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Powerful doctors encourage women to pursue their dreams
To mark International Women's Day 2018 (IWD), The Pulse ventured into Westmead Hospital's neurosurgery and emergency departments, where there are more women than ever joining their fields.
IWD celebrates women's achievements throughout history and across nations annually on 8 March.
The day encourages everyone to motivate and unite friends, colleagues and communities to think, act and be gender inclusive.
Neurosurgeon Dr Gemma Olsson said to overcome challenges of working as a woman in surgery, women need to champion change.
"There used to be far fewer women in our speciality and now we make up ten percent of neurosurgeons across Australasia and rising," Dr Olsson said.
Dr Jacqueline McMaster said balance is needed to manage career and family.
"The biggest challenges are that we are expected to do everything anyone else can do while juggling everything else in life. We have to create the right balance, because when you get home to your family, your second job begins," Dr McMaster said.
Dr Olsson's message to women is that anything is possible.
"If you're a woman interested in the brain and surgery, then just do it, because we have the best job in the world," Dr Olsson said.
Dr McMaster echoed Dr Olsson's sentiments.
"Don't let anyone ever tell you that you can't do something," Dr McMaster said.
At Westmead Hospital, we also have a strong group of 13 female consultants in the emergency department.
Amongst this group there are mums who have brought a total of 17 children into the world, two marathon runners, two tap dancers, two grandmothers, a ski patrol officer, a state level hockey player, a classical Indian dancer, a seamstress and travellers as well as their medical achievements.
Westmead Hospital network director of emergency medicine training and area disaster medical controller Dr Kavita Varshney said the staff are of varying ages, backgrounds and all with a variety of achievements both within and outside of medicine.
"I am very proud of what the women do in the emergency department and of course there are all the trainees we have trained, mentored and inspired along the way," Dr Varshney said.
Western Sydney Local Health District's chief executive Danny O'Connor is hugely supportive of accelerating gender parity, making a stance at a Western Sydney Local Health District business forum yesterday.
"I encourage leaders in the room to consider the even distribution of power in your leadership teams," Danny said.
On Danny's executive team women dominate the pack, with eight women and two men leading the local health district.
To all the women, thank you for all you do.
You can read more about today's celebrations on the International Women's Day website.


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Family background
Carl Magnus Torsten (also Thorston or Thornton) Synnerdahl was born in Tasmania in September 1893. He was divorced from his wife Edith, who he had married in 1919, on grounds of desertion in 1937.
Occupation & interests
Carl Synnerdahl's profession when he signed up for World War 1 was 'fisherman'. In October 1933 he was identified as a jeweller on George Street West when he was admitted to hospital after drinking nitric acid, thinking it was rum. In 1940 he was acquitted of a charge of house breaking and another of receiving stolen jewellery.
Community activity
Synnerdahl was elected to Newtown Council as part of the Lang faction. The long term welfare and lack of employment for other returned soldiers was one of his concerns.
Local government service
Carl Synnerdahl was an alderman on Newtown Council in 1929-31, representing Camden Ward.
'Newtown Memorial', The Sydney Morning Herald, 26 April 1929, p. 7 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16565922
'Quarter Sessions', The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 April 1940, p. 3 http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17657043

subset: commoncrawl


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Australians across the nation have breathed a sigh of relief today, following the release of heartwarming footage showing Prime Minister Scott Morrison brave a bushfire in order to rescue a chunk of coal that was mere seconds away from being enveloped in flames.
"You know, it was dangerous but in a moment like that you don't really think about your own safety," said a soot covered Scott as he wiped the coal down with a towel. "When I saw the little fella just sitting out there in the bush like that I couldn't just stand by and watch him needlessly burn."
Asked what he plans to do with the coal, Scott said that while he had grown attached to the lump of carbonised fossil, he knew the right thing to do was to hand it over to the experts for treatment. "The good folks over at BHP will take it from here," explained Scott. "They'll make sure that poor old chunk of coal is nursed back to health, before setting it free back into the atmosphere where it belongs."


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Dominica Shore Excursions From Cruise Port 2023-2024
The island is calling with a fabulous choice of Dominica shore excursions from wild to tame! MasterChef fans can up their cooking skills on a Caribbean cooking experience. Sports lovers will enjoy testing their muscles on a kayak adventure down a river filled with rapids. For something quieter, relax on a river tube as it floats gently down the stream. If you want to go inland, join a Jeep trip on the offroads where you will visit sulphur springs, a crater lake and a rainforest. Read on for fun things to do in Dominica off a cruise ship. Take the whole family and get going!
Caribbean Cooking Experience
What better way to take a piece of the Caribbean home with you than to learn the art of cooking the traditional cuisine? With this Dominica shore excursion, you will be cooking up a storm in no time. As you sail into dock at the port in Roseau, your transportation will be ready to take you to your cooking class. This Caribbean Cooking Experience takes roughly 3.5 hours, plenty of time to have you back on board your cruise ship before departure. Be greeted by your friendly hostess who will give you an insight into the fragrant herbs and crisp organic produce you will be using during your open air kitchen, cooking experience. Grab your utensils and learn how to whip up delicious dishes such as Creole fish with rice and peas in coconut milk all while learning about the Dominican culture. To end the day the only thing left to do is dig in with fellow chefs and a glass of rum punch.
River to Ocean Kayaking Adventure
Get the blood flowing and the adrenaline pumping with a wet and wild kayak adventure. Our next recommended Dominica shore excursion is a River to Ocean Kayaking Adventure that departs straight from your cruise ship and takes roughly 3 hours. Set off along the Layou River as the gentle water laps against the side of your state-of-the-art kayak. As you paddle down the river brace yourself from some small rapids and a whole lot of fun. When you near the fishing village of Layou the stunning entrance to the Caribbean sea approaches. Fishing boats pass with fisherman showing off their best catch of the day with magnificent views as their backdrop. Where the sea meets the river plunge into the ocean for a revitalising swim. Then after a short paddle back from your starting point a delicious glass of rum punch awaits you complemented by some fantastic locally prepared cuisine. A wonderful day, well spent.
Wacky Rollers Adventure Park
How about a little adventure in the forest, swinging high above the trees? Join the Wacky Roller Shore Excursion where you will depart your cruise ship and climb into a vehicle that will take you to a thrilling adventure just around the corner.
This 3 hour Dominica shore excursion will have your heart racing in no time! First, head to the rainforest where your adventure begins. Swing on ropes from tree to tree like a monkey landing on the suspended platforms. Test your skills on the Indiana Bridge, Monkey Bridge and Duck Walk. If you are feeling particularly brave, take, what some call, a leap of faith with the Tarzan jump. Once you have crossed that off your bucket list, enjoy a scenic zipline across the Layou River high above the glistening water before returning back with plenty of time to recover those shaky sea legs. Not suitable for children under 3 years.
Half Day Jeep Safari
Go on safari! Why not take the Dominica Shore Excursion: Half Day Jeep Safari and be captivated by some of the most incredible sights, sounds and smells of the Caribbean?
As you arrive at the port in Dominica climb into an open top Jeep with an expert guide to keep you entertained with fantastic facts and interesting stories about your surroundings for the next 3 hours. Set off through Roseau, the capital city, past Morne Bruce and the botanical gardens. Then head into the mountains where you will feel the warm Caribbean air on your face towards the Wotten Waven Sulphur Springs. Journey on through the magnificent rainforest to Ti Tou Gorge located in Laudat village. This mountain crater lake is one of few in the Caribbean where warm streams meet cool streams in an inviting rock pool. Plunge into the crystal clear water for a refreshing swim, it will certainly be a once in a lifetime experience. End your day supping a rum punch and chatting to others on the tour.
River Tubing Safari
Gently float down the river while working on your golden sun-kissed tan on our next fabulous Dominica shore excursion. Spend 3 hours gently twisting and turning along one of the many beautiful rivers in Dominica before plunging into the water for a refreshing swim.
With the River Tubing Safari, you will be collected from your ship port and taken a short way to the launch site at the mouth of the river. Grab your paddle and tube and get wet. Once on top of your tube, set off, floating along the river guided by the gentle current and admiring the stunning scenery all around you. Stop off for some river bathing and splash about in the refreshing water before climbing back onto your tube. Your finishing point is at Hillsborough Reception Center where you will be greeted with fresh fruit and an exotic rum punch to quench your thirst. Finally, head back to the ships port in Dominica after enjoying 3 hours out in the Caribbean sunshine. This is a great experience for the whole family to enjoy.


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My Dog Stella
By Alana C - 10 years old
I always wanted to have a pet but my parents never allowed me to have one.
They said it was a lot of work!
Until one day I was walking home and saw a dog looking very scared.
Mum and Dad were sad.
We found out that the dog had been abandoned! Who could have done that!
Mum said we could keep the dog.
I was so happy! My own pet!
We named her Stella.
The End
Daniel's and Ollie's Secret Treehouse
By Daniel Spies - 7 years old
One day Daniel went to Ollie's house to tell him about his secret treehouse.
"Cool", says Ollie.
"Let's go", says Daniel.
Just saying, Ollie has brown eyes, short hair and he's funny.
Ollie and Daniel go to Daniel's secret treehouse. They climb up the ladder of the secret treehouse. There are two sleeping bags inside.
"We're having a sleepover!" shouted Daniel.
"Yeah", said Ollie.
They're having a sleepover and it was time to go. But during the night, they sneak into the secret treehouse.
The End


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Rick and Morty: The Wedding Squanchers Season 2, Ep 10
When Rick gets invited to Bird Person's wedding, he initially turns it down, but the family convinces him to go, and they join him for all the hijinks! [Season finale]
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Meet the Pequod, our most elegant and complex build to date. This is a larger tiny house that we built for a family of four currently residing in Indiana. At 26′ long, this house weighs 11,500# dry and maxes out at 8′-6″ wide and 13′-6″ tall. It uses a drop axle trailer chassis that makes towing a little trickier, but adds 4″ of headroom in the lofts. The wavy shape of the roof is a function of maximizing heights in the lofts, lowering ceiling heights elsewhere, and aiming for a "whimsical" design aesthetic." – Rocky Mountain Tiny Houses
Learn more about The Pequod Tiny House


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Smiling widely, the Queen stepped down from her plane to begin a trip 100 years in the making. Suitably dressed in green, she became the first reigning monarch to set foot in the Irish Republic.
Click on photo for gallery
Every footstep signalled a building of bridges – the beginning of a new era in British-Irish relations. As Her Majesty greeted officials, she was joined by her husband the Duke of Edinburgh.The royal couple were conveyed to the impressive official residence of President Mary McAleese in Phoenix Park, Dublin, where they were to be officially welcomed to the Republic.In 1911 George V, the Queen's grandfather, visited Ireland when it was still part of the UK. Then Ireland gained independence and relations between the two countries became strained. The monarch's exact itinerary is not known, but the visit will last four days and cover four Irish counties - Dublin, Kildare, Tipperary and Cork. She will visit the Garden of Remembrance in the capital which commemorates the people who died fighting for Irish independence.
There'll be no apology for the bloodshed as some had hoped, but the Queen will lay a wreath in their memory. Also on the agenda is Croke Park - the scene of Bloody Sunday - one of the darkest episodes in British-Irish history. This was when British soldiers killed 14 spectators at a Gaelic football match in 1920 after the Irish Republican army had killed 14 British intelligence agents. She will also be shown locations of significance to the royal family, including a tree planted by Queen Victoria 150 years ago. There have been protests, but most people welcome the trip. Among those happy about it are X Factor contestant Mary Byrne, who will sing for the royal visitors during a special concert. "I never dreamed I would see the Queen come to Ireland," she said. "We have moved on so far for this to be able to happen and I know the majority of people feel the same way. Security is high on the trip. Around 8,000 gardai or national police officers, and 2,000 soldiers are involved. There will be no spontaneous walkabouts or handshakes – crowds will be kept behind metal barriers at least 40ft from the Queen. And the VIP royals will be driven to every event in bullet proof cars. The alarm was raised on Tuesday morning when an improvised explosive device, thought to be a pipe bomb, was found on a crowded coach heading from the west of Ireland just 40 miles from Dublin.


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Dedicated to information and celebration of the English Mastiff and all breeds of dogs. Find resources on dry and raw food diets, dog treat recipes, buying a puppy, raising a puppy, locating a reputable English Mastiff breeder and so much more!
Tuesday, January 12, 2016
What We've Been Up To, A Griffin Family Update
1 comment:
hi. I just found you site when I google "how many times to feed my cane corso puppy. He is currently almost 2 months old Birth day was 3/24/16. Following directions from the dog food bag, and you instructions... I was under feeding him. He is a little over 20 lbs. and I was feeding him max 4 1/4 3x a day. I will increase to your suggested 4-6 cups a day 3 times a day mostly because he still looks pretty skinny and he always seems famished when I feed him (poor thing). Still having a hard time potty training... lots of accidents in the house even though I have wee wee pads down everywhere! But I"m hoping he will grow out of it and learn like the rest of my dogs did. Thanks for the website, it's very informative. Glad I found it.ReplyDelete


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Front view, George Poland House, Durham County, North Carolina
George W. Poland House (Bahama, N.C.)
Please note that some historical materials may contain harmful content and/or descriptions. Learn how we're addressing it.
Item information
- Title:
- Front view, George Poland House, Durham County, North Carolina
- Description:
- Historical Note: The George Poland House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
- Topics:
- Subjects:
- Original Format:
Color slide
- Extent:
- 2 x 2 in.
- Item identifier:
- bh1145pnc002
- Genre:
Architectural photographs
- Location:
Bahama (Durham County, N.C.)
- Digital Project:
Built Heritage
Source information
- Repository:
- Preservation North Carolina
- Collection:
- Preservation North Carolina Historic Architecture Slide Collection, 1965-2005 (PNC slides) held by Preservation North Carolina
- Note field:
- Not all materials from the physical collection may have been scanned. Images may have been enhanced for web access.
- Rights:
- Reproduction and use of this material requires permission from Preservation North Carolina. For general information see the Preservation North Carolina website (http://www.presnc.org).
- RightsStatements.org:
In Copyright
For more information:
- Funding:
- Digitization of this image was partially supported with federal Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) funds made possible through a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and administered by the State Library of North Carolina, a division of the Department of Cultural Resources.
Building: Poland, George W. House (Bahama, Durham County, North Carolina)
- Architect:
- Matsumoto, George more info on Matsumoto, George, 1922-
- Architect:
- Koontz, Wayne more info on Koontz, Wayne
- Street:
- 551 John Jones Rd
- Community:
- Bahama
- State:
- Zip:
- 27503
- Historical note:
- The George Poland House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
- Historical note:
- In 2001, the house was threatened by a road-widening project. Preservation North Carolina sold the house to its current owner, who moved the house from its original Raleigh location to its current Bahama location, in rural Durham County.
- Location:
Bahama (Durham County, N.C.)
- Subjects:
Historic buildings
National Register of Historic Places
- Latitude, Longitude:
- 36.145452, -78.894898
- External Resources:
Presevation Durham: Prne Preservation Award Winners, 2003
Triangle Modernist Houses: Matsumoto


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An early public test of Democrats' newfound power to investigate President Trump and his administration may take place Friday — if acting Attorney General Matthew Whitaker testifies before the House Judiciary Committee about his role supervising special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election.
Whitaker had initially agreed to testify voluntarily but now says he won't appear unless the Democrats agree not to use their subpoena power to compel him to answer questions. But Democrats have no shortage of topics to grill Whitaker about. His qualifications and impartiality regarding the Mueller probe — which he has publicly criticized in the past — were immediately questioned when Trump announced that Whitaker would temporarily take over for ousted Attorney General Jeff Sessions in November. And in late January, Rep. Jerrold Nadler, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, sent Whitaker a list of questions that he plans to ask during the hearing, including whether Whitaker passed on information about Mueller's investigation to Trump or Trump's private legal team.
In his State of the Union address on Tuesday, Trump called for an end to "ridiculous partisan investigations," in what seemed like a clear warning to Democrats. As I wrote last month, there's evidence that congressional investigations have eroded past presidents' approval ratings. But there are also plenty of ways that congressional Democrats could falter, by either failing to unearth the truth at the heart of whatever it is they're looking into or to grab the public's attention and land political punches.
Investigators need to avoid getting lost in the details
Congressional investigations are inherently theatrical. But political science experts told me that Democrats shouldn't expect to win over the public by simply producing new facts — instead, they need to contextualize whatever information they find within a simple, compelling story.
"If the narrative were corruption, let's say, they could try to draw in a lot of different Cabinet officials, make it bigger than the president, but still keep it cohesive," said Josh Chafetz, who is a law professor at Cornell University and studies the relationship between Congress and the president. "The danger is that if you make it sound like it's 40 disconnected issues, people lose track and tune out."
This means that if Democrats begin questioning Whitaker on Friday, they may have more success if they can use their questions to hammer broad, overarching themes, rather than to focus on details. For instance, Democrats may be tempted to pepper Whitaker with queries about his past business dealings, but they might be better off sticking to questions that will keep the public's attention on potential attempts by Trump to interfere with the Mueller investigation — a line of inquiry that Mueller himself seems to be following.
The White House has tools to resist
The Democrats will also have to pick their battles carefully, since the White House has a variety of ways to slow down or thwart their investigations. One is for Trump to claim executive privilege — a power that the president can invoke to withhold information — to prevent a witness, like Whitaker, from answering certain questions. Another is to refuse to turn over documents or defy subpoenas. Whitaker didn't meet the deadline set by Nadler to inform the committee about whether the president would invoke executive privilege ahead of Friday's scheduled hearing, so the committee authorized a subpoena to compel Whitaker to respond to questions if he refuses to discuss his oversight of the Mueller investigation. Whitaker's threat to refuse to testify could prompt the Democrats to use that subpoena power earlier than expected — potentially setting up a showdown with the White House.
When an administration fights back, Congress does have some mechanisms for responding, but they're imperfect, according to Lance Cole, who is a law professor at Penn State Dickinson Law and was a deputy special counsel for the Democrats on the Senate special committee tasked with investigating the Whitewater scandal, which involved a land deal made by Bill and Hillary Clinton in the 1970s. For example, he said, Congress can authorize contempt charges against someone who has refused to respond to a subpoena, but the Justice Department ultimately decides whether to prosecute that person. Another option is for Congress to file a civil lawsuit, but that process is extremely slow.1
The result, Cole said, is that House Democrats need to weigh the costs of a protracted fight with the White House when they decide which information to go after. In Whitaker's case, if he refuses to answer certain questions or Trump claims executive privilege, Democrats will have to determine whether it's worth wrangling with Trump over what he's legally obligated to reveal.
The public may be less persuadable
Another potential roadblock for House Democrats as they try to hurt Trump politically is the fact that he's already pretty unpopular. Even though congressional investigations have damaged presidents' public standing in the past, Trump's low job approval ratings could mean that there just aren't many people left to convince to abandon him. And House Democrats may struggle to simultaneously appeal to those voters and rank-and-file Democrats, who are eager to take down the president. This creates a bit of a double-edged sword for House Democrats: Hearings that seem to be motivated by partisanship, rather than specific facts that point to potential wrongdoing, could undermine their credibility, but if congressional Democrats move too slowly, or appear to be hesitant, they could end up being criticized by their own base.
The timing of subsequent hearings could also be crucial. Political scientist Eric Schickler of the University of California, Berkeley, told me that stretching out hearings so that different committees don't step on one another's toes may help boost and sustain media coverage, which can be important for helping an investigation gain traction.
The Whitaker hearing, if it happens, as well as how quickly more hearings featuring Trump administration officials take place, could give us some clues about the kind of balance Democrats are trying to strike. But this is the beginning of a long process, so Democrats' ability to recognize and learn from any mistakes they make in these early stages may be just as important.
From ABC News:


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Back in 1888 -- 03/30/13
Among the reasons that I've not spent much time here lately is that I've been spending a lot of time back in 1888.
You see, I am on the board of directors of the Narragansett Historical Society and I do their webpage. Until March of 1888, there was no Town of Narragansett -- that land was all part of the Town of South Kingstown. The residents of the Narragansett area began to feel that their interests were not the same as those of the rest of South Kingstown. Most of the South Kingstown depended on an agricultural economy plus some mills (mostly in the villages of Wakefield and Peace Dale. The Narragansett area, however, was becoming more and more of an upscale summer tourist area. It was gaining a number of "summer cottages" similar to Newport (although mostly not quite as ostentatious) plus an ever expanding number of upscale resort hotels. For more than a decade, passengers from New York (or Baltimore or Philadelphia, etc.) could travel by train to Kingston Station and there switch to the
Narragansett Pier Railroad
to complete their journey -- or, they could come by steamboat from New York and disembark at Narragansett Pier. The
Narragansett Casino
was designed by the noted firm of McKim, Mead, and White, the architectural firm that was also responsible for the
Newport Casino
as well as a number of sumptuous homes in both Narragansett and Newport. It was not a gambling casino (although doubtless the gentlemen might have wagered among themselves during a friendly game of cards) but rather provided a ballroom and a restaurant and some upscale shops as well as a number of tennis courts.
And so, in March of 1888, the Town of South Kingstown was separated into two Districts -- the larger of which would retain the South Kingstown name while the other would become the Town of Narragansett.
So I have been putting in some time at my favorite branch of the South Kingstown Library -- the Peace Dale Library -- looking through microfilm copies of the
Narragansett Times
for this time of year in 1888 so that I can post some news items from 125 years ago onto the historical society website. I have been putting each item on our index page and then moving them to an archives section. In addition to the latest news from a century and a quarter ago, I've also included some posts about our current day activities. One of my goals is to get people to turn to the historical society site on a regular basis.
So -- just in case you might be interested -- here's what I've been posting there:
The story of the gold cane
-- entrusted to the eldest living town citizen since 1909 and then missing for 24 years until suddenly found and returned to the town.
The Great Blizzard of 1888
-- it buried New York and most of New England
Town Division Meeting
-- even as the division date approached, various villages were still debating who should stay and who should go
A 125th Anniversary Party
for the Town of Narragansett, held at The Towers (all that remains of the Narragansett Casino).
An Inauguration Party
in 1888 to celebrate Narragansett's new status (and a preacher gets a wild and radical idea: why not invite the women of the town to attend the next meeting).
And I am still working out (in fact, I need to go do that now) and keeping busy with other stuff as well -- spent a couple of hours this morning sorting donated books at the Peace Dale Library in preparation for the Friends of the Library book sale coming up in two weeks. And soon it will be time for outdoor spring chores -- in fact already did some of that yesterday, pruning tree branches that had been broken by that February blizzard.
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Basil Oil
Basil is known with different names throughout the world. Its other name is sweet basil and it is mainly a culinary herb. There are various oils that are used as aroma oils. Basil oil is one such oil that is extracted from the herb Ocimum basilicum. This is the member of Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family. It is cultivated across the world for its medicinal, cosmetic, healing and soothing properties.
It is one of the ancient medicines that can be used for the treatment of menstrual problems, cooling down fever, erasing sinus congestion etc. Furthermore, it can also be used for the steadies of nerves, for the awakening of mind and soul as well as for clarification of thoughts. Depending on species, its flower ranges from pink to white and aside from colors it also varies in taste, properties and effects accordingly. It attracts swarms of bees in summer time. The term Basilicum comes from the Greek work Basilicos, which entirely means royal, or a king.
Basil oil is one of the most favored remedy that is valued much for its protective qualities. It is favored entirely all across the world. But, especially in India, it is highly regarded for its aesthetic and medicinal values. It is one of the most prominent components of Chinese and Ayurvedic medicines. It is specifically native to India and Asia as a whole and having been cultivated there for over 5,000 years.
|Botanical Name
|Ocimum basilicum.
|It is native to Tropical Asia and the Pacific Island but has now reached Europe and USA.
|Method of Extraction & Part of Plant Used
|Leaves and flowering tops of the basil herb are used for the extraction of oil by the method of steam distillation.
Basil oil has watery viscosity and its color is pale greenish-yellow.
Its aroma is clear, light and peppery.
|Basil oil comprises of camphene, eugenol, b-pinene, limonene, citronellol, methyl chavicol, cis-ocimene, camphor, linalool, y-terpineol, geraniol, myrcene, methyl cinnamate and a-pinene.
|Therapeutic Properties
|This oil has many therapeutic properties such as analgesic, diaphoretic, digestive, expectorant, insecticide, nervine, carminative, antidepressant, antispasmodic, febrifuge, anti-venomous, cephalic and emmenagogue.
|Blends Well With
This oil should be completely avoided by pregnant ladies. Apart from this, it also causes skin irritation in some extreme cases.
Today as there are lot many essential oils that are providing the very same effect for same disease
Customer Questions & Answer
- Castor USP Carrier OilRs 192.00 Rs 243.00
- Green Tea Absolute OilRs 395.00 Rs 499.00
- Kamal Attar (lotus perfume)Rs 356.00 Rs 450.00
- Caraway Essential OilRs 262.00 Rs 331.00
- Grape Seed OilRs 197.00 Rs 249.00
- Grapefruit Essential OilRs 249.00 Rs 314.00
- Hazelnut OilRs 236.00 Rs 298.00
- 2 in 1 Cool Mist Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser and air Humidifier (1513) - 300 MLRs 2,099.00 Rs 2,309.00


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Marin County Jail is located at 13 Peter Behr Dr. San Rafael, California. JPay service is also available in this correctional facility and it will help you keep in touch with your inmate. This prison allows two types of JPay service and there is one JPay Lobby Kiosk here that can be used by the inmates to read emails from their families. The JPay services available in this correctional facility are as follows.
Send Money
Send Money is one of the most important JPay services and it is available in every DOC in the USA. With this service, you can easily send money to your inmate with the method you find convenient. There are 4 methods that you can use to send money to an inmate. Usually, the money will be received by your inmate the day after.
You can transfer the money with debit or credit card via JPay Online, JPay Mobile and toll-free phone. Moreover, you can also easily wire your money via JPay Money Orders feature. The more money you send, the bigger the rate will be. If you want to send money to your loved ones in Marin County Jail, please note that the maximum amount allowed is 300.00
Your inmate will not only need your money. They will also want to know how your life is going outside. Even some short and simple news can make them so happy. So, make sure you always remember to write to them. Thanks to JPay, you can easily send an email to them and they will receive your email within 48 hours. You will need to purchase JPay stamp to be able to send the email. Unfortunately, Outbound Email service is not available in this prison so they cannot email you back. But if you write your snail mail address on the email, your inmate can write back to you via traditional postage.


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- Goals
- User guide
- Classlib developers guide
- Developer guide
- Introduction
- Getting the sources
- Configuration process
- Build process
- Source files & packages
- Plugin framework
- Command Line Interface
- Debugging
- Operating System
- Shell
- Test frameworks
- Virtual Machine
- Reports
- Tester guide
- Porting guide
- Blogs
- Project development
- Glossary
- Proposals
- Papers & presentations
- References
- Research
Synchronization involves the implementation of synchronized methods and blocks and the wait, notify, notifyAll method of java.lang.Object.
Both items are implemented using the classes Monitor and MonitorManager.
Lightweight locks
JNode implement a lightweight locking mechanism for synchronized methods and blocks. For this purpose a lockword is added to the header of each object. Depending on the state of the object on which a thread wants to synchronize a different route it taken.
This is in principle how the various states are handled.
- The object is not locked: the lockword it set to a merge of the id of this thread and a lockcount of '1'.
- The object is locked by this thread: the lockcount part of the lockword is incremented.
- The object is locked by another thread: an inflated lock is installed for the object and this thread is added to the waiting list of the inflated lock.
All manipulation of the lockword is performed using atomic instructions prefixed with multiprocessor LOCK flags.
When the lockcount part of the lockword is full, an inflated lock is also installed.
Once an object has an inflated lock installed, this inflated lock will always be used.
Wait, notify
Wait and notify(all) requires that the current thread is owner of the object on which wait/notify are invoked. The wait/notify implementation will install an inflated lock on the object if the object does not already have an inflated lock installed.
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Accessibility (ADA) Notice
Accessibility Notice Under ADA
Area North Realty endeavors to make its pages on our website accessible to individuals with disabilities in accordance with Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act.
If you have difficulty viewing any page because of a disability, please let us know by contacting us here or (715) 634-3522 , 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM CT Monday through Friday, and let us know the nature of your problem.
Area North Realty
15453 W County Rd B
Hayward, WI 54843


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Monday, February 6, 2012
Free Owl Printables
11 comments:
Crystal, those are all very cute!ReplyDelete
I love them and that software!ReplyDelete
so cute! Thank you--i just pinned themReplyDelete
Hello :)ReplyDelete
I am trying to save these and am having trouble. I am on a Mac and when I go to save them it only saves the web page. Any suggestions for me? I so love them and can't wait to hang them in my daughter's room :)
Thanks so much,
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Jessica, If you send my your email address I can attatch them in an email for you.ReplyDelete
Love these owl printable s! Are these from a software and if so which one? I would like to use the owl that is in the Audrey Hepburn quote to make other items such as water bottle labels, food tents, party favor tags, etc.ReplyDelete
Thank you!
I was wondering if you have any other owl party printable items that use the owl from the Audrey Hepburn quote? Such as water bottle labels, food tents, party favor tags, etc?ReplyDelete
these are too cute ! thank you so much ! i shared the link here : http://fr.pinterest.com/lemondedis/chouette-freebies-diy-et-autres-petites-choses/ReplyDelete


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Hey There!
Having Little J (OK, you know I love bad TV, and it doesn't get any worse than Gossip Girl, so I'm going with Little J) in the house has been going really smoothly. Little J showers in the morning like me, so I've been getting up at 5:30 a.m., so she can shower and have the bathroom at 6:00 a.m.
Now that I have to be up I'm actually making it out of bed, and I've been enjoying it so much! I've managed to reclaim a bit of my morning. I've usually got about half an hour to myself to read or research some SCA projects.
I've made finishing organizing the house my top priority. I finished purging everything from the bedroom. I purchased the rest of the tin to close out our pie tin TV stand, and now we're working through the basement, so we can move the craft room to the basement. I want everything purged, organized, and cleaned by the year's end.
Once we're all done, I'll be able to truly relax and take some time and work on hobbies.
I'm so excited for the progress we've made, and I can't wait to get the down and dirty stuff done, so we can work on some fun projects to share!


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Haramokngna sits on Red Box Saddle – the first resting spot on the trek from the sea to the desert. The people came here to gather the bounty of the mountains – the pine trees and pine nuts, the bay laurel, the black oak acorns and to come together to renew family ties, trade songs, stories, gossip, and meet eligible youth from the other side of the mountains. Haramokngna opened in 1998 with a special use permit from the National Forest, in a former fire station. The front building was converted into exhibit space that tells the story of the Five Tribes of the San Gabriel Mountains: Tongva, Chumash, Tataviam, Kitanemuk and the Serrano. These five tribes are explored in their pre-contact relationships with the land and with each other via the trade routes through these mountains.
Haramokngna American Indian Cultural Center
Mt Wilson Red Box Road
Pasadena, CA 91101
Visit their website for more information (http://wwww.haramokngna.org).


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100% of your donation goes towards Conservation Action.
2X The Impact
Thanks to generous support from our donors, we have successfully reached our fundraising goal for this project.
Tanzania's Magombera Forest is internationally recognized for its diverse landscapes, ranging from tropical moist forests and open grasslands, to rivers and low mountains that support a wealth of rare and endemic flora and fauna. Situated between the Selous Game Reserve World Heritage Site and nearby Udzungwa Mountains National Park, the Magombera Forest is a refuge for many endemic species and serves as an important wildlife corridor for the region. Its lack of protected area status leaves this area vulnerable to threats such as deforestation for sugar plantations, pole-cutting, wood cutting for charcoal and timber and human-set fires. These actions have drastically scarred the landscape over the past 200 years and the 6,425-acre mosaic of habitats in the area of the proposed Magombera Nature Reserve is all that remains unscathed.
The proposed nature reserve hosts large numbers of iconic East African wildlife, including rare primates such as the Endangered Udzungwa Red Colobus Monkey, which is only found in a limited range around the Udzungwa Mountains. The cooler habitats in these mountainous forests shelter many other species as well, such as the Udzungwa Dwarf Galago—one of the smallest primates in the world. Many endangered and range-restricted plants are also endemic to the area.
To help protect this exceptionally diverse forest, Rainforest Trust is working with local partner Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) to purchase 3,030 acres for the creation of the new Magombera Nature Reserve. The government will include an additional 3,395 acres to the nature reserve for a total of 6,425 acres. By ensuring the designation of the Magombera Forest as a protected Nature Reserve in partnership with local communities, this project will lay the foundations for a crucial wildlife corridor between two of Tanzania's largest protected areas, while also making an important contribution to the long-term protection of one of the country's most critical conservation priorities.
Fast Facts
6,425 acres
Key Species (Based on IUCN Red List)
Udzungwa Red Colobus Monkey (EN), Magombera Chameleon (EN), African Elephant (VU), Common Hippopotamus (VU), Southern Ground-Hornbill (VU), Luke's Cynometra tree (EN), Large-leaved Memecyclon tree (EN), Heinsen's Isolona tree (EN)
Moist forest, swamp forest, dry woodland, grassland
Loss and fragmentation of habitat, poaching, human-set fires
Creating the Magombera Nature Reserve
Local Partners
Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG)
Financial Need
Price per Acre
The proposed Magombera Nature Reserve has been identified as a top 10 Priority Primate Area in Tanzania, the only one of these sites currently without protected status.
The area has also been listed as a "very high priority" site since 1996 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group. This designation is due in large part to the presence of the Endangered Udzungwa Red Colobus Monkey. This medium-sized monkey sports a conspicuous crown of spiky red hair, which stands out dramatically from the black and white fur on the rest of its body. The species is found exclusively around this area of Magombera Forest and nearby Udzungwa Mountains. Large iconic species such as African Elephants and Hippopotamus are also found in the Magombera Forest, as well as a wide variety of smaller fauna, including endemic species such as the Kilombero Reed Frog and Endangered Magombera Chameleon – only discovered here in 2009. The area is also an important bird dispersal corridor between Udzungwa Mountains National Park and the Selous Game Reserve, both of which are recognized internationally as Important Bird Areas. In addition to a diverse range of wildlife, the Magombera Forest is thought to contain more than 500 plant species. Nearly half of all trees in these forests are either globally threatened or restricted in range; this is more than double the proportion among trees in the adjacent Udzungwa Mountains National Park.
The high biodiversity forests of this area once spanned thousands of miles. However, this landscape has been destroyed or degraded over the past 200 years.
Since the 1950s, progressive agricultural conversion of the Kilombero Valley has removed nearly 1 million acres of forest and woodland. The largest single loss of habitat occurred during the 1960s-'70s when a sugar company cleared thousands of acres of forest. Now, the 6,425-acre mosaic of habitats in the area of the proposed reserve is all that remains. In addition to clearing forests for agricultural expansion, young trees are threatened by widespread pole cutting and large trees continue to be removed for charcoal and timber. However, recent increases in village tree planting, alternative fuel strategies and collaborative ranger patrols are helping abate these threats.
More than 30 tribal groups are represented among four villages that lie around the Magombera Forest. These villages are home to more than 10,000 people, many of whom rely on subsistence farming for their livelihoods.
There is positive support among local villagers for conservation of the Magombera Forest. This is due in part to an ongoing conservation and education program administered by Rainforest Trust's partner TFCG and the Udzungwa Forest Project (UFP). Because of their efforts, local people understand the importance of forests for species, climate and soil fertility for crops. Villagers also currently benefit from an informal system of entrance fees paid by tourists to visit the forest and from other livelihood initiatives. A group of villagers recently showed their support by traveling over 30 miles to the district government to protest against forest encroachment by a wealthy landowner. During interviews conducted with 20 randomly selected village elders in 2015, all stated that conservation of Magombera Forest was important to their household, particularly for soil fertility, climate and village income from international visitors.
Thanks to the generous support of our Board members and other supporters who cover all of our operating expenses, Rainforest Trust is able to allocate 100% of donations to conservation action. No board member receives financial benefit and our staff salaries are modest.
Rainforest Trust is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
To Visit Us:
7200 Lineweaver Road
Suite 100
Vint Hill, VA 20187
For Mailings:
P.O. Box 841
Warrenton, VA 20188
To Call Us:
(800) 456-4930


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"Corn and malt must be ordered for the mill; and, that thou have thy measure again, mete it to and from the miller, who else will not deal truly with thee, or thy malt will not be dried as it should be.
"Thou must make butter and cheese according as the weather urgeth and the cows fill the dishes; the swine must be served morning and evening, not forgetting the poultry, and when the time of year cometh, thou wilt take good heed how thy hens, ducks and geese do lay; gather up their eggs diligently, and when they was broody, set them right cunningly, so that neither beast, swine nor vermin hurt or molest them; all whole-footed fowls, thou knowest will sit a month, and all cloven-footed fowls three weeks, except peahens, turkeys, cranes, and bustards.
"I advise thee earnestly to remember well one thing: when in winter time, that the days be short and the evenings long, and thou sittest by the fire and hast supped, consider in thy mind whether -the works that thou and thy maidens do are of advantage equal to the fire and candle, the meat and drink that they consume; if not, go to thy bed, and be up by time to breakfast before day-light, that thou mayest have all the day before thee entire to do thy business.
"In the beginning of March it is time for a wife to have an eye to her garden, and to get as many good seeds and herbs as she can for the pot and platter; in March also is the season to sow flax and hemp: it needeth not for me to show how it should be sown, weeded, pulled, watered, dried, beaten, broken, towed, hackled, spun, wounden, warped, and wove; for in such matters, peradventure, thou art better instructed than me.
"It is my business to observe, that although a woman cannot wholly and altogether get her living honestly.by the distaff, yet it should always be ready for a pastime; it stoppeth many unemployed gaps, and provideth articles both for bed and board, for which hard money must otherwise go forth from thy husband's purse;there be spinsters as well as wives, who make it a matter of conscience never to buy sheets, body-clothes, towels, shirts, and such like.
"It is a wife's occupation to winnow all manner of corn, and to keep a watchful eye that the day-labourers and out-dwellers bring not with them, nor carry forth nor conceal their pokes (bags), which, under a pretence of holding their bottle and scrip, only serve to lower the heap on the barn floor.
"It is a wife's occupation to wash and to wring, or to see well after and be among them, that the soap and firewood be not made waste of; to be brisk at harvest; and in time of need, while the coppers are boiling the provision, to help her husband to load the cart or the wagon; to go or ride to market, and sell her butter, cheese, eggs, chickens, geese, and pigs; to purchase all necessary things, and to make a true reckoning and account thereof to her husband when she returns."
To address the above homely directions indiscriminately to women of all ranks would be caricaturing advice, and converting wholesome rules into ironical ridicule. Yet if the majority of our young women of scanty expectations would not fix their eyes so steadily, as for the most part they do, on the more elevated and wealthy classes of society, whom they vainly and ruinously attempt to imitate; if in their views, their education, their habits, their dress, and their manners, they could happily be prevailed on to attend more to domestic duty, and less to trifling amusement and ornamental accomplishment; if they could be convinced, that to make a pudding or a shirt, or even their own gowns, is a species of knowledge rather more useful than dancing a minuet, talking bad French, or spoiling a piano-forte: we might, in that case, hope to see gradually diminished that shocking and enormous mass of venal beauty, which renders our passing the streets, after a certain hour, distressing to our feelings, hazardous to the morals, and injurious to the health of the rising generation.
⚫Women, indeed, formed on the narrow unphilosophic plan here aimed at, would probably not reach that criterion of absolute perfection and equality sought after and expected by Mrs. WOLSTONCRAFT; they perhaps would, in some respects, come under the description of what she calls domestic drudges-but surely a more desirable state than being drudges to infamy and prostitution.
Women, thus educated and thus instructed, would probably revolt at living as concubines with one man, or at indulging warm wishes for another, perhaps the husband of a friend; they would not only submit to stated returns of religious worship without repugnance, but would seize with eagerness and pleasure every opportunity of pouring forth their hearts in gratitude to the almighty Creator of the universe.
When their last hour was come, as reasonable beings, sensible of their frailties and faults, they would naturally cast an anxious
eye towards that world unknown; they would neither desire nor deserve the panegyric of a modern philosopher, by quitting a scene of trial and temptation, on which eternal happiness or eternal misery depended, with cold indifference, or suppressed anxiety.
THERE was a time in this kingdom, when letters were so low, that whoever could prove himself, in a court of justice, able to read a verse in the New Testament, was vested with the highest privileges; and a clergyman, who knew any thing of grammar, was looked upon as a prodigy. In those enlightened days a rector of a parish, as we are told, going to law with his parishioners about paving the church, quoted this authority as from St. Peter-" Paveant illi, non paveam ego," which he construed "THEY ARE TO PAVE THE CHURCH, NOT I;" and this was allowed to be good law by a judge, who was an ecclesiastic too. Alfred the Great complained, towards the end of the ninth century, that "from Humber to the Thames there was not a priest who understood the liturgy in his mother-tongue, or who could translate the easiest piece of Latin;" and a correspondent of Abelard, about the middle of the twelfth century, complimenting him upon a resort of pupils from all countries, says, that even Britain, distant as she was, sent her savages to be instructed by him: " remota Britannia sua animalia erudienda destinabat."
If the clergy had then, as they are said to have had, all the learning among themselves, what a blessed state must the laity have been in! And so indeed it appears; for there is extant an old act of parliament, which provides, that "a nobleman shall be intitled to the benefit of his clergy, even though he cannot read;" and another law, cited by judge Rolle in his Abridgment, sets forth, that "the command of the sheriff to his officer, by word of mouth, and without writing, is good; for it may be, that neither the sheriff nor his officer can write or read." Who can say that such halcyon times may not return? When we contemplate the ignorance and dissipation of the great, whom the little are sure to follow; when we consider their not only neglect, but even contempt of letters; their gambling, and low amusements; their luxury; the avarice, meanness, and selfishness, which prevail among them;-when we VOL. IV.
consider all this, and more, can we forbear to exclaim, that "signs following signs lead on the mighty year?"
THE amusements of the stage are strictly forbidden to Quakers of every description; and this, partly because many plays are immoral, but chiefly (according to Mr. Clarkson") because on the stage men personate characters that are not their own, and thus become altogether sophisticated in their looks, words, and actions, which is contrary to the simplicity and truth required by christianity!" The Edinburgh Reviewers make the following observations on this statement. "We scarcely think the Quakers will be much obliged to Mr. Clarkson for imputing this kind of reasoning to them. We would rather hear at once that the playhouse was the devil's drawing-room, and that actors paint their faces, and deserve the fate of Jezebel. As to the sin of personating characters not their own, and sophisticating their looks and words, it is necessarily committed by every man who reads aloud a dialogue from the New Testament, or who adopts, from the highest authority, a dramatic form in his preaching. As to the other objection, that theatrical amusements produce too high a degree of excitement for the necessary sedateness of a good christian, we answer, that we do not see why a good christian should be more still and sedate than his innocence and natural gaiety incline him to be; and, in the second place, that the objection proves Mr. Clarkson to be laudably ignorant of the state of the modern drama, which we are credibly informed is by no means so extremely interesting as to make men neglect their business and their duties to run after it."
LETTERS EXTRACTED FROM THE LIFE OF LORD CHARLEMONT. EVERY one who is even moderately acquainted with the history of British literature must have heard of Mr. TOPHAM BEAUCLERK. He was one of the celebrated club that met at the Turk's head, in Gerard-street, of which Burke, Johnson, Reynolds, Goldsmith, and other luminaries of that day, were members; and was the same whom the learned and ingenious Doctor Bernard, Dean of Derry, complimented on his charming talents for conversation in the
See bis Portraiture of Quakerism.
celebrated jeu d'esprit extorted from him by the rudeness of Johnson.
If I have thoughts, and can't express them,
Let Gibbon teach me how to dress them
In terms select and terse;
Jones teach me modesty and Greek,
Smith how to think-Burke how to speak,
And Beauclerk to converse.
In Hardy's Life of Lord Charlemont, lately published in England, the biographer has introduced some masterly sketches of his lordship's intimate friends and correspondents, and among the rest of Mr. Beauclerk, together with some of that gentleman's letters to that venerable nobleman.
"According to his lordship's account of him," says Mr. Hardy, "he (Beauclerk) possessed an exquisite taste, various accomplish"ments, and the most perfect good breeding. He was eccentric, "often querulous, entertaining a contempt for the generality of "the world, which the politeness of his manners could not always "conceal; but, to those whom he liked, most generous and friendly. "Devoted to pleasure, devoted to literature, sometimes absorbed "in play, sometimes in books, he was, altogether, one of the most "accomplished, and, when in good humor, and surrounded by "those who suited his fancy, one of the most agreeable men "that could possibly exist."
With lord Charlemont this gentleman had formed a particular intimacy. How highly he thought of and how warmly he felt towards his lordship, his letters sufficiently show. As they "give a favourable portraiture of that accomplished man's disposition and agreeable talents," and as the elegant liveliness which pervades them must be delightful to every mind of taste, we transcribe those given by Mr. Hardy, and lament, as we dare say our readers will, that there are not more of them at our disposal.
Muswellhill, July 5th, 1773.
It is certainly ordained by fate, that I should always appear in a state of humiliation before you; nothing else could have prevented me from writing to you, and endeavouring thereby to keep up an intercourse with one for whom I shall always retain the greatest and tenderest regard; lessening in some measure the greatest of all human evils, the separation from those we love; but that insur


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This edition of Currently Cruising Updates brings greetings from BCA members in New Zealand, the Med, Mexico, Panama and the Marshall Islands. The Currents editorial team wishes all currently cruising members fair winds and following seas in 2018; please stay in touch as we love to hear from you.
Barrie and Sandra Letts, Passat II, Fleet of 2007
In 2017 we entered the Med. In March we returned to Seville, Spain to rejoin Passat II for another season of adventures. After recommissioning chores we anchored in the Guadalquivir River for 4 days, while a full on storm howled over us. Up to 60 kts were recorded in the nearby Strait of Gibraltar. Finally we left the river and cruised eastward along the remaining South coast of Spain to Barbate, stopping in Cadiz and passing Trafalgar enroute.
In part to meet VAT regulations, we left the EU, enjoying a fantastic sail across the Strait of Gibraltar to Tangier, Morocco. A new continent and culture awaited us. We enjoyed our visit, however, the harbor is not yacht friendly, resulting in some costly repairs (see blog for details). We departed Tangier at sundown to avoid another night of surging against the concrete dock. A night crossing of the straits to Gibraltar is not for the faint of heart. A true test of navigation by radar and AIS. We set a new record for vessels within a 6 mile range topping our English Channel crossings. We arrived in the wee hours safe and sound.
During our harbour hopping along the Spanish south and east coasts we took time to do inland trips to see Ronda and Granada. Both are world class historic destinations, giving great insight to the Medieval and Moor contributions to the Spanish culture. The summer months were enjoyed cruising the Spanish, Italian and French islands between Spain and Italy. Sunshine, warm clear waters and great food, wine and friends. It is a tough life, not. There were some challenges. Repairing the boat damage caused in Morocco, replacing the vibration dampener between the motor and transmission, and a forest fire next to one of our anchorages to name a few.
In September we ended our season in the Arno River, near Pisa, Italy, returning to Canada via Vienna and London. Another great season to savour as we enjoy the company of our Canadian family and friends. Details and pictures on our blog.
Wishing everyone fair winds and calm anchorages.
Steve and Linda Warren, Warren Peace, Fleet of 2007
After 11 years of cruising we are now in Shelter Bay Marina in Colon Panama doing a major refit. Hope to be completed in early 2018 and then will either head up to the Rio Dulce in Guatemala or go out to the San Blas Islands for the rest of the season. We are currently considering selling Warren Peace and doing a few years of land travel. If you are interested in a great offshore boat keep us in mind.
Karen Thomas and Chuck Gauthier, Katie G, Fleet of 2011
This is a brief overview of what we've been up to since we splashed in San Carlos, Mexico on September 30, 2016 after luckily escaping damage from Hurricane Newton that came in the vicinity of the yard where Katie G was in storage (about 30 boats knocked down).
We headed north to the Bay of LA and were blessed with an unusual "Indian summer" because we didn't arrive until late in October. When the northers began to blow we rode them south to San Carlos, across the sea to La Paz, and back across to Mazatlan to clear up some outstanding business with a few last stops at favorite anchorages along the Baja. We spent Christmas in Mazatlan with our daughter Kate and after the holidays we sailed off to the Socorro Islands for our first true dip into the blue water. The diving was great and the huge manta rays and other pelagic sealife left us with great memories. Then we had a nice sail back to the mainland landing in San Blas and although we didn't accomplish what we went there for, we did go on the jungle river trip which was just fantastic and highly recommended. It was then a short sail to Puerto Vallarta to do final preparations for the crossing to the South Pacific.
Times in PV were challenging, we fell behind schedule, and it once again looked like our crossing was in jeopardy. We were pretty much the last to leave and were having difficulty finding a connecting wind out to the trade winds but as luck would have it the winds just kept filling in front of us and we had a great crossing and were hove to off Hiva Oa in 22 days. Our time in French Polynesia was rushed and even with spending four months there it didn't seem like enough and we lamented not having the one year visa.
After spending time in the Marquesas, Tuamotos and Societies our visa was about to expire and so we reluctantly checked out of Bora Bora and set sail for Suwarrow in the Northern Cook Islands. That was a great stop but, still running behind, it wasn't long and we were off to Pago Pago, American Samoa. We enjoyed Pago Pago more than we thought we would and stayed longer as well. Then we were off to Tuvalu and made stops in Funafuti and Nukafetau.
The SPCZ was hovering over Tuvalu and it was also blocking the tradewinds along our intended route to Tarawa, Kiribati but we did work our way across the equator with a sigh of relief because we were late crossing and were out of our insurance coverage zone for a couple of weeks and were very thankful that lightening from one of the squalls didn't find its way to Katie G. When we got to Tarawa the winds were looking quite reasonable so we continued on and made landfall in Majuro, Marshall Islands where we are now. We finally are back on schedule! (I know, I know….schedules and sailboats don't play well together but they can be hard to avoid) We are just chilling out after putting 10,000 nm under the keel since splashing in San Carlos and are anxiously awaiting another Christmas with daughter Kate (in three days but who is counting?).
Linda Hawke and Jim Kelly, Bright Moments, Fleet of 2016
Since selling our Calgary home in 2016 and divesting ourselves of most of our material possessions, we moved onto our Outbound 46, Bright Moments, and spent nine months in Ensenada and other Mexican ports. We cast off from Mazatlan for the Marquesas in May last year for a benign twenty-one day Pacific crossing. A whirlwind tour of French Polynesia, Suwarrow and Tonga left us wanting more. One of the wonderful and surprising things we discovered about long term cruising is the opportunity to develop lasting and meaningful friendships in this transitory lifestyle.
2018 finds us in Whangarei, New Zealand for the Southern summer. We look forward to exploring more of the amazing NZ islands by land and sea over the next few months, in between boat projects, of course. Come May, we'll point toward Fiji, where Linda's sisters are gathering for two weeks in June. Then, its on the Vanuatu and New Caledonia, probably. We'll likely return to NZ for another cyclone season and decide on our next destination when the time comes. Long term plans are overrated.
We were on a tramp (Kiwi speak fer a hike) and enjoying the stunning Northland vistas in the Bay of Islands whilst humming "Yellow Submarine". Decided to sum up our travels of the last year or so using that tune as a basis for the meter, our thanks and apologies to the Fab Four. We have spared no expense and, for those of you wanting the full multi-media experience, the "Sing Along with Mitch" (another 60's phenomenon) version is available at the following secure link. (For those who prefer, here is the link to the lyrics.)
We trust the past year has been fruitful and wish the same to all for the upcoming.
PS: Watch for Linda's article about creating boat cards from old sails in the January 18 edition of Good Old Boat.
Twitter: @svBrightMoments
Location: https://forecast.predictwind.com/tracking/display/BrightMoments
Laurie Richie and Scott Doran, Muskoka, Fleet of 2016
Muskoka has been in Mexico for over a year and we have just left the Sea of Cortez. We are presently in Mazatlan at Marina El Cid and are reflecting on our time in Mexico so far. We explored the Sea of Cortez from the bottom to the top, and spent 5 months in the safe and lively Marina San Carlos during hurricane season. We have posted a detailed account of our time north of La Paz in our YouTube blog, Off the Starboard Hull. It is in four parts and called "Sailing the North Sea of Cortez". Even though we are glad that we explored the whole Sea of Cortez, we wouldn't recommend traveling north of Puerto Refugio on Isla Angel de La Guarda due to the extreme tides and rapid currents. Highlights of our trip included Juanico and Loreto.
Our plans this year include exploring the Mexican mainland to Zihuatanejo for Sailfest in February, and doing the Pacific Puddle Jump with Henk and Lisa of Harlequin in late March or early April. We hope to see many Bluewater cruisers out there!
Alice Kloosterboer and Greg Harms, Anduril, Fleet of 2016
Hello cruisers! We are currently in La Paz and enjoyed an informal BURP yesterday evening with fellow BCAers. I'm sure the photos of the BURP will be online soon as Rosario was there! We had left Anduril, our Farr 395, on the hard at Puerto Escondido last April and when we returned 5 weeks ago, we were delighted to find that she weathered the hot sun and Storm Lidia with few problems. A few plastic tarps were torn to ribbons, and, in general, adhesives and plastics fared poorly in the extreme heat. We took a week to get the boat in the water and install a new cooling system for the refrigerator and freezer. We travelled as far north as Bahia Concepion and the lovely mining town of Santa Rosalia. Heading south we enjoyed a few days of actual sailing as the northerly winds started to blow. Our plans are to cross over from the Los Muertos, on the Baja side, to Mazatlan in the next week. Then, we may visit Copper Canyon before heading south to Puerto Vallarta, Barra de Navidad, Zihuatanejo, and beyond.
The photo above shows our boat anchored at Puerto los Gatos known for its colourful rock formations.


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Ko Tao is famous as a location for divers, but it's a vantage point high above the waves that provides another perspective of the natural beauty of the island. A trail behind Freedom Beach leads to a viewpoint that was first discovered by a local landowner, Mr Suwan and his friend, Mr John. Tourists who now gaze out on the spectacular viewpoint owe a debt of gratitude to those original trailblazers.
From Freedom Beach, it's a 500 metre walk up the hill to the John Suwan Viewpoint which will take around 10 minutes. It does involve clambering over some rocks and because it is slippery in parts, the climb is best tackled in footwear that will offer more grip than flip-flops. There are guide ropes in place at the bottom of the hill to help anybody who is less agile make the climb. Although you won't need Olympian levels of fitness, it is hot work.
The reward for all that effort is panoramic views of Chalok Baan Kao Bay and Thian Og Bay. Verdant green hills and palm trees provide the perfect backdrop to the curved symmetry of the bays.
How to get to John Suwan viewpoint
Access to the viewpoint is via Freedom Beach. When I visited John Suwan Viewpoint I was staying at Bro & Sis Place in Mae Haad (close to the pier) and started my walk there. In total it took me around 50 minutes to walk from Mae Haad to Freedom Beach with a few stops on the way to take photos. I walked via Chalok Ban Khao which is a good place to stop for food and drink either before or after your exertions.
To access the viewpoint you need to make two separate payments. The first booth charges 50 Baht to access Freedom Beach (not as free as the name suggests!). There is another fee of 50 Baht to access the trail that leads to the viewpoint.


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Buying a home is a lifetime resolution which must be taken carefully and most consumers are nervous about increasing property prices which makes it difficult for them to purchase their dream homes. But they said they also acknowledged that the decision might ultimately be as much as the new proprietor. Nevertheless, there are circumstances when car buyer purchase cars to assist them achieve profit. Of course, most revenue shall be produced from the sale of deer meat and deer by-products.
After overthrowing its eccentric, authoritarian owner twenty years ago, this 31 sq km (12 sq mile) patch of moor and mountain was reborn as what is typically mockingly called the People's Republic of Eigg. The lender initiated foreclosure proceedings on these properties as a result of the proprietor(s) had been in default on their loan obligations.
Nevertheless, for a profitable sale it is advisable prepare your home in a way that helps you fetch the very best value. It will get worse… the 'realtor' by no means bothered to make the title transfer until the customer found he was not the proprietor when he tried to pay lengthy overdue taxes.
The next May, Schellenberg was compelled by his ex-spouse to put Eigg up for sale. In case you're looking to invest in tax properties, it may appear counter-intuitive to neglect the tax sale. Real estate sales aren't any extra regulated than a car sale transacted by a street vendor.
Some auctions are greater than others and while they could have more autos for sale, there's also going to be extra patrons that can run the bidding up. You may want to go to a smaller public sale instead to get a better deal as most auctions can have a whole bunch of automobiles to select from anyway.


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Purchase this article with an account.
Ian C. Murray, Lorraine A. Cameron, Alice D. McTrusty, Antonios Perperidis, Harry M. Brash, Brian W. Fleck, Robert A. Minns; Feasibility, Accuracy, and Repeatability of Suprathreshold Saccadic Vector Optokinetic Perimetry. Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech. 2016;5(4):15. https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.5.4.15.
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© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)
To evaluate feasibility, accuracy, and repeatability of suprathreshold Saccadic Vector Optokinetic Perimetry (SVOP) by comparison with Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) perimetry.
The subjects included children with suspected field defects (n = 10, age 5–15 years), adults with field defects (n = 33, age 39–78 years), healthy children (n = 12, age 6–14 years), and healthy adults (n = 30, age 16–61 years). The test protocol comprised repeat suprathreshold SVOP and HFA testing with the C-40 test pattern. Feasibility was assessed by protocol completeness. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of SVOP was established by comparison with reliable HFA tests in two ways: (1) visual field pattern results (normal/abnormal), and (2) individual test point outcomes (seen/unseen). Repeatability of each test type was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient.
Of subjects, 82% completed a full protocol. Poor reliability of HFA testing in child patients limited the robustness of comparisons in this group. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy across all groups when analyzing the visual field pattern results was 90.9%, 88.5%, and 89.0%, respectively, and was 69.1%, 96.9%, and 95.0%, respectively, when analyzing the individual test points. Cohen's kappa coefficient for repeatability of SVOP and HFA was excellent (0.87 and 0.88, respectively) when assessing visual field pattern results, and substantial (0.62 and 0.74, respectively) when assessing test point outcomes.
SVOP was accurate in this group of adults. Further studies are required to assess SVOP in child patient groups.
Translational Relevance:
SVOP technology is still in its infancy but is used in a number of centers. It will undergo iterative improvements and this study provides a benchmark for future iterations.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only


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Business events moved online to help coronavirus fightback
Businesses across the Marches will be offered comprehensive help to recover from the coronavirus lockdown thanks to the Marches Growth Hub.
Paul Hinkins says the hub – which has bases in Hereford, Shrewsbury and Telford – has moved many of its expert seminars, workshops and masterclasses online to help businesses of all sizes cope with the effects of the pandemic.
Mr Hinkins said the move would allow the hub to continue to provide the business advice and support for which it has become hugely respected and which has helped thousands of businesses to prosper since it was established.
"What has happened to business across the Marches as a result of coronavirus is unprecedented. Businesses have been forced to shut down completely, have lost all their income and still face the greatest uncertainty over what will happen next," Mr Hinkins said.
"The hub has put together a comprehensive package of events to offer expert advice and support to all our businesses – all of which we will deliver online.
"We'll cover everything from planning your recovery, developing your e-commerce offering, how to access the financial support which is available, lessons to learn from home-working to how to lead your business out of the crisis.
"We have a hugely-experienced range of guest experts across Herefordshire, Shropshire and Telford & Wrekin on hand to give all businesses exactly the advice they need at this most difficult of times.
"And, of course, our Growth Hub business advisors are still available to offer the fantastic support and advice which has made the hub such a trusted and respected part of the business community.
"Alongside this, our website – https://www.marchesgrowthhub.co.uk/ – has become an absolutely essential source of information, advice and support during this crisis, with record numbers of businesses turning to it for the latest on the help which is at hand."
Details of the huge range of online events being offered by all three hubs can be found at https://www.marchesgrowthhub.co.uk/calendar/


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Time to spice things up a little. Today, we'll take a look at Lebanon, its full Arabic name (الجمهورية اللبنانية) literally meaning the Lebanese Republic.
Hated and loved for a banking secrecy so strict it makes Swiss bankers blush, its quasi-tax-haven status, and the tolerance for Hezbollah. This beautiful country is full of sweet delights.
This is being written at a classical Beirut café under a parasol hiding from the scorching autumn sun, armed with a tourist brochure I picked up from a nearby tourist information booth to jog my memory on the intricate history of Lebanon.
But, where do we begin?
The brochure begins Lebanon's rich history with the Phoenicians. This is a common starting point but it's worth noting that Lebanon has been settled since long before the Antiquity, tens probably even hundreds of thousands of years ago. There are traces of early humans and even neanderthals treading across Lebanon, which then looked markedly differently with far more vegetation and forest than presently.
Before the Phoenician civilization grew, there was the Canaanite period. Borders, if they existed, were nothing like today. Tribes, kingdoms, and sultanates rose and fell.
Enter the Phoenicians, sometime around 1200 BC. Setting up ports across the Mediterranean, the Phoenicians were some of the best seafaring traders in the region. Phoenician settlements spanned from Lebanon via Cyprus across Malta, where they left a mark in history books, all the way to Gibraltar.
With the rise of the Persian empire came the fall of the Phoenicians. The Persians held Lebanon until Alexander the Great in 332 conquered Tyre (Tyros) on the Mediterranean coast.
After the death of Alexander the Great, the Seleucid Empire took over Lebanon. They held it until the Roman Empire rose to power in the region in the last century BC. Christianity spread in the first century AD. When the Western Roman Empire fell, Lebanon became a part of the Byzantine empire.
In the 7th century, the Umayyad caliphate conquered Syria and much of the surrounding region, including Lebanon. Islam spread across the region. Around this time, the Druze faith also appeared.
My brochure doesn't mention much about the crusades but being located near or between Syria and Palestine (the Levant) Lebanon played an important role is several of them. However, Muslim rule was re-established in the 13th century with the Mamluks.
The Mamluks held Lebanon for some 200 years, when they were ousted by Ottomans. Centuries of relative stability followed, during which Lebanon was ruled as a by the disputed the Maan rules Fakhreddine I. From The 1600s to the mid-1800s, Lebanon was ruled by the Shihabs.
Ottoman and British influenced civil unrest which led to a revolt and the upheaval of the Shihab rule. By 1860, a sectarian war between Christians and Druze broke out during which some 20,000 Christians were massacred. Large Druze and Muslim casualties also occurred but are not well documented. The conflict ended largely thanks to French intervention, under its role as proctor of Christians in the Ottoman Empire following a 1523 treaty.
The final decades of the 19th century saw relative peace and the relations between the three main religious groups (Christians, Muslims, and Druze) focused on cultural and economic growth.
Beirut was an important city of culture in the first world war. At the end of the war which saw the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations decided that what is modern-day Lebanon should be under French control, as a separate entity from Ottoman Syria. It was during this time that Islam grew into a dominant position in Lebanon following large movements of populations in the region.
In 1943, in the midst of German occupation of France in the second world war, Lebanon gained independence.
The immediate post-war period was a time of great prosperity for Lebanon, with Beirut earning the reputation as Paris of the Middle East.
The first signs of unrest started in 1958 when an uprising required American assistance to be quelled. This led to a regime change but stability did not last long.
In 1966, one of the world's worst then (and until today) bank collapses occurred. Much can be said about the Banque Intra affair. The most honest assessment is that details remain unclear to this day. The bank was founded in 1951 by Yousef Beidas and in the 15 years leading up to its collapse, the bank grew rapidly. Mr. Beidas had co-written the Lebanese banking legislation (or, rather, lack thereof). In 1956, he helped pen the infamous Lebanese banking secrecy law (more on that later).
Intra Bank became a poster child for the rapid economic growth in Lebanon and regional oil export. The bank opened branches across the world. It operated under many different names to skirt regulations and inspections. Remember, this was a time when due diligence and KYC policies were nothing like today and the bank was headquartered in a jurisdiction which then effectively lacked a banking legislation.
On October 14, 1966, Banque Intra stopped payments. The bank had been rumoured to be in great financial difficulty and as it held some 10 to 15% of all deposits in Lebanon, its collapse was a devastating blow to Lebanon and the entire region.
The actions from the Lebanese government lead some to believe that the problems were exacerbated to one degree or another by Mr. Beidas being a Palestinian and sectarian tensions with officials. When the damage of Banque Intra's collapse became clear, various forms of regulations were rapidly put in place but it was not enough to quickly mend the reputational damage.
Lebanon recovered, though, and in the 1970s when OPEC enacted oil embargoes, it was a well positioned financial center. Some of the regulations enacted in the period 1966 – 1970 had successfully created a type of banking sector within a banking sector which made Lebanon domestically volatile in an already volatile region, yet it remained a strong player in international finance.
All of this went on at the same time as the Lebanese civil war raged on, from 1975 on and off to 1990. The causes of this civil war are complicated (more so than many other civil wars) but were ultimately down to religious and sectarian tensions, demographic changes, and domestic economic uncertainty. In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon in retaliation of an attempted assassination of its ambassador in the UK.
Noteworthy, the Lebanese banks remained open throughout the war by paying off militias and bullet-proofing its offices. No other country's banks have been through as much political and social turmoil and come out so strong as in Lebanon.
It was during the Lebanese civil war that Hezbollah cemented itself into the Lebanese society as a political party and military organization (classified as a terrorist organization by many goverments).
The two decades following the end of the civil war saw cautious group and continued internal conflict, as well as skirmishes with Syria on both a military and political level. By 2005, Syria had removed its troops from Lebanon.
In 2006, Israel invaded Lebanon again to engage Hezbollah. War was never declared on Lebanon and the operation remains highly controversial. The Lebanese army did not fire upon Israeli troops but warned it would not tolerate troops advancing too far north.
Such is the complicated relationship between Lebanon, Hezbollah, and Israel.
Lebanon has been mostly stable since then. Its economy continues to grow although the Syrian civil war has caused some slowdown. Even so, Lebanon is poised to become one of the highest earning countries in the region within the coming years.
Overview Data[table]
Full Name:;Lebanese Republic (الجمهورية اللبنانية)
Official language(s):;Arabic
Other major languages:;French
Type of government:;Parliamentary Republic
Area:;10,452 km²
Population:;5.8 million (including circa 1.5 million refugees)
GDP per capita:;17,000 USD
Currency:;Lebanese Pound (LBP)[/table]
Lebanon incorporation
Lebanon has a reasonably well-developed corporate sector. A Lebanese company is subject to 15% corporate tax on taxable income, but Lebanon applies a type of territorial taxation that is similar (but not equal) to Hong Kong, whereby foreign-sourced income may be exempt from tax.
There are a number of caveats and conditions that are unfortunately poorly documented in English or even French. Information is mostly limited to Arabic. There are virtually no OSPs offering Lebanon incorporation and the ones that do charge an arm and a leg for it. The best way to form a Lebanese company is through a locally-present law or accounting firm.
Lebanon is generally quite demanding to incorporate in as a non-resident foreigner. Entrepreneurs and investors who are interested in forming a company in the Middle East are more likely to find UAE (Dubai, RAK, Abu Dhabi) and Bahrain far more easy-going alternatives.
Mobile bearer shares are permitted.
Banking in Lebanon
Lebanon was for a long time the financial center of the region, sitting strategically between Europe and the Middle East. Following its civil war, Lebanon has lost much of its former glory – but it's managed to keep all of the charm.
Many readers may not have been familiar with Lebanon in the offshore sector at all prior to reading this, yet there are billions of dollars of foreign money in Lebanon — that's how good they are.
In my post Best Offshore Banks 2013, I listed a number of Lebanese banks. I could have added several more. Banking is something the Lebanese do very well. (Spoiler alert: there will be Lebanese bank in this year's edition, too.)
What does that mean and what makes it so good?
Largely thanks to regulations enforced in the Banque Intra (Intra Bank) affair (see History above), banks of Lebanon are generally financially sound. While most of the rest of world did not realize this until the Basel rules came out after 2010, Lebanon has been doing it since the 1960s. Uniquely, it has a banking sector strong enough to have survived multiple wars.
Internet banking facilities are usually more advanced than those of other banks in the region and even many Western banks. Customer service, sales staff, and account managers are almost always available in Arabic, French, and English with many other languages being covered. Fees are relatively low. Lebanon uses IBAN for international transfers with other IBAN users, but it is not a SEPA member.
Non-resident business banking for smaller businesses is rare in Lebanon. Unless you are engaged in the local Lebanese market or have regional ties, you will most likely not be interesting to Lebanese banks unless you have a turnover of a couple of millions. A European resident with a small offshore company performing web design services globally is not going to be attractive to a Lebanese bank. There are as always exceptions to this but don't hold your breath.
Instead, private banking is the strength of Lebanon's banking sector. Some of the world's finest private banking is available here. The banks take excellent care of your money and in my experience the returns are some of the highest in the private banking sector. Risk profiles are highly individualized based on the client's goals, capital needs, ethical concerns, and risk.
Minimum deposit requirements vary but it will be hard to find a bank willing to accept a non-resident foreigner for under 100,000 USD/EUR, with most banks requiring 500,000 or several millions.
Numbered accounts and pseudonym accounts are available and frequently used. There are no restrictions on domestic bank transfers to and from such accounts, but international bank transfers are (usually) not possible directly to and from the accounts. International wire transfers to and from Lebanese numbered accounts are instead performed by having a second bank account opened in the name of a bearer shares company, whose true legal name appears in the transfers.
It should be assumed that a visit to Lebanon is required to open a corporate bank account. Wealth management is much more lenient.
Noteworthy Banks
There are as of writing 72 banks licensed in Lebanon. Below are banks I consider noteworthy, but by no means have I had the opportunity to work with all 72 banks.
- Bank of Beirut
- BankMed
- Banque Audi
- Banque de Crédit National (BCN)
- Banque Libano-Française (BLF)
- BLC, parent bank of USB Bank
- BLOM Bank
- Byblos Bank
- Crèdit Libanais
- Federal Bank of Lebanon (FBL), parent bank of FBME
- FFA Private Bank
- Fransa Bank
- MEAB Bank
- NECB Bank
Lebanese Banking Secrecy
The extent to Lebanon's banking secrecy is highly controversial. The Lebanese banking secrecy law (download from Banque du Liban website) effectively means that outside of money laundering, banks in Lebanon cannot freeze assets or disclose information without consent from the account holder.
Lebanon cannot comply with requests for information for tax purposes and is not interested in doing so. The sole exception to this is FATCA. Lebanese banks are still open to US persons but they will make US persons sign a document to wave banking secrecy, thus complying with FATCA without affecting its long-standing tradition of banking secrecy. Other requests for information are routinely turned down.
Will this change? Probably not as much as one might think. OECD remains very critical of Lebanon but Lebanon is not concerned with tax matters (other than FATCA). It is mostly compliant with the FATF 40+9 recommendations. In 2002, it was removed from FATF's list of uncooperative jurisdictions. As of 2001 and 2003 respectively, money laundering and the financing of terrorism are criminal activities in Lebanon.
Living in Lebanon
Personal taxation in Lebanon is low to medium high, with personal income tax being a progressive rate of 4% to 21%. Capital gains and sales tax both stand at 10%. Inheritance tax is tiered based on proximity to the deceased with rates going from 12% to 45%.
Although residence permits can be obtained relatively easily, residing in Lebanon is as such rarely done for tax reasons alone. However, the capital city of Beirut has a fairly big expat community of workers from all over the world and it's a quickly growing tourist spot. It's easy to get comfortable in Beirut. It has the best nightlife in the Middle East and – some would argue – the best cuisine as well.
While Beirut is typically quite safe as of late, the country as a whole has volatile neighbours, with Syria in the north and Israel in the south. There are parts of Beirut a foreigner wouldn't want to spend too much time in, especially in the Hezbollah-controlled neighbourhoods.
Final words
Something I was told on one of my earliest visits to Lebanon is that as an offshore financial center, Lebanon is best enjoyed from a distance. And I very much agree.Although it is a fantastic country to be in, there are little to no benefits of incorporating or residing in Lebanon for someone seeking to internationalize. Banking is where it's at in Lebanon, and that can just as well be done as a non-resident person (or company).
See also
- OECD Peer Review of Lebanon (also has a list of TIEA and DTA)
- Financial Secrecy Index Lebanon
- FATF documents on Lebanon
- MENAFATF documents on Lebanon


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Colostrum: The Foal's Most Important Meal
Colostrum is the first milk secreted by the mare immediately before foaling and up to 24 hours after foaling. It contains extremely high levels of antibodies, which are large protein molecules capable of transmitting immunity against disease. Colostrum is nature's way of allowing the dam to provide her foal with natural immunity. The antibodies can be absorbed through the foal's intestinal lining for approximately 18 hours following birth. However, as early as 12 hours after birth, the permeability of the foal's intestinal lining is starting to alter, decreasing in the foal's ability to absorb antibodies. In addition, the actual level of antibodies in the colostrum declines with time. Researchers have reported a 15 percent reduction in antibody levels in the mare's milk within four to eight hours after foaling.
Because of the decreased antibody absorption by the foal and decreased antibody presence in the milk, colostrum must be consumed within 15 hours after birth (Figure 1). Foals failing to receive colostrum within this time limit will be more susceptible to infectious diseases. Ideally, the foal should stand and nurse within 30 minutes to one hour after birth. Unfortunately, many horsemen panic and attempt to over assist the newborn by forcing the foal to stand and nurse immediately following birth. Unwarranted assistance at this time will result in a stressful situation and a tired foal. Foals should not be expected to hit the ground running. To the contrary, the foal should be permitted to lie, rest and be nuzzled by the mare for at least 30 minutes after foaling. Under normal conditions, a newborn foal attempts to stand under its own power within 45 minutes following birth. Foals that have not stood and nursed within two hours should be bottle fed colostrum.
When hand feeding sucklings, use a sanitized plastic bottle and nipple. Use either an infant's milk bottle, with the top of the nipple notched approximately one-eighth inch, or a lamb's feeder bottle. Thoroughly wash and rinse the mare's teat area with soap and warm water before hand milking. The washing process will disinfect the teats, limit the possibility of introducing disease to the foal and have a massaging effect on the mare's udder.
Before offering the foal its first meal, make certain it exhibits a sucking reflex. Stimulate the sucking reflex by gradually inserting your index finger into the foal's mouth and lightly rubbing the roof of the mouth. With stimulation, most foals will immediately cup their tongue and exhibit the characteristic sucking reflex. When actually feeding the foal, position the bottle and nipple so the foal is forced to suck the colostrum through the nipple. Under no circumstances pour or force-feed the colostrum. Foals that are reluctant to suck or accept bottle feedings may be fed through a tube inserted directly into their stomach. This procedure should be administered only by a qualified veterinarian.
For the first 18 hours, the foal should receive at least 1/4 pint every hour. For the remainder of the first day and through day 13, foals should receive 6 quarts daily spread over eight feedings. The colostrum should gradually be replaced with the dam's milk.
Storing Colostrum
Because the first milk is critical to the newborn foal, horsemen are encouraged to store colostrum. In areas heavily populated with breeding operations, farm managers can cooperate to form colostrum banks. Members in a colostrum bank donate colostrum from milking mares and store it for future emergency use.
Colostrum should be collected only from heavily producing mares or mares who have lost their foals. Generally, foals consume 4 to 6 ounces of colostrum per feeding. Heavily milking mares produce higher levels of colostrum than the foal is capable of consuming during these early meals. On the average, approximately 5 to 8.5 ounces of colostrum could be hand milked from the mare immediately following each nursing. The hand milking process can be continued throughout the first 15 hours after foaling.
Store the colostrum in sterile, aseptic plastic bags and freeze it immediately after collection. Colostrum can be stored for several months to a year, thus permitting its use during the next foaling season. Before feeding frozen colostrum, gradually warm it to room temperature in a warm water bath not exceeding 110 degrees F. Do not microwave colostrum, and exercise caution not to heat it too quickly. Rapid heating denatures protein and reduces immunoglobulin content. Immediately transfer the warm colostrum to a sanitized plastic baby bottle, allow it to cool and feed it as described earlier.
The immunoglobulin content of the colostrum should be analyzed within hours after birth but before hand milking. Inexpensive, easy-to-use immunoglobulin test kits are available. The kits measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) content in colostrum. Several kits also measure IgG content in serum, plasma and whole blood. These kits are used to test the immunity status of the foal 24 hours after birth. Levels of 800 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) are considered to provide the foal with adequate levels of passive immunity. Foals with circulating levels of IgG below 400 mg/dl are considered to have complete failure of passive immunity transfer. Levels above 400 but below 800 mg/dl are considered to have partial failure of passive immunity transfer. Immunoglobulin levels of 800 to 1,000 mg/dl are required for foals in particularly stressful situations. Foals subjected to unsanitary conditions or to many horses entering and leaving the premises will require higher immunoglobulin levels to maintain adequate protection.
Nutrient Content of Mare's Milk
In addition to supplying the foal with antibodies, colostrum also contains high levels of vitamins, proteins and energy. It also has a laxative effect on the foal. Bowel movements for the newborn foal are sometimes difficult because of the sticky nature of the first defecation, commonly called meconium. Foals that have difficulty defecating will appear colicky and exhibit labored respiration. An enema is recommended for foals who have not passed the meconium within the first five to 10 hours after birth. Consult your veterinarian before administering an enema.
Unfortunately, the nutrients contained in colostrum also decrease at a rapid rate. Researchers report that mares' milk proteins and total solids begin to decrease as early as 12 hours after foaling. Table 1 illustrates this dramatic decrease and also compares the mare's milk at foaling and two months following birth.
Research has shown a rapid decrease in total milk solids, milk proteins and milk yield from the 10th day through the fifth month of lactation. At 30 days of age, foals should be consuming at least 0.4 percent of their body weight daily as creep feed to offset the nutritional deficiencies in the mare's milk. At 2 months of age, 50 percent of the nutrients must come from creep feed. Proper management of the newborn foal, from the first meal through the first month of lactation, is essential to its future growth and development. Health and nutritional practices employed during this period are key factors in raising a healthy and productive animal.
Table 1. Composition of Mare's Milk
|Total Solids %
|Protein %
|Fat %
|Lactose %
|Calcium (96)
|Phosphorus %
|At Foaling
|45 to 90
|2 Months After Foaling
Source: Adapted from Feeding and Care of Horses, by Dr. Lon T. Lewis. Lea and Febiger, Penn.: Philadelphia. 1982.


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This video was produced by Kosima Weber Liu as part of the Tuesday Trotters trip . They have previously visited several exhibitions I have been involved with over the years .
I arrived in the gallery with the Trotters only to discover an earlier than planned deinstallation. So we took a look at the work from where we could , some works were still hanging.
You have to be quick in this town , things happen fast !
Many thanks to
Eleanor Liu , (who you can see boldly posing next to the no climbing sign , she will be 99 years young this June!) Kosima Weber Liu ( Eleanor's daughter in law, a photographer) , good friends Njuta , Evjenia and Laura .