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How to germinate Cannabis seeds? If you are tempted to believe that cannabis seeds germinate on their own, you should know that you can lend them a helping hand and stimulate this process. In fact, it is even recommended to do so, taking care of your plants before they even emerge, as this is the key to obtaining healthy and vigorous mature cannabis plants.
So, while you cannot change Mother Nature's ways, you can make sure that the seeds have the best germination conditions. Because it is so important to take care of your plants from ground zero, the current guide will give you comprehensive information about cannabis seed germination and how to start your cannabis culture in the best way possible.
Information about cannabis seeds
You may already know that every plant grows out of a seed, so cannabis plants are no different. The seed is an incredible capsule, containing all the required resources to help a plant start out and survive for a couple of days without anything else.
But, in order to germinate, a seed will need water, the first sign that the environment is favorable for the growth of the future plant. Without water, cannabis seeds will not begin their germination process.
When it has sufficient moisture from the ground, the seeds soak in it and crack, allowing the first root of the plant to reach the ground and develop.
At the same time, a stem will start growing upward. Don't worry, as the small plant can sense the gravity, so the roots will always go down and the stem up, no matter how the seed is positioned in the soil.
Related Articles:
How to germinate weed seeds: Start the germination process
You have quite a few options when it comes to triggering the germination of cannabis seeds.
Thus, you can use potting soil, rockwool cubes, or peat pellets, each of this options working just as well if all the conditions are met.
More precisely, regardless of the chosen support for germination, the seeds should have a proper level of moisture and the right temperature.
To increase the rates of success, you can even combine two types of germination,
which are water and soil. This means that before placing the cannabis seeds in the soil, you should place them in a bowl of water, at room temperature, and allow them to soak this way for the next 24 hours.
This will give the seeds the chance to absorb a good amount of water, so when you place them in the soil, they will be ready to germinate. Just make sure not to forget the seeds in the water for several days in a row.
Starting the germination process in the soil
Germination is very easy when you use good quality potting soil.
You should be able to find this type of soil in any gardening shop and it is recommended to choose it because it already has a decent amount of nutrients that will be sufficient for a week or two.
The nutrients in the soil are important for the germination of the seed and growth of the plant, although you need to pay attention to the number of nutrients in the soil, as overfeeding the plant or seed can have negative effects on them.
Put sufficient soil in small pots, using one pot with soil for one seed. Then, with the help of a pencil's end, create holes in the pot with the depth of a quarter of an inch.
If a seed already presents a small root, which can happen while they soak in water, then you can make sure that it will develop right by placing the seed with the root facing downward, into the soil.
After you placed the seed in the hole, place a small amount of soil over it, without pushing down the soil as it will naturally arrange when you'll water the seed.
Now, the plant is ready to germinate and you will soon see signs that things are going well when the plant will finally emerge from the soil. This can take a few days to a week, so have a little patience.
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How to water the seeds
Your cannabis seeds won't germinate without water. No seed can do this, so the part of watering them is extremely important.
Of course, you don't have to overdo it either, so continue reading to find out how to water the seeds correctly.
Too little water will make the plant grow small, as the plant will be economical with the available resources and won't use too many for its growth.
Too much water, on the other hand, with suffocate the roots as they won't receive enough oxygen. This will make them root and the plant will be extremely affected.
Not to mention that wet soils are the ideal environment for the development of bacteria and mold. Thus, the best way to make sure that you water the seed properly without exaggerating is to pour water into the soil until you see it dripping from the bottom of the pot.
When this happens you can stop. Make sure to check the moisture of the soil in the pot each day, as this water reserve won't last for more than a few days, so you will need to water it again soon.
What's the right light intensity?
Light is an extremely important factor when it comes to seed germination and growth of the new plant. If it is too cold or dark, the germination will not take place.
And considering that cannabis plants are light-lovers, you need to make sure there is plenty of it at their disposal.
The light will allow the plants to develop through the photosynthesis process, which uses light to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars, crucial for the growth of the plant.
So, the amount of light the plants have will significantly affect the way they will grow. Thus, plants that have little light will grow thin and tall, in an attempt to reach for more light, presenting a long stem and not very many branches.
But when the light is sufficient, the plant will grow thick and develop a lot of branches, which means a lot of buds for you to enjoy in the end. So, make sure that your plants have plenty of light throughout the day if you want to encourage a healthy growth.
The best light sources to use are the fluorescent lights, as they are economical when it comes to the consumption of energy and they do not generate too much heat either, so you can place them near the plants, maximizing their growth potential.
Still, seeds don't actually need light if they are not germinated yet. But, as soon as you will see the first sign of an emerging stem, it is highly important to provide a sufficient amount of light.
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What about temperature?
The temperature around the plants is another thing you need to have in mind and measure constantly.
The ideal temperature is of 73 degrees Fahrenheit and you can achieve it by bringing the light lamps closer to the plants.
If the temperature turns out to be too high, just push the lamps further away from the plants, until the temperature drops at the ideal level.
Until the seeds germinate, you can wrap them in plastic foil, so that humidity will be more effectively preserved while the temperature is within the right ranges.
This way, you will create the ideal environment for germination to occur. If the right temperature is reached, then you should expect to see your plants anytime between 3 to 7 days since you planted the seeds.
But, if you wrapped the pots with plastic foil, remove it immediately as you see the new plant sprouts. Also, this is the time to turn on the light lamps as well, keeping them on for 18 hours per day and turning them off for 6 hours at night, so the plants will have the right cycle of day and night.
Using rockwool as a substrate
What about germinating cannabis seeds in rockwool and not soil? Rockwool is a type of mineral wool, made from volcanic rock and it is a great environment for your seeds to germinate.
The only difference you have to remember when using rockwool instead of potting soil is the addition of fertilizers. Unlike potting soil, rockwool is sterile when it comes to nutrients.
Also, the pH of the rockwool may be too high for the requirements of your plants, being usually around 7, so you will have to lower it to 5.5.
You can easily do this by putting the rockwool into the water and allowing it to soak for 24 hours, as the process will bring its pH down.
There are both pros and cons when using rockwool for germinating cannabis seeds. For example, when you will transplant the small plants into bigger pots, their roots will not be affected, as you can transplant them together with the rockwool in which they grew.
But, on the other hand, you need to keep an eye on the pH and TDS, which is the quantity of fertilizer that should be around 600 ppm.
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Starting the germination in peat pellets
The peat pellets are made out of peat compressed into a pellet-like form and kept together with a thin mesh.
When you get these pellets wet, they will increase their volume as they soak in the water.
So, they transform into a soft container for your cannabis seeds.
Both the TDS, which is somewhere around 625, and pH that is 5.5, make peat pellets the perfect support for the germination of your seeds.
Once the seeds start growing roots, you can move the pellets directly into the soil or rockwool, without risking to damage the plant's roots when performing this operation.
Using cotton pads
Believe it or not, you don't have to use sophisticated materials to make your cannabis seeds germinate.
You can easily cotton pads to create a nice and moist environment for the seeds.
So, placing them between cotton pads that have been soaked in water is another way to ensure that the seeds have plenty of moisture to germinate.
The only downside to this method is that you will have to move the seedlings once they start growing roots, which can damage them as they are very fragile.
So you will have to maneuver the small plants with a lot of caution.
If using this method, check on your seeds daily, as it takes between 2 and 5 days for them to begin shooting roots and you will have to move them into pots with soil or rockwool once this happens.
To do this, just take the cotton pad that is on top and gently use your fingers or a tweezer to place the small plants into an adequate environment for growing.
Can cannabis seeds be germinated outdoors?
Well, unless the temperature outside is the ideal one, it is not that recommended to do this.
You see, it is harder to control the temperature outdoors, as if it gets slightly colder, due to weather changes, the germination will be delayed or will not occur.
Not to mention that rain, cloudy weather, and other external factors can be damaging to your plants.
Germinating your weed seeds inside is easier to do and you will be able to obtain bigger with a higher number of branches, which translates into a generous yield of buds.
Related Articles:
Making things happen faster
If you soak the seeds into a solution made out of 1% hydrogen peroxide or in compost tea, you will not just destroy all the germs that may damage the seeds, but you will also make the germination take place faster than usual.
Do this operation after planting the seeds in a sterile environment, in holes that have a depth of a quarter of an inch.
Then, water them with a solution that contains hydrogen peroxide in a proportion of 0.5% and bloom fertilizer with a strength of 25%.
It is recommended to cover the containers with the seed with something that will keep moisture in. Also, make sure that the pots are out of the sun while the temperature is kept at 72 degrees Fahrenheit or 22 degrees Celsius.
This way, it will take between 2 and 10 days for the seeds to germinate, depending on their age. So have in mind that older seeds will take longer to produce sprouts.


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Last Updated on 12/10/2020 by OTC
Austal USA has delivered its 13th Independence-class Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) to the U.S. Navy, from the company's shipyard in Mobile, Alabama, the company announced.
The future USS Mobile (LCS 26) is the fourth ship delivered by Austal USA to the U.S. Navy in CY2020, following the delivery of USS Kansas City (LCS 22) in February, USS Oakland (LCS 24) in June and USNS Newport (EPF 12) in September.
Austal Chief Executive Officer David Singleton said the delivery of the future USS Mobile, in Mobile, was a very fitting way to finish the year 2020.
"What better way to end this challenging year than with the delivery of the future USS Mobile in its namesake city. This ship is a fantastic tribute to the spirit and determination of the people of Austal USA and the City of Mobile," Mr Singleton said.
"Our warmest congratulations to the US Navy on the delivery of their latest Independence-class Littoral Combat Ship; another great symbol of the success of the United States defence industrial base and a highly capable addition to the fleet."
The Independence-class LCS is a fast, agile, focused-mission platform designed for operation in near-shore environments yet capable of open-ocean operation. It is designed to defeat asymmetric "anti-access" threats, such as mines, quiet diesel submarines and fast surface craft. The 127 metre high-speed trimaran hull warship integrates new technology and capability to support current and future mission capability from deep water to the littorals.
Four LCSs are presently under various stages of construction at Austal USA's Mobile, Alabama shipyard; Assembly continues on the future USS Savannah (LCS 28) and USS Canberra (LCS 30), while modules for the future USS Santa Barbara (LCS 32), USS Augusta (LCS 34) are under construction in the module manufacturing facility (MMF). The future USS Kingsville (LSC 36) USS Pierre (LCS 38) are under contract.
Austal USA is also under contract to build 14 Expeditionary Fast Transport vessels (EPF) for the U.S. Navy, with 12 vessels delivered, an additional vessel under construction and one scheduled.
The post Austal delivers future USS Mobile (LCS 26) to U.S. Navy appeared first on Naval News.

subset: commoncrawl


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Protection / Life Assurance
Although Life Assurance is sometimes dismissed as an unnecessary luxury, it is vital to have adequate cover to protect your income and your loved ones against the financial impact of illness or premature death. We advise on a range of protection policies to cover most eventualities.
See below for a list of all of the different protection policies we offer:
- Mortgage Protection provides for a lump sum payable on death to clear the outstanding balance on your mortgage.
- Life Assurance provides for a lump sum payable on death to provide for your loved ones
- Critical Illness Cover allows for the payment of a lump sum following diagnosis for a critical illness, sometimes called Specified Illness cover. It is particularly suited to people with dependents, the self-employed and those with outstanding mortgages.
- Business Cover allows for the continuity of the business, in the case of the death or critical illness of a key employee or shareholder.
- Income Protection provides you with a replacement income if you cannot work as a result of an illness or injury after a certain period of time(deferred period). Income protection is only available for people who earn an income.


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Dental caries remains a significant public health problem in many countries and an important cause of health inequalities. In England, almost a third of 5-year-old children and over two-fifths of 15-year-old teenagers are affected, and substantially higher rates of disease are seen among deprived communities.1 Dental disease can cause impaired nutrition and growth,2 ,3 and is one of the most common causes of child hospital admission. Long-term impacts on appearance, speech, schooling and self-confidence may add up to a substantial disadvantage for affected children.
Water fluoridation schemes were first introduced in England in the 1950s and around six million people across the country now live in areas where the level of fluoride in drinking water is adjusted to an optimum level for oral health. Worldwide, hundreds of millions of people have experienced the benefits of water fluoridation for many decades. The possible health effects of water fluoridation have been studied and reviewed many times.4 ,5 The dental effects of fluoridation, namely reduced dental decay and dental fluorosis, are well described. Water fluoridation is one of the few interventions that can be expected to directly reduce public health inequalities, although the empirical evidence for this remains relatively weak. Many non-dental health conditions have been alleged as a consequence of water fluoridation, but there is no consistent scientific evidence to support any of these putative associations. In general, the literature suggesting adverse health effects of fluoridation is characterised by poor-quality studies that do not adequately adjust for potential confounding variables.
We have a number of concerns about the paper published this week in JECH reporting an apparent association between water fluoridation and hypothyroidism.6 The authors have not established a clear prior hypothesis for the association, have misrepresented the conclusions of the existing literature, seem not to have taken adequate account of the potential for confounding, have categorised variables with arbitrary cut-offs that deviate from normal practice, and seem to have made a basic error in reporting the results of their own model. Most important is that they have drawn conclusions which greatly exceed the evidence available from this study, even if the methods used had been reliable.
Hypothyroidism in this country is largely an autoimmune disease, the aetiology of which is well described.7 The evidence provided in support of the authors' prior hypothesis of an association with water fluoridation is, therefore, likely to be irrelevant to patients listed on Quality and Outcomes Framework registers in England in 2012, who are not generally at risk of iodine deficiency. In addition, some 20–30% of these patients will be receiving levothyroxine because of previous thyroid ablation by surgery or radiation therapy to treat hyperthyroidism,7 which is even less likely to be in any way related to fluoride ingestion.
As Grimes has already pointed out in another commentary on this article,8 the authors mistakenly imply that a connection between water fluoridation and hypothyroidism is established in the literature. The weakness of any such prior hypothesis is important because ecological studies, such as this one, are highly susceptible to spurious associations as a result of confounding9 and subsequent publication bias in favour of positive results.10 Hypothyroidism is very strongly associated with age and sex; therefore, there is considerable scope for inadequately controlled confounding by these or other factors explaining the level of association observed in this study. There is no mention of potential confounding in the paper.
In relation to the methods used, we also have significant concerns. The authors provide no justification for the way that various data sets were reduced into categorical variables, for example, two of the tertiles of deprivation were inexplicably combined; likewise, the upper tertile of hypothyroidism prevalence was used instead of actual prevalence. This approach can only reduce the performance of their model. In the same way, we see no justification for selecting two areas of the country for analysis when data are available for the whole country. It also matters how those areas are defined as there are a number of options, the choice of which would affect the results.
Of most obvious concern is the reported result on relationship between deprivation and hypothyroidism. Peckham et al state, using their final multivariable model, 'the odds of a practice reporting high levels of hypothyroidism is 1.7 times higher where the IMD [Index of Multiple Deprivation] is medium or high'. Surprised to see a positive relationship, we analysed the data ourselves and found that the univariate odds of a practice reporting high levels of hypothyroidism (as defined in the paper) were less (OR 0.49) when a practice was in the upper two tertiles of IMD score compared to the least deprived tertile. In other words, the relationship was in the other direction. We cannot see an obvious explanation for this difference and it looks like an error.
The biggest problem with this paper, however, is in the interpretation which puts far too much weight on such weak evidence. The approach used is notoriously unreliable as a way of identifying independent associations and the lack of a clearly established prior hypothesis make it very unconvincing as evidence of a causal relationship. Given the other problems we have identified, this loose interpretation is a very serious concern. Such speculation is likely to result in unfounded public anxiety about a public health intervention which currently protects the health of children's teeth in many parts of the world.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.
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Albert B. Frowiss, Sr.EEOICPA Independent Claims Advocate
Albert B. Frowiss, Sr.
EEOICPA Independent Claims Advocate
P.O. Box 909
Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92067
Phone or Fax: 858.756.1494
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
H1B visaHot war or cold war, American families have given their health and lives as part of the original mission of the Manhattan Project, and ongoing nuclear technologies. The impacts of cancer causing ionizing radiation have wreaked havoc on tens of thousands of civilian patriots, and their families. The EEOICPA entitlement law enacted in 2000 enables some modicum of compensation and medical benefits. Lump sum awards range from $150,000 to $400,000 and can include medical expense coverage for the remaining years of a living DOE worker. About $16 billion has been paid out and includes more than 53,000 paid claims just for cancer, aside from other toxin caused illnesses. As a professional advocate, I specialize in cancer claims, assisting DOE-AEC workers, or contractor workers, or their direct survivors, in obtaining these awards. I focus on a dozen key DOE sites, including the national R&D labs, weapons test sites, materials and production plants. For these focused sites, I can usually get awards paid to my clients in four to five months from initial filing. In some special cases, we can get deathbed terminally ill claimants paid in "days". In the past eleven years 3,500 of my clients have received over $700 million and hundreds more are in the pipeline. These include employees at the atomic weapons test sites in Nevada and the Pacific, National Labs including Brookhaven, Los Alamos, Sandia, Livermore, Berkeley, Idaho and Oak Ridge, and production facilities like Pantex, Savannah River Plant, Hanford, Rocky Flats, Mound, Fernald, etc. A diagnosis of one of 23 "specified" cancers and typically 250 work days in a specified timeframe are the basic requirements. The government adjudicators love it when a claim is professionally prepared, making their job easier. I'm well respected as an advocate for claimants by the Dept. of Labor, top to bottom. I never collect a client's award money. With me your award money flows direct to you from the U.S.Treasury. Then you pay me.


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o, The Heart of What Was Lost (or HOWWL – I just love this acronym) hit the shelves. Tad Williams' long anticipated return to Osten Ard is finally out for everyone to read and cherish.
This review is written by me, ylvs, and represents my view of the book. Other contributors to the site might add their own later. I was a beta reader of this book, following its development from first draft to final manuscript and I am delighted to finally be able to share my thoughts.
This is a must read for fans of MS&T. It is amazing how perfectly Tad manages to match the flavour and texture of the original. It just takes a few pages and you're right back in Osten Ard. For someone loving this story as much as I do it feels like coming home …
It is also a fine starting point for those unfamiliar with Osten Ard. You never read MS&T and shy away from the sheer mass of it? Try this and find out if the world is to your liking. Of course the story has less depth without the background provided in the old books, but it is self contained and makes sense on its own.
When I first heard that Tad was writing a novelette (which finally became a short novel – anybody surprised?) about the aftermath of the final battle of MS&T I was not that excited. The victorious humans chasing their beaten fairy foes back to where they came from – that sounded more like "a story for the guys" than one for me. I do not mind reading about war and battles and people suffering but a book which is prominently about that? Nah, not really. But alas, it is a sequel to my favourite story of all time so of course I did read it and yes I do love it.
Why? First because it features one of my favourite characters from the old books: Sludig already was the hero of many deeds and battles and here he keeps doing the right thing although there never seems to be a reward or promotion for him. This is actually a sort of running gag in the novel, mentioned more than once – poor old Sludig.
Secondly HOWWL finally throws a floodlight on the Norns and their culture. In MS&T they were the unknown faceless enemy (apart from their queen Utuk'ku), here they are real people with hearts and souls and their enmity to humans and the century old hate for them becomes much more comprehensible. On a meta level this can be interpreted as a parable for us all: you cannot continue to blindly hate or fear the foe/stranger/immigrant you became familiar with. Little by little I felt my allegiance shifting from the human army seeking revenge and attempting to "root out evil for once and all" (which can also be called genocide) to the Norns trying to survive as a people and save their home.
And third and lastly what really makes this shine is the aliveness and humanity of the characters. Amidst war's horror and desolation there is also loyalty, friendship and hope – on both sides.
Tad Williams is a master of ambivalence and changing perspectives and if a fantasy novel manages to make one question one's view on the world it does deserve a label usually denied to genre fiction: literature.


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Hair FAQ's
The length of our hair depends on the texture you choose. Our Straight human hair naturally is longer because it lays completely flat when it's measured. We measure the length of our curly Indian hair when it is straight because it has more volume for the same weight.
Indian Hair Extension Length Tips:
When choosing hair please keep in mind that Virgin Single Drawn hair is left completely natural at the ends, there will be variation. It may be a good idea to select a slightly longer length because some trimming may be needed. Straight Virgin hair is true to it's length, wavy hair is usually 1.5" shorter (un-straightened), Curly hair is usually 1.5" shorter than Wavy hair. We often suggest customers to purchase hair 2" longer if they desire a curly hair look. It's very important to choose a length which you will be happy with. A very long length can be hard to maintain if you are new to hair extensions.
How Much Hair Will I Need?
One of our most commonly asked questions is "how much hair do I need to buy for a full weave." There are a couple of things you should know about our virgin Indian hair. The quantity of each pack of hair is measured by the weight, our packs are 100 grams each. Virgin Indian hair also has natural variation at the ends, which may cause the bundle of hair to look thinned out at the ends. Most customers prefer this because it makes the hair look more natural and pure.
Now for our recommendations, 2 packs are recommended if choosing a length 18 inches or less. For lengths longer than 18 inches we may recommend a 3rd pack for fullness. The longer the length of hair, the shorter the width of the track end to end, this means you will need more hair for more coverage for more volume and fullness. If in doubt, always get a 3rd pack for safe measure, it's better to have a little extra rather than not enough during your hair appointment. Whatever you don't use you can save for your next install or a touch up down the road. Please keep in mind that our curly hair is naturally much more thicker than straight or wavy hair. This means you may not need as much hair for a full look.
The amount of hair you need also depends on personal preference and your budget. There is a very small percentage of customers that feel they need a 3rd pack at any length because they simply like their hair very, very full. Please reference the chart below for more information. You can also email to firstname.lastname@example.com or contact us at one of our locations.
|Hair Length
|Bulk Hair
|10" to 18"
|2 packs
|2 packs
|18" to 22"
|2 packs, 3rd recommended
|2 packs, 3rd recommended
|22" and over
|3 or more
|3 or more
Read Our Hair FAQ's
Giovanni & Son Policies
Giovanni & Son
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Van Nuys, CA 91401
Bus: (818) 908.0183
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Preparing students for a successful tomorrow...today!
Firewheel Christian Academy
AdmissionsContact Us
Located at 5500 Lavon Drive in Garland, Firewheel Christian Academy is a private school serving Garland and the surrounding suburbs of Dallas. With an enrollment of students in attendance from diverse multi-cultural heritages, FCA has been committed to providing quality, affordable Christian education since 1981.
early education LEarning Center
The education of children is but one element in achieving this global vision,
it is this one piece that we offer to the community.
Education alone can bring forth the hidden gems of inestimable value from which all of mankind can benefit.
Our Environment
Firewheel Christian has four Divisions (Schools) based on grade level. These include:
- Early Education Learning Center (6 months – 3 years old)
- Elementary Department (4 year old – 3rd Grade)
- Intermediate Department (4th-6th Grade)
- Middle School (7th grade)
Location: 5500 Lavon Drive, Garland TX
Regular Office Hours: M-F 7a – 6:00p
Telephone: (972) 495-0851
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Regular Office Hours: M-F 7a – 6:00p
Summer Office Hours: M-Th 9a – 2p
Learn By Doing
Every family has different priorities and every child has different needs. It is essential that you determine your particular goals and needs before you can find the right school. Education will affect how your child sees the world, treats others, and views their life. Years from now, your child probably will not remember much detail about what their teachers taught, but they will remember who their teachers were.
Firewheel Christian Academy
Mission & Vision
FCA exists to nurture and develop the whole child, spiritually, intellectually, morally, physically, and artistically that they may mature into the men and women God has called them to be, sharing His message and love with their world.
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Location: 5500 Lavon Drive, Garland TX
Regular Office Hours: M-F 8a – 3:30p.
Telephone: (972) 495-0851
Email: email@example.com
Regular Office Hours: M-F 8a – 3:30p.
Summer Office Hours: M-Th 9a – 2p


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Batman: Arkham Knight's PS4 Resolution Revealed
Batman: Arkham Knight's native resolution has been revealed for the PlayStation 4 and it's 1080p. That's 1920 x 1080p. That means the game is rendering more than 2 million pixels a second. That's some mighty fine resolution for a game that I expected to hover at around 900p for the PS4, but Rocksteady really knows their stuff if they're able to hit 1080p with Arkham Knight.
The news is making its way around the web rather quickly after it was revealed over on the PlayStation Store page for Batman: Arkham Knight.
Here's what the PlayStation Store says about the game:
The game further lists that it's a single-player title with DualShock 4 support and... dun, dun, dun, native 1080p output.
Now some people have stated that they can't see the difference between 720p and 1080p or that the human eye can't see beyond 720p at 24fps... all sorts of ridiculous stuff. There was even a test ran by GameSpot where people supposedly couldn't tell the difference between games running on PC, PS4 and Xbox One... except they were using multiplatform titles. The problem is that most AAA multiplatform releases are made to maintain parity at release, as mentioned by a Ubisoft engineer and as evidenced with many AAA releases such as Call of Duty, Assassin's Creed Unity and Assassin's Creed Black Flag to name but a few.
Unfortunately parity clauses (and not the kind for indies) kind of ensure that a lot of multiplatform releases across the PS4 and Xbox One are going to look very similar at release. The only way for people to really see the differences are in indie games and exclusives, but it's pretty apparent why you can't use platform exclusives to measure graphics discrepancies and most multiplatform indies aren't quite benchmark-worthy (yet).
Even still, I'm sure most gamers are now wondering exactly what the resolution is for Batman: Arkham Knight on the Xbox One. While PC gamers with master rigs will be able to run the game at 4K, Microsoft's console is the only one now left a bit out in the cold. Can we assume that Rocksteady will scale back some aspect of the game's visuals in order for the Xbox One to maintain parity with the PS4 in resolution and hit 1080p? Or will Rocksteady forfeit the resolution wars for Microsoft's console and go all in on the graphics at a lower resolution? It's not uncommon for games to settle on 720p or 900p in order to maintain consistent frame-rates or various graphical effects.
Due to a lot of other controversies happening over the past year the resolution wars kind of took a backseat, but it looks like the discussion is starting to rear its head once more as gamers get back into the groove of heavily debating on whether or not the human eye can see past 720p and whether or not it even matters.
One thing is for sure, PS4 gamers will be able to experience Batman: Arkham Knight in full native 1080p resolution, assuming they don't pull a Killzone: Shadow Fall and the game is actually interlaced instead of progressive. I guess we'll find out once the pixel counters get their hands on the game and do a thorough graphical breakdown. Batman: Arkham Knight is due for release this June for the Xbox One, PS4 and PC.
Your Daily Blend of Entertainment News
Staff Writer at CinemaBlend.
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"I have to say, I am a bit at a loss for words. Which, as you can imagine, doesn't happen often. Because this wedding is basically a dream come true, and it comes to life in a beautiful fashion via the talented lens of The Robertsons. It's so pretty, it almost doesn't seem real, until you see the way the Bride and Groom look at each other, and then you know. This is one amazing love story.''
The bride says, "We held the ceremony and reception in a rustic location just out of Wollombi, a little country town on the edge of the Yengo State Forest. Both the ceremony & reception were held outside in a field decorated with an eclectic array of jars of wildflowers, crocheted picnic rugs, hay bales, hessian and lace bunting and other vintage finds that tied in our rustic theme."


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Produced & Directed by Zafar Shabab. Music: A. Hameed. Story & Screenplay: Shabab Kairanvi. Dialogue: Riaz-ur-Rehman Saghar. Lyr...Read More
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Khuda Aur Mohabbat (1978)
Directed by Iqbal Yusuf. Produced by Malik Billoo & Iqbal Yusuf. Music: Tafoo. Story, Screenplay, Dialogue & Lyrics: Fayyaz Has...Read More
Nanna Farishta (1974)
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Phir Chand Nikley Ga (1970)
Directed by Rafiq Razvi. Produced by Mehmood-ul-Haq. Music: Sohail Rana. Lyrics: Anjum Keranvi. Story: Mubin-ul-Haq...Read More
Ghairao (1981)
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7 Holiday Tips for Parents to Help You Enjoy the Season, Backed by Science
Every year on the morning after Thanksgiving, we pick out a Christmas tree.
And before you get the wrong idea: We don't drive out to the country and pull it up by the roots, National Lampoon style.
We get our tree at a grocery store.
It's cheap, it comes with a mini tabletop tree for our girls to decorate, and nobody gets frostbite.
This year though, the temperature was in the mid-40s with buckets pouring from the sky.
But a tradition is a tradition. So we bundled up our toddler Bailey and 5-month-old Charlie – it wasn't our week with 7-year-old Abby – and we set out on a completely miserable morning.
Last year, Bailey was too young to understand any of the Christmas hullabaloo, but at two-and-a-half this year it's a different story.
We parked at the store, and Ty reached to the backseat for the umbrella.
Not there.
I checked my floorboard.
Not there.
Our eyes met, and we both realized it at the same time.
At home, we'd cleared out the trunk to fit the tree and forgot to stick the umbrella somewhere else in the car.
I wondered: How bad would it be to just pull up alongside the tree tent and have them load one, sight unseen?
"Maybe we can come back a little later," Ty suggested.
From the backseat in the most angelic voice you could imagine, Bailey repeated: "Come back later?"
I smiled at Ty, and we knew our fate was sealed. We couldn't take this away from her.
Bonus: As a bonus for joining my weekly newsletter, get a free holiday planner template that will help you say goodbye to holiday stress so you can actually enjoy the season.
Not What We Bargained For
I loaded the baby in my trusty baby carrier as fast as possible and threw the attached cover over her head while Ty hurried to get Bailey out of her seat, then we ran for cover under the Christmas tree tent.
I'd hunched my head over baby Charlie, so she wasn't wet. But I was soaked. The cold wind cut right through to my bones.
Then I looked down at Bailey standing beside me, and I've never seen her eyes that big before.
And that smile! I felt a tug at the corners of my mouth and looked around me.
This wasn't even an impressive display of trees. It was a grocery store. Ninety-five percent of the trees were still bundled up.
Plus, did I mention? Wet. Cold. And also in case I forgot to explain: wet.
"How about that one?" Ty pointed and asked Bailey.
"Yeah!" she yelled while clapping and jumping up and down.
I looked where he was pointing. A little scrawny.
But that smile. Pure joy from the simple idea of bringing a little of the outside into our home.
I caught Ty's eye and smirked. "She's pretty excited about this."
He laughed.
What Happened to This Cranky Mom
I brushed the wet hair off my face and looked around the tent for a fuller tree.
When I spied one, I reached down for Bailey's hand. My hand caught part of her jacket, and I realized she must be soaked, too.
I led her to another tree. "This one looks a little bigger. How about this?"
And again: "Yeah!" Clapping. Jumping.
That smile.
I shook my head and chuckled. "Too much cuteness."
"Yep," Ty said.
The tent attendant started to work on bundling up our tree for the road. "Don't forget your tabletop tree," he reminded us.
"Oh yeah," I said. Then to Bailey: "Are you ready to pick out the tree for your room with Abby?"
Her jaw dropped until her mouth made a perfect circle. "For my room?"
"Uh-huh," I said.
"Right now?" she asked.
"Right now," I said.
Clapping. Jumping.
And oh goodness. That smile.
I couldn't help it. I smiled too.
Wet, cold, and smiling like a toddler under a Christmas tree tent.
A Lesson From My Toddler
When the holiday stress threatens to overwhelm me this year, I will remember that day.
The bliss on my toddler's face on an absolutely miserable day. Pure happiness because of the simple joys this season brings.
A tree? Right now? For me?
In that moment, she didn't even realize she'd get to string lights on the tree or hang ornaments or shoo the cats away from drinking the tree water.
I can't even imagine her face when she sees the first present under the tree.
Take joy in the small pleasures that come your way. That's what I learned from my toddler this holiday season.
And also: Always pack an umbrella.
7 Holiday Tips for Parents to Help You Enjoy the Season, Backed by Science
Bailey inspired me to put together a toolbox to keep my perspective screwed on straight this year.
When I start to worry that we're not doing enough fun holiday activities with the girls, or that we haven't given enough to our loved ones, or that we've stretched our budget too thin – I'll be prepared.
Because of the look on Bailey's face that day and also because I'm ready with these tools for managing holiday stress. These holiday tips for parents are like a vaccine against Christmas stress.
I even designed myself a Christmas planner to keep these tricks top of mind every day throughout December. If that sounds good to you too, be sure to grab the free printable template page at the end of this post.
1. Empty the Snow Globe That Is Your Head
I used to write to-do lists on every scrap of paper I could find – in my purse, on the kitchen counter, tucked inside books I'd started reading and lost interest in. Any piece of paper was fair game, from bill envelopes to the leftover construction paper scraps from my kids' art projects.
But this kind of disjointed to-do list is actually a major source of stress. From the book Getting Things Done†:
"The short-term memory part of your mind – the part that tends to hold all of the incomplete, undecided, and unorganized "stuff" – functions much like RAM on a personal computer. Your conscious mind, like the computer screen, is a focusing tool, not a storage place. You can think about only two or three things at once. But the incomplete items are still being stored in the short-term-memory space. And as with RAM, there's limited capacity; there's only so much "stuff" you can store in there and still have that part of your brain function at a high level. Most people walk around with their RAM bursting at the seams. They're constantly distracted, their focus disturbed by their own internal mental overload…
This produces an all-pervasive stress factor whose source can't be pinpointed.
Even if you've already decided on the next step you'll take to resolve a problem, your mind can't let go until and unless you write yourself a reminder in a place it knows you will, without fail, look."
In other words, the neverending to-do list swirling in your head is like a snow globe that never settles back down. Don't let that get in the way of enjoying the holiday season with your family.
Here's the fix: Have one place where you get all those to-dos out of your head. I'm personally smitten with Evernote.
- Set a timer for 25 minutes.
- Sit down with Evernote or your list-keeper of choice.
- Write down everything you need to get done.
If you think of something an hour later, add it to the list. If you're lying in bed and can't sleep because you're thinking about how you need to call Aunt Susan to politely explain the kids are too old for her annual present of footie pajamas, add it to the list so you can sleep!
(By the way, this is one reason I love Evernote – I can open it on my phone or any computer, and my lists all stay in sync.)
2. Honor the Magic of Three
The Holy Trinity. The Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future. The Santa Clause trilogy.
Three really is a magic number, and that's why every day you'll pick three MITs.
MIT = Most Important Task.
You de-snow-globed your head to make a master to-do list, but it's probably kind of long and overwhelming. The solution? MITs.
Here's how: Look at your master list, and pick three tasks that are most important to get done today. Just three.
Pick the things that MUST happen today. If you finish these MITs, you will consider the day a success.
For example, here are my MITs from Monday:
- Order books for the girls' Christmas presents.
- Design a free printable planner page to go along with this post.
- Reserve dog boarding for our holiday travel.
Notice how I listed work and personal items together. Your 3 MITs should be for your whole day. Avoid making one MIT list for work and one for home because you'll lose focus on the most important things that must happen today – plus you'll probably procrastinate both lists.
You can always do more than your MITs, but those should happen first. Before you check email or shop online for stocking stuffers and get lost down a rabbit hole of peppermint truffles and gingerbread lip balm – do your MITs.
3. Catch This Word
I can hear you right now.
"But…just three? THREE?!? I should bake cookies for neighbor presents. I should deep-clean the house before family visits. I should fill out the Advent calendar with super fun family activities. I should…"
First of all, I already gotcha covered on the Advent calendar front. (Get my free holiday activity cards inside that post, and you're DONE.)
So eliminate "should" from your vocabulary during the holiday season.
Here's the problem with "should"ing: Research on time perceptions shows that we typically "imagine that we'll be less busy in the future." And because of that, we take on more and more tasks and projects thinking we'll have time "later." But we're wrong. We're just as busy "later" as we are right now – if not moreso.
Stop telling yourself you'll have more time later. It's a lie. For all those things you think you'll get to "one day," you probably won't. And every time you think of it and how you haven't done it yet, you'll be disappointed in yourself. Those undone tasks weigh you down.
Saying you "should" do something dangles more tasks over your head like wannabe mistletoe, and it takes the focus off what's most important for you to get done.
If you catch yourself "should"ing, try this brilliant holiday hack: Change that "should" to "could" and add "or…" to the end.
For example, let's say you catch yourself saying this: "I should knit homemade stockings for the whole family using wool I sheared myself at the sheep farm three hours outside of town." Stop that "should" in its reindeer tracks and say this: "I could knit homemade stockings for the whole family, or I could pour myself another eggnog and order them from Amazon instead."
4. Make One Task Your Universe
Contrary to popular belief, multitasking is nothing to brag about. Multitasking makes it harder for you to concentrate, and it adds to your stress.
Even worse than that, constantly switching between tasks makes everything take longer. Multitasking increases the amount of time it takes to finish your primary task by an average of 25%.
Pick one thing from your list and focus on that one task. If you struggle with this, try setting a timer for 20-30 minutes to help you focus.
If you're raking leaves but you have a gabazillion other things you should be doing right now – make that a gabazillion other things you could be doing right now – accept the fact that you chose to rake leaves right now. Pay attention to the crunch of the leaves, the sunlight falling through the trees, the cold grip of the rake on your hand.
Make that task your universe.
5. Think of This, Once a Day
Here's the absolute best thing you can do to keep the holiday stress from getting to you: Think of what you're grateful for.
According to Gratitude Works: A 21-Day Program for Creating Emotional Prosperity:
Gratitude has one of the strongest links to mental health and satisfaction with life of any personality trait – more so than even optimism, hope, or compassion. Grateful people experience higher levels of positive emotions such as joy, enthusiasm, love, happiness, and optimism, and gratitude as a discipline protects us from the destructive impulses of envy, resentment, greed, and bitterness. People who experience gratitude can cope more effectively with everyday stress, show increased resilience in the face of trauma-induced stress, recover more quickly from illness, and enjoy more robust physical health.
But it doesn't work if you focus on gratitude just once in a while. The effects will wear off, and you'll start taking things for granted again.
You must make gratitude part of your routine. As explained in Gratitude Works, once a week is the bare minimum.
By the way, this is why the free printable planner page at the bottom of this post includes a section for recording what you're grateful for every day in December. In my family, we've also started going around the table at dinnertime to share what everyone is grateful for – even the toddler.
And here's a funny tidbit for you: As it turns out, it doesn't even matter if you can't think of something you're grateful for. I'm embarrassed to admit it, but this happens to me all the time.
For example: The toddler is throwing a tantrum because she wants a snack five minutes before dinner's ready, the baby spit up all over me, and the dog just walked into the kitchen smacking her lips after a visit to the cats' litter box.
Instead of screaming and running from the house, I try to catch myself in those moments and ask: "What am I grateful for?"
In The Upward Spiral: Using Neuroscience to Reverse the Course of Depression, One Small Change at a Time, I learned that if I can't think of anything in that moment, it's okay. I still get the benefits of a gratitude habit. Not only that, by continuing to ask myself that question, I'm making it easier to answer myself the next time:
It's not finding gratitude that matters most; it's remembering to look in the first place. Remembering to be grateful is a form of emotional intelligence. One study found that it actually affected neuron density in both the ventromedial and lateral prefrontal cortex. These density changes suggest that as emotional intelligence increases, the neurons in these areas become more efficient. With higher emotional intelligence, it simply takes less effort to be grateful.
6. Drink Eggnog
During especially busy times like the holidays, your tendency may be to crank, crank, crank on your to-do list. But trying to be super productive for long stretches of time will actually hurt you.
From productivity guru David Allen, author of Getting Things Done:
"You have to back off and be quiet. Retreat from the task at hand, so that you can gain a new perspective on what you're doing. If you get too wrapped up in all of the stuff coming at you, you lose your ability to respond appropriately and effectively. If your inbox and your outbox are completely full, or if people are screaming at you, then it's difficult to back off and think about things at a different level."
What's more, all the tasks and decisions you make throughout the day wear on your brain. Your brain needs a chance to recuperate so you don't turn into Clark Griswold after he opened his Jelly of the Month Club "bonus."
Every day during this busy time, take at least one deliberate break. If you can take more, even better.
A few ideas to get you on the Polar Express train to a happier holiday season:
- Invite your kids to join you in some simple holiday fun – like watching Elf, making paper snowflakes, or sipping eggnog by the cozy fire.
- Take a quick walk around your neighborhood. Bonus points if you do it after dark and check out the festive Christmas lights.
- Set the timer for 10 minutes and meditate. If that sounds weird, I get it because I felt the same way. Then I tried meditating using an app called Headspace, and I'm SOLD. Nothing clears my mind of stress like taking 10 minutes to…well, clear my mind. The app is available for iOS and Android.
- Steal one of your kid's coloring books, and start coloring. The activity of coloring calls on both logic (staying in the lines) and creativity (picking colors and color schemes), and that combo package is exactly what your brain needs to chill out. You can even get one of these absolutely gorgeous coloring books designed just for adults. Treat yourself to some pretty gel pens, coloring brush pens, or a set of fancy colored pencils, and your stress will melt away.
7. Don't Buy Gifts
This is the season of giving, but that doesn't mean you have to go into mega credit card debt to cover everyone on your shopping list.
And guess what? Your loved ones don't want all that stuff from you anyway. 84 percent of Americans said they would prefer a less materialistic holiday season. And 81 percent of adults appreciate when someone makes a donation to a charity in their name instead of giving a physical gift.
This year, try giving handmade gifts. And I don't mean some Pinterest monstrosity crafted entirely from toilet paper rolls, glitter, and mason jars.
My crafting ability lies somewhere between lighting a candle and successfully cutting coupons – and you'd be surprised by how often I find myself cutting right into the barcode. If you're like me or if you'd like to give your loved one gifts they'll actually appreciate instead of shove in the back of the closet until next year's white elephant gift exchange, here are some DIY Christmas gift ideas for you:
- 30 Heartfelt Homemade Christmas Gifts Anyone Can Make
- If you plan to make a donation in your loved one's name, check out these free cards that say a donation has been made in your name, but in a way that will make your loved one smile.
Get Your Free Planner Template
- Get the planner template. You'll get the printable, plus join my weekly newsletter! Just click here to get it and subscribe.
- Print one for every day of December. Any paper will do the trick, but card stock would be super sturdy.
- Fill out your planner every morning and say goodbye to holiday stress.
Before you go, get my FREE cheat sheet: 75 Positive Phrases Every Child Needs to Hear
Your Turn
What are your best holiday tips for parents? Share in a comment below!


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A Possible Explanation of Cluster Headaches: A Disruption of the Dehydroepiandrosterone to Testosterone Ratio in Vulnerable Individuals (This is an explanation of the mechanism. Low DHEA and low testosterone in cluster headaches have been noticed before this treatise.)
Copyright 2013 James Michael Howard, Fayetteville, Arkansas, U.S.A.
(New added support: bottom of page)
Cluster headaches (Chs) are relatively rare. I think a possible explanation of their cause and possible treatment, not cure, may be found in my usual explanation of pathology, that is, the "secular trend." I think cluster headaches are a disorder exposed by the reductions in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone which naturally occur beginning around age twenty-five. A disruption of the DHEA to testosterone ratio may expose malfunctioning genes or congenital effects. Behaviors, which increase the natural reduction of these androgens, will participate in triggering cluster headaches when these androgens begin to decline in vulnerable individuals.
(My detailed explanation of the relationship of DHEA and testosterone is available: "DHEA, Estradiol, Testosterone, and the Relevance of Their Ratio …The Androgen Receptor …and the Secular Trend," at: http://anthropogeny.com/Androgen%20Receptor%20and%20Secular%20Trend.htm . I recommend reading this.)
I think a combination of melatonin, DHEA in different amounts during the day and night along with discontinuation of smoking and alcohol consumption may provide some relief for these individuals.
As you read further, keeps the following in mind: Treatment for cluster headaches often includes sumatriptan (Imitrex) which has been found to decrease prolactin (J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print]: "The 5-HT1D/1B receptor agonist sumatriptan enhances fear of simulated speaking and reduces plasma levels of prolactin," de Resende, at al.). "Prolactin and ACTH responses to the drug [sumatriptan] were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in patients with cluster headache, both in the active and in the remission period." (Cephalalgia. 2003 Jun;23(5):354-60) (I explain the importance of prolactin in cluster headaches below; please read further.)
A connection of testosterone levels with cluster headaches is not new with me. I think it is the combination of reduced DHEA and testosterone levels that are involved in exposing a vulnerability to cluster headaches that may be more affected by loss of DHEA.
The decline of testosterone may be the key factor, though, loss of DHEA may exacerbate this. Chs occur much more often in men than women, about twice as often. Some suggest that this ratio of Chs in men to women may be falling. Since my work suggests that testosterone is increasing in women, it fits that testosterone may be involved. (This sounds contradictory at this time but I will explain the consequences of higher testosterone and its decline.) I think the consequences of the secular trend are heavily related to an early onset of testosterone within individuals which results in an early decline of testosterone. (The peak of testosterone production occurs earlier in individuals because of the secular trend.) The usual onset of Chs follows the decline of DHEA and testosterone. I think a significant amount of human pathology occurs because of the loss of gene activity caused by the loss of the effects of DHEA and testosterone.
A pattern may be identifiable in phenomena often associated with cluster headaches. (The following is derived from a list of phenomena that "may trigger cluster attacks." Alcohol and smoking reduce testosterone in men. It is my hypothesis that alcohol and smoking increase DHEA levels during prolonged use. However, this long-term increase in DHEA increases the onset of the natural decline of DHEA during the life span. It is this loss of DHEA that participates in exposure of pathological conditions with aging. The earlier onset of this decline of DHEA caused by alcohol and smoking is the main causal mechanism of their use. High altitude reduces testosterone in men. Bright light may decrease melatonin production which may reduce DHEA levels (to be explained below). Exertion in men who are experiencing the reduction of testosterone of the secular trend may exhibit characteristics of a "hypogondal" man. Exercise actually reduces testosterone in the "exercise-hypogandal male condition" (J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 Oct;31(10):932-8). Heat reduces testosterone. Nitrites reduce testosterone. Cocaine use eventually reduces testosterone levels.
The beneficial effects of oxygen are simply the beneficial effects of oxygen. In my preparation for this paper, I found that blood vessel dilation is involved in cluster headaches. I assumed this could result in ischemia of the vessels involved. Therefore, less oxygen is available to the tissues involved. Subsequently, I discovered that oxygen deprivation causes pain and one source said that cluster headaches, among some other causes mentioned, is, indeed, an "oxygen deprivation headache." So, the oxygen treatment fights the pain of oxygen deprivation. Since DHEA might stimulate constriction, therefore, opening due to the mechanical effect of stimulating the walls of the vessels involved, DHEA should help with this too.
This is a good synopsis of cluster headaches and sleep, specifically REM sleep by James Weintraub, Michigan Head Pain & Neurological Institute: "There has been an association of these attacks [cluster headaches] to REM sleep and research has noted an increase of sleep apnea in patients who experience cluster headaches. In fact, in one report, patients who have cluster headaches and sleep apnea were also noted to have experienced bed-wetting and night terrors during childhood. In patients with cluster headaches who have sleep apnea, it is suggested that they may be experiencing an episodic decrease in oxygen during the night that can precipitate the headache attacks. In patients who have chronic cluster headaches, it is noted that two-thirds of the attacks usually occur during the last two hours of sleep." (DHEA, testosterone, prolactin, and melatonin are not mentioned in the full article from which this is taken.)
It is part of explanation of sleep (link below) that sleep begins with very low levels of DHEA, which allow sleep to occur. At this time melatonin is high because the low DHEA allows the largest release of the night from the pineal gland. Melatonin triggers a response release of prolactin which stimulates DHEA to maintain brainstem function. As sleep continues, this cycle of melatonin – prolactin – DHEA gradually increases DHEA production which reaches its maximum which then results in consciousness. I think these periodic increases in DHEA activate the brain without producing consciousness but do cause the slight brain activity which is called "REM sleep." Because of this mechanism, I have deduced that any approach to insufficient DHEA production to maintain the brainstem results in an adrenergic reaction which stimulates DHEA which then re-institutes brainstem activity. (This may be why some people cannot maintain sleep.) My point is that this response occurs when DHEA is very low which I have stated may be the cause of cluster headaches. I suggest this is why REM sleep is connected with cluster headaches. This is a time of such low DHEA that negative consequences of this low DHEA occur, besides cluster headaches. Sleep apnea, bed-wetting, night terrors, I suggest, are also caused by dangerously low levels of DHEA during sleep which sometimes stimulate a significant adrenergic reaction to avoid brainstem shutdown and death.
Cluster headaches present on one side of the head. A substantial amount of research has demonstrated / supported evidence of laterality of the brain related to testosterone levels.
Plasma levels of testosterone have been reported in cluster headaches (Cephalalgia March 1983 vol. 3 no. 1 41-44). Some men experienced relief from cluster headaches with testosterone treatment (Headache. 2006 Jun;46(6):925-33). Other studies failed to find a positive treatment effect of testosterone in chronic sufferers (Cephalalgia. 1993 Aug;13(4):258-60). Antiandrogenic therapy has been beneficial (Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1988;8(1):21-4).
As far as I can determine, using "Pubmed," DHEA has not been measured in cluster headaches. Since prolactin is a direct and specific stimulator of DHEA production, I suggest a strong case may be made for a cyclical feedback regulation of prolactin and DHEA. Prolactin (PRL) levels have been measured in Chs.
"In males the nocturnal PRL peak was blunted during remissions as compared with that in cluster periods and that in control individuals. The 24-h mean PRL levels were lower during remission and cluster periods than in the controls." (Cephalalgia. 1987 Mar;7(1):43-54) This may indicate that DHEA has increased which reduced PRL levels and corrected the DHEA to testosterone ratio. Note: From above, sumatriptan (Imitrex) reduces prolactin and this may mean that the beneficial effects of sumatriptan are caused by increases in DHEA.
1985, I produced an explanation of sleep involving melatonin,
prolactin, and DHEA ("Sleep, Melatonin, DHEA, AIDS and Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome," at:
). This explains that the function of sleep is to stimulate
DHEA upon awakening. When DHEA reaches a certain level, it
stimulates awakening. The function of sleep, involving melatonin and
prolactin, is the production of DHEA. Melatonin and prolactin levels
change during sleep to assure maintenance of a proper levels of DHEA
during sleep to maintain the brainstem to maintain breathing and the
cardiovascular system. Since DHEA is low during sleep, cluster
headaches often occur at night. This would be a time of vulnerability
to excessively low levels of DHEA and may explain why cluster
headaches are rare; if one's DHEA declines too low, I suggest one may
Melatonin is directly involved in production of DHEA. Melatonin has been found to be reduced during cluster headaches.
Furthermore, it is also my hypothesis that cortisol (stress) evolved to counteract the positive effects of DHEA on neuronal function. That is, cortisol reduces initial motivation produced by DHEA to continue during "fight or flight" circumstances. An increased cortisol to DHEA ratio also reduces the effects of DHEA in tissues other than the brain. Cortisol has been found to be connected with cluster headaches. Hight cortisol adversely affects the function of DHEA.
"The cyclic nature of cluster headache warranted a study of the 24-hour rhythms of serum cortisol and melatonin. They were both altered during cluster periods as compared with periods of remission and healthy controls. The 24-hour mean and maximal cortisol levels were higher and the timing of the cortisol minimum was delayed as compared to the same patients in remission. Although there was no relation between the cortisol and melatonin levels and headaches, the rise of cortisol following many attacks might in part represent an adaptive response to pain. The nocturnal melatonin maximum was lower during cluster periods than in remission. This finding, and the dysautonomic signs during attacks, may reflect a change of the vegetative tone in a hyposympathetic direction." (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 207-213)
"The cyclic recurrence of cluster periods and the regular timing of headache occurrence in cluster headache (CH) induced us to study the circadian secretion of melatonin and cortisol in 12 patients with episodic CH, during a cluster period, and compare them with 7 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Blood was sampled every 2, h for 24 h. All subjects were confined to a dark room from 22.00 to 08.00. Plasma melatonin levels were significantly reduced in CH patients (repeated measures ANOVA p < 0.03; mesor p < 0.02), and the cortisol mesor was significantly increased (p < 0.03). Amplitudes and acrophases did not differ between the groups. Individual cosinor analysis showed that 4/12 (33.3%) CH patients had no significant melatonin rhythm, and that 5/11 (45.5%) had no cortisol rhythm. Group analysis of cosinor revealed significant rhythmicity of melatonin and cortisol secretion in both groups. In controls, the timing of melatonin and cortisol acrophase significantly correlated with each other, indicating that the biorhythm controllers for the secretion of these hormones were synchronized. Such correlation was not found in the CH patients; mesor, amplitude and acrophase of melatonin and cortisol did not correlate with duration of illness, duration of headache in course, or time since last headache attack." (Cephalalgia June 1995 vol. 15 no. 3 224-229 )
"A fall in nocturnal plasma melatonin occurs in patients with cluster headache, suggesting that melatonin may play a role in the promotion of attacks. During a cluster period, we administered melatonin to 20 cluster headache patients (2 primary chronic, 18 episodic) in a double-blind placebo-controlled study of oral melatonin 10 mg (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) for 14 days taken in a single evening dose. Headache frequency was significantly reduced (ANOVA, p<0.03) and there were strong trends towards reduced analgesic consumption (ANOVA, p<0.06) in the treatment group. Five of the 10 treated patients were responders whose attack frequency declined 3–5 days after treatment, and they experienced no further attacks until melatonin was discontinued. The chronic cluster patients did not respond. No patient in the placebo group responded. There were no side effects in either group. Although the response rate is low, melatonin may be suitable for cluster headache prophylaxis in some patients, particularly those who cannot tolerate other drugs." (Cephalalgia November 1996 vol. 16 no. 7 494-496 )
"The circadian changes in testosterone (T) and Cortisol secretion and morning luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were evaluated in nine episodic cluster headache (CH) patients in active phase and in seven healthy volunteers, with collection of blood samples every 2 h for 24 h. CH showed a significant reduction of the 24-h integrated mean T value (mesor) (4.4 + 1.1 ng/ml; × ± SD) in comparison with controls (6.6 ± 0.8 ng/ml) (P < 0.01). Both groups had plasma T circadian rhythm with peak values in early morning, but in CH single cosinor analysis showed its absence in three out of nine CH patients. The rhythm showed an acrophase delay of 101 min in CH. Both patients and controls had a significant circadian rhythm of plasma Cortisol concentration. CH patients, however, showed an acrophase delay of 106 min and significantly increased concentrations from 1200 h to 2000 h. Morning LH values were similar in the two groups. The reduced secretion of plasma T in CH patients in the active phase coexisted with an acrophase delay of its circadian rhythm. A similar delay was found in 24-h plasma Cortisol levels. We suggest that stress accompanying attack expectancy in the active phase is the mechanism behind the elevated plasma Cortisol levels. This in turn could reduce T concentrations, acting at the testicular level. These disturbances in internal chrono-organization support the hypothesis that cluster headache is basically a dyschronic disorder." (Cephalalgia March 1986 vol. 6 no. 1 29-34 )
"Cluster headache is a stereotypic headache disorder marked by short-lasting bouts of severe unilateral head pain and associated autonomic symptoms. Almost pathognomonic of this condition are nocturnal attacks that usually occur during the first random eye movement sleep phase of the evening. Melatonin levels have been found to be decreased in cluster headache patients. A lack of melatonin secretion may predispose the cluster sufferer to nocturnal and, possibly, daytime attacks. Leone et al. demonstrated that melatonin could rapidly alleviate cluster attacks, but only in episodic cluster patients. We report two chronic cluster headache patients who had both daytime and nocturnal attacks that were alleviated with melatonin." (Cephalalgia December 2001 vol. 21 no. 10 993-995 )
New Support:
"Conclusions The majority of patients with migraine or cluster headache do not have sexual activity during headache attacks. Our data suggest, however, that sexual activity can lead to partial or complete relief of headache in some migraine and a few cluster headache patients." (Cephalalgia April 2013 vol. 33 no. 6 384-389 ).
Prolactin increases following sexual activity and is 400% higher following intercouse than following masturbation. (Biol Psychol. 2006 Mar;71(3):312-5)
I suggest the foregoing supports my contention that prolactin and, therefore, DHEA decreases cluster headaches.


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Self-publish without spending more than you'll ever get back
Want to self-publish that book you've
You don't need to pay one of those online
self-publishing companies thousands of dollars.
You can do it yourself for free or by paying for
only services you need — and keep all rights.
You can't afford to pay big bucks to one of these companies exploiting authors with high fees.
I'll show you how to accomplish it all on your own.
FIRST, SOME GOOD ADVICE: Before you decide on self-publishing, send your book out to agents and to independent trade publishers or a university press. I'm glad I sent my historical novel, Winter of the Metal People around first. Sunbury Press accepted it and published it in June 2013. Sunbury Press also published my mystery, A Brother's Cold Case, in 2014. University of New Mexico Press has published two of my books. These are two of several publishers that are selective in what books they accept. They then edit, design a cover, print, and distribute at no cost to the author. Your chance of success is much greater if published by a publisher, even a small one.
You could figure out how to do much of what you need. But I won't kid you, computer expertise is required in several software programs, and it will take time figuring out the publishing platforms. If you don't have the time, skills, and determination to figure it out by yourself, then I can help you. Your inquiry and my advice are free for the first telephone hour. If you still need help, my work on your book after that is at the rate of $25 an hour. Or maybe after talking with me you'll realize one of your friends can do it for free. Or you can do as much as you can and hire me or a specialty company online to help you with only what you can't do.
Even by paying for some services, you can self-publish your book for a fraction of what is being charged by so many of these self-publishing companies.
I self-published all the e-short stories on this website. I found publishers for the journalism textbook, the Winter of the Metal People historical novel, the A Brother's Cold Case mystery novel, the War of the Planet Burners sci-fi thriller, and the Esteban: The African Slave Who Explored America biography. I design most of my short-story covers, but even when I had to buy artwork rights for covers, none cost more than $20 or so.
|Your options are laid out for you in my e-articles: "Successful e-Publishing for Authors" or the article covering both ebooks and paperbacks, "Successful Self-Publishing for Authors." You might read either one and decide you can do this self-publishing and don't need me or anyone else. They provide advice on cover design, copy editing, distribution book price, editing, and how to have a small, free website.
|Some paperbacks I published for myself or others with the Sterling Publications USA imprint or services are below. I've shown several writers how to self-publish. I can show you, too.
STERLING PUBLICATIONS USA imprints or assistance:
Buy ebook
Bookstore order
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(Paperback only)
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or bookstore
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(ebook only)
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(Paper or ebook)


text:
Controversy arose during the Anabaptist movement in the 16-17th centuries which added to what the Bible says, as well as ignoring other clear Biblical teachings. These errors are still prevalent in various Christian groups.
It is our prayer that this study would help clarify what the Bible says, as well as assure our readers that we practice Baptism in strict accordance with what Scripture teaches.
I apologize for not having the Bible passages printed out; however you can be like our own Bible Study groups at church, and look them up in your own Bible.
Please feel free to copy this and use it for your own group or personal study. And may God bless you as you study his Word.
by Rev. Daniel K. Schroeder
I. Some fundamental Christian truths:
A. Original sin. When sin first entered into the world, it infected the whole human race from that time on. Human nature is naturally sinful. Since man was created in God's image (righteous and holy), this image has been lost through the fall into sin. Romans 3:23; Romans 7:18; Genesis 6:5; Mark 7:21-22; Romans 8:7 & 22; Romans 5:12; John 3:6; Psalm 51:5; Ephesians 4:22-24; Ephesians 2:1.
B. Jesus Christ. Only those who believe in Jesus Christ as their Saviour can be saved. Acts 16:30-31; Romans 10:9; John 3:15-17.
C. Conversion. Conversion is a work of God himself, and not a decision of man himself. II Corinthians 4:4-6; I Corinthians 12:3; Ephesians 2:4-9; I Peter 2:9.
D. How God works. God the Holy Spirit works through the Word. John 17:17; II Thessalonians 2:13-14; Romans 10:17; II Timothy 3:15.
II. Baptism is a sacrament (Latin "sacramentum" meaning "sacred act").
This is merely ecclesiastical terminology used to describe a Biblical truth.
Three things are necessary to be called a sacrament in Lutheran theology:
A. Something instituted or established by Christ for Christians to do.
B. Something that includes an earthly element.
C. Something that confers a Gospel blessing.
Baptism is not merely an ordinance or rite of the church (such as a wedding, funeral, confirmation, etc.).
III. Baptism (Greek: baptismos) and baptize (Greek: baptidzo)-the meaning of the word.
The ceremonial use and/or application of water in various ways: wash, immerse, pour, or sprinkle. Mark 1:8; Mark 7:3-4.
Baptize does not mean to immerse ONLY at the exclusion of the other common definitions. Those who contend that the only proper Baptism is by immersion frequently use two passages of Scripture as "proof passages:"
"As Jesus was coming up out of the water…" (Mark 1:10). They conclude that since Jesus was "coming up out of the water" that he must have been fully immersed. However, this passage says nothing about how far Jesus was actually IN the water or how much of his body was covered. "Coming up out of the water" can be said of the person who was in the water only ankle deep, walking back up on shore.
"We were therefore buried with him through baptism…" (Romans 6:4). They conclude that this "burial" in Baptism means to be "buried in the water" or completely immersed. If this passage is understood in this manner, then the next two words "into death" must also be understood in the same way, thereby making the only legitimate form of Baptism by immersing and drowning. Even a cursory study of this section of Romans shows that this section refers to Christ's death, burial, and resurrection; and our share in that.
Scripture in NO PLACE dictates how much or how little the amount of water which needs to be used for a legitimate Baptism. If water is applied in some manner to the person according to the directive of Scripture (Matthew 28:19), then it is indeed a legitimate and valid Baptism. Even if Jesus WAS completely immersed when he was Baptized (and we don't know that), it doesn't mean that other methods of application aren't just as Scriptural and legitimate. It is wrong to bind someone's conscience with regard to a particular method of Baptism when Scripture makes no distinction (Colossians 2:16-18).
HISTORY: If we were to visit the catacombs under the city of Rome where the early Christians dwelt because of persecution in the first several centuries of Christianity, there are drawings of people being Baptized by pouring.
HISTORY: The demand for Baptism by immersion only doesn't come to light until the Anabaptists appeared on the scene sometime in the 16-17th Century.
QUOTE: "It is strange that those who make so much of the method of Baptism should make so little of its content."
IV. The blessings and power of Baptism.
Baptism is water used according to God's command and connected with his Word; otherwise it would be just plain water. Scripture teaches that several important things are received through Baptism, namely:
A. The gift of the Holy Spirit.
B. The forgiveness of sins.
C. Deliverance from death and the devil.
D. Eternal salvation.
Acts 2:14-39; Acts 22:16; Romans 6:3 (cf. Hebrews 2:14-15); Mark 16:16; I Peter 3:20b-22; Galatians 3:26-67; Titus 3:5; Ephesians 5:25-26.
V. The Baptism of adult converts.
Adult converts are those who can hear and understand the message of the Gospel through the written and spoken Word of God. God the Holy Spirit works through the Word to convert them and bring them to faith in Jesus Christ as their Saviour. They are then Baptized as a response of their faith. The formula of teaching first and then Baptizing is applied. Acts 2:38; Acts 22:16; Acts 8:26-40; Acts 16:29-34.
VI. The Baptism of infants.
God's Word uses various terms with regard to both original sin and Baptism. Terms such as: "all nations, all, every one, entire household, etc." mean just what they say. God in the Bible makes no attempt whatsoever to exclude anybody regardless of age in any of the terms he uses.
Christian parents will first seek the blessings of Baptism for their children; and then as they grow in years, they will faithfully attend to their instruction in the Christian faith. At Baptism, parents and sponsors attest to the faith in which the child will be raised. It is wrong to assume that Baptism is a one-way ticket to heaven regardless of a person's faith later in life, thereby making Christian instruction and a Christian life unnecessary. The blessings of Baptism can be rejected by a person in the same manner as a person would reject the message of the Word.
A. An infant is sinful. Psalm 51:5; Romans 3:23; Job 14:4.
B. An infant can have faith. Psalm 22:9-10; II Timothy 3:15; Mark 9:42; Luke 1:44; Luke 18:15-17; John 3:8.
Baptism creates a personal saving faith in Jesus Christ as Saviour in an infant. Infants are in need of the blessings Baptism confers.
VII. The rejection of infant Baptism.
Various Christian groups and denominations reject infant Baptism for various reasons. Here are some of the common reasons given by them for doing this:
A. A person needs to reach an "age of accountability" so they can make the decision to be baptized. There is absolutely nothing in Scripture which speaks of such an age, or that Baptism was ever denied until such an age had been reached. To insert this teaching into Scripture is to add something to it. Matthew 15:9; Revelation 22:18.
B. Children are in a "suspended state of salvation" until they reach the age of accountability. Again, Scripture makes no reference to such a teaching.
C. Children are "innocent," and therefore have no need of the forgiveness of sins. Scripture teaches otherwise (see "Original Sin" as stated previously).
D. A person needs to repent before they are Baptized. This is based upon the words of Acts 2:38 which is near the conclusion of Peter's Pentecost sermon: "Repent and be baptized, every one of you…." Peter was speaking to adults who were cut to the heart by the words he was preaching. The context here is the prime consideration. In this case, as is the case for every adult convert, repentance and faith come before Baptism.
E. Absence of Baptism doesn't condemn a person; unbelief is the thing that condemns. This comes from Mark 16:16 and is a correct statement. We must realize however that Baptism is a vehicle of the Holy Spirit and is a faith creating thing in the heart of an infant. For a person to reject Baptism is a statement of unbelief, and therefore condemns.
In summary: To reject infant Baptism also rejects some very fundamental doctrines taught in Scripture. The "innocence" of children denies the doctrine of original sin (has anybody ever had to teach their children to misbehave?). To say that children are in some sort of "suspended state of salvation" denies that a personal faith in Jesus Christ is necessary for salvation. And to assert that a person must reach an "age of accountability" so they can make a "decision" regarding their faith, takes the whole process of conversion out of the hands of God and makes it a work of man.
VIII. The death of a child.
The very fact that children suffer illnesses and die, give clear testimony that they are under the curse of original sin. If children were sinless, this would not happen.
So what happens if a child dies before he or she can be Baptized? What happens in the case of a still birth?
This is an area where Scripture is completely silent. We do know however that God has bound US to Baptism; but he has NOT bound HIMSELF to it. If God chooses to take the life of a child prior to Baptism, we have to trust entirely in his grace, mercy, and providence in doing so. Since anti-Baptism statements are statements of unbelief, we would contend that it isn't the absence of Baptism which would condemn, but the despising of it.
The photo at the top happens to be my father holding me just following my baptism.


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Hackett's Transmission Problem – Pedicab Projector Tripod
Hackett is working on a pedicab projector tripod for a new bike-powered version of the Illuminator, a mobile propaganda van. He describes the challenges associated with building things from obtanium and offers advice for sourcing the finest scrap materials. (video produced by Becky Stern)