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Autovermietung Belfast
Sie finden Avis sowohl am Belfast International Airport als auch am George Best Belfast City Airport. An beiden Belfaster Flughäfen finden Sie die Autovermietung nach der Gepäckausgabe in der Ankunftshalle.
Wenn Sie nicht mit dem Flugzeug anreisen, können Sie den bewährten Taxiservice aus dem Belfaster Stadtzentrum, einen Shuttlebus-Service zwischen dem Flughafenterminal und der benachbarten Haltestelle Sydenham oder den regulären "Antrim Air Link" vom nahegelegenen Bahnhof Antrim aus nutzen.
Book direct for the best Avis car and van rental experience. Here's what to expect:
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Our Comprehensive Zero-Excess cover product means no need to pay or claim.
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Go straight to your car at our larger stores. Your keys and paperwork will be waiting.
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Avis van hire in Belfast
What do you need to shift? Our van rental fleet spans small hire vans, perfect for that weekend DIY project; medium vans, well suited to hauling rolls of carpet, heavy floor tiles, or moving the kids to university; and large vans to accommodate some or all your wordly goods.
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Ihre Top-Anmietstationen in Belfast
Explore Belfast in your car or van rental
Over the last few decades Belfast has transformed itself into a hip and happening metropolis. The vibrant capital of Northern Ireland is brimming with historic and contemporary architecture. It is also considered a foodie destination with many bars, clubs and restaurants to choose from. Park up your Avis hire vehicle and explore this bustling city's museums and art galleries on foot.
The most modern and iconic of these is Titanic Belfast. Housed over six floors this is the world's largest dedicated Titanic museum. Based close to where the ship was built, it tells the full story of the liner and its ill-fated maiden voyage. On Sundays you can indulge in afternoon tea in a grand room complete with opulent staircase, White Star Line crockery and crisp white linen.
Historical landmarks worth visiting include Belfast Castle which is located on the slopes of Cave Hill, and the Ulster Museum which showcases the city's rich heritage. The Crumlin Road Gaol is also worth a visit – a notorious prison that housed more than 25,000 prisoners from the Victorian times until its closure in 1996. Guided tours are available.
To enjoy the city's historic character and artsy atmosphere, head straight for Belfast's Cathedral Quarter. Located in the vicinity of St Anne's Cathedral, this district hosts a variety of creative events throughout the year such as the Belfast Film Festival and the Cathedral Quarter Arts Festival. An abundance of trendy cafes, bars, restaurants and art galleries can be found here too.
Belfast is a great place to pick up unique and custom-made souvenirs. St George's Market, one of the city's oldest attractions, is the place to go to sample fresh local food and browse fine wares such as crafts and antiques. Head to the busy shopping streets of Donegall Place and Royal Avenue and hunt for exclusive items such as bespoke clothing and contemporary handmade jewellery. Small, independent boutiques sell locally made arts and crafts, including ceramics, linen and stationary.
The political murals are not to be missed. Depicting Belfast's troublesome past the murals have become symbolic works of art. If you have time on your road trip, try to catch a matinee or evening performance at the Grand Opera House or the Lyric Theatre.
There's so much to discover here. Rent a car or van in Belfast to explore the city in style and comfort.
Beyond Belfast by hire car or van
Northern Ireland is a beautiful country with some of the lushest scenery you'll ever see on the Emerald Isle. From breathtaking scenery featured in Game of Thrones, to historic tours and UNESCO World Heritage sights, there's much to see on a road trip around Belfast's surrounding regions in your rental.
Hire your car or van in Belfast city to explore locations across Northern Ireland.
The Antrim Coast and Giant's Causeway
The Antrim Coast is a popular getaway location from Belfast. A scenic drive here leads to some friendly little towns, castle ruins and beaches. The main attraction along the coast is the Giant's Causeway, a four-mile-long stretch of shoreline that's famous for its interlocking basalt columns. Geologists state the UNESCO World Heritage Site was formed 60 million years ago by volcanic eruptions. Others believe it was built by giants. Whatever you decide to believe the Giant's Causeway is a natural wonder certainly worth seeing. To really make the most of the scenery, walk the 8km route of the Giant's Causeway Cliff Path and be rewarded with stunning views of the rugged coastline.
Strangford Lough
Game of Thrones fans flock to Castle Ward in Strangford Lough, County Down, to enjoy a variety of outdoor activities at the Clearsky Adventure Centre – the filming location for Winterfell. The medieval courtyard and surrounding grounds host pursuits such as archery, clay pigeon shooting, climbing, orienteering, kayaking and mountain biking. Just a 40-minute drive east of Belfast, all this is easily reached in your rental vehicle.
Londonderry / Derry
Londonderry (also known as Derry) is less than an hour and 30-minute drive away in your rental car from Belfast. Drive down the M2 and pass Newtonabbey along the way. Guildhall Square, the heart of the city, and the mile long 17th century city walls are great starting points to gain a sense of the city's history. The Peace Bridge that crosses the River Foyle leads to the newly developed Ebrington - formerly an army barracks and now a square and café with views overlooking the city and riverside.
A one-hour drive from Belfast is Portrush. Head up the A26 and enjoy some great views as you cruise by Loch Neagh. This is an ideal base for exploring the highlights of the Antrim Coast. Portrush is a refined seaside resort and its laidback atmosphere makes it a popular choice for a short holiday or weekend break. The area has plenty of amusements from arcades to golf courses. In summertime locals and visitors take advantage of the good weather and walk along the toy harbour before heading to the sandy beaches.
Discover more...
Northern Ireland driving guide
Want a quick guide to the rules of the roads in Northern Ireland? We've unlocked them for your journey.


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While security is of vital importance to ensure the integrity of communications in wireless and mobile networks, most businesses which rely on these networks expect a high level of security and privacy to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of communications among terminals, networks, applications, and services.
Security, Privacy, Trust, and Resource Management in Mobile and Wireless Communications examines the current scope of theoretical and practical applications on the security of mobile and wireless communications. This book covers fundamental concepts of current issues, challenges, and solutions in wireless and mobile networks and will serve as a reference for graduate students, professors, and researchers in this emerging field.
The many academic areas covered in this publication include, but are not limited to:

subset: commoncrawl


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Fashion trends for this season
The change of season, especially in the spring transition often brings with it a change in thinking and questioning of our current wardrobe. Now it is time to replace materials with heavy fabrics intended for the warm months ahead. Spring time, check out the fashion trends for this season.
Today, we will look at five key pieces you need to add to your wardrobe for the warmer months. From timeless to trendy, the list has something for everyone.
Floral print
It is often associated with severe shirts for evening out, but the floral print has a reputation that precedes it. However, remove unnecessary loud floral print pieces you own. A new and modern variant of the shirt with floral print makes a stylish and bold complement to any modern wardrobe man.
Most natural prints are used on everything from pants and shorts down to polo shirts. No matter which piece you choose to wear, it is important to avoid a clash of prints. Combine with classic pieces with light colors. When selecting, choose a piece that manages to turn attention toward you and lift your look.
Contemporary and modern look, try to combine floral print with another spring trend. If you are looking for a discrete version of this print, to achieve a modern and elegant look, choose accessories. Pocket-handkerchief, silk tie or scarf will enrich your look without being forced to endanger your personal style.
Spring silk scarf
Always has divided opinion on this subject. The scarf sole purpose is to serve as a fashion accessory – unlike the winter version, which has real practical benefits. Spring version used to add a personal signature of the personal style.
This piece emphasizes imagination and extravagance while using the fabric, which you choose. Scarves made of silk are a smart choice.
Spring scarf has the potential to be your trademark this spring and bring sophistication and panache to your combinations. Whether you opt for pants and shirt, leather jacket or shorts and shirt, with a scarf you can mix and fill up your personal style.
Shoes without laces
The trends of shoes recently shifted their attention to running shoes, while the fashion industry put emphasis on retro models. However, this season it is time to consider on shoes without laces.
Fashion brands this spring produced luxury version made of leather, giving it a stylish upgrade that contradicts to the initial design. These stronger and more sophisticated models are perfect for combining
with pants or suits. The options made of canvas are ideal everyday summer shoes and can be combined with everything, jeans and t-shirt or pants with shirt.
The silhouette is practical and fits easily with various models and materials. Choose a model with a bold print or color if you want your everyday clothing to give a cool and unexpected appearance with a great deal of personal style.
White pants
They are brave choice, but also offer an amazing variety of combinations and perfect backdrop offering other color space to shine. Although play an important role along with current trends, white pants have timeless appeal. They have long been a key component in the collections of major brands in the fashion industry.
If you are brave enough to choose for this piece, wear it with a light shirt in subtle colors and leather moccasins with fringed decorative contemporary and classic look, or with a denim shirt and espadrilles for a relaxed look. White color has become crucial in male clothing this season, so if you have not yet purchased a piece in this color, now is the right time.
Easy coat
Inconsistency of spring is well known, and the threat of sudden rain is not rare. Therefore, the right time to choose a raincoat made of lightweight and waterproof material.
This piece combines perfectly with the clothes in the office and the weekend combinations. When it comes to choosing your perfect model, there are two main factors: color and length.
The classic navy blue and cream version is timeless and will play a big role in your wardrobe in the future. The bold blue or rich shades of green and burgundy offer the perfect compromise.


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A Jewish State
Theodor Herzl proposes a solution to the 'Jewish Question' and to anti-Semitism: a separate and independent ...
My Father's Girl
Jane Addams, whose Hull-House became a symbol of progressive reform, here remembers her father who helped ...
Paris Goes to War
As the World War engulfs Europe in August 1914, Edith Wharton reports from Paris on the ...
Lord Charnwood recounts the development and importance of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, a signal event in American ...
Darwin Changes His Mind
Here is Darwin's account of his visit to the Galapagos Islands with its myriad species, which ...
A Grand Way to Chronicle a War
A fascinating glimpse of World War II journalism behind the front lines at Paris's Hotel Scribe, ...
The Genius and the Jerk
Walter Vatter explores the early years of Steve Jobs--was he a genius, or simply an expert ...
Artificial Epidemics
How early detection and mass screening have turned prostate cancer ...
The Apprenticeship of Alger Hiss
by R. Bruce Craig
In 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a moon-faced Time magazine editor and former courier for the Soviet underground, accused Alger Hiss, a distinguished former State Department official and at the time the patrician head of the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace, of having been a secret Communist in the 1930s. Chambers soon expanded his allegation to include espionage. The resulting two perjury trials of Alger Hiss and the emergence of the "Hiss-Chambers controversy," as it came to be called, rocked America, soon transfixing and eventually transforming a nation, and becoming a symbol of the U.S. struggle with domestic and worldwide communism. The following story of Hiss's early years is adapted from the forthcoming book The Lives of Alger Hiss by R. Bruce Craig. It is the first full-scale biography of Hiss written since his death in 1996 to draw not only from once-secret KGB files but, more important, from previously untapped Hiss family papers. These papers and other fresh sources offer telling insights into the life of one of the most important yet enigmatic figures of the twentieth century.
The Apprenticeship of Alger Hiss details:
Words: 20,000
Pages: 44
Read a sample of The Apprenticeship of Alger Hiss >>


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As the major part of coal slime dryer, the bearing should be well maintained and lubricated. If being lubricated continuously, the bearing can operate smoothly and normally. How to maintain the bearing well is the discussing point of this paper. As we all know, the bearing part is of significant importance for coal slime dryer. If the bearing is battered for a much longer period, the service life of coal slime dryer will be seriously influenced.
Under the same working conditions, timely lubrication is one of the effective methods to prolong the service life of bearing. While, for most operators, they often overlook the lubrication on bearings. Since the sludge drying machine belongs to the large-sized equipment, relevant operators should have sufficient understandings toward the structure and performance. Before operating the quartz sand drying time for the first time, you should preview the instructional books carefully.
Service is the part of product and competitive strength of enterprises. Fote Machinery always holds the service standard that users' demand is the orientation to implement the service management, users' satisfaction is goal to carry out the brand service. As for the service spirit of "enthusiasm, servant and faithfulness", it should run through the whole service system. With the effort to make specialty classic, Fote will always regard the demands of customers as the persistent pursuit.
China Fote Machinery Co., Ltd. Add: High and New Industrial Zone, Kexue Avenue, High and New Technology Industrial Development Zone, Zhengzhou, China.
Phone: 0086-371-63313738 Mobile Phone: 0086-18039114854 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com SiteMap: Sitemap


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Once we hit July and everything steams up and the sun is up in the East before 6 a.m. with its glow on the western horizon until about 9 p.m., I am seldom in the mood for long hot days in the kitchen. I want to come home from the pool, hop off my bike, hit the shower and plop myself down with a bowl of fresh veggies. So my newest version of classic Middle Eastern Tabbouleh is a perfect summer dish. It will also make a great side to the chicken and pork mole, if you are planning something more intense—like a party!
You may recall my Green Gal Tabbouleh from a couple of years ago—it was considerably more work than what I'm proposing here, but it was a special dish for a party teeming with vegetarians. And, it's yummy, so check it out if you have not seen this recipe. But if what you are after is simple summer fare, read on…and, oh yes, this one is gluten free, too!
- Zest and juice of one large or two small limes
- One-quarter cup brown rice vinegar
- One teaspoon coarse sea salt
- One tablespoon honey
- One or two large cloves garlic, minced
- One-half cup fresh parsley, minced
- One-quarter cup fresh mint leaves, minced (or one-eighth cup each, mint and fresh cilantro minced)
- One-quarter cup olive oil
- Freshly ground black pepper to taste
- Two cups cooked white quinoa (one cup quinoa, rinsed; two cups water)
- Three medium or two large cucumbers, washed, seeded and diced
- One large red bell pepper, washed, seeded and diced
- Two large or four small fennel bulbs, washed, trimmed, cored and diced
- One-half cup diced onion, either spring onions with tops or red onion
- Start with the quinoa, rinsing it and cooking it in filtered water until it has completely absorbed all the liquid, about 30 minutes. Set aside to cool a bit.
- Next make the dressing by combining the lime zest and juice, the rice vinegar, honey, garlic, sea salt, pepper, minced herbs, and finally whisking in the oil for a nice emulsion.
- Place the warm quinoa in a large bowl and toss well with the dressing. Adding the dressing while the quinoa is still slightly warm allows it to soak up the dressing a bit better.
- Now cut up all the vegetables, which will give the quinoa/dressing mixture a chance to continue cooling.
- Once all the vegetable preparation is complete, toss everything together in the bowl, cover and refrigerate for at least four hours up to overnight.
The cook time refers to cooking the quinoa. Remember that you are making this ahead and need 4-12 hours marinating time.
So pretty simple, eh? And there's more to love here than just simplicity. Because I've chosen quinoa over more traditional grains, I've kept the dish gluten free and super-charged it with protein. This dish is a wonderful side to rich food, but it is also is a complete protein meal for vegans.
Favorite Toppings
Here are some of the garnishes I suggest to make your New-Take Tabbouleh a hit on the picnic table:
Toasted salted pumpkin seeds
Diced avocado with an extra spash of lime
Diced fresh apricots (be brave!)
Chopped pistachios
One last word: Flexibility
I began making this salad in early June when bell peppers were nowhere to be found, so the first version contained carrots instead peppers. So if you are fresh out of peppers, carrots are another colorful option.
If fennel isn't around, I suggest celery, but this will definitely change the flavor. If you go with celery, try adding a sprinkle of ground star anise. My best advice is to stick with the fennel, but if you try celery, let me know how you liked it.
The parsley is a must here—it is the main ingredient in traditional tabbouleh. However, if you are not a minty person, try just the cilantro. If you detest cilantro, stick with the mint or maybe add some fresh thyme. Give it your new take on tabbouleh and share your creative results.


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Wat Hat Yai Nai Reclining Buddha Temple1 min read
Wat Hat Yai Nai Reclining Buddha Temple
This temple is actually located in the city of Hatyai. Since I drove to this temple, it is not easy to find without a GPS coordinate (below).
It is located on Phetkasem Road near Khlong U Taphao Bridge, this temple is home to Phra Phuttha Hattha Mongkhon. If not mistaken, it is near a school but there are many parking spaces available here.
From the entrance, you walk further in until you meet this huge temple. When I say it is huge, it is really huge.
No wonder that, Phra Phuttha Hattha Mongkhon is considered as the third largest reclining Buddha in the world with a size of 35-meter tall and 10-meter wide. Even when I get closer, I can't fit the reclining Buddha in to the camera frame, I need a fish eye lens to accomplish it.
Wat Hat Yai Nai is visited by locals and foreign tourists as well. Since it is located in the city, most taxis and tuk tuks should know about this temple. Operating time: 08.00 – 17.00.
Self drive in Thailand is easy, safe and fun. Remember to get your FREE copy of The Easy Fun Self Drive in Thailand South Region at TAT office at Suite 22.01, Level 22, Menara Citibank, 165, Jalan Ampang, 50450 Kuala Lumpur.
This is not a sponsored post.
Wat Hat Yai Nai Address and GPS Coordinate:
Wat Hat Yai Nai on Phetchakasem Road, near Khlong U
Taphao Bridge, Amphoe Hat Yai, Songkhla
Tel: 0 7423 1055, 0 7423 8518, 0 7424 3747


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[Edmund Bergler, "The Myth of a New National Disease: Homosexuality and the Kinsey Report," in: Psychiatric Quarterly, Vol. 22 (January 1948), pp. 66-88.]
[Note: The annoyingly profuse deployment of quotation marks and italics
is part of the original article, and is characteristic of Bergler's work
in general. Looking back at my own essays on this website, I would have
to say that he and I have that in common #) F.M.]
Homosexuality and the Kinsey Report
By Edmund Bergler, M.D.*
*Formerly lecturer at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and assistant
director of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Clinic.
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male1 has been attracting public interest, has reached the best-seller list (an amazing feat for a book composed mainly of statistics), and has become a popular topic of controversy. And Dr. Kinsey has even been able to state that a recent regional survey showed that more people knew about his report than about the Marshall Plan.
The purpose of the present paper is not to discuss the report per se, its merits and fallacies: I shall concentrate exclusively on one sector, Kinsey's findings on homosexuality.
Kinsey's yardstick as to what constitutes a homosexual is the quantitative
distribution in the "heterosexual-homosexual balance":
.... many persons who are rated "homosexual" by their fellows in a school community, a prison population, or society at large, may be deriving only a small portion of their total (sexual) outlet from that source. The fact that such a person may have had hundreds of heterosexual contacts will, in most cases, be completely ignored ...
In assaying the significance of any particular activity in an individual history, or any particular type of sexual behavior in a population as a whole, it is necessary to consider the extent to which that activity contributes to the total picture (pp. 193-4).
It is imperative that one understand the relative amounts of the heterosexual and homosexual in an individual's history if one is to make any significant analysis of him. Army and Navy officials and administrators in schools, prisons, and other institutions should be more concerned with the degree of heterosexuality or homosexuality in an individual than they are with the question of whether he has ever had an experience of either sort.
Everywhere in our society there is a tendency to consider an individual "homosexual" if he is known to have had a single experience with another individual of his own sex. Under the law an individual may receive the same penalty for a single homosexual experience that he would for a continuous record of experiences. In penal and mental institutions a male is likely to be rated "homosexual" if he is discovered to have had a single contact with another male. In society at large, a male who has worked out highly successful marital adjustment is likely to be rated "homosexual" if the community learns about a single contact that he has had with another. All such misjudgments are the product of the tendency to categorize sexual activities under only two heads, and of a failure to recognize the gradations that actually exist (pp. 647 and 650).
Kinsey introduces a "heterosexual-homosexual rating. scale" (p. 638):
0. Exclusively heterosexual with no homosexual.
1. Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual.
2. Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual.
3. Equally heterosexual and homosexual.
4. Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual.
5. Predominantly homosexual, but incidentally heterosexual.
6. Exclusively homosexual.
Kinsey concludes (pp. 650-651):
From all of this, it becomes obvious that any question as to the number of persons in the world who are homosexual and the number who are heterosexual is unanswerable. It is only possible to record the number of those who belong to each of the positions on such a heterosexual-homosexual scale as given above. Summarizing our data on the incidence of overt homosexual experience in the white male population and the distribution of various degrees of heterosexual-homosexual balance in that population, the following generalization may be made:
37 per cent of the total male population has at least some overt homosexual experience to the point of orgasm between adolescence and old age. This accounts for nearly 2 males out of every 5 one may meet.
50 per cent of the males who remain single until age 35 have had overt homosexual experience to the point of orgasm, since the onset of adolescence.
58 per cent of the males who belong to the group that goes into high school but not beyond, 50 per cent of the grade school level, and 47 per cent of the college level have had homosexual experience to the point of orgasm if they remain single to the age of 35.
63 per cent of all males never have overt homosexual experience to the point of orgasm after the onset of adolescence.
50 per cent of all males (approximately) have neither overt nor psychic experience in the homosexual after the onset of adolescence.
13 per cent of the males (approximately) react erotically to other males without having overt homosexual contacts after the onset of adolescence.
30 per cent of all males have at least incidental homosexual experience or reactions (i.e., rate 1 to 6) over at least a three-year period between the ages of 16 and 35. This accounts for one male out of every three in the population who is past the early years of adolescence.
25 per cent of the male population has more than incidental homosexual experience or reactions (i.e., rates 2-6) for at least three years between the ages of 16 and 55. In terms of averages, one male out of approximately every four has had or will have such distinct and continued homosexual experience.
18 per cent of the males have at least as much of the homosexual as the heterosexual in their histories (i. e., rate 3-6) for at least three years between the ages of 16 and 55. This is more than one in six of the white male population.
13 per cent of the population has more of the homosexual than the heterosexual (i. e., rates 4-6) for at least three years between the ages of 16 and 55. This is one in eight of the white male population.
10 per cent of the males are more or less exclusively homosexual (i. e., rate 5 or 6) for at least three years between the ages of 16 and 55. This is one male in 10 in the white male population.
8 per cent of the males are exclusively homosexual (i.e., rate a 6) for at least three years between the ages of 16 and 55. This is one male in every 13.
4 per cent of the white males are exclusively homosexual throughout their lives, after the onset of adolescence.
Kinsey's conception of the "hetero-homosexual balance" is augmented by the dictum:
The homosexual has been a significant part of human sexual activity since the dawn of history, primarily because it is an expression of capacities that are basic in the human animal (p. 866).
A series of objections can be raised against Kinsey's conclusions. The main points of disagreement are the following:
Statistically speaking, Kinsey avoids with 100 per cent completeness
even the smallest concession to the existence of the dynamic unconscious.
According to the "taxonomic approach," to which Kinsey adheres, the "human
animal," as Kinsey calls homo sapiens, seems not yet to have developed
the unconscious part of his personality. As far as the "human animal's"
sex life is concerned, the latter is propelled by a "heterosexual-homosexual
balance" which is exclusively biologically conditioned:
Homosexual activities occur in a much higher percentage of the males who became adolescent in an early age; and in a definitely smaller percentage of those who became adolescent at later ages (p. 630).
As a factor in the development of the homosexual, age of onset of adolescence (which probably means the metabolic drive of the individual) may prove to be more significant than the much-discussed Oedipus relation of Freudian philosophy (p. 315).
Derogatory remarks about Freudian psychoanalysis are mainly based on ignorance or resistance, or both. When this pair of characteristics occurs in biased laymen, one explains it away as typical resistance to acceptance of unconscious facts. The reason for this attitude in biased scientists is, of course, identical, though less defensible.
Kinsey is clearly not informed about the following facts:
a. Psychoanalysis has never denied the biologic substructure in human drives; on the contrary, it has stressed it. The psychologic superstructure, its interconnection with biologic facts and their mutual influence, form the ABCs of Freudian psychoanalysis.
b. Homosexuality is no longer considered the result of the "Oedipus relation." About 1930 Freud discovered the pre-Oedipal phase,2 meaning the precursor of the Oedipus complex. Before the child enters the triangular mother-father-child relationship, it goes through the duality: mother-child.
It is true that psychoanalysis, being an empirical science, passed, through different phases. Freud discovered first the more superficial layers of the unconscious, the "phallic" and "anal" phases. The deepest regression - the "oral" one - was discovered only much later. "Geologic" strata of the unconscious were not discovered in their "proper order"; one cannot prescribe to a genius the sequence of his discoveries. Thus the historic sequence of analytic discovery, and the historic sequence of individual development, do not coincide.
Hence analytic papers pertaining to homosexuality have been time-bound.
They reflect the state of knowledge, or lack of it, at the specific time
in which they were published. Thus there are early statements of Freud
and his pupils connecting homosexuality with specific aberrations of the
Oedipus complex. With strange intuition, however, Freud brought homosexuality
into connection with the pre-Oedipal phase as early as 1910 in his study
on Leonardo:
We will for the moment leave aside the question as to what connection there is between homosexuality and sucking at the mother's breast.3
And in 1925 Freud declared:
According to a comment of the old child specialist, Lindner, the child discovers the pleasure-giving genital zone - penis or clitoris - during sucking. I shall leave it undecided whether the child really takes this newly acquired source of pleasure as a substitute for the recently lost nipple of the mother's breast.4
Kinsey is obviously neither familiar with these statements nor with the work on homosexuality carried out by Ernest Jones (1928)5, Helene Deutsch (1932)6, on female homosexuality, nor my own on male homosexuality, starting in 1933.7 An interesting follow-up study is a recent paper by Major I. Weiss on homosexuality with special reference to military prisoners.8
Whether connected with more superficial or deeper layers,9 psychoanalysis has always considered the homosexual a frightened fugitive from misconceptions he unconsciously builds around women. The fact remains that even the later male homosexual had (like every human being) a specific first experience in life with his mother. And this very real emotional experience with a woman leaves its marks. When later in life he turns to man as sexual object, he does so in a neurotic elaboration of that first and undigested experience.
A short genetic [Bergler uses the word "genetic" the way most scientists now use "etiologic"] survey produces the following picture:10
Perversion homosexuality is characterized by conscious acceptance of sexual gratification derived from a relation with an object of the same sex. Whether feelings of guilt are connected or cynically discarded is immaterial for the diagnosis, though not for the therapeutic prognosis. Homosexuals pretend consciously that they simply imitate the husband-wife relationship. Therefore - in the passive variety - they imitate women, in such things as manner of dressing, movements, talking, walking, and use of perfume and cosmetics. This superficial (consciously desired) impression results in the typical misconception that every "effeminate" man is a homosexual. Nothing is further from the clinical facts. In accepting the superficial camouflage, the naïve observer plays into the hands of the unconscious "alibi" of homosexuals. He is in the situation of a detective who takes at face value all the clues planted by the wrongdoer, to hide his real identity.
What is the unconscious situation of a man suffering from the disease-entity "perversion homosexuality"? He has regressed to the earliest level of psychic development, the "oral stage." Every child has to cope with the fact of weaning from bottle or breast. The normal solution is in itself fantastic: The male child overcomes the trauma of weaning by denying its dependence on the mother and by consoling himself that he has on his own body an organ similar to the withdrawn breast or bottle, that is, the penis. Anatomic differences do not bother the child. His problem is to rescue vestiges of childish megalomania. Hence the ridiculous over-valuation of the "breast substitute," hence the well-marked "penis pride" of the boy.
One of the many abnormal solutions of that early conflict is encountered in homosexuals. These persons are so angry with the disappointing breast or breast-substitutes that they discard the whole disappointing sex: woman. They run in life after the "reduplication of their own defense-mechanism" - the penis. Every analysis of homosexuals (the writer has analyzed dozens of them) confirms the fact that behind their frantic chase after the male organ the disappointing breast is hidden. How can this seemingly fantastic connection be proved clinically? Simply by analyzing without bias the unconscious conflicts of homosexuals. They all labor under the "mechanism of orality," as described repeatedly by the writer. The mechanism consists of the following triad:
Act 1. Through their provocative behavior a situation is brought about in which some substitute of the pre-Oedipal mother is "refusing."
Act 2. Not realizing that they themselves unconsciously manufacture this very disappointment, they become aggressive in "righteous indignation" and seemingly in self-defense.
Act 3. Then they indulge in endless self-pity, unconsciously enjoying psychic masochism.
Consciously, these sick. persons realize only their "righteous indignation," leading to self-defense and self-pity. They repress completely the fact of their own initial provocation, which began the sequence, as well as the masochistic enjoyment of self-pity. Thus the ego-strengthening illusion of "aggression" is maintained, and the dynamically decisive masochistic substructure is hidden. Those neurotics are "injustice collectors."
The existence of the "mechanism of orality" which is operative in homosexuals gives a clue to the fact that these people are orally regressed, and that the Oedipus complex is not decisive for them. But the mechanism of orality does not make a homosexual. There are many entirely different neuroses in which that mechanism is visible. The existence of this mechanism in a specific person only proves his oral regression. What is characteristic specifically of the homosexual is the fact that the narcissistic structure accentuates the mechanism to the nth degree. The truly megalomaniacal superciliousness of homosexuals is unique. Precisely because of their narcissistic substructure, the blow caused by incapacity to maintain the infantile fiction of omnipotence hits children who become homosexuals so severely. They recover only partially from the defeat of weaning, and even then only with narcissistic recompense. It is here that the "reduplication of their own defense mechanisms" comes into play.
Another proof of the oral substructure of homosexuals is a fact first stressed by the writer: In analysis, nearly all of these patients go through, during the end-stages of destruction of the perversion, a period in which they produce the symptom of premature ejaculation with women. And complicated cases of premature ejaculation always show an oral substructure. Such patients refuse the woman pleasure, "they spill the milk before it can reach the mouth." They still live on the basis, of their alleged hatred toward the sex, woman. So deep is the fright of their own masochistic attachment that pseudo-aggression is their modus vivendi.
The amazing degree of unreliability of homosexuals - the combination they show with psychopathic trends - is also one of the end-results of the masochistic elaboration of the oral trauma. Superficially, it refers to the revenge fantasy; basically, under this thinly-veiled palimpsest, deep self-damaging tendencies are hidden. The broad pseudo-aggressive façade covers the self-damage poorly in the majority of homosexuals.
Why do so few homosexuals want to change? The reasons are: Living out the perversion guarantees them pleasure which is felt consciously. This is a very precise distinguishing mark of perversions as, contrasted with neuroses, in which the pleasure-gain is without exception on an unconscious level. Moreover, the neurotic symptom is always rejected consciously as a foreign body. There are no impotent men, for instance, who are proud of their impotence. In cases of perversion, the situation is quite different: Some homosexuals accept, and are even proud of, "being different. Psychoanalytically, we know today that a complicated inner defense is involved. Homosexuals approve of their perversion because such acceptance of it - corresponding to a defense mechanism - enables them to hide unconsciously their deepest conflict, oral-masochistic regression. Since the homosexual who has not been treated has no inkling of the real state of affairs, he clings "proudly" to his defense mechanism. Only in cases in which a portion of inner guilt is not satiated by the real difficulties (hiding, socal ostracism, extortion) which every homosexual experiences does the problem of changing come up.
Characterologically, homosexuals are classical "injustice collectors,"
resulting from the "mechanism of orality" sketched in the foregoing.
Kinsey and his collaborators gathered their conclusions by questioning
12,000 people. I believe that Kinsey's figures are correctly compiled and
presented in good faith. Still, his disregard for psychologic factors has
very likely played a. trick on him; he takes his human guinea pigs for
idealists who volunteered only for the purpose of further scientific research:
Thousands of persons have helped by contributing records of their own sexual activities, by interesting others in the research .... Even the scientist seems to have underestimated the faith of the man of the street in the method, his respect for the results of scientific research, and his confidence that his own life and the whole of the social organization will ultimately benefit from the accumulation of scientifically established data .... (p. 4). The chief appeal has been altruistic .... (p. 36).
Kinsey himself has some doubts about his volunteers, however:
Still more remarkable is the fact that many of the case histories in the present study have come from subjects who agreed to give histories within the first few minutes after they first met the interviewer. We are not sure that we completely comprehend why people have been willing to talk to us (pp. 35-36).
The chances are that many volunteers who secondarily interested other volunteers, though consciously inspired by noble intentions, had some less altruistic unconscious motives. Among these, one could suspect, were many homosexuals who gladly used the opportunity of proving, by volunteering, that "everybody" has homosexual tendencies - thus seeking to diminish their own inner guilt.
Moreover, the clinical fact remains that the circle of friends of neurotics consists almost exclusively of neurotics. Hence the second and third "crop" of volunteers must have consisted of too many neurotics, too.
I believe that Kinsey's figures about homosexual outlet will be revised downward as the present 12,000 interrogated are increased to 100,000, as Kinsey promises in the next 20 years.
One could enlarge on the involuntary selectivity of Kinsey's material by enumerating other unconscious propelling factors in the interrogated persons - for instance, the fact that it sometimes takes trained psychiatrists months to get the facts out of the patient, whereas Kinsey and his collaborators get it in one interview. We "fire questions" no less than Kinsey's schedule provides for; still, we need more time. Strange - or someone seems to be naïve.
But even assuming the improbable fact that further interrogations will
only confirm the published statistics, the complete neglect of unconscious
factors renders the results dubious.
The only differentiation Kinsey advocates among various forms of homosexuality is a quantitative one. He is opposed to calling a man a homosexual in whom the "heterosexual-homosexual balance" is only slightly or temporarily shifted to the homosexual side.
The quantitative approach cannot replace the genetic one in medicine. Imagine that someone advanced the idea of subdividing headaches entirely according to quantitative principles, rating them from I to 6 according to the severity of the headache. Medically speaking, a headache is only a symptom indicating a variety of possibilities: from brain tumor to sinus infection, from migraine attack to uremia, from neurosis to high blood pressure, from epilepsy to suppressed fury. Instead of the genetic viewpoint, we would have in this new order only six types of quantitatively varying degrees of big, middle-sized, and small headaches.
The quantitative viewpoint is one of the necessary criteria, but the genetic approach is indispensable. Not only correct diagnosis but therapy depends on it. Using only the quantitative yardstick leads to erroneous conclusions: It omits differentiation of the underlying diseases. Moreover, in the previously-mentioned rating of headaches, at a specific moment a headache produced by a sinus attack could be more severe than one produced in certain stages of a brain tumor.
The homosexual "outlet" covers a multitude of completely different genetic problems. Hence a genetic yardstick is necessary for the differentiation and cure of the confusing and many-faceted variety of types of the man-to-man relationship. Before arriving at such a differential diagnostic yardstick, let us look at the problem genetically.
1. Transitory Phase in Adolescence
The frequent homosexual episode in adolescence does not allow any conclusion as. to the future sex life of the boy. The endocrinologically-based sexual "push" revives, in a "second edition," the psychological infantile conflict which was closed at the age of five. Hence pre-Oedipal and Oedipal conflicts arise again. All these conflicts are linked with castration fears connected with women of the nursery-days. These fears can, for a time, promote a homosexual intermezzo, which is secondarily rationalized.
The early onset of maturation, stressed by Kinsey as decisive for homosexuality, is but a somatic expression of a psychologic fact: Inner conflicts influence inner glands no less than inner glands influence inner conflicts. One could assume that early puberty is an antedated defense expressed organically. The activity inherent in the sex drive is used as defense against the passivity and guilt revolving around reverberations of the infantile conflict. Puberty, in favorable cases, decides the battle of infantile passivity and guilt in favor of activity. Hence people with greater conflicts - such as orally regressed neurotics - try to save themselves with biologic help earlier. Kinsey's revelation of early adolescence speaks, in effect, against his assumption of "heterosexual-homosexual balance."
2. Perversion Homosexuality
Perversion homosexuality denotes genetically a stabilization on the unconscious defensive level: "I cannot be masochistically attached to Mother; I have nothing in common with her and am not even interested in a woman." He singles out the disappointing organ (breast or breast-equivalent), finds on his own body (in his penis) a replica of it, and throughout his life runs after the copy of the replica - the penis of the other man.
Secondarily, a "philosophy" is created by the homosexual to bolster his unconscious defense. He "approves": of his homosexuality because it camouflages well the facts he runs away from: those of oral-masochistic regression.
He cannot escape, though, other reverberations of that conflict: In his personality, he is the classical "injustice collector." Hence he constantly feels "unjustly treated."
Sometimes homosexuals assert that they are completely "happy," the only thing bothering them being the "unreasonable approach" of the environment. That is a convenient blind. There are no happy homosexuals; and there would not be, even if the outer world left them in peace. The reason is an internal one: Unconsciously they want to be disappointed, as does every adherent of the "mechanism of orality." A man who unconsciously runs after disappointment cannot be consciously happy. The amount of conflict, of jealousy for instance, between homosexuals surpasses everything known even in bad heterosexual relationships.
Imagine a baby wanting to prove that its mother is unjust; imagine further a pathologic mother wanting to harm and refuse the baby's demands - there one has in a nutshell the basic conflict of every homosexual relation. The homosexual is sick inwardly; and he shifts the blame, in a convenient process of displacement, to the evil outer world. In a roundabout way he gets once more, in this way, his chief diet: psychic masochism.
It takes a homosexual some time - usually until his late 'teens - to discover, and take cognizance of, his perversion. The period of fighting against conscious awareness of his defense mechanism - which he misunderstands as his final destiny - is, under typical conditions, concluded in the late 'teens, or at most, in the early twenties.
Applying these precepts, we can arrive at a genetic yardstick for the differential diagnosis: A male homosexual is a person who predominantly uses the unconsciously-based defense mechanism of man-man relationship to escape his repressed masochistic attachment to the mother - and who shows predominantly in his personality the mechanism of the "injustice collector." Only the combination of the two ingredients constitutes the homosexual.
Paradoxically the homosexual never "escapes mother" although his overdimensional inner fears push him into "another continent" in his frantic flight. His main character trait - "injustice collecting" - belongs genetically and historically to - mother. The penis of the partner for which he allegedly craves is a disguised breast or breast-equivalent of - mother. His quick "turnover" of partners is a pseudo-aggressive defense directed intrapsychically against - mother.
3. Spurious Homosexuality: the Innocent Milquetoast
In a rather grotesque misunderstanding, a specific type of passive man is constantly accused - and accuses himself - of homosexual "tendencies": the Caspar Milquetoast type. In a longer essay,11 I have tried to vindicate this innocent victim of a miscarriage of rumors and misconceptions.
The genesis of the passive-feminine man runs as follows: The boy develops at the age of two and one-half to five a strong attachment to the Oedipal mother, and a strong aggressive rejection of the father. A typical "positive Oedipus complex" is built up. By itself, that development is typical for every child, as Freud proved 50 years ago. Normally these transitory wishes of libidinous-aggressive contents are given up - a road which leads to normality.
Parallel with the "positive" Oedipus, every child develops also (to a quantitatively negligible degree) an attitude called the "negative" or "inverted" Oedipus complex. The boy's relation to his father does not consist merely of rejection. He admires his father's alleged strength and power. He identifies also with the mother and wants to enjoy all the mysterious and "cruel" things father does with mother. Here the father is loved, the mother rejected as competitor. Under normal conditions, these passive trends pass without causing trouble. In hysteric neurotics, fixated on the "negative" Oedipus, this harmless and transitory phase becomes predominant. Expressed analytically: The hysteric neurotic with the unconscious feminine identification is fixated on the level of the "negative" Oedipus.
The result spells troubles without end. The inner conscience (super-ego) objects constantly to the passive wishes. The inevitable result is that. the passive-feminine man is forced to build up unconsciously a series of defenses, to disprove the accusations of conscience. He produces a compensatory he-man attitude, later becomes a woman-chaser, and speaks disparagingly of women. His potency is weak and full of "whims"; sometimes it works on a record-breaking level - mostly it refuses to "behave."
Not always does the compensatory mechanism embedded in the forced and cramped he-man attitude work so perfectly. In some cases, the defenses are weak - and the outerworld designates this Mr. Milquetoast as an effeminate man, misjudging him as a homosexual.
The resulting two types - super-he-man and Milquetoast - are genetically carved out of the same wood; it is only the strength of the defense which varies.
How did it come to pass that the poor Milquetoast was unjustifiably accused, even in scientific literature, of homosexuality? This is understandable only by reviewing the development of psychoanalytic science. Freud started his discoveries, not from the deepest level of regression, but from the highest, as was indicated earlier in this paper. He first discovered the Oedipus complex, which plays a decisive role in hysteric and obsessional cases. The oral level was at that time either unknown or neglected. The result was that homosexuals, too, were considered specific aberrations of the Oedipus complex.
The external behavior of homosexuals and that of the homosexually innocent "passive-feminine" men, are not only unreliable indicators, but are completely misleading. The effeminate man is not a homosexual; the markedly effeminate homosexual, on the other hand, shows a camouflage, hiding his real conflict. One must .distinguish between two forms of unconscious identification, the "leading" and the "misleading." The "leading" unconscious identification petrifies, as it were, the representation of the decisive wishes of the personality, crystallized as the end-result of the infantile conflict. The "misleading" identification denotes identification with persons chosen for the purpose of denying and rebuffing the reproaches of the super-ego, directed against the basic neurotic wishes. The passive-feminine man's "leading" identification pertains to the Oedipal mother; his "misleading" unconscious identification to the he-man type. The "leading" unconscious identification of the homosexual pervert pertains either to pre-Oedipal mother (active variety) or to the baby (passive variety). His "misleading" unconscious identification is either with the Oedipal father (active) or the Oedipal mother (passive). A person confusing the two types of identification can blame only himself if the whole problem of homosexuals and "effeminate men" is full of unsolved contradictions for him. He cannot even explain the active variety of homosexual perverts, since, he is blinded by the fallacy of the effeminate man. By the same token he classifies every weakling of a man who is mistreated by an aggressive shrew as a homosexual. Further, poor Milquetoast is apt to accuse himself of homosexuality - unjustifiably.
4. Homosexual "One-timers"
A very large number of men have one or two homosexual experiences but no more. The group constituted by these men is extremely heterogeneous and comprises a variety of unconscious reasons leading to the homosexual interlude. For the most part these men are not homosexuals.
a. Temporary oral regression in specific situation of stress. Here belong transitory episodes of inductees in the armed services during the war. Loneliness, danger, fear, provoke the unconscious infantile accusation: "Bad mother is responsible." Masochistic attachment being revived, the later is warded off with pseudoaggression leading to the homosexual act as "revenge" and reassurance. The whole process is, of course, unconscious.
b. Allurement of the forbidden. In some cases the homosexual episode is but an expression of the masochistic wish for a short journey into "transgression of the forbidden." In the same way, not all persons who drank during prohibition were drinkers; some were looking for the "adventure of danger" (psychic masochism).
c. Shifted guilt. Frequently guilt pertaining to other inner causes is expressed in single homosexual episodes. This guilt may have its origin in entirely different sources.
d. The mirage of lack of heterosexual objects. One of the pillars of the assumption of shifting and exchangeable "balance" between heterosexuality and homosexuality is the argument that in prisons even previously heterosexual men become "homosexuals." But a curious oversight is here involved: Most prison inmates are persons who use the "mechanism of criminosis12 - hence an orally-determined solution occurs. The problem cannot be discussed without elaboration of the problems of the genetic factors leading to crime in general.
Using the genetic yardstick advocated in the foregoing, a differentiation between true and spurious cases of homosexuality is possible.
5. Homosexuality as Inner Admission of the "Lesser Crime"
There are literally dozens of elaborations of the "mechanism of orality" leading to injustice-collecting. As stressed before, the existence of that mechanism proves oral regression. To this is added a specific mechanism explaining why different clinical pictures result.
There exists, however, one type of orally-regressed man who uses a strange defense in his "battle of the conscience."13 Accused by his super-ego of masochistic repetition of an infantile conflict with the mother, projected upon a woman (he associates regularly with termagants), intrapsychically he denies the attachment by temporarily running to the - man. These neurotics use transitory homosexual "spells" as defenses against another "crime": that of masochistic attachment. They fortify themselves, so to speak, with a dose of homosexuality. They gain "immunity" toward women by using the homosexual conflict temporarily. After a short time, they revert to termagants only to repeat the identical procedure. The whole process is, of course, unconscious.
Very likely this type accounts for Kinsey's observation of sporadic homosexuality in specific ages in specific individuals. Kinsey, of course, takes it as proof of the shaky "heterosexual-homosexual balance."
6. Homosexuality in Conscious Fantasy Only
There are neurotics who never revert to overt homosexuality, though their masturbatory sex life is concentrated on homosexual fantasies.
Using the previously expounded genetic yardstick, we are able to distinguish between homosexuals and pseudo-homosexuals this group. The fact that only fantasy outlet is used does not, per se, exclude the fact that homosexuality is involved.
7. The "Bisexuals"
Some homosexuals are seemingly "bisexual" - that is to say, slight remnants
of heterosexuality can be detected. These remnants guarantee, for some
time, erective potency in a lustless coitus. Nobody can dance at two weddings
at the same time, not even the wizard of a homosexual. Equal distribution
of libidinous drives between homo- and heterosexuality does not exist,
simply because homosexuality is not a drive but a defense mechanism. The
so-called "bisexuals" are in reality homosexuals with a slight admixture
of potency with unloved women. Frequently they belong in Group 5, the "lesser
crimes" type.
The zoologist Kinsey seems to be of the opinion that the stabilty of
a heterosexual love-relationship is only a concession to social customs:
Long-time relationships between two males are notably few. Long-time relationships in the heterosexual would probably be less frequent than they are, if there were no social custom or legal restraints to enforce continued relationship in marriage. But without such outside pressure to preserve homosexual relations, and with personal and social conflicts continually disturbing them, relationship between two males rarely survives the first disagreement (p. 633).
This curious statement shows grandiose disregard for (or unfamiliarity with) the psychologic fact that the unconscious setting in a hetero- and homosexual relationship is totally different.
The homosexual neurotic is inwardly and constantly in flight from his masochistic attachment to the mother of his pre-Oedipal period. He wards off this attachment with pseudo-aggressive means, by rejecting the woman. Hence his compensatory aggression toward the mother (projected on the homosexual partner) results in the repetitive tendency to discard the partner after using him as a sexual object exclusively. Nowhere is the impersonal part of the human relationship so predominant as in homosexuals, as visible in the fact that some of them have masturbatory activities in comfort stations without either knowing or looking at their "partners."
As far as homosexuals remaining together for any length of time, their quarrels - especially in.jealousy - surpass everything that occurs even in the worst heterosexual relationship: They simply act out the mechanism of "injustice collecting.".
Heterosexual relationships are of all kinds, normal and neurotic. The Iatter are innumerable in variety. With the intuition of a neurotic genius Tolstoy said, "All happy families resemble one another; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own fashion."
Relative normality results only when the oral phase is passed without mishap, and the Oedipal phase reached and relinquished. Since every child goes through the emotional experience of the Oedipus complex, he wants to replace the parent of the same sex. The original objects of attachment are given up - otherwise neurosis results - but the emotional affinity to the duality of replaced father and mother respectively, as objects, remains. Hence under normal conditions marriage partners want to remain united.
Moreover, the tender element (completely disregarded by Kinsey)
plays an important part, especially in its unconscious connotations.14
How one can describe the phenomen of human sexual relations and at the
same time omit tender love, is not quite comprehensible. It is as if somebody
described a sunset without mentioning the colors. The omission is not a
small one: The whole description becomes worthless.
Kinsey pleads in effect for the acceptance of homosexuality as a biologically-given
fact to which law and prejudice had better adapt themselves.
Community gossip and reactions to rumors of homosexual activity in the history of some member of the community would probably be modified if it were kept in mind that the same individual may have a considerable heterosexual element in his history as well ... (p. 669).
The judge who is considering the case of the male who has been arrested for homosexual activity, should keep in mind that nearly 40 per cent of all the other males in the town could be arrested at some time in their lives for similar activity, and that 20 to 30 per cent of the unmarried males in that town could have been arrested for homosexual activity that had taken place within that same year. The court might also keep in.mind that the penal or mental institution to which he may send the male has sometbing between 30 and 85 per cent of its inmates engaging in the sort of homosexual activity which may be involved in the individual case before him (p. 664).
The difficulty of the situation becomes still more apparent when it is realized that these generalizations concerning the incidence and frequency of homosexual activity apply in varying degrees to every social level, to persons in every occupation and of every age in the community. The police force and court officials who attempt to enforce sex laws, the clergymen and business men and every other group in the city which periodically calls for enforcement of the laws - particularly the laws against sexual "perversion" - have given a record of incidences and frequencies in the homosexual which are as high as those of the rest of the social level to which they belong. It is not a matter of individual hypocrisy which leads officials with homosexual histories to become prosecutors of the homosexual activity in the community. They themselves are the victims of the mores, and the public demand that they protect those mores. As long as there are such gaps between traditional custom and the actual behavior of the population, inconsistencies will continue to exist (p. 665).
There are those who will contend that the immorality of homosexual behavior calls for its suppression no matter what the facts are concerning the evidence and frequency of such activity in the population. Some have demanded that. homosexuality be completely eliminated from society by a concentrated attack upon it at every point, and the "treatment" or isolation of all individuals with any homosexual tendencies (p. 665).
The evidence that we now have on the incidence and frequency of homosexual activity indicates that at least a third of the male population would have to be isolated from the rest of the community, if all those with any homosexual capacities were to be so treated. It means that at least 13 per cent of the male populatioin (rating 4 to 6 on the heterosexual-homosexual scale) would have to be institutionalized and isolated, if all persons who were predominantly homosexual were to be handled in that way. Since about 34 per cent of the total population of the United States are adult males, this means that there are about six and a third million males in the country who would need such isolation (p. 665).
Strangely enough, Kinsey sees only the antithesis: acceptance of homosexuality as a biologic fact vs. senseless segregation. He speaks disparagingly of treatment of homosexuality (he puts it ironically into quotation marks). The third possibility, namely to declare homosexuality a neurotic disease, does not even occur to him.
The facts are that the initial pessimism toward psychoanalytic treatment
of homosexuals (maintained by psychoanalysts previously) is completely
unjustified. Triumphantly Kinsey states:
The opinion that homosexual activity in itself provides evidence of a psychopathic personality is materially challenged by these incidence and frequency data. Of the 40 or 50 per cent of the male. population which has homosexual experience, certainly a high proportion would not be considered psychopathic personalities As a matter of fact, there is an increasing proportion of the most skilled psychiatrists who make no attempt to redirect behavior, but who devote their attention to helping an individual accept himself, and to conduct himself in such a manner that he does not come into open conflict with society (p. 660).15
Kinsey refers here to the outdated attempt, based on therapeutic helplessness, to reconcile a homosexual with his "destiny" by diminishing his guilt. The attempt is as outdated as treatment of syphilis before the therapeutic acceptance of salvarsan.
On the other hand, endocrinology has nothing therapeutic to contribute
to the problem of homosexuality. This fact is best illustrated in the summary
of a witty endocrinologist: "Some psychiatrists claim that the best they
can do for a homosexual is to make an unhappy homosexual a 'happy' one.
This is.little, but still more than endocrinology can do for a homosexual:
the latter can only make a prosperous homosexual a less prosperous one."
The most that can be said psychiatrically about the biologic substructure
in homosexuality was summarized by P. Schilder:16
It has been repeatedly attempted to apply the results of Goldschmidt's experiments to the problem of homosexuality. His experiments deal with very definite physical characteristics, and to transfer his results to the psychic field has no scientific basis at the present time. As.to the experiments of Steinach, who had feminized male guinea pigs which really behaved. like females and were sought as females by males, it must be emphasized that there is no. proof that in homosexuals changes in the hormones take place similar to those experimentally produced. I agree therefore with Oswald Schwarz that no proof exists that homosexuality is due to biologic hermaphroditism ....
The fact remains that today homosexuality is a curable neurotic disease, requiring specific therapeutic techniques and prerequisites.17
Let us do some figuring; after all, we are dealing with a statistical study.
According to Kinsey, people using the "homosexual outlet" comprise "at least" 37 per cent of the male population of the United States. According to the last census, 34 per cent of, the total population are adult males. The last published report on the population of the United States is one released on March 10, 1948: The total population for 1947 was 145,340,000. Thirty-four per cent of 145 million is approximately 49 million; hence there are 49 million adult males. From these "at least" 37 per cent use the "homosexual outlet". part-time, full-time, or sometimes. Thirty-seven per cent of 49 million is approximately 18 million. Hence there are 18 million people whom the unpsychological outer world (though against Kinsey's protests) would consider "homosexuals."
Add to these 16 and one-half millions the vast army of Lesbians - the number of which is statistically not yet determined, though frequently assumed (Magnus Hirschfeld) to double that of their male confreres. By simple arithmetic, one arrives at somewhere around 50 million people seated on the homosexual scale of the "heterosexual-homosexual balance."18
If these figures are only approximately correct (Kinsey sticks to percentages, and does not translate them into actual numbers), then "the homosexual outlet" is the predominant national disease, overshadowing in numbers cancer, tuberculosis, heart failure, infantile paralysis. Of course, Kinsey denies that the "homosexual outlet" is a disease in the first place. But psychiatrically, we are dealing with a disease, however you slice it.
Scientific research is interested in truth only, and cannot be responsible for the possible misuse by the laity of these results. But what if the results are erroneous? Then actual damage - otherwise only a painful though unavoidable concomitant - is done for no purpose at all.
I believe that Kinsey's results on homosexuality will do damage without furthering the cause of scientific truth.
First, every homosexual will receive tax-free an "irrefutable," "statistical," and "scientific" argument for the maintenance and spread of his perversion without conscious guilt.
Second, "borderline cases" will be more easily persuaded to enter homosexual relations. The scruples of not a few candidates for homosexuality will be torn down by statistical proofs: "Who are you to argue with 37 per cent of the male population?"
Third, many impotent neurotics, entirely innocent of the "homosexual outlet," will suffer through a grotesque misunderstanding. Women have a simple formula: "Impotent, ergo a fairy." This, of course, is erroneous. There are dozens of unconscious reasons for psychogenic potency-disturbance, completely unrelated to homosexuality.19 Still, women cling stubbornly to this silly simplification. Taking into account the fact that men are ignorant on that score, too, men are apt to believe it. I know of cases in which irate wives have first put Jackson's The Fall of Valor (which endorses Kinsey's viewpoint in a literary way) on their husband's night tables, followed by Kinsey's book.
Fourth, every neurotic will, in cases of potency disturbance, immediately suspect "biologically conditioned" homosexuality, though his troubles actually have completely different (and unconscious) reasons. Since there are millions of neurotics and only infinitesimal possibilities of psychiatric help (due to lack of knowledge money, trained psychiatrists) greater desperation among untreated neurotics will result.
Last but not least, Kinsey's erroneous psychological conclusions pertaining to homosexuality will be politically and propagandistically used against the United States abroad, stigmatizing the nation as a whole in a whisper campaign, especially since there are no comparative statistics available for other countries.
ï ï ï
Kinsey attempts to give homosexuals a clean bill of health, and claims,
rather emotionally:
Males do not represent two discrete populations, homosexual and heterosexual. The world is not to be divided into sheep and goats. Not all things are black nor all things white .... Only the human mind invents categories to force facts into separate pigeonholes. The living world is a continuum in each and every one of its aspects. The sooner we learn this concerning human sexual behavior the sooner we shall reach a sound understanding of the realities of sex (p. 639).
"Sound understanding of the realities of sex" is not furthered by creating the myth of a new national disease of which 50 million people are victims. Nor is "sound understanding" increased by labeling disease as "health" in the name of an equally mythological "heterosexual-homosexual balance."
251 Central Park West
New York 24, N. Y.
1. Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin. Saunders 1948. Italics in the following quotations are mine.
2. "On Female Sexuality." Int. Z. f. Psychoan., 1931.
3. Ges. Schr. IX, p. 399.
4. Ges. Schr. XI, p. 12.
5. Int. Z. f. Psychoan., 1928, pp. 11 ff.
6. Int. Z. f. Psychoan., 1932, pp. 218 ff.
7. The breast complex in the male (in collaboration with L. Eidelberg). Int. Z. f. Psychoan., 1933.
9. For a review of the extensive literature, see the author's: Eight prerequisites for the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality. Psychoan. Rev., 31:286, 1944.
10. Reference is made to my work on homosexuality, as reported in: The breast complex in the male (with L. Eidelberg). Int. Z. f. Psychoan., 1933; The present situation in the genetic investigation of homosexuality, Marriage Hygiene, 1937; The respective importance of reality and fantasy in female homosexuality, J. Crim Psychopathol., 1943; Eight prerequisites for the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality, Psychoan. Rev., 1944; Psychology of friendship, Med. Rec., 1946; Unhappy Marriage and Divorce, International Universities Press, New York, 1946. Differential diagnosis between spurious homosexuality and perversion homosexuality, PSYCHIAT. QUART., 21:399-409, 1947; Facts and fiction about Lesbianism, Marriage Hygiene, 1:4, 1948. (Lesbians have the identical conflicts as do male homosexuals, but elaborate them somewhat differently since they do not possess the organ used as compensation.)
11. Differential diagnosis between spurious homosexuality and perversion homosexuality, l. c.
12. Suppositions about the mechanism of criminosis. J. Crim. Psychopathol., V, 215-246, 1943. See also the writer's contribution to Lindner-Seliger's: Handbook of Correctional Psychology, Philosophical Library, New York, 1947.
13. See the writer's book: The Battle of the Conscience, Washington Institute of Medicine, 1948.
14. For elaboration, see Chapter 1 (The enigma of tender love) of my book: Unhappy Marriage and Divorce, International Universities Press, 1946, and: Divorce Won't Help, Harpers, 1948.
15. It is rather amusing that Kinsey, who is full of anti-psychiatric bias, becomes at once a friend of psychiatry where the latter in temporary helplessness (belonging to the past) confirms Kinsey's pet notions. Kinsey's biological one-sidedness goes so far that he denies the existence of the most frequent form of psychogenic potency disturbance, premature ejaculation (p. 580), declares as unjustified the assumption of the mere existence of vaginal orgasm (p. 576), and wants to devote Volume 2 of his series to this denial. If one concentrates on biologic aspects, the whole sex act reduces itself to deposition of sperm, hence duration and pleasure involved in that act become unimportant. Which all goes to show into what dead ends denial of psychological facts leads.
16. Goals and Desires of Men, Columbia University Press, 1942, p. 159.
17. For details see: Eight prerequisites for the psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality, 1. c. (Truly hormonal cases, if any, are an extreme rarity.)
18. It is possible that one must deduct 10 per cent from all these figures for the unknown homosexual quantity of the colored population. Kinsey says frequently that he speaks of white males, but sometimes his generalizations seem to comprise the whole male population.
19. See: A short genetic survey of psychic impotence, PSYCHIAT. QUART.,
3 and 4, 1945.


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The Fountain Bookstore Civil War Book Club
The 150th anniversary of the attack on Fort Sumter, the start of the U.S. Civil War, is just two weeks away. For a long time now, I've had it in mind to read my way through the conflict in chronological order; originally, I was just planning to blog my way through it, but a few months back, inspired by the success of subscription book club programs at independent bookstores like Powell's and WORD, I approached Kelly Justice, the owner of Fountain Bookstore in Richmond, Virginia, and pitched her on the idea—and now we've got a Civil War Book Club for which I'll be selecting books, providing short introductory reading guides, and in many cases heading down to Richmond for in-store events.
On Thursday, April 14, for example, I'll be interviewing Adam Goodheart, the author of 1861: The Civil War Awakening. It's a fantastic book about the months leading up to the outbreak of conflict, in which Goodheart considers the war not as a simple matter of North versus South but a crisis of conscience for every American citizen—a national trauma that forced people to examine their most closely held beliefs about what the nation stood for and what it was meant to be. There's some combat in the book, to be sure, but Goodheart's main interest lies in getting inside people's heads, and he offers us a diverse cross-section of American and Confederate society. I'm very much looking forward to our discussion, and I'm hoping to get a good recording of it to share with those of you who can't make it to the event.
When you enroll in Fountain's book club program, you'll be able to choose how many months you want to participate in the program, and whether you want to join the hardcover or paperback reading track. (We'll be unveiling the first paperback selection next week.) This book club isn't just intended for Richmond residents, either: The monthly fees include shipping, along with the reading guides I'll be creating, and other exclusive materials we're putting together. I'm really excited about this program, and I hope you will be, too!
30 March 2011 | civil war 150, events |


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The Field Poll's final numbers on Proposition 8, the same-sex marriage ban on the ballot in California, are not out yet, but a statement put out by the No on 8 folks provides the following tease:
"The Field Poll shows that Prop 8's deceptive campaign has failed to move their numbers much at all. Prop 8 is trying to run a campaign to get to a Yes vote, yet they have remained in this and other polls well below the 50 percent margin necessary for success. We are running a No campaign, and we are successfully keeping our opponents below 50 percent.
"We are highly energized across the state and we believe this will be a close election. We reject any suggestion that there will be a last minute surge for Prop 8 in a year where California is expected to go overwhelmingly for Sen. Barack Obama.
"In fact, today Prop 8 Campaign Manager Frank Schubert released a blog statement fretting that the presidential election would be called early on the East Coast, thereby depressing conservative voting in California.
"Finally, we note that the Field Poll has a stellar record on initiatives and has been accurate 94 percent of the time."
Field's previous poll in September had the 'No' side winning 55-38 … a 'no' vote protects gay marriage in California. From reading this memo it looks like … the 'no' side is winning 50-45 or somewhere thereabouts? We will know shortly.
EDIT: Per a commenter, the measure is trailing 49-44. My guess was pretty good! But ballot initiatives are notoriously hard to poll, so this is probably best considered to be a toss-up.


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This post has been updated on April 30, 2020.
Often referred to as "the world's second-largest search engine", YouTube started back in 2005. The first video ever posted was from San Diego Zoo and it was really short yet boring (by today's standards). Back then the mere fact that somebody could make a film of themselves and upload it on the world wide web was exciting enough.
Fast forward fourteen years later, there are three hundred hours of video content uploaded every minute and there are over fifty million creators of content to date. Five billion videos are watched each day and there are over five hundred million mobile views in twenty-four hours. For more astounding numbers on just how big and popular YouTube is, go here.
Since it sees so much traffic by internet users, YouTube holds immense potential when it comes to online marketing. We are all (sometimes painfully) familiar with the ads that play before any content we want to watch – for those of us who don't pay to have the un-advertised version.
6 Best practices on how to get a large YouTube audience
If you have something you made yourself (like an online course, for example) and want to market it, you may not have a large enough budget to buy commercial space on popular channels. What you can do, however, is to become a content creator, set up your own channel and get marketing. Here are some tips on how to increase your audience.
Build your videos around one single keyword
One keyword that is most relevant to the theme of your course. If you are not sure about what to choose, you can use Keyword Tool for YouTube. This way you will find out what are the most searched terms and get to specifically target your niche audience.
It is best to find this keyword before you start making the video so that you can include it naturally in the content – the platform will pick that up once closed captions are added.
It's also important to optimize your titles and descriptions as well as them it rather short – the most popular videos are under five minutes in length, so short and engaging is best.
Interact with your viewers
YouTube is essentially a social media channel so engaging with the audience is very important. Simply posting video content without starting up conversations, encouraging comments, feedback, and virtual interaction is not going to get you very far, regardless of how good your video and your course are.
YouTube rewards channels that generate great engagement, including overall time spent on the channel, watch time, likes and dislikes, and most importantly, comments. This is why you should try and respond to all the feedback and questions you receive as well as encourage users to communicate with you and among them.
Promote your videos on other channels
One of the greatest things about social media is that you can cross-promote content on various channels with different audiences. Promoting your YouTube videos in your other virtual social venues is the easiest way to reach more people.
There is Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, Pinterest — only to name a few online locations waiting for your presence. And if there's a channel (such as Facebook) on which you want to post content directly, you can always make a teaser for the full-length video on YouTube so that you get the highest engagement possible on all channels.
Read more: Social media platforms to consider when marketing your online course
Leverage YouTube cards
I have already mentioned the fact that YouTube rewards channels that manage to keep viewers on their pages for extended periods of time. These longer than average watch times show that people are truly engaged with your content. (You can see exactly how long people are staying on your videos by using the available YouTube analytics).
What YouTube cards can do is help you add additional recommended videos at the exact point where users are currently leaving your channel. Even though they may abandon one particular video, users will be taken to your other content and remain on your channel, thus increasing its ranking.
Push for subscriptions
One of the ways you can be sure that viewers are engaged with your channel is when they subscribe to see any new videos that are posted. Since your content will be mainly promoting your course, it's good news for enrollments.
However, it takes people a while to hit that subscribe button, so you have to insist on it. Ask them to subscribe in every video and make sure that those who have already signed on are still engaged and happy with what's available on your channel.
There is also the option to pay for subscribers, but I don't recommend it as it won't really help the authenticity and real engagement of your channel.
Upload frequently
Even if the main purpose of your channel is to reach a wide audience for your online course, you still need a lot of people to watch and share the video content. To achieve this, you should post new content at least once a week.
It doesn't mean you have to invest very much or find a design firm to do it – the technology in your own pocket is more than sufficient and if you have already developed an online course, you surely have a few tricks up your sleeve about how to make things engaging and fun.
One thing you should mind though is consistency – try posting at approximately the same time each week and keep your subscribers in the loop about what's to come.
With YouTube being as popular as it is and with all the technology that is available and easy to use, it would be a shame to miss out on the opportunity to meet new crowds and let them meet you.


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Relatively minor increases in ocean acidity brought about by high levels of carbon dioxide have significant detrimental effects on the growth, development, and survival of hard clams, bay scallops, and Eastern oysters, according to researchers at Stony Brook University's School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences. In one of the first studies looking at the effect of ocean acidification on shellfish, Stephanie Talmage, PhD candidate, and Professor Chris Gobler showed that the larval stages of these shellfish species are extremely sensitive to enhanced levels of carbon dioxide in seawater.
Their work will be published in the November issue of the journal Limnology and Oceanography.
"In recent decades, we have seen our oceans threatened by overfishing, harmful algal blooms, and warming. Our findings suggest ocean acidification poses an equally serious risk to our ocean resources," said Gobler.
During the past century the oceans absorbed nearly half of atmospheric carbon dioxide derived from human activities such as burning fossil fuels. As the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide it becomes more acidic and has a lower concentration of carbonate, which shell-making organisms use to produce their calcium carbonate structures, such as the shells of shellfish.
In lab experiments, Talmage and Gobler examined the growth and survivorship of larvae from three species of commercially and ecologically valuable shellfish. They raised the larvae in containers bubbled with different levels of carbon dioxide in the range of concentrations that are projected to occur in the oceans during the 21st century and beyond.
Under carbon dioxide concentrations estimated to occur later this century, clam and scallop larvae showed a more than 50% decline in survival. These larvae were also smaller and took longer to develop into the juvenile stage. Oysters also grew more slowly at this level of carbon dioxide, but their survival was only diminished at carbon dioxide levels expected next century.
"The longer time spent in the larval stage is frightening on several levels," said Talmage. "Shellfish larvae are free swimming. The more time they spend in the water column, the greater their risk of being eaten by a predator. A small change in the timing of the larval development could have a large effect on the number of larvae that survive to the juvenile stage and could dramatically alter the composition of the entire population."
Although levels of carbon dioxide in marine environments will continue to rise during this century, organisms in some coastal zones are already exposed to high levels of carbon dioxide due to high levels of productivity and carbon input from sources on land.
"This could be an additional reason we see declines in local stocks of shellfish throughout history," said Talmage. "We've blamed shellfish declines on brown tide, overfishing, and local low-oxygen events. However it's likely that ocean acidification also contributes to shellfish declines."
Talmage and Gobler hope their work might help improve the success rate of shellfish restoration projects.
"On Long Island there are many aquaculturists who restock local waters by growing shellfish indoors at the youngest stages and then release them in local estuaries," said Talmage. "We might be able to advise them on ideal carbon dioxide conditions for growth while larvae are in their facilities, and offer suggestions on release times so that conditions in the local marine environment provide the young shellfish the best shot at survival."
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Materials provided by Stony Brook University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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Trump is in the accelerating stages of dementia now and will not be the Republican nominee in 2020. As an example, his public statements this week were incoherent, unfocused word salad. His response to Macron's statement to him yesterday at the G7 were embarrassing. Trump rambled about the nice weather during his last visit, said nothing of substance, and responded to nothing that Macron said, probably because he didn't understand any of it. And his dementia is going to get increasingly worse and more obvious. We should prepare and plan for this. He is also a horrible excuse for a human being and the dementia will make all of that worse.
Behind the scenes, Republicans understand full well what is happening. That's why they are so silent. Top Republican politicians want Trump gone as soon as possible, says a reliable source. Perhaps they feel no particular need to oppose Trump hard in public because they assume dementia is going to take him out of the race. That means the frontrunners for Republican nominee would be Pence, who has the charisma of a cardboard box, and Nikki Haley who is a two-faced snake like Sen. Collins from Maine. Pretends to be moderate. Isn't. In the event of a non-Trump candidate, Democrats should still make the election be entirely about Trump. Let's not let his enablers slither away.
Rick Wilson recent article on Trump's ongoing collapse focuses on his Stalinist statement that US companies must stop doing business with China.
Donald Trump's affect, speech patterns and overall delivery this week have been alternately horrifying and hilarious. A combination of waking hallucinations, verbal tics, lies surpassing even his usual fabulist standard, aphasias and lunatic blurtings, each public utterance was a moment where the eye of his aides either popped or rolled, depending on their level of cynicism.
Really, comrade? Is that part of the Five-Year Plan? How's the beet harvest looking this year? Will the Stakhanovite efforts of the peoples' vanguard at Comrade Newton Leroy Gingrich Heavy Machinery Plant 14 in the Wisconsin Oblast meet the tractor quota?
Dementia never get better. It only gets worse. Tom Joseph details in excruciating detail in a Tweet thread what Trump's mental and physical decline will be like. (Joseph is a biotech investor, earched dementia for years, lost both parents and a sister to varying types of dementia and learned early to watch for symptoms in himself because he was at risk, until a genetic test cleared him.)
Those who covered for him will be in real trouble.
The enablers are going to pay. Fast forward to 2021 Congressional hearings- Adam Schiff questioning Hogan Gidley, Sarah Sanders, Mick Mulvaney, Dr Ronny during Congressional hearings "You may think it's OK to help someone w/ dementia play make believe president….But I don't."


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Comfort Care
Person Centered Care….Mindfulness Training….Spiritual Presence….What are the Differences?
As a professional with years spent giving of myself, it was only when I learned to become totally present to my client that I found that I was energized by a depth of spiritual nourishment. In a recent review of my newest book, Life as a Prayer, I was pleased to see this recognized and…Read More
Shifting into the New Year
Shifting into the New Year Feeling the pull to new awareness as our year cycles I have taken this year to allow old patterns to melt away, while awaiting the birth of the new into my life. It's been a transformative time for me, and I've allowed myself the quiet and privacy to embrace the…Read More
Maintaining Inner Peace
Maintaining Inner Peace A hectic time in my life draws me ever more deeply within I just returned from a long awaited and cherished time out west with my family. It was a true whirlwind trip, lots of travel in a short period combined with a very busy time of year for all of us.…Read More
Allowing Life's Current to Carry Me
Allowing Life's Current to Carry Me I'm enjoying the ease of flow into a new direction For the past weeks I've been deep within myself, working on opening to the changes that have been bubbling to the surface of my awareness for months. I've been looking at many choices that I've made in my work…Read More
Inspiration From Nature
Inspiration From Nature Using our incredible natural environment to stir our souls Next week will be here before I know it, especially with our plans for the holiday weekend looming. I am excitedly preparing for the Meditative Journaling Workshop at Write On, Door County that will be held on June 4th. We will use the…Read More
Savoring the Preciousness of Time
Savoring the Preciousness of Time Easing my life to deepen my living I just finished two projects that have really had me consumed…both of them occupying my thoughts and my time commitments in deeply expanding ways. Yet being so engaged for the past few months, has helped to show me the changes that I want to make…Read More
Embracing Life
Embracing Life Finding deep connection with others as we talked about living, dying, and much more I spent Sunday afternoon with a wonderful group at the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Door County. My presentation was Embracing Death with Life, yet it did not feel as though a presentation. Instead, we held a deeply honest and…Read More
Mother's Day, As We Remember Motherhood
Mother's Day, As We Remember Motherhood My mother and I, intertwined in this memoir As another celebration of mothers and motherhood approaches, I again share my own intimate story of the final year with my mother in Sally: A Memoir. She lives on through me and my entire family. Our story is one that touches…Read More
Embracing Death with Life
Embracing Death with Life Our living becomes precious when we consider our mortality. When a child enters our world, we herald this new life in all of its preciousness and vulnerability. Do we consider that each of us joins this life in daily growing one day closer to our exit from it? Do we realize…Read More
Bridges Along Our Path
Bridges Along Our Path Words, images, people, and guidance as we walk I have been delving deeply into my work these past few weeks, aware that a new path is opening for me. And along with that, has been the wonderful addition of like minded people sharing new insights, their own stories and their own…Read More


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Think out of state means out of reach? Think again.
An opportunity-filled, career-building, life-changing college experience awaits you in Clarksville, Tennessee.
Big opportunities usually come with a big price tag, especially when you're an "out-of-state" student. Not here. Austin Peay has drastically reduced the cost of out-of-state tuition by nearly 50 percent – in many cases that rate is now below what universities in other states offer their own residents. And, if you're an academic all-star, our scholarships will make it more affordable than ever.
Austin Peay State University is located in the heart of historic downtown Clarksville, Tennessee, just 45 miles northwest of Nashville. The Clarksville-Montgomery county area is home to more than 200,000 people. Surrounded by natural beauty, the amenities of city living and an array of opportunities for outdoor recreation can be found in Clarksville.
The 190-acre campus strikes a balance between lush green space and state-of-the-art facilities, including one of the state's premier science education complexes, a fitness center and village-style student apartments. Continually ranked by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation as one of the safest campuses in Tennessee, Austin Peay provides a safe campus environment for students.
With eleven different residence halls to choose from including on campus apartments, shared suites and private rooms you are sure to find on campus housing to meet your needs. All residents have free access to the Internet, cable television and laundry machines.
With choices like Starbucks, Subway, Papa Johns, Chic-Fil-A and a wide variety of other dining options all within your meal plan, you will find there's no need to leave campus to get great food.
Conveniently located less than an hour from the Nashville International Airport, Austin Peay is an easy school to get to. Not that far? Austin Peay does allow students, including freshman, to have cars on campus so you may find that Austin Peay is just a drive away.
Austin Peay students can ride the Clarksville Transit System buses for free! Bus stops are located in several locations around campus and the bus depot is just three blocks away.
With an average class size of just 24 students and a student to faculty ration of 17:1, Austin Peay professors can provide personal attention in a setting that allows for conversation, not just lectures. We also have great out-of classroom academic opportunities for our students. Through our Centers of Excellence, Office of Study Abroad and International Exchange, and Office of Undergraduate Research students are able to find out-of classroom experiences to broaden their academic horizons.
The university offers more than 100 student organizations and a wide variety of free student activities, such as fitness classes, scholarly discussions, and dive-in movies. With options of Greek life to religious affiliated organizations to academic and honor societies, you are bound to find a place where you can fit in at Austin Peay.
With help from Austin Peay and the love and support of my family, it has been an amazing feeling to work towards being the example that future generations of my family can follow.
I wanted to go somewhere where no one knew me and where I could be my own person, and Austin Peay provided me that opportunity.
Because I made the decision to come to Austin Peay, I've been exposed to so many people and different ways of life that I wouldn't have if I had chosen to stay in Ohio for school.
Every professor in Austin Peay's music department is about more than just teaching; they're about fostering a community. They're supportive, not just with pursuing a career in teaching music, but they're there to support you as you go through life, offering help and advice along the way.


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Their Justice Shall Be Our Justice: A Dialogue on the ICC Witness Project
We aren't the actual ICC witnesses. We watched as Kenya burned. We refuse to forget. We cannot afford to forget.
The New Inquiry is a space for discussion that aspires to enrich cultural and public life by putting all available resources—both digital and material—toward the promotion and exploration of ideas.


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robbyedwards: RT @smellingoranges: A really interesting post about specializing in print or web by @jessicahische: http://bit.ly/8VLxEU
robbyedwards: @jfloyd Let me know when you do. I'd like to see that.
robbyedwards: The only thing crazier than the luge is two men and a luge
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