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Rho meson
In particle physics, a rho meson is a short-lived hadronic particle that is an isospin triplet whose three states are denoted as ρ + ,ρ0,ρ − . After the pions and kaons, the rho mesons are the lightest strongly interacting particle with a mass of roughly 770 MeV for all three states. There should be a small mass difference between the ρ + and the ρ0 that can be attributed to the electromagnetic self-energy of the particle as well as a small effect due to isospin breaking arising from the light quark masses; however, the current experimental limit is that this mass difference is less than 0.7 MeV.
Additional recommended knowledge
The rho mesons decay have a very short lifetime and their decay width is about 145 MeV with the peculiar feature that the decay widths are not described by a Breit-Wigner form. The principal decay route of the rho mesons is to a pair of pions with a branching rate of 99.9%. Neutral rho mesons can decay to a pair of electrons or muons which occurs with a branching ratio of . This decay of the neutral rho to leptons can be interpreted as a mixing between the photon and rho. In principle the charged rho mesons mix with the weak vector bosons and can lead to decay to an electron or muon plus a neutrino; however, this has never been observed.
In the De Rujula-Georgi-Glashow description of hadrons, the rho mesons can be interpreted as a bound state of a quark and an anti-quark and is an excited version of the pion. Unlike the pion, the rho meson has spin j=1 (a vector meson) and a much higher value of the mass. This mass difference between the pions and rho mesons is attributed to a large hyperfine interaction between the quark and anti-quark. The main objection with the De Rujula-Georgi-Glashow description is that it attributes the lightness of the pions as an accident rather than a result of chiral symmetry breaking.
The rho mesons can be thought of as the gauge bosons of a spontaneously broken gauge symmetry whose local character is emergent (arising from QCD); Note that this broken gauge symmetry (sometimes called hidden local symmetry) is distinct from the global chiral symmetry acting on the flavors. This was described by Howard Georgi in a paper titled "The Vector Limit of Chiral Symmetry" where he transcribed much of the literature of hidden local symmetry to a non-linear sigma model.
More recently the point of view that the rho mesons are gauge bosons has been enhanced by a program known as AdS/QCD which is an application of AdS/CFT derived from string theory. In this description, there is a small extra dimension that is a slice of anti-de Sitter space. The global flavor symmetries are promoted to five dimensional gauge symmetries that are broken at the boundaries of the space to isospin. The rho mesons are lightest Kaluza-Klein resonances of the fifth dimension. This program has the advantage that it is capable of making quantitative predictions for the interactions of the rho mesons. These predictions are usually accurate to 10%. There is some concern as to whether this five dimensional description is under perturbative control and is under active research currently. Conceptually, the AdS/QCD approach is very close in spirit to "The Vector Limit of Chiral Symmetry." If one deconstructs the 5th dimension, one finds an effective field theory very similar to the one described by the "Vector Limit."
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Rho_meson". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.


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By all accounts, SoundCloud is in serious trouble now that its paid service, SoundCloud Go, has failed to catch on. Reports indicate the music service — once a hot spot for DJ mixes prior to the company's clampdown due to record industry complaints — may now be up for sale.
Bloomberg says sources tell it the company is now looking for a buyer, and is seeking upward of $1 billion in the sale. So far, no one appears interested at that price, the report indicates. Part of the problem might be a recent round of funding attracted $70 million from Twitter, which placed the company's value at $700 million, far short of what SoundCloud is looking for.
The reasons why no one is biting probably has to do with the troubles with SoundCloud Go, which is only four months old. Apparently, only a small portion of the service's estimated 175 million users have signed up. Reviews call the service "a mess," and its music selection is not as diverse as other services, even though it now has deals with all major labels.
A sale has been discussed by company executives for some time, Bloomberg says, but no decision on whether or not to sell has been finalized. The company's struggles might indicate SoundCloud needs to re-evaluate its strategy overall. It has apparently abandoned the mixtape emphasis that made it famous for a more traditional music service model.
The problem with that strategy is that the music service business already is quite saturated, with Spotify, Apple Music, and others commanding a large portion of the market. It may have not had to change strategy in the first place, either: Rival Mixcloud has had great success in striking deals with the record industry to protect DJs using the service, and has benefited from SoundCloud's stumbles.
A representative for SoundCloud did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

subset: commoncrawl


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The health of left tackle Anthony Castonzo is a key story for the Indianapolis Colts heading into Week One of the 2013 NFL season. Castonzo sprained his MCL in the team's third preseason game against the Cleveland Browns. So far, he has not practiced this week, including on Wednesday.
However, Colts head coach Chuck Pagano told the media on Wednesday that Castonzo is still expected to start at left tackle against the Oakland Raiders on Sunday. Castonzo could practice on Thursday, and, if he has full participation, all signs would point to him playing Sunday.
Inside linebacker Kavell Conner also sat out Wednesday's practice, recovering from an ankle injury he suffered in the Colts' fourth preseason game.
Tight ends Dwayne Allen and Coby Fleener both had full participation today in practice, as did linebacker Mario Harvey, running back Ahmad Bradshaw, safety Joe Lefeged, and
human turnstile guard Mike McGlynn.
As it stands now, it seems the Colts will have a full stable of players on offense, including the before-mentioned Ahmad Bradshaw, who missed all of preseason recovering from offseason football surgery.


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I'm very sad to hear of the passing of Harlan Ellison, who I met on a couple of occasions and even did business with during my time as a comic book retailer during the 1990s. We spoke at a Diamond Comics seminar in Atlanta and later on the phone. I even I traded him several boxes of comic cards for some first edition hardcovers of some of his books. Seemingly everyone in the industry has a Harlan Ellison story, and I've got mine. Next time you talk to me, ask—it's pretty funny.
Prior to reading the story below, I suggest you click HERE to read Harlan's tale that inspired it.
I Have No TV, and I Must Watch
Impotent, the tube of my television sat darkly, supported by a gray fiberglass cabinet, standing on thin, chicken-like legs. It had been drained of power by the powers that be.
When Scooter returned from the bathroom, he sat down on the couch next to me and stared vacantly at the dead television. I waited. A few minutes later, a frown pressed itself into his monkey face and he asked me the obvious question. "What's wrong with the TV? You giving it a rest or something?"
"Big Mister Smartie Britches interrupted Name that Smell," I said. "He announced that Congress passed and he signed an amendment that says television is no longer to be considered a necessity. It's the first amendment to the 'Oh My God, We're Almost Out of Energy' bill in almost a year."
Scooter was already as pale as cheap Sunday shoes, so he turned yellow. A trace of anger ran across his face, shortly to be replaced by sorrow. "Those sons of bitches," he said. "Why don't they just kill us now and put us out of our misery?"
It was our first hour without TV. He was speaking for both of us.
We sat there on the couch for the rest of the evening, each of us staring at the television, each of us wrapped up in our own thoughts, each of us ripe from the lack of a recent bath (Phaser-Man came on during Shower Hour), each of us sloshing through the mental vacuum that was left of our brains, each of us humming the theme to Whip Me So I'll Scream for Cottage Cheese, each of us trying to figure out a way to get our television turned back on. Scooter, thinking of tools and batteries and other things he knew nothing about. Me, thinking of petitions and protests and things I was far too lazy to get involved with. So there we sat in the dark room, each of us clicking lifeless remotes.
The next day found us asleep on the couch. During the night, we had somehow become entangled, our arms and legs winding together like pretzels playing Twister. We're more Shaggy and Scooby than Lois and Clark, though, so nothing came of it.
I pushed Scooter off of me and made him go fix breakfast. He came back with two bowls of instant cereal. Just add water and boom, there you go. No milk, of course. We don't have a cow, and refrigerators were banned the year I was born.
"Thanks, Scooter," I said, even thought I could barely look at the vile substance he had handed me. It looked like rancid jelly beans in a puddle of puke. It looked like children's finger nails painted with fluorescent colors floating in fried pig urine. It looked like a bowl of maggot-ridden belly button lint. It looked like something really gross you wouldn't want to eat unless you had sugar or strawberries or banana slices to go with it. We were out of cereal condiments, but I hadn't eaten since the night before, so I greedily devoured the un-devourable mess. It was actually quite tasty.
"Well, what'll we do now, Fredrick?" he asked.
I looked over at my rotund, Reubenesque roommate sitting next to me. It suddenly hit me just how hard he was taking this. He looked helpless, like Ernie without Bert. Like Robin without Batman. Like James Bond without a penis.
Truth be told, I was in far worse shape than Scooter. He merely needed television. Like oxygen, it was second nature to him. He rarely thought about it. Television was life and life was television and it had always been that way. He would die without it, but I was dead without it.
I don't need television. I want television. I lust for it. I crave it like my old man craves teenage girls. Wait…scratch that. Anyhow, it's enough to know I'm in love, but I was brave and I tried to convince Scooter we could get along fine for awhile without TV and that Big Mister Smarty Britches would give us back the power when it came time for reelection. I told him we would just have to get by until then, but Scooter demanded action, so after a couple of days of planning, procrastination and praying, we got off the couch and stumbled to the out of doors. Fresh air had never tasted so sour.
Outside our house we ran into a girl we had seen on TV who was on her way to McLuhan's to buy a new television set.
"It's not your TV," I told her. "It's Big Mister. No more television."
She looked as though I were speaking Japanese. Somewhere in that television-addled brain of hers, billions of brain cells were scrambling to form a coherent response to my unconscionable remark.
"We're also head for McLuhan's," I said, "but not to buy a TV. We're going to get a petition started. You want to join us?"
"Sure," the girl managed to say behind still-confused eyes. "I can't think of anything else to do. I was going to organize my TV Guide collection, but it was just too depressing."
So the three of us walked. Privately owned cars had been banned years ago, and we were used to having groceries delivered to us, so we didn't get out much. It was weird being outside. And there is no way to describe the mental strain that not having watched TV for hours brought us.
In the three eternal miles from my house to the store, we were coerced by some unforeseen forces into the bowels of hell.
We passed through a fitness club.
We passed through a church.
We passed through a health food store.
And we passed through something called a library. I think it was kind of like a video store, but I wasn't sure.
Along the way, the girl kept us entertained with her stories of being an actress. She must have been one of those people who talked back to their TV all the time because her mouth was a lot stronger than her legs. She was even weaker than Scooter and myself, so I carried her part of the way. She was grateful and had sex with me a couple of times when we stopped to rest, but it was no fun because Scooter kept giggling. I think he was stunned by how much more there was to sex than what they would show on television.
"How much longer?" Scooter asked, after we had been walking for what seemed like years.
"Not much," I said.
Just then, a limousine pulled up beside us. A tinted window rolled down and who else poked his head out but Big Mister Smartie Britches himself. He smiled and asked how we were doing.
"We're doing okay," I lied, totally chickening out.
Scooter awoke from some hazy dream. "We need TV," he said, sounding like a programmed recording.
"Well, as soon as Congress…" Big Mister went on about things none of us understood or cared to understand. "Have a nice day, my fellow citizens, and God bless America."
As the limo drove off, we saw through the back windshield a small square of light that was obviously a television screen.
"I hate him!" the girl screamed.
Her eyes flared red, and rabies-like foam began pouring from her mouth.
"Let me tell you how much I hate him," she said. "I have seven hundred issues of TV Guide. If the word 'hate' was printed on each page, it would not equal one quintillionth of the hate I feel for Big Mister Ass Face."
She was hysterical and out of control. She dropped to the ground and began singing the theme to Green Acres.
Scooter stared at her and drooled. It was his first crush on a real girl. He flung himself on her and took a bite out of her cheek. She screamed. It was just like Robert De Niro in the remake of Cape Fear. I knew what I had to do.
I reached into my pocket and pulled out my lucky remote control. I pointed it in the direction of the fight and pushed the off button. The struggle stopped and the two lovers fell to the ground. I leaned over the prostrate forms and listened for the beating of their hearts. They were dead. Two less tax payers to fund Big Mister's wacko laws.
I know I saved them from a miserable life without television, but I still can't forget killing them. It was so much different than killing on TV. It was really kind of sad.
I carried on. I had a job to do.
When I got to McLuhan's, the lights were off and the place looked abandoned, but a crowd of people had gathered at the front door. Their blank stares, pale bodies and hunched shoulders told the story, but I had to go for a closer look.
I shoved through the mass of animated corpses and saw a small sign posted inside the glass front door. It read: GONE OUT OF BUSINESS FOREVER AND EVER AMEN
I smashed my face against the glass and peered inside. I felt as though I were standing at the gates of Hell. The place was empty. All of the television sets were gone. They must have been confiscated by B.M.S.B. and his cronies.
In that instant, I sneezed. No one noticed.
Surrounded by couch potatoes, surrounded by ignorance, surrounded by everything but television, I knew death was the only way out.
Of course, I didn't kill myself or we wouldn't have a story, but I knew I had to kill everyone else who loved television.
I turned from the doorway, pulled out my remote and began firing. Like sacks of potatoes, bodies began dropping to the ground. No one moved to stop the killings. One woman whispered "thank you" as she died.
I walked around for several minutes, killing as many vacant, lifeless TV zombies as humanly possible. They were nothing more than poverty-stricken TV addicts wandering the streets, too poor to pay B.M.S.B.'s suicide tax, too brain dead to find anything to do, too stupid and ugly to let live.
I would have killed myself, but I have to admit that once again I was chicken. What if there's no TV in the afterlife in Heaven or in Hell? I was afraid to find out.
Finally, I got tired and started walking home.
When I plopped down on the couch in front of my darkened television set, I felt my body collapse into a limp, jelly-like substance. My arms and legs were oversized grub worms hanging uselessly from my body. I sank into the couch like a bad batch of gray vanilla pudding. I was tired, but my mind was still intact. I could dream of Jeannie. I could wonder about The Wonder Years and Wonder Woman. I could lament Lavern and Shirley. I could fantasize about Fantasy Island.
I sat before the television set, tears forming in my eyes. I decided to go ahead and kill myself. With spaghetti arms, I managed to remove my lucky remote from my front pocket. I maneuvered it ever so carefully, pointing it straight at my heart. I pushed the OFF button. Nothing happened. I pushed it again and again. Nothing.
So here I am alone, living under a leaky roof, sitting in front of a dead television. The television I wasted my life watching. I must have known subconsciously that it was time badly spent, and now I know for a fact that it was. Even so, my will to live is gone. Without TV I don't know what to do with myself. At least my friends are spared from this misery. Knowing that makes me a little happier. I wish I could join them…
I have no TV. And I must watch.


text:
By Euro Weekly News Media •
Published: 18 Oct 2021 • 10:30
The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends undergoing at least one full check-up every four years before the age of 40. In the case of women, it is also necessary to consider that your body goes through significant changes as you age, so we advise applying preventive measures that could be essential for your health.
Stages of Women's Health
During each stage, different factors need to be considered. Firstly, during their adolescence and twenties, "for women in this age group, it is important to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STIs), as well as unwanted pregnancies, because most women are already sexually active," explains Judith Catalá Serrat, a physician specialised in General Medicine at Hospital Quirónsalud Alicante.
Doctor Catalá notes that during this stage, "it is also important to assess the consumption of toxic substances and eating habits, as well as undergoing to gynaecological controls and early detection tests such as cytology."
Between 30 and 40 Years of Age
"At this age, programmed cytologies should continue, and women should get sonograms and mammograms if there is any finding during a physical examination," states Doctor Yaquelin Popa, a Family Medicine Specialist at Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja. At this age, women should also undergo blood tests to assess whether they have anaemia, or alterations to the kidneys, liver, thyroid or cholesterol."
Between 40 and 50: Taking Greater Precautions
Between the ages of 40 and 50, the age at which women can contract diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, pre-menopause and cervical or breast cancer, among others, so women should enter a new preventive phase, warn physicians.
To do this, "they must undergo an adequate examination that includes measuring blood pressure, weight, and body mass index, as well as a skin analysis, in order to rule out possible pathologies or melanomas," explains Doctor Catalá. This is the age range at which we start screening programmes for breast pathologies with yearly mammograms, and we start to perform colorectal cancer prevention tests, taking a faecal occult blood test (FOBT) every two years.
After 60
Hearing and eyesight problems are two of the issues to consider after women turn 60. In this case, the specialists at Quirónsalud hospitals recommend annual check-ups with the ophthalmologist and the ear, nose, and throat specialist. At the same time, women over 60 are in a risk group for contracting the flu, due to which vaccinating the patient every winter should be considered.
This age range is also when women should undergo control tests to check for the existence of osteoporosis, and measure calcium and kidney function; likewise, gynaecological sonograms and mammary examinations are recommended in order to rule out diseases in areas such as the ovaries or the uterus.
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By: Jasmine Saunders
It is common practice that the royalty of Historically Black Colleges and Universities compete to bear the title as sovereign over all other HBCU's. It resembles Miss America pageants.
DSU's king Aiah Senesie, will be continuing that tradition by competing in the 12th Annual Mr. HBCU Kings' Leadership Conference and Competition February 3-7th, 2016 at Lincoln University in Missouri.
Before Mr. DSU can get the crown back to Delaware State, he must first perfect his performance so that he is ready for the show.
On the evening of January 21st, Mr. DSU held an event called "Reclaiming the Crown," that would enable him to receive constructive criticism from peers and professionals on his talent for the competition.
John Smarsda, one of those that critiqued Senesie's performance commented that he needed, "A little more command of current events."
This wasn't the only issue that was pointed out.
Ryane Cheatham, the Career Coach at DSU advised that Senesie needed to "Be himself and not hold back."
All of these critiques served to be the "checks and balances," as Mr. DSU himself reflected, on a performance that needs to make its mark on the audience at Lincoln University.
Those that critiqued had more than just constructive criticism to share about Mr. DSU's performance, but about what he could bring to the Mr. HBCU title.
"He'll come back and take a stand and help us to recognize the pride," hypothesized Paula Duffy, the Director in the Office of Student Judicial Affairs.
Cheatham shared her thoughts on what Mr. DSU can bring to the role: "[He] can project a positive image on what the upcoming African American generations are going to look like professionally."
Finally, the king himself spoke on some of the issues he would address should he get the title: "Retention, retention, and retention."
Aiah Senesie will be the third Delaware State University king to try and reclaim the crown back home since former Mr. DSU 2011-12 Justin Caesar won the Mr. HBCU back in 2012.
Categories: Campus News


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Keep your Canon EOS M6 (18-150 mm) safe with the MegaGear Ever Ready Protective Leather Camera Case with Battery Access. This case is made for photographers who wish to reflect their art through their style.
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fit & looks good
It fits the camera fairly well, though I have to wiggle it a bit to get the battery/SD card door open. The lens cover covers both the 18-55 (with a filter & hood) and the 18-150 (with a filter but the hood won't fit). I didn't use the strap, but it looks functional.
Fits well
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Fits well
It fit the camera Well with a Telephoto lens on it, This makes my travel set up very small. Very nice overall.
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Silk & Cotton Scarf | Art by SL
Artist Sergio Larenas signed a piece of art full of vibrating colors to express his desires of freedom and hope for the future. Printed on this mulberry silk & organic cotton scarf in limited quantities, this unique piece will be the perfect color touch to your outfit.
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Dimensions: 100 x 165 cm
10% of the profits are given to help artists/patients struggling with mental health through art programs by the non profit organisation Les Impatients.
Artwork available also on Silk Bow Tie, Tie & Pocket Square
Based in Montréal, Québec, Nathon Kong works with local artisans to sew each silk scarf by hand. Mulberry silk is the finest quality of silk available in the world but also the most difficult to sew and demand a specific training.
The printed part of the scarf is a limited and numbered reproduction of an artwork signed by artists struggling with mental health issues and participating in art programs led by the non profit organisation Les Impatients.
You will receive your numbered piece in an elegant and exclusive gift box with a certificate of authenticity and the story of the artist.
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Discover 10 stylish ways to wear a men's silk scarf :
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text:
COTONOU-06 March 2017: The Mission to Benin hosted a panel discussion of female members of law enforcement as part of the International Women's Day on March 8.
Active and retired female police officers, gendarmes, and magistrates spoke about their careers and the constraints related to to sexual harassment and discrimination. The panel of personalities included: retired police officer Sica Lucie Tchiakpè, former Police Commissioner Thecle Adjouavi Kodo, retired Gendarmerie Officer Francisca Akpity, the Chief Warrant Officer in the Gendarmerie Lucrèce Ahlinvi, and the Vice-President of the National Independent Electoral Commission (CENA) Geneviève Boko Nadjo.
Other speakers included judge Joanna Dassoundo Gnacadja, and Tanya DeGenova from the International Crime Investigations Training Program Officer for the Law Enforcement Officers (ICITAP) of the Department of Justice of United States.
Panelists answered questions posed by journalist Mirabelle Akpaki of the national radio station, regarding difficulties encountered in the performance of their duties, difficulties in reconciling work and family life, gender equality, and sexual harassment in the workplace.
Geneviève Boko Nadjo addressed the issue of gender equality by explaining that there are fewer and fewer women in the ranks of magistrates and that the few who do arrive at the top face difficulties. "It is because simply, with equal competences and equal qualities, the choice is made immediately for a man because of a question of mentality," lamented Mrs. Boko Nadjo.
Akpithy declared that the women of her profession have long been stereotyped, which made it difficult for them to settle. However, she said, things have evolved positively over time.
The issue of harassment also fueled debate. Joanna Dassoundo Gnacadja said that the phenomenon is widespread and found at all levels of society.
All of the panelists agreed that one of the best ways to change attitudes is to rethink the education of boys and girls by instilling a sense of equality at an early age which will help correct certain habits and prejudices while empowering women.


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amplitude modulation vs frequency modulation vs phase modulation
This page on amplitude modulation(AM) vs frequency modulation(FM) vs phase modulation(PM) describes difference between amplitude modulation,frequency modulation and phase modulation types.
All these modulation types are analog modulation techniques. All the modulation types are used to transmit information from one place to the distant place. Mostly this techniques are employed in wireless communication.
For any analog modulator type, there are two inputs and one output. The two inputs are modulating signal (i.e. analog information to be transmitted) and carrier signal waveform. The output is referred as modulated waveform.
Amplitude Modulation(AM)
Amplitude Modulation(AM) is the modulation technique in which carrier amplitude varies based on analog baseband information signal to be transmitted using wireless device.one of the application of amplitude modulation is radio. AM broadcast signals are mainly propagated by ground waves during the day and by sky waves at night time.
Advantages, disadvantages and applications of AM
Different amplitude modulation techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages as mentioned
• DSB-SC: It has lower power consumption and it is simple technique of modulation. But it is complex in detection at AM receiver. It is used in analog TV transmission systems to transmit color information.
• SSB-SC: It is used for efficient management of spectrum. But generation of SSB modulation is difficult and it is complex in detection at receiver. It is used for 2-way radio FDM.
• VSB-SC: It is compromise between DSB and SSB types. But demodulation system is complex. Bandwidth of VSB-SC is 25% higher than SSB-SC. It is used for analog TV broadcast systems.
Frequency Modulation(FM)
Frequency Modulation(FM) is the modulation technique in which carrier frequency varies based on analog baseband information signal to be transmitted using wireless device. Frequency modulation is considered to be superior compare to the Amplitude modulation due to better noise immunity and its ability to reject the interfering signals due to the capture effect.
Advantages, disadvantages and applications of FM
• Advantages: Increased immunity to noise.
• Disadvantage: Requires larger bandwidth.
• Application: Radio Broadcasting, Direct Satellite Broadcasting
Phase Modulation(PM)
Phase Modulation(PM) is the modulation technique in which carrier phase varies based on analog baseband information signal to be transmitted using wireless device. If a constant amplitude as well as constant frequency sine wave carrier is given to the phase shifter the output is phase modulated signal. Phase modulation is referred as indirect frequency modulation due to the fact that phase modulation produces frequency modulation. The effect of variation in amount of phase shift is proportional to change in the carrier frequency.
Advantages, disadvantages and applications of PM
• Advantages: Increased immunity to noise.
• Disadvantages: More complex hardware at receiver.
• Applications: Used in data communication systems.
Following table mentions difference between AM, FM and PM modulation techniques.
|amplitude of carrier wave varies as per amplitude or voltage of modulating signal input.
|Frequency of carrier wave varies as per voltage of modulating signal input.
|Phase of carrier wave varies as per voltage of modulating signal input.
|Carrier parameter
|frequency of carrier wave is kept constant
|amplitude of carrier wave is kept constant
|amplitude of carrier wave is kept constant
|AM types include DSB-SC, SSB, VSB etc. Refer DSB-SC vs SSB-SC and SSB vs VSB modulation
|Digital FM types include FSK, GFSK, Offset FSK etc. Refer MSK and GMSK modulation
|Digital PM types include BPSK, QPSK, QAM(combination of amplitude and phase modulation types) Refer BPSK and QPSK, QAM modulation types.
This page provides comparison between AM FM and PM analog modulation types. Similarly the page ASK vs FSK vs PSK describes comparison between ASK FSK and PSK digital modulation types.
What is Difference between
difference between FDM and OFDM
Difference between SC-FDMA and OFDM
Difference between SISO and MIMO
Difference between TDD and FDD
Difference between 802.11 standards viz.11-a,11-b,11-g and 11-n
OFDM vs OFDMA
CDMA vs GSM
Bluetooth vs zigbee
Fixed wimax vs mobile


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Last month Denmark-based Swedes franskild shared a 'Club Version' of a track they wrote called 'Keep On Going', featuring a man named Glas on the vocal duties and impressing many of their fans once again with their unique approach to making electronic music.
This week franskild have a 'Slow Jam' version of that same song to share with us and I reckon it's hard to a choose which of the two is better. The guys have transformed the housey treat into a smooth and soulful, chill-house gem that works really well on the ears.
Here's the 'Club Version' for comparison – which is your favourite?
https://www.facebook.com/franskild | https://soundcloud.com/franskild | https://twitter.com/franskild


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From the first day he was hired, until the final signature from Alex Collins, Razorback fans have wondered, "Is it possible to recruit top-caliber high school players from Florida to Arkansas? Shouldn't the coaches be focused on Texas?"
Despite hire after hire by Razorbacks head coach Bret Bielema of a staff deep with ties to South Florida, many Hog fans remained dubious, until Monday, Feb 4, 2013.
That was the night Alex Collins announced he was coming to Arkansas (although, there a few unsure moments off and on from that announcement until the final signature).
The high profile moments of Collins' commitment, media confusion, fan concern, and ultimately signed and faxed letter to the Razorbacks, almost overshadow the haul of Florida talent for Bret Bielema and his staff on National Signing Day Feb. 6.
Razorback fans started their National Signing Day binge with the televised announcement of highly-touted and heavily recruited offensive lineman, Denver Kirkland. Believe it or not, he chose Arkansas instead of Miami and Florida State.
Then there was Ke'Tyrus Marks, the South Florida athlete who set a single-season record for sacks at Suncoast High School.
We shared a report from Florida with you earlier in the recruiting process outlining how well folks in the know from that part of the country think Bielema and company do in recruiting the Sunshine State. The final analysis from coaches in that area: Bielema has the connections to draw players from Florida.
We stumbled upon this gem of an analysis from Palm Beach providing even more insight into the how's and why's of Florida recruiting for Bielema.
"You can find a diamond in the rough. Or two. Or three." said Bret Bielema, now the head coach at Arkansas. …
"We really thought there'd be a huge spike of interest, and there has," said Bielema.
The pitch: You'll play in a powerful SEC division that's produced five of the last six national champs. The added bonus: occasionally getting a shot at Florida. The two teams play Oct. 5 in Gainesville.
And this from one former recruit and current Razorback commit:
"My mom always has tons of questions (for recruiters)," Ky'Tyrus Marks said. "After Coach Partridge's PowerPoint presentation, she had no questions.
"Arkansas sells itself."
This tweet from Coach Charlie Partridge on National Signing Day seems to sum up his outlook and approach on the recruiting trail, and who can't be relaxed in confidence and visions of trips to the beach to attract the Next Big Get for the Razorback football team?[tweet https://twitter.com/CoachPartridge/status/299224499386208256]
So, Bielema may not have gotten every Florida recruit on his wish list, but what do you think?
Are you pleased with the class? Are you more comfortable with the idea that Florida just may be a new pipeline of talent for the Razorbacks?


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People go through a lot in life. I was sitting here sad, thinking about my husband who had been away for a few months for work. So many tears.
So many people have it much worse than I do. I remember when we were first dating, my husband was in a work release. program. It is the hardest thing you can think of. Until you watch this series.
I watch a lot of reality shows and nothing is as real or hits you as hard as this one. Many people won't be able to relate but on the flip side, the rest will.
Even if you can't relate, you think they did the crime and suffered the consequences, a few minutes with the show will hopefully turn your thinking around.
The transition from prison to home is one thing but they also show the destruction left behind with wives and children. Showing their long path back to normal.
I am in love with this show already and had so many tears through just the first episode. I think it was well edited and produced and I look forward to watching more. If you would like to watch, check it out here:
Find out more by going here. I hope you love the series like I do!
Please tell me yours thoughts down below! Thank you for reading!
"Disclosure (in accordance with the FTC's 16 CFR, Part 255: "Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising"): Many thanks to Propeller Consulting, LLC for providing this prize for the giveaway. Choice of winners and opinions are 100% my own and NOT influenced by monetary compensation. I did receive a sample of the product in exchange for this review and post


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Be the hero! Give someone the gift of clean nutrient dense food for themselves and their family. They will love it! Their family will love it. You can sit back and relish knowing that you have given a gift of health that will be a true blessing in the lives of others.
Redeeming Gift Cards
After the gift card order has been placed you will receive an email with the gift card and its unique redemption code. For gifting we can also provide a physical gift card. Just let us know via your order notes or an email.
To redeem you gift card go to your account menu (if you don't have an account yet you will have to set one up) and select "Redeem Gift Card". You will be presented with a place to enter your redemption code. When you enter your code the dollar amount of the gift card will be added to your account as store credit and will be automatically added to your cart when you place an order.


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Omg I'm still in shock I can't believe our little Troian just got married WHEN DID SHE GET SO OLD… I'm so proud and excited for her I MEAN CAN YOU IMAGINE MINI TROIANS WALKING AROUND OHMYGOD okay I probably shouldn't go there yet but wow I love her so much @sleepinthegardn @halfadams (I also added a video of Ian dancing at the wedding and being very cutely weird) #fortday2016 #pll #prettylittleliars #thepllvideos
Troian Bellisario and Patrick J. Adams got married at the camping-themed wedding in Southern California on December 10, which was part of a three-day celebration titled Fort Day.
"Pretty Little Liars" star Troian met "The Suits" actor in 2009 while they were co-stars in the play Equivocation. The couple became engaged in January, 2014.
According to People, as the couple welcomed two hundred guests. Among those present were actor and friend of Adams, Chris Pine, "Suits" actress Sarah Rafferty and Bellisario's colleagues "Pretty Little Liars" Lucy Hale, Ashley Benson, Sasha Pieterse, Keegan Allen and Ian Harding.
The wedding comes a month after Troian and her Pretty Little Liars castmates, Ashley Benson, Lucy Hale, and Shay Mitchell, bid a fond farewell to the show that made them stars.


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There is certainly "No Limit" to the Miller Family (Master P., Romeo and Cymphonique). Earlier, Master P. and the Miller Tribe made a huge impact at the L.A. Comic-Con by revealing their V.I.M. Comics brand and company. Master P. speaks more about it in a quick interview with All Hip Hop, watch the video at the embedded link below....
Keep checking back with The Media Blast for more updates on Master P. and V.I.M. Comics!
Purchase The Geneva Convention Comic book by Slow Chemical (Ryan White) at the direct Amazon Link below


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WASHINGTON, DC – The Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation (HCEF) is pleased to announce that Her Excellency Rula Ma'ayah, Minister of Tourism and Antiquities in Palestine, will receive the 2016 HCEF Heritage Award at HCEF's 18th International Conference and Awards Banquet, Forging a New Bond of Solidarity for Equality, Prosperity and Peace. The Awards Banquet will take place on Oct. 14, 2016 at the Washington Marriott Georgetown.
The HCEF Heritage Award honors individuals who advocate for the preservation of the cultural, historic, and national resources of the Holy Land and is proactive in finding practical solutions to Holy Land heritage issues at home and beyond.
Sir Rateb Rabie, KCHS, HCEF President/CEO, commented, "This award gives public recognition to the many years of hard work and dedication H. E. Rula Ma'ayah has given to HCEF's mission."
Rula Ma'ayah is a member of the Fatah Leadership Committee of the West Bank and in the High Council of Childhood and Motherhood. From 2008 to 2012, she was the General Director of the Ministry of Justice, a member of the Governance Strategy Group, and a member of the Justice Sector Working Group. In 2007, she was an instructor at ICP Bethlehem University and served as a Director in the Ministry of Youth and Sport from 1995 to 2005. She has also been a Bureau Member of the International Union of Socialist Youth and a member of the General Union of Palestine Students/International Relations Committee. She has a B.S. degree from Birzeit University and a Professional Diploma from the Catholic School of Milan.
HCEF invites you to advocate for the Palestinian Christians. Please join HCEF in honoring Her Excellency Rula Ma'ayah by participating in the 18th International Conference in Washington, DC.
Visit www.hcef.org or email firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.


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Video of a black high school wrestler in New Jersey who was forced to cut his dreadlocks at a match last month led to a firestorm of criticism against the referee and accusations of abuse of power and racism.
But following outcry from the community and the opening of a state civil rights investigation, an attorney for wrestler Andrew Johnson claims officials and referees are still giving him grief over his hair and have an "unrelenting fixation" with him.
In a letter sent Wednesday to the New Jersey Division on Civil Rights, the Johnson family's lawyer, Dominic Speziali, wrote that Johnson initially took a break from competing with his team at Buena Regional High School in Atlantic County so he wouldn't be a distraction after the Dec. 19 match grabbed national headlines.
During Johnson's first match back last weekend, the 16-year-old varsity wrestler went through a routine weigh-in and check of his hair and skin. But then, Speziali said, a referee informed a Buena coach that Johnson would have to cover his hair before he could wrestle.
After Johnson's mother questioned why, she was told "that there was some confusion and it was another wrestler that would have to wear a hair covering, not Andrew," Speziali wrote.
"However, no wrestler for Buena or Buena's first opponent wore any type of hair covering," he continued. "Andrew wrestled in four matches without wearing a hair covering and without any referee raising an issue about his hair."
Then, on Monday, an official with the state association that regulates athletics and conducts tournaments sent an email to state wrestling officials detailing which hairstyles require the hair to be covered. One image, according to NJ Advance Media, which reviewed the email, was of an unidentified black person with short, braided or dreadlocked hair and closely shaved sides.
But Elliott Hopkins, a director with the National Federation of State High School Associations, which writes the rules for competitions, told NJ Advance Media that the hair shown in the images would not require a covering despite what a state athletics association official had indicated. In general, if a wrestler's hair "in its natural state" extends past the earlobe or touches the top of a shirt, a "legal hair cover" must be worn, the rules say.
Finally, Johnson's team was set to compete again Wednesday at a home match. Speziali wrote in his letter that a day before, a referee had already warned Buena's athletic director that he "planned to require Andrew to wear a hair covering if he intended on wrestling."
As questions over hairstyle came up again, the match was abruptly canceled just hours earlier without reason.
Now, Speziali said he wants an explanation.
"Yet it appears, for reasons that the Division can hopefully soon unmask, that certain officials have a desire to unnecessarily escalate and prolong this ordeal due on an unrelenting fixation on the hair of a 16-year-old young man that asked for absolutely none of this," he added.
On Wednesday, the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association announced it was also opening an investigation alongside the state to determine whether national rules in regard to hairstyle had been properly enforced.
The initial incident in December was condemned by New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy, Olympic wrestler Jordan Burroughs and film director Ava DuVernay, among others.
The referee at that match, Alan Maloney, who is white, had told Johnson that his hair and headgear did not comply with rules, and that if he wanted to compete, he would have to immediately cut his dreadlocks — or forfeit.
Maloney, who was once accused of calling another referee a racial slur during a March 2016 social gathering, has been suspended pending the outcome of the state investigation. He has not commented publicly about the incident, but his supporters say he was merely enforcing the rules.
David Cappuccio, the superintendent of the Buena Regional School District, has said the district "will continue to support and stand by all of our students and student athletes."


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Brazil Developer Week
Starting next week, Reid Carlberg and I will be taking to the Brazilian streets for a three city tour kicking off in Sao Paulo. This marks a second international developer week this year, and there's no indication of us slowing down anytime soon. We'll be going to Sao Paulo, Rio De Janeiro and Florianopolis, and if you happen to be in or in striking distance of those cities it is still not too late to register for the events. The day will be a mixture of hands on, mostly beginner but covering intermediate and advanced concepts as well.
These trips aren't just an indication of a couple of guys from the Midwest trying to broaden their horizons (and work their way through Portugese), but recognition of the growing international landscape of the Salesforce Platform developer. We have two burgeoning new user groups already in Brazil, one in Rio and the other in Sao Paulo, and with Sao Paulo being in Wired's top twenty startup ecosystems – we'll be expecting great things from our neighboring hemisphere in the year to come.


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Amateur photographers from all over the state are invited to submit their best pictures capturing the beauty of South Carolina's nature – in their own backyard or South Carolina's backyard of natural landscapes to the SCWF's Annual Wildlife Photography Contest.
Participants have from now until Thursday, October 31st to submit photos in up to three different categories: Carolina Critters, Scenes of South Carolina and Backyard Habitat. A maximum of nine images may be submitted per individual (three images in each category).
"This is one of our favorite annual traditions," said SCWF Executive Director Sara Green. "Every year we see pictures of amazing beauty representing the wildlife in South Carolina and we look forward to seeing what this year will uncover."
Winners in each category will receive $100 in prize money and have their pictures featured on SCWF's website and social media.
For more information on entry fees, submissions, and official rules, visit: http://www.scwf.org/events/2019/17th-annual-wildlife-photography-contest-opens-fd8p7-npxnj
About the South Carolina Wildlife Federation:
One of the 51 state & territory affiliates of the National Wildlife Federation, the South Carolina Wildlife Federation (SCWF) is the oldest conservation organization in the state and prides itself on science-based wildlife conservation policy and high-quality education programs. SCWF's mission is to conserve and restore South Carolina's wildlife and wildlife habitat through education and advocacy. For more information, visit their website at: www.scwf.org.
SCBIZtv is part of the SC Biz News family, serving 100,000 high-level business execs throughout South Carolina. Click for more from SCBIZtv.


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All our double rooms have double glass doors leading to a wooden deck with a spectacular view of the Orange River. The rooms are equipped with linen, towels, electric blankets (double beds only), air-conditioning and tea/coffee facilities.
The self-catering units have a spacious open-plan design with a fully equipped kitchen (cutlery, crockery, utensils, microwave, 2 plate stove, fridge, kettle, toaster and basin) and living area. Double doors lead to a private deck with a braai facility. The rooms are equipped with linen, towels, electric blankets (double beds only). The units each have an air-conditioner and fireplace for added comfort.
Unit 8:
3 Double beds, 1 bunk bed Set, with 1 bathroom (Victorian bath, shower, basin, toilet).
Room 5 can be connected to this unit.
Our budget double rooms are equipped with linen, towels, electric blankets (double beds only), and tea/coffee facilities. These rooms were once part of the original pump house and have been renovated to create charming accommodation. The rooms consist of 2 levels and the authentic stone masonry creates a long-forgotten farmhouse ambience.
Contact us for a quotation.
R250 Breakage deposit will be charged for self-catering deposits.
This will be collected at the lodge. To be returned within 48 hours of check out after all items have been checked for damage.
Visit us on Facebook
YouTube channel subscribe
Website information is subject to change without prior notice.
Please contact Waschbank River Lodege to confirm any information on this site.
Created by: email@example.com


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West African leaders pledge $1 bln to fight Islamist threat
The fifteen members of the West African bloc and the presidents of Mauritania and Chad had gathered for an extraordinary summit in Burkina Faso's capital, Ougadougou, to address the growing insecurity
West African leaders have pledged $1 billion to combat the spiralling threat of Islamist militancy in the region, the head of the regional ECOWAS bloc said on Saturday.
Groups with links to al Qaeda and Islamic State have strengthened their foothold across the arid Sahel region this year, making large swathes of territory ungovernable and stoking local ethnic violence, especially in Mali and Burkina Faso.
The fifteen members of the West African bloc and the presidents of Mauritania and Chad had gathered for an extraordinary summit in Burkina Faso's capital, Ougadougou, to address the growing insecurity.
ECOWAS Commission President Jean-Claude Kassi Brou said the commission had decided to "contribute financially and urgently to joint efforts in the fight against terrorism" by pledging $1 billion.
In a speech following the closed meeting, Brou also called on the United Nations to strengthen its MINUSMA peacekeeping mission, which has been based in Mali since 2013.
In July, the U.N. said Islamist attacks were spreading so fast in West Africa that the region should consider bolstering its response beyond current military efforts.
In 2017, five countries - Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Mali and Mauritania - backed by France, launched the G5 Sahel taskforce to combat the insurgents. But the initiative has been perennially underfunded.
The situation in Burkina Faso has deteriorated in particular in recent weeks. An attack in late August killed 24 soldiers, one of the heaviest losses yet in the nation's fight against Islamist militants. Last week, 29 people were killed in separate attacks in its troubled central-northern region.
Once a pocket of relative calm in the Sahel, Burkina has suffered a homegrown insurgency for the past three years, which has been amplified by a spillover of jihadist violence and criminality from its chaotic neighbour Mali.
Large swathes of Burkina's north are now out of control, and France's military Sahel mission began limited operations there earlier this year.


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Clint Dunlop
This place is where the vibes of Coffs CBD are left behind and you can skyrocket to the alternate dimension of making your dreams possible. You are supported in every way to dance the dance you want and form a giant concerto with every other dancer in the spaceship building. Come aboard and doorways open. Bring a smile.
Anthony McNab
If you are looking for a serviced office, close to the CBD action, with nearby parking, cafe's and shops - then The Professional Centre will tick those boxes. Have used their short term offices, long term offices, function/board room and virtual office services on many occasions. Would recommend.
Bradley Talbot
A great place for small businesses who want a professional atmosphere to operate in.
Pip Gordon
Chandler Macleod
Love your work guy, this is such an awesome place to work!
Chris Hobson
The Leukaemia Foundation
Carol, Lisa, Therese & their excellent team at The Professional Centre offer wonderful support, excellent resources & modern, comfortable & stylish accommodation to all their businesses in the heart of the Coffs Harbour CBD. No request is ever too difficult for them & they make coming to work at The Professional Centre an absolute pleasure. I would recommend The Professional Centre to any business.
Dane Zeeman
Zeeman Accounting
The Professional Centre has been ideal for me as a small business owner new to Coffs Harbour. Its flexible and affordable services make it a great facility for any business. My clients enjoy visiting me in such a beautiful and welcoming office setting. I enjoy coming to work in a professional, friendly and community minded environment.
Michael Crossland
Michael Crossland
Carol, I want to take this opportunity to thank you for your outstanding service within The Professional Centre of Coffs Harbour. Nothing throughout the day seemed to be too much to ask and your ability to go above and beyond was such a refreshing feeling! I have had the opportunity to present all around the world and it's a great feeling knowing we still have fantastic service in my home town. Continue the great work and thanks again for making the event flow so smoothly. With smiles and passion in creating inspiration daily, Michael.
Amanda McGuigan
Business Insurance Specialist, GIO
Your welcoming personality and openness has made my life a pleasure. My boss still talks about your operation and, Marissa thought it was a great venue too. Thank you for being wonderful.
Kristy Madaffari
Chandler MacLeod
There is no place we would rather run our business from than The Professional Centre Coffs Harbour. The service, space and vibe meets our needs and match our values. Thanks Carol and Colin for creating a lovely space for us to come to everyday.
Carla Medcalf
Carla Medcalf Remedial Massage
I feel very fortunate to have my business at the Professional Centre. Carol and Colin create a vibrant and friendly work environment and help my business to run smoothly with their warmth and professionalism. Thank you so much for everything that you do.


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Marie Léonie Martin was born on June 3, 1863 in the Martin family
home at rue du Pont-Neuf in Alençon, located in the Normandy
region of France. She entered this world with blonde hair and
beautiful blue eyes but sadly, her physical health was not very good.
Léonie was the third-born child of nine children of Louis and Azélie
Martin was born. The proud parents named her Marie Léonie
Martin. Louis and Azélie gave each of their children the first name
of Marie in honor of Our Lady and each male child was given the
additional name of Joseph in honor of St. Joseph. The Martin
family home was on rue du Pont-Neuf in Alençon, located in the
Normandy region of France. Her father was a watchmaker and
mother was a lace maker. On June 4, 1863, the Martin family
brought their newly born child, Marie Léonie to the Cathedral of
Saint Pierre-de-Montsort to be baptized by Father Lebouc. Mrs.
Léonie (Gilbert) Tifenne, a very close friend of the family, was
given the honor of being Léonie's godmother and Adolphe was
given the honor of being Léonie's godfather.
Azélie gave birth again a year later on October 13,1864, to Marie
Hélène who passed away on February 22, 1870, at the age of five.
Louis and Azélie were blessed on September 20, 1866 with the birth
of their first son, Joseph Louis Martin. It was with great sadness the
he too passed away a year later on February 14, 1867. On December
19, 1867 the birth of their second son, Joseph Jean Baptiste was
born, however, was take away from them, on August 25, 1868. The
life of Louis and Azélie's sixth daughter, Marie Mélanie Thérèse
was short from August 16, 1870 to October 8, 1870.
From the start of Léonie's life her physical health was very poor.
Once Léonie reached the age of nine months old, she suffered from
whooping cough. After surviving from whooping cough, she then
contracted the measles with violent convulsions before her first
birthday. Léonie's father and mother were very worried that their
child would not survive. Azélie contacted Isidore Guérin, her
brother a pharmacist in Lisieux, asking him if he had any remedies
to help aid in Léonie's recovery. His ability, as a pharmacist, to
help his niece was very limited and a cure for Léonie was not to
be received. Azélie then contacted her sister, Sister Marie-
Dosithée, who was a Visitation nun at a convent in Le Mans.
Sister Marie-Dosithée wrote to Azélie and suggested that she make
a novena to St. Margaret Mary, then blessed, for a cure for
Léonie's illnesses. Azélie made a novena to then Blessed Margaret
Mary and made this statement during her novena: "If Léonie is to
become a saint one day, then cure her." (GV) Léonie's father, set
out for a pilgrimage to Notre-Dame du Sées (Our Lady of the Seas)
for a cure to his daughter's illness. After the novena to then Blessed
Margaret Mary, Léonie was cured and no longer suffered from
chronic illnesses to this degree during her infancy. Azélie describes
Léonie after she was cured: "Nine days after Léonie's illness, she
was able to land on her feet again, running around the house like a
little rabbit." (SF) It was a year and a half before Léonie learned to
In 1871, there were two changes that were taking place. The first
change was that the family was moving into their new home, which
was previously owned by Azélie's father, at 36 rue Saint-Blaise in
Alençon. The second change was that Léonie was going to attend
the Visitation boarding school and finally become a student.
As Léonie started getting older, it became evident that it was getting
more and more difficult to prepare her for school, her parents
worked feverishly to tame her strong rebellious nature and to teach
her to focus on learning. By the time Léonie was now old enough to
attend school, Azélie wanted to send Léonie to the Visitation
boarding school in Le Mans where her older two sisters were
already studying. Azélie tried twice to get Léonie enrolled at the
Visitation boarding school; however, her attempts became
fruitless. The Mother Superior had rejected Léonie's entrance both
times. Azélie contacted her sister, Sister Marie-Dosithée, at the
boarding school and asked her if she could speak to the Mother
Superior about allowing Léonie to enter. The Mother Superior
finally agreed, but it was only on a temporary basis to see
whether or not Léonie was able to adjust to the rigors of her
new surroundings.
Sister Marie-Dosithée took special care of Léonie while she was at
the Visitation boarding school. She tutored Léonie in the subjects
that she was being taught. One of Léonie's difficult subjects to
master was math and she made every effort to resist learning this
subject. Léonie was sent home again, due to her in ability to control
her resistant nature to learn even though she had a very loving
heart. A third attempt was made to send her back to the Visitation
boarding school by her mother. Azélie wanted desperately for
Léonie to learn the Catechism at the boarding school for her First
Holy Communion. Léonie rejoined her two older sisters, Marie
and Pauline, at the boarding school in January of 1874. Azélie
looked to her sister, Sister Marie-Dosithée to change Léonie's
character. Sister Marie-Dosithée used her strong character to
persuade Léonie to align herself with her fellow students but it
was not working at all. Sister Marie-Dosithée decided to try
kindness as a method to control her unruly temperament and it
worked but for only two weeks. However, Léonie's stay at the
school was only going to last for three months. It was difficult for
Léonie to control her sudden outbursts while she was around other
students as she was not able to focus all of her energy on her work.
Azélie was contacted and told to pick up her daughter at the
Visitation boarding school. When Azélie arrived in Le Mans, she
spoke to her sister, Sister Marie-Dosithée. Azélie's sister felt that
even though it was difficult to teach her, she felt she was a "child
of destiny". She also thought that one day; Léonie would join her
as a nun in the Visitation convent.
After Léonie rejoined her family in Alençon, Azélie found her two
retired teachers to tutor her, in her studies, at their home. The two
retired teachers appeared to be on the surface very respectable and
religious, however, that was not to be the case. After Azélie spoke
with Léonie about an event, which occurred with the two teachers,
Azélie decided to end Léonie's tutoring with the teachers. Azélie
then decided to take upon the task of teaching her daughter herself
and also teaching her the Catechism for her First Holy Communion.
Léonie was very receptive in learning the Catechism from her
mother. Azélie took Léonie on a pilgrimage to the Basilica of the
Immaculate Conception in a town just outside of Alençon called
Sées, in preparation for her First Holy Communion. When the
day came, Léonie was ready to take her First Holy Communion.
Azélie decided that one poor girl, in Léonie's Catechism class,
would be given a beautiful white communion dress, as her family
could not afford one for her. The Martin family also gave her a place
of honor in the festivities that the family had planned for after the event.
On May 23, 1875, Léonie and her friend took their First Holy
Communion at the Church of Notre-Dame (Our Lady) in Alençon. Later
in life, Léonie would remark by saying: My First Holy Communion was
not the greatest day of my life because during my childhood
I spent my time suffering from many trials set before me by God. Right after Léonie took her First Holy
Communion, she went to Lisieux to spend some time with her uncle and aunt.
Léonie was still a little rebellious and strong willed against her parents' authority. However, her heart
toward them was just as loving and as strong. Léonie loved to entertain and take care of her younger
sister, Thérèse. She would sing to her a little lullaby until she went to sleep. Léonie did, however, spend
a lot of time alone in her bedroom and a lot of time with the maid. Léonie's family suspected something
was bothering her but they could not figure out what it was. Leonie's behavior would change drastically
from being a pleasant child to being an unruly child.
Azélie would bring Léonie with her to Le Mans when she went to see her sister, Sister Marie-Dosithée.
She still felt that her sister had a great influence over Léonie and could possibility be able to help change
her behavior. Sister Marie-Dosithée still held onto the fact that Léonie would someday become religious.
In the fall of 1876, Azélie found out that her sister had tuberculosis. In December of the same year,
Azélie told her family that she had breast cancer. Léonie was devastated by the news of her mother's
illness. In January 1877, Azélie went to visit Sister Marie-Dosithée for the last time. Azélie asked her sister
when she went to heaven, to please ask Our Lady for help correcting Léonie's behavior. Léonie wanted to
write a letter to her holy aunt before she died. Léonie asked her sister, Marie, to help write her letter to her
aunt. Léonie wrote: "My dear Aunt, when you get to heaven, will you please ask the good God, if He pleases,
to give me the grace to be converted and also to give me the vocation of becoming a true religious, for I think
of that every day." (GV) The next day, when her sister Marie reviewed her letter, Marie could not understand
what she meant about being a true religious. Marie confronted Leonie asking her what she meant about being a
true religious. Léonie replied: "A true religious is one who becomes a saint and I wish to become a saint." On
February 24, 1877, Sister Marie-Dosithée ended her suffering with tuberculosis and was received by the Lord.
The Martin family went to Le Mans to attend her funeral and to pay their last and loving respects to their holy
Azélie held out for hope that her sister would come through for her in heaven and bring about a positive change
in Léonie's behavior. A couple of weeks had past and the secret of Léonie's behavior was finally coming to the
surface. Marie investigated the strange relationship Léonie had with Louise Marais, the maid. Marie could not
understand why Léonie was very good when she was around Louise and then very bad when she was around
her mother. She noticed that Louise had gained total control over Léonie and was terrorizing and beating her.
The only person that Léonie was to obey was her and only her. After Marie found out what was happening
to Léonie, she went straight to her mother and told her. Once Azélie was informed she became very upset and
distraught. Azélie went to Louise and confronted her about her treatment towards her daughter Léonie. Azélie
ordered her to leave the premises at once and to never return. Louise begged and pleaded with Azélie to stay
because she had nowhere else to go. Azélie went to speak with Louis to decide on what action was to be taken
with Louise. Azélie instructed Louise that she is not to have any contact with Léonie and upon her death she
was to leave.
Once the secret had surfaced, Léonie's behavior quickly changed for the better. Azélie and Léonie's
relationship had blossomed beautifully. Azélie described her new relationship with Léonie to her brother,
Isidore, in a letter: "I cannot help thinking that this transformation is due to the prayers of our saintly sister,
for all was altered two to three weeks after her death. It is she who has obtained for me the grace to know
how to act so as to win Léonie's affections, and I hope God will let me finish my task, which is far from
being completed as yet." (SF)
The breast cancer, taking an even harsher effect on her health, Azélie had a lot of work ahead of her, prior to
her death. Bringing an end to her lace making business and also reeducating Léonie was an enormous task for
her to complete. Azélie was fearful that she would die before she finished helping Léonie to become more
independent. She was also afraid that Léonie would go back to her previous behavior and there would be no
one there to help her. Thankfully, Léonie was a willing and loving soul, allowed her mother to teach her
everything about transforming her life for the better.
Their relationship blossomed so much that they became inseparable. Léonie helped her mother with the Point
d'Alençon lace. Azélie taught Léonie about "gentleness, kindness, and then detachment from pleasure, the
determination to give pleasure, no matter at what cost to the good Jesus." (CW) Léonie stayed at her mother's
side all the way to the end.
Azélie realizing that her life was coming to an end, she decided to make a pilgrimage to Lourdes to seek out a
cure for her breast cancer. Louis made reservations for the pilgrimage to Lourdes for Azélie and her three
older daughters. Louis stayed behind to take care of Céline and Thérèse. Azélie and Léonie boarded the train
in Alençon to Le Mans. They quickly stopped to pick up Marie and Pauline at the Visitation boarding school.
All four of them boarded the train destined to Lourdes.
On the train their bad luck began. A few passengers on the train wanted to make some coffee and placed it
over a spirit lamp. The lamp fell over, douching their clothes in oil. Upon arriving in Lourdes they were
forced to leave the place they were originally suppose to stay at and look for another place to lodge. The
bad luck did not stop there. To Marie's dismay, her aunt's rosary was lost, which was given to her after her
aunt's death.
Each day, while they were at Lourdes, Azélie was taken into the frozen waters of Lourdes to be dunked and
each time a cure was not to be received. She prayed earnestly that she would receive a cure. She asked if it
is not the will of God to cure her, please cure Léonie and make her a saint. Azélie felt that she would gladly
give her life up to God if her daughter Léonie was cured and made a saint. To the great dismay of Azélie's
daughters, at their mother's attempt at receiving a cure for her breast cancer, they were greatly upset that she
did not receive a cure. Azélie worked hard to change their minds about ever doubting God's plan for
It was time for them to leave Lourdes and head back home to Alençon. When the train arrived in Alençon,
Louis, Céline and Thérèse were waiting there for them. When Louis saw their faces he knew a cure was not
received. Azélie approached Louis with great optimism and said God did answer one of her prayers instead.
Léonie was so distraught over her mother's illness that she prayed a novena to ask God to take her in her
mother's place.
Up to the months leading to Azélie's death, her main concern was still over Léonie's welfare after she was
gone. Who will look after her? Azélie asked Louis to move to Lisieux after her death so that he and the girls
would be around her family, the Guérins. Azélie felt that by moving to Lisieux, her children would be better
taken care of and looked after by Isidore and Elisa-Céline. As the end of August approached, it was a matter
of hours before Azélie would be taken into God's arms. Marie promised her that she would look after and
take care of Léonie. On August 28, 1877, Azélie's soul ascended to heaven. Azélie's funeral took place at
the cathedral and she was buried in Cimetière Notre Dame (Our Lady's Cemetery).
Honoring the wishes of his late holy wife Azélie and conceding to the advice of his brother-in-law, Isidore,
Louis decided to move the family to Lisieux. It was Isidore who found the residence called "Les Buissonnets"
(The Woods) where the family was to live. The family packed up their belongings and paid their last respects
to Azélie, at the cemetery, before setting off for their new home.
As soon as they arrived in Lisieux, Louis went back to Alençon to finish the lace-making business that Azélie
had started. Marie and Pauline started organizing their new home while Léonie, Céline, and Thérèse started
school immediately at the Benedictine boarding school called Notre-Dame du Pré. (Allied bombing raids
destroyed the school in June 1944). Léonie became a boarder while Céline and Thérèse went to school during
the day and came home at night. Léonie did still have difficulty with her schoolwork but not to the severity
that she was having when she was at the Visitation boarding school in Le Mans.
After the death of her mother, Léonie's heart was developing into a greater love for herself and for her family;
changes were taking place in all parts of her life. Everyone in the family saw this positive change in her and
especially Marie. She felt that it was their mother who was helping Léonie's heart evolves into a beautiful young
lady. Louis commonly referred to her as his "Good Léonie".
One of Léonie's teachers was surprised by how delicate her thoughts were when she wrote her compositions
for class. She was very impressed by the love and compassion she put into her writings. Léonie made every
effort to express her love for others and to continue to make small sacrifices on their behalf. Léonie completed
her studies at the Benedictine boarding school on October 1, 1881. Later on, Léonie would return to the
Benedictine boarding school to visit her former teachers who nicknamed her "The Abbey Lover".
Léonie's older sister, Pauline, took a big step in devoting herself fully to God and entered the Carmelite
monastery in Lisieux, in October 1882. Léonie and her sisters went to visit Pauline often at the monastery.
In May of 1883, Thérèse, Léonie's youngest sister, became extremely ill. The doctor was called and he was
not able to diagnose her illness. Expecting that Thérèse was going to die, Léonie and her sisters stayed with her
day and night. On May 13, 1883, as Marie, Léonie, and Céline were praying at the foot of the bed, a miracle
happened. An apparition of Our Lady appeared before Thérèse and she was cured. Léonie, praying with her
eyes full of tears, was not able to see the apparition of Our Lady. However, she did notice that Thérèse was
cured when she saw a major change in her physical appearance.
The family dedicated themselves to serving the poor at Les Buissonnets. Shelters for the homeless were very
scarce so the family would invite the poor into their home and receive food, clothing and money. They gave
special care to those who needed their help the most. Léonie took care of an old dying woman who had no
family of her own. She would bathe her, clothe her, feed her, and comfort her in her final days. Upon the
death of the poor old woman, Léonie prepared her body for her funeral. Léonie and her family continued to
make small sacrifices for everyone around them and were not afraid to show their love to strangers in need.
Léonie also made small sacrifices for her sisters. Realizing she was too old to play with dolls, gave her two
youngest sisters Céline and Thérèse her dolls and their clothes.
On June 14, 1884, it was time for Thérèse's confirmation. Léonie was given the special honor of
becoming Thérèse's sponsor. It was a wonderful day for both of them.
In October of 1886, Marie decided also to devote herself to God alone and enter the same Carmelite monastery
as Pauline. The family went back to Alençon to visit their mother's grave before Marie entered into the
monastery. During this same time, on October 7, 1886, Léonie went to visit the Poor Clare monastery on rue
de la Demi-Lune. She spoke with the Mother Superior and both of them agreed that she would enter the Poor
Clare monastery at once. To the dismay and shock of the family and especially to Marie, Louis granted
permission for Léonie to enter. Léonie told her family, as she made her first attempt at religious life, look at my
eyes for this will be last time you will ever see them. Unfortunately, Léonie was not able to stay there for long,
for the rigors of the rule of the Poor Clare's was too much for her physical body to handle. Léonie was forced to
surrender to her weak body and leave the Poor Clares on December 1st of the same year. After Léonie's first
failed attempt at religious life, Pauline instilled hope in their father's eyes that one day Léonie would be a religious
and that God would find a place for her.
In the first few weeks of July 1887, Louis and his daughters, Léonie, Céline, and Thérèse went to La Havre for
the International Maritime Exhibition. From La Havre they went to Honfleur. Visiting the chapel of Notre-Dame
de Grace (Our Lady of Grace), Leonie prayed to God again about her vocation. Following in the footsteps of her
beloved aunt Sister Marie Dosithée, Léonie made a second attempt at religious life. Leading up to Léonie's
departure, Céline, helped Léonie organize her things. On July 16, 1887, Léonie entered the Visitation Order
in the city of Caen at Monastère de la Visitation (Visitation Monastery).
Léonie's goals were to have a closer relationship with God and ultimately to become a saint. One of her biggest
trials was releasing any relevance to any material things and her poor health. Unfortunately, things did not work
out as she planned; Léonie's health prevented her from continuing her vocation as a nun any further. Once again,
Léonie was forced to leave the religious life. On January 6, 1888, Léonie returned home broken hearted. In the
same year on April 9th, Léonie's youngest sister Thérèse entered the Carmelite monastery in Lisieux.
In June, a devastating fire erupted in the adjoining home next to the Martins. Léonie and the maid were the only
ones there and barely escaped. Their roof had caught on fire but luckily the firemen were able to put it out.
During the end of 1888 and into the beginning of 1889, Louis's health was deteriorating. He had suffered a couple
of minor strokes and also he started to wander off. One day, Louis had wandered off to a town called La Havre.
Everyone was frantic about his disappearance and wondered where he could have gone. Finally, Louis contacted
his family in Lisieux and his family went to La Havre and brought him back home. After this incident, the family
was very worried that he would wander off again.
On February 12, 1889, a decision was made for Louis to be sent to a psychiatric hospital called Bon-Sauveur
(Holy Savior) ran by the Sisters of Saint Vincent de Paul in Caen. A few days later on the 19th, Léonie and
Céline left Lisieux and went to Caen to be with their father. They made arrangements to stay with the Sisters
of St. Vincent de Paul. Each day, Léonie and Céline would go to see Sister Costard and ask her about their
father's condition. The sisters only allowed Léonie and Céline to see their father once a week, which was at
times very difficult on both of them.
After only staying in Caen for three months, at the advice of their uncle, Isidore, Léonie and Céline returned
home to Lisieux on May 14th. Each week, Léonie and Céline would leave Lisieux and travel to Caen to see
their father. Léonie would also visit the sisters at the Visitation convent because her heart was still set on
becoming a nun at the Visitation.
Léonie and Céline traveled with their uncle and aunt to Paris that May. There they all were entertained at
the World's Fair and were present at the unveiling of the Eiffel Tower. They also visited Notre-Dame des
Victoires (Our Lady of Victory) where Léonie and Céline lit a candle for their sister Thérèse and prayed for
their father's well being. Traveling to Tours and Lourdes, Léonie went into to the baths at Lourdes praying
to be cured. Weeks after returning to Lisieux, on June 7th, Léonie and Céline moved into their uncle Isidore
and aunt Elisa-Céline's house.
The house, the entire family knew, as their beloved home, was coming to an end. The lease on Les
Buissonnets came to an ended on December 25th, and it was not going to be renewed. Isidore Guérin,
the sisters' uncle, made arrangements for the furniture to be sent to his house and also to the Carmelite
monastery where Marie, Pauline and Thérèse were living as nuns.
On October 17, 1890, Léonie and Céline, along with the Guérins, traveled to Paray-le-Monial to celebrate
the anniversary of Saint Margaret Mary (Sacred Heart of Jesus). There she prayed to Saint Margaret Mary
for intercession to be reunited with her sisters at the Visitation monastery in Caen.
During the course of three years while Louis was staying at Bon-Sauveur in Caen, he suffered another stroke.
Louis became paralyzed as a result of this last stroke. So, the family decided to bring him back to Lisieux on
May 10, 1892. Isidore arranged for Louis, Léonie and Céline to live in a house that was very close to his
house at 7 rue Labbey (Labbey street). Léonie and Céline took very special care of their father while he
was incapacitated.
On June 23, 1893, Léonie traveled to Caen to go on a retreat at the Visitation monastery. During her retreat,
she approached the Mother Superior and told her she wanted to enter the Visitation monastery again. The
Mother Superior agreed and Léonie's uncle, Isidore, gave her his permission. On June 24, 1893, Léonie entered
into the religious life once more making it her third attempt. She became very content at her new home. It was
Léonie as well as her sisters' wishes that she become a nun, because they knew that she had great virtues of
humility. In February of 1894, Léonie was accepted to receive the habit; however, due to an unforeseen illness
of their priest, her ceremony was delayed. On April 6th, Léonie received the habit as well as the name of Sister
Thérèse-Dosithée by Bishop Hugonin who conducted the ceremony. Céline and her cousins were also in
During the latter weeks of July 1894, Louis's health took a turn for the worst; he suffered from another heart
attack. The doctor came to examine him and told Céline that her father was dying. A priest was called and the
last rites were given to him. On July 29th, Louis died in the presence of his daughter Céline and his soul
ascended to heaven. His funeral was conducted on August 4th. After Louis's funeral, Isidore decided that
the rest of the family, which was previously buried in Alençon, should be brought to Lisieux. The arrangements
were made and a small ceremony took place when Azélie and the rest of the family were buried next to Louis.
Léonie was not able to attend her father's funeral because she was in the Visitation monastery. Céline did,
however, visit her sister every day after their father's death when she was visiting her cousin Jeanne who also
lived in Caen. These visits by Céline were to be her last to Léonie. Céline, too, sought out the religious life.
On September 14th, she entered the Carmelite monastery in Lisieux.
In early spring of 1895, Sister Marie de Sales Lefrançois was elected the new mother superior for the
Visitation monastery. Mother Marie de Sales viewed the rule differently than her predecessor; she felt that
their monastery should be more observant to the stricter guidelines of the Rule of the Visitation. As a result,
Léonie, as well as her fellow postulants, found it increasingly difficult to follow the rigors of the rules. By late
spring, Mother Marie de Sales decided to postpone Léonie's profession at the advisement of the mistress of the
novices. As a result of this postponement, Léonie was seeking a transfer to the Visitation convent in Le Mans.
This was the same convent where her aunt, Sister Marie-Dosithée became a nun. But based on the
encouragement of her sisters, Léonie stayed at the monastery in Caen and endured. Thérèse, as well as her
other sisters, were consoling and counseling her and teaching her how to endure her many hardships by bringing
her further to the way of perfection. Léonie's greatest fears had turned into reality. Due to the stricter adherence
to the rule of the Visitation, Léonie, as well as some of her other sisters at the monastery were asked to leave.
On July 20, 1895, Isidore went to Caen to pick-up Léonie and bring her back to Lisieux. Upon returning, Léonie
went to visit her sisters at the Carmelite monastery. This was one of the saddest times of her life. She cried so
much that it was difficult for her to speak to them. Léonie's aunt Elisa-Céline and uncle Isidore welcomed her
back with open arms into their home. The relationship between Léonie and her aunt and uncle were very close.
But the pressures of the world outside the convent were becoming very difficult for her to handle. There were
more temptations for her to stray away from the religious lifestyle that she had become accustomed to when she
was in the monastery.
Thérèse continued to counsel Léonie to the way of perfection even though she was no longer at the monastery.
This close relationship was very common to the both of them because Thérèse had helped her before during
their childhood. Thérèse was very patient with Léonie when she taught her. Léonie responded positively to
Thérèse authority over her. Thérèse encouraged Léonie to continue to detach herself from worldly possessions,
which obviously is difficult for anyone to overcome. Thérèse remarked: "You have no lack of small sacrifices,
my dear Léonie, is not your life made up of them? I rejoice to see such a treasure before you, especially when I
realize that you know how to put it to profit, not only for yourself, but even more for souls." (CL)
Sadly, Léonie's days of being counseled by Thérèse were slowly coming to a close. Thérèse had contracted
tuberculosis and at that time it was seen as an incurable disease. All of the Martin sisters were greatly distressed
over the thought of losing their beloved sister. Léonie looked upon Thérèse's disease, as the divine will of God.
So she prepared herself for the impending loss of her sister.
On July 2, 1897, it was the last time that Léonie was able to see her sister Thérèse in person. Thérèse became
too ill to do anything and she was moved into the infirmary. Due to the Carmelite Rule, Léonie was not allowed
to go into the infirmary. However, Thérèse made every effort through her sisters Marie, Pauline and Céline to
continue to counsel her. Everything that Thérèse said was written down and passed onto Léonie. Thérèse wrote
her final letter to Léonie on July 17th stating: "If you want to become a saint, it will be easy, because in the depths
of your heart the world means nothing to you…I mean that while you give yourself devotedly to external works,
you have but one goal: to give pleasure to Jesus and to be united more intimately with Him." (CL) Léonie
continued with her desire from childhood to become a great saint. She asked her sister Thérèse, that when she
went to heaven, to plead her case for her to the dear Lord to lead her on the path of becoming a great saint.
Written by: R Hann
Abbé Combes, ed. Collected Letters Of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux . (CL)
New York: Sheed & Ward, 1949.
Dolan, Albert H. Rev.. Collected Little Flower Works. Chicago: Carmelite Press, 1929.
---. The Little Flower's Mother. Chicago: Carmelite Press, 1929. (CW)
---. God Made The Violet Too: Life of Léonie, Sister of St. Thérèse. (GV)
Chicago: Carmelite Press, 1948.
Piat, Stéphanie Fr. The Story Of A Family: The Home of St. Thérèse of Lisieux. (SF)
Trans: Benedictine of Stanbrook Abbey. Rockford, Ill.: Tan Books and Publishers, Inc., 1948.
|Sub Directory
|Servant of God
Sister Francoise Therese
Marie Leonie Martin
"God's Little Violet"
|Sub Directory
|"My dear aunt, when you are in Heaven, please ask God to give me the grace of conversion, and also give
me a vocation to be a true religious, because I think about it everyday." - Sister Francoise Therese
|Page I
|Servant of God
Sister Francoise-Therese
|© Monastery of the Visitation in Caen
|"God's Little Violet"
|Download Centre
|Eric Gaba (Wikimedia Commons user: Sting)
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|Add yours Today!
|In Need of a Prayer?
|15 years ago, the crypt was made available
for pilgrims to come and visit her tomb to
pray for their intentions.


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Shape Fit – Complete Unity Game
- Description
- Comments (0)
This is a complete Unity game, called Shape Fit.
It is ready for release, and it's excellent for learning purposes.
Contains Admob and Unity Ads
How to play?
On mobile : Tap the screen to change the shape of the player.
On desktop/web : Click on the screen to change the shape of the player.
Your goal is to make the player fit inside the obstacle.
However, if the player collides with an obstacle which has different shape than the shape of the player, then the game is over.
Background music by Eric Matyas: http://www.soundimage.org
Sound effects: https://www.noiseforfun.com
- Implemented Admob and Unity Ads
- One endless level
- Spawning system
- Increasing gameplay difficulty
- Score/highscore system
- Shape changing system
- Revive system
- Sound effects, background music
- Commented, clean C# scripts
- Easy customization
- Basic menu
- Responsive UI
- Compatible with mobile and desktop
- Works with Text Mesh Pro
How to Setup and Re-skinning
- The game is very easy to reskin and setup
- Admob and Unity Ad networks are implemented
- Documentation contains everything about setup and reskin
Last Update - Oct 9th, 2019
14 Days
Money Back Guarantee
Framework & Platforms
Operating System
Android Eclipse, Android Studio, iOS 10.x, iOS 9.x, Unity 4.x, Unity 5.x
File Included
.cs, .csproj, .db, .h, .obj, .prefab, .unityproj, build.settings
unity, shape, admob, ios, android, game, source, source code, code, endless, publish, reskin


text:
A Bomb in Cairo. A Battle in Gibeon. (Joshua 10:6-14)
A few days ago, we witnessed another atrocity as Coptic Christians were brutally attacked by Islamic jihadists. The calamity reminds us that the story of violence and terror continues. President Abdel-Fatah al-Sisi named a 22-year-old, Mahmoud Shafik Mohamed Mostafa, as the alleged perpetrator of the suicide attack. He said other people, including one woman, had…Read More


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Much like 'The Game' switcheroos that left fans in the dark earlier this summer, many were shocked to learn that last week, Tracee Ellis Ross – lead star of BET's hit family comedy 'Reed Between the Lines' – made a very unexpected departure. The show, recently renewed for its second season, was in gears to pick up where season 1 left off – chronicling love life of Ross's character Dr. Carla Reed and husband Dr. Alex Reed (Malcolm Jamal Warner).
Initially mum on the topic, now Ross has taken to Essence.com to shed light on what caused her sudden departure:
"It was that BET hadn't decided if they were picking up the show yet or not," says Ross. "During that time when they didn't know, I was offered a really amazing pilot for NBC, and BET graciously allowed me to go and do it. But it's not because I wanted to leave."
The former Girlfriends' actress continued by saying:
"I love Reed Between the Lines, I believe in it. There is a chance I'll go back, always. There's nothing weird about it."
No premiere date has been set for season 2 of the show. It is, however, expected to be one of many filling out BET's highly anticipated 2013 lineup.