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$5 For Charity – Rural Fire Service Queensland
29 March , 2020 @ 12:00 pm – 5:00 pm
Once a month The Deception Bay Club will be sponsoring a fundraising event.
Funds raised are donated to a designated charity / fundraiser.
Children under 16 are free.
Our event on 29th March 2020 will be to raise funds for Rural Fire Service Queensland.
Click Here to read about the Rural Fire Service Queensland
The event is hosted by
Showcasing some of the local artists.
Your support for this worthy cause would be greatly appreciated.
Also on the day
- Raffles
- Lucky Door Prizes
The kitchen opens at 10:30am
Click here if you would like to see our menu.

subset: commoncrawl


text: It's the second anniversary of Prince's tragic death. As details unfold regarding his struggle with pain and use of opioid medications, we better understand the cost associated with problematic use of this class of medications and the pattern of taking pills or other substances to address chronic pain or other symptoms. From caffeine, food, and nicotine, to alcohol, marijuana and opioids- when are these substances helpful for emotion regulation and when do these substances harm more than help? Dr. Kaz and George begin to explore the potential function of these substances and associated risks.


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No Coverage Available for Lawsuit Served on Insured after End of Extended Reporting Period
The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, applying Pennsylvania law, has granted summary judgment in favor of an insurer, holding that coverage under a claims-made-and-reported policy is unavailable where an insured is not served with the lawsuit during the policy period or extended reporting period. Wolf v. Liberty Ins. Underwriters, Inc., 2016 Phila. Ct. Com. Pl. LEXIS 359 (Phila. Ct. Com. Pl. Oct. 11, 2016).
The insured, an attorney, was sued for malpractice. The complaint was filed on December 22, 2014, but was not served on the insured until February 27, 2015. The insured sought coverage under his lawyer's professional liability policy, which expired on December 1, 2014 and included an automatic 60-day extended reporting period that ran through January 30, 2015. The insurer denied coverage for the malpractice suit because, while the lawsuit was filed during the policy's extended reporting period, the insured did not receive service of the lawsuit – and therefore the claim was not first made – until after the extended reporting period had expired. The insured filed a suit against the insurer seeking coverage, and the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment.
The court granted the insurer's motion for summary judgment and denied the insured's motion, finding that coverage was unavailable for the lawsuit. The court determined that under the terms of the policy, which defined "claim" as "a demand received by [the insured]," the lawsuit did not become a "claim" until the insured received service of the writ of summons. The court noted that the insured probably would have received service during the extended reporting period had it been served correctly, but the claimant had erroneously attempted service at the insured's former address. However, the court stated that it could not "ignore the clear language of the Policy, nor circumvent the stipulated fact that [the insured] received a re-issued writ of summons beyond the Automatic Extended Reporting Period."


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The Association of International Wealth Management of India (AIWMI) along with Indian Association of Alternative Investment Funds (IAAIF) recently organised a campaign "40 Under 40 – Alternative Investment Professionals in India" . This was a first-of-its-kind initiative meant to identify some of the standout talent in the Indian Alternative Investments sector and document their success secrets for others to follow.
40 Under 40 – Alternative Investments Professionals in campaign was presented by Edelweiss Prime Brokerage Services and the report was unveiled on 24th January 2018 during the 5th annual Alternative Investment Summit India 2018 in Mumbai.
The Indian Alternative Investments (AI) industry has grown exponentially in the last few years. There are now 370 plus Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) registered with SEBI. The recent surge in alternative investments is only the beginning of a new wave of growth. Alternatives are fast moving in to the mainstream investment markets. In the context of increasing alternative allocations, the industry is looking forward to have a qualified talent pool and high-impact teams.
The "40 under 40" list highlights individuals from firms, big and small, who have made a difference to their organizations and the industry at large. These successful professionals have youth, intellect and grit in common.
Aditya Gadge, CEO – AIWMI & Principal Advisor – IAAIF, said, "We received 175+ nominations and picking these top 40 professionals was not easy. There was a very thin line of separation between the accomplishments of most of the candidates. While this must have surely created a selection dilemma for the Jury, we are sure they were more than happy to see the burgeoning all-round talent which is boosting the development of this sector."
According to him, the entire screening process was an enriching process for everyone associated with this campaign. The Jurors acknowledged that it was not an easy task to select the final 40 at the same time were excited to see the young talent emerging across the Alternative Investment ecosystem. The eminent Jury was headed by Zia Mody, Founder & Managing Partner, AZB & Associates. The other members of the Jury were Amit Shah, CEO, IIFL Asset Management Business, Andrew Holland, CEO-Avendus Capital Alternate Strategies, Anuradha Rao, MD & CEO, SBI Mutual Fund and Vikas Khemani, President & CEO Edelweiss Securities Ltd.
Zia Mody, Chair of the Jury for this prestigious campaign added- "It was indeed a pleasure to share the Jury which selected the "40 under 40″ young professionals in this very quickly growing space. What we jurors could see was the very exciting young talent that is emerging across the entire alternative investments sector".
"The alternative investments space is its infancy and has been expanding rapidly in the recent years. I am glad AIWMI is taking these initiatives to build an ecosystem around this space and more importantly is recognizing the people credited with furthering this space" said Vikas Khemani.
According to the 40 Under 40 report the average age of professionals on this years' list is 35 and 3 of them are aged 30 or younger. This year, 20% of the selected candidates are women, which is expected to grow in the coming years.
Unlike other sectors, Alternative Investment industry faces complex talent management challenges and availability of such diverse pool of talent is the testimony to the inherent strengths of this sector. " The importance of alternative investments is gaining attention not just for diversification of portfolios but rather for tapping newer avenues of investments. In this context it is very encouraging to see such an overwhelming response to AIWMI and IAAIF's "40 Under 40″ campaign", added Amit Shah.


text:
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PestFix is owned and operated exclusively by the England family, with no external investors to please or remunerate. The two brothers behind the business, Dan & Matt England have the primary objective of putting you, the customer at the centre of their business, rather than banks or shareholders. It is our philosophy that you, the customer, always comes first.
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text:
I first met new-mom Riley when she was about 30 weeks pregnant with her beautiful baby girl. She had answered a model call that I put out for a moody maternity session that I had dreamed up. Riley absolutely brought the fire and rocked that model call, so I was thrilled when she contacted me about doing newborn photos as well.
It was wonderful coming to her home, meeting her partner (and doting new dad!), her dogs, and of course her absolutely perfect baby girl.
In-home newborn sessions are one of my very favourite things. I always feel so honoured when a family is willing to invite me into their home during such an intimate time of their lives.


text:
I Reign In Jeanie's Bosom
Louis, what reck I by thee,
Or Geordie on his ocean?
Dyvor, beggar louns to me,
I reign in Jeanie's bosom!
Let her crown my love her law,
And in her breast enthrone me,
Kings and nations - swith awa'!
Reif randies, I disown ye!


text:
View All Plants :: View All DECIDUOUS SHRUBS
Abelia chinensis
Chinese Abelia
Plant Type:DECIDUOUS SHRUBS
Abelia chinensis - Pink flower buds open to white fragrant trusses on this pretty butterfly magnet. The panicles of funnel-shaped flowers begin usually in early July and the shrub may continue to blossom for most of the summer. Small medium green ovate leaves are simple and alternate. They provide a delicate overall appearance. Chinese Abelia is one of the parents for the Abelia x grandiflora hybrids. Abelia chinensis is also a bit more hardy. Though less often seen it is a fine plant in its own right. Plant in fertile, draining soil sited in full to mostly sunny conditions. Spring planting is the wiser tactic for gardeners towards the northern end of its range. Established potted Chinese Abelia from cutting.
More About Abelia chinensis
- Long Bloom
- Fragrant
- Butterfly
Height:5-8 ft
Spread:4-5 ft
Colors:Light Pink, White
Zone:6 to 9
What is my hardiness zone?
Characteristics and Attributes for Abelia chinensis
Season of Interest (Flowering)
- Summer
Season of Interest (Foliage)
- Spring / Summer / Autumn
Nature Attraction
- Butterflies
- Full Sun
- Shrub Border
- Fragrant
- Hedgerow
- Massing
- Natural Garden
- Specimen
- Foundation
Growth Rate in the Garden
- Medium
- Fertile
- China
Propagated By
- Cutting Grown


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Tim Hillegonds
May 9, 2016« Back to Authors
Tim Hillegonds earned a Master of Arts in Writing and Publishing from DePaul University in Chicago. His work has appeared in Brevity, Midway Journal, RHINO, Bluestem Magazine, and r.k.v.r.y. quarterly. He was nominated for a 2015 Illinois Arts Council Literary Award, and received an Honorable Mention for nonfiction in the New Millennium Award 36 presented by New Millennium Writings. He is a contributing editor at Slag Glass City, a digital journal of the urban essay arts, and is currently seeking representation for his memoir, A Story Like This.
Work by Tim Hillegonds has been included in Issue 17.2.
Keywords: 17-2


text:
Soul Charmer #1
Borrowed Souls
Renting Souls is Dirty Business
A young woman with a brother who can't stay out of trouble dives head first into the grimy world of soul renting in this action-packed and sexy urban fantasy debut.
Callie Delgado always puts family first, and unfortunately her brother knows it. She's emptied her savings, lost work, and spilled countless tears trying to keep him out of trouble, but now he's in deeper than ever, and his debt is on Callie's head. She's given a choice: do some dirty work for the mob, or have her brother returned to her in tiny pieces.
Renting souls is big business for the religious population of Gem City. Those looking to take part in immoral—or even illegal—activity can borrow someone else's soul, for a price, and sin without consequence.
To save her brother, Callie needs a borrowed soul, but she doesn't have anywhere near the money to pay for it. The slimy Soul Charmer is willing to barter, but accepting his offer will force Callie into a dangerous world of magic she isn't ready for.
With the help of the guarded but undeniably attractive Derek—whose allegiance to the Charmer wavers as his connection to Callie grows—she'll have to walk a tight line, avoid pissing off the bad guys, all while struggling to determine what her loyalty to her family's really worth.
Losing her brother isn't an option. Losing her soul? Maybe.
More Books by Chelsea Mueller
Spend a slasher weekend with 10 friends on the Jersey Shore with Prom House or enter the grimy world of soul magic with heroine Callie Delgado in the Soul Charmer series.


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Innovation: Tracking down interference with likelihood mapping
All photos courtesy of the author.
Where Is It?
By Paul Alves, Carmen Wong, Matthew Clampitt, Eric Davis and Eunju Kwak
WE LIVE IN A POLLUTED WORLD. Sometimes even pristine environments are desecrated.
No, I'm not talking here about the rubbish on Mount Everest, nor the leaching of heavy metals from tailing ponds, nor the plastic trash in the oceans, nor the sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere.
I'm talking about radio-frequency pollution. Just as we would like to have our physical environment free of pollution for our better health and that of the ecosystem, we would like the radio spectrum to be free of pollution so that its users — virtually everyone on the planet — can have a better RF experience, whether it be when listening to the radio, using a cell phone or operating a GNSS receiver. We usually call RF pollution interference, or RFI for short, as it interferes with the signal we are trying to receive.
RFI can be accidental or deliberate, in which case we call it jamming. As a shortwave radio enthusiast, I am familiar with both types of RFI. Although the majority of the world's radio stations attempt to coordinate their broadcasts to ensure that two stations don't try to beam their signals to a particular area on the same or an adjacent frequency at the same time, it does happen, ruining reception. And if a country doesn't want its citizens listening to certain foreign radio broadcasts, it might attempt to jam them as the Soviet Union did in the past and as China, North Korea, Cuba and several other countries still do.
In this month's column, we look at GNSS interference. In many cases, GNSS interference is accidental, with a nearby radio device putting out a signal at a fundamental frequency or a harmonic, which lies within the passband of one of the GNSS frequencies.
It could be intentional, too, and we've all heard about GPS jammers including the so-called personal privacy devices that deliberately interfere with GPS signal reception. Is there any way to detect GNSS interference and to find its source so that remedial action can be taken? Yes and yes. A team of authors from NovAtel tell us how.
Interference is a growing concern among GNSS users, particularly in parts of the world where radio frequency transmission is not strictly regulated. Intentional interference and jamming is cheap and relatively easy to obtain in the form of personal privacy devices (PPDs). These devices can sometimes cause unintended interference and jamming to important infrastructure such as an airport. In this article, we describe a method for creating an interference map using the NovAtel OEM7 Interference Tool Kit (ITK). The ITK is capable of detecting and eliminating interference, and can be used to measure the power of a received interferer. When data is collected for an area around a static and continuously operating interference source, it can be used to map out the interference over the affected area. We overview a method for mapping the interference and, using a model of power loss over distance, creating a map of the interferer's likely position. We also discuss simulated results and three case studies with live (real-data) interference sources from India, Canada and Japan.
NovAtel introduced the ITK in 2016. The ITK's interference detection provides a list of sources, which includes an estimate of the frequency, bandwidth and power of the measured interference. It also provides the power levels across the entire frequency band of the front end. Either of these can be used as measurements of the received interference power levels. When the power levels for a given frequency are combined from multiple locations, they can be used to estimate the power and location of the interference source. The received power levels can also be combined to estimate the interference power as a function of location. The performance degradation experienced by one receiver at a given interference level can be extrapolated to other receivers at the estimated interference levels.
The ITK tools include the ability to visualize the power received across the input frequencies (front-end) bands. This can be used to quickly and easily identify any irregularities in the spectrum. These irregularities could be caused by internal interference, which is interference between electrical components introduced through hardware integration or installation. It can also be caused by external interference, such as by a PPD or other nearby radio transmitter.
The ITK's detection feature identifies potential interference and provides a list of the interference power, frequency and bandwidth. This makes it easier for integrators to automate responses to potential interference without the need to scan the spectrum themselves. FIGURE 1 shows the received signal power and interference detection threshold for the GPS L1 frequency band. In this case there is no interference detected.
The detection threshold is adjustable. However, if it is set too high, it can cause interference to be undetected; if it is set too low, it can cause false detection. For this example, a fairly low value was chosen because we were willing to manually identify the interference source and ignore any false detection.
The ITK also includes tools to mitigate interference, limiting or eliminating its impact. This includes a high dynamic range mode, which is effective in reducing the impact of interference. If this is not sufficient, then notch or low-pass filters also can be applied to completely cut out parts of the spectrum to neutralize the impact of interference or jamming.
The mapping algorithm, which will be discussed later, requires a model of the power loss as a function of distance (d) to the transmitter. As the wave spreads from the transmission source, the power is lost according to:
where Lp (dB) is the power loss in dB, d is the distance in meters, and λ is the wavelength in meters. This equation can be expanded into a function of frequency (f, in Hz) and distance (d, in millimeters). Changing the units in this equation changes the constants.
For example, if the transmitter is broadcasting at 1.237 GHz, then Equation (2) gives
This ideal power loss is significantly increased by physical obstructions that are common, such as vehicles, buildings, trees or the terrain type. Different materials can have significantly different impacts on the power loss.
Some researchers have used a precomputed power map and map matching for indoor positioning. This method uses the expected received power to position a receiver. The same algorithm that is used to position the receiver could also be used to position the transmitter.
FIGURE 2 shows the received power as a function of distance that was observed for the Calgary test. There is a large variability in the power, likely due to natural obstructions.
The equation for the line of best fit of this data is significantly different from Equation (3). This is likely due to the obstructions and limited number of data points. Due to problems with inaccuracies with this data fit, any further power calculations will use Equation (2).
Using a single observation of the received interference power, a profile of the transmit power as a function of location can be created using a power decay curve similar to that shown in Figure 2. If we assume that the transmitter is at a given position and use the decay curve through the observed power, then we can estimate the transmit power at that location. When we do this for multiple locations, a power profile is created. This process is shown in FIGURE 3. When these plotted estimates are connected continuously, then we get a power profile.
This power profile could pertain to a lower power transmitter that is relatively close to the receiving antenna or could be a stronger transmitter that is farther away. A single transmitter at any location could be responsible for the received power depending on the power of the transmitter.
When additional measurement points are added at different locations, the estimated powers of the transmitter for each individual observation can be combined. The estimated transmit power at some of the potential transmitter locations will match between the observations. For potential interferer locations that are far from the true transmitter location, the observations will conflict with each other.
Creating this type of power profile can be useful for pre-analysis. If we assume that none of the measurement locations can observe the interference, then the received interference must be equal to or less than the noise floor. If we assume that the received interference is at the noise floor, then we can use this profile map to identify the power of any hidden, undetectable transmitters in a region. An interferer may be broadcasting under the noise floor, undetectable at that power and distance. For example, if we want to monitor an area for interference around critical infrastructure, such as an airport, then we can deploy a network of ITK receivers. If no interference is detected, it is still possible for interference to be present if the power level of the transmitter is low enough that it does not reach any of the receivers above the noise floor. This analysis can be used to estimate the minimum detectable interference across the area, and used to determine the receiver network spacing and locations to ensure the minimum detectable interference is immediately detected.
FIGURE 4 shows an example of measurement points from the India case study. It shows the estimated power of a potentially undetectable interference source if no interference is detected anywhere at the measurement points. Lighter colors indicate a higher undetectable interference power. Notice how it is possible to miss a weak interferer that is close or a high-powered interference source that is farther away. This also illustrates how much information we can gather from zero-observation points where interference could not be detected.
This method could be used to determine the path or spacing of receivers to monitor a region to detect interference at a certain level. With some history added into the model so that the uncertainty increased over time, a single receiver or a fleet of receivers could plan out their routes to monitor for interference.
The estimated interference source power can be used to determine the impact of the interference and give an estimate of the location of the interferer. A single static interferer will be assumed when estimating the location of the interferer using a goodness-of-fit model. A grid is created over the interference area. For each point in the grid, the attenuation (power loss) model is used to calculate the residual between the minimum transmit power and all power measurement points. If the residuals are low for all the observed power locations, then this is the most likely location of the interference transmitter.
FIGURE 5 shows an example of this goodness-of-fit test. The red dot shows the location of a potential transmitter location under test. Using the distance attenuation model, the predicted received power for each of the measurement points is calculated. The difference between the expected received power and the actual received power is an indication that this is not the correct transmitter location. The root-mean-square error of the fit error for all the observed points gives a likelihood that the transmitter is at this location.
Using the goodness-of-fit method, we can generate reasonable visualizations of the interference effect. FIGURE 6 shows an example map produced from simulated interference to the east.
The expected power attenuation model matches perfectly with the data because it is a simulation. Similar results were obtained when the interference was assumed to come from the west and north. The yellow line shows a "roller-coaster" plot of the interference power. The height of the line shows the relative received power. Notice that it increases as we approach the source of the interference and decreases as the path moves away from the interference. A combination of the roller-coaster plot and the map give a quick visualization of the impact and location of the interference. There is a slight ambiguity between the east and west side of the road because the transmitter is close to the road. The goodness of fit works very well in this case to identify the location of the interference source.
FIGURE 7 shows a case where two interference sources are simulated. In this case, the model breaks down because it assumes that there is only a single interference source. The model clearly has difficulties determining the location of the interference. Even with accuracy issues, the model could still be used as a visualization of the interference that is easier to interpret than looking at numbers in a table.
This dataset was the initial motivation for this work. A customer reported intermittent tracking problems with a newly installed receiver. The receiver would stop tracking for a few hours every evening. Customer service visited the site to investigate. Because of the intermittent nature of the problem, interference was suspected. An OEM729 receiver was walked around the affected antenna in an attempt to find the source of the interference and also to prove to the customer that interference was in fact the cause of the tracking problems.
FIGURE 8 shows the collected measurements. The numbers shown are the received interference powers at each location. It is possible to approximate the location of the interference and the impacted area by looking closely at the measurements, but it takes some close examination and interpretation.
The source of the interference was identified using this approach. It was found to be a weather station, which performs a nightly upload of data collected throughout the day. This weather station broadcasts at 1580 MHz, which was jamming L1. The customer was able to move the interfering antenna to another site. The customer also could have used the ITK to apply a notch filter, which would have mitigated the interference's impact, but it is better to remove the source of interference if possible.
Using the data points collected, an interference map can be generated using the method described. This map is shown in FIGURE 9. The lighter color indicates a higher likelihood that the interference transmitter is at that location. The location of the transmitter is also shown in the figure. The likelihood map is very close to the actual location of the transmitter. It gives a quick and easy-to-interpret visualization as opposed to individual measurement points.
We were made aware of a potential unintentional L2 interference device and took it to Cross Iron Mills mall, north of Calgary, Canada, to investigate. FIGURE 10 shows a map of the area.
We drove the path shown in blue to characterize the interference, and collected data using an OEM729 receiver with the ITK feature. Two buildings are near the interference source: a smaller building to the north and a large building to the south. These buildings block and shield the receiver from the interference when it is between the interference and the receiver.
The interference device was a transmitter to send video from a drone to a monitor, broadcasting at 1.2 GHz with 800 milliwatts. It was purchased online with no warnings about potential impacts it may have on other systems or devices. As recreational drones (and their electronics) become more popular, unintentional jammers and interference sources could become commonplace. We have no continuous monitoring and enforcement for short-range and short-duration unintentional jammers such as this one.
Although many commercial-grade receivers, such as ones common in cell phone and GPS watches, were unaffected because they only operate at L1, the box the device came in also indicates that there is a 1.5-GHz model capable of broadcasting at 2 watts. With 2 watts at 1.5 GHz, GPS L1 would be significantly jammed. This emphasizes the need for interference detection and mitigation. Nothing is stopping recreational hobbyists from accidentally jamming a significant number of users and services.
FIGURE 11 shows the roller-coaster plot of the interference observed during the test. The height of the yellow bars indicates the received power for the L2 interference. The power is generally higher closer to the interference source and decreases as a function of distance; however, there is a lot of deviation. Physical obstructions also cause significant decreases in received power.
For example, on the north end of the small building, shown on the right side of the figure, the observed interference power drops to almost zero despite being relatively close to the interference source. The large variations in power throughout the southern loop may be due to partial obstructions from parked cars or outcrops of the building. These physical obstructions cause larger decreases in received power than simply moving the antennas away from each other.
Since the interference was only broadcasting on L2, a position is still available through the other GNSS frequencies. The GPS receiver had difficulty tracking GPS L2 signals because of the interference.
FIGURE 12 shows the number of GPS L2 signals tracked. As the receiver approached the interference source, it became more and more difficult to track the L2 signals. As the receiver moved away from the interference, or behind a physical obstruction (like a building), the impact of the interference decreased and the signals were reacquired.
This shows how a simple device can inadvertently be harmful. Anyone could have purchased this device to transmit video from their recreational drone. Since this device only broadcasts on L2, the GPS of the drone and many nearby devices would have been unaffected, while almost completely jamming and disrupting any dual-frequency receivers nearby.
FIGURE 13 shows the interference goodness-of-fit map from the real data test. The map shows the correct trend, but the peak of the map does not include the actual location of the interference transmitter. This is due to inaccuracies in the power attenuation model. For example, a significant shift to the south is due to the rapid decrease in power when moving behind the north building.
When only the southern dataset is considered, we get a more accurate map, one not impacted by the northern building. This is because the attenuation model does not account for obstructions. The performance of this kind of model could be significantly improved with a model that includes the topography and buildings.
Despite the inaccuracy of the map to precisely locate the interference source, these simple model maps give a nice visualization of the interference.
We received a report of interference in Tokyo, Japan, and took a receiver there to investigate. FIGURE 14 shows the maximum received power throughout the dataset. The interference around 1570.69 MHz is obvious and easily to identify in the figure.
FIGURE 15 shows the observed power of the interference source when walking around the building. There is a peak in the received power when moving to one side of the building, while the observed power is relatively constant over the other three sides of the building. This strongly suggests that the interference source is along the one side of the building.
This figure also shows the estimated goodness-of-fit interference map produced using the algorithm described earlier. The source of the interference could not be conclusively determined; however, we believe that the source was emanating from one of the vehicles in the parking lot.
This real example illustrates how useful this visualization of the observed power is in understanding the nature of the interference, identifying the source and localizing its effect. The interference in this case did not cause a noticeable change in the number of satellites or signals tracked.
This article showed a creative and useful application of NovAtel's Interference Tool Kit available as a feature on the OEM7 line of receivers. The ITK can be used to create maps that show the estimated location of an interferer as well as the impact of the interference on other users. We demonstrated this using simulated datasets where the agreement between the simulated and actual loss-of-power models made for overly optimistic results. Three case studies are also shown: The original motivation for this work was a customer-service case in India. The second is a case in Calgary where unintentional interference was being caused by a drone video transmitter. The third dataset from Tokyo was a similar example, where, unfortunately, the true interference source could not be conclusively identified.
The three interference case studies show the importance of interference detection and mitigation because intentional and unintentional interference sources are easy to obtain and are not easily monitored or restricted. In one of these cases, a device that was naively purchased online as a UAV video transmitter ended up jamming GPS L2 in an area of roughly 2,000 square meters. With interference mitigation, it is possible to continue to work and operate in these environments without interruption or significant impact.
The authors thank Bryan Leedham and Saravanan Karuppasamy for sharing their customer stories with us and providing us with the data for the case studies. This article is based on the paper "Interference Likelihood Mapping with Case Studies" presented at ION ITM 2018, the 2018 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Reston, Virginia, Jan. 29–Feb. 1, 2018.
Paul Alves received a Ph.D. from the Department of Geomatics Engineering at the University of Calgary in 2006. He is a principal research engineer in the Applied Research Team at NovAtel Inc. in Calgary, Canada.
Carmen Wong is a geomatics engineer at NovAtel. She received her B.Sc. in geomatics engineering with biomedical specialization from the University of Calgary in 2008.
Matthew Clampitt graduated in 2014 with a B.Sc. in geomatics engineering from the University of Calgary and is now a developer in the Positioning Algorithms Group at NovAtel.
Eric Davis has an undergraduate degree from the University of Calgary, with majors in both astrophysics and physics. He also earned an M.Sc. in physics at the University of Calgary. He joined NovAtel in 2016.
Eunju Kwak received her Ph.D. from the Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, in 2013. She is a geomatics engineer at NovAtel.
• Authors' Conference Paper
"Interference Likelihood Mapping with Case Studies" by P. Alves, C. Wong, M. Clampitt, E. Davis and E. Kwak in Proceedings of ION ITM 2018, the 2018 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Reston, Virginia, Jan. 29–Feb. 1, 2018, pp. 467–482.
• GNSS Interference and Jamming Detection
"Interference" by T. Humphreys, Chapter 16 in Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems, edited by P.J.G. Teunissen and O. Montenbruck, published by Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, Switzerland, 2017.
"Demonstrated Interference Detection and Mitigation with a Multi-frequency High Precision Receiver" by F. Gao and S. Kennedy in Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2016, the 29th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, Sept. 12–16, 2016, pp. 159–170.
"Signal Acquisition and Tracking of Chirp-Style GPS Jammers" by R.H. Mitch, M.L. Psiaki, S.P. Powell, and B.W. O'Hanlon in Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2013, the 26th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, Sept. 16–20, 2013, pp. 2893–2909.
"Know Your Enemy: Signal Characteristics of Civil GPS Jammers" by R.H. Mitch, R.C. Dougherty, M.L. Psiaki, S.P. Powell, B.W. O'Hanlon, J.A. Bhatti and T.E. Humphreys in GPS World, Vol. 23, No. 1, January 2012, pp. 64–72.
Modern Communications Jamming Principles and Techniques, 2nd ed., by R.A. Poisel, published by Artech House, Boston, Massachusetts, 2011.
"Jamming GPS: Susceptibility of Some Civil GPS Receivers" by B. Forssell and R.B. Olsen in GPS World, Vol. 14, No. 1, January 2003, pp. 54–58.
"A Growing Concern: Radiofrequency Interference and GPS" by F. Butsch in GPS World, Vol. 13, No. 10, October 2002, pp. 40–50.
• Radio Frequency Propagation
Radio Frequency Propagation Made Easy by S. Faruque, SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, published by Springer International Publishing AG, Cham, Switzerland, 2015.
Propagation Losses Through Common Building Materials: 2.4 GHz vs 5 GHz, Reflection and Transmission Losses Through Common Building Materials by J. Crawford, Technical Report E10589, Magis Networks, Inc., August 2002.
• Localization Based on Signal Power
"Indoor Localization Based on Floor Plans and Power Maps: Non-Line of Sight to Virtual Line of Sight" by J.J. Khalifeh, Z.M. Kassas and S.S. Saab in Proceedings of ION GNSS+ 2015, the 28th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Tampa, Florida, Sept. 14–18, 2015, pp. 2291–2300.


text:
Photo Gallery
This Photo Gallery contains examples of
EEE Parts and related hardware that have grown metal whiskers. This
photo gallery is by no means a complete archive of the types of parts that
have been known to whisker, but instead contains only those part types for
which NASA GSFC has been able to obtain permission to share photographic evidence.
The growth of whiskers
is NOT unique to a specific part type but rather is related to the materials
and processes used to plate the components as well as the subsequent
environment/handling conditions to which the parts are exposed. As such, users are urged
to exercise caution when selecting components that are plated with
materials and processes that are prone to whisker formation.
Photo of
the Month Archive
EEE Parts
Mechanical Hardware and Structures
These commercial
(size 0805) ceramic chip capacitors have pure tin plated
terminations over a nickel barrier layer. The user mounted them using conductive epoxy (i.e, not
reflow soldered) and after thermal cycle testing discovered the tin
whisker farm. After thermal cycling max. whisker lengths of 100
microns were observed. HOWEVER, after additional room ambient
storage (6 - 8 months) the whiskers continued to grow with some in excess
of 200 microns (max. length ~240 microns). It has NOT been experimentally shown whether soldering these parts to the board
would have eliminated the whisker concern through either reflow of the
terminations or mixing of "most" of the termination surface with
the mounting solder (typically tin/lead based). See NASA
GSFC Experiment #5 for more info.
Epoxy Mounted Cap:
whiskers on terminations
Top Side of Termination
Tin whiskers on terminations
Close Up:
Tin whiskers on terminations
Close Up:
Tin whiskers on terminations
Tin Whiskers continued to grow during room ambient storage after
completion of t-cycle
Various odd-shaped Tin whisker extrusions
>150um long Tin whisker
More Tin whiskers
Close Up:
Tin whiskers on termination
190um long Tin whisker
Courtesy of I. Hernefjord & NASA Goddard
Capacitor, Variable Air Spaced
In 1946 Howard Cobb of the Aircraft Radio Corporation
(ARC) published an article "Cadmium Whiskers" that many consider
to be the first public reference describing how metal whisker growth
affected the proper functioning of electronic systems. In his
article he describes how cadmium whisker formation on the cadmium-coated
plates of variable air-spaced capacitors were producing plate to plate
short circuits in radio equipment used during World War II. The news
that cadmium coatings could produce damaging whiskers reached others such
as Bell Laboratories (less than 20 miles from ARC) who switched from
cadmium to tin and zinc coatings only later to discover that these metals
also sometimes produce damaging metal whiskers.
The specimen shown below is a 1960s era variable
air-spaced capacitor (similar to the one described by Cobb) that uses a
tin-plated frame. The extensive tin whisker formation on this capacitor
extend in excess of 8-millimeters in some cases. NASA Goddard greatly
appreciates Frank Nikolajsen, a vintage radio collector in Denmark, for
contacting us and then donating this treasure piece for analysis and
historical preservation.
a video of this air capacitor demonstrating their extreme lengths and
flexibility in normal air flow
Images courtesy of NASA-GSFC
Circuit Breaker Contacts
images below depict tin whiskers growing on the "bright"
tin-plated copper contacts inside of a circuit breaker.
More About the Field Failures Experienced as a Result of the Tin Whiskers
on These Circuit Breakers
Source: Anonymous
Wire Wrap Terminals
Tin-plated wire wrap terminals below grew a very high
density (#/area) of tin whiskers having sufficient length to bridge
adjacent terminals.
Read more about this experience in the following GE
Power Management Service Bulletin
Images courtesy of GE Industrial
ZIFF Socket
ZIFF Socket below has tin whiskers growing from tin-plated
surfaces immediately adjacent to areas where the pin presses against the
Metal whisker growth has frequently been observed in applications where
surfaces are subjected to externally applied pressure.
Source - anonymous (circa 2006)
Source: Anonymous
Connector, D-Sub, Tin-Plated Shell
Connector shells are often plated with tin, zinc or
cadmium finishes for corrosion protection.
The examples below show tin whiskers and zinc whiskers growing from
D-subminiature connector shells including an example of a whisker bridging
from the connector shell to a gold-plated connector pin
Tin-plated D-Sub Connector Shell
Tin whisker growing from connector shell
Tin whisker shorting connector shell to pin
Tin Whiskers on DSub Connector Shell
Photo taken in 2006
Tin Whisker on DSub Connector Shell
Shorting to Connector Pin
Photo of previous whisker 2 years later
whisker shorting connector shell to pin
Images Courtesy of NASA-GSFC
Connector, D-Sub, Zinc-Plated
Zinc-plated D-Sub Connector Shell with Yellow Chromate Conversion
Zinc Whiskers on D-Sub Connector Shell
Whiskers on D-Sub Connector Shell
Zinc Whisker
detached from D-Sub Connector Shell
Connector, Circular,
Cadmium-Plated Shell
The following circular connector shell is
CADMIUM-plated. Connectors like this were used as feed-thrus on a
thermal vacuum test chamber. The cadmium whisker formation on this
shell resulted in shell to pin electrical short circuits that interrupted
testing of space flight hardware.
Connector, Universal Serial Bus (USB),
Video Monitor
Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectors frequently have tin-plated
surfaces. The following photos show tin whiskers forming on USB
connectors used on video monitor circuit card assemblies.
More About these USB connectors from CALCE's www site here:
Images Courtesy of CALCE-University of Maryland
Connector, Universal Serial Bus (USB),
Mother Board
Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectors frequently have tin-plated
surfaces. The following photos show tin whiskers forming on two
different types of USB connectors used on PC motherboard circuit
card assemblies.
Connector, Octal Type
The connector below is an octal type connector with
circular cross-section pins on the plug-in side (left side of first image
below) and rectangular cross-section pins on the right angle mount
solderable contacts (right side of first image). The pins are pure
tin-plated. Tin whiskers were found on the rectangular cross section
pins while performing an inspection of a module reported to have failed in
a commercial electric power utility application due to tin whisker shorts
originating from a microcircuit also used in this assembly.
Crystal, Tin-Plated Case
The leads on this crystal are made of Kovar (Fe-Ni-Co
alloy) with a Nickel barrier layer having a final pure tin finish.
Prior to installation the user dipped the leads into tin-lead solder to
improve solderability. However, a small portion of the leads (close
to the package) remained pure tin finish. This pure tin region
produced tin whiskers that shorted the lead to case causing field failures
Read More about this
Crystal and the Benefits & Limitations of Hot Solder Dip to Mitigate
Tin Whisker Growth
Diodes, Axial
Lead, Tin-Plated
Axial-leaded diodes having tin-plated terminals have
exhibited tin whisker formation.
In 2005 the Dominion Millstone Nuclear Power Station experienced a reactor
shutdown that was traced to an inadvertent alarm signal produced by a tin
whisker short circuit from diodes like these.
the article here:
Image Courtesy of Dominion-Millstone Power Station
Images Courtesy of T. Riccio/STPNOC
Transistor, Metal Case,
The package of these transistors used extensively in
vintage radios is tin-plated. Tin whiskers growing on the internal
surfaces of the package have produced short circuit failures of these
More about these Transistors and how a community of vintage radio
collectors have combated the mysterious source of electrical short circuit
Images Courtesy of NASA-GSFC and Paul Stenning
Relay, Electromagnetic,
Tin-Plated Steel Armature
The hermetic relay shown below (age ~14 years) has an iron
armature that has been plated with PURE TIN. The armature is
INTERNAL to the packaged relay and cannot be seen by the user unless the
device is destructively opened for analysis. As noted by the images,
numerous tin whiskers are clearly visible (even via naked eye inspection)
growing from the armature. Some whiskers are approaching 3 mm in
length which is more than sufficient length to create a short internal to
this device.
More About the Failures Attributed to Metal Vapor Arcing initiated by tin
whiskers inside this relay.
a Video of Whiskers Inside this Relay Demonstrating Extreme Flexibility
When Subjected to Air Currents
Relay, Electromagnetic,
Tin-Plated Case, Terminals & Header
The Relays shown below
are plated with pure tin. This plating exists over the entire case,
header and the hook terminals that will normally have stranded wire soldered to
the end of the hooks. Whisker shorts can occur due to whiskers
growing from either the case, header or the terminals. Even when
terminals have wire soldered to the hooks, whiskers have been observed
growing from the base of the terminals near the glass to metal seals.
whisker on mounting tab
(see GSFC Experiment 4)
Base of Tin Whisker on Header
Courtesy of NASA-GSFC
Courtesy of Space Systems Loral
Hybrids and
Hybrid Microcircuit
The photo below is of the package lid of a hybrid microcircuit.
The lid was plated with pure tin. This whisker was found growing on the on
the surface of the lid that was facing INSIDE the of the device.
Other whiskers were also found on the lids with some as long as 2
In previous (unrelated) reports, whiskers similar to the one shown below
on hybrid package lids have been reported to cause field failures in
Phoenix Missiles1 and F-15 radar systems2
1) L. Corbid, "Constraints on
the Use of Tin Plate in Miniature Electronic Circuits", Proceedings
3rd International SAMPE Electronics Conference, pp.
773-779, June 20-22, 1989.
2) B. Nordwall, "Air Force
Links Radar Problems to Growth of Tin Whiskers", Aviation Week and
Space Technology, June, 20, 1986, pp. 65-70
Courtesy of Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Microcircuit shown here is a standard Dual In-Line Package (DIP)
device with "matte" tin plated leads.
More About The Tin Whiskers on These Particular Microcircuits
and Their Involvement in Field Problems in the Power Industry.
Microcircuit Leadframe
Tin Whiskers growing on a MATTE tin-plated copper leadframe commonly used in the manufacture of 28 pin small outline integrated circuit (SOIC) leadframe after 3 years of ambient storage.
Courtesy of Peter Bush (State University New York at Buffalo)
In 2005 Westinghouse Nuclear published a service
bulletin describing how metal whisker formation on certain
potentiometer cans could produce power supply interruptions.
Internal Structures
The following potentiometers were used as calibration pots
in oscilloscopes from the 1970s. Mis-operation of the oscilloscope
were diagnosed to be the result of the metal whiskers growing from the
internal components of the potentiometer shorting its case to the wiper..
Images courtesy of Alan Douglas/UK
Vintage Radio Forum
Transformer Cans
The supplier of these transformer cans originally supplied
them with tin-lead (Sn-Pb) finishes. In response to international
legislation (e.g., RoHS) they switched to pure tin coatings without
changing part numbers nor issuing a product change notice to their
customers. Fortunately, for the user who provided NASA Goddard with
these samples, the external appearance of the cans was different enough to
encourage him to provide them to us for a closer look. Thanks to Steve
Battel for sharing these samples with us.
a Video of these transformer cans
After receiving these pictures of concern the supplier
"We appreciate your loyalty for so many years and your
email concerning the whisker growth. The push to be RoHS compliance has caused us to switch our plating process
and introduce new materials that are environmental friendly but they in
turn created other problems. I sent your concerns to our product manager and I hope we can do something
about it."
Wave Guide, Tin-Plated Flange (Documented in 2004)
The images below depict tin whiskers found growing from
the tin-plated flange of a Ka band waveguide. The high density of
whiskers, some approaching 5-mm long, were found within several weeks of
receipt of product by the waveguide user. In the end application whiskers
of this size and density produced signal reflections and losses that
affected the electrical performance of the waveguide.
More about the Tin Whiskers Found on this Wave Guide
Courtesy of Ingemar Hernefjord
Mechanical Hardware
and Structures
Rails and Bus Bars
Rail, Zinc-Plated
Steel (Documented in 2001)
The images below depict ZINC
whiskers found growing on a zinc electroplated steel bus
rail. This rail also has a yellow chromate finish which obviously
did not inhibit whisker formation. Whiskers up to several
millimeters long were observed. The user of this bus rail determined
the zinc whiskers were the root cause of catastrophic electrical shorting
failure during a thermal vacuum test.
GALLERY of Zinc Whisker Photos on this Bus Rail
Bus Bar, Tin-Plated Copper
The following bus bar is made of copper that has been tin-coated.
It was installed in manufacturing equipment used by a large paper mill in
Sweden. It is suspected that tin whisker growth from bus bars like
this one may have initiated Metal Vapor Arcs on at least three separate
occasions resulting in significant damage and equipment down-time.
Read more about the tin whiskers on this bus bar
Sample provided by Anders Johansson
Optical Photos courtesy of NASA-GSFC
SEM photos courtesy of Lyudmyla Panashchenko
The following images document the growth of zinc
whiskers from zinc-coated steel wire cable trays made by
two different manufacturers. Each cable tray is reportedly made from
steel where pre-galvanizing indicates that the steel wire was hot
dip galvanized (i.e., zinc coated by immersion into molten
zinc) and then the cable trays were made by welding together the already
zinc-coated steel wire into the final cable tray structure.
A summary report documenting the zinc whisker growths on each cable
tray can be found here:
Whiskers on "Cable Tray #1"
Whiskers on "Cable Tray #2"
Samples provided by Greg Camburn
Analyses by NASA - GSFC
Card Guides
Card Guides, Tin-Plated Beryllium
In March 2006 the Space Shuttle Program discovered a
massive tin whisker infestation on the printed circuit board "card
guides" (aka card rails, card retainers) used to guide and hold the
printed circuit boards inside of numerous avionics boxes. The card
guides were made of beryllium-copper then plated with pure tin coating.
Tin whiskers up to 24-millimeters long were observed although most
whiskers were on the order of several millimeters in length.
It is strongly believed that the application of conformal
coating on the printed circuit boards helped to protect the circuitry from
extensive electrical short circuit problems during the >15 years of
field operations they endured. However, it is believed that one
failure during system level testing on the ground can be attributed to a
tin whisker that detached from a card guide and managed to bridge a pair
of conductors where the conformal coating was absent.
a Video Describing the Effort to Remove, Replace and Retest the Space
Shuttle hardware impacted by these whiskers.
a Shorter Video of Tin Whiskers on Card Guides in Space Shuttle hardware
Images Courtesy of the NASA Shuttle
Logistics Depot (NSLD)
Tiles (Raised) & Floor Support Structures
Floor Tiles and
Support Structures, Zinc-Coated Steel
The whiskers below are ZINC
WHISKERS. They were found growing on the zinc-coated
steel underside of raised floor tiles. In these examples the floor
tiles were part of a computer room in which zinc whisker debris was shed
from the floor tiles especially during maintenance activities within the
data center . The conductive whisker debris was distributed around
the room via the air cooling system. Ultimately, some whisker debris
was drawn inside of the electronic systems (e.g., servers, routers, disk
arrays) operating in the data center resulting in catastrophic and/or
intermittent short circuit failures.
See the presentation: "Zinc
Whisker Awareness: Could Zinc Whiskers Be Impacting Your
Electronics?" for More about Zinc Whiskers
GALLERY of Zinc Whisker Photos on Raised Floor Structures
Optical Image of Zinc Whisker on Floor Tile
SEM Image of Zinc Whiskers on Floor Tile
SEM Close-Up of Zinc Whiskers on Floor Tile
SEM Image of
Zinc Whiskers on Floor Tile
SEM Image of Zinc Whisker on Floor Tile
Lock Washer
The following lock washer is tin-plated.
Finding tin whiskers on this washer requires patience and familiarity with
proper techniques to illuminate and inspect for metal whiskers.
Video of this Lock Washer demonstrating how difficult it can be to inspect
for tin whiskers using optical methods
Steel Pipe, Zinc-Coated by
Process of Hot Dip Galvanized (HDG)
This steel pipe was zinc-coated using a "hot dip galvanization"
(HDG) process (i.e., immersed into molten zinc). Despite frequent claims
to the contrary, HDG coatings are NOT immune to the formation of zinc
whiskers as this specimen clearly shows. The pipe had been kept in a
warehouse storage for ~15 years prior to discovery of the whiskers.
Whiskers in excess of 10 millimeters have formed on this specimen.
Photos and Measurements of this Zinc Whisker Infested Pipe
(Courtesy of Lyudmyla Panashchenko)
of This Pipe Demonstrating How Whiskers Flex in the Presence of Electric
Pipe sample donated to NASA Goddard by
Reima Lahtinen
Optical photos courtesy of NASA-GSFC
SEM photos courtesy of Lyudmyla Panashchenko
Terminal Lugs, Ring Type,
The terminal rings shown below are plated
with pure tin. These terminal rings are commonly used in
"crimp" type applications where a stranded wire is inserted into
the barrel and crimped in place. The ring terminal portion is most
often mounted using a nut and bolt to adhere the ring to a conductive
surface such as a chassis. Other terminal types shown include fast-on
(spade) terminals.
These photos are of "unused/loose
piece" terminal rings taken straight from the manufacturer's shipping
containers. In many cases the whiskers are found "inside" the crimp barrel of these
parts which is protected from abrasion that can dislodge whiskers from
the exposed surfaces.
a Video of Tin Whiskers found Inside the Crimp Barrel of One of the
Terminal Lugs shown below
Terminal Lugs, Spade Type,
Terminal Lugs, Tin-Plated,
Manufacturer "A"
Terminal Lug, Tin-Plated,
Manufacturer "B"
Whisker Inside Crimp Barrel--As-Received
Test Points
Test Points, Tin-Plated
The test points shown here are "bright"
tin-plated phosphor bronze loops. They are commonly installed on PC
Boards as access points for attaching test leads/probes to monitor signals
and voltages during board level testing.
Overall Diagram of Test Point
Wide View of the Loop
Close-Up of Bend in Loop. Tin Whiskers are apparent
More Tin Whiskers on Test Loop
Detailed View of Tin Whiskers on Test Loop
Last Updated:
May 8, 2012
This website provides information about tin whiskers and related research. The independent research performed during the past 50+ years is so vast that it is impractical to cover all aspects of tin whiskers in this one resource. Therefore, the absence of information in this website about a particular aspect of tin whiskers should NOT be construed as evidence of absence.
This material is presented to
ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. For technical
references posted herein, copyright and all rights therein are retained by
authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this
information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by
each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted
without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.


text: Located just outside of Boston, the city of Somerville, Massachusetts is one of the most densely populated cities in the country. Somerville is a unique and enjoyable city, home to many commercial and residential clients that work in various industries or attend Tufts or one of the other several renowned academic institutions. With so many stores, restaurants and apartments in the area, we know that it is important to always be prepared to protect against insects and rodents and we provide the pest control services to do so.


text:
I seem to be writing more about cycling than anything else at the moment. I even have some more posts lined up on the subject, but there are few IT related ones coming too.
Anyway, I just got these the the other day to replace my old Scotts that had served through a hard Brittany winter. I got them because I read they were incredibly comfortable.
They are pretty standard fair for their RRP of €145. Sadly there is no carbon sole, for which you have to trade up to the Z16RC for an extra €50. What you get is a polymide/glass-fibre composite. It is stiff enough, but not earth shattering. Unless you are Mark Cavendish it is fine, but carbon would definitely be stiffer. It is possible to get a carbon sole for around this price, especially with offers, but that is not enough for me to be critical of Spiuk for not having it.
Spiuk says they have an "Ergonomic, edgy and youthful" design. I have no idea what that means, but I think they look pretty good. I have them in black with white highlights; they are also available in white are floro yellow. They are bit too glossy for my taste if I am honest, but that is not a deal breaker. I have not got them dirty yet, so I do not know how well they clean up, but they look like they can just be sponged clean. Spiuk say to do exactly that, with just a bt of warm soapy water. Living in Brittany means it will probably not be long before I get to test that :-).
The closure is a single "Atop" dial (with a kevlar cable) and a ratchet strap. The dial does not have the micro adjust release that you see on some shoes, you release it and it undoes completely. It is pretty simple to tighten it up slightly as you ride along, so I do not find that troubles me. The ratchet works well, and between the two it took me about 500m before I was perfectly happy. What I did like is that there are two sets of straps in the box - one set a little shorter. For people like me who have fairly fine feet that means there is no excess flapping around.
Another extra in the box is the second set of insoles - you have pair for warm weather and another for cool. I think that is a really nice touch.
The standout feature of these shoes though is their "thin heat-moudable layer". The idea is that they mould to the shape of your foot a room temperature. You put them on a do them up a little too tight and spend the next hour or so wandering around. I did exactly that, much to the amusement of my colleagues who wondered why I was walking around in my new cycling shoes. Lo and behold, during that time I honestly felt them getting more comfortable.
That evening I put the straight on and road home:
On the first ride, they were unbelievably comfortable. Honestly, I have never worn a pair of shoes that were so comfortable. I had them on again the following morning, and if anything they were even better. The air flow was really good too, it was about 25ºC and my feet were fine.
So, TL;DR: Incredibly comfortable, with some nice features and good value. Carbon soles would be nice though for a bit more power transfer


text:
Access Denied
IMPORTANT! If you're a store owner, please make sure you have Customer accounts enabled in your Store Admin, as you have customer based locks set up with EasyLockdown app. Enable Customer Accounts
Plush Ootori-Sama
Regular price $ 7.00 USD Sale price
Unit price
Enamel pins in plush style~
Inspired by Ootori-Sama from Spirited Away ❤
✦ Gold plated hard enamel
✦ 45 mm
✦ 2 back posts with rubber clutch backings
✦ Old back stamp logo "Jidouu"
Please read the FAQ before purchasing!
This is not a licensed or official product. Based off of fanart created by Dear Kisaragi.
All purchases are FINAL! No refunds or returns will be accepted.


text:
Text Based Similarity Metrics and Delta for Semantic Web Graphs
Monday, June 28, 2010, 9:00am - Monday, June 28, 2010, 11:00am
ITE 325b, UMBC
Recognizing that two semantic web documents or graphs are similar, and characterizing their differences is useful in many tasks, including retrieval, updating, version control and knowledge base editing. We describe a number of text based similarity metrics that characterize the relation between semantic web graphs and evaluate these metrics for three specific cases of similarity that we have identified: similarity in classes and properties used while differing only in literal content, difference only in base-URI, and versioning relationship.
In addition to determining the similarity between two Semantic Web graphs, we generate a 'delta' between graphs that have been identified as having a versioning relationship. The delta consists of triples to be added or removed from one to make them equivalent. This method takes into account the text of the RDF graph's serialization as a document, rather than relying solely on the document URI.
We have prototyped these techniques in a system that we call Similis and evaluated its performance on several tasks using a collection of graphs from the archive of the Swoogle Semantic Web search engine.MS thesis committee:
- Tim Finin (chair)
- Anupam Joshi
- Charles Nicholas
- (Event) Text Based Similarity Metrics and Delta for Semantic Web Graphs has PowerPoint slides (Resource) Text Based Similarity Metrics and Delta for Semantic Web Graphs


text:
UNR Community Talks Charlottesville, Racism On Campus
The University of Nevada, Reno community came together Wednesday to address the actions taken by a UNR student during a white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia earlier this month.
But many faculty and students are frustrated at what they say is a lack of action by the school's administration to fight racism and bigotry on campus.
Reno Public Radio's Noah Glick reports.
"I'm here because I'm hurt and others are here because they're hurt and they don't feel safe. And some people aren't as outraged because they don't feel directly attacked, as myself and others do. And in Judaism we have a response for something like that: 'If I'm not for myself, who will be for me?'"
Rachel Katz is a member of the UNR Jewish club and sorority on campus. Last night, she joined more than 150 students at what might end up being the most well-attended meeting of student government all year.
For more than an hour and a half, students denounced the actions of white supremacists at Charlottesville and argued whether the university should take action against Peter Cvjetanovic, the UNR student who was identified participating in the event in a now infamous photo.
Cvjetanovic has since said he is not an angry racist and that he cares for all people.
But Zachary Jacoby, who identifies as gay and Jewish, urged the student body to take legislative action against hateful rhetoric.
"I literally cannot co-exist with these people because their ideology threatens my existence," he says. "Now is not the time for centrist ideas and compromise."
The student senate is now considering what moves they can make, if any. Earlier this month, UNR President Marc Johnson sent an email saying that there is no constitutional or legal reason to expel Cvjetanovic or terminate his employment with the university.
UNR Media Law Professor Patrick File explains why.
"Because the university's a public institution and therefore is the government, the student does have First Amendment free speech rights," he says. "And therefore, punishing, sanctioning or expelling this student for the speech and the speech alone, would be itself quite likely considered to be a violation of First Amendment rights."
Dear Colleague Letter on Charlottesville Follow-up by KUNR Reno Public Radio on Scribd
But for students of color, that legal reasoning doesn't help them feel secure on campus. Brittany Brown is a senior majoring in social work. She says it's hard to focus on studies when you're worried about your safety.
"Last week I was on the quad and I saw Peter in person," she says, "And it's a scary feeling to walk around and see that person you've seen all over the news, walking around care free like he has no issues in the world, when his presence in your space is scary."
Thomas Hassen agrees. As a fellow black student, he says it's hard to feel like he has a voice.
"We're not a lot of people here. We don't have much say in what happens," he says. "And the fact that I'm going to be in the same classroom as this guy, when I know damn well he's not the only person who has this belief. He's just the poster boy for it. And I don't feel safe, and this university just proves that I can't feel safe here."
Black students made up roughly 6 percent of the student population last fall. And overall, minorities comprised nearly 36 percent. Bolstering those numbers is something the university is working on.
Walking around campus, it's easy to notice the new banners hanging above building entrances, touting the university's commitment to diversity. In giant letters, it says UNR welcomes you…all races, languages, political affiliations and beliefs.
So does that mean white supremacists are welcome on campus? University President Marc Johnson says no.
"Actually white supremacy is the antithesis of openness, inclusion and the like," he says. "So no, we don't want those ideas on campus, because they actually say one small group, or one large is supreme over all the rest of these groups. So that's just the antithetical to open and respect for everyone that comes on to the campus."
Johnson and UNR administrators held a meeting earlier in the day to give faculty a chance to share their thoughts and feelings about Charlottesville. Johnson says it's important for teachers and staff to challenge hate-filled arguments.
"If we run across white racist comments for example, we've got to put them down and challenge them, so that everyone around can see that if someone comes up with those ideas, they really have to defend them. And it's not defensible," he says.
But part-time instructor Anne Carpenter says the university should not entertain hate speech as part of normal discourse and debate.
"I think that's really inappropriate in this context," she says. "I think what that's going to do is embolden some of the white nationalists to start expressing their ideas on campus."
While there were some disagreements in both meetings about whether or not the university could do more to sanction this kind of activity, administrators say the first step is for everyone—including faculty, staff and students—to take personal responsibility by reporting any instances of racism on campus.
As a point of disclosure, the Board of Regents for the Nevada System of Higher Education owns the license to this station.


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Pick 3 lottery games are quite popular worldwide and many people are obsessed with these games. They would go from pillar to post to win the game and earn money. Though many people play these games online, playing in a land casino is an entirely different experience and that is when the game gets interesting.
There are many tricks that are used to win the pick 3 game and all players would never think twice about spending money on the sites that advertise tips on winning lottery games. These online tips work but you would also need use your commonsense while playing. One trick that is used in lottery games is to pick up either all odd numbers or all even numbers. Never use combinations because they might not work for you. Do not try to change the numbers and playing with one kind of numbers is bound to make you win.
Another way of winning the pick 3 lottery games is to do a research on the previous games where people won the stake. ซื้อหวยออนไลน์ This is a tried and tested method and it worked for many people. Though this would take time, it can really help you in increasing the chances of winning the pick 3 games. Numbers that have repeated in the first 3 digits have more chances of winning and you can blindly play on these numbers.
All those people who have a strong belief on their horoscopes and astrology can use numbers related to their birth signs. Date of birth and the lucky numbers may work but that again is never a sure thing. It only boosts the player's confidence and allows him to play the pick 3 lottery games with his heart. You too can try these plans and see how it changes the way you play lottery!


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Glyphosate - Where is Glyphosate Banned?
Tucson, Arizona – Created an organics-first policy for controlling weeds on city property.
Arcata, California – Initiated a pesticide reduction plan that urges pesticides to only be used as a last resort.
Belvedere, California – Passed municipal ordinance initiating Integrated Pest Management program that restricts toxic pesticide use and urges pesticide use as last resort.
Benicia, California – City decided to go glyphosate-free.
Berkeley, California – Implemented pest management program to minimize or eliminate the use of pesticides.
Burbank, California – City Council members voted to discontinue the use of Roundup in city parks for one year, and Burbank Unified School District will no longer use the herbicide due to cancer concerns.
Cambria, California – North Coast school board trustees formally proposed a ban on glyphosate for all school properties.
Carlsbad, California – The City Council voted unanimously to adopt a policy that makes organic pesticides the preferred method for killing weeds. "Asked to choose between aesthetics and public health…I'm going to choose public health every time," said Councilwoman Cori Schumacher.
Corte Madera, California – Passed ordinance calling for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program restricting highly toxic pesticides, while also urging for pesticide use to be a last resort.
Costa Mesa, California – City council adopted an organics-first Integrated Pest Management (IPM) policy.
Davis, California – Passed ordinance implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program designed to reduce the use of pesticides. Some city parks do not allow the use of glyphosate.
Encinitas, California – Banned the use of Roundup and other glyphosate-based weed killers in city parks.
Fairfax, California – Passed municipal ordinance restricting use of toxic pesticides on public property in favor of alternative methods.
Fresno, California – After hearing from concerned parents and employees, Fresno Unified School District is investigating the use of alternative herbicides that do not contain glyphosate, citing health risks.
Greenfield, California – Adopted a resolution to "halt all use of the carcinogenic weed killer Roundup and replace it with 'greener' alternatives."
Irvine, California – City Council passed resolution to cease spraying Roundup and other chemicals on public parks, streets and playgrounds.
Laguna Hills, California – Passed a resolution to test an organics-only pesticide program on two parks.
Lodi, California –The city decided to ban the use of Roundup within 25 feet of playgrounds.
Long Beach, California – Long Beach Parks & Recreation Director Gerardo Mouet announced an immediate halt on the spraying of Roundup in Long Beach Parks.
Los Angeles County, California – The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors issued a moratorium on glyphosate-based herbicides, including Roundup weed killer.
Malibu, California – The city may implement an Earth Friendly Management Policy (EFMP) to avoid the use of pesticides and other chemicals.
Marin County, California – The county stopped using glyphosate, the active ingredient in Monsanto's Roundup weed killer, on all county-maintained parks, landscaping, playgrounds, walkways and parking areas.
Mill Valley, California – Passed ordinance initiating Integrated Pest Management program that restricts toxic pesticide use and urges pesticide use as last resort.
Morgan Hill, California – Instituted a pilot program at a city park to assess the possibility of eliminating the use of herbicides.
Napa, California – A policy announced in March of 2019 banned glyphosate use on city property, completing a phase-out campaign that started three years ago.
Novato, California – Novato Mayor Josh Fryday said the city will no longer use Roundup weed killer.
Oakland, California – Passed ordinance initiating Integrated Pest Management program that restricts toxic pesticide use and promotes pesticide use as last resort. On Sept. 1, 2018, the city formally halted the use of Roundup. Alameda County is reviewing its chemical spraying practices.
Orange County, California – OC Parks banned the use of glyphosate on and around playgrounds, picnic shelters, trails and campgrounds. However, glyphosate remains in use on off-trail invasive weeds.
Oxnard, California – The Oxnard School District board voted to ban Roundup use on campuses.
Palo Alto, California – Pest management program calls for Integrated Pest Management that restricts pesticide use in favor of less harmful methods.
Petaluma, California – City officials are considering a ban on glyphosate for use in public parks.
Richmond, California – Issued an ordinance to ban the use of glyphosate for all weed abatement activities conducted by the city.
San Anselmo, California – Passed city resolution promoting an Integrated Pest Management program restricting the use of toxic pesticides. The program only allows pesticide use as a last resort.
San Francisco, California – Restricts the use of toxic pesticides on public property in favor of alternative, organic methods.
San Juan Capistrano, California – Implemented an organics-first policy to control weeds in city parks and open spaces.
San Lorenzo Valley, California – The San Lorenzo Valley Water District voted 4-1 for a permanent ban of glyphosate pesticide use by the district.
Santa Rosa, California – Banned the use of Roundup at city parks.
Sonoma, California – Banned glyphosate use on all city-owned property.
Thousand Oaks, California – City instituted a ban on glyphosate use on public golf courses.
Watsonville, California – City council voted unanimously to ban Roundup use on city property.
Woodland, California – Woodland Joint Unified School District suspended the use of Roundup on school campuses.
Boulder, Colorado – Banned Roundup for use on city parks.
Durango, Colorado – Instituted an Organically Managed Lands program to minimize the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
Middletown, Connecticut – Passed ordinance banning toxic pesticides and herbicides on municipally-owned fields, parks and other property.
A growing number of Connecticut towns, including Branford, Cheshire, Granby, Essex, Greenwich, Manchester, Oxford, Pine Grove, Plainville, Roxbury, Watertown, and Woodbridge have adopted bans or restrictions on glyphosate use. The state also has Public Act 09-56 to eliminate the use pesticides in K-8 schools.
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission ceased using aquatic herbicides, glyphosate chief among them, anywhere in state waters, while the agency gathers public input.
Fort Myers Beach, Florida – The city has decided to ban Roundup.
Key West, Florida – Key West City Commission banned the use of Roundup on city-owned property.
Martin County, Florida – The local government instituted a Roundup ban that applies to all county employees and contractors working on county projects.
Miami, Florida – Announced a city-wide ban on glyphosate-based herbicides in February of 2019.
Miami Beach, Florida – Passed a resolution banning the use of glyphosate weed killers for landscaping and maintenance work on city-owned property.
North Miami, Florida – City Council approved a plan calling for the gradual reduction of pesticide use on city property and a study on alternative pesticides.
Satellite Beach, Florida – City Council unanimously approved a resolution that bans the city and its contractors from using glyphosate-based herbicides, including Monsanto's Roundup.
Stuart, Florida – City commissioners voted to ban glyphosate, calling for an integrated pest control plan that reduces the use of glyphosate with the ultimate goal of eliminating chemicals.
In February of 2018, a series of bills moved ahead in the legislature that would regulate pesticides, including Roundup weed killer.
Chicago, Illinois – The city stopped spraying glyphosate in public spaces.
Evanston, Illinois – Evanston decided to go pesticide-free in 2010.
Glyphosate is banned from use on city property, parks and schools.
Franklin Park, Illinois – Passed resolution promoting an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) policy that restricts highly toxic pesticides and urges for pesticides to be considered as a last resort.
Naperville, Illinois – Created the Sustainable Parks Initiative, which uses organic products and sustainable practices for weed control.
Urbana, Illinois – Adopted the Midwest Grows Green natural lawn care initiative to eliminate synthetic lawn pesticides on city parks.
Dubuque, Iowa – City instituted a ban on glyphosate use in public parks.
Story County, Iowa – Eliminated the use of chemical pesticides in six of its mowed turf areas.
Lawrence, Kansas – Implemented Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program designed to reduce pesticide use.
Wichita, Kansas – Initiated pilot program that limits or eliminates pesticide use.
Dozens of cities and townships in Maine have adopted local ordinances restricting or banning pesticides and herbicides.
Portland, Maine – Banned synthetic pesticides in March of 2019. Private property owners may only use organic treatments on lawns and gardens. No pesticides may be used within 75 feet of a water body or wetland.
South Portland, Maine – Passed a pesticide plan that discourages property owners from using certain pesticides and herbicides.
Greenbelt, Maryland – Adopted Sustainable Land Care policy for public lands calling for limited use of pesticides.
Hyattsville, Maryland – Passed ordinance prohibiting the use of toxic pesticides on public property in favor of alternative, organic methods.
Montgomery County, Maryland – County Council voted to ban the use of cosmetic pesticides on private lawns. In December 2018, Montgomery County Parks announced that it would discontinue the use of glyphosate in parks.
Takoma Park, Maryland – Placed restriction on cosmetic pesticides for lawn care on public and private property.
Chatham, Massachusetts – Passed an order banning glyphosate use in parks, athletic fields, mulch beds and walkways.
Eastham, Massachusetts – Local ordinance requires town employees to receive a permit for use of registered pesticides and prohibits the use of highly-toxic pesticides.
Falmouth, Massachusetts – Issued a yearlong moratorium on glyphosate use.
Marblehead, Massachusetts – Created Organic Pest Management program to phase out pesticides and herbicides.
Warwick, Massachusetts – A measure to ban Monsanto's Roundup passed at a Special Town Meeting. The ban does not allow people to spray glyphosate on any land within the town.
Wellesley, Massachusetts – Wellesley banned all pesticides in 2011.
Glyphosate is restricted from being sprayed on athletic fields and any city-owned property. The chemical can be used in limited emergency weed control situations.
Minneapolis, Minnesota – Commissioners of the Minneapolis Parks and Recreation Board decided to eliminate all glyphosate-based products from being used in neighborhood parks. In October of 2018, the Park Board's Operations & Environment Committee voted to extend the glyphosate ban to the entire Minneapolis park system.
Rochester, Minnesota – The Parks & Recreation Department initiated a pesticide-free pilot project for city parks.
Reno, Nevada – The city initiated a pesticide free pilot program.
New Hampshire
Dover, New Hampshire – Passed resolution calling for Organic Land Management. City utilizes least toxic compounds only when necessary.
Portsmouth, New Hampshire – Passed resolution eliminating the use of toxic pesticides on public property in favor of alternative, organic methods.
New Mexico
Bernalillo County, New Mexico – The County Commission voted to ban the use of Roundup on county properties by 2020.
Taos County, New Mexico – Taos County Commissioners are considering the possibility of banning all pesticides, including glyphosate.
New Jersey
New Jersey has State and local ordinances encouraging Integrated Pest Management programs to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides. At least 15 city school districts and over a dozen other parks and recreation departments in the state have enacted IPM programs.
New York
In January of 2019, New York State Senator Brad Hoylman (27th District) sponsored a bill in the New York State Senate that would prohibit the sale and distribution of products containing glyphosate.
In April of 2019, two New York City council members introduced legislation to ban glyphosate use in parks and other public spaces.
New York Park and Recreation Department has measures to eliminate or reduce pesticide and herbicide use in areas under its control.
New Paltz, New York – The use of toxic pesticides and herbicides by city employees or by private contractors is forbidden on all city-owned lands.
Rockland County, New York – Created a Non-Toxic Pesticide program, mandating the use of natural, non-toxic, or as a last resort with prior approval, the least toxic pesticide use.
Westchester County, New York – Enacted a law for pesticide-free parks.
North Carolina
Carrboro, North Carolina – The city of Carrboro has restricted glyphosate use since 1999. Under the terms of the ban, glyphosate cannot be sprayed in public parks, schools and town buildings or properties. The city will only allow glyphosate to be sprayed under limited circumstances.
Cuyahoga County, Ohio – Local ordinance prohibits the use of pesticides on county-owned land, and established the adoption of an Integrated Pest Management program for county-owned properties.
South Euclid, Ohio – Passed ordinance prohibiting toxic pesticides on public grounds in favor of alternative, organic pest control methods unless permitted by an Environmental Review Board.
Portland, Oregon – Since 1988, Portland has restricted the use of Roundup to emergency use only. Glyphosate is banned on all city-owned property.
Austin, Texas – City Council voted to prohibit the spraying of glyphosate on city lands.
Denton, Texas – City Council voted to implement an integrated pest management program and ban the use of glyphosate on city parks, fields and playgrounds.
Multiple bills containing restrictions or bans on glyphosate have been introduced in the legislature.
Representative Mari Cordes introduced H. 301, which would ban the sale, use or application of the herbicide glyphosate.
Representative Annmarie Christensen introduced H. 328, an act relating to the use of glyphosate herbicide.
Charlottesville, Virginia – Restricts the use of glyphosate on any city-owned parks, schools, or buildings. Glyphosate can only be sprayed under limited circumstances.
King County, Washington – Passed municipal ordinance initiating an Integrative Pest Management (IPM) program to determine if and how pesticides should be used.
Kitsap County, Washington – Passed measure banning the spraying of glyphosate by workers on county-owned and maintained properties. Glyphosate may only be used on noxious weeds as a tool of last resort.
Olympia, Washington – City passed a resolution to encourage the implementation of an Integrative Pest Management (IPM) program for non-chemical pest control.
Thurston County, Washington – Passed municipal ordinance to restrict the use of toxic pesticides on public property.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin - banned the use of glyphosate on public property.
Please send a glyphosate ban not on our list to firstname.lastname@example.com
Updated: 6/21/19
Source: Thanks to the reporting and information from Baum, Hedlund, Aristei & Goldman PC
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Wine course WSET 3
WSET level 3 is the international training for sommeliers, importers, retailers, hospitality staff, wine bloggers and enthusiasts. A very detailed wine course in which you get to know all the important wine terms, so that you can have a conversation with every winemaker!
- Learn the most important natural and human factors in the vineyard
- Learn the difference between wine styles from the major areas of the world
- Learn the key features of sparkling and fortified wines
- Learn to provide professional information and advice on wine
Stuur een e-mail
- Including study book, workbook and exam
- Your own login page, extra course material
- Mentor guidance
- Exam training
- Lessons from certified teachers
Praktische info
|9 lessons of 3 hours
|For sommeliers, importers, store-managers, catering staff, wine bloggers and wine enthusiasts
|WSET 2 / SDEN 3 / or equal
|We recommend approximately 120 hours of home study
|Tasting wines value € 1.400 included
|A perfect preparation for your exam
Here you will find specifications of the WSET level 3 course.
Wijnstudio service: your own mentor
Studying requires a lot of self-discipline. Many students have a busy job, but private life can also be demanding. Sometimes you need some incentive, or you could get stuck learning because of a lack of time. As a level 3 student, you will receive your own mentor, who will call you twice to discuss the progress of your studies.
Various top teachers for every lesson
Our level 3 teachers:
- are top specialists in the given topics
- are highly qualified: WSET Diploma Course, Weinakademiker, Sherry Educator, etc.
- have a lot of experience with wine, be it as an importer, sommelier, writer, shopkeeper or otherwise
- have got extensive experience in teaching
Your own login page
The level 3 login page for students offers many extras:
- the level 3 Aroma circle ©
- the level 3 test form
- translations of wine terms
- exam practice questions
- exam tips & tricks
Create your own tasting group
On the first day of class you will be encouraged to form a tasting group that also meets outside classes. Even when the course is finished, tasting groups keep on meeting!
Education at sommelier level
The Advanced course WSET level 3 is an intensive course, it is a big step to go from WSET level 2 to level 3. A condition to successfully complete your study is to prepare each lesson carefully and have your questions ready for the teacher. You are strongly adviced to start reading and learning as soon as you receive the text book. Also, you need to make a self-study schedule , we recommend 9 hours of self-study per week.
What you'll learn in this wset advanced course
The International Wine Certificate WSET level 2 teaches you the facts. The Advanced Course WSET level 3 teaches you to see the connections and to be able to explain them. The subjects of this training are broadly:
Factors that influence the style, quality and price of wine
- systematic, professional wine tasting
- the basic principles of wine and food
- viticulture: viticulture, vineyard management, grapes, climate, soil
- vinification: fermentation, cellar techniques, style differences through winemaking
- legislation, labels, marketing
Wine regions, wines and grape varieties in the world
- France: all major wine regions
- Germany, Austria, Greece
- Italy, Spain, Portugal
- United States
- Chile, Argentina
- South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
- Sparkling, sweet and fortified wines
Sparkling, sweet and fortified wines
- Production, cellar techniques of sparkling, fortified and sweet wines
- Champagne
- Sparkling wines of the world
- Sweet wines, maturing, grape management, winemaking techniques, styles
- Sherry, port, muscat: wine regions, winemaking techniques, styles
Exam training
The exam training takes place online and includes a tasting with of wines. We will train on tasting: how much time do you have, how do you make the right tasting note. And we will practice on the open questions: what is being asked, how do you give a good answer.
The exam training is not a standard WSET offer, but an extra module of the Wijnstudio.
Extra: information about Diploma Course
After the training, we will explain the follow-up: Diploma Course at the Austrian Weinakademie. You will be told how Diploma Course is organised, what the program looks like, where you are going, how you are prepared. Questions are asked. And we tell you about the scholarships that are available especially for Wijnstudio students, and how you can apply.
WSET level 3: Ready for Diploma Course
Ready to go for diploma course: WSET level 4
If you have successfully completed level 3, you will be admitted to WSET level 4: Diploma Course, which is after Master of Wine the highest international wine course. In addition, you can become a Weinakademiker immediately afterwards by writing a dissertation.
You can follow this course in Austria, at the famous Rust Weinakedmie, or you can choose the module in which you will be taught in Geisenheim, the German wine university, the Austrian Weinakademie, Palais Coburg, Campus Wädenswil in Switzerland, Kloster Neustift, Palazzo Antinori in Italy.
Study grants exclusively for wijnstudio students
Wijnstudio has a good collaboration with the Austrian Weinakademie, every year there are several study grants for Diploma Course available, exclusively for Wijnstudio students, each of € 1.000.-
Course materials
As soon as we received your registration you will automatically get a confirmation and invoice.
As soon as your payment is accepted you can already start to study with your online study materials and you can make a planning for your study time.
At the first session, you will receive a box with 3 tasting glasses.
Course prices are free of VAT
The Wijnstudio is a recognized institute for education, therefore we are aloud to offer our courses free of VAT.
Our prices are all-inn, no VAT is added.