada; digital signage hardware is now being deployed in several ice rinks due to the cost effectiveness as well as their return on investment.
First let us look at the design of the ice rink so we can fully understand what the digital signage hardware has to cope with.
Ice Rink.
The word link translates in Scottish to "course", this is an area that was and still is to this day used for the Scottish traditional winter sport of curling
An indoor ice rink.
These indoor ice rinks are made in layers, a concrete base is laid, with a series of pipes that has a chilled fluid inside, the chilled fluid can either be brine or a water mixture including antifreeze and this is embedded in the concrete. When water is sprayed on top of the concrete it freezes due to the sub zero temperatures.
Due to the rink being made up of layers a few centimetres thick, it is required to resurface the rink with more ice occasionally, as the ice rink heats up and with the wear of skaters and ice hockey teams cutting into the ice.
A drivable machine called a Zamboni is used to resurface the ice and normally comes out and does its job in the breaks.
With most ice hockey rinks being a constant 50 degrees Fahrenheit or 10 degrees Celsius this can cause some issues with the electronics used. Imagine using a home TV in this extreme environment what would happen? Well over a short time period you would find that the TV would fail due to the heat in the screen causing condensation to form on internal parts and then corroding them. This is why any ice hockey digital signage has to be protected from the cold conditions.
Ice hockey digital signage.
Now here the investment in the digital signage hardware is essential, as you don't want the investors questioning their decision to deploy a digital signage solution that fails.
One sure way to protect the hardware is to install an LCD enclosure, these are a steel LCD enclosure that the hardware will fit into and can be mounted from ceiling mounts and from the walls, ideal for advertising beverages and fast food for the break.
The LCD enclosure is fitted with a special cooling and heating system that is thermostatically controlled and can be adjusted, so when the temperature falls to day 65 degrees Fahrenheit, the heater starts to work and warms the internal hardware in the enclosure, then when the heat rises past the preset temperature the heater switches off, this constant monitoring of the internal temperature is essential to main the integrity of the internal hardware.
Without any protective LCD enclosure the ice hockey digital signage will have to be able to cope in an environment that almost none of the standard electronics can work in.
Once the hardware is in a safe environment the rink can benefit from broadcasting news mixed with advertisements, these ads can include the rink shop, the next high profile match or even the meal deal at the quick serve restaurant.


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The Dangerous Music Master is a very transparent mastering console with 2 stereo inputs, 3 stereo outputs (one for monitoring).
The Deep Legacy of Dangerous Mastering Equipment
Before co-founding Dangerous Music, our lead electrical designer, Chris Muth, became an industry legend for his custom mastering consoles built for the most elite studios. Decades later, these consoles are still coveted for their incredible headroom, their robust, musical sound, and the crystal clear sonics demanded by top-tier pros. Costing tens-of-thousands of dollars, those legendary consoles have been used to master thousands of hit records. Dangerous Music offered Muth's designs to the public at affordable prices for the first time, and the MASTER quickly became a staple in mastering rooms everywhere. Through meticulous research, development and design we were able to offer the MASTER in just two rack spaces while sacrificing absolutely nothing in the sound or build quality. Since its introduction, the MASTER has continued the Muth legacy - as well as the endless stream of hits to pass through his circuits.
Tying It All Together
The role of a mastering console is to tie together all of your equipment into an elegant and rock solid system that delivers crystal clear accuracy and robust musicality. With sonics you can rely on all day, every day, for decades, the MASTER's signal routing offers up sophisticated control over gain staging, front-panel switching of three analog inserts, Mid/Side processing, input/output monitor level matching, and multiple outputs to reach all the destinations in your mastering suite.
Individual L-R Input Level Controls
- Use these controls to perfectly set the stereo image, delicately compensating for any embedded imbalances in the mix. These controls use stepped attenuators that offer 0.5 dB steps with .01dB of gain-tracking accuracy between channels for perfect stereo imaging at all volumes. The deep craftsmanship of working in analog is gain-staging, and the MASTER's separate input controls allow you to hit your outboard gear's sweet spot and compensate at the main stereo output stage feeding your recording A/D converter, tape machine, or other capture device for optimal sound from your rig.
Input Monitor Offset
- This critical feature allows you to match levels between your processed signal (output) and unprocessed signal (input) so that you can make comparative judgements without misleading volume changes. Once input and output levels are matched, simply use the In/Out switch to objectively compare your mastering work to the original. Additionally, you can more accurately use a peak-over-average meter array (such as the one found in the Dangerous Music CONVERT-2 mastering D/A converter) to visually confirm your master's loudness density. These are all important strategies used by top professionals to delicately manage the creation of a thoroughly professional production master.
Three Front-Panel Switchable Inserts -
These stereo inserts tie all of your EQs, compressors, limiters and de-essers together into an elegant, rock-solid mastering rig. The MASTER's front-panel switches give you functionality previously only available on very expensive, custom-built mastering consoles. And on Insert 2, you get Chris Muth's ground breaking Mid/Side processing.
On-Board Mid/Side Processing
- Residing on Insert 2, the Mid/Side processor inside the MASTER is an audiophile-grade sum-and-difference matrix. By "encoding" and then "decoding" the stereo signal, this matrix allows you to obtain separate control over the center and the sides of the stereo mix. A tool employed by deeply experienced mastering engineers to address specific issues in a mix without compromising other aspects of the stereo image, Mid/Side processing is the most powerful mastering tool available. For example, manage a harsh vocal or a strident snare in the middle of a mix while not affecting the instruments panned to the sides. Or perhaps one needs to tame some widely-panned cymbals while maintaining vocal air and articulation at the center of the mix. Further, on some occasions, mastering engineers might be processing the middle and the sides with completely different processors.
Width Control
- This allows you to use the MASTER's Mid/Side matrix to control the level of the "sides" of the mix, which changes the perceived stereo width. This is incredibly helpful when deploying any Mid/Side processing, but even when you're not engaging outboard gear, the width control allows you to "focus" the stereo image perfectly. Ever come across a song that's not sitting well among the others on the record How about mastering a compilation where the width varies greatly Whether you're tightening or widening the stereo field, the width control is often exactly the right tool for pulling all the songs together into a coherent record.
Three Outputs & Two Inputs
- A dedicated monitor output accompanies two stereo output paths that can be routed to A/D converters, tape machines, patch bays, or wherever the signal needs to go to get the job done. Many MASTER owners use the dual outputs to make direct A/B comparisons between different A/D units, listening for the vibe that best suits that particular record. The two inputs, selectable on the front panel, make it easy to have a D/A normaled to the first input and the second input wired to a patchbay or tape machine.
Hooking Up With the LIAISON
If the three insert points aren't enough to handle a more elaborate mastering rig, you can use the MASTER in conjunction with the powerful Dangerous Music LIAISON to patch in even more analog equipment at the touch of a button. For example, by inserting the LIAISON's two stereo busses onto two of the MASTER's insert loops, you've expanded from three to seven stereo inserts while simultaneously introducing analog-domain parallel processing, button-enabled signal rerouting, and instant patch recalls. You'll get the speed and ease of digital-style recall from your analog gear.
Investing in the Analog Sound & Workflow
While some engineers are willing to run their mastering processes digitally - or "in the box" as the familiar phrase goes - the top professionals all rely on analog mastering equipment to achieve truly successful final production masters. When you purchase top-shelf analog equipment like the MASTER, you're making an investment that will last your entire career. Because there's no operating system, plugins, DAW or computer to become incompatible and, thus, obsolete, your analog gear will never require expensive upgrades. As one of the centerpieces in your mastering studio, the MASTER pulls all of your analog investment pieces together into an elegant "mastering rig" with a workflow and sound quality previously only known to those able to pay tens-of-thousands of dollars for custom mastering consoles.
Hand built in the USA with the best components possible.
Legendary Chris Muth circuit design with pristine audio quality.
Stepped controls throughout.
Transparent and silent operation.
Seamless connection with the Dangerous Liaison.
Integrated Mid/Side processing.
2 stereo inputs, 3 stereo outputs (one for monitoring).
3 insert loops.
All connections are Balanced XLR, +4dBu nominal operating level
2 stereo inputs
3 stereo outputs (one for monitoring)
3 insert loops
2nd insert capable of MS matrix operation
Input and Output controls: + - 5dB in 0.5dB steps
Input Monitor Offset: -2 to +8dB in 0.5dB steps
Width control: -4 to +6dB in 0.5dB steps
Attenuator accuracy: 0.02dB (0.01dB typical)
THD+Noise in audio band: 0.003%
IMD 60Hz + 4kHz 4:1: 0.004%
Crosstalk rejection: Better than 95dB @ 1kHz
Headroom: > +27dBu, +23dBu in the matrix under worst case conditions
Frequency response: Better than 0.2dB down @ 1Hz and 100kHz
Noise floor: < -89dBu total energy in the audio band
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- Last Updated: 08 June 2021 08 June 2021
Notice about names
The Massachusetts ME/CFS & FM Association would like to clarify the use of the various acronyms for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Chronic Fatigue & Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) on this site. When we generate our own articles on the illness, we will refer to it as ME/CFS, the term now generally used in the United States. When we are reporting on someone else's report, we will use the term they use. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other federal agencies, including the CDC, are currently using ME/CFS.
Massachusetts ME/CFS & FM Association changed its name in July, 2018, to reflect this consensus.


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1. We need alone time. A little each day and more than a little on other days. It doesn't mean we've lost interest in you.
2. We don't mind if you don't call or text us every second. We like it. We won't be contacting you either. That said, if you're late, don't keep us guessing as to when you'll show up as we'll make other plans.
3. We can clean up our own messes. We're not waiting around for you to fix our problems.
4. We are perfectly fine doing chores, running errands, and exercising by ourselves. If you want to join us, we're glad to have you along, but don't talk to us while we're in the zone.
5. We sign up and attend charity events, races, and cultural exhibits on our own. We don't need a date to feel comfortable at these things. Set us loose in a room with a bunch of people and we'll have 10 best friends before the night is through.
6. If we have a sleep over, don't expect me to cuddle you all night and cook you a hot breakfast. I will actually want to sleep and we can go out to the diner for brunch.
7. If we go to a party where it's mostly your friends, I don't need you hovering. I'm perfectly capable of chatting it up with endless amounts of strangers. I'll even enjoy it. But don't completely forget about me either as you're probably my favorite person in the room.
8. We are comfortable paying our own way and will feel funny if you constantly insist on treating us. We don't mind splitting restaurant bills with you. In fact, it makes us feel like we don't owe you anything. We never expect you to pay for us or buy us gifts. If it's not on a birthday or an anniversary, it feels like a bribe.
9. We will never ask you to lend us money. If we do, we feel odd and uncomfortable until we pay you pack.
10. We are capable of going to the bathroom by ourselves. But sometimes we just prefer the company of a friend.
11. We work because we want our own career. We're not depending on you to be our sugar daddies. Don't expect us to take a day off on a moment's notice just because you bought tickets to a baseball game at 1 PM on a Tuesday. We have ambition and take pride in our work.
12. If you want to go watch football or to happy hour with friends, we're cool with that. Actually, we prefer it, on occasion, because it gives us the chance to catch up with our own friends or spend the night catching up on our independent interests.
13. We know how to save money and are actively interested in planning for our own retirement. We know what a 401K plan is.
14. The idea of getting married sounds great with the right person. But we're perfectly capable of taking care of ourselves if need be. We choose to be in relationship because we like you, not because we can't live without you.
15. Sometimes, instead of a romantic partner, we secretly want to marry a cook / cleaning person / personal trainer / masseuse / stylist versus anybody else. If you happen to be one or more of these things, we will love you even more.
16. We like to fix things ourselves and will usually bring a step stool over to get things off of high shelves, even if you're way taller.
17. We can be stubborn and adamant about handling things a certain way even if you've been through something before and want to give us advice. Forgive us. Let us try it our own way first, even if your intentions are good.
18. We get very frustrated with extremely needy, co-dependent people. This frustration may make us seem callous or icy, but it's more about wanting to see people help themselves.
19. At times, we may seem so self-reliant, content and in control that you may wonder whether you're needed in our lives. You are. We are confident and directed but cherish someone who appreciates, rather than fears, these qualities.
20. We still love a big hug, lots of affection, and to be told how much we're loved. Tell us we look pretty every now and then and don't let us shrug it off. Independence will never trump the desire to feel adored.


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Ellen Pendleton
Ellen Pendleton, member of the first violin section since 1991
What will the Baltimore Symphony leave behind in its next 100 years?
I hope to see the BSO as a catalyst in the rebirth of Baltimore as a destination city. I envision a legacy of symphonic music played at the highest level for all people, by musicians who passionately love and respect the art form.
Who or what inspires you?
People who do whatever they can for others. Those who take chances that force them out of their comfort zones.
If you had to do something other than be a Baltimore Symphony Musician, what would you do for a living?
I would love to try my hand at theater.
Where is your favorite get-away spot?
Ironically, two very different getaway places; the central coast of California (for hiking and wine-tasting,) and the island of St. Martin, B.V.I. (for doing nothing at all but reading under an umbrella on the beach.)
Where would people be surprised to find you?
Covered in dirt and sweat, digging, planting and weeding in my vegetable garden. I'd also love to skydive again.
What piece of music do you feel like was written for you?
Brahms 4th, The Pines of Rome, the Barber Violin Concerto, the slow mvt. to Mozart's Clarinet Concerto....too many pieces to mention!
What or who influenced you to be a professional musician?
Arthur Tabachnick, my violin teacher from the age of 14 through my studies at Juilliard. Observing the care with which he taught and performed, I realized that great musicians have a duty to communicate the beauty of our art form.
What do you like to do with your "me time"?
If I'm not spending time with my family, I love to read, go for a run or work in my garden.
How do you give back to our community?
I have volunteered at my all my daughter's schools, I'm also an active member of Second Presbyterian Church, where I have served on a committee to address at-risk youth in Baltimore city.


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Housed within the hotel are 40 tastefully crafted rooms.
Every each of the rooms from the Sky Palace Hotel (Bagan) comes with updated bathrooms, a classically decorated Bedroom. The warm and light colours of the interior décor create an atmosphere in which you will immediately feel comfortable. So whether you're simply looking for a relaxing break or somewhere to impress or glimpse the famous pagodas, temples and archaeological museum, you'll find Sky Palace Hotel (Bagan) more than accommodating.


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After realizing his career in elected politics was probably over with his loss in the 2014 Democratic gubernatorial primary to Martha Coakley, former state treasurer Steve Grossman turned to his friend, renowned Harvard Business School prof Michael Porter, for help figuring out his next move. The result: Grossman became CEO in 2015 of the Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, a nonprofit that Porter founded.
Under Grossman's watch, it has broadened its scope, from three cities to 11 this year, with four more planned for next year. The group provides classes and coaching for inner-city entrepreneurs, with a focus on how to put a pitch together and how to make connections with bankers and investors who provide crucial capital.
ICIC wasn't actually working with Boston businesses when Grossman arrived, but he quickly changed that. (The organization is based in Dudley Square.) Entrepreneurs from other cities in Eastern Massachusetts, such as Lowell and Lawrence, also get assistance through the Boston hub now.
In most cases, local companies and foundations underwrite the costs. MassMutual and Berkshire Bank, for example, are funding ICIC's foray into Springfield, and the Hartford Foundation for Public Giving will bring the program to Connecticut's capital city next year. In Boston, benefactors include Bank of America, Santander, John Hancock, Eastern Bank, the Boston Foundation, Metro Credit Union, and Kronos.
By 2020, Grossman hopes ICIC will be in at least 20 cities around the country.
"We're never going to give up on our home base, which is Massachusetts and the neighborhoods of Boston, and the [state's] 26 'gateway cities,' " Grossman says. "There's enormous potential here."
Council is a big draw
Jim Brett likes to think of the New England Council's annual dinner as his group's report card, in part because it's also the organization's main fund-raiser, covering more than a third of its $5 million annual budget.
So it looks like Brett and his eight-person staff may have earned an "A." He said nearly 1,700 people attended the annual meeting last week at the Seaport Hotel and World Trade Center.
"They really stepped up to the plate," Brett says.
The council honored another round of "New Englanders of the Year." Here's the Class of 2018: Vertex Pharmaceuticals CEO Jeff Leiden; retiring congresswoman Niki Tsongas; General Joseph F. Dunford, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (and a Quincy native); and retired Army Staff Sergeant Travis Mills, a quadruple amputee whose Maine foundation helps injured veterans.
Brett says the event draws people from all over New England and from all corners of the region's economy. "It's all of New England coming together," Brett says. "That's what makes it special."
Meanwhile, the council's board of directors welcomed some new faces: Mo Cowan, General Electric's president of global government affairs and policy; John Pantano, alliance director at Philips Healthcare; Kevin Rasch, vice president of government affairs at Harvard Pilgrim HealthCare; Peter Sherlock, chief operating officer at MITRE Corp.; and Alison Weiss, head of federal government relations at MassMutual.
The board added two board seats to accommodate Sherlock and Weiss. Cowan replaces GE's Alex Dimitrief; Pantano takes over for Laurel Sweeney, who left Philips earlier this year; and Rasch replaces former CEO Eric Schultz, who abruptly departed Harvard Pilgrim in June.
When the superstar who was the main draw at your upcoming fund-raiser cancels a month before the event, it helps to have concert promoter Don Law on speed-dial.
Bob Elias learned that the hard way. As director of government relations at antipoverty agency Action for Boston Community Development, Elias takes it upon himself to ensure that ABCD's annual gala comes off without a hitch.
But when Queen Latifah canceled her Oct. 26 appearance at the Boston Marriott Copley Place in late September, citing a family issue, Elias was worried. "Where do we go? There's a short turnaround time."
But in a matter of days, two of Law's business associates, were enlisted. Denise Kirk and Kelly Finnegan with Brattle Entertainment, which works with Law to book musicians, found a strong replacement: Leslie Odom Jr., who originated the role of Aaron Burr in the Broadway musical "Hamilton."
The feedback from guests, Elias says, has been positive, in part because the touring version of "Hamilton" will still be playing at the Boston Opera House around that time.
He says event chairwoman Amy Latimer, the TD Garden president, has been helpful, drawing upon her corporate contacts, and he expects more than 1,000 people to attend the ACBD dinner.
Boxer's money man
When Mark "The Bazooka" DeLuca enters the ring at the TD Garden on Saturday to avenge his single loss as a pro boxer, one of Boston's most prominent financial executives will be there to cheer him on.
State pension fund chief Michael Trotsky says he has developed a friendship with DeLuca over the years. When the 30-year-old DeLuca walks into the ring, he tries to look for Trotsky's 15-year-old son, Ben, to give him a wink. On Saturday, DeLuca will face off again with Walter Wright, who broke DeLuca's unbeaten record in June during a fight in New Hampshire.
The fight will be among several taking place in an event presented by Matchroom Boxing USA and Murphys Boxing, the local promotion firm led by Dropkick Murphys frontman Ken Casey. The fight program features three Murphys Boxing fighters, including DeLuca, a Whitman native.
Trotsky says he has taken a keen interest in DeLuca, in part because of his local ties, and in part because of his work ethic and sportsmanship.
"As a Marine, he's got a really serious, respectful demeanor," Trotsky says of DeLuca, a veteran who served in Afghanistan. "It's unusual, in such a brutal sport, to find such a gentleman."
Can't keep a secret? Tell us. E-mail Bold Types at email@example.com. Follow Jon Chesto on Twitter @jonchesto.


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The definition of 'substrate' is; 'a substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs'. Therefore the term substrate can include any material that makes up the base layer of the aquascape, and this can include gravels, sands etc. In recent times, specifically made products have come onto the marketplace from well-known manufacturers which are designed specifically to encourage plant growth. To keep this article concise we will mainly cover two of the most effective kinds of substrate available today; Complete substrate – this may simply be poured into the aquarium and is ready to plant and Compound substrate – this needs 'capping'.
Why are substrates used?
- As a natural decorative layer
- An anchor point for roots
- A means of storing and supplying vital minerals and nutrients, and
- A home for beneficial bacteria
These beneficial, colonising bacteria will also help in breaking down fish and plant waste and excess food, turning them into nitrates that the plants will feed on. Where a successful substrate system is used these actions will take place at an optimum rate, compaction will be minimised and a slow movement of nutrient rich water will be created throughout the aquarium bed. This will help prevent the build-up of pockets of hydrogen sulphide which may be harmful to fish and plants. We use substrates that are able to draw nutrients from the water column, effectively recharging the substrate layer. This gives them great longevity.
How to use a complete substrate
There are several complete substrates on the market today. Our current product of choice is ADA Aqua Soil, which can simply be poured into the tank and planted into. It also has an ammonia spike in the first two to three weeks of use, which acts as food for colonising filter bacteria. This will mature the filter prior to the addition of livestock and is an easy method of what has become known as 'fish-less' cycling of the filter. ADA Aqua Soil is now even better value in the UK with new lower prices. There are some products on the market which try to imitate the look of ADA Aqua Soil, but looks can be deceptive, you can find out how in ADA's comparison article here.
ADA Aquasoil may be used as a standalone product, or for even better results it can be combined with a base layer that acts as a biological filter. We use ADA Power Sand for this and have achieved outstanding results.
ADA Power Sand is a volcanic pumice available in various sizes; small, medium and large, depending on the tank size. It is porous and provides the perfect home for beneficial bacteria, effectively turning the whole substrate into a form of biological filtration. It will also stop compaction and encourage water movement within the substrate helping to keep it fresh. It may be used in conjunction with other makes of substrate.
How to use a compound substrate
Excellent results can also be achieved using a compound substrate, like Tropica. Usage is slightly different from a complete substrate in that a one-centimetre thick layer of the substrate is placed over the base of the aquarium, and may be made slightly deeper towards the back of the aquarium. This is then covered with a layer of fine two to five millimetres (grain size) lime free gravel which will effectively 'cap' the substrate and prevent it clouding the water column. This substrate should be covered with at least three centimetres of gravel to effectively separate it from the water to prevent clouding. A five to ten centimetre wide strip along the front of the tank may be left substrate free so that a slightly shallower level of gravel may be used here for aesthetic purposes.
Heating cables- don't bother!
Experiments have been carried out with under-gravel heating cables by us and others as it has been claimed that they benefit plant growth by causing the convection of water and nutrients from the substrate. We have found that the use of these cables has had no significant benefit and none of our in-store displays feature under-gravel heating. We do not advocate their use.
In aquascaping, substrate is normally added to an aquarium so that it will be thicker towards the back of the tank. This may be 40cm plus at the rear sloping down to only five-centimetres or so of decorative sand at the front. This adds visual interest and increases the surface area of the base of the aquarium, allowing more space for planting. (Bolbitis, Anubias and Microsorum do not necessarily need a substrate and may grow better when attached to wood or stone.
Others such as Nymphaea and Aponogeton will produce a very large root system and species such as Cryptocoryne and Echinodorus are deep rooted and will fare better with a deeper substrate base. Planting these in a very shallow substrate would be the equivalent of us wearing shoes that were too small; growth of some plants may suffer when substrate is too shallow.
Plants such as Hygrophila and Rotala have long stems but fairly shallow roots and will manage well in shallower areas.
Substrate Additives
As an addition to the substrate layer, there are several additives which are designed to help planted aquariums in various ways. This section will be updated in future, please come back in the future for more info.
Decorative gravels
Strictly speaking, gravel is a substrate, but we would not recommend using gravel alone in a planted tank. It is, however, very useful when used to cap a compound substrate or various sizes of graded gravels may be used as a final cosmetic layer to create a more natural effect.
In nature, materials are deposited on river beds according to their size and weight and the energy of the flowing water. The result is a natural spreading (or grading) of materials by their size. In an aquarium a very natural looking effect may be achieved by using several gravels of various sizes with the final use of coarse sand if required.
Larger gravels (two-centimetres +) should be placed near the main rock structures, decreasing in size down to coarse sand at the edges of the aquascape. Careful use of this technique will create the most natural looking artworks and is effective in creating a true Nature Aquarium style.
A good quality substrate should need very little maintenance; gentle vacuuming once weekly will remove surplus detritus from the planted areas and gentle raking of the sand will ensure that this stays looking fresh and clean.
There are some who say that simply dosing the water column is adequate fertilasation. Our own experience is different to this and is indicated by the results achieved. There can be no doubting the positive effects on plant growth when a good quality base layer is used ensuring that the bottom of the tank is evenly covered. The effects of root growth into the substrate may be seen here.
Like this article? Read more like this…
- ADA's Substrate Article – Characteristics of Substrate Materials Unperceivable Just by Their Appearance
- Building up height in Substrate
- How to Rejuvenate Old Substrate without Re-Planting
- Nature Aquarium Cabinet Guide – Find your perfect aquarium stand!
- Summer Time is Wabi-Kusa Time….get your Wabi on!
- Aquascaping: A Whole New Dimension
- How to Make Your Planted Tank Sparkle for a special occasion!
- The Power of ADA: A History of Takashi Amano and ADA
- The Power of ADA: The Philosophy of ADA
- The Story of ADA Super Jet Filters: A Note from Takashi Amano
- + Many more! – Explore our website!


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Please be sure that you have reviewed and understand your other loan options before borrowing in the more costly private loan program. Before you consider a private loan, we recommend you determine your eligibility for federal student loans which generally have better terms.
Borrowing for the 2021-2022 academic year will begin in June 2021. Please do not apply for 2021-2022 loans prior to June 2021.
Alternative Education Loans, also known as Private Education Loans, help bridge the gap between the actual cost of your education and the limited amount the government allows you to borrow in its loan programs. Private loans are offered by private lenders and are not part of any federal financial aid program. Hanover College encourages students and their parents to utilize their federal loan eligibility before considering additional funding through private/alternative programs.
To be eligible, you must:
- Be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident
- Be at least 18 years of age
- Must have a positive credit history and/or a creditworthy co-signer
Lenders may also stipulate other eligibility requirements.
- Annual Loan LimitsMinimum: Varies depending on the lender
Maximum: Cost of education less any financial assistance received
- Interest RateInterest rates are dependent on the credit worthiness of the borrower and co-signer.
- Payment TermsYou can defer your loan payments until six months after graduation or six months after you cease to be enrolled at least half time. The repayment period can typically range from 15 – 25 years depending on the amount owed.
- FeesFees are dependent on the credit worthiness of the borrower and co-signer.
- Disbursement of the LoanFor academic year loans, the first disbursement will be paid at the beginning of fall semester and the second disbursement at the beginning of winter semester. For semester loans, the disbursement will be paid at the beginning of the semester.
In most cases the funds will be disbursed to the school electronically (EFT). Proceeds will be applied to any outstanding educational charges including tuition, fees, room and board. If the loan proceeds create a credit balance the borrower will need to contact the Business Office to receive a refund, to receive a book voucher or to instruct them to return loan funds to the lender.
Some disbursements may be made by co-payable check to the student and Hanover College. The student will be contacted by the Business Office to endorse the check before the student account can be credited.
Listed below are two application tools that will provide access to multiple lenders. Both INvestEd Marketplace and ELMSelect allow you to compare lenders and rates for possible private loans. Hanover College does not recommend or endorse any private student loan programs. Students can apply with any lender they choose even if not listed in either tool.


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Providing you with security solutions.
Saturday: 9:00 AM – 3:00 PM
Sunday: CLOSED
Big D Lock and Key
24716 John R
Hazel Park, MI 48030
Get in touch
(248) 545-6173
(248) 545-1091
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Big D Lock & Key is a trusted local locksmith proudly serving the Oakland and Macomb Counties for over 39 years. Providing reliable lock and key services to residential, commercial, automotive and institutional customers throughout Hazel Park, MI and the surrounding areas. Our friendly and courteous staff provide exceptional workmanship and total customer satisfaction.
We carry a large assortment of keys, lock and handle sets, deadbolts, door and window security, safes, antique locks, padlocks and more. Need security advice for your home or business?
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