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table of contents of FNF archives) (to
start of essay)
Creating a Paper Tiger
Paper Tiger Foreign Policy
_Neutrality versus Defense Alliances
_Nuclear Disarmament
_Emigration and Extradition
_Foreign Aid
_Foreign Trade
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In a free world there would be no borders between nations, and the idea of foreign policy would make no sense. As Murray Rothbard said:
If a free nation were to arise, it would initially have to develop a foreign policy to deal with the rest of the world, which would still be controlled by various states. But how can a free nation have a foreign policy? Doesn't the very idea of a foreign policy imply that there is a government of some sort that has a monopoly on foreign policy? In a free nation, how could a government get such a monopoly without violating the rights of those who live in the free nation and thereby making the nation unfree?
Individualism is so fundamental to the way my brain perceives human action that I have difficulty attaching any meaning to a question such as: "What should be the foreign policy of a free nation?" My defective brain wonders how a nation (free or otherwise) can have any policy (foreign or domestic). A policy presupposes a brain. Individual people have brains and so they can have policies. But a nation does not have a brain that it could use to develop a policy.
I have to force myself to unpack the assumptions that are built into this question so that I can attach meaning to it. The question implies that a free nation can have only one foreign policy at any time. How could this even be possible? The individual citizens of a free nation would be independent thinkers who would be likely to have diverse opinions about the kinds of interactions they want to have with foreigners. So, for a free nation to have a unitary foreign policy there would have to be some method of sifting through, weeding out, or reconciling the foreign policies of the individual citizens, settling on a single policy, announcing it to the world, and implementing it. There would have to be unique individuals or organizations in the free nation that would perform these functions and they would have to be recognized as the official authorities on the foreign policy of the free nation to the exclusion of all other individuals and organizations. Any other individuals or organizations in the free nation that announce and attempt to implement different foreign policies are, for some reason, not official and not authoritative, and they would have to be ignored so that the free nation could have only one foreign policy.
How can an individual or organization become the official, authoritative proponent of a single foreign policy for an entire nation? How can we distinguish the legitimate authority on foreign policy from illegitimate pretenders? How can we prevent those in the free nation who disagree with the official foreign policy from implementing an alternative, nonaggressive foreign policy?
Democratic theorists often exempt foreign policy from the arena of public deliberation and partisan politics. They give wide latitude to the executive branch of government in determining foreign policy, and they regard it as the patriotic duty of the opposing party to support the foreign policy of the commander-in-chief. Some reasons for this are: (1) The country must present a united front to the outside world so that commitments made by one administration can be expected to be upheld by succeeding administrations, regardless of party affiliation. (2) Some matters of foreign policy require secrecy to preserve national security, therefore, these matters cannot be debated in public and are best left to the judgment of the executive who has all the relevant information. (3) Sometimes decisions need to be made quickly without taking time to call the legislature together to discuss and vote on the issues. If democratic theorists are willing to sacrifice democracy in the interests of the nation, maybe libertarians should be willing to sacrifice some of their liberty for the good of the free nation.
Maybe libertarians should be willing to sacrifice some liberty, but we can't count on it, and it would be wrong to demand it. We need an alternative that doesn't depend on violating anyone's rights.
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Creating a Paper Tiger
A nation that has an organization with a coercive monopoly on foreign policy is not a free nation. A free nation would tolerate competing organizations vying for recognition as the official agency for foreign policy. As long as none of these organizations initiates violence, they would be permitted to try to portray themselves as the official interface between the free nation and foreign governments. In libertarian theory, none of these organizations would have legitimate authority to speak for all the citizens of the free nation, and the inhabitants of the free nation could regard each and every one of them as imposters.
Although their claims may be no more than hot air, their false posturing may not be seen that way by the officials of foreign governments. It is these fools, rather than the people in the free nation, who need to be persuaded to grant recognition to one of these competing paper tigers.
Suppose the free nation has two organizations competing to be the official interface to the outside world. Let's call them the Federal Republic of Neutral Territories (FRONT) and the Federation of Republics and Union of Democracies (FRAUD).2 The FRONT and FRAUD organizations both want to be recognized by foreign governments as the official government of the free nation so that they can have diplomatic relations, negotiate treaties, exchange ambassadors, and so forth. They both want to be treated like governments, even though they are not criminal organizations that monopolize the use of force within the nation.
Neither organization could speak for all the people of the free nation, and neither might be able to persuade the independent citizens of the free nation that it is their agent. But that doesn't matter. The important thing to FRONT and FRAUD is to establish legitimacy in the eyes of foreign governments. One way this might be accomplished is to hold a national election.
FRONT and FRAUD could agree to abide by the results of an election, establish the election rules, appoint a neutral party to ensure the election is fair, and then campaign for their respective foreign-policy proposals (which would have to be non-threatening). This process would have no legal or moral standing in the free nation except as a private wager between FRONT and FRAUD. The loser would be obliged to give up its claim to be the government and would forfeit whatever else was stipulated in their agreement.
FRONT and FRAUD could run slates of candidates for the top executive offices within their organization such as prime minister and foreign secretary. To improve their chances of winning the election, FRONT and FRAUD could select candidates who look attractive and dignified, are good communicators, are well educated, worldly, and sophisticated, and have reputations for honesty and integrity. In their campaigns, FRONT and FRAUD would each try to persuade the public that it will present an image of the free nation to the outside world that will win respect and deter military attack.
To help establish legitimacy in the eyes of foreign governments, FRONT and FRAUD might draft constitutions that describe the purpose, structure, and bylaws of their pseudo-governments. The public, by voting for FRONT or FRAUD, would also be voting for the corresponding constitution. The constitutions could include words that define the general requirements of and restrictions on the organization's foreign policy. Then, if foreign powers raise objections to the foreign policy of the organization, FRONT or FRAUD could use its constitution to bolster its position. They could say to foreign powers that they cannot change their policy, because it would be unconstitutional. For some reason, this argument carries weight with statists.
The constitution should describe the purpose of the FRONT or FRAUD organization, which is to encourage the rest of the world to respect the rights and independence of the free nation and to maintain peaceful, friendly, and mutually beneficial relationships between the free nation and all other nations. The constitution could specify the means that FRONT or FRAUD will use to achieve its objective. All peaceful, nonaggressive, means are available. This is where the two organizations can exercise their ingenuity and creativity and distinguish themselves from each other.
Its constitution could define the internal structure of FRONT or FRAUD as an organization. The constitution could describe departments within the organization that specialize in different aspects of the overall mission. The State Department could be the diplomatic interface between the organization and foreign governments. The function of the State Department is the reason for the whole organization. All other departments are optional. The biggest threat to the free nation would be military attack by foreign states. This is why it is important to persuade foreign states to recognize the right of the free nation to exist. This is the job of the State Department.
Other departments might be useful in making FRONT or FRAUD appear to be bureaucratic and government-like. The more it resembles a government, the more acceptable it would be to foreign governments and the more likely those governments would be to recognize and accept it as a legitimate state.
Here are some possible departments and their missions. The Commerce Department could specialize in promoting the free nation as a desirable place to invest capital and as a good trading partner. The Disaster-Relief Department could promote the humanitarian image of the free nation by dispensing charitable contributions and medical aid to victims of natural disasters around the world. The Department of Immigration could advertise the freedoms and opportunities enjoyed by those who live in the free nation, and it could help new immigrants to find employment and housing. The Department of Public Health could gather data about alternative medicine and publicize successful medical treatments that are available only in the free nation. It could work with the Department of Immigration and the Department of Commerce to encourage chronically ill people, pharmaceutical companies, and medical practitioners to immigrate to and invest in the free nation. The Treasury Department could operate mints that manufacture and sell coins. (I recommend that the constitution include words that forbid the Treasury Department from issuing paper money and that specifically acknowledge the rights of all individuals and organizations to issue their own coins or certificates of deposit and to choose whatever medium of exchange they prefer.) The Postage-Stamp Department could print colorful "postage" stamps that promote a positive image of the free nation, and it could sell the stamps to collectors or to people who want to use them as decorations. (I recommend that the constitution include words that prohibit all branches of the government from actually delivering mail.) The Department of the Interior could accept donations of land to be used as national parks, and it could maintain these parks for the benefit of the public by using funds raised from usage fees.
One of the biggest problems for FRONT or FRAUD would be to diffuse the pressure from drug-law-addicted states to cooperate with their war against people who use narcotics. A primary concern of the people in a free nation would be to prevent a foreign power from taking over the country. Based on its history, the most likely power to invade a free nation would be the USA. The American government has demonstrated that it has more tolerance for military dictators who cooperate with the war on drugs than it has for freedom. The problem would be compounded by the fact that a free nation would not only allow people to use drugs that are outlawed in other countries, it would also allow people to manufacture and sell such drugs, and it would treat the money earned by drug dealers as legitimate property that is worthy of protection. Consequently, a free nation could become a Mecca for drug lords. If this happens, the USA would be apt to conduct covert operations against the free nation or even launch a military invasion as it did in Panama. Even though their drug-dealing per se would not be treated as a crime in a free nation, drug lords should be regarded as potentially violent criminals who could threaten the existence of the free nation. They have great wealth, they have well-equipped military forces at their command, and they are prone to use violence without much regard to the rights of others. The outcome of the campaign between FRONT and FRAUD could depend on which organization offers the better solutions to the problems caused by the drug laws in other countries.
Suppose FRAUD wins the election. Then FRAUD could use this fact to support their claim to be the legitimate, popular government of the free nation. This argument would carry no weight within the free nation itself, but it might persuade foreign states to recognize FRAUD as the legitimate government. Then FRAUD would become the de facto interface between the free nation and those foreign states that grant recognition to FRAUD. In this way, an organization could become the de facto agent of the free nation to the rest of the world without violating anyone's rights.
Now the question is simply: What foreign policy should FRAUD implement for the free nation?
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Paper Tiger Foreign Policy
Foreign policy, like any policy, involves taking steps to achieve objectives. So, to determine the foreign policy appropriate for a free nation, FRAUD needs to know what the objectives of the policy are and what means are available to achieve those objectives. The paramount objective of the foreign policy of a free nation must be to ensure that the nation remains free. Any foreign policy that would cause the nation to lose its freedom cannot be the policy of a free nation. This objective places some limits on the means that FRAUD can use to implement their foreign policy. They cannot appropriate the citizens' rights, because then the nation would not be free.
Let's consider what FRAUD might reasonably decide to do in several areas that are generally associated with a nation's foreign policy: defense alliances, wars of conquest, disarmament, aid to revolutionaries in other countries, immigration, emigration, extradition, foreign aid, and foreign trade.
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Neutrality versus Defense Alliances: The FRAUD government should not enter into any defense alliances with foreign states. Such alliances tend to make for larger wars. Instead, FRAUD should proclaim its neutrality in all inter-state wars and use whatever influence it has to promote freedom of the seas and the laws of neutrality to reduce the scope of warfare. As Murray Rothbard explained, the libertarian position is:
I think that many people in the free nation would be delighted by such an offer from the USA and would be glad to lease land to America for a military base. After all, national defense is one of the most difficult problems for a free nation. National defense is a classic example of a "public good" that most people believe cannot be provided effectively by the free market, because of "externalities" and the "free-rider" problem. So an offer from the USA to provide this service at no cost to the citizens of the free nation would be hard to refuse.
Nevertheless, the FRAUD government and the citizens of the free nation should graciously decline the offer. Not only would it be unseemly and hypocritical for a free nation to rely on coercive government for protection, it would be dangerous. No state can be trusted. The government of the USA, in particular, has a long history of duplicity, imperialism, and invasion. The people of a free nation would be foolish to look to the US government for protection. On the contrary, the USA would be one of the most likely powers to invade and destroy a free nation, especially a free nation that refuses to cooperate with its war against people who use drugs.
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Conquest: FRAUD could conceivably decide that the free nation would be more secure if they conquered and incorporated nearby nations. After all, foreign states have no right to tell us where we can go and what we can trade. We have no moral obligation to respect the arbitrary political borders that governments have foolishly drawn. If they try to stop us from trading by imposing tariffs or import quotas, we have the right to crush them like bugs, strip them of power, and annex their countries to ours. If FRAUD decides to do so, they could try to raise an army to invade and conquer neighboring nations. However, we have not stipulated that the citizens of foreign countries have voluntarily given FRAUD the authority to appropriate their rights, nor would it be reasonable to expect them to do so. Therefore, FRAUD would have to conduct their wars in such a way as to not hurt foreign civilians or their property. This would severely limit their ability to wage wars of conquest. This is why FRAUD would be a paper tiger. Therefore, the FRAUD government, in addition to remaining neutral in inter-state wars, should abstain from wars of conquest.
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Nuclear Disarmament: FRAUD should agree to a policy of total disarmament of nuclear weapons and of all other weapons of mass destruction, since it has no right to such weapons in the first place. In a free nation, any organization that possessed such weapons would be treated as a threatening criminal, because there is no other use for such weapons than to murder innocent people.
Revolution: Should the FRAUD government foster revolutions in other countries? A revolution is a violent uprising against a state by some of its subjects. The fact that all states are criminal organizations that initiate aggression against their subjects by taxing and commanding them, creates a prima facie case in favor of revolutionaries who try to overthrow these criminals. The FRAUD government would, therefore, have the right to support and assist revolutionaries in other countries. Whether it should do so is more a practical matter than a moral issue. Here it might be appropriate to try to use the utilitarian calculus to assess the likely outcomes of various levels of support for particular revolutionary movements in particular countries under their unique circumstances. Exactly how utilitarians can assign numerical values to all the possible outcomes and arrive at the optimum solution has always been a mystery to me, but as long as they respect everyone's rights, they have the right to make utilitarian calculation and take action based on those calculations.
To my way of thinking, the decision to intervene or not to intervene is an easy one only in the most extreme situations. If the revolution has absolutely no chance of succeeding, then it would be wise to stay out of it. If the revolution has virtually succeeded already and a libertarian system has replaced the state, we should give it moral support by recognizing its legitimacy and praising it. What to do in situations between these extremes is open to debate. One factor to consider is whether other states would retaliate against the free nation if the free nation offered support to revolutionaries. As a matter of prudence, I think the FRAUD government should officially remain neutral while other organizations in the free nation make their own decisions about the kind of support to give to revolutionaries.
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Immigration: The FRAUD government would have the right to keep people out of its offices or other property, but the FRAUD government does not own the nation nor is it the landlord for the nation, so it has no right to keep people out of the country. Consequently, it must allow immigration by anyone who could afford transportation to the free nation and a place stay when they get there. In a free nation there would be no artificial limitations on immigration such as quotas.
A free nation would probably have its share of nationalists, anti-Semites, and racists, but it wouldn't have politicians to cater to them. So, a free nation would not keep out persecuted minorities, and it would not abet genocide the way the Roosevelt Administration did by preventing German Jews from escaping to the Unites States.
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Emigration and Extradition: Anyone who wanted to leave the free nation would be free to do so. However, the FRAUD government would not have the right to extradite alleged criminals to stand trial in other countries. Under libertarian law, alleged criminals cannot be forced to appear at their own trials much less can they be shipped off to another country for that purpose. Foreign governments won't like this policy and they will accuse the FRAUD government of protecting criminals. It would, therefore, be wise for the FRAUD government not to offer any police or judicial services. Their Constitution should specifically prohibit FRAUD from offering these services. Then FRAUD could respond to these complains from foreign states by saying that the prosecution of criminals is a matter for the private courts and protection firms and it would be unconstitutional for the FRAUD government to interfere.
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Foreign Aid: In a free nation, private organizations have the right to give aid to foreigners. The FRAUD government could be one of these private charities. Unlike foreign aid as we know it, FRAUD foreign aid would come from voluntary contributions, because the FRAUD government would not have the power or authority to raise money through taxation or other forms of theft. Since the FRAUD government would be basically a public-relations firm, it might decide that making charitable contributions to foreigners would help the reputation of the free nation.
Libertarian charities should aid victims rather than victimizers. They should not funnel contributions through criminal organizations such as states. States cannot be trusted to use foreign aid justly or efficiently. They are likely to use it instead to strengthen their grip on their victims.
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Foreign Trade: A free nation should have a policy of complete freedom of trade except for stolen goods, slaves, and weapons of mass destruction, which are violations of rights. There should be no tariffs or import quotas, and there should be no national boycotts. This follows directly from the libertarian principle that it is a crime to initiate force against innocent people. Henry George made the point clearly more than 100 years ago:
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The foreign policy of the organization that poses as the government of a free nation should have preservation of individual rights and the freedom of the nation as its highest goals, and it should base its policy on the libertarian principle of nonaggression. This means it should maintain neutrality in inter-state wars, avoid military alliances with foreign governments, forego wars of conquest, promote disarmament, remain officially neutral while letting others support foreign revolutionaries, permit free immigration and emigration, abstain from extradition, give charitably to foreigners in need, give no aid to foreign governments, and allow free trade.
George Washington's advice in his Farewell Address (September 17, 1796) is still sound: "The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible." D
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1 For a New Liberty, page 264.
2 I gave these organizations absurd acronyms to remind the reader that the claims of these organizations are preposterous. No organization can really have moral authority to speak for a whole nation. Of course, any real organizations that were trying to establish themselves in the eyes of statists as the legitimate government of a nation would choose more appropriate names.
3 "War, Peace and the State" in Egalitarianism As a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays page 77.
4 Aubrey Herbert, "The Real Aggressor" page 24, in Faith and Freedom Volume V, Number 8, April, 1954. (Aubrey Herbert, I believe, was one of Murray Rothbard's pen names.)
5 "War, Peace and the State" in Egalitarianism As a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays page 73.
6 David Ritchie Natural Rights page 237.
7 Cited by James Bovard in "The Immorality of Protectionism" pages 41 and 42 in The Case for Free Trade and Open Immigration edited by Richard Ebeling and Jacob Hornberger.
Roy Halliday is a proud alumnus of Grove City College (class of 67), which, to preserve its independence, refuses to accept any funds from the Federal government. Recently retired, from a career as a professional editor, he helped with the editing of this issue of Formulations.
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December 15, 2014
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subset: commoncrawl


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Vacation rental search
9 km from Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Saint-Etienne-du-Grès, renowned for its wholesale fruit and vegetable market, is home to this beautiful, fully-air conditioned 300 m2 farmhouse. It was built in the 17th century and protected by large stone walls which shelter the property and prevent others from looking in. Only 15 minutes away you can visit Les Baux-de-Provence, a prestigious site at the heart of the Alpilles or play golf at the Domaine de Manville course. Avignon and the Papal Palace is less than 30 min away, as well as Arles and Nimes and numerous other Roman sites to visit.
The farmhouse is in a nearly 2,000 m2 landscaped plot with a private heated swimming pool located behind the property in a courtyard which offers absolute privacy. A large pool house with changing room, shower room and separate WC lets you to spend some lovely moments by the pool. Numerous activities are possible in the spacious gardens, such as pétanque or table tennis. The property has a 30 m2 terrace covered by vines offering shade. The second 25 m2 terrace is great due to its proximity to the kitchen where you can take your meals in the shade of the olive tree. The property has an old working wood oven which is great for pizzas. In the middle of the garden, a small house which includes games is for the little ones. A large covered parking space enables you to park three cars under shelter.
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Snapper on Fly isnt that hard , One Simply Sounds up a Some snapper and Drop the Ultra Rig Down and Give it a Jiggle
ULTRA RIGS Pre-Tied with Lumo Hooks Reedy's Rigz Snapper Rig
Ultra Rigz By Reedy's Rigz Welcome Fellow Fisho
The Difference Between a Flasher rig and a Ultra Rig .
The Materiel is different on a Flasher Rig then Ultra Rig. On the ultra-rig it Use new fibre that reflex's light the same way a uv Squid jig works. It's is game changer . 5x More Brighter & luminous then a conventional flasher rig.
Become a Stockist to Get a Huge Discounted Rate
New Terminal Tackle Components Swivel & Hook
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Upgraded from a Barrel to a Roller ( ball Bearing ) . Over the years We have noticed nearly all flasher rigs have use a Barrel Swivel . We thought it was time for a change
The Job of Both ball bearing and barrel swivels is to prevent line . A barrel is not as good as a ball bearing swivel. The ball bearing swivel has a little ball bearing in it & it's much more effective at preventing line twist.
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Before the Start of this years snapper season we will be showing the new Ultra rig on our YouTube channel "Reedy's Fishing " the rig is unreal and was our secret weapon over winter


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Today, cryptocurrency exchange Binance announced that Binance P2P, its peer-to-peer trading market where you can trade crypto in exchange for your local currency, has added new e-payment options for Southeast Asian currencies.
These include:
- PayNow
- Paylah
- ShopeePay
- LinkAja
- Gopay
- Touch 'n Go eWallet
- GrabPay
What this means for users is that you'll be able to trade cryptocurrencies by receiving or sending money through more e-wallets for transactions.
Editor's Clarification Update: As noted in the announcement page, the payment methods listed above are supported as options of peer-to-peer local currency transactions solely between users, and Binance does not establish any business relationships with these payment service providers.
Disclaimer: Binance (binance.com) is not a regulated exchange by the Securities Commission (SC) of Malaysia. Binance.sg is registered under Binance Asia Services Pte. Ltd. ("Binance Asia"), a private limited company incorporated in Singapore (UEN: 201811768M).
Behind Binance
Binance is a centralised cryptocurrency exchange registered in Malta. It was founded by Changpeng Zhao (CEO) in 2017.
Currently, it's the biggest cryptocurrency exchange in the world, with a 24-hour trading volume of roughly ₿674,197, or US$31 billion. There are more than 280 coins and 900 trading pairs available on Binance, including the meme coin popularised by Elon Musk, dogecoin.
Although Binance.com is not a regulated exchange, there are a number of regulated local exchanges using the Binance brand and technology, including Binance Singapore (binance.sg), Binance.US (binance.us), and Binance Jersey (binance.je). All of these are independently operated and fully compliant with their local regulations.
But Will SC Allow It?
My take is, SC will likely pressure e-wallet companies to take down or find ways to prohibit users from trading cryptocurrencies through their e-wallets, outside of existing exchanges approved by SC.
But whether or not this ban can be enforced effectively is debatable, as it is difficult to ascertain the purpose of a transaction via P2P.
On the flip side, Touch 'n Go eWallet, GrabPay and other supported e-wallets would be potentially opening up access to the crypto markets for the masses, including the unbanked, enabling users to access the cryptocurrency market easily.
For multicurrency e-wallets like GrabPay as well, this may make them the preferred choice because users can then travel to a country with their bitcoin and trade to a local currency easily.
We have reached out to crypto communities for comment regarding this newly added feature. As of now, some have already echoed the sentiment that this would increase user adoption for cryptocurrencies in Southeast Asia.
- You can learn more about this announcement from Binance here.
- You can read our other articles on cryptocurrency here.
Featured Image Credit: Vulcan Post


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What's American and what's not
Few debates in American politics are more useless than who is more patriotic than whom.
October 27, 2013 - 12:31 am
Few debates in American politics are more useless than who is more patriotic than whom.
In fact, I consider it a rule that the candidate who first questions the patriotism of the other is automatically the candidate standing on weaker ground.
Last week, in an appearance on "Ralston Reports with Jon Ralston," Erin Bilbray, Democratic candidate for the 3rd Congressional District, suggested that a fundraising email sent out by her Republican opponent, Rep. Joe Heck, was an un-American attack on women.
"As a woman, you know what? You don't come out of the box and attack your opponent this far out," Bilbray said. "I am a woman. I'm a woman. There's no getting around it. And I think he was wrong and I think it discourages people from participating in the process and that is wrong and that is un-American."
So what's in this dreaded email? What despicable, misogynist remarks did Heck hurl at Bilbray to earn the Army Reserve colonel who served in Iraq the title "un-American"? He called her "a liberal activist, fundraiser and Democrat spin doctor," "a partisan political consultant who lives outside the district," "Harry Reid's hand-picked candidate" and added that she's "made her living playing politics to get candidates elected that [sic] will be a rubber stamp for Barack Obama and the Democratic Party's liberal agenda."
And while Bilbray quibbles with the characterization of herself as "liberal," the rest of what's in there is pretty much accurate. And none of it is even remotely an attack on Bilbray's gender, or even that unusual for politics.
Asked by Ralston to point out the gender attack in Heck's email, Bilbray stuck to her message: "By being that angry and that negative so early on, that discourages women from being involved in politics," she said.
Would it be misogynistic of me to point out that discouraging all opponents — regardless of gender — is what good politicians do? Or that claiming your opponent is attacking your gender over what is actually a rather banal fundraising pitch makes you look weak? Or that such a misplaced charge suggests the fairer sex really isn't ready for the rough-and-tumble of political campaigns, or at least wants special rules for the process? Or that saying Heck is un-American (or, at the very least, has done something un-American) when he's really done nothing out of the ordinary is going to blow back on your own campaign?
Surely, I need not: Bilbray knows full-well, as former head of an organization that aims to get women involved in politics, the perils and pitfalls of running. If you seek to get involved in modern politics — whether it's running for office or simply commenting on a newspaper story — you can expect to be attacked, sometimes with vicious untruths. Does that discourage people (of both genders) from participating? Of course it does. Would it be better if everybody was nicer and played by the political equivalent of Marquess of Queensberry Rules? Perhaps. But it's important always for people to distinguish the world as they wish it to be and the world that is.
And it's only gets worse from here.
Curiously, later in the interview, Bilbray discussed the government shutdown in terms of its effect on Nevada businesses and families and called it "uncompassionate." She didn't add, although she could have, that Republicans — including Joe Heck — cast votes that they knew with absolute certainty would result in closing the federal government. They put their failed crusade to delay the Affordable Care Act above the consequences of a government shutdown. They traded the constitutional order for chaos. And even though Heck later relented and voted with a congressional majority to re-open the government, his earlier votes led directly to its closure in the first place.
Now that's un-American!
Steve Sebelius is a Las Vegas Review-Journal political columnist and author of the blog SlashPolitics.com. Follow him on Twitter (@SteveSebelius) or reach him at (702) 387-5276 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


text: In the margins of the pond we grow two irises. The tallest at more than a metre high is Iris pseudacorus, our native yellow flag iris. It has clear yellow flowers in May and June and dense foliage for around ten months of the year. A pair of moorhens build their nest in this iris every year using last years faded leaves to raise the nest above the water level.


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The first two days were more cloudy and wet giving some incredibly atmospheric conditions such as over Loch Maree near Slioch.After an initial two wet days, the weather changed to British Summer Time or maybe that should be Continental Summer Time.
We climbed two Corbetts in northern Torridon (Ruadh Stac Beag being one of them). The wind was bitter for the first week but that meant walking conditions were ideal. And our boots actually stayed dry!
One of the highlights for me was climbing Sgurr Dubh and Sgurr nan Lochan Uaine. I had attempted these two mountains years ago but having parked at the Ling Hut car park and walked to Loch Clair along the road had to retrace my steps when I found the stalkers were in the Glen I was supposed to be ascending. This time we were luckier. Tilly, not so: the curse of Torridonian Rock affected her feet and by the time we had summitted the first peak she had several bleeding nails.
Steve and I had to take it in turns to wait at a tarn with Tilly while the other headed for the second peak alone.
The Van is now on its way into being turned into a camper van although there is still quite a way to go. Having an awning certainly made a huge difference on the few wet days that we had, but I am looking forward to the full conversion with cooker etc inside!
Having had several more days in Torridon which meant that I was able to head up the north end of the Beinn Eighe ridge, we then headed south for Loch Arkaig.
Incredibly over two weeks, our boots only got wet on the first two days. From then on it was a pure delight to be able to take off dry socks and boots each night!
Sadly it was then home time; and what a sizzling drive south! However, as I made my way through over 8 loads of washing the rain returned and so put a dampener literally onto the washing which was hanging out on the line to dry overnight!
On Friday, Steve and I took our first MLTA Real Mountain First Aid Workshop. It was a very enjoyable day with a lovely group. We will definitely being taking more in the future.


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(German Measles; 3-Day Measles)
by Cynthia M. Johnson, MA
Rubella is an upper respiratory infection most known for its red rash.
It is caused by a virus. It is spread from person to person through tiny droplets in the air.
Risk Factors
Things that may raise the risk of this problem are:
Many people do not have symptoms. They are usually mild in those who do, such as:
Lung problems and fatigue are first, followed by the rash.
A pregnant woman who has rubella in the first 3 months of her pregnancy may have a miscarriage or baby that is stillborn. Or they may be born with severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome.
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. Blood tests will be done.
The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms. This can be done with pain relievers.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Immunization Action Coalition
About Kids Health—The Hospital for Sick Children
Public Health Agency of Canada
Rubella. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/rubella. Accessed October 28, 2020.
Rubella. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. In: Pickering LK, ed. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012:629-634.
Rubella (German measles). Kids Health—Nemours Foundation website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed October 28, 2020.
Rubella (German measles or three-day measles). New York State Department of Health website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed October 28, 2020.
Rubella (German measles, three-day measles). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed October 28, 2020.
Woo EJ, Winiecki SK, et al. Adverse events after MMR or MMRV vaccine in infants under 9 months old. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 May 10.
Last reviewed September 2020 by EBSCO Medical Review Board James P. Cornell, MD
Last Updated: 5/4/2021


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Multimedia Investments Ltd (NZ) is managed by its New Zealand-based founder, Selwyn Manning.
Selwyn has a background as an investigative political journalist with over 25 years media experience.
He now provides analysis, assessment, and evaluation of the political environment specific to New Zealand, Australia, the economies and island states of the Asia-Pacific region with a specialisation in the analysis of geopolitics, cyber-security, and, intelligence issues.
Selwyn is also a former New Zealand Government press secretary and spokesperson for the Minister of Police, Internal Affairs, Ethnic Affairs, and Civil Defence Emergency Management. He holds MCS (Hons.) and BCS (Hons.) degrees.
Selwyn is the author of the book: I Almost Forgot About The Moon – the disinformation campaign against Ahmed Zaoui, and director of the documentaries Morality Of Argument – sustaining a state of being nuclear free, and, Behind The Shroud – juxtapositioning the frailties of intelligence and trade craft. He is also the author of a chapter on new media political power in the peer reviewed book: Scooped – The Politics and Power of Journalism in Aotearoa New Zealand, and has written two peer reviewed scholarly articles. He has extensive experience as a commentator providing live political analysis to a wide range of television and radio organizations broadcasting in New Zealand, Australia and globally including the BBC (Five Live, London), BBC (World Service), and Australia's FiveAA from 2007-2017. His work has caused ministerial inquiry, legislative and regulatory change, and has been the foundation of Parliamentary debate.
Selwyn was editor, director, and former chair of the board of directors of Scoop Media Ltd (www.scoop.co.nz [until 2011]) and led assignments offshore in the Pacific Region, Australia, South East Asia, Africa, Europe, the United States, and at the United Nations.
Governance: Selwyn was appointed as establishment chair of AUT University's Pacific Media Centre (2007-2009), and was chair of AUT University's school of communications Industry Advisory Board (2012-2013).
He was also a New Zealand Government Ministerial appointee (2001 to 2004) to Alfriston College's establishment Board Of Trustees (chair of the board, 2003-2004), governing the employment of the principal and senior staff, and the construction and opening of the first state funded secondary school to be built within the Greater Auckland region in 25 years.


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Brands are embracing bots -- but don't expect them to hold a great conversation anytime soon.
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg centered much of his keynote speech at this week's F8 developer conference on the big push for businesses to build chat-bots in Messenger.
Soon, you'll be able to casually chat up Burger King about an order for fries, socialize with StubHub for concert tickets or call on a news organization to send you a run-down of the day's top news.
Sound like a good time to you? It certainly did to Zuckerberg. At one point, he couldn't stop laughing: "To order flowers on 1-800-FLOWERS, you never have to call 1-800-FLOWERS again." Har har har.
For all the hype -- and yes, there is plenty of hype, both at tech companies like Facebook and Microsoft looking for The Next Big Thing after apps, as well as among advertisers always on the hunt new high-tech ways to engage customers -- the initial batch of bots are pretty basic.
CNN's new bot, for instance, can easily offer up the top news of the day or even guess what stories you might like. But stray beyond a few pre-set commands and you start to see a lot of uncomprehending " ¯\_(ツ)_/¯" error messages.
Or ask Hi Poncho, a newly created Facebook bot that tells you about the weather, "What's tonight's forecast?" and it will invariably type for a few seconds, think better of it and ignore you. (The glitch seems to have been fixed by Wednesday.)
Only a handful of the more than 40 announced branded bots were actually active as of Wednesday afternoon.
Needless to say, we aren't in danger of these primitive bots becoming sentient anytime soon.
Meet the new bots, same as the old bots
Unless you just started using the Internet this week, these bots will probably look somewhat familiar to you.
That's because they aren't that much different than the "bots" that have long populated customer service and the Internet at large -- pre-Internet Moviefone, automated phone lines or AOL's classic SmarterChild instant messaging robot.
The big difference this time around is the evolution of artificial intelligence.
"The enabling technology isn't sophisticated," said Julie Ask, an analyst at Forrester Research, which is a research group covering the technology industry. "Great bot services will depend on artificial intelligence and insights. Consumers don't want to chat with machines that ask them dumb questions."
As bots evolve, learning more about user behavior and tapping into the wealth of personal data Facebook logs away, their developers are hoping they will be able to interact with you (and even each other) in ways that will better match the natural flow of a conversation.
The future of bots
Facebook has opened up its artificial intelligence system M to developers in order to do just that, letting the makers of bots build in potential scenarios for more sophisticated interactions.
These capabilities may allow bots to one day talk to one another, a step forward that John LoGioco, executive vice president at content recommendation firm Outbrain, which built CNN's bot, says he is looking forward to.
For example, he says, a customer may be chatting with an airline about travel plans and ask a question about a particular region they're visiting. The airline could then pull CNN's bot into the conversation to talk about politics or current affairs in the area.
Right now, the CNN bot's main focus is logging enough information to start guessing what the humans it interacts with might be interested in.
"That's really the piece we patented," LoGioco says. "If you like sports and technology and we understand that, then over time, we'll start returning you to that like, 'Good to see you again. Here's ten things from sports and technology we think you might be interested in.'"
The same concept could be applied to an e-commerce site that wants to know what products you like or any business looking for a targeted promotion. As with any advertising on Facebook, the social network's ability to discern your likes and interests is a big draw.
And as bots are getting to know you, they'll also be making sure you get to know a unique, carefully constructed personality on the other side of the conversation.
Bot carefully
With bots still in such a primitive stage, one of the best ways for advertisers to set their own apart from the fray is with a convincing and engaging voice that feels like it could come from a trusted friend, says Seth Greenfield, co-founder and Chief Content Officer at Imperson, which has been working with Facebook for more than a year to make entertainment bots.
As Facebook bots start to evolve and learn for themselves, this voice will be able to develop into a more fully fleshed out presence.
Of course, there are risks for brands down the road as well, as Microsoft's Tay demonstrated recently when she was goaded into taking up white supremacy and other abhorrent ideas within a matter of hours after her launch.
While Facebook bots may not be able to start unsolicited conversations with you, there could come a time when bots get intrusive, spammy or annoying on their own volition.
Tweet may have been deleted
At that point, the prominent "block" button featured on all of Facebook's bots could become your friend.
Have something to add to this story? Share it in the comments.
Topics Facebook Advertising


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Like using your iPhone 4 camera to capture exciting moments? Then you may like to disguise your iPhone 4 as a camera with the camera styled wood iPhone 4 case.
This is a camera styled protective case designed for both AT&T and Verizon iPhone 4 models. As we can see from the images, the wood iPhone 4 case features an old-school camera engraving to show your loving to photography, of course, also make your shooting more like shooting with real camera. And the iPhone 4 case is constructed of durable walnut or bamboo, plus the inner felt pad in order to protect the iPhone 4 from bumps and scratches. Apart from that, the iPhone 4 buttons and functions are accessible via custom cutouts, and the lightweight design makes the wood case easy to carry.
The camera styled wood iPhone 4 case is available in two types according to different old-school camera engravings, each one is priced at $42 USD. If you're interested, jump to Photojojo for full details.
Additionally, if you need more options, you might like to check iBooKam iPhone 4 case, Grove iPhone 4 case and more via "iPhone 4 case" tag.


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'Train' takes a traditional path
Plenty of European filmmakers envy Hollywood's flair for action, special effects, and eye-filling fantasy. But some are holding the line for more traditional values, focusing on real human interests conveyed by sensitive acting and subtle cinematography.
For an engaging example of this old-school approach, see "Man on the Train," directed by Patrice Leconte, one of France's most respected filmmakers.
The heroes are aging men played by Jean Rochefort, a venerable French star, and Johnny Hallyday, a pop icon whose decades-long career refuses to quit.
If this were an American movie, like the typical Robert Redford or Woody Allen vehicle, these craggy-faced senior citizens would be strutting their stuff, cruising the singles scene, and romancing women who were born around the time they got their first Oscar nominations.
French cinéastes are more grown-up about such matters, though, so Mr. Rochefort and Mr. Hallyday are maturing gracefully. Their characters in "Man on the Train" aren't exactly everyday gents, but they have the virtue of acting their age.
Rochefort plays a retired poetry teacher who's discovered that a comfy pair of slippers is at least as delightful as a well-turned metaphor.
Hallyday plays an over-the-hill robber who's not certain his gang can shoot straight enough to knock over the bank they've chosen. Their friendship starts by chance and ends too quickly, but it blossoms long enough to make each man wonder if his chosen way of life has been as fulfilling as it seemed.
"Man on the Train" is less memorable than "Monsieur Hire" and "The Widow of Saint-Pierre," which remain Leconte's most notable pictures. Heartfelt performances make up for some stodgy dialogue and corny moments, though. And it's nice to know some filmmakers still have a foot firmly planted in old-fashioned humanistic storytelling.


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Keeping the Green in Holiday EvergreensDecember 9, 2013 2013-12-09 10:23
Keeping the Green in Holiday Evergreens
Keeping the Green in Holiday Evergreens
GV Contributor Joyce Newman provides tips and advice on maintaining beauty, sweet-smelling and long-lasting evergreen holiday decorations.
Step One: Choose the right evergreen species. Firs and pines, for example, do quite well indoors, while hemlocks and spruces don't—they're known for dropping their needles.
According to plant experts at the New York Botanical Garden, several standouts among the firs and pines are: Balsam fir (Abies balsamea), the most commonly used as a cut tree; Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), also excellent as a cut tree and very fragrant; Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), suitable as a cut tree; and Scotch/Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), which works well both cut and as a planted tree.
For wreaths, garlands and swags, gardeners at Wave Hill in New York City suggest Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus) because it is very pliable and has lovely clusters of soft, bluish-green needles. They also recommend including a variety of evergreen branches in garlands and swags to add different textures and shades of green.
All of these evergreens have good "needle retention," which, experts say, is one of the most important characteristics to look for. They also have strong, yet flexible, branches that can support decorations and stay in shape even after you haul them around.
Step Two: Do freshness tests. Test all trees and branches by shaking them and bouncing the tree trunks. This may be a little embarrassing at first. But if a lot of needles drop, you should put the tree or branch back and try another one. (Only a very few needles should fall off a fresh or branch.)
This test will also shake off any insects and get rid of other unwanted hangers on. You can also try bending a needle. It should be flexible.
Step Three: Create cool conditions for storage and display. New York evergreen expert Charles Day says "keeping them cool" is actually the single most important thing you can do for evergreens.
Cool storage and locations help the plants absorb and retain water. With evergreen trees, make sure the bottom of the trunk is sitting in water that is checked and refilled daily. (A tree in a warm room can absorb a few quarts of water per day.) You can make a cut across the trunk about ¼" above the end of the trunk to permit better water absorption.
For wreaths, garlands or arrangements, first rinse them in cool water, clear out any broken leaves and needles, and slit the stems at a spot about 2-3" above the ends to help them absorb water. Store the branches in cool temperatures and in water for at least eight hours prior to use, checking to maintain high water levels.
Time for Bed | Preparing Your Vegetable Garden for Winter
Cultivating Your Surroundings | 5 Ways to Bring the Garden Indoors
Container Gardening 101 | Big Results in Small Spaces
—Joyce H. Newman
Joyce H. Newman, a Garden Variety contributing writer, covers gardening topics, food matters and environmental issues. The former editor of Consumer Reports GreenerChoices.org, which evaluates environmental claims on green product labels, she holds a certificate in horticulture from the New York Botanical Garden.
1 Comment
I used some gray Pfitzer juniper and purple hued Cryptomeria elegans for a swag this year with some Oregon grape for the Holly effect. It's stayed beautiful and fresh for weeks! Great post on how to keep evergreens nice thru the season.


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Daily Art Card made 6th of July. Collage.
1. Being able to give my grandmother a car ride to take a test at the doctors today and then buying milk too – it feels so nice to be able to help.
2. Eating newly picked cherries in a glass bowl.
3. Just feeling calm inside.
List inspired by the blog Three Beautiful Things that I came upon today. It's one woman that every day records three things that have given her pleasure. A simple blog idea but a genius one, and so inspiring to read lists of happiness of course.


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[Download Music] Turn My Life Around - Abiodun SAGE
From the aftermath of the 2-hour non-stop Praise and Worship Experience tagged "Declare in the City" by Abiodun Sage, here comes a fresh new single from the Gospel Artist and dynamic praise leader – Abiodun SAGE captioned "TURN MY LIFE AROUND."
The Praise Master has finally hit the airwaves with a fresh hot tune to set his fans and followers on a musical journey that will leave them in an atmosphere of praise.
This single was produced mixed and mastered at Declare Studios by the fast rising producer and pianist Sanmi Matthew, with the intention of leaving his audience breathless, which comes with a fusion of uptempo contemporary hip-hop and house music.
TURN MY LIFE AROUND is a revealed Song by the Holy Ghost from God to the Artist, with expectations that this music will breathe Wonders to every heart that connects with the music, as emphasis was played on the Majestic Power of God and as He is lifted up in praises, everything will be lifted – This is according to Abiodun SAGE as he Shares his thoughts with DeclareWorld Editors.
Connect with Abiodun SAGE on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter – @AbiodunSAGE
For Online Music Promotion Connect With KGOSPELMUSIC 08068724282, 09022778768


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Butternut Squash, Spinach & Mushroom Fajitas (with Butternut Squash Crema)
November 11, 2018by Stephanie Dreyer
These Butternut Squash Fajitas are a Fall twist on one of my family's favorite meals. It's a great way to introduce young tastebuds to the seasonal flavor of butternut squash in a sweet and savory way.
I also love how these filling and crema for these butternut squash fajitas can be batch cooked ahead of time, making it a quick and easy meal for busy weeknights.
Butternut Squash, Spinach & Mushroom Fajitas (with Butternut Squash Crema)
For the Fajitas:
- 3 cups butternut squash peeled and cut into 1-inch cubes
- 8 ounces cremini mushrooms cleaned stems removed and quartered
- 6 cloves garlic minced
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 tablespoons Italian seasoning basil, thyme and oregano
- salt and pepper to taste
- 2 cloves garlic thinly sliced
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 4 cups baby spinach
- salt and pepper to taste
- 12 mini corn tortillas or 6 regular size
For the Butternut Squash Crema
- 2 cups butternut squash 1-inch cubes
- 1 cup vegetable broth
- 1 cup cashews soaked overnight if not using a high speed blender
- 1/4 cup nutritional yeast
- 3 cloves garlic
- salt and pepper to taste
- 1 tablespoon butternut squash
- 1/2 tsp olive oil
Toss the squash, mushrooms and garlic with the olive oil and herbs. Spread on a baking sheet.
On a separate baking sheet, place the 2 cups of butternut squash for the crema along with the olive oil and garlic cloves. Toss to combine.
Bake at 350 degrees for 25-30 minutes until the squash is fork tender.
Meanwhile, heat the olive oil in a medium sauce pan and add in garlic. Cook 2 minutes until fragrant.
Add the spinach. Using tongs, saute the spinach until slightly wilted. Season with salt and pepper.
Stir in the roasted squash and mushrooms and cook for 4-5 minutes until heated through.
Heat the tortillas on a stove burner, about 30 seconds on each side until the tortilla is pliable.
Combine the roasted squash and garlic cloves in a blender, along with the broth and remaining ingredients for the crema.
Blend until smooth. Season with salt and pepper.
To serve, spoon the filling onto the middle of the tortillas and top with a dollop of the crema.


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Lovely 3 Bed home in BELFAST, NORTHERN IRELAND
This is a terraced house in a quiet street in South Belfast close to Queen's University campus, the river Lagan walkway and Ormeau Park. It is 10 mins from Belfast City Centre by bus or 25 mins walk. The house consists of a sitting room and open dining room downstairs. There are two bedrooms upstairs, a bathroom and an attic room. There are plenty of foodstores, bars and restaurants on the Ormeau Road nearby.
Type of swap
- Home Exchange
- Rental Offered
- Long Term Exchange
Conditions of exchange
- Non smokers only
- Washer / Drier
- Use of bike
- Use of computer
- Internet / WiFi
- Good public transport
- Local restaurants
- Shopping facilities
Nearest city: Belfast
Property type: House
Location type: Urban
Co. Antrim, NORTHERN IRELAND
- 3 bed (sleeps 3) 1 bath
Preferred destinations
- FRANCE - Paris
Dates available
November 2006 - October 2007
January 2006 - January 2006
Swap duration: 1 - 2 months
Meet the member
Adults: 1 Children: 0
Membership expiry date: 06 Oct 2007


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2Pac – Mr. Troublesome aka Troublesome 21 (Unreleased)
Producer: J.Z.
Samples: Tom Browne – Her Silent Smile; ESG – UFO
Recorded for: Black Starry Night / Troublesome 21 / Strictly For My N.I.G.G.A.Z…
Recorded date: 1992
See also: 2Pac – Troublesome '96 (Original Version 1) | 2Pac – Troublesome '96 (Original Version 2)
[Verse 1]
Born to wreck shit, poppin' bubble gum
Others call me Yum, but momma call me troublesome
Learned to shoot a gun, before I learned to read or write
Never touched a pipe, made my money every night
'Til I gotta (ride), a motherfuckin' Benz (benz)
Bitch talked to every snitch, they jeopardized me gettin' rich
Only fifteen at a spot full of rock teens
Full of hard knocks, ready to clock, fuck the cops (yeah!)
And we was fat like Trump
Every nigga packed a pump, so time to be poppin' trunks
I stood at the top of the organization
Ready to pop a cop with no hesitations (fuck the police) yeah
Now I'm makin' all the others run
Cause here it comes, look out for brother troublesome
Yeah y'all, hehe
A nigga named Troublesome
[Verse 2]
I learned from my mistakes I'm twenty-one now
I gotta pack of jackers out for me they hold a gun battle
Ain't old enough to save but I behave just like a true vet
That's cause for all the dirt I did and dirt I didn't do yet
Tryin' to pop my pistol for a profit
Copper tried to stop I didn't drop and so we got it (yeah)
And I don't give a fuck about it
(Aiyyo you think you'll ever quit this shit?) I doubt it
So why not take all of me
Cause I just love to be the nigga that nobody else has the balls to be
These suckers always searchin' for me, with funk
They in a hurry to get buried with they loc's up (see ya)
And once I let my gun pop
Another motherfucker drops
I smoke a gang of buddha better yet some indo
Crack through your window, nigga where the fuck the ya-yo?
You tried to hesitate I couldn't wait to rush him
I didn't trust him, he sneezed and I had to bust him
I'm criminal I'm workin' doin' wicked shit
So catch a Christmas cause I'm murderin' your witnesses, I'm troublesome
Yeah, a nigga named Troublesome
[Verse 3]
Now I'm on top got plenty dope in
I ain't no fuckin' joke so you can label me King of Oakland, huh
As I sit back and rake my, dough in
I let my money grown in just got rich off what they owin', huh
And flippin' hoes, there's no open
Keepin' a sister broke I'd rather take it from the token (give it up)
A psychopath when provoked then
All you see is smoke I pull a pistol from my, coat
I told you we ain't havin' it (c'mere)
Give up the dough, reached for his coat, started grabbin' it
Bang bang! Was the sound as I jetted
A bullet in the head so the sucker don't forget it
But I knew that I'd be dead soon
Crime in my head, makin' decisions in my bedroom
I see task at my front do' (ahh shit)
But I ain't goin' alive, so what the fuck these niggas come fo'
Just because you got a vest don't mean you escape from death (bitch)
I put this AK to your chest it'll take your entire breath
Threw a grenade in the front yard
Six cops lunged then got crunched, here they come God
The other cops are closin' in
Deja vu, what do I do, here we go again (here we go again)
I'd rather take my life than have these suckers clown me
When they found me, they call me troublesome
Niggas ain't tapin', not a live
Troublesome, word up
Uptown, they got a Troublesome
In Crooklyn, they got a Troublesome
In the Bronx, they got a Troublesome
In Oaktown, they got a Troublesome
South Central, they got a Troublesome
The jungle, they got a Troublesome
Washington D.C., (troublesome)
Baltimore (troublesome)
Miami (troublesome)
Seattle, All over this motherfuckin' country (troublesome)
In every single ghetto (troublesome)
As long as there ain't money there's gonna be troublesome
(Troublesome), word up
(Troublesome), troublesome
Troublesome (troublesome)


text:
An omnidirectional microphone is a microphone designed to pick up sound from all directions.
The opposite of omnidirectional microphones would be unidirectional microphones which themselves are designed to pick up sound from only a single direction. No microphone is truly omnidirectional and no microphone is truly unidirectional, but some microphones come close to one or the other.
Omnidirectional microphones work by making sure that their transducer (the part that picks up sound and converts it into an electric signal) is exposed from all sides, which usually means that it is placed out of the "handle" in a "ball" or a "dome".
The benefits and drawbacks of omnidirectional microphones are obvious. They can be used to record more than one thing at a time, such as a whole band, but they also pick up a lot of other noise, such as room reverberations, audience noise, or even speaker feedback.


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text:
|About us
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1996 UK Internet Services Provider Survey
October 1996
We were invited to give a talk at October's Networld+Interop 1996 in London. The title we were given was Internet Services Providers: Who are they and what are their business strategies?
This page contains the slide and selected graphs and slide notes from the presentation given by Frank Wales.
The information that forms the basis of this paper is that which has been collected over the last three years or so by Paola Kathuria as part of the maintenance of the UK Internet Lists, or InetUK for short. These lists make up the most complete, and most timely, publicly available listing of Internet access providers, consultants, web design companies, and publications.
They are maintained at no cost to the companies on the list, and are freely available on the world-wide web, via FTP and via e-mail. InetUK is a Usenet FAQ that became too big for Usenet. ArcGlade continues to maintain and develop InetUK as a free resource for the benefit of the net community.
In addition, we prepared a survey of Internet company aims and opinions, and invited the many hundreds of Internet-related companies to participate. At the time of writing, one hundred companies, from across the whole range of access providers and consultants, have contributed their beliefs and opinions, and much of this paper is derived from that material. The actual questions asked, and summary information on the responses, is included.
UK Internet growth (1)
InetUK started recording information on Internet access providers in 1992 . At that time, the list only contained access providers, and there were 12 on the list. In 1994, we added consultants and training companies, reasoning that people who had Internet access might want expert advice in using it effectively.
UK Internet Growth (2)
Figure 1 shows the growth in access and services providers since then, to the 243 who currently offer access provision today. Note that the figures from the InetUK listings reflect all the companies we know about, but every now any then, we find out about more.
The most obvious example of this was during the summer of 1996, when we discovered a large number of web design companies on search engines such as Yahoo! This explains the huge leap in total numbers shown in the graph during that period, although the number of access providers didn't increase by much, indicating that our figures for those are more accurate.
UK Internet Growth (3)
These figures really represent a lower bound on the actual numbers, but we believe that at least the access provider numbers are pretty accurate, since it's more in the interest of access providers to advertise their presence, so it's harder for us to miss one.
UK Internet Growth (4)
Figure 2 shows the tallies for those companies who actually maintain an entry in the InetUK database. These number are smaller than for the total companies on the list, because many companies never respond to our requests for more detailed information about themselves.
Who are they, anyway? (1)
Providing a comprehensive listing of companies here would be an interesting exercise in wasting paper, much like many of the original Internet books that came out as mildly-formatted reprints of the big on-line listings.
As will become apparent when reviewing the summary results presented later, most of the companies offering Internet access or services are recent start-ups (within the last three years for access providers, within the last year for web design companies). Those in the field the longest are also among the biggest: for example, EUNET (now part of PSINet) and Pipex are relatively mature businesses by Internet standards, each being several years old; Demon Internet, the largest dedicated ISP in the UK, was formed in mid-1992.
By 1994, most of today's larger, relatively stable Internet access companies were in business. Around this time, many of the smaller providers started springing up, often spurred on by an entrepreneurial rush to grab a piece of the action in an apparently rapidly-growing market.
At the moment, while Demon Internet is at the top end of the current market with 300 staff, and is capable of attracting substantial capital investment to sustain its customer base growth, it would seem that the commonest size of these companies is just five people.
Even in the last twelve months, I have seen articles in magazines written for small business people and entrepreneurs encouraging them to get into the Internet service business, citing the relatively low capital costs (a leased line, some modems and a PC). It's my own opinion that the window of opportunity was already closing on this market two years ago, with the larger providers settling in and the big boys starting to get their act together.
Who are they, anyway? (2)
The second wave of activity has been among the companies that have grown up to serve the needs of businesses and organisations who are (still) waking up to the possibilities that the Internet offers to them, with the growth of web design companies and Internet consultancies. Many of these companies stem from existing design and software companies stepping onto the web bandwagon; again, the commonest size seems to be five people, although the largest dedicated web companies that we know of have around 50 full-time staff.
There are also a significant number of single individuals offering specific technical or design services aimed at the web; some of these are people who have realised that HTML preparation of documents from other media is relatively straightforward. Unfortunately, it's sufficiently straightforward that tools are becoming available that will make the HTML-only business a short-lived one.
Size isn't everything
It's sometimes interesting to see what businesses claim about themselves in their attempts to be regarded as the biggest at something. What's nice about the net is that there are so many statistics to choose from, that almost everyone can be a winner:
Despite the surprisingly large number of companies offering to connect people to the Internet in the UK (243), based on the results of our survey, as mentioned earlier the commonest size of a company is just five people. However, the average size is over twenty, but this indicates the significant influence of those few companies that employ many more than the average, such as Demon Internet.
The number of companies that are of a large enough size to survive any serious price competition remains to be seen. For those who are interested in knowing the relative customer bases of the UK providers (something they're mostly coy about), Robert Hoare has prepared an approximate ordering by using the major e-mail directory Four11 to count usernames registered in each ISP's domain.
Signs of Maturity
One feature of the maturing nature of the UK access provision market, and one that some people see as heralding the a shake-out in the market, is the arrival of U.S.-based access providers into the U.K.. This has happened in two ways: companies arriving on their own (such as Netcom and AOL), and companies merging or taking over existing U.K. companies to obtain instant market share.
During the last twelve months or so, PSI has acquired Eunet-GB, UUNET has merged with Pipex, and various rumours have buzzed past our ears concerning other U.S. telecommunications companies eyeing up U.K.-based access providers that we can't go into yet. Of course, the real meaning of this is the arrival of serious capital combined with longer Stateside experience of the Internet access business, both of which will tend to squeeze out all but the most competitive access providers, if that's the only service they sell.
Something else that has happened in the last year or so has been the gradual arrival of two other things indicating maturity: special-interest groups and the authorities. The Internet Service Providers Association (ISPA) has been developing over the last fifteen months or so, with the stated overall aim "to promote the interests of Internet Service Providers in the UK", and no fewer than ten principal aims listed on their web site.
For their trouble, the ISPA are getting mixed up in a variety of fights that are now developing around the Internet, such as the pre-election caterwauling about on-line pornography. They currently have around sixty members; although they include many (but not all) of the major providers, I wonder if those sixty are feeling a bit miffed about carrying the fight for the hundreds of others who aren't currently members.
ISPA followed a year after the formation of the other major body, the London Internet Exchange, or LINX, which represents the 28 biggest ISPs in the UK, and serves to co-ordinate network traffic between them.
Some of the biggest ISPs in the UK have received cash injections over the last year from investors who are finally deciding that the business adage of a couple of years ago, "no-one is making money from the Internet," isn't true any more. Richard Branson was interviewed some months ago by Wired magazine on Virgin's plans for an Internet service (which, as I recall, is due to launch about October 1996). Media companies are getting with the programme; after its brief stint as an Internet Service Provider a couple of years ago, the BBC is creating an on-line offering (called, strangely enough, BBC Online).
And advertising companies, potentially large and on-going buyers of Internet expertise, are starting to buy pieces of web designers such as Webmedia.
Summary Survey Results
Who responded?
The position of the respondents generally reflected the kind of people one would hope had information on the company's strategy and business--fully 96% of respondents were owners, board-level or relevant senior management.
In fact, given that many of the individuals that we normally correspond with in organisations are in sales or marketing, or maybe a webmaster, we were pleasantly surprised by the calibre of respondents.
Presentation of results
The following sections summarise the results gathered from the respondents according to the major category of result, and then into groups by respondent type.
The major categories are:
Within each of these categories, results are grouped both as a whole, and divided into groups according to the major business functions of the respondent, allowing us to separate out the opinions of web-design companies from pure Internet access providers, for example.
Core business
The chart shows that twice as many companies had web design as their core business than providing Internet access. The previous graphs indicate that, prior to 1996, most Internet companies would have been providing Internet access.
Original focus
This shows that about two-thirds of the companies have been specially created for their Internet-related purpose, with about one third being conversions. We also asked the companies how business had been so far, bearing in mind their original expectations, and what they thought was going to happen to them over the next two years -- the results of those questions are later.
Company sizes (IAPs)
This summarises, for Internet Access Providers, the number of employees. Most companies have less than 10 employees; with 5 employees being the most common.
Company Sizes (Web)
This summarises the number of employees in companies providing web design and related services. Again, the most common number is 5, followed by 2, 12 and 20.
Employees (1)
By considering the related data, and plotting them on the next chart, we can see that the average company dedicates most of its employees' time to Internet work, but not all of it, and that the average company is getting by with about 40% freelance or temporary staff, a clear sign of a shortage of readily-available skilled candidates.
Aims, Then & Now (IAPs)
Aims, Then & Now (Web)
Threats, Opportunities (IAPs) (1)
Threats, Opportunities (IAPs) (2)
Threats, Opportunities (Web) (1)
To a certain extent, there are few surprises, although about a third of both groups recognised the problems associated with having ill-informed clients (likely through experience), and the great majority were concerned about over-loading of the infrastructure.
A curiously large number (20%) felt that increasing competition was an opportunity for them, as did those who felt the same about Internet access and web space becoming commodity items. As a relative old-timer, it is also pleasing to note the number who believe that unsolicited e-mail is a threat.
Threats, Opportunities (Web) (2)
How's it going?
This shows the companies' subjective assessment of how business has been to date.
Where are you going?
It's especially interesting to see 90% of respondents anticipating growth, which implies that even those who over-estimated the market aren't doing so badly (or they're still over-estimating). The employee information is also interesting, showing the relatively large number of relatively small companies.
Other comments
A number of respondents offered the view that smaller ISPs and web design companies would either "consolidate or sink," as one put it. A number of people also expressed concern about the effect that Microsoft would have on the overall market, mainly in the area of setting the standards that most suited it; they seemed to see this as inevitable. Java and Network Computers were also repeatedly mentioned as important technologies for something.
The strategy of being the 'one company that provides access and content' (a.k.a. the on-line service) was seen as failing today, and the strategy of providing content-free web development services was seen as failing tomorrow. The long-term prosperity was seen in being a large company (probably U.S.-owned) providing networking and access services, or in being a content-producing company. Perhaps by their nature, a major third strategy was missed, that of developing the products that allow the customers who buy the access to look at the content.
Long-term strategies
The most plausible long-term strategies for companies to begin aligning themselves to now are seen to be the first three. Note that these align pretty well to the triumvirate of telephony, media and computer companies.
Companies doing all four: IBM, Microsoft Companies trying to do more than one: BBC, News International, BT
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