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Our Earth is surrounded by a thin blanket of breathable gas. We call this our atmosphere. Without it, there would (probably) be no life. Amongst many things, our atmosphere contains the oxygen we breathe, the gases we exhale (that the plants and trees then use), and water vapour that creates our precipitation. It protects our planet from cosmic rays and all but the largest of meteors.
The atmosphere keeps our planet warm, and buffers us from becoming too hot or too cold. It produces winds and weather to circulate and mix everything around.
Whilst it's easy to think of air as 'weightless', this is not true. The air we breathe has very measurable mass*, and it's this mass, and gravity, that keeps it attached to our planet!
It might surprise you to learn that air, actually, is quite a lot heavier than you think. On the surface of the Earth, at sea level, you are standing at the bottom of an entire ocean of air. The force of all the air above your head pushing down creates pressure.
5,000,000,000,000,000,000 Kg
*The total mass of air in the atmosphere is approximately 5 quadrillion metric tons! That's about one millionth of the mass of the rest of the planet.
Pressure is the measure of Force per unit area. The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 101,325 N/m2.
(One Newton per Metre Squared is given the unit One Pascal, after the French physicist Blaise Pascal).
For my non-metric readers, this is approximately 14.7 pounds over every square inch (PSI).
If you have a table, at sea level, which is 1m2, the weight of the air above it pressing down is equivalent to the weight of about seven compact cars!
That's an awful lot of weight.
So, why doesn't the table collapse?
Well, the simple answer is that the pressure applies in all directions. It's not simply the force on the top of the table pressing down. There is air, and air pressure, on the underside of the table pushing up, and the two forces cancel.
We'll pick up with air pressure again in a minute, but first let's take a little diversion into what exactly air is. Air is a gas (more specifically a mixture of gasses: approx. 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and the rest Carbon Dioxide, water vapour, and trace amounts of mainly noble gasses).
Gas is one of the four distinct states (phases) that matter can exist in. The others being: Solid, liquid and plasma. (I'm ignoring, on purpose, the extreme other phases, such as Bose-Eintstein condensates, Quark-gluon plasmas …)
Discounting plasmas (which only occur at extreme temperatures and are, physically at least, a gas-like cloud), the three states: Solid, Liquid, Gas have distinct physical properties.
Solid – A solid has very little space between its constituent particles. The particles are tightly packed; often in a regular pattern. It is not easily compressed. It retains both volume and shape. Its particles do not flow. If it were placed in an irregular shape, like the example below, it would keep the same form. Because its particles are close together, solids (and liquids) are often called condensed states of matter. Particles in a solid can vibrate, but do not generally move around.
Liquid – The particles in a liquid are close together, but are not in a regular arrangement. Particles can slide easily over one another. If placed in an irregular container, it will arrange itself to conform to (part of) the shape of the container, but it's volume will remain constant. Like a solid, it is hard to compress. Particles in a liquid move about and mix.
Gas – The particles in a gas are well separated with no regular arrangement or structure. They move at high speed and freely. They expand to assume the shape and volume of the container they are in. Because there is a lot of space between their particles, they are compressible.
The diagram on the left shows the relationship between these phases and the common names given to their state transitions. The higher up the chart, the higher the enthalpy of the system (the amount of energy at a constant pressure).
(In a plasma, the particles are so energetic that they break up into a soup of positive ions and free electrons. Whilst not common on Earth, the vast majority of matter in the visible universe is in the plasma state.)
Pressure of the atmosphere at ground level is at its highest.
Air at ground level has the entire weight of all the particles above acting on it. As you move to a higher altitude, there are less molecules above and this results in less force and less pressure.
The air pressure at the top of a mountain is lower than at sea level. The air pressure where an airliner typicaly cruises is lower still.
Because air is gas, it is compressible. The density of air decreases (as does the pressure) as the altitude increases (there is less weight above squashing it down).
Airlines cruise as high as possible because the lower density of the air results in a lower aerodynamic drag. The higher a plan can fly, the more efficient it becomes.
The higher and higher altitude, the lower and lower the density becomes. Whilst, mathematically, this could continue decreasing forever, getting infinitely smaller with no abrupt edge, a cut-off of point is defined. This cut-off line is given the name the Kármán line*, and it occurs at an altitude of 100km. Beyond the Kármán line, you are in space.
Any person who obtains an altitude higher than the Kármán altitude can officially call themselves an astronaut, according to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (at the time of writing this blog, just over 500 people). In the US, however, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) are awarded their astronaut wings.
For comparison, modern airliners cruise at between 33,000ft – 43,000ft, which is just 10km – 13km.
99.99997% of the mass of the Earth's atmosphere is enclosed below the Kármán line.
*The Kármán line is named after a brilliant Hungarian aeronautical engineer called Theodore von Kármán (1881-1963).
He calculated that, above this line, air becomes so thin that, in order to support aerodynamic lift, the velocity needed would be so high that it would exceed orbital velocity at that altitude!
He is also famous for making the following true, but honest in a brutal way, statement:
"When you are talking to technically illiterate people you must resort to the plausible falsehood instead of the difficult truth."
As you can see, space isn't very far away at all. As astronomer Fred Hoyle once said, "Outer space is not far at all; it's only one hour away by car. If your car could go straight up!"
To calculate how pressure changes with altitude, we need a little calculus. We'll do this in two stages. First we'll make the approximation that the temperature of the atmosphere is constant (iso-thermal). After we derive the basic relationship (which turns out to be pretty good), we'll modify our formula to take into account the issue of temperature variance.
First we'll imagine a column of air, starting at the ground and rising up to the infinity of space.
This column has a cross-sectional area of A
It's composed of a series of infinitesimally thin slices of height dh
We'll define the origin as ground level, and the altitude of each slice as h from this origin.
When the column of air is in static equilibrium, the weight of each thin slice of air is balanced by the pressure difference between the bottom and top of the slice.
The mass of air in the slice is the density of the slice multiplied by its volume. Resolving forces gives this equation:
Re-arranging results in this simple equation:
The density of air is not constant, however, and varies with Pressure, so we need to know the relationship between these. The Ideal Gas eqaution is our friend, and we can relate the Pressure to density using Temperature (T), the mass of the air molecule (m), and the ideal gas Boltzmann constant (k).
Inserting the formula for ρ to the differential equation for Pressure and height allows to to be easily solved.
Plotting this equation we get a curve like the one shown below. On the x-axis is pressure measured in atmospheres. On the y-axis is altitude (measured in Meters).
We can see that pressure reaches half sea-level pressure at approximately 6km altitude using this model.
The above isothermal model assumed that the temperature of air did not change with altitude. We know this is not the case. Temperature decreases with altitude. We can model this with something called a lapse rate. This defines how the temperature decreases with altitude. If we assume a linear lapse rate, we can represent the temperature as a function of altitude using this formula:
Here T0 is the temperature of the air at sea-level, and β is the lapse rate. (In the lower atmosphere, air reduces in temperature approx 6.5K per 1,000m).
Here is the differential equation for the pressure we derived earlier.
Substituting the temperature lapse rate approximation into the differential equation we can work on a formula for estimating the pressure with this new constraint.
Here is a comparison of these two approximations using average real-world values for the temperatures and lapse-rates. As you can see, at lower altitudes, there is very little difference. As the altitude gets higher, the isothermal model over-estimates what the pressure will be.
In reality, the atmosphere is neither isothermal, nor is there a constant lapse rate. Our atmosphere is stratified into a series of distinct layers; each with it's own temperature lapse rate. These layers, however, do have reasonable temperature linearity within each layer, and a fairly good model can be obtained by applying the linear lapse rate approximation over each layer distinctly like a giant layer cake.
The major layers of the atmosphere are:
Troposphere – The Troposphere contains approx 80% of the mass of the atmosphere, and extends up to an average altitude of 12km. Most of our weather occurs in the Troposphere. The air in the Troposphere is heated mainly by reflected energy from the ground. This is why it has a negative lapse rate; the further away from the ground you get, the less influence the Earth has on the air temperature.
Stratosphere – The Stratosphere extends from the top of the Troposhere (the Tropopause) up to approx 50km. It contains some of our high clouds, but not a lot of our weather. It is heated mainly by ultra-violet solar light from above. A consequence of this is that its temperature increases with altitude. Whilst at the Tropopause it can be very cold (below -60°C), the temperature can increase to close to freezing point at the Stratopause (the boundary with Mesosphere)!
Mesosphere – Temperature again falls in the Mesosphere, producing the coldest temperatures experienced on our planet. The Mesosphere extends up to approx 80km.
Thermosphere – The concept of temperature starts to have less meaning by the Thermosphere where the mean free path of molecules starts to be measured in Metres and then Kilometres.
Exosphere – Above the Thermosphere is the Exosphere. We're now well inside what we describe as outer space. The Thermosphere extends out most of the way to the Moon. Particles in the Exosphere can travel hundreds of miles before colliding with another particle. It no longer behaves like a gas.
What if we go swimming? If we dive under water, pressure increases even further. Not only do we have the weight of the air, but we also have the weight of the water above us.
However, this time the calculation is really easy. Remember, water is a liquid and is (practically) incompressible. The incremental pressure because of the water, therefore, is just the weight of the column of water above.
The differential equation is similar to before, but this time the density is constant.
Pressure increases linearly with depth.
Pressure starts at sea level at one atmosphere (the weight of the air above) and increases with depth. Water is considerably more dense than air, so the pressure increases rapidly.
The changing of air pressure with altitude has many consequences. As mentioned earlier, it's the reason planes fly at high altitudes in an attempt to minimize drag. The lower pressure at altitude in mountain regions lowers the boiling point of water. Climbers find it takes longer to cook food (and tea made at higher altitude, supposedly, does not taste as nice as that made lower down as the lower temperature of the water does not extract as many of the locked in flavours of the tea).
Your car, when driving over a high mountain pass, may struggle a little more as the engine produces less power (the lower pressure air contains less oxygen per volume, so each time the engine breathes in a cylinders-worth of air, there is less to oxygen to burn the fuel, and a smaller bang is made). Interestingly, the opposite happens in forced induction engines (turbo-charged and supercharged engines). On these engines, the charger compresses the intake air to a higher pressure resulting in more oxygen per cylinder load, and thus, more to burn. This bigger bang gives more power. Forced induction engines suffer less from power-loss at altitude as the engine management system allows the charger to boost the intake air to compensate for the lower ambient pressure.
The air outside an aircraft, when it is cruising at altitude, is at too low a pressure for our lungs to extract sufficient oxygen from (at 43,000ft, the air pressure is just one fifth of sea-level pressure), if you were exposed to this low a pressure, you would pass out in a very short period of time. For this reason the internal cabin is pressurized.
Pressurizing raises the internal cabin pressure to a level that is comfortable to breathe in, but not all the way to full atmospheric pressure (this reduces the stress on the aircraft hull which has to safely support the difference in pressure between the inside and outside, like a giant sausage).
Modern aircraft are pressurised to produce an internal pressure equivalent to approx 2km altitude.
Over time, our bodies react and adapt to changes in pressure. People who move to locations at higher altitudes start to develop blood with a higher concentration of red blood cells.
Red blood cells carry oxygen around our body from the lungs to where it is needed, and the higher concentration of red blood cells compensates for the lower partial pressure of oxygen in this rarefied air.
Professional athletes capitalize on this by performing their training at higher altitudes. Training in these thin-air conditions makes their bodies produce more red blood cells than at sea-level. When they return to normal pressure, this richer blood allows more oxygen to be carried by their blood to their muscles, and makes them perform better.
Mountain climbers do a similar thing to 'acclimatize' their bodies to the thinner air.
Rather than attempting a dash to the top of a tall peak, they spend time at intermediate altitudes to 'thicken' their red blood count to allow more oxygen to be carried.
If you liked this article, you might also like this one about how big space is or why water pipes burst.
You can find a complete list of all the articles here. Click here to receive email alerts on new articles.


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Many magicians' origin stories begin with the gift of a magic set, and Chicago performer Nick Roy is no exception. He tells GeniiOnline the full story of how he became a magician, which started as a kid in a wizard hat and continued through some not-quite-legally-obtained instructional DVDs.
For the rest of our interview with Nick Roy, check out the links below:
Part one: Nick Roy welcomes you to Chicago, the city of big shoulders and bar magic
Part two: Nick Roy and the Magic Penthouse are bringing sexy back

subset: commoncrawl


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Data and server rooms need a clean cool steady atmosphere for optimum performance. Make sure you have your back ups ready in case of power or system failure. Building HVAC units can vary, or cycle on weekends and over vacation periods. A permanent portable is often used to maintain perfect temperatures and humidity levels in the midst of a system which may not be in your total control. Don't put your tech at rish for hot spots, or downtime with the overarching service. Take control of your tech with a portable unit from Kwikool.
Building maintenance and data control managers know that a room loaded with equipment should not fall below 50°F or above 82°F.
How Do I Vent a Portable Air Conditioner in a Server Room?
An easy to use drop ceiling vent kit is the most popular form of venting in server rooms. In this case, the exhausted moisture and heat goes our of the room through the exhaust hose into the space above the ceiling tiles.
Can I Keep a Portable Air Conditioner Running Continuously?
Yes. If you use an KwiKool Iceberg series portable air conditioner that comes with a condensate pump with access to a drain. The condensate pump has a 20-ft. head pressure, which allows for a condensate line to be run to the nearest drain up to 100 feet away. This allows you to keep the unit running continuously and also leave it overnight and over weekends without having to worry about emptying a tank or other disruptions from happening while you're away.
Affordability Without Compromise
KwiKool Iceberg models are often utilized for, off-hours operations, and also emergency backup. KwiKool offers the most effective, relatively quiet, high tech solution due to our unique balanced air pressure system. This system precisely matches air conditioning capacity to heat load. After two decades of perfecting, Iceberg series models are fully self-contained portable air conditioners with features and refrigeration controls ideal for properly cooling high tech environments.
KwiKool offers 22 different Iceberg models from 1 to 10 tons of capacity in air-cooled and water-cooled units, which will solve most server room air conditioning problems. The KIB air-cooled models are the most commonly installed units, which move heat load from the space being cooled to the area above the ceiling. The KWIB water-cooled models require a circulating water system, such as a cooling tower or chilled water, which eliminates the need for ducting. This easily programmable unit cools large areas without taking up alot of your space. The dual hose, self-evaporating technology is environmentally friendly and pleasing to look at.
The KwiKool Advantages
KwiKool is the optimum solution for customers with budget or flexibility requirements.
KwiKool products are American-made with 80% better quality American components.
Because space is important, KwiKool has designed its products to take up 30 to 40 percent less space than other competing products.
Why settle for a screwdriver, when you need a scalpel? KwiKool offers ideal solutions, selected from five different series with 51 unique models, for specific air conditioning problems.
KPAC II Series models solve simple comfort cooling with great air flow in a small package.
Iceberg Series models are ideal air conditioning solutions for server rooms that require more precise efficient temperature control for critical equipment.
PHP Series provide dual comfort air conditioning and heating in a single piece of equipment.
KPO Series models can be used for difficult applications that require moving cool air a long distance to address isolated heat load.
The Attic Master can move cool air up to 90 feet to cool a person or equipment in an extremely hot environment.


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WorldTour Week: 15 years of trying to reform cycling
Battles with Grand Tour organisers, threats of breakaway leagues, politics imperil sport's top series
This week, Cyclingnews takes a deep dive into the UCI's WorldTour and the global reforms of professional cycling first introduced in 2005, and the impact it has had on the sport. First, we looked at the history of cycling's other series. Here we recap the formation of the WorldTour and its challenges. Later this week, we will examine the impact the global reforms of the sport have had on teams, races and riders, and the globalisation of the sport of cycling.
UCI promises to push on with WorldTour reforms with or without ASO
Cookson confident of agreement with ASO on WorldTour reforms
UCI management committee to discuss ASO's critical position on WorldTour reforms
AIGCP warn UCI against approving WorldTour reforms
French Pro league to take UCI to court over 2017 WorldTour reforms
18 teams confirmed for 2017 WorldTour as stakeholders reach deal on reforms
Quick-Step Floors confirms younger, 27-rider roster for 2018
In 2003, at the Road World Championships in Hamilton, Ontario, the UCI announced its intent to revolutionise the cycling calendar with the creation of the ProTour – these days it is known as the WorldTour – with a seemingly simple concept: create a calendar of the sport's most prestigious events and a league of cycling's top teams, then ensure that those teams compete in the calendar.
It was intended to create more stability for cycling, but despite numerous attempts to create a meaningful season-long 'narrative,' the UCI is still fighting the same battles it began well over a decade ago.
ASO, the organisers of the Tour de France, have been a consistent thorn in the UCI's side, with ample leverage thanks to the importance of their events to the teams and a lack of a strong riders' union.
It has been a long-running power struggle between the governing body and the Grand Tour organisers, who have railed against the reforms from the outset: they objected to being told which teams they must invite, took issue with the multi-year licences which they insisted had no chance for promotion or demotion of teams based on performance, and they felt that the UCI was trying to act as organiser, owner and judge of professional races.
The ProTour also was met with resistance from team managers who were suddenly faced with the requirement to field teams in three Grand Tours and over 140 days of racing during the season. It meant more riders, more buses, cars, equipment and much bigger budgets would be needed.
But it also meant that teams could sell sponsors on the guarantee that they would compete in the top races on the calendar. For events like the Giro d'Italia or Vuelta a Espana, which were then a shadow of the Tour de France, being assured a quality field was an attractive prospect.
Before the 28-race series could even get underway, the ASO and other Grand Tour organisers RCS Sport (Giro d'Italia) and Unipublic (Vuelta a España) banded together and refused to have their races included. Under a looming EPO doping crisis, Tour de France director Christian Prudhomme denounced the lack of ethical guidelines for ProTour teams, but also decried the UCI's imposition of fees on race organisers and long-term contracts to be on the calendar.
"For the organiser, it boils down to being tenant of a race, rather than owner of one," Prudhomme said at the time. "With the ProTour, we will be expropriated. I understand the atypical situation of cycling, with private organisers more important than the federation and trying to defend their companies. But on the other hand, ASO has no intention of managing international cycling affairs either."
The ProTour show goes on
The UCI ProTour launched in 2005, regardless of the fact that the problem with the Grand Tour organisers had not been solved. They continue to object to the system, in particular, the number of ProTour teams licensed. In 2006, the Operacion Puerto doping case blew up, further complicating the conflict as Liberty Seguros folded and was reborn as Astana, setting up an end-of-season licence dust-up.
In July, 2006 Floyd Landis won the Tour de France, but after he was disqualified for doping, his Phonak team disbanded. This reduced the number of potential ProTour teams to 18, but in December, the new Unibet.com team was given their spot. When the UCI decided to award Astana a ProTour licence for 2007, it brought the total to 20 teams – limiting the choices for wild card invitations to just one, as it was not until 2010 that 22 teams would compete in the Tour.
The 2007 season promptly dissolved into all-out war, with the Grand Tour organisers refusing to invite Unibet. The UCI threatened the ASO for violating rules requiring that all ProTour teams be invited, but ASO responded by yanking Paris-Nice from the UCI calendar, threatening to hold it under the auspices of the French Cycling Federation (FFC).
This put the teams in a bind, because their sponsors expected them to be in the Tour de France, but if they followed UCI rules prohibiting them from racing Paris-Nice, they risked being excluded from the Tour. On the eve of the race, a compromise was reached, Unibet was excluded but Paris-Nice, and later the Tour de France, went on under UCI auspices.
At the end of the season, the UCI added Tour Down Under to the calendar, but the Grand Tour organisers again protested the number of licenced teams and pulled all of their races from the calendar, leaving only 16 events in the 2008 ProTour.
2008 began with RCS Sport leaving Astana off the list of invited teams due to its trio of doping cases the previous year, High Road (formerly T-Mobile) missed the cut, too. Once again, Paris-Nice was the stage for a massive conflict as it was sanctioned by the FFC. When the teams went against the UCI and competed in Paris-Nice, the UCI lost a critical battle and the Tour de France that year was also held under the auspices of the FFC.
The WorldTour is born
The UCI responded to the battle with ASO by threatening to expel the French federation from the UCI, a move which could have threatened their Olympic future. The conflict was so public, so ugly and so damaging to the sport – in an Olympic year no less – that the French president Nicolas Sarkozy asked for a resolution to be brokered.
A peace deal was finally hammered out at the end of 2008 when UCI president Pat McQuaid sat down with the owner of the ASO – Marie-Odile Amaury – in a meeting initiated by IOC president Jacques Rogge.
Soon afterwards, ASO president Patrice Clerc stepped down, and the ProTour was later re-branded as the WorldTour – with some tweaks to the rankings – but an intact calendar with all the major races.
It wasn't smooth sailing, however, for Pat McQuaid, as the UCI was soon threatened by plans for a 'breakaway league,' with the Rothschild group's financial backing and Gifted Group leading the charge. The momentum of the movement was slowed by the Lance Armstrong doping scandal, and finally died out when Brian Cookson was elected president in 2013.
It wasn't long before Cookson unveiled his own plans to reform the WorldTour, which was again met with resistance from the Grand Tour organisers, who continued to rail against a lack of promotion/demotion in the system of multi-year licences for teams.
In 2015, the Grand Tour organisers once again threatened to pull their races from the WorldTour. The UCI then agreed to step down the number of teams in the WorldTour. The Grand Tour organisers continue to apply pressure, announcing their intent to reduce the sizes of teams in their races from nine to eight for 2017. They quickly backed down, as the UCI says it is not their purview to decide team sizes.
The 2017 season started with the WorldTour rules being completely revamped, making all of the new WorldTour races optional for teams, but requiring organisers to maintain at least 10 WorldTour teams in their races or risk being removed from the calendar.
Later in the year, the UCI altered its rules to reduce team sizes.
What are we left with?
The current WorldTour rules will no doubt continue to be revised under new UCI president David Lappartient. There are still many questions to be answered – how new WorldTour races can survive when the teams are not required to participate, how reducing team sizes will affect the number of races teams tackled each season, and what will come of the number of teams licenced for the WorldTour each year after 2019, when reductions are due to begin.
Key moments in WorldTour history
- October 11, 2003 - the UCI announces the concept of the ProTour at the Road World Championships in Canada and the addition of five Continental Circuits to be put into place for the 2005 season.
- April 23, 2004 - the UCI approves the ProTour for 2005 with 18 teams for the first year. It includes shifts to the racing calendar to reduce overlap, and is met with immediate resistance from races not included in the series.
- May 20, 2004 - A letter circulates among teams racing the Giro d'Italia protesting the requirement for teams to compete in all races, a move that demands increased team sizes and budgets.
- September 25, 2004 - On the eve of the gala launching the ProTour, the Grand Tour organisers suddenly withdraw from the series. A letter outlines four main reasons, saying the rules have not yet been defined, that it places more importance on financial aspects "to the detriment of sporting considerations", the four-year licences "do not allow for demotions and promotions, and in organising the series "the UCI acts as both parties, that is the organiser and owner, and as the judge".
- October, 2004 - UCI abandons the gala intended to launch the ProTour, instead using it to roll out the new Continental circuits, but vows the ProTour will go on in 2005. UCI names 20 teams to the first ProTour
- December, 2004 - Grand Tour organisers back in ProTour after addition of ethical charter signed by AIGCP (Teams)
- March 6, 2005 - The first ProTour event, Paris-Nice, starts
- September 23, 2005 - Pat McQuaid elected as UCI president
- October 15, 2005 - Danilo Di Luca wins the first ProTour overall
- December, 2005 - Grand Tour organisers announce intent to withdraw from ProTour again
- May, 2006 - Operacion Puerto case blows up
- August 15, 2006 - Phonak team to stop after Floyd Landis doping positive in Tour de France, reducing ProTour to 19
- December, 2006 - Grand Tour organisers threaten to withdraw unless only 18 teams are licensed in 2007, further reduced to 16 in 2008.
- UCI awards ProTour license to Unibet team, filling Phonak's vacant spot, then awards Astana the 20th ProTour licence for the 2007 season, setting off another year of battles with Grand Tour organisers
- January-February, 2007 - ASO excludes Unibet from Paris-Nice. RCS Sport excludes Unibet from Giro d'Italia. ASO says it will run Paris-Nice under French Federation, UCI tells team they are prohibited from competing in a non-UCI sanctioned race
- March, 2007 - UCI puts Paris-Nice back on ProTour calendar, races go on, but Unibet continues to be excluded and tensions simmer
- September, 2007 - Tour Down Under added to ProTour. All ASO, RCS Sport and Unipublic races off ProTour calendar
- January, 2008 - UCI threatens European federations with excluding any country that sanctions an ASO, RCS Sport or Unipublic event from the World Championships
- February, 2008 - Astana, High Road not invited to Giro d'Italia
- March, 2008 - Teams pressure UCI to reach an agreement with ASO as Paris-Nice approaches, but talks fail, UCI threatens teams with sanctions if they compete. Teams vote to race anyway. Paris-Nice runs under FFC.
- June, 2008 - ASO confirms Tour de France to run under FFC, buys 49 per cent stake in Unipublic. UCI suspends FFC, removes consideration of bids of France to host various world championships.
- August, 2008 - IOC president Jacques Rogge calls a meeting with UCI president, ASO owners (Editions Philippe Amaury) mediated by Jean-Claude Killy. UCI then announces new "World Calendar".
- September, 2008 - UCI declares peace, Patrice Clerc removed as president of ASO
20011 - 2013
- "Breakaway league" plans form as competition to WorldTour, with Rothschild, Gifted Group lending weight
- September, 2013 - Brian Cookson elected UCI president, Breakaway league plans die off
- October, 2013 - Cookson's plans for reformed WorldTour announced.
2014 - 2017
- Details of WorldTour reforms hashed out in multiple talks
- June, 2015 - ASO threatens to pull its races over reforms, resulting in a power struggle where UCI management committee member David Lappartient joins with Prudhomme in voting against the reforms, which move forward anyhow. The ASO announces it will now withdraw its races from the 2017 calendar.
- June, 2016 - UCI reduces the number of WorldTour teams, expands calendar
- October 12, 2016 - Teams warn UCI over WorldTour reforms
- November, 2016 - Grand Tour organisers announce intent to reduce team sizes, UCI says they cannot. Organisers then promise to keep team sizes the same for 2017.
- January 12, 2017 - UCI revamps WorldTour rules, making new races optional
- September, 2017 - UCI approves reduced team sizes
- September, 2017 - David Lappartient elected as UCI president
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Here in my French fastness, where the wild boar are even more destructive to the garden than the drunks who scream and shout on Friday nights outside my English home, I received the news of François Hollande's proposed taxes on foreign-owned second houses with what the French call flegme. I don't rent it out, didn't buy it as a speculation, and don't intend to sell it, so taxes on rental income and capital gains will not affect me. Besides, a reduction in the size of an anticipated profit is not quite the same thing as a loss. But I am more fortunately placed than many who are not in a position to keep their sangfroid in the face of Mr Hollande's announcement.
My house is as we all imagine one in rural France to be: isolated and peaceful, a clear stream babbling through its large garden, the cicadas singing and the bees busy with the lavender. Alas, the peaches are now finished, as are the cherries and wild strawberries, but the apricots and apples are still ripening.
Mr Hollande's proposals regarding such properties are entirely consistent with his programme, which is to decrease the French budget deficit without reducing the number of his core constituents, the public sector workers. His political calculation is sound, since 75 per cent of French students would like to be civil servants. And on his own admission he does not like the rich, presumably as defined in the normal way by haters of the rich; that is to say, those with more money than they.
The President is no believer in the Laffer curve, according to which, after a certain level, revenues decline as taxes increase. He takes a more citrus fruit view of the matter: you squeeze the lemon until the pips squeak. This is good politics: demagogic taxes on the rich are always popular in countries where most people hope to get more out of the state than they put into it. It is like running a lottery with compulsory contributions in which 55 or 60 per cent of the ticket holders are winners. Such a lottery will always be popular.
Most British people come to France, however, not to avoid taxes, but to avoid their fellow countrymen, especially the younger ones. In France, even the most uncouth people address you as "monsieur", not "mate". The burglar who broke into my mother-in-law's flat in Paris, not expecting her to be there, withdrew with a courteous "Excusez-moi, madame". An English burglar would have bound and gagged her.
So while we may think that the French political economy is rather primitive, with its constant appeal to envy and other low emotions, French society somehow manages to be more civilised than our own. This is an interesting paradox. It helps, of course, that the social problems in France are relegated to the suburbs and cités, where they may safely be ignored until the next riots. In Britain, by contrast, you can't escape social problems, even when you just pop out for a pint of milk.
So I doubt that there will be a mass exodus of British from France. If it's low taxes you're after, France is not your destination; and, after all, there is more to life than only 19 per cent capital gains tax, however outrageous you consider any such tax.
It must also be said that the attitude of the British government, which may now be expected to huff and puff a little on behalf of its oppressed citizens in France, to the question of taxation has not been consistent. Indeed, it might be taken as a perfect illustration of that American Indian insight, "White man, he speak with forked tongue". For while Mr Osborne was excoriating rich Britons for devising schemes by which to avoid their taxes, Mr Cameron was laying out the red carpet for rich Frenchmen who wanted to avoid Mr Hollande's taxes. Thus Mr Osborne thinks he has found the level of taxation that it is morally obligatory to pay, while Mr Cameron thinks he has found the level of taxation that it is morally permissible to avoid, between them having solved one of the greatest questions of political philosophy.
How hard will Mr Hollande squeeze us poor foreign owners of second homes in his country? It depends, I suppose, on whether revenue or demagoguery is the more needful for him: now the former, now the latter. But I am glad to say that I have an escape other than selling my house or stumping up: I can become tax-resident in France. As a journalist I would be entitled to a special, highly favourable tax regime, which is by far the best – perhaps the only – way of keeping journalists in order in a free country.


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Doodey Stencil 15x15 cm Background pattern 3
Use this mask with your favourite inks, pasts and paints to create an attractive design that is perfect for cards.
Size: 6x6 inches.
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.


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Vickys Christmas Yule Log, GF DF EF SF NF.
Ingredients of Vickys Christmas Yule Log, GF DF EF SF NF
- Prepare of This uses the same recipe as my Best Ever Vegan Chocolate Cake with the ingredients halved as follows:.
- Prepare of plain flour.
- You need of cocoa powder.
- Prepare of salt.
- You need of baking powder.
- Prepare of bicarb of soda/baking soda.
- It's of olive oil.
- Prepare of medium avocado, well mashed.
- Prepare of water.
- It's of sugar.
- You need of apple cider vinegar.
- It's of vanilla extract.
- Prepare of Buttercream Icing.
- Prepare of dairy-free spread/pure margarine/butter.
- You need of icing/powdered sugar.
- It's of cocoa powder or to taste.
- It's of Ganache.
- It's of double / heavy / coconut cream.
- Prepare of good quality dark chocolate.
Vickys Christmas Yule Log, GF DF EF SF NF step by step
- Preheat your oven to gas 4 / 180C / 350°F and line a shallow tin such as for brownies or swiss roll with greaseproof paper.
- Mix the flour, cocoa and salt together.
- In a separate bowl combine the sugar, water, oil and avocado. Mix well and add to the dry ingredients and combine well.
- In a small bowl combine the baking powder, soda, vinegar then vanilla. Mix until well frothed up then add to the cake batter. Don't overmix or you'll knock all the air out.
- Quickly pour into the shallow cake tin and put in the oven for 12-15 minutes or until JUST ALMOST done or you won't be able to roll it.
- Lay another piece of greaseproof paper on top of the sponge. Use the bottom paper to roll the sponge over jelly/swiss roll style so the top piece of paper is rolled inside. Don't roll too tight or the cake will crack when you undo it. Let cool 15 minutes then unroll carefully – you are not rolling it completely flat, that will break it. Just loosening it.
- Make up buttercream icing by creaming the butter, sugar and cocoa (you might like more cocoa in it) together, remove the paper and spread on top of the sponge, then roll back up again. Cover the whole sponge including ends in the rest of the buttercream.
- Drag a fork long ways across the 'log' to make the bark of the wood effect. Don't forget the ends, Do those grains circle fashion. Put the cake in the fridge to harden the buttercream.
- To make the ganache for the top, first chop up the chocolate quite small. Bring the cream to the boil in a saucepan and as soon as it does, take the pan off the heat and whisk in the chocolate. At this stage you could add a tsp of rum, orange essence or any other flavouring but it's not necessary.
- Let the ganache cool to the point where it's not hot enough to melt the buttercream icing but is still spreadable and put into a piping bag.
- Take the log out of the fridge and pipe the ganache all over remembering the ends. It should settle into the grooves you already made nicely but you can gently go over them again if you want to. Put back into the fridge to harden.
- When ready to serve give a dusting of powdered sugar. Traditionally these are decorated to resemble forests with lots of greenery on top.
recipe by Vicky@Jacks Free-From Cookbook @cookpad


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5th String Peghole Reamer
The right tool for correctly tapering a 5th string peghole in a new neck, or for enlarging a standard 5th string peghole to fit a new geared 5th peg.
We've supplied our specially modified reamer to banjo makers for over 30 years. This fluted reamer has a 6-degree taper, from 1/2" to 21/64" (12.70mm to 8.33mm).
Hardened steel.
California Proposition 65 Warning
Cancer and Reproductive Harm


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Daniel Okulitch & Keri Alkema
Song Cycles by Glen Roven, recorded live in Santa Fe
Daniel Okulitch and Glen Roven have been collaborating since 2011 when Okulitch recorded Roven's "Songs from the Underground," which they performed live in Santa Fe when Okulitch was in Menotti's The Last Savage. They again had a Santa Fe recital in 2016 where they were joined by Keri Alkema who performed Roven's Six Ancient Chines Songs, and Okulitch performed The Santa Fe Songs. These recitals were recorded live and are available now for the first time. Roven accompanied both sings for all the performances.
On Leaving Brooklyn
Daniel Okulitch
Keri Alkema
Glen Roven
Last Skin Part B
Press in Santa Fe
At the intersection of Music and Poetry
Roven has worked mostly as a Broadway composer, conductor, and arranger, and his art songs, have something in common with those of Ricky Ian Gordon and Jake Heggie. Roven credited Chinese soprano Hui He with the inspiration for his song cycle Six Ancient Chinese Poems, a set of six songs set to Chinese poetry translated by Jane Hirshfield, sung here by Keri Alkema, who made her Santa Fe Opera debut this summer as Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni. The more dramatic soprano writing suited Alkema's powerful voice beautifully, particularly thrilling at the end of the second song and at the exclamation "O wind, do not stop" in the final song, while songs that required a softer approach at the top were not as easily negotiated.
Roven's harmonic and melodic palette in these songs did not have Chinese elements, other than perhaps a tinge of something like Debussy's Pagodes, but in a second cycle, The Santa Fe Songs, Roven ranged into many other styles and sounds. It seemed tailored to the voice of Daniel Okulitch, who sings the title role of Don Giovanni across from Alkema's Donna Elvira this season, a rich, refined sound across the whole ambitus and with excellent diction. The second song, "Listening to Jazz Now," was a highlight, with a pitch-perfect jazz style, as was the harmonic tension that mirrored the poetry of the third song. In all of his songs, Roven played his own accompaniments with poise. Here Roven set all texts by poets from Santa Fe, encountered on a previous visit, and three of the poets were in attendance.
Ionarts in Santa Fe: Santa Fe Songs
by Charles T. Downey


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Burt would probably not want Riley to get her hands dirty anyway.But burt on the other hand was a marine and he could do this all day everyday.
Burt would probably not want Riley to get her hands dirty anyway.But burt on the other hand was a marine and he could do this all day everyday.
Scratch, but can't pull the trigger. Scratch eggs her on until Good Guy Burt comes along and does it before Riley can, keeping her slate (mostly) clean.
Nate tore this one up.
It would have been funny if Datu's ex-wife were waiting for him instead of Samantha (One last "OOOHHH NOOOOO MICHAEL!!!") but I'm glad he got a good ending.
I had wondered how the little ones started out so little and never thought of this. Now the question is why they spread their traits when they turn someone. Do the drugs work on the infection, not the host, and if so, what kind of drugs would make reliable changes in bacteria or virii?
Still surprised no one tried to save Datu. No trying that giant bag of antibiotics? A blood transfusion from Saul or Tonya? Grrr.
Last edited by Original_Joseph; May 13th, 2015 at 07:57 PM.
If they knew then what they know now? Maybe? But I do not think it works that way. But a Blood Transfusion would have been an interesting attempt anyway.. Never know..
I think the topic of blood transfusion and the antibiotics came up somewhere. I just can't remember where. In the show or on the forum.
Call Sign: Jive Turkey
Ladies and Gentlemen, straight from Mysterical Island, it's the Shaman of Schiznick, the Mofo with the Mojo, the Mad Scientist of the Jungle, the Doctor is in!
Doctor? Doctor who?
NO! Witch Doctor, fool!
Early after she joins the cast, Tanya says that she tried a broad course of antibiotics with the slow turner at the Colony and it didn't work, but when Datu gets bitten, she pretty much just tells Michael there's no point using what little medicine they have on a lost cause. When Saul found the stash of antibiotics at Kane, I expected them to try them on Datu, but it never came up. At this point in the story, they're just out there, like Checkov's antibiotics.
[QUOTE=LiamKerrington;74990]ok ... what do we have?
- CJ is a lucky bitch. Now Ms Captain Ahab has a new chance to get Saul (back) ...
"You were thinking it!"
"Well you said it!"


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Would you fit in with individuals those who are interested to purchase Fitbit and who would like know everything relating to this gadget? Should you choose, then this information will assist you to be knowledgeable about what you ought to know before you purchase Fitbit.
You will find a couple of things you need to know before you purchase Fitbit. First, you should know exactly what the gadget is really and just how do you use it. Since many people know, Fitbit is really a gadget that's made to monitor an individual's lifestyle. This fitness tracker gadget inspections if an individual is getting an enough exercise, eating the best types of meals, and sleeping adequately. It's wireless and works with the aid of accelerometer. This accelerometer is really a motion sensor and tracks the actions of the person. It's being detected each time he/she transpires with walk inside a wireless base station. Fitbit tracker also offers an Vast screen, which causes it to be possible for an individual to determine instant updates on his/her overall activities. This post is collected and it is being submitted on ftibit.com. It may be worn the entire day except once the individual is in water. Essentially, Fitbit tracker is really a gadget which will motivate its owner to possess a healthy way of life.
After getting a concept on which Fitbit is really and just how it truly does work, the following factor people ought to know before they're buying Fitbit is why they ought to buy this gadget. You will find a lot of reasons why use Fitbit. One of these simple reasons is its precision. Fitbit is extremely accurate if this involves monitoring an individual's quantity of steps, distance he/she traveled, and also the calories he/she burned. Additionally, it tracks how lengthy and well an individual sleeps every evening. Additionally, Fitbit tracker has online for free tools that will help an individual in organizing all of the essential information he or she needs in checking his/her lifestyle.
Before use Fitbit, they ought to also know if it's the best gadget on their behalf. If they would like to be motivated to possess a healthy way of life but don't wish to hire someone to be their fitness trainer who'll yell their way, then, this gadget will suit them. This gadget won't tell people directly what they desire to complete like jogging for an additional mile or eating the best meals but it'll have them motivated in reaching their goal to possess a healthy way of life.
Whenever you made the decision that you will would like this gadget, then, the following factor you should know is how to purchase Fitbit and just how much will it costs. You will find numerous stores online that sell Fitbit tracker. Many of these stores offer coupons and discount rates which means you will not need to worry because of its cost. You just need to search for the very best store that provides you with the best offer.
After knowing each one of these things, now you can start searching to find the best store and purchase Fitbit tracker. When you purchase Fitbit, you can start utilizing it and experience being motivated with this tracker gadget.
To order a Fitbit visit Fitbit.com


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|Web technical background information
|The Javascript animated pendulum page was originally written in order to see, whether Javascript can be used to solve numerically ODE's for illustration purposes. ( The first test page ). We like javascript because of its simplicity and because it is opensource par exellence.
|The individual pictures for the Javacript animation were generated with Povray 3.1 under the Linux operating system (currently Mandrake 6.0 ). A shellscript which uses the netpbm routines postprocessed each picture for the web. For example, colors were reduced to 16 colors with ppmquant to keep the files small. The information pages are written in LaTeX, translated into HTML using LaTeX2html and postprocessed by hand. The figures were done in Povray sometimes assisted by Mathematica . The animated gifs were generated with Unix tools (like gifmerge, gifsicle) using also the Gimp . Sometimes files got squezed with Fireworks on a Power Macintosh for optimization, which can bring several times smaller GIF files. The picture beside shows a snapshot of a Povray picture in color used for building the Poincare map animation. The eye above was built in Povray for an effect in the mainpage . It even got a lense and an iris built in.
The phase space pictures of the pendulum
were generated with Mathematica with the command
ContourPlot[y^2/2 + 2*(1-Cos[x]),{x,Pi,3*Pi},{y,-4,4}]
|© 1999 dynamical-systems.org


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Albany Hours
Open Mon – Fri
6:30am – 4:30pm
Downtown Albany received Stagecoach Coffee with open arms in 1994 when Rod and Robin Torrence opened a new store at the south-west corner of State and Pearl streets, 90 State Street in a beautiful, 14-story, 1930's art-deco building. The marble lined entrance and brass molding around the doors and windows create a sleek and classy look, a perfect match for our stylish coffee shop. Albany proved to be an ideal location for our shop because it is bursting with American history. This historic setting is the perfect place to grab a cappuccino and explore one of our nations oldest cities. Stagecoach Coffee, State Street, offers a variety of freshly baked specialty pastries, delectable espresso and brewed coffee beverages, seasonal smoothies, gluten-free and vegan sweets and treats and a light lunch menu consisting of fresh soups, chowders and chilis, and our signature Heidleberg Bread Sandwiches.
Please join our family for a wonderful cup of the freshest coffee around… "The Roast of the Town."


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Make your next project Extraordinary!
Phone: 212.661.1157
Address: 501 Fifth Ave #811 – New York, NY 10017
Located between 41-42nd streets, opposite the NYPL
Bespoke design and manufacturing capability, resulting in one-of-a-kind products.
Local and worldwide sourcing and manufacturing using the highest quality materials.
Turnkey project management from design to fulfillment and delivery.
Personalized service with "old world" client commitment.


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The Swedish Ambassador in the Philippines has discussed an upcoming collaboration on the #MeToo movement in the Philippines.
The Embassy of Sweden in Manila, led by Ambassador Harald Fries, met with representatives of SPARK Philippines, UN Women Asia and the Pacific and EMPOWER to discuss an upcoming collaboration on the #MeToo movement in the Philippines scheduled to be launched in November.
SPARK Philippines is a NGO committed to the development of women and women's organizations as full partners in national development. UN Women is a United Nations entity working for the empowerment of women, and EMPOWER is a non-profit charity organization.
The collaboration is part of the activities during the 16-Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence this year.


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Live Casino Hold'em Jumbo 7 is played like any other variant of Hold 'em found a t all the major online casinos. The game follows all the basic rules of Hold 'em. The dealer needs a pair of 4's or better to qualify. Players have to build a poker hand that is better than the dealer's hand using their couple of hole cards and three community cards.
Live Casino Hold'em Jumbo 7 Rules
The rules of Casino Hold 'em Jumbo 7 remain the same as players go against the dealer and attempt to build a better five-card poker hand than the dealer. Five community cards are dealt through the game. The first three community cards are called the flop. Players are free to use any of these cards to make a poker hand that will beat the dealer.
The turn and the river are the two other community cards dealt in the next two rounds of betting. Players are free to use the community cards as they please to come up with a winning poker hand. Moreover, players have the choice not to use their hole cards at all.


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When people think about cosmetic procedures, they would usually think about bigger things, such as breast augmentation, fat removal, and other things that cover a bigger area of someone's body. However, there are some minor facial procedures that will make you look so much different, especially if you undergo more than one of them at once.
Lip Fillers
If you decide to check out https://www.drhodgkinson.com.au/ you will quickly notice that there are all kinds of facial procedures available. However, one of the most popular ones from all of those, definitely have to be lip fillers.
That is because they are an adaptable procedure, which you can decide to undergo for a much shorter temporary effect than other procedures, but you can also go for the permanent effect as well. Depending on how long you would like the fillers to last depends on the type of fillers that are used during the procedure.
In some cases, the patient might be allergic to a certain type of filler, so you might not get to have the longer or permanent option, but when it comes to fillers that last a couple of weeks or months, it is extremely rare that someone is allergic to them. Lip fillers are used to enhance the person's lips, just as the name suggests, and they are a great way to achieve a luscious and more attractive look.
Ear reshaping
While ear reshaping might not exactly seem like a facial procedure, changing one's ear shape definitely has quite a big impact on one's facial looks. With modern technology that is used today, getting your ears reshaped exact way that you have always imagined is always possible, and in some extreme cases, it is also possible to remove the ears completely with minimum health risks.
Great ear reshaping results
Similar to ear reshaping, rhinoplasty, or better known as a nose job, is a surgical procedure that will allow you to reshape your nose exactly how you always wanted. You can get effective rhinoplasty Sydney with Dr Hodgkinson or your local equally high-skilled surgeon with minimum risks.
What makes the reshaping procedures so great these days is that the patient can see how their new ears or their new nose is going to look on them before the surgery thanks to computer software that the surgeons use, which will make undergoing the procedure much more relaxing than as if you would be venturing into the unknown, hoping that the new look will look good on you.
Before and 10 years after rhinoplasty
Final Word
There are many other minor procedures that can help you achieve some divine looks. Many surgical procedures take only a couple of hours, and the recovery times are usually less than a week. You can use makeup after a couple of days when it comes to most of them, and you will definitively have a more positive attitude towards everything once you finally corrected your imperfections.


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When it comes to eye surgery, particularly LASIK, most people tend to get fixated upon the cost of LASIK. Based on where you are getting it from and the expertise of the professional, you can have to pay a hefty sum. However, once the conundrum over the price has been resolved, most people don't always hesitate to take other things in mind.
As a surgery with proven results, LASIK is very popular and with almost no side effects to deal with, there's no better way to say goodbye to your prescription eye spectacles. However, before you book an appointment with your chosen surgeon, the following are some important factors that you need to consider before you get LASIK eye surgery:
1. Being a Good Candidate
To qualify for your eye surgery, you need to be a good candidate. This means that you not only need to be 18 years old and above, your eyes also need to be in good shape. However, there are a few scenarios, such as the ones mentioned below that can disqualify you:
- Misshapen or thin corneas.
- Vision problems – These refer to severe cases where the hyperopia is stronger than +6.00 diopters or the myopia is stronger than -12.00 diopters or, in the event of astigmatism, it is more than 6 diopters.
- Dry eyes – severe or chronic condition.
- Corneal scarring.
If you have any of these conditions, you won't be a suitable candidate for LASIK eye surgery. However, you might be recommended alternate surgeries or procedures.
2. The Pre-Surgery Care Has to Be Followed
Suppose you're a good candidate and you set up an appointment for your surgery. Well, just like any other surgery, there are certain pre-surgery precautions that you need to take. Your surgeon will most likely recommend what you need to do but the following are the most important:
- Stop wearing soft lenses – This has to be done at least 2 weeks before your surgery is due.
- Stop wearing hard lenses – Since hard lenses are different, you will have to stop wearing them at least 3 weeks before your LASIK surgery.
- Don't wear any makeup – Again, stop wearing it at least 1 week or more before you get the surgery done.
If this seems odd, you should know that wearing makeup increases the chances of getting an eye infection. Even if you have never gotten one before, you don't have to push the odds here. Additionally, lenses tend to alter the shape of the cornea.
For the surgery to be a success, you need to give your corneas time to resume their normal curvature. This can take a few days or weeks. So, it's a good idea to follow their instructions carefully.
3. Glasses Might Still be Needed
LASIK surgery has the highest success rate out of all eye surgeries with 99% chances of curing your failing eyesight. Most patients are able to get their eyesight up to 20-40% or even better vision. However, there is still a 1% chance that you might not be able to eliminate the need for glasses completely. Always understand that there are limitations to this surgery.
Based on how severe your vision is getting LASIK might only improve your eyesight to require a lower prescription. If your eyesight has severely deteriorated, you may not be suited for LASIK at all. It's a good idea to avoid disappointment by discussing the chances of success with your surgeon beforehand. However, many people who undergo LASIK are happy with the results they get, even if they have to use glasses, even after they get the surgery done.
4. There are a Few Side Effects
Many people focus so much on the success stories of LASIK that they often forget that there are certain side effects associated with it as well. The following are the ones that you usually experience after LASIK:
- Dryness of the eyes – You will have to use eye drops to keep your eyes moisturized.
- A glare or halo in eyesight – This will be especially prominent in bright lights.
- Poor vision – You might experience some blurriness or fluctuation in your vision for a bit.
The good news here is that they are only minor but if you aren't expecting them, they can catch you completely off guard. Additionally, it is very rare for one to experience severe side effects. Luckily, these minor side effects subside as your eyes begin to heal.
5. Take a Break from Physical Activities
Once you get the surgery, you need to take a break from heavy physical activities including contact sports. Since a corneal flap is created in the cornea, it takes around 4 to 6 weeks for the eyes to heal. During this time, you need to protect your eyes from any damage, not just strong sunlight. Any injury sustained could result in permanent damage to the eyes so it is necessary to take all precautions possible. Additionally, there's a higher chance of getting debris and dirt in your eyes when you're out playing football.
By paying attention to these factors, you can make a more educated decision about getting LASIK eye surgery.


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What Our Law Firm Does
If you find yourself in a little trouble and you need a law firm that has your interests in mind, then you've found one with integrity and an array of focus law areas. Our law firm focuses on providing an aggressive representation while also embedding integrity into each case we take on. A lawyer is a necessity for when you're facing some trouble as well as when you're trying to figure out your future estate plans to ensure your family is taken care of.
About Our Law Firm
Our law firm is located in Loveland. What sets us apart from other law firms in the Northern Colorado area is that we customize our approach toward figuring out the best course of action for each case we take on. As a law firm on the smaller side, we meet with each client who comes to else to help to determine what exactly you want from the legal outcome you're facing. For instance, when it comes to business law, it's important that you have a lawyer that will help you come up with a contract that represents your business. We will work with you to best strategize for your legal situation to figure out how to provide an aggressive representation. What's important to know about our law firm is that we have experience — over 30 years of it — and we are well versed in Colorado law. If you're looking for a representation that's knowledgeable, honest, and motivated to help you during this time, then contact Ores Law by filling out a free consultation form at the bottom of the page.
Our Legal Focus Areas
Our legal focus areas are listed below to help you know what to expect when you come to us.
- Bankruptcy: Are you dealing with Chapter 7 or 13 Bankruptcy?
- Family Law: Are you going through a divorce, child custody battle, or need child support?
- Criminal Law: Have you recently faced a DUI, traffic violation, felony, or a misdemeanor?
- Business Law: Make sure your business stays intact with contracts and agreements as well as forming your company with this legal service.
- Estate Planning: Make sure your loved ones are taken care of with wills, trusts, and probates.
- Personal Injury: Have you been injured in an accident?
- Civil Disputes: We can help you navigate the negotiations during a dispute.
Why You Should Come To Ores Law
Ores Law is not your average law firm because we strive to provide an aggressive representation while basing it on integrity and a drive to do the best job possible for our clients. Ultimately, when you come to our law firm, you'll have access to a lawyer who can put together a strategy to navigate through the case or create an estate plan that will keep your family safe once you've moved on. Additionally, we're interested in providing you representation for your rights and making sure they aren't violated.


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Funny how? Ha-ha funny, or funny like a clown. Well neither really. These are just a few of the quirky, humorous situations I've stumbled across. Would love to hear your stories.
Towers' Data Always Runs High – I've actually heard this one on several occasions. My response is always, "Really? Do they have bigger calculators or something?" I think not. It's better to look at the participant lists and see if there's a driving force behind why there may be data differences between survey vendors for the same benchmark job. Towers Watson does have a very high percentage of large companies and better representation amongst a few of the higher paying industry groups which offers a better rationalization for why their data might be higher. But what if, just maybe, that is the relevant labor market where you compete for talent. Conversely, what if you're a smaller firm in a notoriously low paying labor market? You would likely be looking to compare to a different set of participating companies. The real story here is make sure you select the survey vendors that are the best reflection of the labor pool where you swim and don't just knee-jerk react to some off-handed comment that one vendor "runs high".


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- 25
- 28
- 32
- 40
- Trimarans
- Experience
- Dealers
"We had a great and eventful week!
Anders provided exceptional care taking and introduction. The boat is in great condition and well equipped – everything you need is on board, which I rarely experience.
I do have to emphasize that you do not quite experience the spaciousness of the DF 28 during a boat show. I mean – this is a DF 28 – so you do expect quite some lack of room, which is not the case here. We were two on board and managed to get along, and got all we brought along (quite a lot J) stowed away.
And the sailing – she cuts through even big waves (). A sublime feeling to pass all the monohulls – sitting relaxed and laidback, while they were taking snapshots. Going into the harbor berths is not an issue either – this boat is certainly not a Diva!! You cannot compare it to some quite difficult monohulls.
After having praised this boat, I need to point out a fault – one week is not enough!
All-in-all a fantastic week, and we would – once again – like to thank the whole Dragonfly Team"
Hein und Jens Krauß


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Member/Owners – Please be aware that on March 19 & March 20, 2018 Quest Federal Credit Union will be upgrading our ATMs at both the Bellefontaine Branch and Jacob Parrot Branch (Kenton).
The ATM upgrade at each location is planned to take approximately 1 to 2 days. The ATMs will be unavailable during this time, we apologize for the inconvenience. Thank you for your patience and understanding, we are improving our ATMs for your benefit and look forward to having new and improved machines at these locations.
For members in Kenton, please be sure to use our ATM at the Main Branch, located at 12837 US Highway 68, Kenton, OH 43326 while the ATM at the Jacob Parrott Branch is down.


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October 14, 2014
Download the Paper – 212kB
Send Your Comments or Suggested Changes to the Paper
After over a decade of war in Iraq and Afghanistan, and aggressive actions in Somalia, Yemen, Libya, Ukraine, Cuba, Venezuela, Korea, and Asia-Pacific to name a few, the United States maintains an interventionist, military-first foreign policy. Yet with the huge costs and continual failures of these policies, many Americans are now questioning the values and goals of U.S. foreign policy and the levels of military spending. With a new war on ISIS already upon us, this is a good time to reappraise the basic tenets of U.S. foreign policy.
Foreign Policy for All Quick Links
Foreign Policy for All at a Glance
Winter 2015 Discussion Workshops
Foreign Policy for All project overview
In A Foreign Policy for All: Re-Thinking U.S. Foreign Policy for the 21st Century, we seek both to critique current foreign policy approaches that exacerbate global insecurity, and also to outline a positive vision of non-militarist U.S. global engagement. Our vision considers the real security needs of people in the United States and around the world, and is consistent with the principles of peace and justice for all. We also explore the political changes needed to realize our vision.
The discussion draft of A Foreign Policy for All was written by the Foreign Policy for All Working Group, a team of Boston area activists and academics acting in their personal capacities and not as representatives of their organizations. Any views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization.
Your comments are requested. Please submit them online here or send to to Massachusetts Peace Action, 11 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, email@example.com, or 617-354-2169.
Foreign Policy for All project
Foreign Policy for All conference, November 8, 2014, Cambridge, Mass.


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The Worst Sports Bar In Philadelphia?
There's a fun piece in this month's Philadelphia magazine about bars across the country where Philly sports fans gather. Of particular interest, considering this Sunday's game, is a Dallas watering hole that allows Birds supporters to yell "Cowboys suck!" While that's sounds subversive and awesome in a masochistic, asking-for-trouble way that's very Philly, I would never go there. Not because it's a chain restaurant, but because that chain—Fox and Hound—has earned the title of the worst sports bar in Philadelphia.
Roughly six years ago, I went to the Fox and Hound at 15th and Spruce to watch the Eagles versus the Giants. The particular game escapes my memory, but it was a Sunday and an important showdown for both teams. I wore a white Eagles jersey, and one of my friends—a stinkin' Giants fan—was decked out in blue. We arrived expecting to see a sea of green and a few annoying New Yorkers in the bar's large main room—TVs blaring and the big game on most screens. Instead, we were seated in a smaller side room, where the Eagles were relegated to two crappy screens with no game sound. Again, remember this took place in the center of Center City Philadelphia.
What was on in the big room? The Steelers. At least 20 fans, geared up from head to toe and waving those dumb towels, had taken over. This wasn't a Viking raid—someone from Fox and Hound let them in and said sure, we'll blast the audio of an out-of-town matchup while this city's team faces one of its biggest rivals. When I asked for sound, our waitress said the Pittsburgh posse comes in every weekend, so there's "nothing they can do." (Note to sports bar employees: That phrase is like waving a red flag in front of a bull. Yes, there is something you can do. Tell the Stillers fans their money is no good here and to go pound sand.)
That was the last time I set foot in the Fox and Hound. But a manager confirms this tradition still endures. There's even a bit of folklore now—word is that the takeover began when a few black-and-yellow-loving airline pilots had a layover in Philadelphia and were directed to Fox and Hound for the Steelers game. The Birds are still ghettoized in that side room, but the manager claims both Pennsylvania teams are given equal viewing opportunities. I guess that's true, if you prefer to watch the Eagles on small screens with the mute button on. The final kick in the pants—there's a giant inflatable Steelers fan at the front door.
I don't care how many beers this place has on tap, or what's on the menu, or what drink specials they're promoting—no self-respecting Birds fan should patronize this joint. If Brian Dawkins offered to buy me beer all day long, bring me as many cheesesteaks as I could eat and do his Idiot Man dance every time the Eagles scored, I still would not go there (though that would make for the best Facebook profile photo ever). Even though there's a gross lack of quality sports bars in Center City, I can name four joints within two blocks that I'd choose over Fox and Hound (Misconduct, Jose Pistola's, Locust Rendezvous and Good Dog, which barely has any TVs at all).
Yet every weekend, you'll see Eagles fans file into that renegade lair, smack in the middle of our home turf. This being a free country, you have the right to waste your hard-earned cash at an establishment that gives our Birds the bird. You also have the right to be stupid.
So all I can do is make a plea, for this Sunday and for every one that follows—uphold your civic duty as a Philadelphian and take your money elsewhere. And if you're ever stuck in Dallas on a Sunday, avoid that Fox and Hound, too. (Though I'd consider calling that bar every time the Eagles score this weekend and yelling, "Dallas sucks!")


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Lemon Garlic Asparagus
- 1 T. Olive oil
- 1 T. Butter
- 2 Cloves Garlic, minced
- 1 lemon
- 1 bag frozen asparagus
- Fresh Parmesan (Optional)
Find our products in a store near you
For fresh asparagus, use blanching method: bring a pot of water to boil, toss in asparagus, let water return to boil and then remove from heat. OR prepare frozen asparagus according to package directions.
While asparagus is cooking, heat olive oil and butter in a non-stick skillet. Saute garlic for about 1 minute. Add cooked asparagus and toss in garlic sauce. Salt and pepper to taste. Add juice from ½ a lemon and toss. Add fresh Parmesan if desired and garnish with slices from other ½ of lemon. Serve immediately.


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We're able to walk out of our back gate into an A class reserve, which here in Western Australia affords the greatest degree of protection to an area of Crown land. Public classification and acts of Parliament are required to initiate changes. This means we get to enjoy a range of native flora and fauna, including Stylidiums which I photographed on Day 23.
Stylidium are trigger plants. When an insect lands on the flower for a feed of nectar, a spring-loaded touch sensitive column hidden under the petals flicks over and deposits or collects pollen.
Apparently it is rare to see Stylidium with 5 petals as 99% of them have just 4. So we are very lucky.
To learn more about Stylidiums go here.


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When it comes to investing in your future, there are few options that provide the kind of security that property does. It is real, tangible, unequivocal and universally understood. Whereas the complexity of the stock market and other alternative investments can put inexperienced investors off, it is the relative simplicity of property which attracts them.
During the financial downturn of the past 7 or 8 years, however, investors have become increasingly focused on sourcing enhanced security, whilst diversifying portfolios and hedging against the residential property sector.
Whilst the shifting financial environment has created a more cautious approach, it has also opened wider sectors up to individual investors with modest budgets. This has enabled investors to take advantage of robust niche sectors and huge supply gaps, whilst diversifying their portfolios and protecting themselves against any potential market malaise.
Commercial property covers a wide range of asset classes – from student halls to self-storage, car parks to apart-hotels. The key draw being the highly sought after balance between profit and protection. This performance is based on a variety of aspects and is backed up by guaranteed income periods, upwards only rental reviews, sustainable demand and economies of scale. One crucial and often overlooked factor, however, is property management, and it is this benefit that I shall be focusing on today.
Profit Without the Sacrifice
One fundamental aspect of profitability often overlooked during preparation is time. Time is money, as the old adage goes, and thus yields are only truly NET if this commitment is considered. It is quite straight forward really: A £1000 monthly income is attractive if it demands zero hours, but not so much if it demands your full attention.
Commercial property investments are distinct from traditional buy-to-lets in that they commonly come fully managed. That is to say that a professional property management company takes care of all key aspects of an investment – from sourcing tenants to collecting rents, cleaning carpets to repairing leaking taps. For anyone who has ever acted as a landlord, the impact this has on time commitment is clear.
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The Impact of Management on Yields
Especially in niche sectors, such as student, this becomes a key cog in driving the investment's ability to return high yields.
Investors benefit from economies of scale, which drives down the cost of property management, whilst also enhancing the quality of service: It is much more cost effective for a company to manage multiple units within one building, as opposed to several individual houses. Also, as the contract will be an important one for the management company, they are able to commit more time and energy towards it – regularly assigning full time staff. This ensures that the high standards of a property are maintained, enhancing sustainable demand and driving up occupancy.
Although property management is an option for traditional buy-to-lets, it is not a cost-effective one. Already yields are lower and the extra expenditure of a property management company is not one that can commonly be fulfilled. Rather, landlords take on all the responsibilities themselves, helping to maintain the tangible monetary value of their investment, but eating into the indirect cost of time.
Guaranteed Income Providing True NET Yields
Further on from this is the guaranteed income periods often forwarded by the developers of commercial properties. This presents investors with high yields, which although factoring in management, remove the worry, time and cost of unforeseen expenditure. Such periods range from as little as one year to more than a decade, and enable investors to take advantage of a completely hands-off and hassle-free income stream.
A further aspect to this is the advantageous impact it has on an investor's wider financial management. By having concrete assurances over their rental income from a specific investment, they are able to manage other transactions with more conviction and security. With zero time commitment, investors also have the necessary freedom required to commit their energies elsewhere.
The objectives of property management companies are fully aligned with those of the investors, as it is common for their pay to influenced by income. Thus, investors can always be assured that management companies are working hard on their behalf to promote, manage and maintain their property.
Ease of Exit
All the above really focuses on the hassle-free nature throughout the course of the investment, but what about when you want to exit?
The guaranteed income periods also play a huge role in this. As such investment conditions are transferable, they enable investors to resell their properties with guarantees attached. As a property begins to make money, its value increases and a fully operational investment property with high guaranteed income yields is hugely attractive at resale.
Developers often sell units at below market value in order to finance construction or refurbishment and, therefore, the ability to sell with capital growth is also highly achievable. This is further enhanced by the fact that commercial property is able to deliver double digit yields, far greater than the returns seen in the vast majority of residential property.
Although, of course, thorough due diligence must be conducted on all aspects of a development – developer, sector, location, contracts etc, a good commercial property investment can provide investors with a completely hassle free income from purchase right through to exit.


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Niles' National Register, Volume 1
Containing political, historical, geographical, scientifical, statistical, economical, and biographical documents, essays and facts: together with notices of the arts and manu factures, and a record of the events of the times.
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Page 13 - ... as the English colonists are not represented, and from their local and other circumstances, cannot properly be represented in the British Parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several Provincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only to the negative of their Sovereign, in such manner as has been heretofore used and accustomed...
Page 84 - Lest this declaration should disquiet the minds of our friends and fellow-subjects in any part of the empire, we assure them that we mean not to dissolve that union which has so long and so happily subsisted between us, and which we sincerely wish to see restored.
Page 13 - It is indispensably necessary to good government, and rendered essential by the English constitution, that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other ; that, therefore, the exercise of legislative power, in several colonies, by a council appointed, during pleasure, by the crown, is unconstitutional, dangerous, and destructive to the freedom of American legislation.
Page 14 - Also, that the keeping a standing army in several of these colonies, in time of peace, without the consent of the legislature of that colony in which such army is kept, is against law.
Page 13 - All and each of which the aforesaid Deputies, in behalf of themselves and their constituents, do claim, demand, and insist on, as their indubitable rights and liberties; which cannot be legally taken from them, altered or abridged by any power whatever, without their own consent, by their Representatives in their several Provincial Legislatures.
Page 12 - Britain, that is owing from his subjects born within the realm, and all due subordination to that august body, the Parliament of Great Britain. II. That his Majesty's liege subjects in these colonies are entitled to all the inherent rights and liberties of his natural born subjects within the kingdom of Great Britain.
Page 373 - Resolved, That the Governor of this State be requested to transmit a copy of the foregoing report and resolutions to the President of the United States, to the Executives of the several States, and to each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress.
Page 12 - That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them but with their own consent, given personally or by their representatives. IV. 'That the people of these colonies are not, and, from their local circumstances, cannot be represented in the House of Commons in Great Britain.
Page 14 - ... described in the said act, out of the realm, to be indicted and tried for the same in any shire or county within the realm. Also the three acts passed in the last session of parliament, for stopping the port and blocking up the harbour of Boston, for altering the charter and government of Massachusetts-Bay, and that which is entitled, " An act for the better administration of justice, &c.
Page 12 - British colonies on this continent ; having considered as maturely as time will permit the circumstances of the said colonies, esteem it our indispensable duty to make the following declarations of our humble opinion respecting the most essential rights and liberties of the colonists, and of the grievances under which they labor, by reason of several late acts of parliament.


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Moon Mind 2.20.13
Moon Mindfulness ::: Mind Your Moon
Moon moved into Ardra nakshatra at 6:08 am and is now in Gemini, ruled by Mercury- our mind, communication and memory. Ardra is ruled by the storm god, Rudra, who is known for his anger, power and destructive tendencies. Tears are associated with him, which are indicative of both rain storms as well as the cleansing and purifying that comes with destruction, upheaval and ruin. As he was born of mental anguish, it is good to note that Rudra represents our mental storms, those emotional occurrences that come from the mind (which has much stored memory!) The pain is mental in other words. Though the mind is strong, and can very much get its way with us, it is crucial to sift through the various self-realms: physical, mental/imaginal, emotional, spiritual. In the Expressive Art Therapy work, we consider the mental to be intertwined with the imaginal. This is supported by many other philosophies. It shows us that we create this mental realm and is fed by the imagination; this does not negate it however, it just gives it less power over us.
Today, Moon is being aspected by Rahu, Ardra's ruler. Rahu is the imaginal in many ways, since he is just a shadow planet, he isn't even real to begin with. He shows us where worldly fixations are and where we are likely to to "live in the shadows." Watch for it today. See if you can use your detective skills to uncover some of your mental haunts. Likely they will come in the form of an outburst (expressed or unexpressed.) What are the wounds that fester today? What kind of storm is rumbling through? Bring an umbrella.
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A hurricane is a kind of severe tropical storm or tropical cyclone that brings about strong winds, intense rainfall, storm surges and floods. It typically results to catastrophic damage in large areas it strikes, mainly in the coastlines but also reaches hundred miles inland. It forms in the southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic hurricane seasons begins June and ends November, with the peak season from mid-August to late October, whereas the Eastern Pacific hurricane lasts from May to November.
Before a Hurricane
To prepare for a hurricane, one should take the following necessary precautions:
- Prepare an emergency kit and create a family communications plan.
- Know the area where one lives. Identify levees and dams near the area to determine whether it poses a danger.
- Determine where to go and how to go to higher ground or evacuation centers if needed.
- Create plans that will secure the entire property, from all the windows, frame structure, trees and shrubs, rain gutters, garage doors, outdoor furniture, etc.
- If one lives in a high-rise building, be ready to evacuate on or below the 10th floor. Do not use the elevator in case of sudden power shut down.
- One may consider to build a safe room.
During a Hurricane
It is very difficult to stay composed when these natural disasters strike, but it is highly encouraged to stay calm at all times. If a hurricane is probably going to affect one's property, one should opt to:
- Listen for news of new information by means of television or radio.
- Secure the house. Close storm shutters. Bring outdoor objects indoors.
- If there are instructions to do so, turn off utilities. If not, switch the refrigerator thermostat to the coldest setting and keep the doors closed.
- Switch the propane tanks off.
- Except in cases of serious emergencies, avoid using the phone.
- If time permits, moor the boat.
- Make sure that there is enough water supply for sanitary purposes.
- Keep food safe at all times.
- If one is instructed to evacuate, follow the instructions given by local authorities.
- Stay indoors at all times and stay away from glass doors and windows.
- Lie under a sturdy object.
After a Hurricane
One must stay updated at all times for the latest updates. The following steps are recommended after a hurricane:
- Remain alert for news of extended rainfall and consequent flooding.
- Use the family communications plan in case of separation from the family.
- Only return home once local officials assure its safety.
- Several government and non-government organizations offer several types of assistance for housing needs.
- Do not drive unless necessary and avoid roads that are still flooded and bridges that are washed out.
- Inspect the house for any structural damage, gas leaks, and loose power lines before entering.
- Immediately report loose power lines.
At times of a hurricane and other natural disasters, everyone should be prepared. It is generally recommended to take First Aid Courses to help be prepared for a hurricane.
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AlihankintaHEAT creates new business
Why AlihankintaHEAT will be held in connection to the Alihankinta trade fair in Tampere? For a simple reason: everyone comes to this trade fair, which makes it the perfect opportunity to boost your business! Our traditional, strong business sectors alone no longer bring enough jobs and well-being to Finland. We need new kinds of innovations and they are not made in dusty offices. They are created together with creative people. And there are plenty of creative people at the trade fair.
In recent years, it has become clear in business life that competitiveness in the future is increasingly built on the combination of different fields. The growth areas of business are between the different sectors. They solve the big challenges of mankind, such as climate change or the challenges brought on by ageing population. Fashionable keywords today are carbon-neutral society, smart city, renewable energy, circular economy, platform economy, ubiquitous society, and resource-efficient country. Fashionable words often mean new business.
Luckily, Finland is already making some reforms. Forest industry of today, for example, is more and more often bioeconomy, which is the combination of forestry and the chemical industry. Without competence in chemistry, bio-fuels could not be made. Without strong, traditional know-how of forestry, wood could not have been transformed into transport fuel. Without the rapid growth of environmental awareness, we would not be this interested in renewable energy.
The circular economy model challenges companies in the technological sector to adopt business models that rely on services instead of products. In the circular economy, product loss has been minimised and added value is created for the products through services and smart functions. As the products are returned, companies can learn valuable information about their durability and usability while also receiving the components and materials for reproduction. Apparently, Ponsse is already buying back all the machines it has sold.
New kinds of value networks are also created around smart electricity networks. For example, introduction of electric vehicles is not only linked to the development work and customer marketing of electric cars. It is also dependent on the development of battery technology and the charging stations of electric cars. The development of charging stations requires functional smart electricity networks and the improvement of service business concepts. This means that there is an entire business ecosystem surrounding electric cars. As the spearhead country of smart networks, Finland offers an excellent opportunity to test also these new concepts.
In order to come true the aforementioned ideas, for example, require many kinds of different competences and insights – and putting all these creators into one place: HEAT. Luckily, Finland seems to be a country full of innovators! In Finland, more patents are approved per capita than anywhere else in the world. Lately, I have visited several Finnish start-ups. One has invented a second generation Pokémon game for educational purposes and the other a completely new metal material. A third company has managed to create an affordable navigator for a motorcycle visor. This country is full of propeller heads.
Through the Alihankinta trade fair, we want to bring the inventors and industry experts together and help them create something new. Not everything can be built in a day, but a spark for change has plenty of time to ignite in Tampere. Industrial operators share their challenges and the propeller heads solve them. Start-up companies present their new ideas in order to look for a new tempo for cooperation. It is not just about technical innovations; new business ideas are just as important. Now is the time to stay open-minded and fully alert. Even an idea that now feels insignificant can become a business worth billions in a few years.
Harri Jaskari
Member of parliament
National Coalition Party
AlihankintaHEAT event is held in connection to Alihankinta trade fair in the Tampere Exhibition and Sports Centre on Wednesday 28 September 2016. Further information and tickets: www.finlandevents.fi/alihankintaheat
Harri Jaskari is a Member of Parliament from the National Coalition Party and a board member of Rapid Action Group Oy (RAG). RAG and the Tampere Trade Fairs' event unit Finland Events will hold AlihankintaHeat in cooperation with each other. Further information: www.finlandevents.fi/alihankintaheat