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Messin' 'Round The Old Mawn-Nonga-Heelah
Oh, 'tis "Whiskey!, Rye Whiskey!, Rye Whiskey!!" I cry
|THE OVERHOLT FAMILY whiskey business provides a great example
for understanding how the ndustry grew through the 1800's. And one reason
it's such a good example is that they weren't alone; they just happen to
be only one who went through all the stages and whose label can still be
found on rye whiskey today.
course, the example benefits enormously from Abraham's great, great, great
granddaughter Karen Critchfield's exhaustive (and continuing)
research into
that branch of her family.
But, like we said, there were others. Many others. Our expedition through the world of Old Monongahela now brings us to the point in time where American Rye Whiskey has become a world-class business. It is beginning to influence other whiskey makers' notions of what American whiskey should taste like. Rye whiskey produced in the east, where it doesn't take months to be marketed, is beginning to be aged in oak barrels anyway. And for years, not months. Because the demand is now for that flavor and that red-brown color. Thanks to, first the steamboat, then the railroad, transportation even from the western counties can now be measured in days instead of months. But the customers want two- to four-year-old, barrel aged whiskey, so the distillers are now aging their rye in warehouses intentionally. And that means, under measurements and controls. And that means better whiskey. By the 1840s people all over the world know what Old Monongahela is. It's different from "ordinary whiskey". It's reddish brown and has flavors in it that the local kind doesn't have. Flavors such as vanilla and tannin and leather and tobacco, all of which comes from the barrel the whiskey is aged in. The same situation is happening down-river in Kentucky. By the 1850s, Kentucky distillers are beginning to apply the same techniques to their particular style of maize, rye, and barley whiskey. And, like "Old Monongahela" became a descriptor claimed by distillers making that kind of whiskey, no matter where they were located, Old Bourbon would come to have a similar meaning in Kentucky.
The 19th century really belonged to Monongahela, though. The product grew up all through the century, completely dominating the whiskey industry. Kentucky bourbon, which started its marketing growth about a decade later than in Pennsylvania, would probably have overtaken it except that the Kentucky distillers were devastated by the Civil War's annihilation of nearly all the transportation. Railroads were destroyed. River shipping was stopped. Even overland roads were wrecked. All as part of the war. None of that happened in Pittsburgh, or Philadelphia, or Baltimore. So the Monongahela Monarchy remained throughout that period. And while distillers in Kentucky and Tennessee were trying to recover, the distillers in the north were growing huge.
Of course, the Kentucky and Tennessee distillers did catch up. And then came the real whammy... On the twentieth day of January, 1920, everything came to a screeching halt. The 18th Amendment brought National Prohibition and prohibition brought the Volstead Act. It was illegal to manufacture, transport, sell, and, at least in a defacto sense, even possess any product containing more than one half of one percent alcohol. To get a better idea of what effect this had, consider this... we look back, either in memory or in history, on a fourteen year period of terrible dysfunction. Looking forward in 1920 (and '21, '22, '23, etc) there was no reason to suspect it would end at all. The proudly declared goal of the temperance movement, which, as far as anyone knew, had been accomplished, was the banning of all alcohol in the United States FOREVER.
And when it all was over, the Kentucky bourbon distillers began climbing out of the wreckage and began to heal. The distillers in Tennessee had been crushed even before Prohibition went national, and with the exception of two companies that been purchased by Kentucky distillers, not a single one ever came back. Pennsylvanians and Marylanders emerged from the debris, and some held on and grew. But only a few, and the combination of WWII and the anti-alcohol generation of the sixties did even those in.
So the twentieth century is Bourbon's. But the nineteenth is Monongahela's,
and there are more relics to uncover.
Sam Thompson Pure Rye
We visit in 2003
We've already visited the remains of the distillery Jonathan Large and his son Henry ran near West Mifflin, and now we're headed up the river a few miles to the Sam Thompson Distillery, in West Brownsville.
Or is it in Brownsville?
Or is it in South Brownsville?
Oh, I see... I think.
And we can just barely make out where the words "SAM THOMPSON DISTILLERY" may have once, long ago, been painted on the side facing the river. But all the photographs we've seen show the distillery next to "the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Lock No. 5" on the river. Well, there is no lock here. So this can't be the place. That must be a warehouse separate from the distillery site, like many of the Kentucky distilleries we're familiar with. Back and forth we go again, and again we find a local resident and ask about Lock #5. This guy's younger than the fellow we met in Freeport.
"Oh, sure," he says to us. "Yun's're on the wrong side of town. Ya gotta go uptuda light and then go owdda town that way. You'll see it". When John was a rotten teenager, he lived in a seaside tourist area. And like most of the other rotten teenagers he hung out with, when people would come by in their out-of-state cars and ask for directions... well, you get the idea.
The area where we keep coming back to is the one from which we can see that old warehouse across the river. Brownsville, Pennsylvania is actually made up of three communities tied together by bridges.
West Brownsville, across the river, is one.
Downtown Brownsville, with its eerie sections of block after block of old abandoned pre-Civil War buildings and storefronts, is another.
And this area, known as Bridgeport, is the third. About fifteen or sixteen blocks long and three blocks wide, the area is made up of small houses and little commercial buildings, all arranged around Water Street. But the houses aren't jammed together the way they often are in small Pennsylvania towns. There are no mansions here, but we don't see any row homes, either. We also don't see Lock #5. But do see the ruins of a brewery. And a coal yard.
And did we say there weren't any mansions? WRONG!!
There is indeed a mansion, and it's directly across the river from that Sam Thompson warehouse, and it's been converted into a fine restaurant and shops. And on the front the sign says, "Caileigh's Restaurant" and looks inviting. Especially since a larger sign reads, "The Thompson House". We think it's a great time to stop for lunch and to figure out whether those buildings over there are or aren't the Sam Thompson distillery, and how can we miss seeing something as obvious as a dam across the river.
The Thompson House -- which is also called the Wayside Manor -- was built in 1906 by Thomas H. Thompson, distiller Sam Thompson's son. A Classic Revival building with a Spanish-style tiled roof built of limestone and brick, it was known as the most extravagant house in Brownsville, with 11 bathrooms, a third-floor ballroom, hardwood floors with different inlays in each room on the first floor, a pair of magnificent 6-foot wide oak staircases, and something like seven fireplaces, each with its own unique tile facing. The entire building isn't Caileigh's; there's a bar and the rooms upstairs have been converted to boutique shops so that, in effect, the mansion is a little mini-mall. Caileigh's is just the restaurant in the mini-mall. It occupies the first floor, and we occupy a table by the window. There's nothing stuffy or oldish about the restaurant; sunlight pours through the large windows, softened by lace curtains. The atmosphere is similarly cheery. The lunch menu includes a Monte Cristo sandwich, which pretty much takes care of John's selection choices. A significant clause in John's personal restaurant code is that, if a restaurant offers Monte Cristo sandwiches, it needn't bother wasting ink listing other items on the menu. Of course, John has similar clauses concerning Kentucky hot brown and soft-shell crabs, too. Fortunately, we have yet to discover a restaurant that serves more than one of those. We'd probably have to leave, as the only logical solution, combining two or more, sounds truly disgusting. John says that if such a situation should occur, it would probably be the only time he'd feel justified in ordering a chicken salad sandwich instead. Linda does order a chicken salad, although it isn't a sandwich and the grilled chicken is succulent and juicy and she enjoys it almost as much as John does his.
Our waitress is a lovely young lady who would probably not be considered old enough to carry the wine out to our table if we were dining in Ohio. She knows nothing at all about the Sam Thompson distillery. Or about Lock #5. Which, it later turns out, shouldn't be too surprising, since her parents were probably toddlers when it was demolished by the Army Corps of Engineers in the summer of 1967. And where was it? Well, look out the window -- see that little playground park right in front you? Imagine a line between that and the Thompson Distillery warehouse.
According to his grandson, Samuel J. Thompson, Sam (the elder) hadn't started out with the idea of distilling whiskey at all. In 1844 he acquired the first distillery at this site from a man who owed him money. He would have preferred being paid back, but the distillery was his only option. The story goes on that Sam, the new whiskeymaker told a friend that he had a distillery on his hands, and did not know what to do with it. There were many distilleries along the river in those days, and competition was so keen that there was not much money in the business for any of them. The friend old Thompson to make better whiskey than the others. He did make better whiskey, beginning in that year of 1844, and West Brownsville became known as the "Home of Sam Thompson's Old Monongahela Rye."
In the pictures can be seen two large warehouses next to one another, and third large building that was Ward Supply Company, even back then. There are also other, smaller buildings. The Ward Supply Company still stands, as does the warehouse on the right. That was Sam Thompson Distillery Bonded Warehouse No. 4. The warehouse that was between them is gone, replaced by another commercial building about half as high. It looks like it was built in the late 1950s or early '60s. That building, too, is closed. There is another building which is used as the business office for the Ward Supply Company, but was the office of the government gauger and barreling line when the distillery was in operation. Before that it was the Owens Tavern, and pre-dated any of the other buildings. It may have been built as early as 1794, which is when it's original owners, the Krepps family, began operating a ferry service at that location. They later opened another, also with a tavern, about eight miles up the river, which is better known.
Sam Thompson Monongahela Rye Whiskey emerged from
Prohibition and continued to be made and bottled deep into the second half
of the twentieth century. But not from West Brownsville. Purchased by
Schenley, the label adorned bottles of Allegheny rye made in Aladdin, and
even East Pennsylvania rye from PennCo (Michter's).
John Gibson's Son & Company
About halfway between West Brownsville and West Mifflin, we find Belle Vernon, and what's left of the Gibson Distillery, which was also known as Moore & Sinnott.
In 1856 John Gibson purchased over forty acres to build a distillery on the east bank of the Monongahela River, across from where Charleroi is today and just north of the Belle Vernon Bridge. In addition to using rye, he also made whiskey from wheat and malt. Interestingly, we've found no reference to corn (maize) being used at the Gibson distillery. The site contained the distillery, eight bonded warehouses, a four-story malt house, a drying kiln, a grist mill, a saw mill, two carpenter shops, a blacksmith shop, an ice house, and a cooper shop.
The cooper shop was where the barrels to hold the whiskey were made. The records indicate that the barrels were made of oak and the wood was aged three years before the barrel was assembled. The fact that they made their own cooperage means there's a good chance that they were using new barrels for at least some of their whiskey. We have not, however, found anything to indicate that charring the inside of the barrel was part of their process, although we suspect it may have been. Filled barrels went either into bonded warehouses, or directly to their wholesale customers. Those customers apparently included at least one commercial spirits bottler who purchased Moore & Sinnott whiskey for use in making French brandy (a spirit associated with a distinctive oak flavor and reddish-brown hue that is distilled from grape wine, not grain mash, and is not ordinarily considered to be related to whiskey as it was most commonly known before the 1850s).
When John Gibson died, his son Henry C. Gibson formed a new company with Andrew M. Moore and Joseph F. Sinnott. The distillery was renamed "John Gibson's Son & Company", and production continued to grow. The distillery was known as "Moore & Sinnott" after Henry retired (although the name would eventually change back to Gibson Distilling Company). During this time, in the early 1880s, Moore & Sinnott was the world's largest manufacturer of rye whiskey, a position it would maintain throughout the next three decades until Prohibition. The distillery was producing 150 barrels of whiskey a day. At about $80 per barrel, that would represent $12,000 ($223,030 in 2003 dollars) daily. At its peak, they were shipping 5,000 railroad carloads of barrels a year.
Like West Overton, a thriving company community soon grew around the distillery. Known as Gibsonton, it was recognized with a U.S. post office in July of 1884. By 1893 there were over 150 houses in Gibsonton.
In 1920, the 18th Amendment brought the disgrace of national prohibition, and the Gibson Distilling Company went bankrupt. On Tuesday, September 8, 1923, a sheriff's sale was held and when it was over nothing remained of the distillery except the buildings. The Pittsburgh Steel Company acquired the property. In 1926, the limestone buildings were dismantled and the blocks sold at $1.00 a load. A steel-fabricating plant was constructed on the site, and even that's now long gone, the skeletons of its own huge buildings, abandoned for decades, now collapsing in on themselves.
The town of Gibsonton, like West Overton, no longer exists; at least there
isn't a post office there anymore. But unlike the Overholt's workers'
community, it isn't entirely a ghost town. There are about a dozen duplex
houses remaining along a road that is called either "Gibsonton" or just "Gibson",
depending on which sign you believe, and people live there. As an area of
Belle Vernon, Gibsonton shows up on some maps, but not others. And although
many people no longer remember Gibsonton, others do. Driving east on I-70
toward Belle Vernon, we turn off just before the bridge across the Monongahela
River and drive north along the west river bank a couple miles toward Charleroi.
The other side of the river is lined with industrial sites. Some are active
and others are only decaying remnants. We're pretty sure that the old Gibson
Distillery was located in this approximate area, and we pull into a convenience
store to ask if anyone knows where it might be.
The proprietor, a man
about John's age with a scraggly beard, has heard of Gibsonton, but isn't
sure where it is. He calls a friend, and the his friend knows exactly. There
is, of course, no trace of the distillery, but the row of houses that remain
of Gibsonton are directly across the river from us. He even tells us how
to get there. We buy a bottle of pop and thank him; then John crosses the
highway and railroad tracks to take these pictures of Gibsonton and the ruins
of the steel plant that replaced the distillery eighty years ago. Later,
as we drive through the area to get a closer look, we notice a steel bridge
which leads from the housing area toward the plant site. We think it might
have been from the Pittsburgh Steel Company, but it looks picturesque and
we photograph it anyway. If anyone knows whether this bridge led to the
distillery or the steel plant, please let us know.
There may be nothing left of Moore and Sinnott, the largest rye distillery ever, but the ruins of the second largest still dominate the tiny town where it continued to make fine rye whiskey as late as the mid 1960s. In fact, some of their rye whiskey may even have made its way into the Schenley-produced bottles of Sam Thompson. The distillery is also named "Sam", and so is the fascinating man who introduced it to us.
Sam Dillinger
We visit in September 2004
I guess if Tommy Sienkevich hadn't hit the ball so hard,
back when men were walking on the moon, Frank Sinatra was doing it his
Tammy Wynette was standing by her man, and the Beatles were getting
back to where they once belonged, we'd
probably never have seen the one of Pennsylvania's most successful
old whiskey distilleries. The huge abandoned buildings stood all the way
across the railroad tracks, rising out of a sea of weeds and rusted
equipment, behind a chain link fence. And that's where young Sam Komlenic had to
go to recover their baseball. The plant and warehouses, with billboards
of forbidden secrets like Thos. Moore "Old Possum Hollow" and "Old Yock"
Straight Rye Whiskey painted on the walls, had been abandoned as far back
as Sam could remember. And it remained that way as he grew to adulthood
and moved away from the quiet little town of Ruff's Dale (or Ruffsdale,
depending on who you ask). But he never forgot about the vacant
How could he, when it served as the backdrop to so many of the
things high school kids did then (and hopefully still do)?
The first place we visit, sort of, is the one-time site of a distillery that once operated in Greensburg, just a few minutes up the road from New Stanton.
Until the arrival of Prohibition, Greensburg Distilling made rye whiskey at a building along South Main Street. The first time we passed through this area it was too dark and rainy and late to see anything. This time we're able to visit it in the daytime, but unfortunately there isn't anything to visit. If it hadn't been for Sam Komlenic's research we'd have never guessed a distillery had ever existed here. The site, a much newer set of buildings at the foot of Green Street, now contains the offices of the Westmoreland County Blind Association, with an industrial fuel & solvent company in the back. What had probably been the mill creek now flows across the property in a concrete trough, and there is an old, three-story brick building way in the back that might once have been a whiskey warehouse, but there's no way to tell. Otherwise, there is no longer any trace of this distillery.
The Sam Dillinger distillery, which was also known as the Ruffsdale Distillery, is quite another story. There is still plenty to see here. There's also plenty of reason to, because this was a very important distillery in its day. And it's "day" was a long one, starting in the mid-1800s and extending all the way into the 1960s.
Samuel Dillinger, who was born in Westmoreland county October 28, 1810, was the eldest child of Daniel and Mary (Myers) Dillinger. His father had emigrated from eastern Pennsylvania, very possibly from the same Bucks county area as the Overholts, and we have some evidence that the family may have shared with the Boehms and Overholts their Swiss-Palatine-Mennonite origins . The name, Dillinger, by the way is pronounced "Dilling-Grrr", not "Dillon-Jerr"
As a young man he worked at Martin Stauffer's mill and distillery, near Jacob's Creek. He may have learned to distill rye whiskey there, but more importantly, he learned about the business of distilling... and of marketing farm products. Around 1831 he and his new bride, Sarah, bought their own farm near Alverton. And again it appears, from his biography in John N. Boucher�s 1906 "History of Westmoreland County ", that his focus was on the business of farming, of buying and selling cattle and horses, of marketing and transportation. For several years he drove a large Conestoga wagon with a team of six horses across the Allegheny mountains on the National Pike, transporting merchandise between the cities of Pittsburgh and Baltimore.
About 1850 he purchased a custom grist mill in nearby West Bethany, and soon added a distillery, both of which he operated successfully for about thirty years. In 1881 they were entirely destroyed by fire, and a new distillery was built just on the other side of the ridge, at Ruff�s Dale. His two sons, Daniel L. and Samuel L., joined him in this endeavor and the distillery, operated as S. Dillinger and Sons, became one of the largest and best known in the state of Pennsylvania. By 1906 it was producing fifty barrels a day, with 55,000 barrels in storage, and was second in size only to the Gibson Distillery near Belle Vernon. In addition to the distillery in Ruff's Dale they operated or supplied several bottlers and rectifying companies.
And liquor dealers. Among their customers was the Rosenbloom family, who operated a well-established liquor dealership in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, now part of Pittsburgh's North Side. Among their house bottlings was Rosenbloom�s Oak Leaf Pure Rye Whiskey, which may have been produced by Dillinger.
They would play an important role in the reincarnation of the distillery.
In 1889 a sudden illness ended Sam Dillinger's life. And in 1919 the Volstead Act ended the alcohol beverage industry in America. It was not generally considered to be a temporary hiatus; An amendment to the United States Constitution had never been reversed, and the expectation of the 18th was that there would not again be alcoholic beverages in America. Ever. Of the hundreds of distilleries with their own brands that had existed up to then, nearly all ended up simply abandoning their now-worthless distilleries and other assets. There were, however, a few visionaries who had faith in either the temporary nature of "The Great Experiment" or in the investment potential of the bootlegging industry it would inevitably spawn and nurture. And these individuals were quite willing to purchase the existing stock, the names, and labels of the others. Sam Bronfman (Seagram's) was one; Lew Rosenstiel (Schenley), Buddy Thompson (Glenmore), the Fleischmann company, and the American Medicinal Spirits Company (later to become National Distillers) were others. In addition to these national giants, though, were smaller, more regional investors, such as the liquor dealer in Allegheny. And thus, when Prohibition was repealed in 1934, the Dillinger Distilling Company had already been renamed the Ruffsdale (one word) Distilling Company, and was owned by the Rosenbloom family. It would later revert to Dillinger Distilling Co. probably around 1940 when it was sold again. Dillinger was registered distillery No. 15 in the 23rd district of PA.
In his 1937 edition of "The Liquor Industry: A Survey of its History, Manufacture, Problems of Control and Importance", published by Ruffsdale Distilling Co., Morris Victor Rosenbloom thanks numerous influences on his project, including �my father, Alfred A. Rosenbloom, Treasurer of the Ruffsdale Distilling Company, and my uncle, Israel Rosenbloom, President.� Young Morris, however, didn't follow his father and uncle into the beverage alcohol business. Earning a listing in "Who's Who in America", Morris V. Rosenbloom became more widely known as a holder of several government positions and Bernard Baruch's biographer. He also authored a companion volume, "Bottling for Profit: A Treatise on Liquor and Related Industries" as a post-graduate student at the University of Pittsburgh. They are considered textbooks for the trade.
Sam Komlenic has a letter from sometime just after repeal which is signed by Allan M. Rosenbloom, Vice-President. Sam also speculates that the company may have become Dillinger Distilleries, Inc. when ownership was obtained by interests in Meadville, Pennsylvania. It is known that they were operating as such by 1941. Ruffsdale Distilling had offices and a blending plant in Braddock and later, offices in Pittsburgh. The blending plant, also referred to as the �rectifying plant�, was located at 708-14 Pine Way, Braddock.
Another well-known brand that became part of the Ruffsdale portfolio was Thos. Moore, produced before Prohibition in McKeesport, a town at the confluence of the Youghiogheny and Monongahela rivers. In fact, it was Thos. Moore Old Possum Hollow, not Sam Dillinger, that was their flagship brand. Thos. Moore, (�It�s old enough to speak for itself �; $2.25 per quart, $1.15 per pint) was 100-proof, bottled-in-bond straight rye whiskey. Their other rye was Old Man (90 proof; �A Revelation in Mellowness �; $1.34 per quart, $.70 per pint), which was neither. Their blended whiskies (both at 90 proof) were Dillinger ($2.09 per quart, $1.05 per pint), Hiram Green (�A favorite before prohibition and since the first days of repeal "; $1.59 per quart, $.85 per pint), and Tom Keene (90 proof; $1.34 per quart, $.70 per pint). Blended whiskey at that time apparently didn't carry the stigma that it later acquired; notice that bottom-shelf Tom Keene was the only whiskey not more expensive than the second-level pure rye. The product line also included Old Yock pure rye ($1.59 per quart, $.85 per pint), and various combinations of these brands were marketed as �America�s Big Four Whiskies� or �America�s Big Six Whiskies�. Old Yock was named for the Youghiogheny (pronounced "yock-o-henny") River's local nickname, and perhaps a way to distinguish it from Old Mon-type brands.
By the time the distillery finally closed in 1966, they were making a dizzying array of products and brands. Rye, bourbon, corn, blended, and spirit whiskies were part of the portfolio under names like Old Westmoreland (resurrected from Fry & Mathias), Dillinger 60, Old Jolly, Mellow, Look, Mild, Farmer Sam, Rider�s Club, Paddock Club, Light, and Bedford Club.
In addition, Dillinger appears to have been a major producer of whiskey for wholesale trade, supplying whiskey to larger companies for proprietary labeling or blending. Sam Komlenic's collection includes some papers from 1949-1950, which represent...
An interesting note here: Sam mentions papers involving both a request for samples of not-quite-3-year-old whiskey by Joseph Seagram's & Sons and a transfer of 7,000 gallons of (presumably) finished bourbon whiskey (assumed to be over four years old) to an address on Blockdale Avenue in Cheswick. We have in our collection a bottle labeled "The Blockdale Pure Rye - Allegheny Co. Pennsylvania Whiskey"; Cheswick is located in Allegheny county. So is Aladdin and Schenley. The Blockdale label has a distinctive trademark, consisting of the name printed in gold on a solid black circle (probably difficult to forge in those days). Our bottle of Old Schenley has the exact same type of trademark. And if that weren't enough, the Old Blockdale was actually distilled by East Penn Distillery, which is, despite its misleading name, distillery No. 10 in the 23rd district. Another bottle of whiskey made at that distillery is labeled I. W. Harper -- a Schenley brand. So little old Ruffsdale Distillery was supplying rye whiskey to at least two of the major national brands in the early 1950s. As the number of Pennsylvania rye distilleries continued to decline, by the mid 1960s Dillinger whiskey may have filled the bottles of a surprising number of its deceased brethren.
But it's 2004 now, and as we drive among the ridges along Highway 31 we see the tall concrete smokestack miles before we arrive in Ruff�s Dale. There can be no doubt that there is (or at least was) a distillery here. Past Schaeffer's store and up Church Street to where Dillinger Drive meets the railroad tracks, and there it is. As distillery ruins go, Dillinger�s is in pretty good shape. Abandoned for nearly forty years, it�s not much worse off than the Old Taylor distillery in Kentucky; in some ways, it�s even better. For example, the site looks much brighter. That�s partially due to the fact that the black mold common to distilleries has long since died off, replaced by what Sam calls �the largest stand of old-growth poison ivy� he�s ever seen. And partially it�s due to the fact that many of the side buildings have simply crumbled away. But a lot has to do with the fact that the current owners, a local commercial real estate company, have painstakingly kept the site cleaned up over the years. As we walk around the perimeter, taking pictures, we can see that the shrubbery is kept cut back (except for the poison ivy, which we later will learn is left to discourage intruding kids), and behind the chain link fence the internal driveways are all clear. There is a gate in the fence, and just as we�re about to walk around the back corner, we see a pickup truck stop at the gate. The driver gets out and unlocks the big padlock, and before he has a chance to climb back into the truck we call out to him.
His name is Daryl Shoaf and his uncle owns the real estate company and this site. Daryl is here today for a periodic check and to pick up a couple of tools needed at another site. He�s not accustomed to being stopped by strangers on a sightseeing pilgrimage who beg him to let them in and show them around. And no one would have been prepared for the amount of Sam�s knowledge and familiarity. Let�s face it, your normal group of thieves trying to case a potential burglary target rarely bothers to memorize the company�s annual production figures from 1944. So after several minutes of exposure to Sam�s old-home stories and name-and-place-dropping, and �whatever happen to ol��?�, and �Y�remember that bar out past where the old gas station used to be?�, Daryl comes to the conclusion that we're all right� well, at least Sam's all right and that's good enough. He lets us come in through the gate, and then proceeds to escort us on a grand tour of Dillinger Distilling (also known as Ruffsdale Distilleries)
It's not just the grounds outside that have been cleaned up. As we enter a building, John is at first surprised that it isn't dark and dingy. Well, not dark anyway. Quickly after that, John sees why it's not dark... there isn't any roof. Other parts of the building, however, are pitch black outside the glow of Daryl's flashlight. And the corrosion and decomposition lend even more of a cave-like feeling. Three floors up, Daryl points his lamp at the ceiling (which will be the floor when we get up there). The structural joists are easy to make out, as the concrete sags clearly between them. "Be sure to walk on the beams when we're up there," he warns.
There is, of course, no equipment here. Not even rusty junk. All of that was removed decades ago. But as we proceed throughout the enormous vacant rooms, with most of the yellow ceramic tile still clinging to the walls, we can see, in Sam's words, the outline of the distilling process: here is a steam line headed for the bottom of the column still openings; over there the boiler placements near the stack; the door to the laboratory; some offices. Here's a washroom, with a urinal that might even be worth something to an antique dealer. The toilet won't be, though. It's been blown to smithereens.
"Kids with M-80's," suggests Daryl. He points at some spray-painted graffiti on the wall as evidence.
"I do what I can, but they'll always find a way to break in. See here where they got in through this window? I just blocked that up awhile ago." Every time Daryl visits the site he makes sure all the locks are locked and all the accessible windows have cinderblock walls behind them to prevent entrance. In this case, entrance had meant the intruders had to scale a two-story wall and approach the window across the tarred roof.
"Guess I'll have to put something up to keep 'em off the roof," Daryl notes in his mental to-do book. "That roof isn't safe to walk on and I sure wouldn't want anyone to get hurt." The poison ivy, he says, was left in place purposely because it discourages kids from climbing wherever it exists. The ivy loves it. Huge arms of it reach in through the broken window glass four stories up and extend inside for yards along the ceiling.
Comparing the distillery as it was in 1966 with photos of the original, Sam points out where some of the old building, located in the rear, seems to have been incorporated into the upgrades made in the early 1940s and since. He says what impresses him the most is the interior of the only standing warehouse, which is the oldest intact building on the property. "The framing is absolutely massive: posts and beams on the bottom floor are about two feet square, and diminish progressively as you ascend through the building. Each floor is about seven feet high, with approximately 3� X 14� floor framing on 12� centers, covered by a tongue and groove solid finished floor. The outer construction consists of a stone foundation, brick walls, and slate roof. Built to last for damn near ever with minimal maintenance, probably why it�s still there. Add in the three 500 foot deep wells on the ten-acre property, and it can all be yours for $200,000!"
Right, Sam. A real "fixer-upper", huh?
We say goodbye to Daryl and head back toward where we're staying tonight in West Mifflin. As we cross the railroad tracks we pass a group of young boys with baseball gloves, just standing around. They seem to be looking for someone to come back with a recovered ball.
Story and original photography copyright © 2003-2004 by John F. Lipman. All rights reserved.


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This role will support cohealth's work to improve access and equity for diverse populations across the Northern and Western suburbs of Melbourne. Working in conjunction with cross-organisational leadership teams, staff, consumers and other relevant stakeholders, this role will lead the development and implementation of cross-organisational LGBTIQ+ inclusive practice.
Fundamental to this role will be positioning cohealth to become a Rainbow Tick accredited organisation, and playing a leading role in the implementation and imbedding of cohealth's Gender & Sexuality Equity Plan.
Part time 0.8 EFT, Fixed Term (18 months)
Based in Collingwood
Apply HERE


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2022 Spring Hospital Pharmacy Conference
May 16 - 18, 2022
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New Orleans, LA
Join us at our 2022 Spring Hospital Pharmacy Conference and experience the following:
Conference Highlights:
No other conference in America offers suppliers more face-to-face and networking time with Hospital Pharmacy Executives. Register Today and join us in New Orleans.
About Reverse Expo
Our conferences feature our signature Reverse Expo format which allows the providers to man the exhibit booths while the suppliers walk the floor. This unique structure creates the optimum environment for you to network and build relationships with key decision makers from each participating facility. It also maximizes your time and financial investment.
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The massive expansion of longtime catering hall and newly-minted restaurant Terrace on the Hudson, located on Rt. 9W in the Village of Haverstraw, is officially complete. Owners of Terrace on the Hudson, community leaders and various public officials joined for a ribbon cutting marking the venue's grand reopening Tuesday, February 13.
The site of countless birthdays, baptisms, weddings and other parties over the years, Terrace expanded and upgraded its facilities during a long renovation process. It now features a fine dining restaurant and bar, as well as its traditional catering services.
Terrace now features four bars and amenities including multi-level and outdoor dining for lunch and dinner, 200-person capacity indoor cocktail party area, an outdoor cocktail area, a banquet hall, indoor and outdoor ceremony sites and a bridal suite/changing area.
Terrace on the Hudson's phone numbers are 845.271.4932 | 845.271.4933 and its website is www.terrace-on-the-hudson.com.


text: Festive celebrations amid the lockdown have been very different and unusual this year with people adopting new habits and new ways of celebrations. We noticed the impact of lockdown on Ramadan and the people celebrating it with our recent study. Hence, we continued our study to understand the effects of lockdown on Eid celebrations in Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Egypt.


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Wednesday, October 6, 2010
Attaching A New Weft
After tying off and cutting the short weft thread, just completing some final rows, I thread my needle on to the tail of the new thread spool, 'just thread the needle directly to the new thread spool'. Run this threaded needed into the first bead on the last row, or the same bead you exited when you finished up the row prior, still with the spool attached to the other end.
Follow through the entire last row of beads, exiting out the outside right bead, still leaving the spool attached to the new running thread, and entering the first bead in this row. Tie a double hitch knot on the outside warp, in between the two end beads of the last two rows.
After tying a tight knot, run the needle and small tail of weft thread, into the 'last bead of the second-to-the-last' row of beads. This will also pull the knot 'center' of the last two rows.
If your looming is wide, then exit the needle halfway through the row. If the looming is more narrow, then run the needle completely across the row, existing out the fist bead on the second row up, (the same row you just entered). Pull taught, then cut the new weft thread, close to the bead it was exiting.
Now you can move back to the 'spool of new weft thread'. Pull out as much thread as you feel comfortable using on your needle. Some like to use a thread just long enough for one complete arm length and others like to include extra so the new weft thread lasts longer (I prefer the extra weft thread, myself!). Cut the new length of weft thread from the spool, thread your needle and begin looming again. There are no tails to get in your way and no tails to clean up later. Also, the knot is situated in between rows, which will allow me to insert the needle, comfortably, later when I am edging or completing my finishing method.
4 comments:
Hi Erin thankyou again for your intuative knowledge with wefting threadsReplyDelete
Im always working on really wide pieces alot my my pieces are minimum of like 150 warp threads sometimes wider
whats your advise so your saying that changing colors of your weft thread is important?
Hi Robin! I change the colors of my warp thread to match the prominent color of my looming. If I am looming white's with dark colors, then I will warp with 'white' and 'paint black ink' on the warps that fall 'under my black sections of the looming. In this case, my picture above, I am using 'black warps'.ReplyDelete
The other thing to consider is what beads you will be looming. I am using 'opaques', in the picture above, so I can use black weft thread too. But if you are using translucent, silver lined, or any other sheer finish Delicas, decide to use a 'white weft', even though you are using 'black warps'. Here on my Blog, I explain how the 'Weft Thread is the Color Boss'. Go take a look.
In reference to this post about 'changing up the weft threads', I was talking with Lidia, above, who explained a new and different way, she read about, in a book. That method may be perfect for what you loom, 150 beads wide! It is called the two needle method. Lidia explained it to me this way, "I start the beading either in the center or at one end - depending on the loom I'm using. The first row will have three passes of thread. and there will be a needle and a weft thread on both the left and the right sides of the l...oom. The left hand side needle picks up the beads and that thread will always be under the warps. The right hand side needle passes through the beads above the warps and then becomes the left one. I can go twice as far with each change of weft. I also find that this method produces identical selvages on each edge. This method was taught by Takako Sako and she uses it mainly for purses. The last 15 cuffs I've loomed have been done this way. For some inexplicable reason I find it faster and I seem less likely to miss/drop warps. I can't stand missed warps. ;) and I fix every one I find." I find this very interesting and would surely save time in changing up the wefts often! You may already use this method, if not, I'd love to hear your thoughts about it!
Just what I needed - thanks Erin!ReplyDelete
It is wonderful you knew to look here! Thanks Caron! Can't wait to see a picture of your first looming!ReplyDelete


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We're excited to announce our partnership with DJI, the world's leader in civilian drones and aerial imaging technology, to launch the Propeller PPK solution. Providing customers with a reliable and fully integrated system, the Propeller PPK solution collects highly accurate drone data for any worksite, without the challenges of traditional workflows.
Lack of project data is costing businesses an average of more than $177B annually on today's construction sites alone. Together with DJI we've developed an integrated workflow with the Phantom 4 RTK drone, an AeroPoint, and our cloud processing platform to visualize real-time site data that allows sites to make data-driven decisions, and prevent costly mistakes.
"DJI has led the drone market with their reliable and innovative products, and quickly demonstrated the ability for these machines to become useful tools in the heavy civil and natural resource industries," said Rory San Miguel, co-CEO of Propeller Aero. "Globally, these industries are seeing real cost savings and efficiencies through cloud-based analytics and using innovative new technologies like PPK drones combined with AeroPoints. Accurate data is paramount to worksite analytics and Propeller has always been obsessed with helping teams achieve this. We introduced the world's first smart ground control point, AeroPoints, and now we've partnered up with DJI to build an end-to-end PPK solution."
The Propeller PPK solution will be distributed through Propeller's Dealer Network, including DJI's Enterprise Dealers, Komatsu North America, and Trimble's SITECH network, which is already integrated with Trimble's Connected Site solutions as Trimble Stratus. The Propeller PPK solution is a fully integrated software and hardware system that reliably provides photogrammetric model outputs in geodetic, projected, or local coordinate systems. This solution provides accuracy of 1/10ft (3cm) from independent checkpoints across small and large survey areas (checkpoints up to 1km from GCPs). (Learn more about testing accuracy in our whitepaper.)
"The advent of drones in the construction industry has improved efficiencies, and Trimble Stratus users are already benefiting from the ease-of-use and scalability of drone-based surveys," said Scott Crozier, general manager, Trimble Civil Engineering and Construction. "With the new Propeller PPK Solution and Trimble Stratus software, we've seen first-hand how surveyors and contractors can collect aerial survey data in a fraction of the time it used to take, and get repeatable and reliable results."
Read the full press release here.
DJI is a global leader in developing and manufacturing civilian drones and aerial imaging technology for personal and professional use. DJI was founded and is run by people with a passion for remote-controlled helicopters and experts in flight-control technology and camera stabilization. The company is dedicated to making aerial photography and filmmaking equipment and platforms more accessible, reliable, and easier to use for creators and innovators around the world. DJI's global operations currently span across the Americas, Europe, and Asia, and its revolutionary products and solutions have been chosen by customers in over 100 countries for applications in filmmaking, construction, inspection, emergency response, agriculture, conservation, and many other industries.
For more information, visit: www.dji.com


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Wednesday, August 17, 2022
Get ready to Relive The Night: OPPO Reno8 Series is coming soon
Capture your best moments and freely express yourself at night as global smart device brand OPPO is set to officially launch the much-anticipated addition to the Reno series line, the Reno8 Series 5G. Catch the livestream launch on September 1, Thursday via OPPO Philippines' Facebook, YouTube, and Tiktok, and be treated to exciting performances and guest appearances.
"OPPO continues its commitment for every addition to the Reno series, constantly challenging the boundaries of AI camera technology. With the upcoming launch, upwardly mobile and savvy professionals now have a smartphone to creatively express themselves. They can capture the best and clearest moments of celebration and live life to the fullest wherever and whenever they are. The OPPO Reno8 Series 5G is a testament to our commitment in providing a mobile smartphone that keeps up with the fast changing digital world," said Chiqui Tapawan, OPPO Philippines' Head of Marketing Communications.
The Reno8 5G is equipped with flagship-grade camera specs that can shoot your nighttime and low-light photos and videos in the clearest and highest resolution. Thanks to AI camera technology, the Reno8 Series' Ultra Night Video and Ultra Night Portrait modes can help you relive your best moments as if you were viewing them in real time.
Both smartphones produce professional-looking photos with the OPPO Reno8 5G having Dual Sony Flagship Sensors to give poster-quality portraits with crisp, color-rich images, and the OPPO Reno8 Z 5G having Ultra-Clear 108MP Image which delivers a high-definition photo no matter the light level.
The OPPO Reno8 Series 5G also features the brand new OPPO Glow design – the streamlined unibody design of the Reno8 5G gives a seamless and premium feel and is available in two colorways, Shimmer Gold and Shimmer Black, and the Reno8 Z 5G's ultra-slim body comes in Dawnlight Gold and Starlight Black and features a retro design that sits snug in the palm of your hand.
The Reno8 Series 5G doesn't just power your portraits, it also powers your lifestyle. Powered with the MediaTek Dimensity 1300 (available in Reno8 5G) and ColorOS 12.1 (both models), you'll be assured of a smooth and efficient mobile phone experience. It also boasts super-fast charging speeds, thanks to the 80W SUPERVOOC of the Reno8 5G and 33W SUPERVOOC of the Reno8 Z 5G, making sure you're powered up from morning till night.
Capture your epic memories with the all-new Reno8 Series 5G coming soon in the Philippines. Tune in on OPPO Philippines' Facebook, Youtube and Tiktok pages for the exclusive livestream event where you can get a chance to win the latest and premium Reno series, and Relive The Night in Portrait. Pre-order starts on September 1 on all OPPO Philippines official partner stores, you can also check out e-commerce sites such as Lazada, Shopee and TikTok.
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Today's guest post comes courtesy of Drew Tewell, author of the book The Dream Job Program: Get the Job You Want. You can purchase it on Amazon, or get it for free when you subscribe to his blog. You can also connect with him on Twitter and Facebook. If you would like to be featured on this site, click here.
When I was 19 years old, I read my first book on leadership, Be a People Person by John Maxwell. I devoured that book. Today, 15 years later, I am convinced that leadership is crucial if we are going to reach our goals and live out our dreams.
Why? Because if you have big dreams, you will not be able to accomplish them by yourself. You will need other people.
How do you become a leader? I submit to you 5 thoughts.
1. Realize that you are a leader
Leadership, at its core, is about influencing others. It is not about titles. All of us, in one way or another, influence other people. Once you come to the realization that you are a leader, then you can take responsibility for your leadership.
2. Start with yourself
Once you realize that you are a leader, start leading. Begin with yourself. Great leaders lead by example.
3. Learn more about leadership
Learning about leadership will help you grow as a leader. Here is were I would start:
7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey
The 7 Habits will help you to lead yourself and begin to work with others.
The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership by John Maxwell
The 21 Laws will give you a great primer on leadership by a great teacher.
4. Seek out a mentor
Another way to learn about leadership is to ask someone to mentor you.
You can be mentored through books, audio & video programs, and other resources.
But having a leader who is further along on his or her leadership journey and is able to encourage you and speak specifically to you right where you are at will add another dimension to your development.
How do you get someone to mentor you? Ask. It's that simple.
5. Pursue new opportunities
The best way to learn leadership is to lead. By pursuing new opportunities you can gain experience and become a better leader.
You can do this through volunteering outside of work, taking on new projects at work, or pursuing other opportunities to take on new responsibilities.
Whatever you do, if you want to be a better leader, do something. And start today!
What are some other ways people can grow as leaders?


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In April 2017, Phil Spencer, Head of Gaming at Xbox, expressed a desire to create a "Netflix of video games". Two months later, the company officially announced Xbox Game Pass. A novel new service that gives gamers access to over 100 games for a set monthly fee.
At E3 2017, Spencer took to the stage and revealed that Xbox Game Pass would now also include Xbox 360 games via backwards compatibility. The move solidified the Xbox platform as one that is both backward and forward compatible, and also added additional value to the fledgling subscription service.
Alas, for long time gamers on the Xbox platform, the Xbox Game Pass service offers little in terms of perceived value. Most of the games in the service are at least a year old, with very few 'new' games. Furthermore, most games are most likely already owned by a large majority of Xbox One owners, especially those who jumped in as the console launched in 2013. With this in mind, the service is, at least in my opinion, geared more towards people who are new to the platform – in this case, it offers incredible value. However, the value of the service has now increased exponentially, for both old and new users alike.
In a surprise announcement via Major Nelson's blog, Phil Spencer has revealed that all future Xbox One exclusive titles from Microsoft Studios will now be included in Xbox Game Pass. This is absolutely incredible news, and is similar to Netflix and its Netflix Originals programming.
Now, for one set fee per month, gamers will have access to all future titles in franchises such as Forza, Halo, Gears of War, State of Decay, Crackdown, Age of Empires, Halo Wars, Sea of Thieves and more. Spencer also clarified that these games would be made available to Xbox Game Pass subscribers on the same date as their global release.
Xbox Game Pass is currently valued at $10 USD/R159 ZAR per month, and Microsoft has detailed that they will begin selling physical Xbox Game Pass vouchers at select retail partners. A six month pass will be available from 20 March 2017 for $59.99 US/R954 ZAR. However, this new expansion of the service has increased the value of Xbox Game Pass tenfold.
Instead of spending, for example, US $60 (ZAR R800) on a new Microsoft Studios release like Sea of Thieves, one can use that money for six months of Xbox Game Pass; and get the game anyway because it is included. In a way, signing up to Xbox Game Pass is going to become a bit of a no brainer for Xbox gamers going forward. Especially those who enjoy Microsoft's first party franchises and games.
I, for one, will definitely be signing up, since I was already going to purchase Sea of Thieves and State of Decay 2. Instead, I will now put the money towards a full year of Xbox Game Pass and have access to additional new titles, like Crackdown 3 and possibly even a new Forza Horizon, for one easy monthly subscription.
[Sources: The Guardian, Major Nelson]
Owner, founder and editor-in-chief at Vamers, Hans has a vested interest in geek culture and the interactive entertainment industry. With a Masters degree in Communications and Ludology, he is well read and versed in matters relating to video games and communication media, among many other topics of interest.


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- order
—orderable, adj. —orderer, n. —orderless, adj./awr"deuhr/, n.1. an authoritative direction or instruction; command; mandate.2. a command of a court or judge.3. a command or notice issued by a military organization or a military commander to troops, sailors, etc.4. the disposition of things following one after another, as in space or time; succession or sequence: The names were listed in alphabetical order.5. a condition in which each thing is properly disposed with reference to other things and to its purpose; methodical or harmonious arrangement: You must try to give order to your life.6. formal disposition or array: the order of the troops.7. proper, satisfactory, or working condition.8. state or condition generally: His financial affairs were in good order.9. conformity or obedience to law or established authority; absence of disturbance, riot, revolt, unruliness, etc.: A police officer was there to maintain order.10. customary mode of procedure; established practice or usage.11. the customary or prescribed mode of proceeding in debates or the like, or in the conduct of deliberative or legislative bodies, public meetings, etc.: parliamentary rules of order.12. prevailing course or arrangement of things; established system or regime: The old order is changing.13. conformity to this.14. a direction or commission to make, provide, or furnish something: The salesclerk will take your order.15. a quantity of goods or items purchased or sold: The druggist is sending the order right over.16. Gram.a. the arrangement of the elements of a construction in a particular sequence, as the placing of John before the verb and of George after it in John saw George.b. the hierarchy of grammatical rules applying to a construction.c. the rank of immediate constituents.18. Math.a. degree, as in algebra.b. the number of rows or columns of a square matrix or determinant.c. the number of times a function has been differentiated to produce a given derivative: a second order derivative.d. the order of the highest derivative appearing in a given differential equation: d2y/dx2 + 3y (dy/dx) - 6 = 0 is a differential equation of order two.e. the number of elements of a given group.f. the smallest positive integer such that a given element in a group raised to that integer equals the identity.g. the least positive integer n such that permuting a given set n times under a given permutation results in the set in its original form.19. any class, kind, or sort, as of persons or things, distinguished from others by nature or character: talents of a high order.20. Biol. the usual major subdivision of a class or subclass in the classification of organisms, consisting of several families.21. a rank, grade, or class of persons in a community.22. a group or body of persons of the same profession, occupation, or pursuits: the clerical order.23. a body or society of persons living by common consent under the same religious, moral, or social regulations.24. Eccles. any of the degrees or grades of clerical office. Cf. major order, minor order.25. a monastic society or fraternity: the Franciscan order.26. a written direction to pay money or deliver goods, given by a person legally entitled to dispose of it: delivery order; exchange order.27. Archit.a. any arrangement of columns with an entablature.b. any of five such arrangements typical of classical architecture, including the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders invented by the Greeks and adapted by the Romans, the Tuscan order, invented by the Romans, and the Composite order, first named during the Renaissance.c. any of several concentric rings composing an arch, esp. when each projects beyond the one below. See illus. under tympanum.28. orders, the rank or status of an ordained Christian minister.29. Usually, orders. the rite or sacrament of ordination.30. a prescribed form of divine service or of administration of a rite or ceremony.31. the service itself.32. the visible structures essential or desirable to the nature of the church, involving esp. ministry, polity, and sacraments.33. a society or fraternity of knights, of combined military and monastic character, as, in the Middle Ages, the Knights Templars.34. a modern organization or society more or less resembling the knightly orders: fraternal orders.a. a special honor or rank conferred by a sovereign upon a person for distinguished achievement.b. the insignia worn by such persons.36. Chiefly Brit. a pass for admission to a theater, museum, or the like.37. a tall order, a very difficult or formidable task, requirement, or demand: Getting the crop harvested with so few hands to help was a tall order. Also, a large order.38. call to order, to begin (a meeting): The meeting was called to order at 3 o'clock.39. in order,a. fitting; appropriate: It appears that an apology is in order.b. in a state of proper arrangement, preparation, or readiness: Everything is in order for the departure.c. correct according to the rules of parliamentary procedure: Questions from the floor are now in order.40. in order that, so that; to the end that: We ought to leave early in order that we may not miss the train.41. in order to, as a means to; with the purpose of: She worked summers in order to save money for college.42. in short order, with promptness or speed; rapidly: The merchandise arrived in short order.43. on order, ordered but not yet received: We're out of stock in that item, but it's on order.44. on the order of,a. resembling to some extent; like: I would like a dress on the order of the one in the window.b. approximately; about: On the order of 100,000 people attended the rally.45. out of order,a. inappropriate; unsuitable: His remark was certainly out of order.b. not operating properly; in disrepair: The air conditioner is out of order again.c. incorrect according to the rules of parliamentary procedure: The chairwoman told him that he was out of order.46. to order, according to one's individual requirements or instructions: a suit made to order; carpeting cut to order.v.t.47. to give an order, direction, or command to: The infantry divisions were ordered to advance.48. to direct or command to go or come as specified: to order a person out of one's house.49. to prescribe: The doctor ordered rest for the patient.50. to direct to be made, supplied, or furnished: to order a copy of a book.51. to regulate, conduct, or manage: to order one's life for greater leisure.52. to arrange methodically or suitably: to order chessmen for a game.53. Math. to arrange (the elements of a set) so that if one element precedes another, it cannot be preceded by the other or by elements that the other precedes.54. to ordain, as God or fate does.55. to invest with clerical rank or authority.v.i.56. to give an order or issue orders: I wish to order, but the waiter is busy.[1175-1225; ME ordre (n.), ordren (v., deriv. of the n.) < OF ordre (n.) < L ordin- (s. of ordo) row, rank, regular arrangement]Syn. 1. ukase, ordinance, prescription, decree, injunction. 5. regularity. 21. degree. 23. fraternity, community. 47. instruct, bid, require, ordain. See direct. 51. run, operate, adjust, arrange, systematize.
* * *IIn Classical architecture, any of several styles defined by the particular type of column, base, capital, and entablature they use.There are five major orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian (all developed in Greece), and Tuscan and Composite (developed in Rome). The form of the capital is an order's most distinguishing characteristic. Both the Doric and Ionic orders originated in wooden temples. The Doric is squat and simple. The Ionic, distinguished by the scrolls, or volutes, on its capital, resembles a capital I. The Corinthian capital is more ornate, with carved acanthus leaves and scrolls. The Romans modified the Greek orders to produce the Tuscan (a simplified form of the Doric) and Composite (a combination of the Ionic and Corinthian) orders. See also colossal order.II(as used in expressions)Calatrava Order ofgiant orderGarter The Most Noble Order of theOrder of the Legion of Honour
* * *also called order of architecturein any of several styles of classical or Neoclassical architecture that are defined by the particular type of column and entablature they use as a basic unit. A column consists of a shaft together with its base and its capital. The column supports a section of an entablature, which constitutes the upper horizontal part of a classical building and is itself composed of (from bottom to top) an architrave, frieze, and cornice. The form of the capital is the most distinguishing characteristic of a particular order. There are five major orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite.There are many separate elements that make up a complete column and entablature. (See the Figure—>.) At the bottom of the column is the stylobate; this is a continuous flat pavement on which a row of columns is supported. Rising out of the stylobate is the plinth, a square or circular block that is the lowest part of the base. Atop the plinth and forming the remainder of the base are one or more circular moldings that have varying profiles; these may include a torus (a convex molding that is semicircular in profile), a scotia (with a concave profile), and one or more fillets (fillet), or narrow bands.The shaft, which rests upon the base, is a long, narrow, vertical cylinder that in some orders is articulated with fluting (fluting and reeding) (vertical grooves). The shaft may also taper inward slightly so that it is wider at the bottom than at the top.Atop the shaft is the capital, which serves to concentrate the weight of the entablature on the shaft and also acts as an aesthetic transition between those two elements. In its simplest form (the Doric), the capital consists (in ascending order) of three parts; the necking, which is a continuation of the shaft but which is set off from it visually by one or more narrow grooves; the echinus, a circular block that bulges outward at its uppermost portion in order to better support the abacus; and the abacus itself, a square block that directly supports the entablature above and transmits its weight to the rest of the column below.The entablature is composed of three horizontal sections that are visually separated from each other by moldings and bands. The three parts of the entablature (in ascending order) are called the architrave, frieze, and cornice.The unit used in the measurement of columns is the diameter of the shaft at the base; thus, a column may be described as being eight (lower) diameters high.Ancient Greek architecture developed two distinct orders, the Doric and the Ionic, together with a third (Corinthian) capital, which, with modifications, were adopted by the Romans in the 1st century BC and have been used ever since in Western architecture.The Doric order is characterized by a slightly tapered column that is the most squat of all the orders, measuring in height (including the capital) only about four to eight lower diameters. The Greek forms of the Doric order have no individual base and instead rest directly on the stylobate, although subsequent forms of Doric frequently were given a conventional plinth-and-torus base. The Doric shaft is channeled with 20 shallow flutes. The capital, as stated before, consists of a simple necking; a spreading, convex echinus; and a square abacus. The frieze section of the Doric entablature is distinctive. It is composed of projecting triglyphs (units each consisting of three vertical bands separated by grooves) that alternate with receding square panels, called metopes, that may be either plain or carved with sculptured reliefs. The Roman forms of the Doric order have smaller proportions and appear lighter and more graceful than their Greek counterparts.The Ionic order differs from the Doric in having more flutes on its shaft and in the scrolls, or volutes, that droop over the front and rear portions of the echinus in the capital. The echinus itself is carved with an egg-and-dart motif. The height of the entire Ionic order—column, base, capital, and entablature— is nine lower diameters. The base of the column has two tori (convex moldings) separated by a scotia. The shaft, which is eight lower diameters high, has 24 flutes. On the entablature, the architrave is usually made up of three stepped fasciae (bands). The frieze lacks the Doric triglyph and metope, and hence this area can hold a continuous band of carved ornament, such as figural groups.The Corinthian order is the most elegant of the five orders. Its distinguishing characteristic is the striking capital, which is carved with two staggered rows of sylized acanthus leaves and four scrolls. The shaft has 24 sharp-edged flutes, while the column is 10 diameters high.The Tuscan order is a Roman adaptation of the Doric. The Tuscan has an unfluted shaft and a simple echinus-abacus capital. It is similar in proportion and profile to the Roman Doric but is much plainer. The column is seven diameters high. This order is the most solid in appearance of all the orders.The Composite order, which was not ranked as a separate order until the Renaissance, is a late Roman development of the Corinthian. It is called Composite because its capital is composed of Ionic volutes and Corinthian acanthus-leaf decoration. The column is 10 diameters high.The Doric and Ionic orders originated nearly simultaneously on opposite shores of the Aegean Sea; the Doric on the Greek mainland and the Ionic in the Greek cities of Asia Minor. (The volutes of the Ionic capital were adapted from Phoenician and Egyptian capital designs.) The Doric may be considered the earlier order of the two only in its developed form. Both orders originated in temples constructed out of wood. The earliest well-preserved example of Doric architecture is the Temple of Hera at Olympia, built soon after 600 BC. From these beginnings, the evolution of the stone Doric column can be traced in architectural remains in Greece, Sicily, and southern Italy, where the Doric was to remain the chief order for monumental buildings for the next eight centuries.The Greeks as well as the Romans regarded the Corinthian as only a variant capital to be substituted for the Ionic. The first known use of a Corinthian capital on the outside of a building is that of the choragic Monument of Lysicrates (Athens, 335/334 BC). The Corinthian was raised to the rank of an order by the 1st-century-BC Roman writer and architect Vitruvius.The Romans adopted the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders and modified them to produce the Tuscan order, which is a simplified form of the Doric, and the Composite order, which is a combination of the Ionic and Corinthian orders. Another Roman innovation was the superposed order; (superposed order) when columns adorned several successive stories of a building, they were normally of different orders, in an ascending sequence from heaviest to most slender. Thus columns of the Doric order were assigned to the ground floor of a building, Ionic ones to the middle story, and Corinthian or Composite ones to the top story. To avoid the complications of separate orders for each story, the architects of the Renaissance invented the colossal order, which is composed of columns extending the height of two or more stories of a building.Vitruvius was the only ancient Greek or Roman writer on architecture whose works survived the Middle Ages. When his handbook for Roman architects, De architectura, was rediscovered in the early 15th century, Vitruvius was at once hailed as the authority on classical architecture. Based on his writings, Italian architects of the Renaissance and Baroque periods developed an aesthetic canon that established rules for superposing the classical orders. The architects also laid down rules for the proportions of the orders and their parts down to the most minute members. The exact proportional dimensions of every element of an order was specified, so that, given the diameter of the column or any other dimension, the entire order and all of its separate elements could be reconstructed through routine calculations. The rules were thus carried to extravagant lengths that were undreamed of by the Greeks and rarely observed by the Romans.Succeeding artistic periods witnessed revivals of the archeologically "correct" use of the orders, though many architects continued to use the various orders with the utmost freedom. In Modernist architecture of the 20th century, the orders have tended to pass from use altogether as superfluous ornament, their structural functions having been taken over by columns and piers made of steel or reinforced concrete.
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Universalium. 2010.


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Naked Espresso Bar
ROCK up to Naked Espresso Bar on a Monday in your boxers, and you get a free coffee. But there are also other reasons why it's pants down, one of Meld foodie Diane Leow's new favourite haunts.
Melbourne is home to plenty of legendary coffee places, St Ali and Sensory Lab, just to name a few. But when you're looking for a cosy spot with divine coffee to match, there's no better place than the newly opened Naked Espresso Bar on Little Bourke St.
Designed to be a little alcove amid the city rush, Naked Espresso Bar has a bright yellow feature wall that quietly defies Melbourne's gloomy wintry weather… and fashion sense.
The coffee shop is a venture by Toby's Estate's Jason Berley, and Tom Ervin-Ward and Shanny Sena, the couple behind the now-defunct Elevenses Espresso Bar on Collins St. The coffee beans are from Toby's Estate, although sometimes, just to mix it up, they also get their beans from Market Lane.
As for its rather strange name, well that comes from a special porta-filter used to make their signature rich, creamy double shot of espresso coffee, which is known as a naked espresso shot. But true to the owners' quirky nature, the name is also linked to a peculiar Monday ritual where Tom, Shanny and Jason all turn up to work wearing boxers, and anyone else who does the same gets a free coffee. I'm not sure if anyone has actually walked into the shop with no pants on, but it would be fun to watch if they did.
I visited Naked Espresso Bar on a gloomy Tuesday afternoon for a late lunch. There were bagels sitting in the display packed with fillings like peach and bourbon pulled pork, and kangaroo with sauerkraut and Swiss cheese (aka the Roo-ben). I gravitated towards the pulled pork, which Tom promptly popped into the toaster. My friend (let's call her J) opted for the kangaroo, despite her usual skepticism for red meat of any kind.
Both bagels were served warm on a cute little bamboo chopping board. While your typical bagel can be gummy and hard to bite into, these were surprisingly soft and flavourful. My peach and bourbon pulled pork on rye was magnificent. The pork was moist and tender and the little peach pieces surprised me every bite. The entire thing was smothered in a slightly smokey barbecue sauce that added to the myriad of flavours without masking the freshness of the fruit or pork.
J's Roo-ben was pretty amazing too. The kangaroo was grilled to perfection, a little pink in the middle, but perfectly tender. Together with the sauerkraut, it made for a light, refreshing bagel that left me wanting another bite. Too bad J wouldn't let me have any more!
For dessert, we shared a black forest waffles with an elderflower chocolate sauce, morello cherries and double cream. Technically, it's on their breakfast menu, but it's also a dessert… in my books anyway, and completely exceeded my expectations. On their own, waffles, chocolate sauce, cherries or double cream might seem boring, but in this dessert, it all comes together nicely, like a chorus on my tongue. But the real magic lies in the elderflower syrup. Its slightly floral demeanour rounds off the tartness of the cherries, bittersweetness of the chocolate sauce and richness of the double cream.
What draws me to Naked Espresso Bar though is the infectious happiness of the place. Shanny and Tom are quick on their feet and each cup of coffee is served with a warm smile. Sometimes I forget I'm in a café and not at a friend's place.
In short, Naked Espresso is a great place to grab a quick lunch or to sit by the window and enjoy a great cuppa. Just remember, if it's not Monday, you have to wear pants!
Naked Espresso Bar is located at 390 Little Bourke St, Melbourne.


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Defense looks for holes in Penn State pledge death hearing
BELLEFONTE, Pa. (AP) - Lawyers for members of a Penn State fraternity who face charges in the death of a pledge spent much of a daylong preliminary hearing Tuesday focusing on what their clients didn't do the night Tim Piazza was injured.
A third full day of testimony by the lead detective ended with him still on the stand - and the judge planning two more days next month before he will decide if there is enough evidence to send the charges to county court for trial.
The now-shuttered Beta Theta Pi chapter and 18 of its members are accused of a range of crimes for their actions related to the Feb. 4 death of the 19-year-old Piazza, a sophomore engineering student from Lebanon, New Jersey.
One by one, lawyers for some of the 16 defendants in court - two others waived the hearing - pointed out during questioning of State College Police Detective Dave Scicchitano that their clients were not involved at key points during the night Piazza drank dangerous amounts of alcohol and was fatally injured by a series of falls.
The lawyers noted that certain defendants weren't involved in procuring alcohol for the bid acceptance night, didn't help operate a "gauntlet" of rapid-fire drinking stations, weren't around when Piazza fell down a set of basement steps, didn't participate in incriminating text exchanges, or weren't among those who made futile, half-hearted and even counterproductive attempts to help as Piazza spent an agonizing night moving between a first-floor couch and the floor of the darkened mansion.
Centre County District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller called the defense tactic an effort to distract attention from what did occur as Piazza suffered a fractured skull, severe abdominal injuries and bleeding in his brain and stomach.
"I call it the straw man defense," Parks Miller said after the hearing. "It's a confusion defense."
Scicchitano said Piazza seemed to become highly inebriated early in the evening, and was seen on video surveillance footage with a "staggering walk, swaying stance, his head was bobbing around." A short time later he fell down steps for the first time and had to be carried up to the chapter's main first-floor hall.
He may have fallen again - members of the fraternity found him unconscious in the basement the next morning, then waited about 40 minutes before they summoned emergency aid. Piazza died Feb. 4 at a hospital.
Lawyers pressed Scicchitano about his investigation into the pledge ceremony and subsequent party, raising questions about how much pressure Piazza would have felt to engaged in the heavy drinking that undergirds some of the hazing allegations.
Pledges were captured on camera being directed to run through the series of drinking stations that featured beer, wine and vodka.
Scicchitano said joining in the drinking was a "rite of passage and the way to get in" to the fraternity.
The defense attorneys also questioned Scicchitano about whether Piazza endured the second fall down the basement steps or could have walked to the spot where he was found. The detective conceded that both scenarios were possible.
Some of the defendants are accused of involuntary manslaughter and aggravated assault, while others face less serious allegations.


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You can always depend on Toby Young to put the ball in his own net. What a clown.
If we were at war, bollock face and his ilk would be interned for sabotage and aiding the enemy.
Glad you still trust the Guardian because they have another article.
"Up to a fifth of patients with Covid-19 in several hospitals contracted the disease over the course of the pandemic while already being treated there for another illness, NHS bosses have told senior doctors and nurses."
Nosocomial? I prefer the old word iatrogenic. Tobes as a stopped clock?
Didn't this twat set up some other 'group' a few weeks ago, one that required a joining fee of 30 quid or something?
Anyone remember what that one was about or did it just stink without trace?
That was the Free Speech Union which taps members up for £30..
Well his writing and media career has nosedived along with his Office for Students gig which went pear shaped once Tobes' enthusiasm for Eugencis and his homophobia were revealed to the public.
Got to hand it to Tobes, first class idiot who fails at the first hurdle of checking your facts first before publishing..
Social distancing is a standard tool in epidemiology, used around the world successfully.
Wonder if Tobes will be following Trump in taking hydroxchloroquine like his hero Trump or go the Sao Paulo way of ignoring social distancing and ending up in an ICU.
As Tobes has 4 young kids, I for their sakes, doesn't do anything stupid, but Tobes being a bellend, will do anything for another gig.
There's only one thing to remember about that moronic twerp:
Everything he touches turns to shit.


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Negotiating a plea bargain and presenting favourable circumstances in evidence are effective sentencing strategies by a prison defence lawyer. Melbourne judges could choose from several sentencing choices to advertise rehabilitation of the offender while reducing the strain of overcrowded jails.
These are just a few of the difficulties faced by these wishing to lastly see common rehabilitation remedy choices for prisoners and convicts in additional than one hundred thirty states and nations. To make this a risk, all of the above must be fastidiously checked out. In-depth studies must be undertaken and the results really must be made accessible to everyone. In prison legislation cases, this can be a necessity to assist society and the defendants themselves.
Settled insanity is a potential protection.
International locations that do not use this technique are the USA and Canada. In Britain, you can see that this system will likely be given as a shorter duration course when one is doing the LLB. This will solely be after a person has completed a previous undergraduate diploma course. When this occurs, it will be usually referred to as M.A. as an alternative of L.L.B. In Australia, the study program for the L.L.B. may be carried out in two ways. The primary way can be a graduate entry program which would require a person to have a previous bachelor's degree.
Though the phrases of probation could appear to unfairly restrict sure individual freedoms, you will need to observe that the alternative is often incarceration, which would be a a lot stronger imposition on an individual's each day life. Terms of probation are sometimes set to assist the person steer clear of the type of conditions that landed them in hassle in the first place.
This is why. Sentencing options O Vandalism. Defense of Others.
We branded these folks in jail as criminals and we consider them as thorns of the group. We hate them and we would like them to endure within the nice extent and we even made legal guidelines for the implementation of capital punishment. This kind of scenario that we will see in our society merely says that each of us has a barbaric habits. It simply indicators that we don't have a coronary heart that offers mercy to those who violated the legal guidelines. It's naturally described that we are not any totally different to them and it merely connotes that we are also be labeled as prison.
In case you can, try to visit the courtroom many instances to find the best protection attorney primarily based on the way in which they are handling the proceedings within the court docket. You too can watch first-hand the way in which wherein they cope with individuals and matters linked with the case they're dealing with. This might be a more dependable means of discovering the suitable defense lawyer for your criminal case. In this manner your resolution will likely be primarily based on the real face-to-face interplay and doubtless be extraordinarily efficient when it comes to the decision-making course of.
If you're a person of curiosity in a felony investigation or if you have been arrested it is important that you simply train your right to stay silent. A protection lawyer is ready to advocate on behalf of the defendant, present moral assist, and use aggressive litigation to provide a superb consequence for the consumer.


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Roewe is going to launch a new seven-seat SUV in China. The new car finally replaces the aging Roewe W5, pictured above. It will be called the Roewe RX8 and it will be launched on the Chinese car market late this year. The RX8 will compete with cars such as the Trumpchi GS8 and Haval H7L. Power will come from a new variant of the Roewe 2.0 turbo.
And that brings us to the Roewe RX5, the best selling compact SUV that was launched in July last year. The RX5 is currently available with two engines: a 166hp 1.5 turbo and a 220hp 2.0 turbo. Roewe is working on a new flagship version that will pack a more powerful variant of the 2.0 turbo and an extra luxurious interior with an even bigger touch screen.
This more powerful 2.0 turbo is the same engine that will serve in the RX8. Power is expected to go up to 240-250 horses.
RX5 interior. There is sure rook for nicer seats and such but is there any space for a larger screen..? The 'base' screen measures 10.1 inch already.
Earlier on we also heard Roewe was working on a hybrid variant of the RX5 but things have been very silent about this project lately. More as we get it.


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The Mexican state of Nayarit is no stranger to Los Angeles, with many families claiming roots there and the coastal cuisine living large in the lives of many Angelenos. This usually consists of plates of freshly prepared mariscos, unique ceviches, and the awe-inspiring pescado zarandeado, but a tiny little Pacoima joint has been hawking the tamales of Nayarit for around ten years.
"Estilo Nayarit" is actually quite easy to miss on the sign, especially while flying by on wide Glenoaks Blvd. With the holidays approaching, there will be many feelings about tamales to go around, but for those without stacks of them made at home, Rosy's is a unique find to enjoy the recipes that trace their origin to the owner's hometown of Zacualpan.
Even coming in from the blazing summer sun, there is an enjoyment to eating a tamal with a cup of hot champurrado ($1.50, not shown), always available here at Rosy's. What can be less easy to find are the chicken tamales, the stars of the show, which are frequently sold out. Fresh batches are prepared throughout the morning (Rosy's closes at 13:00) though, so if your timing is not perfect on the first visit, just try again another day.
Start with the tamal de pollo en salsa verde ($2), which they have covered with a handwritten "HOT" notice on their board. The sauce is green because of an ample use of jalapeños, and is always made fresh.
Not as spicy but almost just as tasty are the pollo en salsa roja ($2) and puerco ($2), which also uses a red sauce. The chicken version is stuffed with some vegetables as well. On various visits, the savory tamal that has been untried is the one made with cheese and no meat, surely a delicious options for vegetarians.
Also meatless and catering to the sweeter side are the tamal de piña ($2) and tamal de elote ($2), a sweet corn version that balances between sweet and savory.
Regardless of your holiday traditions, there is bound to be something of interest for you at this tiny tamal shop in Pacoima, if not at this time of year than at any.


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Good SEO Courses: Why, How, When and Which in Ione, WA?
We all know the importance of well versed, managed and systematic content of a site which makes it more appealing and attractive. If a site is to be well designed then it must contain relevant information and data which in turn gives the site more value gains in the SEO market. These SEO training institutes are basically providing training to the site owners and webmasters, so that they can make their websites highly visible on the search engine operations available on the internet. Here a person can learn something unique.
There are various events available in Ione, WA but if we talk about SEO Workshop Institute in Ione, WA , one can easily grasp the terminology which helps you to increase the utility and efficiency of the internet. The SEO classes are offering you a helping hand through classrooms and online classes according to the comfort of the learners, based on the priorities they have. And the learners can gather a lot of knowledge about the SMO, SEO and SEM where SMO stands for social media optimization, search engine optimization is SEO and SEM stands for search engine marketing.
1. A student becomes eligible to help their clients to increase their ranking in the search engine optimization.
2. Capable in working on On page and off page optimization.
3. It tells you what needs to be done on the site and understand how search engine works.
4. A person can work part time in companies.
5. They can also work as a search engine optimization.
6. Can work as a freelancer.
Best SEO Classes Online in Spokane
These SEO trainings in Ione, WA make it a perfect choice for the students who really want to have a future in the field of webpage maintenance and designing and who also want to help their clients to improve their ranking throughout the internet.
What is SEO Article Writing? – SEO Copywriting Explained
The idea of search engine marketing is great: get your site noticed by various engines such as Google and benefit from the free traffic they send you. In this quick search engine marketing tutorial we'll take a look at some things you can do to achieve good results.
Stay within the rules
Google and the other search giants pride themselves on giving their users good results. To do this, they produce a set of rules – often called webmaster guidelines – that they recommend you stick to. Sure, you can ignore these rules and maybe experience a short term boost in your site's rankings in the search results but sooner or later the mass of computers used to analyze results will catch up with your attempt to break or bend the rules and will relegate you to the back of beyond.
Keep it simple and relevant
The same basics that have worked since before Google was born still apply. Pay attention to things like the title tags of your pages, the headlines you use, the words you make bold or strong, and the actual words you use on your pages. Make everything on a page as relevant as possible without stuffing it full of keywords. Your main customers are the real human beings who visit your pages. Make your website relevant for humans and there's an excellent chance that the search engines will agree. Amongst other things, the major engines have a good idea how long people stay on your site, so do your best to keep them there as long as possible once they've clicked from the search engine.
Keep it fresh and original
New pages are like catnip to search engines. They just love new content, especially if it really is new rather than copied from elsewhere. Take the time to create new content for your website or have it created for you by a trusted writer. Posting new content is a sure way to get the spiders buzzing around your site and in turn this will lead to more people visiting your site.
Be patient
This is probably the hardest advice of all. We're so used to everything happening instantly that we expect the search engine results to be the same. The trouble is that there are billions of pages that are indexed by these robots and it takes time for them to collate all that information. You may see a short term boost when your page is initially crawled but this is just part of the algorithm that exists to make sure that recent news gets found fast. There will then typically be a period where your page is nowhere to be found whilst the behind the scenes computer program works out where it deserves to be in the longer term results. How long this takes varies on a number of different factors but it will happen and your page will bounce back into the search results over time.
SEO Training – Off-Site Techniques to Boost Your Search Engine Ranking
The number one golfer in the SEO training course should always keep in mind that the number one goal for any online website is to attract visitors. Although there are many websites that look to attract visitors to present them with valuable information such as many non-profit organizations and other entities not selling a thing, generally speaking, most of the commercial websites seek to turn visitors into customers. Therefore, the ultimate goal of any effective SEO training course should be to develop in the participant skills that will make this goal attainable. The following is the ultimate guide to SEO training that will lead you to your ultimate goal, making money.
Use SEO Techniques to Make Money
An effective SEO training course will teach participants how to partner with major search engines to drive traffic to the website being promoted and thus changes visitors into customers. After all, it is all about money and part of your strategy needs to be how to convert visitors to paying customers. If this is not accomplished, it doesn't make a difference how many visitors come to your site.
Everybody Likes Something Free
Learn a variety of different strategies to enlist your colleagues to recommend your free reports producing links to your website, which results in higher search engine rankings.
How am I Doing?
An effective as SEO training course will also include instruction on how to measure techniques you have employed to gain greater traffic to your site. You will learn how to analyze the results of your efforts and what you need to do to adapt or expand to create better results.
Through following the steps provided in this ultimate guide to as CEO training, you will find a new set of skills that will make your website and effective marketing tool. It is a continual process and not a one -time fix so gaining SEO skills will add to your financial well-being.