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The effective altruism guide to donating this giving season
Update Dec 2017: This post has been mostly superseded by our key article on finding the best charity which suggests giving to the Effective Altruism Funds. GiveWell and Open Philanthropy have released new posts on where their staff are giving in 2017 – don't miss the section from Nick Beckstead. GiveWell and Animal Charity Evaluators have updated their lists of recommended charities. A contributor to the EA Forum has again investigated charities focussed on positively shaping the development of artificial intelligence.
People in the effective altruism community aim to use evidence and careful reasoning to work out how to best promote the wellbeing of all. To find the highest-impact charities this giving season, they've done tens of thousands of hours of research and published over 50,000 words of analysis this month. We read it all, and summed up the main recommendations by area below (not in priority order):
- Biosecurity
- Climate change
- Criminal justice (US-focused)
- Effective altruism promotion and research
- Factory farming
- Global health and development
- Mental health
- Nuclear security
- Risks from artificial intelligence
But which of the 9 problem areas listed below should you personally give to? We've got you covered here too. This tool asks you six questions and adjusts the ranking based on your beliefs:1
Quiz: Which problem should you give to? →
Below, you can find (i) how we came up with the list, (ii) more advice on how to narrow down the list, (iii) more information on each charity.
What resources did we draw on?
We read all the relevant documents produced by the effective altruism community this giving season:
- GiveWell's charity recommendations for 2016, and information on where their staff are giving. GiveWell is the world's leading charity evaluator, and has a team of 30 who do in-depth research to identify the best evidence-backed charities focused on the global poor.
- Open Philanthropy's suggestions for individual donors. Open Philanthropy is a partnership between Good Ventures – an $8bn foundation co-founded by Dustin Moskovitz (co-founder of Facebook) and Cari Tuna (former WSJ journalist) – and GiveWell. Though note that "These are reasonably strong options in causes of interest, and shouldn't be taken as outright recommendations."
- Animal Charity Evaluators' charity recommendations for 2016, and information on where their staff are giving.
- The Centre for Effective Altruism's staff giving recommendations.
- Thoughts from various other people in the EA community on where they are giving including a review of organisations focussed on artificial intelligence and a case for MIRI.
- The ranking of problem areas, which is also used in the tool, is based on this research.
We chose the organisations that seemed to be supported by the largest number of authorities in each category.
I also used to be head of research at Giving What We Can and have worked at the Centre for Effective Altruism for four years. In the case of animal charities I used my own judgement to keep the number of options manageable.
What strategy should you follow when deciding where to give?
Here's a series of steps we suggest going through to make the best decision:
- Do you trust someone else? If you know someone who shares your values and has already put a lot of thought into where to give, then consider simply going with their recommendations. If not, it's time to do your own research.
If you have under $10,000 to give, consider entering a donor lottery. You can give up $5,000 in exchange for 5% chance of donating $100,000. In the case where you win, you can do a tonne of research into where is best to give. Otherwise, someone else does that extensive research and decides. More information here. When it comes to doing that research, here's what we recommend:
First, decide how much research to do. The more you're giving as a percentage of your annual income, the more time to spend doing research – a 1% donation is worth a few hours work, while a 50% donation could be worth a month of research. In addition, the more you expect your mind to change, the more research to do – if you're giving 10% and don't imagine a few days of research would change your mind about which option is best , probably just give there. Now here's how to go about the research:
Decide which problem areas are most pressing. You want to find charities that are working on big, but neglected problems, where there's a clear route to progress, because this is where it's easiest to have a big impact.
If you're new to 80,000 Hours, see our guide to comparing global problems and our current views.
If already you're familiar with the basics of problem selection, check the section further down with tips about which to choose.
Find the best organisations within your top 2-3 problem areas. Look for those that are well-run, have a great team, and are working on a great program. Many charitable programs don't work, so focus on organisations that either (i) implement programs that have been rigorously tested (most haven't) or (ii) are running pilot programs that will be tested in the future, or (iii) that have a "high-risk, high-reward" proposition, such as scientific research, policy advocacy, or the potential to grow very rapidly – if the upside is high enough, it can be worth supporting even if the probability of success is low. We list organisations within each problem area we've reviewed below.
If you have to break a tie, choose the one that's furthest from meeting its funding needs. Some organisations already have a lot of funding relative to what they can do with it. For instance, GiveWell has tried to find a good vaccine organisation to fund, but organisations like the Gates Foundation take all the good opportunities. You can assess room for funding by looking at where the organisation intends to spend additional donations, either by reading their plans or talking to them. Or you could see that one is further from meetings its baseline funding to continue operating. This consideration is a bit less important than others – if you support a great organisation working on a neglected problem, then they'll probably figure out a good way to use the money even if they get a lot.
Where would I give?
Working through this process myself, I am most drawn to two causes:
- Reducing the risk of global catastrophes, especially from new technologies that could threaten us all.
- Promoting effective altruism, in part because doing so will indirectly reduce the risk of global catastrophes.
You can hear a presentation from me from Effective Altruism Global that helps to explain my perspective on this. In brief, I believe that the welfare of future generations matters almost as much as people alive now; that the future of humanity could be very long and very good; and that we can materially reduce the probability of human civilization's future potential being curtailed.
In light of that my shortlist is:
- Machine Intelligence Research Institute
- Future of Humanity Institute
- 80,000 Hours (yes, I work here so might be biased)
- Center for Effective Altruism
I would then choose between these largely on the basis of which one was furthest from meeting its funding needs. I believe that the Future of Humanity Institute is relatively better funded than the rest, so would probably prioritise the other three.
However, I don't think I would go too wrong choosing from any of these options, and as I only have a few thousand dollars to give, would simply make a decision at that point.
Alternatively, I could join the donor lottery described above. Then if I won the right to disperse $100,000 I could do a more serious investigation of each of their plans and make an even more informed decision.
What has changed since last year?
The biggest single shift in our advice from last year is that we are no longer recommending that donors give to GiveWell's poverty-focussed charities by default. Why is that? Two reasons:
- In the past GiveWell has stood out as the most developed evaluator of charities focussed on medium sized donors. That's remains true, but other sources of advice like Open Philanthropy and Animal Charity Evaluators are closing the gap.
- Our goal is to recommend places to give that maximise the 'expected value' of donations.2 This is similar to GiveWell's goal, but not exactly the same. For one, in recent years GiveWell has narrowed its focus to charities that help the worst off people in the developing world – it does not consider alternative problem areas that might offer a higher 'expected value'. We think there are probably problem areas that are more pressing than international development. And secondly, GiveWell recommends charities based on four criteria: Evidence, Cost-effectiveness, Transparency and Room for more funding. These criteria assess expected value, but penalise riskier or more innovative options that can't yet point to a track record of success. We think it's likely that some options like this are higher impact, even just within global health, such vaccine research or development policy advocacy.
We now suggest first picking a problem you want to donate to, and then going with the suggestions in that problem.
More information on each option
Learn more about this problem area.
The Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense
Jaime Yassif is the program officer for biosecurity at Open Philanthropy and suggests giving to The Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense. This is a bipartisan group of former high-level policymakers and government officials with experience and interest in public health preparedness, biosecurity, and biodefense.
Donate to Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense (see bottom of post) →
Climate change
Learn more about this problem area.
Cool Earth
Cool Earth aims to reduce the impacts of climate change by combating deforestation in a variety of rainforest locations. Cool Earth does not buy rainforest directly, but rather establishes sustainable agreements with local communities to ensure that local communities opt not to sell the nearby forest to loggers.
Note that this recommendation has been investigated less than many others in the list, and was chosen in part for robustness of evidence. Advocacy organisations might be more effective again but their impact would be difficult to quantify.
Criminal justice
Learn more about this problem area.
Alliance for Safety and Justice
The Alliance for Safety and Justice is a US organization that aims to reduce incarceration and racial disparities in incarceration in states across the country, and replace mass incarceration with new safety priorities that prioritize prevention and protect low-income communities of color.
It's suggested by Chloe Cockburn, the program officer for criminal justice reform for Open Philanthropy.
Donate to Alliance for Safety and Justice →
Cosecha is a group organizing undocumented immigrants in 50-60 cities around the country. Its goal is to build mass popular support for undocumented immigrants, in resistance to incarceration/detention, deportation, denigration of rights, and discrimination. The group has become especially active since the Presidential election, given the immediate threat of mass incarceration and deportation of millions of people.
It is also suggested by Chloe Cockburn, the program officer for criminal justice reform for Open Philanthropy.
Effective altruism promotion and research
Learn more about this problem area.
With both of these recommendations there is a potential bias in us recommending donating to the problem area that we ourselves work in, and the broader organisation we work for (we are part of CEA).
However, we are working on this problem because we believe it's highly effective – so it would also be problematic for us not to mention something we really do believe is worth funding. So here's a sincere recommendation, but take it with a pinch of salt!
If you'd like to support similar work from an organisation that is independent of us, you could give to support GiveWell's research instead. The reason GiveWell is not prioritised here is that it does not have much difficulty meeting its funding needs.
Another option is the Effective Altruism Giving Group Donor Advised Fund, which can provide more independent advice on where to give in this area. You can express interest in joining that donor advised fund here.
Centre for Effective Altruism (CEA)
The Centre for Effective Altruism aims to create a global community of people who have made helping others a core part of their lives, and who use evidence and scientific reasoning to figure out how to do so as effectively as possible.
- Read why Alex Gordon-Brown and Denise Melchin are giving to CEA.
- Read why Nick Beckstead suggests giving to CEA.
- Read CEA's funding prospectus.
80,000 Hours
80,000 Hours, as you may know, conducts research into how people can help a lot of people in a big way through their careers, and then uses an online guide and workshops to encourage people to take those paths.
- Read why Nick Beckstead suggests giving to 80,000 Hours.
- Read why Alexander Gordon Brown and Denise Melchin are giving to 80,000 Hours.
- Read 80,000 Hours' case for funding.
Factory farming
Learn more about this problem area.
Lewis Bollard researches ways to improve animal welfare at Open Philanthropy. He suggests two options.
Animal Charity Evaluators (ACE)
Animal Charity Evaluators conducts research in order to find and advocate for highly effective opportunities to improve the lives of animals. It then encourages donations to the charities it recommends.
Compassion in World Farming
Compassion in World Farming USA promotes changes in conditions for farming animals including layer hens and broiler chickens through regulatory and corporate outreach.
Donate to Compassion in World Farming →
Alternatively, Animal Charity Evaluators recently released their three recommended charities for 2016 – Mercy for Animals, the Good Food Institute and The Humane League.
Mental health
Learn more about the case for this problem area from Giving What We Can and Michael Plant.
Strong Minds
Strong Minds treats women in Uganda with depression through talk therapy groups led by community workers.
Three GiveWell researchers donated to it because "Strong Minds' program has randomized evidence of effectiveness, is in [our] assessment potentially highly cost-effective, and is supported by monitoring published online."
Nuclear security
Learn more about this problem area.
Ploughshares Fund
Nick Beckstead researches a range of topics at Open Philanthropy including reducing the risk of global catastrophes and tentatively recommends the Ploughshares Fund.
The Ploughshares Fund is a public grantmaking foundation that supports initiatives to prevent the spread and use of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and other weapons of war, and to prevent conflicts that could lead to the use of weapons of mass destruction.
Poverty and global health
Learn more about this problem area.
GiveWell and Good Ventures have given funding to seven groups, and left funding gaps in two charities it is recommending to other donors. These are the most thoroughly vetted charities on this list.
Against Malaria Foundation (AMF)
AMF distributes insecticide treated bednets that prevent children from dying of malaria and promotes poverty reductions through better health.
Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI)
SCI treats school children for intestinal parasites that lower school attendance and seem to lower income from work in later life.
How to decide between these two?
- If you feel more enthusiastic about taking a risky bet on a bigger outcome, that counts in favour of the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative. Learn more about the evidence for and against deworming.
- More of the benefit of the Against Malaria Foundation comes from preventing young children from dying. So if that is more important to you (relative to reducing lethargy and spurring economic development), that counts in favour of the Against Malaria Foundation. Learn more about value judgement and how they affect GiveWell's charity recommendations.
Or, to keep things simple you can follow GiveWell's suggested 75:25 split between AMF and SCI.
Risks from artificial intelligence
Learn more about this problem area.
Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI)
Machine Intelligence Research Institute conducts technical research in mathematics, computer science and philosophy, intended to reduce potential risks from advanced artificial intelligence.
A number of researchers in effective altruism support giving to MIRI:
- Why Ben Hoskin is giving to MIRI
- Why Owen Cotton-Barratt at the Centre for Effective Altruism is giving to MIRI
- Why Daniel Dewey at Open Philanthropy suggests giving to MIRI
Future of Humanity Institute (FHI)
The Future of Humanity Institute is an interdisciplinary research centre at the University of Oxford investigating big-picture questions about humanity and its prospects. In particular, it focuses on preventing risks of disaster.
A number of other researchers support giving to the Future of Humanity Institute:
- Why Daniel Dewey at Open Philanthropy suggests giving to the Future of Humanity Institute
- Why Ben Hoskin is giving to FHI
Still haven't decided where to give?
Remember to use our quiz first:
Quiz: Which problem should you give to? →
Notes and references
- Here's an idea of what attitudes we're asking about to predict support for a particular cause:
- If you require strong evidence of some direct impact due to skepticism about charities being helpful in general, or wanting to lower the chance that your donations don't do any good.
- If you believe that the welfare of humans is much more important than those of e.g. pigs or chickens.
- If you're focussed on helping people in the present, rather than making life better for generations hundreds of years from now.
Animal welfare:
- If you think that 100 pigs (or fewer) suffering a given amount is ethically as bad as 1 human suffering the same amount.
- If you're more focussed on preventing suffering than enabling additional positive lives.
Global catastrophic risks (e.g. pandemics, nuclear war):
- If you care significantly about improving the welfare, or preserving the possibility of existence, for generations 100 or 1,000 years from now.
- If you're willing to take a risky bet, knowing there's a good chance your donation itself won't be decisive.
- If you believe there is a decent chance of a serious disaster striking human civilization in the next 100 years (1-10%).
Risks from artificial intelligence:
- All of the stances above for catastrophic risks….
- …and also believing that poorly designed artificial intelligence is a particularly large risk, or a particularly neglected one.
Research and promoting effective altruism:
- If you think that multiple cause areas above are similarly pressing.
- Or if you don't know which of the problems above (or others we haven't considered) is most pressing.
- If you're willing to accept a risk of your donation not having any impact, in exchange for a chance of a big payoff.
- If you believe that further research or outreach can move large numbers of people to work effectively on the problems above.↩
- Expected value quantifies the value of something by multiplying how good it would be by how likely it is to occur. So if you have two projects, and one is twice as likely to succeed but would accomplish half as good if it does, then both have the same 'expected value'. Learn more about expected value.↩


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Otto the Clown, aka Edward Fossett Junior, is a fifth generation performer at Fossett's Circus. At the height of last year's clown-related hysteria – no, there's no such thing as the Darndale Clown, folks – he found himself fielding inquiries from the media and paying customers.
"When it was a big thing this time last year I'd end up having that conversation a couple of times during every show," says Otto. "Kids would come up and say: 'Are you a killer clown?' and I'd say: 'No, those are just crazy people with masks; they're not real clowns'. There's not many kids who are afraid of me. And if they are, I approach them, and by the end they'll warm to me."
Against received wisdom, Otto, who describes himself as "a big Stephen King fan" is looking forward to the new movie version of IT, although "not as much as The Dark Tower: that's the one I can't wait to see".
Others in his profession are less keen on the revival of Pennywise, the evil, sewer-dwelling harlequin at the dark heart of King's 1986 novel. Last week, World Clown Association (WCA) president Pam Moody spoke to The Hollywood Reporter about the "good clowns" who are losing work due to the new adaptation.
"Last year we were really blindsided," says Moody of the great creepy clown blitz of 2016. "People had school shows and library shows that were cancelled."
That initial wave of US sightings quickly crossed the Atlantic and saw several schools, including Holy Trinity College in Cookstown, placed on lockdown last October. In response to the hysteria, the WCA created a press kit, one, it is hoped, will help professional clowns prepare for the new movie.
"It should be understood to be a fantasy character," insists the press kit, "and not a true clown".
Stephen King, in turn, has tweeted: "BUT...kids have always been scared of clowns. Don't kill the messengers for the message."
The Maine-born author is not wrong. Coulrophobia, an intense fear of clowns, may have risen up the ranks in recent years – one UK-based study places an irrational fear of clowns just behind spiders and needles in the phobia hit parade – but the long history of clowning points to an adjacent history of freaked out spectators.
Throughout the ages, fools and jesters have frequently been associated with unbridled appetites and uncensored opinions. In Ancient Greece, clowns wore short tunics ("chiton") and giant strap-on phalluses; in imperial China, the jester YuSze was the only member of court allowed to criticise Emperor Qin Shih Huang; in Ancient Rome, the 'stupidus' traded in sexual innuendo and fights.
Ridiculing people's weight or bad toupees is all part of the fun, part of the act – but we don't know what the clown really thinks
In his award-winning book Bad Clowns (University of New Mexico), Benjamin Radford, the popular TV skeptic and author, chronicles the American carnival tradition of the "dip clown".
"Dip clowns or dunk tank clowns, insult passersby at fairs," says Radford. "Ridiculing people's weight or bad toupees is all part of the fun, part of the act – but we don't know what the clown really thinks. Is the clown just pretending to be vile and nasty, or is he really like that? We love evil clowns because they embody fascinating contradictions of humour and horror."
Radford suggests that Stephen King may have helped popularise the scary clown archetype, but he certainly didn't invent it. Evil clown films date back to the silent era, when Lon Chaney Sr starred in He Who Gets Slapped (1924). Indeed, by the time the Chiodo Brothers premiered the Killer Klowns from Outer Space (in 1988) and Tim Curry essayed Pennywise in the 1990 miniseries of IT, the serial killer and rapist John Wayne Gacy had sexually assaulted, tortured and murdered at least 33 teenaged boys and young men between 1972 and 1978, sometimes dressed as a clown. "You know, clowns can get away with murder," he told detectives before his execution in 1994.
"It's misleading to ask when clowns turned bad, for they were never really good," says Radford. "Clowns and jesters have always been ambiguous characters, neither clear heroes nor villains but sometimes either or both at different times as suits their murky purposes. The evil clown character may have flourished and found new fame over the past few decades, but there is nothing new about it. Mythologist Joseph Campbell, in his classic The Hero With a Thousand Faces, notes that in mythology the clown and evil are inextricably linked:"Universal too is the casting of the antagonist, the representative of evil, in the role of the clown. Devils – both the lusty thickheads and the sharp, clever deceivers – are always clowns."
Psychoanalytical trope
The Freudian id is not the only psychoanalytical trope in play. In his (increasingly voguish) 1919 paper, The Uncanny, Sigmund Freud postulates that we are frightened by something that is simultaneously familiar and yet unfamiliar, a thesis that finds parallels in contemporary neurological research into fear and pattern recognition. Clowns, by this account, are both recognisably human, yet visibly distorted, what with those elongated feet and bulbous noses.
The painted on smile – or frown in the case of the great Irish-American hobo clown, Emmett Kelly – adds to that sense of distortion and untrustworthiness. There is a story that jesters were often maimed during the Middle Ages to produce a permanent smile, but the source for this story may actually be Victor Hugo 1869 novel The Man Who Laughs.
The idea of the secretly tragic clown has real world antecedents in Jean-Gaspard Deburau's Pierrot, the 19th century Bohemian-French mime who killed a teasing boy with "one blow of his cane", and fictional correlatives in the 1892 Italian opera Pagliacci.
Most of our current ideas about the sad clown, however, come to us from Charles Dickens. As a young writer, Dickens was tasked with editing the memoirs of the late Joseph Grimaldi, the wildly popular, early 19th century comic, and progenitor of the modern clown.
Dickens quotes Grimaldi in the book as saying: "I am grim all day, and yet I make you laugh all night", a phrase that neatly encapsulates Grimaldi's tragic life-history. Grimaldi had grown up with a tyrannical stage father known as the "Signor"; he was already prone to depression when his first wife died during childbirth; his alcoholic son was dead by the age of 31; his innovative slapstick left him with chronic, debilitating injuries.
"Dickens is really the progenitor of two different strands that gain traction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries," says Andrew McConnell Stott, an English professor at the University of Southern California and the author of The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi. "The first is the idea of using humour as a form of compensation for some psychic wound. You see this sad clown trope all the time. Most recently with Jerry Lewis. A comic driven by some internal demons or defining sadness.
Thin veneer
The second idea Dickens perpetuates is of a clown having a very thin veneer of humour, that when you begin to scratch at the surface, it turns into something more terrifying. Dickens created the first horror clown. You can trace a line between Stephen King's IT and Gemmy the clown in The Pickwick Papers, this emaciated, skeletal,unhealthy, dissolute character who is tortured by inner demons. Gemmy is a marginal figure in the book, but the character was informed by what Dickens knew of the theatre and of the lifestyles of the performers there. He was very interested in the difference between stage and off-stage. How the lighting and the make up and the costumes could create a wondrous spectacle. But in the cold light of day, you had child performers drinking gin from the age of ten. The horror clown is an exaggeration of these observations, and it mines the difference between the reality and this unproblematic figure of fun."
This paradox may account for the contradictions found across various scientific studies into clowning. An Italian study from the Journal of Health Psychology in 2013 found that clown-doctor intervention significantly reduced preoperative anxiety in children hospitalised for minor surgery. Conversely, a 2008 survey of 250 children between the ages of four and 16 for the University of Sheffield found that most of the children disliked and even feared images of clowns. Writing in Nursing Standard, researcher Dr Penny Curtis did not mince words: "We found that clowns are universally disliked by children. Some found them quite frightening and unknowable."
Rival entertainer
Andrew McConnell Stott suggests that the clown epidemic may be related to an orange-haired, rival entertainer.
"It all peaked during the election period," says McConnell Stott. "I think if you look at the heightened absurdity in contemporary American political discourse and public discourse, the clues are there. Something I thought fascinating is that scary clowns were sighted primarily in at-risk communities, like rust-belt communities or rural communities; places that have been hollowed out by economic stress. Scary clowns were seen on the peripheries of these communities; they didn't go up to people and wave knives in their faces,. They were glimpsed in windows or stood under streetlamps. Just enough to freak everybody out, but not to endanger them. Reminders of a previous age. The return of the repressed. And then. Donald Trump was elected and the clowns were never seen again."
When you think about classic horror monsters – vampires, werewolves Frankenstein - you now have scary clowns.
Can clowns ever be figures of fun again? Assuming, indeed, that they ever were? The professor does not necessarily see a way back for the pasty-faced entertainers of old: "Clowns have now passed onto the pantheon of horror monsters," he says. "That's an interesting shift. When you think about classic horror monsters – vampires, werewolves Frankenstein - you now have scary clowns. That's what they are predominantly known for. That's the primary relationship people have with clowns."
- IT is on general release today, September 8th.


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Online Schools
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Learn how the right online or blended program can make earning an accredited certificate or degree both convenient and affordable.
Financial Aid &
Get the inside scoop on financial aid and scholarships for medical professionals. See if you're eligible and learn how to apply.
How to
Become a…
Read step-by-step walk-throughs on how to become a nurse, a medical assistant, a physical therapist, and more.
Find Online Degrees by Subject
In 2016, U.S. News & World Report and Strayer University surveyed 1,000 adults on their higher education needs. Of the 1,000 polled, 320 identified themselves as non-traditional students, meaning that they worked full-time while in school (college or high school), took classes part-time, and were at least 25 years old. And what did these non-traditional students value the most when selecting a school and program? Scheduling flexibility (24%) and the availability of online learning (12%).
In today's fast-paced, multi-task world, flexibility is a must. Online and blended programs make it easier for working adults to get the education they need while balancing a family and a 9-to-5. But does online and blended learning work in the medical field? Absolutely. For healthcare-related careers with no patient interaction, such as medical billing or coding, numerous fully online programs exist. The same goes for continuing education programs where the learning focus is mostly conceptual. But for careers where patients are a major part of the day, blended programs are becoming the norm, with academic courses taken online and clinicals and internships performed on campus or at a third-party facility. Want to learn more? See how blended programs work in each of these healthcare professions.
Did you know?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates "much faster than average" growth for these entry-level medical professions through 2026…
Physician Assistants
Occupational Therapy Assistants
Dental Hygienists
Medical Assistants
Physical Therapist Assistants
Discover Careers in Healthcare
The medical profession offers tremendous opportunity for students across the United States. One of today's fastest-growing career fields, healthcare is expected to add 2.4 million jobs to the economy by the year 2026, more than any other industry sector. More good news? These opportunities cover all experience levels, from certified nursing assistants and medical billers to registered nurses and occupational therapists.
Many healthcare occupations also come with fast-track education programs designed to get students well-trained and working quickly. These programs can include career-focused certificates and diplomas — some of which can be completed in a matter of weeks or months — to more extensive career-building associate and bachelor degrees that can take two to four years. The end goal? To find a program that works on your timetable, and leads to a career that meets your financial needs. Here's a look at a few of the medical field's quickest training programs, as well as the entry-level healthcare careers with the best starting salaries.
Want to learn more? Visit our guide to fast-track training programs and our detailed look at the timelines for entering some of healthcare's most popular careers.
Many of today's most popular medical careers have more than one way to get there. Whether a 9-month certificate, a 2-year associate degree, or 100% on-the-job training. And then you have campus-based programs, online programs, blended programs, part-time study, full-time study, and continuing education.
If you have a healthcare career in mind, learn what it takes to get started, dive into the various paths you have available, and see how program graduates transition from certificate, diploma, or degree holders to full-fledged medical professionals. Learn how to become a medical assistant, an occupational therapist, a dental hygienist, and more.
Why Become a Healthcare
- A New Career
Many careers in medical support require between 4 and 24 months of education and hands-on training. Explore today's fastest-growing, highest-paying, and quickest-to-enter careers in healthcare.
- A Healthy
The medical and healthcare industry has some of the highest salaries for occupations that require an associate degree or lower. In 2017, dental hygienists earned a median salary of $74,070 in 2016. Learn about top salaries for medical professionals.
- Flexible
Many certificate, diploma, and degree programs can be taken partially, mostly, or even fully online. Start by exploring today's best hybrid and online schools and programs helping medical professionals start or advance their careers.
- Upward
Medical professionals can advance their careers through continuing education within their occupation or bridge programs to new ones. Learn how to use education to keep your career growth on track. Read about LPN-to-BSN programs.
- To Make a
Every day, medical professionals save lives, connect with patients, and improve health and well being in their communities. Read how some of today's nurses, physical therapists, and medical assistants "Make a Difference in Medical."
Continuing education is commonplace in the medical and health field. Many nurses, for example, use education to move from practical nurses to registered nurses, or to leverage their knowledge and skills to earn a BSN or MSN. Similarly, medical billers and coders may take additional courses and earn new certifications for their workplace. Part of continuing education learning where to get the extra training, how to pay for it, and, perhaps most importantly, what you need to know before you take your first steps.
Check out these guides and resources on continuing education.


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A huge well done to the students who took part in a Graffiti Art Workshop and produced some fantastic creative pieces of graffiti artwork.
Students took part in a Graffiti Art Workshop to explore the issue of identity and belonging for young people. During the workshop, the students took part in various discussions and activities about what made them unique, where they felt that they belong, how and why people are different, is everyone accepted for who they are, do they accept others and who their role models were and why. Students were encouraged to be open and honest with their opinions, but were also asked to respect other people's views.
The students were then able to create some excellent graffiti artwork with the help of Tom, a Youth Worker who specialises in Graffiti Art. They were each asked to select words that were the most important to them and which reflected their own identity, sense of belonging or their role model. They created individual work and also worked as a group to create the large banners.
Not only did the workshop produce some fantastic artwork, it also created some excellent discussions to enable to the students to learn about each and also for some, to learn a bit more about themselves.
Students artwork can be seen displayed in our school reception area with the exception of the ICC piece, which now displayed in the Headteacher's office.
To view photos click here.


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Canada never had a Wild West. Largely, perhaps, because as soon as anyone came over from across the border and started to Wild West around, the North-West Mounted Police very quietly and firmly put him away where he wouldn't harm any one.
Now the States had a Wild West. It was as good as the movies portray. It had faro, dice, wide-open towns, bad Injuns, red eye, gamblers in frock coats, Bill Hartbad men, discriminate and indiscriminate killings, and all the jolly features.
In place of the Redskins biting the dust it is now the commercial traveler that bites the dust.
Where the elk once roamed, the Elk now roams, but with him are the Mason and Odd Fellow. Thus, to coin a phrase, the old order passeth, giving way to the new.
But the Wild West hasn't disappeared. It has only moved. Just at present it is located at the southwestern end of Lake Michigan, and the range that the bad men ride is that enormous smoky jungle of buildings they call Chicago.
Every year some Congressman or Senator rises in the U.S. Congress and reports that during the past year thirty-two or twenty-seven American citizens have been killed in Mexico. All the Congressmen shudder as one Congressman. Mexico is obviously a bad place. "Something must be done about it. It can't go on any longer. Steps must be taken."
Yet in the city of Chicago during the present year from January to November there have been one hundred and fifty killings. One hundred and fifty murders in ten months means a murder every forty-eight hours.
Of course that record may not look so good against the score of some of the early Nevada mining towns where they boasted to kill a man for breakfast every morning. Some of the Nevada breakfasts, though, must have been furnished by sheriffs and marshals ushering out bad men.
In the Chicago figures, however, no count has been made of the killings by police. By including the police bag, it would be pretty safe to say they kill somebody every day in Chicago.
Chicago is supposed to be a dry town. But anybody willing to pay twenty dollars a quart for whiskey can get all they want. In the first days of the dry law enforcement much of this contraband whiskey was Canadian. The dealers feared to move the enormous stores of whiskey there are in the South.
Now most of the whiskey you buy has a Kentucky label. Canadian whiskey costs too much and there is too much American liquor on hand.
Gambling is flourishing again after a temporary retirement. Of course in every city there will always be certain types of gambling that can go on in spite of all the police can do. Those are the games that require no apparatus, but can be conducted anywhere. When the police raid a crap game, for instance, all that the gamblers must do is have the doors hold long enough for them to sweep the money into the buckskin bag that lies flat open on the billiard table, throw the dice out of the window, and the evidence is missing.
Roulette wheels in operation mean only one thing, police protection. For you can't hide a roulette wheel and you can't throw it out of the window. It is expensive, bulky and heavy. Before a gambling joint decides to put a wheel into operation they must know that they will not be raided without a proper warning to give them time to stow away their equipment.
At present it is common talk that there is in Chicago on the West Side a gambling house where roulette is played for as big stakes as obtain in Monte Carlo. So there is murder, drink and gambling in the new Wild West just as in the old.
Now the reason that Chicago is crime-ridden and Toronto is not lies in the police forces of the two cities. Toronto has a force that for organization, effectiveness and esprit de corps is excelled nowhere in the world. Crooks steer clear of Toronto because they know the reputation of that force. It has established the same reputation for a city that the North-West Mounted Police did for a Dominion.
Chicago's crime record is the best description of her police force. Even if you escape all the various brands of criminal homicide that Chicago offers, the nightgowny person with the scythe has another sickle up his wide-flowing sleeve. There have been to date four hundred and twenty people killed this year in Chicago by motor cars.


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Tempting shredded selections with white meat chicken accented with garden greens, in a savory broth. Delectable taste your cat will love.
IngredientsPoultry broth, chicken, wheat gluten, liver, meat by-products, spinach, turkey, corn starch-modified, artificial and natural flavors, calcium phosphate, salt, added color, soy protein concentrate, potassium chloride, taurine, choline chloride, magnesium sulfate, thiamine mononitrate, Vitamin E supplement, zinc sulfate, ferrous sulfate, niacin, calcium pantothenate, Vitamin A supplement, menadione sodium bisulfite complex (source of Vitamin K activity), copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin supplement, Vitamin B-12 supplement, biotin, folic acid, Vitamin D-3 supplement, potassium iodide.
Guaranteed Analysis
|Guaranteed Units
|Crude Protein
|14.0% min
|Crude Fat
|2.0% min
|Crude Fiber
|1.5% max
|78.0% max
|3.5% max
|0.05% min


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Indianapolis, IN – To maintain carpets and prevent dirt from accumulating to unpleasant levels, it is advisable to perform regular carpet cleaning. However, there comes a time when professional carpet cleaning services become necessary. While it may appear simple to select one from the vast array of companies available in the market, this is far from the truth. Some companies tend to excessively oversell their services in a fiercely competitive market, resorting to over-promising to attract clients, only to under-deliver once hired. Fortunately for the residents of Indianapolis, IN, this is not a problem, as they have access to the exceptional services provided by Zerorez Indianapolis.
The stellar reputation of Zerorez Indianapolis has been cemented by its unswerving dedication to providing consistently exceptional carpet cleaning services. The company's employees possess extensive knowledge and skills that enable them to effectively clean any type of carpet, regardless of the amount of accumulated dirt. Zerorez Indianapolis also offers assistance with spring cleaning. Their team of experts can help clients get their homes ready for the new season by thoroughly cleaning different surfaces.
Using Zr Water(R), a specially-formulated cleaning solution, they can thoroughly lift all dirt from carpets, all while avoiding any residue that could attract more dirt. The key to their unparalleled consistency lies in employing the Zr Process(R) cleaning technology. In addition to effectively removing spots, grime, and odors, their techniques are gentle enough to leave carpets looking like new, without any unsightly loose fibers characteristic among most traditional cleaning methods.
It is worth noting that Zerorez Indianapolis' groundbreaking Zr Water(R) effectively tackles even the most stubborn dirt and grime while being entirely safe for humans and pets. Unlike traditional cleaning solutions, Zr Water(R) does not contain any harsh chemicals or detergents that could cause harm or irritation. The company's use of this gentle yet powerful cleaning solution underscores its commitment to providing top-tier cleaning services that are both effective and safe for its clients and their furry friends.
The company's array of additional services beyond carpet cleaning includes upholstery cleaning, mattress cleaning, area rug restoration, hardwood floor cleaning & maintenance, air duct cleaning, tile and grout restoration, and granite surface cleaning. With their help, clients can enjoy a fresh and clean home just in time for spring.
In addition to their exceptional cleaning quality standards, the company's expert cleaners offer affordable and transparent pricing for all their services. They provide each customer with a detailed and accurate upfront price quotation, eliminating the often problematic, unexpected charges or hidden fees upon job completion.
While describing their experience with zerorez.com/Indianapolis', one impressed customer said, "Our carpets look fantastic, the house smells great, and Andre was very personable and friendly. We couldn't ask for more from a carpet cleaning experience."
Homeowners looking for top-notch spring cleaning services in Indianapolis can learn more about Zerorez Indianapolis by visiting its website. A company representative is always reachable at (317) 388-5141 for queries or appointment scheduling. The company is headquartered at 8132 Woodland Dr, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46278, USA.
Media Contact
Company Name
Zerorez Indianapolis
Contact Name
Lauren Love
(317) 388-5141
8132 Woodland Dr
Postal Code
United States
Disclaimer: The views, suggestions, and opinions expressed here are the sole responsibility of the experts. No Gazette Maker journalist was involved in the writing and production of this article.


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Bring Polanski to JusticeHasn't Roman Polanski suffered enough? Didn't he endure all those cool, gray, rainy Paris winters? Didn't he also drug and rape a 13-year-old girl?
Editor's note: For a different take, check out the HBO documentary"Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired."
Hasn't Roman Polanski suffered enough? Didn't he endure all those cool, gray, rainy Paris winters? Wasn't he forced — well, not forced, but strongly enticed — to subsist all those years on overpriced fare served up by haughty waiters in Michelin-starred restaurants? Didn't he survive for decades having his vacation options limited, essentially, to the grim monotony of the south of France?
I've got a better question: Shouldn't Polanski and his many apologists give us a break?
I'm a huge fan of Polanski's work. "Chinatown" is one of my favorite movies of all time, "Rosemary's Baby" is a masterpiece, and he richly deserved the Oscar he won as best director for "The Pianist." He's a great artist. Maybe his next film will be a prison movie.
Brilliant auteur or no, Polanski has been a fugitive from U.S. justice since 1978. And there was certainly no artistic merit in the crime he acknowledged committing: During a photo shoot at the Los Angeles home of his friend and "Chinatown" star Jack Nicholson, Polanski plied a 13-year-old girl with champagne and drugs and had sex with her.
That is grotesque. In general, I agree with the European view that Americans tend to be prudish and hypocritical about sex. But a grown man drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl? That's not remotely a close call. It's wrong in any moral universe — and deserves harsher punishment than three decades of gilded exile.
Polanski went on the lam after pleading guilty to the crime. He had a deal with prosecutors under which he would essentially walk out of the courtroom a free man — he had spent 42 days in prison undergoing psychiatric evaluation, and the arrangement was that he would be sentenced to time served. But Polanski got wind that the judge in the case, said to be something of a publicity hound, was going to refuse to honor the plea bargain and instead impose a prison term. So the director skipped town and surfaced in France, where authorities ruled that his crime wasn't covered by extradition treaties with the United States.
He was arrested Sunday in Zurich, where he had traveled to accept an award — and where the extradition treaty does cover his crime. Assuming that Polanski puts up a legal fight, it could be months or even years before he is sent back to the United States.
The Justice Department was right to have Polanski nabbed at the Zurich airport and should pursue the case to the end. We've waited this long; we can wait a little longer.
Polanski has dual French-Polish citizenship, and officials in Paris and Warsaw are outraged. Which makes me outraged. What's their beef? That Polanski is 76? That he makes great movies? That he only fled to escape what might well have been an unjust sentence? Sorry, mes amis, but none of this matters. If you decide to become a fugitive, you accept the risk that someday you might get caught.
Much has been made of the fact that Polanski's victim, now 45, has said she no longer feels any anger toward him and does not want to see him jailed. But it's irrelevant what the victim thinks and feels as a grown woman. What's important is what she thought and felt at age 13, when the crime was committed. Those who argue that there's something unjust about Polanski's arrest are essentially accepting his argument that it's possible for a 13-year-old girl, under the influence of alcohol and drugs, to "consent" to sex with a man in his 40s. Or maybe his defenders are saying that drugging and raping a child is simply not such a big deal.
As far as I'm concerned, it's a huge deal. Even in France, it should be a big deal. This isn't about a genius who is being hounded for flouting society's hidebound conventions. It's about a rich and powerful man who used his fame and position to assault — in every sense, to violate — an innocent child.
And it's about a man who ran away rather than face the consequences of his actions. Before any sentence could be imposed, he absconded like a weasel to live a princely life in France.
That's the sort of protagonist, a great director like Polanski must realize, who doesn't deserve a happy ending.
Eugene Robinson's e-mail address is eugenerobinson(at)washpost.com.
© 2009, Washington Post Writers Group'TIS THE REASON…
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Campus Artist in Residence, Tsukuba, Japan
The Art of Walking #2 in Japan
Thinking is Sculpting
Brighton Festival
Making Together
Bring it to the table 2
Artist Teacher Network
NSEAD London & SE Art & Design Teachers Network
InSEA 2023 Fault Lines, Canakkale Turkey
Artist Teacher Network Summer Celebration!
The Big Landscape
'Who's been sleeping in my bed?' FaB23
Fringe Art Bath: Doris @ 44AD gallery
Panel discussion art & research, NIE Singapore


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Senior Championship
August 9th, 2014
Saturday, August 9. Men's and Women's Divisions. Flighted event by handicap. Open to members 50 years young and older. All players play 18 holes Saturday AM with the Men's Championship Flight (plus those players within 6 strokes of the lead) playing an extra 9 holes after lunch to determine the Club Champion. Golf Shop will post actual tee times by Friday, August 8th at 3 PM.


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Victim Rights
A Ryan Dooley MysteryAuthor Norah McClintock ISBN 9780889954472 Binding Trade Paper Publisher Red Deer Press Inc Publication Date October 04, 2010 Size 133 x 191 mm
In her third novel about the intense and difficult life of seventeen-year-old Ryan Dooley, Norah McClintock doesn't let up on the challenges and potential disasters faced by her complex protagonist.
At the heart of Victim's Rights is Dooley's girlfriend Beth, whose loving presence is a constant reminder to keep on the straight and narrow, away from the unsavoury life and shady characters that peopled Dooley's past. But when rumours start to swirl about Beth's possible unfaithfulness, Dooley's world is pushed to the brink - and it's up to him to unravel the increasingly complex truth, or be overwhelmed by the poisonous rumours swirling around him.
Norah McClintock's Dooley series is tautly and richly told. The stories explore the often dangerous urban world of today's teenagers. Far from being a role model, Ryan Dooley is much more - a character with layers of understanding of what's going on around him, a character who struggles to fight off the temptations that encroach so easily on him, a young man who above all is learning about loyalty and trying to do the right thing.
"Rating 8.6/10 - because I'm just in love with the characters and the plot is, as usual, both thrilling and interesting. It's fun being sucked back into the world of Dooley and his troubles to be honest, and it was satisfying to know that this series definitely isn't taking a dip as it continues."
— Holes-In-My-Brain.Blogspot.Com
"McClintock can write dialogue that so flows with tension you can feel in your throat. The pacing is high-octane, with convincing interludes of introspection and companionship. . . Her capacity to shape characters and their interactions is rarely equaled."
— The Hamilton Spectator
John Spray Mystery Award finalist - 2011
Arthur Ellis Award for Best Crime Novel for Juveniles finalist - 2011
Also available as an eBook in the following formats. Our web site is not set up to sell eBooks. Our eBooks are available at most major vendors:
- EPUB with ISBN 9781552442999
- MOBI with ISBN 9781552444139


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An operational monitoring system to provide indicators of CO2-related variables in the ocean
Hardman-Mountford, N.J.; Moore, G.; Bakker, D.C.E.; Watson, A.J.; Schuster, U.; Barciela, R.; Hines, A.; Moncoiffe, G.; Brown, J.; Dye, S.; Blackford, J.; Somerfield, P.J.; Holt, J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3298-8477; Hydes, D.J.; Aiken, J.. 2008 An operational monitoring system to provide indicators of CO2-related variables in the ocean. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65 (8). 1498-1503. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn110Full text not available from this repository. (Request a copy)
Demand by governments and scientists is increasing for indicators of CO2-related variables for the ocean. We describe a recent project, CARBON-OPS, during which a "supply chain" was developed for automated measurement of pCO(2) in the surface of the ocean, data processing, and its use in providing information for research and policy development. Data are gathered by new pCO(2) measurement systems on five UK research ships in the Southern Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and northwestern European shelf seas. These send data in near-real-time, via satellite communication systems, to the British Oceanographic Data Centre, where they are automatically processed, quality controlled, and archived. The data are then delivered to the UK Met Office and others for use in testing predictions from operational ocean models. These models will generate indicator products and assist government through the Marine Climate Change Impact Partnership, a partnership of scientists, government, its agencies, and NGOs, by providing information on ocean CO2 uptake, changes in ocean pH, and potential impacts on global climate and marine ecosystems
|Item Type:
|Publication - Article
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):
|POL Programmes > Sea-level, bottom pressure and space geodesy > Continuous ocean monitoring methods
|Additional Information. Not used in RCUK Gateway to Research.:
|Addresses: 1. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth, Devon England 2. Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk England 3. Met Off, Exeter, Devon England 4. Univ Liverpool, British Oceanog Data Ctr, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside England 5. Ctr Environm Fisheries & Aquaculture Sci, Lowestoft, Suffolk England 6. Univ Liverpool, Proudman Oceanog Lab, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside England 7. Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants England
|Additional Keywords:
|NORA Subject Terms:
|Marine Sciences
|Date made live:
|03 Feb 2009 11:37 +0 (UTC)
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- Memorize your three shapes first.
- Trwy and incorporate these into your on compositions!
- The only different shapes (in a diatonic major key) will be your iii chord and vii dim chord. The rest (I-ii-IV-V-vi) will have the same shape.
- Follow the picking pattern: D, D, U, D, D, U etc...
- A 9th (Intervallically speaking) is the next diatonic note above your octave. We will be focusing on using the root, fifth and ninth.
You can download a free PDF of the lesson here. I hope you guys enjoyed this lesson, please check out my other lessons. Please comment and rate my lesson. If you have any questions, I will be happy to help out! Thanks! About the Author: By George Salas. For more free lessons, please visit gsguitarfun.weebly.com.


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within the IT Computing Platform
Multiple Layers of Hardware, Software Technologies along with the related knowledge within The IT Computing Platform.
For most people, understanding what is inside the IT Platform or IT Box or IT Devices is very difficult.
They appear too complex to try understand what's inside them.
With proper understanding comes ease of use and greater control over them in our day to day lives.
Whether it is a mainframe computer or an enterprise server or a desktop computer or a laptop or different IT hand-held devices like a Blackberry or a Pocket PC or a palmtop or even a mobile phone, all these are IT computing machines.
All of the them have the same layered architecture of their different internal components.
The visual below demonstrates the hierarchial nature of the different layers comprising the Information Technology (IT) Computing Platform.
Visualise The IT Box or Device as a Building with multiple storeys, floors or levels.
Looking at the above visual from bottom upwards, we find the following different layers :
Earlier Technology Perspectives Link.
The Hierarchial Layers Within The IT Device
Hardware (Including Peripherals and Networks) at the Foundation at the Bottom. On The Ground Base Level.
Software In the Middle Floors above the hardware layer.
Lastly, the knowledge (Of all of the layers below) across the entire height of the IT Box.
Both technical ( for different hardware or software technologies) and non-technical knowledge.
It could be Operational, Designing and Deploying knowledge.
It is this IT Knowledge which is crucial for using the IT Devices very effectively.
So understanding the IT machine, device or the box need not be magic or a mystery to most of us.


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Hotline +91 8955504563
Blue Pottery Decorative Plate with Stand- Blue Floral (8 x 8) IN
Product Description
A stunning Blue Pottery handmade plate from Rajasthan presented by VISKAA for Wall Decor and Hangings. Design your interior with 100% handmade, beautiful and vibrant hand painted plates, which can be used for multipurpose for table decor and wall hangings and can also be used for serving.
Diameter: 8 Inches;
Material : Blue Pottery (Ceramic)
Beautiful and stylish, fine material, smooth texture, artistic atmosphere of Plates enhances the look of the table and the wall.
The making of a Blue Pottery product is a handmade process and passes through certain stages to get the finished product.
Blue Pottery is a unique form of pottery that is famous art of the Pink City Jaipur, Rajasthan.
It is made out of a similar frit material to Egyptian faience, is glazed and low-fired. No clay is used: the 'dough' for the pottery is prepared by mixing quartz stone powder, powdered glass, Multani Mitti (Fullers Earth), borax, gum and water.


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You could make a strong case for the MTI-V 42 being the most stylistically distinctive high-performance center console on the market today and we wouldn't argue with you. Anyone confusing it with another builder's offering—and there are many fine choices out there—hasn't been paying much attention to the custom go-fast center console segment.
A pair of MTI-V 42 performance center consoles struck a pose this weekend in the Florida Keys (click image to enlarge). Photo courtesy/copyright Pete Boden/Shoot 2 Thrill Pix.
On assignment this weekend covering the MTI Owners Fun Run in the Florida Keys, speedonthewater.com chief photographer Pete Boden captured this shot of two MTI-V 42 center consoles taking a break from the action. The photo reminded us of what a striking beauty the 42-footer from the Wentzville, Mo., high-performance catamaran and center console builder really is.
Of course, there were plenty of white-hot MTI catamarans involved in the four-day fun run. More on the event, check out the full story that went live on speedonthewater.com on Monday.
Editor's note: For a comprehensive feature on the MTI-V 42, download the May/June 2017 issue of Speed On The Water digital magazine by clicking here.
Related stories
MTI Hits Another Homer With Latest Owners Fun Run
Meet the New El Gato Patrón 43 MTI
Gallery Of The Work: Florida Powerboat Club Takes Miami


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Apparently, when you are turning 11, you might not be interested in having a birthday party like you used to have. You might just want something more low-key. Just a few friends over to hang out. Or maybe go for a hike. A hike? Okay, I'd never heard of kids going for a hike for a birthday party, but I thought, "why not?" I had been a little concerned that maybe the guests might not enjoy a hike as much as our birthday girl Stella. But I … [Read more...]
A Different Kind of Birthday Party
August 27, 2013 by 5 Comments


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Dirichlet convolution
2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 11A25 [MSN][ZBL]
The Dirichlet convolution of two arithmetic functions $f(n)$ and $g(n)$ is defined as $$ (f*g)(n) = \sum_{d|n} f(d) g(n/d) \ , $$ where the sum is over the positive divisors $d$ of $n$. General background material on the Dirichlet convolution can be found in, e.g., [a1], [a6], [a8].
Sums of the form $\sum_{d|n} f(d) g(n/d)$ played an important role from the very beginning of the theory of arithmetical functions. Many results from early times involved these sums. For example, in 1857 J. Liouville published a long list of arithmetical identities of this type (see [a5]). It is fruitful to treat the sums $\sum_{d|n} f(d) g(n/d)$ as giving a binary operation on the set of arithmetical functions (cf. also Binary relation). This aspect was introduced by E.T. Bell [a2] and M. Cipolla [a3] in 1915.
The set of arithmetical functions forms a commutative ring with unity under the usual pointwise addition and the Dirichlet convolution. An arithmetical function $f$ possesses a Dirichlet inverse if and only if $f(1) \neq 0$. For example, the Dirichlet inverse of the constant function 1 is the Möbius function $\mu$. The Möbius inversion formula states that $$ f(n) = \sum_{d|n} g(d) \Leftrightarrow g(n) = \sum_{d|n} \mu(d) f(n/d) \ . $$
The relation of the Dirichlet convolution with Dirichlet series is also important.
There are many analogues and generalizations of the Dirichlet convolution; for example, E. Cohen [a4] defined the unitary convolution as $$ (f \otimes g)(n) = \sum_{d \Vert n} f(d) g(n/d) \ , $$ where the sum is over the unitary divisors of $n$: the positive divisors $d$ of $n$ such that $\mathrm{hcf}(d,n/d) = 1$, see also [a10]. W. Narkiewicz [a7] developed a more general convolution: $$ (f *_A g)(n) = \sum_{d \in A(n)} f(d) g(n/d) \ , $$ where, for each $n$, $A(n)$ is a subset of the set of the positive divisors of $n$. See [a9] for a survey of various binary operations on the set of arithmetical functions.
|T.M. Apostol, "Introduction to analytic number theory" , Springer (1976) Zbl 0335.10001
|E.T. Bell, "An arithmetical theory of certain numerical functions" Univ. Wash. Publ. Math. Phys. Sci. , I : 1 (1915)
|M. Cipolla, "Sui principi del calculo arithmetico integrale" Atti Accad. Gioenia Cantonia , 5 : 8 (1915)
|E. Cohen, "Arithmetical functions associated with the unitary divisors of an integer" Math. Z. , 74 (1960) pp. 66–80
|L.E. Dickson, "History of the theory of numbers" , I , Chelsea, reprint (1952)
|P.J. McCarthy, "Introduction to arithmetical functions" , Springer (1986)
|W. Narkiewicz, "On a class of arithmetical convolutions" Colloq. Math. , 10 (1963) pp. 81–94
|R. Sivaramakrishnan, "Classical theory of arithmetic functions" , Monographs and Textbooks in Pure and Applied Math. , 126 , M. Dekker (1989)
|M.V. Subbarao, "On some arithmetic convolutions" , The Theory of Arithmetic Functions , Lecture Notes in Mathematics , 251 , Springer (1972) pp. 247–271
|R. Vaidyanathaswamy, "The theory of multiplicative arithmetic functions" Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. , 33 (1931) pp. 579–662
Dirichlet convolution. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Dirichlet_convolution&oldid=52962


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LED Spot Light Green
This LED Spot Light is perfect for lighting up your wall or garden this Christmas. The light creates an amazing atmosphere for fun and celebration.
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- 10m lead cable
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- Supplied with UK 3 pin plug
- Part of our extensive decorative lighting range
Special Price £7.20 £6.00 Regular Price £14.40
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Marrakech is one of Morocco's best-known cities, partly because of its medina, or old town, with its mosques, monumental walls and gardens dating back almost 1,000 years. In fact, the urban architecture here is so significant that UNESCO designates it a World Heritage site. Morocco is an easy destination for American tourists: U.S. passport holders can visit for up to 90 days without a visa and you won't need any shots in advance.
Spring and fall are the best times to visit Marrakech to enjoy temperatures of between 68 F and 77 F during the day, dropping to around 50 F at night. Avoid July and August, when daily temperatures in Marrakech climb to 96 F or higher, making it feel stiflingly hot. In contrast, winter daily highs in the city average around 66 F, although bear in mind that this drops to closer to 44 F at night, which is a factor if you're staying in one of the many less expensive hotels with no heating.
Religious Holidays
An estimated 99 per cent of Moroccans are Muslim, so observations of Islamic holidays are a countrywide phenomenon. Occurring in August or September, Ramadan is the best-known of these religious times, when Muslims fast from dawn to sunset and many locals leave the city altogether. As a result, public transportation and general tourist activities can be affected, so if you plan to visit Marrakech close to any of these times, check your dates before booking. Later in the year, Christian festivals, particularly Christmas and the New Year, are very busy in Marrakech with many hotels totally booked.
Expatriate Moroccans
The period between July and September is particularly busy on Morocco's roads, as thousands of expatriate Moroccans residing in Europe come home for an extended vacation. Roads get extremely congested, so if you're traveling to Marrakech by car or bus this is likely to affect you, particularly if you plan to join the expatriates on the ferries from Algeciras in southern Spain. Cars are banned from most of central Marrakech and in any case the narrow alleyways of the medina are best explored on foot. Buses and trams are a useful way to get to landmarks like the Menara Gardens.
Cultural Festivals
If you're the kind of traveler who enjoys getting involved in local festivals, Marrakech can be a lure in July and December. In December, the Marrakech International Film Festival screens films from other parts of the world alongside some filmed in Morocco. You might even catch a glimpse of a visiting celebrity -- American actor John Malkovich chaired 2011's festival jury. The Marrakech Popular Arts Festival takes place each July with acrobats, fire-swallowers, dancers and musicians from across the county performing in the streets.
Writer Bio
Rita Kennedy is a writer and researcher based in the United Kingdom. She began writing in 2002 and her work has appeared in several academic journals including "Memory Studies," the "Journal of Historical Geography" and the "Local Historian." She holds a Ph.D. in history and an honours degree in geography from the University of Ulster.


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"25 Strings"
The Canadian Guitar Quartet explain, demonstrate interesting excerpts, and perform selections from the Renaissance to present day tangos
The Canadian Guitar Quartet (CGQ) is considered one of the finest classical guitar quartets in the world. They have performed to standing ovations throughout Central and South America, Mexico and the United States, Europe and of course across Canada.
Excellent communicators both musically and verbally, the CGQ enjoy sharing music with school audiences. They explain the interesting background behind the repertoire and the composers and can so do in English, French and Spanish. The quartet also spends time in advance of any school performance picking out particularly interesting passages in the musical selections, or areas that really illustrate a certain compositional technique so that they can demonstrate these to the students before performing the selection.
So, with a "roadmap" to the piece and things to listen for, the students focus better and get more out of each performance. The CGQ has performed for all ages in schools and adjusts the length of the performance selections accordingly. Besides packing a lot of information into each presentation, the CGQ make the experience fun with their charismatic humour, anecdotes, and stories of things that happen while on tour throughout the world.
CGQ repertoire covers a wide range of music including contrapuntal Renaissance works, tangos, classical chamber music, romantic and contemporary fusion. All selections are performed on 6 and 7 string classical acoustic guitars combined with percussion and special effects.
A sample list of repertoire with descriptions and demonstrations used to capture the interest of the audience can be found on the CGQ website. Several of the selections are available on the internet for video viewing. You can also read what teachers and students have said about CGQ school performances on our website.
To book the CGQ for a school presentation, please contact:
Elsewhere on this website you can find complete individual and group biographies, reviews, flyers, video/audio samples and photos.
We would love to hear from you prior to visiting your school and we are always available through email if there are any questions to be answered prior to the school visit or further suggestions needed for preparation purposes.
Technical Requirements
Music Room or Classroom
4 low armless chairs (ideally 14 – 16 inches off the floor in height)
Auditorium or Gymnasium
Sound system with 4 individual microphones on stands are required and one hand held microphone.


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Imperrenth (Community Living Area) Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA)
|14 November 2003
|Sub Category:
|Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) (Native Title Act)
|Click this link to search this location with google maps
|Northern Territory, Australia
|Click this link to search this location with google maps
|The ILUA covers the area of the new community living area, which is 547 hectares and is located approximately 200 kms south-east of Tennant Creek, on the Elkedra Perpetual Pastoral Lease (PPL 1000) in the Northern Territory. It is in the Central Remote ATSIC region and is not within any incorporated local government area.
|Legal Status:
|Registered with the National Native Title Tribunal
|Legal Reference:
|National Native Title Tribunal File No: DI2003/012
|Subject Matter:
|Future Act | Land Transaction | Land Use | Native Title
|Summary Information:
|The Imperrenth Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) allows a section of land on the Elkedra pastoral lease to be purchased by the Northern Territory Government for the purpose of creating an Aboriginal community living area. Without the ILUA, the transaction in the land may have been subject to the future act and right to negotiate provisions of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (the NTA). The parties also agree that any action taken under the agreement in order for the land transaction to occur, will not extinguish any native title rights and interests that may exist in the area - that is, the 'non-extinguishment principle' of the NTA applies.
This type of land transaction falls under Part 8 of the Pastoral Land Act 1992 (NT) and section 46(1A) of the Lands Acquisition Act 1978 (NT). Several other ILUAs have been made to create Aboriginal community living areas in the Northern Territory.
Related Entries
|National Native Title Tribunal (30 September 2010) Registered ILUAs by Name
|Imperrenth Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) Map - ( Image | Thumbnail | PDF)
|Native Title (Australia) | Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) (Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)) (Australia) | Future Act Agreement (Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)) (Australia)
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A Challenge to my faith
Discussion Thought of the Day
"You have never felt so absolutely free as you do now that your freedom is interwoven with love and detachment, with security and insecurity; for you do not trust yourself at all, but trust in God for everything." Escriva, Josemaria: Furrow
In many ways, I don't feel so free. Too many things demand my attention, too many people need my attention. Too many crisis, too much that needs healing… and then household chores that have gone undone too long (still – 6 months later have a garage that needs to be unpacked and organized!) It is easy to let such things burden me, create guilt which will paralyze me even more. Freedom? Really?
Yeah – this morning I will know it… as the people of God gather, as I lose myself in playing music that helps people lose themselves in prayer and praise…there is freedom there… there will be freedom in sharing His word – that tells us of how He binds us together in our absolution, as He gives us a new mind – that is able to focus – not on what is temporary and passing… but instead in what is permanent.. eternal… with Him.
Escriva nails it – we find that freedom – not in being free of that which constrains us, but in our trust in a God who is present… in whose presence we presently dwell, even if it is only a hint of eternity. No matter the hellishness that surrounds us now… the Lord is with us!
Go in peace… even better – come – be gathered in that peace… with us!
Posted on June 10, 2012, in Devotions and tagged absolution, Church, faith, Freedom, God, peace, presence of god, repentance, trust. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.


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A great collection of Pixel art template grids for Minecraft on Pc, Xbox One, PS4 and pocket edition, enjoy!
Mario Pixel Art
44 comments:
youre amazingReplyDelete
Took me 10 mins. to build (I think)ReplyDeleteReplies
- Anonymous29 July 2014 at 11:48
10 minutes to build this?Delete
- Anonymous31 July 2015 at 16:18
- Anonymous9 June 2013 at 10:44
woah, it was so easy to make with templates! thanks for this great website!ReplyDelete
Do do do do do do. do. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do.ReplyDelete
- Anonymous22 June 2013 at 19:24
this is cool i built it in a village!!!ReplyDelete
i built this a few blocks above a goomba XDReplyDelete
- Anonymous19 July 2013 at 16:20
this was really easy with the template i even built it on minecraft P.E!!!ReplyDelete
- Anonymous20 July 2013 at 14:18
its a me! Mario! wohooo!ReplyDelete
- Anonymous27 July 2013 at 21:33
simple for meReplyDelete
- Anonymous4 August 2013 at 17:54
itzameamario thi iz 2 ezReplyDelete
minecraftpixelarttemplates yes nice thank you adminReplyDelete
- Anonymous30 August 2013 at 10:29
Epic Took me 5 mins to build!!ReplyDelete
- Anonymous9 October 2013 at 13:04
i love marioReplyDelete
- Anonymous9 October 2013 at 13:05
i love you marioReplyDelete
- Anonymous18 November 2013 at 17:45
umm how u get skin blocksReplyDeleteReplies
- Anonymous2 December 2013 at 15:25
I would use oak planks maybe.Delete
- Anonymous27 June 2014 at 11:35
- Anonymous31 August 2014 at 21:53
Smooth SandstoneDelete
- Anonymous8 October 2014 at 15:46
Yeah I used white stained clayDelete
- Anonymous2 December 2013 at 15:26
I remember when Mario first came out. A fairly easy template. Brings back great childhood memories!ReplyDelete
- Anonymous20 December 2013 at 21:54
its a me marrio please come give me my shroomsReplyDelete
- Anonymous12 January 2014 at 04:41
How do u make the cream colour wool areas?ReplyDeleteReplies
- Anonymous28 June 2014 at 16:56
stained clayDelete
- Anonymous11 June 2015 at 18:58
clay in the game for hunger gamesDelete
choo choo
what colour wool is his skinReplyDeleteReplies
- Anonymous10 February 2014 at 22:56
It's sandstoneDelete
its sand stone or brich woodDelete
- Anonymous11 October 2014 at 07:30
Or stained clayDelete
- Anonymous25 March 2014 at 01:18
best and easiest build ever try the poke ballReplyDelete
- Anonymous25 March 2014 at 01:21
i used pink woolReplyDelete
- Anonymous22 August 2014 at 02:32
I made a luigi too!ReplyDelete
- Anonymous29 September 2014 at 00:37
THanks for the awesome website I copy them down into a grid book so I can copy them into minecraft whenever I want. :DReplyDelete
- Anonymous3 October 2014 at 09:21
Lol me and my friend are making a giant version of this, it will be on his instagram when it's done! @cormo_da_cool_dogeReplyDelete
- Anonymous20 November 2014 at 22:35
Awesome and easyReplyDelete
- Anonymous9 May 2015 at 02:28
really cool guysReplyDelete
- Anonymous8 August 2015 at 20:32
IT'SA ME MARIO MAMA SABATAReplyDelete
I drew this with a fountain pen :DReplyDelete
I like it. :)ReplyDelete
- Anonymous25 July 2019 at 20:04
turn the red green and you got a luigiReplyDelete


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- Overview
- Documents
- Demos
jQuery Unobtrusive Background Image Switcher plugin that switches background images of a website - can be used as an image slider or a full screen background image switcher as well as image preloader.
The idea as well as functionality remains pretty much the same: we need to use as many (probably background) images as we want no matter how heavy they are, while minimizing their influence on load times.
Here are the basic requirements:
- Only the first image has to be loaded, the rest must "wait for their turn" and load as needed.
- The image has to be preloaded and only shown after the load is completed. We now use fade effect for every image including the first one.
- Support for responsive full screen background feature without breaking the image's proportions on any screen/window size.
- It has to be lightweight and play well with other front end features.
Source: bcat.eu

var srcBgArray = ["./images/img-slider-1.jpg","./images/img-slider-2.jpg","./images/img-slider-3.jpg","./images/img-slider-4.jpg"]; $(document).ready(function() { $('#bg-body').bcatBGSwitcher({ urls: srcBgArray, alt: 'Full screen background image', links: true, prevnext: true }); });
- urls – array with image paths, should it only contain one item the script will run as an image preloader, further functionality would not be initiated. Defaults to an empty array, has to be passed
- startIndex – integer array element (index) to start with, defaults to 0
- timeout – integer timeout in milliseconds, defaults to 12000
- alt – string text to fill the alt attribute of each image, defaults to 'Picture',
- speed – integer animation speed in milliseconds, defaults to 1000
- links – boolean if the navigation links have to be shown, defaults to false


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Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.
This particular marker is called 23 KD (IGG) Band and hence is a IgG antibody marker. IgG antibodies are a sign of an older infection. In contrast, IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection.
IgM antibodies usually disappear after eight weeks post-exposure.
IgG remains in the serum for a very long time.
In the Western blot test there are three bands for IgM and 10 bands for IgG.
Here is the important part:
- You need to have 2 out of 3 for the positive IgM result
- Or you need to have 5 out of 10 for the positive IgG result.
Either one confirms the diagnosis if symptoms are present.
Understand and improve your laboratory results with our health dashboard.
Upload your lab reports and get your interpretation today.
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Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.
This particular marker is called 23 KD (IGG) Band and hence is a IgG antibody marker. IgG antibodies are a sign of an older infection. In contrast, IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection.
IgM antibodies usually disappear after eight weeks post-exposure.
IgG remains in the serum for a very long time.
In the Western blot test there are three bands for IgM and 10 bands for IgG.
Here is the important part:
- You need to have 2 out of 3 for the positive IgM result
- Or you need to have 5 out of 10 for the positive IgG result.
Either one confirms the diagnosis.
Here is the 2nd important part when it comes to a diagnosis:
If a person doesn't have signs or symptoms of Lyme disease, then the person does not have Lyme disease as the definition of disease requires symptoms.
What could some of those symptoms be?
What are the symptoms of Lyme disease?
Lyme disease symptoms are wide-ranging, with more than a hundred different symptoms recorded. Symptoms can also change over time, as the bacteria spreads throughout the body. To make things more confusing, Lyme disease symptoms will also vary from patient-to-patient. Lyme disease can mimic hundreds of other conditions since its symptoms mirror many medical problems such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome or lupus, and is sometimes known as "The Great Imitator" because of this.
Symptoms can play a key role in diagnosing Lyme disease. Due to the lack of an accurate diagnostic test, many patients are diagnosed based on a combination symptoms and diagnostic testing. This makes it extremely important for patients to keep track of all the symptoms they experience, to share with their healthcare provider. Lyme disease symptoms can vary based on stage of the disease (early, late, post-treatment, or chronic) and if other tick-borne infections are present and can change over time.
Symptoms in acute Lyme disease:
Acute Lyme disease (aka: early localized LD) occurs days to weeks after the initial tick bite and infection, in which the bacteria have not yet spread from the site of infection in the skin.
The most common symptoms in acute (aka: early localized) Lyme disease are the ones people are most familiar with. Because they are symptoms often shared with other illnesses, however, it's important to recognize that they could mean Lyme and you should see a Lyme-treating physician right away.
- Erythema migrans rash or EM rash. This rash begins at the site of the tick bite about a week after the bite, and gradually expands.
Note: The center of the rash may clear, giving the rash the appearance of a "bulls-eye." Rashes may take on many different shapes and not all rashes will have a bulls-eye appearance. There can be multiple rashes on the body. While a rash is characteristic of Lyme disease, many people will not develop a rash at all.
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Aches
- Chills
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Other flu-like symptoms
Symptoms in early disseminated Lyme disease:
Early disseminated Lyme disease occurs days to months after infection, in which the bacteria have begun to spread. There is a wide range of possible symptoms at this stage, including:
- Severe headaches and neck stiffness
- Arthritis, especially in the knees or other large joints
- Muscle aches and pains
- Heart palpitations or shortness of breath (Lyme carditis)
- Facial paralysis on one or both sides (also known as Bell's palsy)
- Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
- Extreme fatigue
Symptoms in late stage Lyme disease:
Late stage Lyme disease, which can include post-treatment, chronic, and neurological, occurs months to years after infection, in which the bacteria have spread throughout the body.
The symptoms of late disseminated disease are similar to those of early disseminated disease, but may be more extensive, more severe, and longer lasting. Late symptoms may also include:
- neurologic features including vertigo or dizziness,
- difficulty sleeping
- mental fogginess
- difficulty following conversations
- difficulty processing information
A blood test may be positive for several reasons:
First, the positive test may indicate that the person was infected previously by the agent of Lyme disease and the immune system mounted a successful attack which resulted in the long-term production of antibodies against the agent of Lyme disease. That's why tests can stay positive for months to years, even when active infection is no longer present. We expect, however, that over time the ELISA titer should decrease in magnitude.
Second, a positive test may also indicate that there is a small amount of persistent infection that is continuing to partially stimulate the immune system. The residual organism may not be biologically active; i.e., it might be in a latent or dormant state and thus not causing any disease symptoms. In this case, the ELISA titer may stay elevated for long periods without a gradual decline.
Third, a positive test may be a false positive, especially if the positive test is only an ELISA. It is well known for example that concurrent viral infections (such as Epstein-Barr) may result in a false positive Lyme ELISA. If the positive test is an IgG Western blot or a C6 Lyme ELISA, it is very unlikely that either test would be falsely positive.
Fourth, a positive test may indicate that you did have some of the signs or symptoms of Lyme disease in the past but didn't recognize the problem as Lyme disease. You may have then been treated with antibiotics for another reason and this may have led to a resolution of the Lyme disease without your awareness of ever having had Lyme disease.
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