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Working to Improve Immunotherapy for Lung Cancer
Posted on by Dr. Francis Collins
For those who track cancer statistics, this year started off on a positive note with word that lung cancer deaths continue to decline in the United States [1]. While there's plenty of credit to go around for that encouraging news—and continued reduction in smoking is a big factor—some of this progress likely can be ascribed to a type of immunotherapy, called PD-1 inhibitors. This revolutionary approach has dramatically changed the treatment landscape for the most common type of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
PD-1 inhibitors, which have only been available for about five years, prime one component of a patient's own immune system, called T cells, to seek and destroy malignant cells in the lungs. Unfortunately, however, only about 20 percent of people with NSCLC respond to PD-1 inhibitors. So, many researchers, including the team of A. McGarry Houghton, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, are working hard to extend the benefits of immunotherapy to more cancer patients.
The team's latest paper, published in JCI Insight [2], reveals that one culprit behind a poor response to immunotherapy may be the immune system's own first responders: neutrophils. Billions of neutrophils circulate throughout the body to track down abnormalities, such as harmful bacteria and malignant cells. They also contact other parts of the immune system, including T cells, if help is needed to eliminate the health threat.
In their study, the Houghton team, led by Julia Kargl, combined several lab techniques to take a rigorous, unbiased look at the immune cell profiles of tumor samples from dozens of NSCLC patients who received PD-1 inhibitors as a frontline treatment. The micrographs above show tumor samples from two of these patients.
In the image on the left, large swaths of T cells (light blue) have infiltrated the cancer cells (white specks). Interestingly, other immune cells, including neutrophils (magenta), are sparse.
In contrast, in the image on the right, T cells (light blue) are sparse. Instead, the tumor teems with other types of immune cells, including macrophages (red), two types of monocytes (yellow, green), and, most significantly, lots of neutrophils (magenta). These cells arise from myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, while T cells arise from the marrow's lymphoid progenitor cell.
Though the immune profiles of some tumor samples were tough to classify, the researchers found that most fit neatly into two subgroups: tumors showing active levels of T cell infiltration (like the image on the left) or those with large numbers of myeloid immune cells, especially neutrophils (like the image on the right). This dichotomy then served as a reliable predictor of treatment outcome. In the tumor samples with majority T cells, the PD-1 inhibitor worked to varying degrees. But in the tumor samples with predominantly neutrophil infiltration, the treatment failed.
Houghton's team has previously found that many cancers, including NSCLC, actively recruit neutrophils, turning them into zombie-like helpers that falsely signal other immune cells, like T cells, to stay away. Based on this information, Houghton and colleagues used a mouse model of lung cancer to explore a possible way to increase the success rate of PD-1 immunotherapy.
In their mouse experiments, the researchers found that when PD-1 was combined with an existing drug that inhibits neutrophils, lung tumors infiltrated with neutrophils were converted into tumors infiltrated by T cells. The tumors treated with the combination treatment also expressed genes associated with an active immunotherapy response.
This year, January brought encouraging news about decreasing deaths from lung cancer. But with ongoing basic research, like this study, to tease out the mechanisms underlying the success and failure of immunotherapy, future months may bring even better news.
[1] Cancer statistics, 2020. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Jan;70(1):7-30.
[2] Neutrophil content predicts lymphocyte depletion and anti-PD1 treatment failure in NSCLC. Kargl J, Zhu X, Zhang H, Yang GHY, Friesen TJ, Shipley M, Maeda DY, Zebala JA, McKay-Fleisch J, Meredith G, Mashadi-Hossein A, Baik C, Pierce RH, Redman MW, Thompson JC, Albelda SM, Bolouri H, Houghton AM. JCI Insight. 2019 Dec 19;4(24).
[3] Neutrophils dominate the immune cell composition in non-small cell lung cancer. Kargl J, Busch SE, Yang GH, Kim KH, Hanke ML, Metz HE, Hubbard JJ, Lee SM, Madtes DK, McIntosh MW, Houghton AM. Nat Commun. 2017 Feb 1;8:14381.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version (National Cancer Institute/NIH)
Spotlight on McGarry Houghton (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle)
Houghton Lab (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center)
NIH Support: National Cancer Institute
Replenishing the Liver's Immune Protections
Posted on by Dr. Francis Collins
Most of our immune cells circulate throughout the bloodstream to serve as a roving security force against infection. But some immune cells don't travel much at all and instead safeguard a specific organ or tissue. That's what you are seeing in this electron micrograph of a type of scavenging macrophage, called a Kupffer cell (green), which resides exclusively in the liver (brown).
Normally, Kupffer cells appear in the liver during the early stages of mammalian development and stay put throughout life to protect liver cells, clean up old red blood cells, and regulate iron levels. But in their experimental system, Christopher Glass and his colleagues from University of California, San Diego, removed all original Kupffer cells from a young mouse to see if this would allow signals from the liver that encourage the development of new Kupffer cells.
The NIH-funded researchers succeeded in setting up the right conditions to spur a heavy influx of circulating precursor immune cells, called monocytes, into the liver, and then prompted those monocytes to turn into the replacement Kupffer cells. In a recent study in the journal Immunity, the team details the specific genomic changes required for the monocytes to differentiate into Kupffer cells [1]. This information will help advance the study of Kupffer cells and their role in many liver diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which affects an estimated 3 to 12 percent of U.S. adults [2].
The new work also has broad implications for immunology research because it provides additional evidence that circulating monocytes contain genomic instructions that, when activated in the right way by nearby cells or other factors, can prompt the monocytes to develop into various, specialized types of scavenging macrophages. For example, in the mouse system, Glass's team found that the endothelial cells lining the liver's blood vessels, which is where Kupffer cells hang out, emit biochemical distress signals when their immune neighbors disappear.
While more details need to be worked out, this study is another excellent example of how basic research, including the ability to query single cells about their gene expression programs, is generating fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems. Such knowledge is opening new possibilities to more precise ways of treating and preventing diseases all throughout the body, including those involving Kupffer cells and the liver.
[1] Liver-Derived Signals Sequentially Reprogram Myeloid Enhancers to Initiate and Maintain Kupffer Cell Identity. Sakai M, Troutman TD, Seidman JS, Ouyang Z, Spann NJ, Abe Y, Ego KM, Bruni CM, Deng Z, Schlachetzki JCM, Nott A, Bennett H, Chang J, Vu BT, Pasillas MP, Link VM, Texari L, Heinz S, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, Geissmann F3, Glass CK. Immunity. 2019 Oct 15;51(4):655-670.
[2] Recommendations for diagnosis, referral for liver biopsy, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Spengler EK, Loomba R. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2015;90(9):1233–1246.
Liver Disease (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/NIH)
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease & NASH (NIDDK)
Glass Laboratory (University of California, San Diego)
NIH Support: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Institute of General Medical Sciences; National Cancer Institute


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Let me put this out there. I'm not a huge fan of cats and the idea of a cat cafe would typically have had me running for the hills. But 8 year old Zacy IS a fan and there's no way he's getting a kitten at home, so for months I'd promised to take him to Amsterdam's very own cat cafe Kopjes for a Mummy and Zacy tea-time adventure.
I needn't have worried, it was brilliant. And dare I say it, it's me who is suggesting we go back again soon.
Funded by a crowdsourcing campaign a few years ago, #kattencafekopjes has unsurprisingly become an Intagram darling and for once selfies take a back seat because the kitties are the stars of the show.
The cafe is in the De Baarsjes area of the city, which is a little like London's Hackney or Peckham – what was once a fairly edgy district has become newly hip, filled with cool cats and quirky boutiques. And there, nestled in a side street is the lovely Kopjes (Dutch for the "nuzzle" you get from a cat's head).
When I saw the Scandi-cool cafe from the outside I wasn't sure I was in the right place. Instead of the soft-furnishings and old-lady carpet I was expecting there were bright white walls; wicker and blonde wood; Persian carpets; retro cool fittings and hip kitty-art.
There are loads of great things about Kopjes:
- It doesn't smell!! This was my biggest concern prior to our visit. I've never known an catty environment that doesn't have that icky fishy smell, but they've nailed it here.
- The staff are super-lovely and laid back, happy to share info if asked but never overbearing
- They will however ensure you have clean hands and understand the do's and dont's
- The cats are all rescue cats, this means they are a bit of a motley crew which massively adds to the charm
- The feline inhabitants have loads of places to hide if they aren't feeling sociable. There are hidden ledges and high shelves and indeed many of the cats were sleepily hidden on our visit.
- Equally if they are feeling cheeky there are things for them to climb on and play with and of course visitors who are dying for a cuddle.
Zacy absolutely loved his visit. He was only sorry that the cats weren't more playful, however the staff explained to him how much sleep they need, and that next time we should come back at the end of the day which is when they are typically most active and engaged.
We sat eating red velvet cake, leaning in for a quick stroke, and playing spot the sleeping pussycat above.
If you're thinking of a visit don't hesitate, but remember reservations are essential. Visitor numbers are strictly limited so as not disturb the 8 rescue cats who's home you are entering.
Kopjes is a great addition to Amsterdam's off the beaten track scene. If you're a cat lover (ok even if you aren't) it's worth putting on the list!
Kattencafe Kopjes is open from 10.00-19.00 Wednesday to Sunday. Reserve your sofa now.

subset: commoncrawl


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Books Should Be Free
Loyal Books
Free Public Domain Audiobooks & eBook Downloads
John Dryden and William D'Avenant's Restoration adaptation of Shakespeare's The Tempest preserves the main plot and characters of the original. Prospero, the former Duke of Milan, lives on an isolated island with his daughter Miranda, and plans to take revenge on his brother Antonio, who usurped his throne. He is aided by his servant, the airy sprite Ariel, and is hated by his other servant, the monster Caliban. Dryden and D'Avenant added in a number of characters: Dorinda, Prospero's other daughter, Hippolito, a young man who has never seen a woman, Sycorax, Caliban's sister, and more spirits and comic mariners. They also added more song, dance, and spectacle. Their version was considered the definitive Tempest until the 19th century.
|Genres for this book
|eBook links
|Wikipedia – John Dryden
|Wikipedia – Tempest
|Review this book


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Become a trained professional from the safety and comfort of your own home by taking Bid Writing. Whatever your situation and requirements, One Education can supply you with professional teaching, gained from industry experts, and brought to you for a great price with a limited-time discount.
One Education has been proud to produce an extensive range of best-selling courses, and Bid Writing is one of our best offerings. It is crafted specially to promote easy learning at any location with an online device. Each topic has been separated into digestible portions that can be memorised and understood in the minimum of time.
Teaching and training are more than just a job for the staff at One Education; we take pride in employing those who share our vision for e-learning and its importance in today's society. To prove this, all learning materials for each course are available for at least one year after the initial purchase.
All of our tutors and IT help desk personnel are available to answer any questions regarding your training or any technical difficulties.
By completing Bid Writing, you will have automatically earnt an e-certificate that is industry-recognised and will be a great addition to your competencies on your CV.
Whatever your reason for studying Bid Writing, make the most of this opportunity from One Education and excel in your chosen field.
Please be aware that there are no hidden fees, no sudden exam charges, and no other kind of unexpected payments. All costs will be made very clear before you even attempt to sign up.
The course is delivered through our online learning platform, accessible through any internet-connected device. There are no formal deadlines or teaching schedules, meaning you are free to study the course at your own pace.
You are taught through a combination of
Upon successful completion, you will qualify for the UK and internationally-recognised CPD accredited certification. You can choose to make your achievement formal by obtaining your PDF Certificate at the cost of £9 and Hard Copy Certificate for £15.
It doesn't matter if you are an aspiring professional or absolute beginner; this course will enhance your expertise and boost your CV with critical skills and an accredited certification attesting to your knowledge.
The Bid Writing is fully available to anyone, and no previous qualifications are needed to enrol. All One Education needs to know is that you are eager to learn and are over 16.
|Module 1 Bid Writing
|Bid Writing
|Module 2 Planning and Developing the Bid
|Planning and Developing the Bid
|Module 3 Structured Approach to Writing Bids
|Structured Approach to Writing Bids
|Module 4 Understanding the Proposal
|Understanding the Proposal
|Module 5 Proposal Process
|Proposal Process
|Module 6 Focusing on Clients and Customers
|Focusing on Clients and Customers
|Module 7 Finding Unique Selling Points (USP)
|Finding Unique Selling Points (USP)
|Module 8 Estimation Method
|Estimation Method
|Module 9 Costing and Pricing
|Costing and Pricing


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Bristol Rovers too slick for Cirencester in latest pre-season friendly
Pre-Season Friendly
Cirencester Town 0 - 7 Bristol Rovers
Bristol Rovers prepared for their return to League Division 2 with a slick performance against the part-timers of Cirencester and ran out comfortable winners in the latest pre-season friendly.
Click here to read Dave Pyzer's match report.
The next pre-season friendly is against Slimbridge on Saturday 18th July at Wisloe Road.
This entry was posted on 15 July 2015 at 00:31 and is filed under First Team. You can leave a response here.


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Perched high on a prominent escarpment in the highest level of bushfire attack; Flame Zone, Eagle's Nest aspires to balance and curate the experience of outlook and expansiveness of site, with privacy and seclusion. The restrained material palette heightens this experience of site, landscape and built form along with the changing dynamic of light and shade.
Influenced by contemporary Brazilian Modernism, the ground floor's "public program" (living, dining, kitchen) is enclosed by large glass sliding doors to the north and east, enabling uninhibited 135-degree views of the Pacific Ocean, Pittwater, Narrabeen lake and Bilgola Plateau. Retracting the doors provides the coveted internal / external living that Sydney's climate enjoys year-round.
In contrast to the ground floor's open and expansive view, the first floor (housing the private program of bedrooms) seeks to frame select views from each space in a more intimate approach, subconsciously inviting one to look further into the view, akin to a painting of a landscape.
Capturing views whilst maintaining privacy was of paramount importance for a site flanked with pubic land and fronted with both a busy pedestrian walkway and vehicular thoroughfare. The solution came in the form of an operable louvre skin that allows the occupants to mediate privacy and solar access along three facades. The appearance of the building transforms both internally and externally depending on the openness of the louvres, engaging both occupant and passer by alike.
Working closely in design development with the owner, builder, bushfire consultant and structural engineer informed the design and ensured that all bushfire systems were integrated and concealed, rather than an after-thought and visible. Utilising proprietary bushfire products and detailing around their requirements allowed for a seamless resolution that was also cost effective.
Compliance with Flame Zone also informed the construction and materiality of Eagle's Nest. Utilising the client's expertise with off form concrete allowed the floors, walls and soffits to be one material with three different textures; burnished floor, sheet form walls and board form soffits - all requiring no future maintenance whilst providing a disparate background for light and shade to interact. To contrast the expanse of concrete, rough laid recycled brickwork (recycled from the demolition of the existing house) painted satin white, provides a subtle backdrop for the matt black flat plate steel origami staircase that suspends down from the first floor. Externally, a weathered copper box sits atop the concrete structure and angles due north for optimum solar access with extruded black steel boxes framing views and providing protection to the first floor windows from the harsh escarpment environment.
Eagle's Nest seeks to do justice to an amazing site on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, curating breathtaking views within a private built form utilising a restrained material palette and detailing to achieve the highest level of bushfire compliance, all with an uncompromised aesthetic.
Materials used:
- Copper cladding
- Off form concrete
- Anodised Aluminium windows + doors
- Bronze fixtures + fittings


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|Yorba Linda History
|Home | Donations | Digital Collections | Map of Yorba Linda Historical Sites | Reproduction Policy | Timeline | Links to local historical societies | Yorba Linda Star index
Historic Documents
You need an appointment to visit 'Pink Lady'by Lance Ignon,
Yorba Linda Star June 18 1986 page 8
The "Pink Lady"—the celebrated ghost of Yorba Family Cemetary—made her bi-annual appearance in private Sunday night.
As recent legend has it, the Pink Lady is said to appear between the hours of midnight and 4 a.m. on June 15 during even-numbered years.
The story has become quite popular in recent years and large crowds have gathered to catch a glimpse of the ghost of Alvina Yorba de Los Reyes. While no one actually saw the ghost, dressed in the pink gown she wore on the night of her death in 1910, the event made a good party.
Until this year.
The cemetary officially closes at 10 p.m.—although it has been locked since April 28, 1985 for restoration—and Orange County Sheriff's deputies and county park rangers were on hand to enforce the rules. Gordon Hefner, a Yorba Linda resident, had come with his wife and six children to take part in the ghostly stakeout, but like the rest, was turned away and threatened with a citation if he refused.
"Everybody was real quiet," said Hefner, explaining that the crowd was well-mannered.
"All of a sudden the lights went out in the park. The sheriffs' came and said the park was closes at 10," said Hefner, who added that the spectators should have been properly warned about the closure before they trudged out to the 128-year-old graveyard.
County officials said that, unlike two years ago, spectators were prohibited access for two reasons: They cannot restore the historical site with people walking over it and past Pink Lady crowds have left the site covered with trash—mostly beer bottles and cans—and have even carried away grave markers.
"I know what the problem is," said Hefner. "The people who get to drinking and carrying on make it tough for us."
With the exception of a brief period a few years ago, the cemetary has been open to spectators by appointment only for many years, said John Mosqueta, supervising park ranger in charge of historical facilities. The park was unlocked briefly several years ago when family members of the deceased complained they had no access to the cemetary.
But when vandalism became an epidemic, the park was locked again in April 1985.
"Over the past four or five years as (the surrounding neighborhood) has built up it's become a gathering site," said Mosqueda, "and it's continually gone down hill. Since the last closure, no-trespassing signs have been placed on the wrought iron fence.
But Hefner said that unless some sort of compromise is reached, "There's nobody that's going to be able to get up there and see it again."
This was to be Hefner's first visit to see the Pink Lady, who was said to have been killed when she was thrown from a buggy on Kellogg Road as she and her husband returned from a dance.
Mosqueda said perhaps after the site is restored, which is expected in about two years, a plan could be devised whereby people could sign up for a Pink Lady. He said, however, that there were no specific plans for a special nocturnal tour.
The restoration will include replacing wooden and stone markers from an estimated 350 graves, said Mike Miniaci, park ranger for historical sites.
"If it's done properly and people can just hold off for two years, we'll have a really nice historical site," said Miniaci.
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Letter writing
Shobha Manasa
Member Level:
Points: 10 (₹ 10)
Every educated person should know how to write a clear and readable letter. Everyone has sometimes to write business letters of some sort, and may have to face the problem of writing an important letter that will vitally affect his/her interests in life. The art of letter writing is, therefore, not mere ornamental accomplishment, but something that every educated person must acquire for practical reason.
Letters are nothing but messages. There are several different kinds of letters (such as friendly letters, business letters, etc.), each of which has its own particular form. There are certain matters of form which apply to all types of letters.
There are six points of form to be attended to, namely:
1. The Heading consisting of
(a) the writer's address and
(b) the date
The heading informs the reader where you wrote the letter and when. The 'where' should be the writer's complete postal address. The position of the heading is at the top right-hand corner of the first page. The address above and the date just below it.
2. The courteous Greeting or Salutation:
The form of Greeting will depend upon the relation to which you stand to the person whom you are writing.
For example to members of your family, it will be
Dear Father, My Dear Mother, Dear Uncle, Dear Madhu, etc
For friends it includes their name starting with 'Dear', like Dear Sarika, etc.
To business people, it will be termed as
Dear sir/Madam, or Dear sirs etc.
Here, usage of the word 'Dear' is purely formal as it is a mere polite expression.
The position of the salutation is at the left-hand of the first page, at a lower level to the heading.
3. The Communication or Message-The body of the letter.
This is, of course, the letter itself. Here are few hints before writing the body of the letter,
(a) Divide you letter into paragraphs, to mark changes of subject-matter.
(b) Use simple and direct language and short sentences.
(c) Try to be complete.
(d) Write neatly
(e) Use proper punctuation marks at their respective places.
4. The subscription, or courteous Leave-taking, or Conclusion:
A letter must not end abruptly; simply with the writer's name. It would look a little bit rude. So certain forms of polite leave taking should be mentioned like,
Yours sincerely, Your sincere friend, Yours faithfully, etc.
The subscription or leave taking phrase, must be written below the last words of the letter. Writing it to the right side is a traditional method. And the first letter of the subscription should be a capital.
5. The signature:
This must come below the subscription.
: In letters to strangers, the signature should be clearly written, so that the reader may know whom to address in reply; while for a woman Miss. or Mrs should be prefixed in brackets.
6. The Superscription on the envelope:
The address on the envelope should be written clearly.
Sample Usage
8-45, General Bazar
Hyderabad 500 004
7 December 2009
Dear Sir,
I shall be much obliged if you send me, as soon as possible, the books which I ordered a week ago.
Yours faithfully,
Shobha Manasa
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A quick note to say the freebies are gone. Thank you to everyone for their wonderfully kind words of praise and thanks! I am behind on replying to comments but will definately catch up tomorrow!! Hooray it's my day off tomorrow!!
AND did you see the new button in my side bar ? I have been accepted onto delightful blogs !!
It's official: paper-and-string is delightful !!! yippee!
take a peek at the site, there are some good blogs to be found.....allow yourself some time though, I went browsing and quick as a flash two hours had gone!! don't you just love the time-warp factor that computers have??
Wednesday, February 07, 2007
Fantastic February
Posted by paper-and-string at 8:11 pm
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Handmade Felt Ornament - Prickly Pear Cactus
Regular price $16.00
Unit price
Shipping calculated at checkout.
This adorable Prickly Pear Cactus is handmade by women in Kyrgyzstan.
Perfect for decorating your holiday tree, hanging in your car, or any place you please! This handmade, needle felted moment of magic is sure to bring a smile to your face.
Handcrafted using traditional needle felting techniques from natural, sustainable and biodegradable products.
100% wool
Dimensions: Approximately 3" - 4"
Vendor: Silk Road Bazaar is a wholesale representative of marginalized artist groups located in Central Asia. They connect with artists who are far from the capitals, who have limited market access, but have carried on traditional craft culture. All items are handmade with care.


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Well there could be numerous reason for an RTI submission failing, but HMRC has highlighted an issue with some recently issued National Insurance numbers.
The importance of a valid National Insurance number
There is a database of valid National Insurance number prefixes, and certain prefixes such as GB or ZZ will not be allocated. There are also rules such as the first letter should not be a Q, and the second letter should not be an O.
If you submit an RTI file with an invalid National Insurance number the file will be rejected. The format is two letters, followed by six digits, then a final letter.
Sometimes HMRC will issue a temporary reference that is not a National Insurance number, this will not be in the correct format and cannot be used in its place. HMRC will still sometimes refer to the temporary reference as a National Insurance number, but this is misleading.
Software Validation
Most software has built in validation to check if a National Insurance number is valid before it is submitted, so the error should be detected before the RTI submission is rejected by HMRC.
It is also possible to use HMRC basic tools to verify a National Insurance number, but this is not straightforward.
We will validate all National Insurance numbers before applying them to an employee as part of our normal process.
The Current Issue – KC prefixes
National Insurance numbers have recently been issued with the prefix KC, but HMRC will not currently accept these as valid. Most software will reject the KC codes, but some people have reported that they have managed to enter the number, but when they tried to submit the RTI files the whole file was rejected.
So if you have had issues with RTI submissions it would be worthwhile a quick check that it is not an invalid National Insurance number causing the problem.
The current Solution
HMRC have issued the following advice:
- the National Insurance number field should be left blank
- you should make sure the employee address field is completed in those cases
- if you/your employee has a 'KC' National Insurance number, they don't need to request a new one
HMRC are working on this issue and hope to have everything resolved shortly. There is a link to the HMRC update page here.
If you have experienced issues and are considering outsourcing please contact us.


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Archer T6E
AC1300 Wireless Dual Band PCI Express Adapter
- Easy Installation – Plug the adapter into an available PCI-E slot to upgrade your desktop
- High Speed Wi-Fi – Up to 1300Mbps Wi-Fi speeds (867Mbps on the 5GHz band and 400Mpbs on the 2.4GHz band)
- 802.11ac Dual Band – 3x faster than the 802.11n standard, perfect for busy networks
- Beamforming – Receives more directional Wi-Fi signals, improving speed and reliability
- Broad Wireless Range – Two external antennas ensure greater Wi-Fi coverage and enhanced stability
Wireless Dual Band
PCI Express Adapter
Archer T6E
Dual Band Wi-Fi for Faster Connections
Archer T6E supports the IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi standard, offering transfer rates up to 3 times faster than wireless N speeds, while dual-band Wi-Fi means more devices can be connected at the same time. Send emails and browse the web with the 2.4GHz network, keeping the speedy 5GHz band free for gaming, HD streaming and other bandwidth intensive applications.
5GHz Band
2.4GHz Band
Greater Coverage with Beamforming
Beamforming technology intelligently focuses
Wi-Fi signal towards connected devices for
stable connections and boosted range.
Heat Sink for Ultimate Stability
A heat sink helps to dissipate the thermal energy generated by the adapter, which in turn improves stability. Additionally, lower temperatures help to extend the product lifespan.
Aluminum Alloy
External Antennas
for More Targeted signal
Two external antennas utilize the latest wireless technology to achieve stable connections and boosted coverage.
Easy Setup
Simple software installation with the intuitive Utility on the provided CD
Advanced Security
WPA/WPA2 encryption standards ensure your data is safe from intruders
Operating System
Supports Windows 11/10/8.1/8/7/Vista/XP
Low-Profile Bracket
In addition to the standard bracket, a low-profile bracket is also provided for mini tower computer cases
|PCI Express
|Dimensions ( W x D x H )
|4.8 x 4.5 x 0.85 in. (120.8 x 115.2 x 21.5 mm)
|Antenna Type
|2 Dual Band Detachable Antennas
|Wireless Standards
|IEEE 802.11ac/n/a 5GHz,
IEEE 802.11b/g/n 2.4GHz
|2.4GHz or 5GHz
|Signal Rate
|867Mbps at 5GHz,
400Mbps at 2.4GHz
|Reception Sensitivity
|5GHz :�
11a: -68dBm
11n HT20: -64dBm
11n HT40: -61dBm
11ac HT20: -59dBm
11ac HT40: -54dBm
11ac HT80: -51dBm
2.4GHz :
11b: -76dBm
11g: -68dBm
11n HT20: -64dBm
11n HT40: -61dBm
|Transmit Power
|5GHz :� <23dBm (EIRP),
2.4GHz :� <20dBm (EIRP)
|Wireless Modes
|Ad-Hoc / Infrastructure mode
|Wireless Security
|Support 64/128 bit WEP, WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK,802.1x
|Modulation Technology
|System Requirements
|Windows 11 (32/64bits), Windows 10 (32/64bits), Windows 8.1 (32/64bits), Windows 8 (32/64bits), Windows 7 (32/64bits), Windows XP(32/64bits)
*Maximum wireless signal rates are the physical rates derived from IEEE Standard 802.11 specifications. Actual wireless data throughput and wireless coverage are not guaranteed and will vary as a result of 1) environmental factors, including building materials, physical objects, and obstacles, 2) network conditions, including local interference, volume and density of traffic, product location, network complexity, and network overhead, and 3) AP limitations, including rated performance, location, connection quality, and AP condition.
*To ensure compatibility, you may need to update the adapter's drivers after an OS update. You can find our latest drivers in the download center at tp-link.com/en/download-center.
Actual network speed may be limited by the rate of the product's Ethernet WAN or LAN port, the rate supported by the network cable, Internet service provider factors and other environmental conditions.
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Back by Popular Demand! It's Dance & Get Fit!
Take this opportunity to: learn how to dance, improve your balance and confidence, and dance whether you have a partner or not.
Dance & Get Fit is taught by line dancing enthusiast, Pam Meridith. This class will be held on Thursdays, September 6 through October 18, from 6:00 – 7:30 p.m.
The deadline for registration is Tuesday, September 4, or until class is full. Please call (870) 248-4180 for additional information.FOR MORE INFORMATION REGISTRATION FORM


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My Rockin' Turkey Burger is full of flavour and a favourite at our July 1st celebrations. I like to serve it on a onion bun or pretzel bun and side of coleslaw. You can add cranberry sauce to the recipe instead of on top if you wish. Either way is a tasty way to add […]
Move over meat and potatoes, salads are no longer a side dish. This hearty salad is perfect as the main event. It is loaded with protein, vitamins and good fats. Tossed with a homemade Greek yogurt dressing for a nutritious and delicious salad. Recipe source Canadian Turkey Farmers of Canada
No wheat crumbs in this burger! Your 'gluten free' guests will love this one. Top off with Arugula for extra flavour and nutrients than regular iceberg lettuce. Serve with gluten-free buns, they can be found in your local market becoming more readily available in a variety of delicious flavours.
A delicious Middle Eastern inspired recipe with aromatic spiced turkey combined with the freshly made hummus is for perfect for an appetizer or main course. Prepared hummus can replace the homemade version but it is worth the extra effort and once you taste the difference, you'll never go back. Recipe source: http://makesitsuper.ca
A twist to the traditional burger. Turkey on your grill is becoming so popular. This burger is not only delicious, it's healthy too. Chocked full of protein and veggies, serve on a whole wheat bun or pita. A delicious and healthy burger. It's a guaranteed hit for sure.
This recipe is delicious, creating a wholesome great tasting meal. Freezes well too! A great way to use the left over turkey from your Easter turkey dinner.
Put a spring in your step with this refreshing delightful dinner. The cranberries, cinnamon, honey, almonds with orange juice, makes a light savory sauce. A spinach salad compliments this tangy dish beautifully. Add a side of couscous or rice. Fine Dining made easy and affordable!
Celebrate St. Patrick's Day with a hearty bowl of Irish Stew, with a twist, the Turkey way! You'll have the most suspicious of leprechauns asking for seconds of this nontraditional St. Paddy's favourite!
The trick to this easy, favourite Quiche is using Bisquick. No pie crust required, it forms it's own! Using Hayter's Turkey Bacon reduces saturated fats. Delicious served with Hayter's Maple Sausage. Protein ~ Dairy~ Veggies~ Carbs all in one easy dish. Add a side of fresh tomatoes or fruit salad and you have the perfectly balanced brunch or dinner!


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Free Your Journey
Carry 3 Boards
Carrying one or more surfboards under the arm(s) has its challenges. Wax gets on body parts and clothing, and if you're carrying boards and other surf gear over a distance, the hike can be exhausting. Also, surfers carry their surfboards and gear in multiple bags. A backpack and board bag are often used together.
Koraloc developed a one-bag solution that carries multiple surfboards, wetsuits, and towels in one easy-to-carry package. Multiple boards and gear can now be carried over the user's center of gravity away from the arms and legs. The Surfing Backpack.
Let customers speak for us
Koraloc Board Bag
The delivery is very fast and the quality is very good.
Hands down, if you're a surfer, you need this backpack. Worth every single cent. The only one of its kind, I absolutely love my koralôc bag. I used to be exhausted by the time I made it to the beach. Carrying a heavy long board, a duffel bag or backpack, plus towels or another surf board, while also walking several miles ensured I needed a 30 minute break to catch my breath just getting to the beach. Then, after the session, trying to walk all the way back to my car, I told myself this is the last time, went home, and ordered the Koraloc bag. Best decision I could've made. I regularly advocate for this to any surfer I meet and any time I ride my scooter with it on, I get tons of looks and people saying "whoa, look at that! That's the way to do it," or "I've never seen something that cool before!"
People always ask questions, ask where They can get one, and always smile and love seeing the bag in action.
You will catch lots of attention using the Koraloc bag, but you'll also have energy to surf or do whatever activity you're doing when you get there.
As for the product itself, the materials used and the overall design is of high quality. It's not some cheaply made bag that falls apart after a year. I've actually owned this for over 2 years now, and I have to say, it makes life a lot easier if you're a surfer. Plus, I use it with my Segway ES4 (electric scooter) to get to the spot, having a 7'9 longboard I sometimes have to lean forward a bit and be mindful of height and wind catching my board, but it's really not bad.
The bag features plenty of storage space, I keep sun cure, surf key, wax, towels, water, my speaker, keys, sunglasses, wallet, everything in the bag. It even has a front side pocket on the right waist strap the fits my very large iPhone. It's a little snug but still zips! Mind you, I don't have a case on my phone. Very handy for keeping your phone free of dirt, sand, and anything else.
My only draw back with the pack, sand.
Sand gets everywhere on it. In the buckles, in the straps, compartments and pockets. I do have to regularly get the sand out as best as possible, but sand is part of the beach experience. It's not a super terrible thing, but do be mindful of it. I do my best to keep the main pockets clear.
Having a longboard the pack does get a little heavy after a while, however, it's significantly better than carrying everything by hand. I'd much rather it be a little heavy while having a longboard on it, than being beyond completely exhausted without the Koraloc bag.
Honestly even with the extremely minor drawbacks, I could not be happier even 2 years later with my purchase of it.
The handles hold firm, there's plenty of space, the buckles are well made and hold well, the straps work well, everything just works.
It does take a little time to get strapped up with a board and get the pack on, but that time seems like nothing compared to the time I had to set stuff down that I was carrying just to catch my breath before I had the bag. It doesn't seem like much just carrying one board, but carrying a wetsuit, backpack, duffel bag, board or multiple boards, and towels, you get winded quick when walking several miles to your spot. To me, the time I takes to set up the pack is nothing compared to the exhaustion you get without the bag.
Possibly the only suggestion I might have for the team, would be maybe including instructions for first time users, or providing how to videos on getting different things strapped into the bag. Maybe like how to videos for surfboards, skateboards, chairs, etc.
It was simple enough to figure out on my own, but it takes a few minutes to find each piece and understand how it straps and buckles in.
All in all, this was one of my favorite purchases and I've told so many people about this incredible product. At the time of me writing this, no one is paying me to write this review either. I straight up somehow found this a few years ago, and have been using it since. I absolutely love koraloc and the bag itself.
JJ at Koraloc has been beyond helpful any time I've had questions, they even sent me some more Koraloc sticker decals when I asked!
I've only had positive experiences with this product and company.
Keep up the amazing work guys. Shakas!🤙🏽
Koraloc Board Bag
I absolutely love this pack. It is perfect for 1 or 2 boards, wetsuit and my other gear. I love not having to deal w the racks on my bike taking up so much room in my garage and car. This backpack is a game changer and I highly recommend it to anyone that hikes or bikes to their surf destination.
Great product. Much easier to tote boards this way than with regular board bag.
I am leaving this review you the USS Carl Vinson, a Navy aircraft carrier, currently on a 5 month deployment. I mean... generosity is one thing, but... this?! I cannot believe the kindness that Koraloc is showing us. They sent two board bags. I will forever remember this. Each month in our work center, a sailor of the month is announced. The donation will be awarded to our next sailors that wins. The decision is based from their work ethic and is awarded to the sailor that has gone above and beyond. These bags are high quality and I would definitely recommend to anyone that surfs. The wet dry bag is an excellent addition and the side pockets are perfect for the fins of my surfboard. Again, thank you so much
The bag is super awesome! Easily fits 2 boards, wetsuits and a towel, with extra room for smaller things like wax. These people are so amazing and generous, we couldn't afford a full priced bag and they gladly sold us a discounted one. Can't wait to take it on our coast trip!
Hello, father of one, carrying board and surf gear in addition to the baby stuff is a real challenge to go to the beach with my wife walking for minutes in the sand, thus that bag is now saving each journey (especially my arms & shoulders). I haven't tested to carry two of my boards yet but I am pretty sure it will be fine too and I still have to arms left to carry more.
In a nutshell, this is my best surf gear investment after my boards of course.
Greetings from South of France.
Love this bag! Totally worth it
Heres me with a 65 board, Im 55 (female). Ive also loaded up a big 1970s heavy glassed 75 board and taken it for about a half mile walk to the beach. It was much easier than carrying the board, thats for sure. But also my back was sore after that. I havent been brave enough to try this on a bicycle yet, and would definitely bring a smaller board for that (Also Im not confident enough on a skateboard for that option, but I know a lot of people are). The backpack itself is really well designed, and its fairly easy to load and unload the board. I was impressed with the quality and design. I will definitely take this back pack on all my future surf trips, because you never know where you might end up wanting to surf... but for someone my size I would not take a board larger than 65 on any long hikes greater than a mile or so or on steep terrain. Actually I might have to get myself a shorter (but wider/more volume) board so I can take full advantage of this backpack!!
My bag finally came today. Super stoked. Thanks to Koraloc. I had to keep a back pack that had my gopro stuff,fins,wax, tools, rash guards etc.then carry a wet/dry bag and no way of carrying 2 boards so this eliminated all of that and able to skate from spot to spot with my hands free. I highly recommend anyone getting this.____
My son LOVES this!!!!


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The Village of Dunvegan and its Early Settlers
|Taken from the Museum's collection: Dunvegan looking north, 1908
The first settlers from Scotland came in 1831 and were the MacRaes. They were followed in 1832 by the Stewarts, MacPhees, Urquharts, Chisholms, Campbells, other MacRaes, Dewars, and MacLeods. The first child born in this area was on the 9th Concession of Kenyon, near the Cotton Beaver one-room schoolhouse. His name was Donald N. MacLeod.
In the 1880's, Dunvegan village was the only place of business in the Northern part of Glengarry. The development of the Railroad in 1880-1884 brought a lot of business activity to Dunvegan. The chief businesses included: a grist mill, tannery, asheries, saw mill, tin shop, blacksmith, shoe makers, and general stores. The first store was located in the Star Inn, here at the museum. In 1892, a fire broke out and swept through most of the industrial part of the village. The fire started on the south east corner of Main Street taking stables, a grist mill, an ashery, and a number of houses on the east side.
The first roads were horse trails through the woods. These trails were very narrow. They were later replaced by corduroy roads and then dirt roads and then gravel. The first vehicle to travel the roads was a lumber wagon. Later came the horse cart, buckboards and then buggies.
There was no resident doctor in Dunvegan's early days. Dr. Simpson of Alexandria often came to Dunvegan when a doctor was needed. When you went for him, the traveller took two horses, one for him. The first doctor to have an office in Dunvegan was Dr. Willie MacDiarmid. He arrived in the last quarter of the 18th century and remained in Dunvegan for a few years. He later moved to Vankleek Hill and was replaced. Dunvegan saw many different doctors in its early days.
|Taken from the Museum's collection: Photograph of the log church,
The first church was built in 1840 on land donated by Norman MacLeod. It was a log building and much of the work was done by voluntary labour. The present stone church began in 1871 and the formal opening happened on Sept 9th, 1880. Before there were any church buildings, services were held under the trees.
The first settled minister of Kenyon Church was Rev. Adam MacQueen who was a missionary here for three summers before being ordained. The first cemetery was laid out on the farm of John Campbell but it was later decided to have it on the present site as it was more central.
The nearest bank was in Montreal.
In the later 1800's, Glengarry had a population of 26,000 and there were no policemen. To show the honesty of the early settlers, a story is told of an early settler who was sold a horse by a neighbor but had no money to pay for it. Notes became more common at this time and a note was made listing a payment due date for the buyer.
A lot has changed in the village of Dunvegan since its early days. Although its many industries have disappeared and buildings and landmarks have changed, the Museum works to preserve their history so that it can stay alive for generations to come.


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If you were attracted to this blog, chances are that you have often read and heard of the importance of "living in your spiritual truth." You may be at a point in your spiritual evolution where you are contemplating these words carefully and wondering – where do you actually "find" your spiritual truth?
There is a Hindu legend which says that at one point in time humanity had abused its divine powers so greatly that the gods convened to discuss what to do about it. They decided the best course of action was to remove it and hide it–but where? After careful consideration, they unanimously decided there was one place where divine power could be hidden where humans would never even think to look–deep within ourselves!
This story calls attention to the fact that spiritual truth is within each one of us and is discovered through our personal soul connection to Spirit. For ages we have looked outside of ourselves to find it, when, indeed, we have always had it inside of our hearts. Spiritual truth is not something we need to be taught–it is the memory of who we truly are and why we are here. We access our truth through our intuition.
What is Intuition?
Intuition is our direct communications link to divine love and wisdom. It is the inner voice constantly whispering messages that guide us to make choices that are in alignment with unconditional love of self and others. Because we are all one Spirit, what is in the greatest good for one of us is also in the greatest good of all of us. Intuition is our innate human power to instantaneously access universal intelligence without conscious reasoning. In essence, we are each a conduit for a constant stream of limitless wisdom flowing to us from the Universe. Because intuition is a right-brain function, it isn't something we can analyze with our minds; rather it is something we sense with our hearts. We sometimes refer to these feelings as gut level, sixth sense, inner wisdom, inner knowing, and flashes of imagination.
How Do We Sense Intuition?
Many of us actually experience physical sensations when we hear or see something that coincides with our truth. You may suddenly get goose bumps, feel a tingling sensation, spontaneously take a deep breath, feel an electrical current going up your back, or sense an overall wave of energy. These sensations are indications that your mind and body are literally resonating with the energetic frequency of the truth of Spirit. You might also get physical indications when you are experiencing something that is not aligned with your truth. Usually, it is a contracted feeling, such as a knot in the stomach, a tight throat, shortness of breath, or a sudden chill.
Although we all sense it in different ways, and some of us deny sensing it at all, every person has intuition – it is part of our human nature! The reason it appears that not all of us have intuition is simply because some of us listen to and act upon our inner messages; whereas others simply dismiss them as insignificant. We many times ignore our intuition because we want to validate our intuitive messages with our left-brain logic and analysis. When we attempt to do this, we choke the flow of intuitive information spontaneously coming through to us because messages of the Spirit are coming from an infinitely larger perspective than the logical paradigms of the human mind.
What is the Difference Between Intuition and Impulse?
When we get an impulsive message, it is usually initiated by our ego in the form of a whim to obtain quick gratification, whether it is constructive for us or not. Impulsive behavior is usually a superficial reaction that does not address our underlying genuine needs. Our impulse may be to indulge in an addictive behavior, such as overeating, or running out to buy something that we do not really need or cannot afford. If we stop and take a deep breath, we may realize that the true feelings beneath our behavior might be loneliness or anger. Be gentle with yourself. Whatever you are feeling is OK. We all react impulsively at times in our lives. What is quite amazing is that when you are completely honest with yourself about your true feelings, you automatically restore your intuitive connection with the flow of spiritual truth! Another way to discern the difference between impulse and intuition is that impulses usually pass if we wait for a little while or sleep on an idea.
Intuitive messages, on the other hand, are messages of Spirit that come through the soul guiding us to make choices that are aligned with kindness and love. Because they are rooted in truth, intuitive messages are relentless and persistent. Even when we ignore them, they have the tenacious habit of resurfacing time and time again. When we listen to and act upon our intuitive messages, we generally feel peaceful and like we are in our correct space even when our "spiritual assignments" are very challenging.
Our intuitive connection is unconditionally available to us twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week; yet we are sometimes so frenzied by outer stimulation that we have to create a personal space of silence in order to move into a receptive frame of mind that enables us to listen. This can be done through prayer and numerous types of meditation, or by doing things that are as simple as taking a deep breath, sitting still and focusing on your breath, taking a walk in nature, or taking a soothing, warm bath. We can use any technique we choose – the important thing is that we find a way to balance ourselves and become centered in a peaceful frame of mind so that we that we can become conscious of our intuitive messages.
While it is very enlightening to become aware of our need to tune into our spiritual truth through intuition, what is even more important is to develop the habit to constantly forgive ourselves when we forget our ability to connect with our inner divine wisdom.
By doing this, we automatically move back into alignment with the flow of spiritual truth. Because intuition connects us with our Oneness of Spirit, the messages it reveals to us are always rooted in unconditional love and pure truth. You can develop a sensitivity to perceiving these internal messages by listening, trusting, and acting upon them. The more you do this, the more you empower yourself to live in your spiritual truth.
Love and Light
A portion of this message is an excerpt from the book, The Power of Oneness, Live the Life You Choose. To learn more about how you can align your life with spiritual truth, order the book at http://www.thepowerofoneness.com/products/
The e-book version, regularly priced at $9.99 is presently being offered for only $1.99.


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Citrus trees come in all shapes and sizes. I have a grafted tree that produces both lemons and oranges.
Lemon and Orange Tree
I keep pruning and the tree keeps growing. Since I am pretty short keeping up with the tree is a challenge for me. But nothing beats the taste of home grown fruit, don't you think?!
A beautiful sight
I call this citrus tree Vladimir. He is energetic and strong and loves women. Especially if he can impale them with these ever so nasty thorne.
Nasty sharp thornes
It never failed that I am lured in and end up with blood running down my fingers. Yes nothing in life is free and Vlad has a price I need to pay before I can enjoy his gifts.


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Create a Website Account - Manage notification subscriptions, save form progress and more.
On 5/20/2022, a white male wearing a gray shirt and khaki pants was captured on video taking approx. $317.58 worth of items from Walmart-West. The subject then ran away from loss prevention employees.
If you have any information, please contact Detective B. Cordero at 432-335-4615 or Odessa Crime Stoppers at 432-333-TIPS and reference case number 22-0008981.


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Never have I been so excited for the arrival of March, generally the muddiest month! February has simply brought us too much: snow, ice, hassles, damage, cancellations, time indoors. I'm clearing out my cache of February pictures today with the hope that March will mean the last of all this, but I might be too optimistic: there's still feet of snow on the ground and cold weeks ahead. But nevertheless I am moving on–the days grow longer, the sun seems stronger, spring break is right around the corner and garden catalogs are stacked high by my bed.
Either end of frozen Chestnut Street, and in the middle:
The horizontal space of a Salem snowbank: the distance from the granite curb to the middle of the street:
Carving out frozen spaces for recycling bins:
Icicles around town:


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Consultation appointments are the perfect opportunity to promote your aesthetic services. Through listening to a potential patient's needs and recommending a personalized medical aesthetics treatment plan in person, you are able to create a strong relationship with your potential client and immediately address their hesitations. By now, you may already feel like an expert at getting the "yes" to a proposed treatment plan. But in the competitive world of aesthetic medicine, there's always room for improvement.
You have a consultation procedure in place that seems to be working, so why worry about the numbers?
Every business will likely have some prospective patients opting out. Maybe they've gone to another clinic, or perhaps nerves got the better of them. Whatever the reason, losing out on customers could be a sign of some gaps in your consultation process where you're losing your prospective patient's trust.
How do you know whether you need to make tweaks to improve your numbers?
Measuring your conversion success rate is the first step to determining whether your consultation process is really working. To gain insight into where your consultation and onboarding systems have room for improvement, track your rates of patient acceptance. You may want to consider tracking this information under the following categories:
If a patient rejects your proposed treatment plan and offers a specific reason why, be sure to make a note of this information as well.
To determine an accurate conversion rate, divide the number of patients who signed on to a recommended treatment within a determined period (such as a week, month, or fiscal quarter) by the number of consultations booked during the same period. Calculate your overall conversion rate, as well as your conversion rate by procedure, day of the week, and—at the end of the year—season.
Review your conversion rate data and search for patterns. While you may be able to infer some conclusions, ensure that the period you're measuring is substantial enough to analyze data for overarching trends, so that your view is not skewed by too few consultations. Plotting numbers on charts and graphs may help to emphasize certain trends, including time of patient acceptance. Once you've identified some patterns, it's time to take the next step: determining the reasons why.
When trends emerge in your numbers or on your charts, consider what may account for them. To do so, focus on some of the following questions:
As you move through this process, you will see where you can fine-tune your consultation procedures and tactics.
Make tracking and analyzing your conversion rates a routine process to ensure you are able to see what's working and what's not, altering your tactics, language, atmosphere, or new patient intake process along the way as trends change in your data. Of course, the overall goal will be to continue to improve your numbers, perhaps even to the point that you may look to expand your clinic to take on the demand in consultation bookings and new patients.
To discover more tips on how to effectively boost conversions during the consultation process, download our invaluable eBook, "Mastering the Art of the Aesthetic Consult."


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As its price seems to spiral ever upwards, Bitcoin is becoming one of the most talked about types of money in the world.
And it is now easier to get hold of the most famous "crytpocurrency" in Kent after a Bitcoin ATM opened in Tunbridge Wells .
There are only a handful of Bitcoin ATMs in the UK and they allow users to buy and sell Bitcoin for cash.
The latest has been installed in the Camden Road vape and electronic cigarette shop The Vapour Trail.
The new machine has arrived in the town thanks to Alphavend, the UK Digital Currency ATM operator that has also added one in Hastings, East Sussex.
A statement from the company says: "Alphavend is pleased to have partnered with local entrepreneur Dan Jenkinson, owner of The Vapour Trail, a chain of shops with 16 locations dotted across the South East.
"The new locations are open seven days a week, offering customers the convenience of purchasing Bitcoin anytime they wish.
"Customers who haven't experienced buying Bitcoin before, now have the ease of simply downloading a Bitcoin wallet on their mobile phone and purchasing Bitcoin with cash at the terminal.
"For those already buying Bitcoin, they will no longer have to travel long distances into London or surrounding areas."
As it continues to rocket in value, with one Bitcoin this week breaking through the $15,000 mark, some original users have made millions.
What is Bitcoin?
Bitcoin was the first, and is the most famous, of a new type of digital money.
The plan was to make a form of currency not controlled by governments or businesses, that you could trade globally with no cost and without having to reveal your identity.
It's an idea that took off. There are now more than 1,000 "cryptocurrencies" in existence, worth more than £200billion in total.
And their value has soared too - in 2011 you could buy a Bitcoin for $11, but some are now trading for $15,000 each. That means if you'd put just £100 into the currency in August 2010 (when you could buy Bitcoins for 5p – or less if you timed it right) they would be worth more than £16million now.
But are they safe to put money in, can the growth continue and how do you get involved?
How Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies work
The idea is simple at its core – use maths to create a unique, verifiable, line of code and write down who owns it on a ledger.
You can then sell it to someone else, they can check it's real and the ownership change is also recorded.
People can also create new coins by solving mathematical problems on their computers, up to a total limit of 21million with Bitcoin, and sell them on.
The ledger, known as a blockchain, is public and anyone can get involved – either checking and recording transactions or looking for new coins.
Coins can be bought and traded on exchanges – or ATMs - and stored on an exchange, your computer or even offline (known as cold storage) if you want more security.
Once a coin is assigned to someone (this is done through a digital address, which you are given a private key to, so your name isn't recorded) it can't be used by anyone else. That means a fair few coins have been lost over the years, after people misplaced their keys to them.


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Together with the introduction of technology and study, modern technology takes on a huge role in life, pressing every facet of it. Biotechnology is no different to this. Biotechnology, is an analysis structured stream of scientific research that addresses biological sciences like family genes, microbiology, wildlife cellular customs, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cellular biology along with other job areas like chemical substance engineering, bioprocess technology, i . T and biography-robotics, which are beyond the purview of biological sciences. Constant investigation, improvement and the requirement for betterment is an important part of Biotechnology. Scientists, researchers, college students of treatments, and prescription drug companies will almost always be in search for innovations and changes which will simplify day-to-day lives additional.
Biotechnology has revolutionized agriculture with putting on genetic design, pet cellular tradition, herb cellular customs and other kinds of technology. Greater manufacturing with regards to top quality and quantity 生物科技 to be obtained. The nutrients and vitamins continue to be increased by changes; spoilage of perishable stuff like fruit and veggies has become decreased. Moving more, even the preference, visual appeal and feel could be adjusted by way of biotechnology. In addition, it enables farmers to reduce fertilizers, pesticides and also other agrochemicals to shield vegetation from insects and weeds. For this reason scientists expose herbicides which do not damage crops. Currently, research on building vaccines and insulin from plants and flowers, is now being conducted. This kind of inexpensive steps will surely become a benefit for developing countries around the world on the planet.
Previously, Biotechnology was limited to agriculture, the good news is it has widened with other areas like treatments. From finding of medication to figuring out strategies for medicine utilization, Biotechnology plays a huge role. Hereditary diseases and also other diseases like liver disease B, liver disease C, malignancy, joint inflammation, hemophilia, bone fragments fractures, a number of sclerosis and cardiac problems is treatable through Biotechnology. With its help, you may create powerful and inexpensive medications.
Another branch of Biotechnology is Hereditary Tests that has really helped experts in decoding DNA, learning its composition and so forth. Prenatal analytical testing, Cancer Screening and Provider verification is facilitated by hereditary screening. Forensic laboratories are actually built with the most up-to-date devices and tests instruments that assist dealing with felony circumstances. A lot of tests and clinical tests performed have more chucked gentle on DNA, RNA along with other complicated molecular constructions.
In addition to that, biotechnology company will help with the preservation and safety of environment. A possibly-increasing demand for fuel has caused depletion of gas assets. Biotechnology has also ended in the progression of Biofuels which can be produced from sugarcane, herb plant skin oils, dog saturated fats and reprocessed greases, and thus delivering a cleaner and eco-friendly atmosphere.


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Black 30 mm leather belt
Rounded square vintage stainless steel pin buckle. Self-adjustable, 3 cm x 120 cm, strap in black matt plain leather. Designed for men seeking an understated look. A timeless model available also in brown (ident 129542).
Shippings delivery time: 24 hours from placing the order during the week from Monday to Friday. If the order is placed on Friday, please specify if you want delivery on Saturday. For orders placed on weekends, the delivery time is 48 hours.
Returns: Montblanc Romania guarantees a full refund on uncustomized items that were recieved within 14 calendar days from the date that they were recieved, provided that all products are returned in the same condition as they were received. This means that the products must not have been damaged, altered, or any label on the product must be intact. The warranty certificate must also be returned. The shipping cost is not refundable. Consumables and products that have been customized cannot be returned: writing instruments that have been engraved and / or leather goods that have been embossed on request and with the written consent of the customer.


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Experience the freedom of cloud accounting
If you've yet to discover the wonders of cloud accounting, you could be missing out on instant business growth.
Call Now: 03332 401 333
Learning to use the cloud has never been easier, but it's never been more important either. With Making Tax Digital just around the corner, it's essential that businesses get to grips with cloud accounting now, before it's too late.
What is Making Tax Digital?
MTD (as it's otherwise known) is HM Revenue & Customs' new digital tax system. VAT-registered businesses turning over more than the VAT threshold (currently £85,000) will need to use MTD to report and file all of their VAT returns from April 2019. The new system should speed up the time it takes to file VAT returns, but businesses who have yet to experience cloud accounting may struggle. That's why it's so important to start learning now!
Start cloud accounting with us
We want you to know why we're the cloud accounting experts for your business.
Firstly, we're FreeAgent Friendly, an accredited Sage Business Partner and a Xero Certified Silver Champion Partners . This means we are professionally qualified to train clients in all kinds of cloud accounting software (including Quickbooks).
As an approved partner and advisor, we can help clients use cloud software to its full potential, and as Chartered Accountants, we can be there to keep you compliant every step of the way. There is really nothing to lose, but everything to gain.
Here are just a few ways cloud accounting can propel your business to instant growth:
We hark on about Making Tax Digital a lot, but it's important to be prepared for digital tax now. That way, you won't have to waste time learning to use cloud accounting software AND worry about staying compliant next April.
Businesses which use cloud accounting software save a lot of time. So much so, they wonder how they ever ran a business without it. Having your documents in one, secure place (the cloud), having instant access to your accounts, and being able to collaborate with your team and accountants remotely should tempt you enough.
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Practice Essentials
Some debate exists as to exactly what constitutes a "heavy metal" and which elements should properly be classified as such. Some authors have based the definition on atomic weight; others, on a specific gravity of greater than 4.0, or greater than 5.0. The actinides (the chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium; eg, uranium) may or may not be included. Most recently, the term heavy metal has been used as a general term for those metals and semimetals with potential human or environmental toxicity. [1, 2] This definition includes a broad section of the periodic table under the rubric of interest.
Regardless of how one chooses to define the category, heavy metal toxicity is an uncommon diagnosis. With the possible exceptions of acute iron toxicity from intentional or unintentional ingestion and suspected lead toxicity, emergency physicians will rarely be alerted to the possibility of metal exposure. Yet, if unrecognized or inappropriately treated, heavy metal exposure can result in significant morbidity and mortality.
Many of the elements that can be considered heavy metals have no known benefit for human physiology. Lead, mercury, and cadmium are prime examples of such "toxic metals."
Yet, other metals are essential to human biochemical processes. For example, zinc is an important cofactor for several enzymatic reactions in the human body, vitamin B-12 has a cobalt atom at its core, and hemoglobin contains iron. Likewise, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium, and molybdenum are all trace elements that are important in the human diet. Another subset of metals includes those used therapeutically in medicine; aluminum, bismuth, gold, gallium, lithium, and silver are all part of the medical armamentarium. Any of these elements may have pernicious effects if taken in quantity or if the usual mechanisms of elimination are impaired.
The toxicity of heavy metals depends on a number of factors. Specific clinical manifestations vary according to the metal in question, the total dose absorbed, and whether the exposure was acute or chronic. The age of the person can also influence toxicity. For example, young children are more susceptible to the effects of lead exposure because they absorb several times the percent ingested compared with adults and because their brains are more plastic and even brief exposures may influence developmental processes. The route of exposure is also important. Elemental mercury is relatively inert in the gastrointestinal tract and also poorly absorbed through intact skin, yet inhaled or injected elemental mercury may have disastrous effects. [3]
Some elements may have very different toxic profiles depending on their chemical form. For example, barium sulfate is basically nontoxic, whereas other more water-soluble barium salts are rapidly absorbed and cause profound, potentially fatal hypokalemia. The toxicity of radioactive metals like polonium, which was discovered by Marie Curie but only recently brought to public attention after the 2006 murder of Russian dissident Alexander Litvinenko, relates more to their ability to emit particles than to their ability to bind cell proteins.
Exposure to metals may occur through the diet, from medications, from the environment, or in the course of work or play. Where heavy metal toxicity is suspected, time taken to perform a thorough dietary, occupational, and recreational history is time well spent, since identification and removal of the source of exposure is frequently the only therapy required.
A full dietary and lifestyle history may reveal hidden sources of metal exposure. Metals may be contaminants in dietary supplements, or they may leach into food and drink stores in metal containers such as lead decanters. Persons intentionally taking colloidal metals for their purported health benefits may ultimately develop toxicity. Metal toxicity may complicate some forms of drug abuse. Beer drinker's cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in alcoholics in Quebec, and later Minnesota, during a brief period in the 1970s when cobalt was added to beer on tap to stabilize the head. More recently, a parkinsonian syndrome among Latvian injection drug users of methcathinone was linked to manganese toxicity.
Classic examples of environmental contamination include the Minimata Bay disaster and the current epidemic of arsenic poisoning in South East Asia. In the 1950s, industrial effluent was consistently dumped into Japan's Minimata Bay, and methylmercury bioaccumulated to exceedingly high concentrations in local fish. Although some adults did develop signs and symptoms of toxicity, the greatest impact was on the next generation, into which many were born with severe neurologic deficits.
Currently, millions of people living in and around Bangladesh are at risk for organ dysfunction and cancer from chronic arsenic poisoning from the water supply. In an effort to bypass ground water sources rife with bacterial contamination, tube wells were sunk throughout that area, deep into the water table. [4] Unfortunately, the bedrock in that part of the world is rich in arsenic, giving these deeper water stores—and the crops they irrigate—a high concentration of arsenic, and toxicity is epidemic throughout the area. Childhood lead poisoning linked to the ingestion of old paint chips in North America is another good example of environmental contamination.
Metals have been used with malicious intent as poisons. Arsenic is perhaps more rightly classified as a metalloid, but it is consistently the single substance most commonly thought of as a poison. Metals have also been used in warfare as chemical weapons. Again, arsenic was the primary component of the spray known as Lewisite that was used by the British during trench warfare in World War I. Exposure produced severe edema of the eyelids, gastrointestinal irritation, and both central and peripheral neuropathies.
The first antidote to heavy metal poisoning, and the basis for chelation therapy today, was British Anti-Lewisite (BAL, or dimercaprol), a large molecule with sulfhydryl groups that bind arsenic, as well as other metals, to form stable covalent bonds that can then be excreted by the body. BAL was developed by the British during World War II in anticipation of a reinitiation of chemical warfare as had been waged earlier in the century.
In total, however, occupational exposure has probably accounted for the vast majority of heavy metal poisonings throughout human history. Hippocrates described abdominal colic in a man who extracted metals, and the pernicious effects of arsenic and mercury among smelters were known even to Theophrastus of Erebus (370-287 BC).
The classic acute occupational heavy metal toxicity is metal fume fever (MFF), a self-limiting inhalation syndrome seen in workers exposed to metal oxide fumes. MFF, or "brass founder's ague," "zinc shakes," or "Monday morning fever" as it is variously known, is characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, dyspnea, cough, and a metallic taste occurring within 3-10 hours after exposure. The usual culprit is zinc oxide, but MFF may occur with magnesium, cobalt, and copper oxide fumes as well.
Chronic occupational exposure to metal dusts has also been linked to the development of pneumoconioses, neuropathies, hepatorenal degeneration and a variety of cancers. These syndromes develop slowly over time and may be difficult to recognize clinically. In the United States, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations guide the surveillance of workers at risk and suggest exposure limits for metals of industrial importance.
This article provides a brief overview of general principles in the diagnosis and management of metal toxicity. The Table below reviews the typical presentation of the most commonly encountered metals and their treatment in summary form. It is not intended to guide clinical decision-making in specific cases. [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Table. Typical Presentation of the Most Commonly Encountered Metals and Their Treatment (Open Table in a new window)
Toxic Concentration
Nausea, vomiting,
"rice-water" diarrhea,
MODS, LoQTS,
painful neuropathy
hypopigmentation/ hyperkeratosis,
cancer: lung, bladder, skin, encephalopathy
24-h urine:
≥50 µg/L urine, or
100 µg/g creatinine
BAL (acute, symptomatic)
DMSA (succimer)
DMPS (Europe)
Acute kidney injury; acute tubular necrosis
Diffuse myoclonic encephalopathy
No clear reference standard
Pneumonitis (oxide fumes)
Proteinuria, lung cancer, osteomalacia
Proteinuria and/or ≥15 µg/ g creatinine
GI hemorrhage, hemolysis, acute renal failure (Cr6+ ingestion)
Pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer (inhalation)
No clear reference standard
NAC (experimental)
Beer drinker's (dilated) cardiomyopathy
Pneumoconiosis (inhaled); goiter
Normal excretion:
0.1-1.2 µg/L (serum)
0.1-2.2 µg/L (urine)
CaNa2 EDTA
Blue vomitus, GI irritation/ hemorrhage, hemolysis, MODS (ingested); MFF (inhaled)
vineyard sprayer's lung (inhaled); Wilson disease (hepatic and basal ganglia degeneration)
Normal excretion:
25 µg/24 h (urine)
DMSA (succimer)
Vomiting, GI hemorrhage, cardiac depression, metabolic acidosis
Hepatic cirrhosis
Nontoxic: < 300 µg/dL
Severe: >500 µg/dL
Nausea, vomiting, encephalopathy (headache, seizures, ataxia, obtundation)
Encephalopathy, anemia, abdominal pain, nephropathy, foot-drop/ wrist-drop
Pediatric: symptoms or [Pb] ≥45 µ/dL (blood); Adult: symptoms or [Pb] ≥70 µ/dL
CaNa2 EDTA
DMSA (succimer)
MFF (inhaled)
Parkinson-like syndrome,
respiratory, neuropsychiatric
No clear reference standard
Elemental (inhaled): fever, vomiting, diarrhea, ALI;
Inorganic salts (ingestion): caustic gastroenteritis
Nausea, metallic taste, gingivo-stomatitis, tremor, neurasthenia, nephrotic syndrome; hypersensitivity (Pink disease)
Background exposure "normal" limits:
10 µg/L (whole blood); 20 µg/L (24-h urine)
DMSA (succimer)
DMPS (Europe)
Dermatitis; nickel carbonyl: myocarditis, ALI, encephalopathy
Occupational (inhaled): pulmonary fibrosis, reduced sperm count, nasopharyngeal tumors
Excessive exposure:
≥8 µg/L (blood)
Severe poisoning:
≥500 µg/L (8-h urine)
Caustic burns, pneumonitis, hypotension
Brittle hair and nails, red skin, paresthesia, hemiplegia
Mild toxicity: [Se] >1 mg/L (serum); Serious: >2 mg/L
Very high doses: hemorrhage, bone marrow suppression, pulmonary edema, hepatorenal necrosis
Argyria: blue-grey discoloration of skin, nails, mucosae
Asymptomatic workers have mean [Ag] of 11 µg/L (serum) and 2.6 µg/L (spot urine)
Selenium, vitamin E (experimental)
Early: Vomiting, diarrhea, painful neuropathy, coma, autonomic instability, MODS
Late: Alopecia, Mees lines, residual neurologic symptoms
Alopecia, neuropathy
Toxic: >3 µg/L (blood)
Prussian blue
MFF (oxide fumes); vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain (ingestion)
Copper deficiency: anemia, neurologic degeneration, osteoporosis
Normal range:
0.6-1.1 mg/L (plasma)
10-14 mg/L (red cells)
*No accepted chelation regimen; contact a medical toxicologist regarding treatment plan.
MODS, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome; LoQTS, long QT syndrome; ALI, acute lung injury; ATN, acute tubular necrosis; ARF, acute renal failure; DMPS, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propane-sulfonic acid; CaNa2 EDTA, edetate calcium disodium; MDAC, multi-dose activated charcoal; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; DMSA (succimer), dimercaptosuccinic acid.
The pathophysiology of the heavy metal toxidromes remains relatively constant. For the most part, heavy metals bind to oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfhydryl groups in proteins, resulting in alterations of enzymatic activity. This affinity of metal species for sulfhydryl groups serves a protective role in heavy metal homeostasis as well.
Increased synthesis of metal binding proteins in response to elevated levels of a number of metals is the body's primary defense against poisoning. For example, the metalloproteins are induced by many metals. These molecules are rich in thiol ligands, which allow high-affinity binding with cadmium, copper, silver, and zinc among other elements. Other proteins involved in both heavy metal transport and excretion through the formation of ligands are ferritin, transferrin, albumin, and hemoglobin.
Although ligand formation is the basis for much of the transport of heavy metals throughout the body, some metals may compete with ionized species such as calcium and zinc to move through membrane channels in the free ionic form. For example, lead follows calcium pathways in the body, hence its deposition in bone and gingivae. Thallium is taken up into cells like potassium because of their similar ionic radii.
Nearly all organ systems are involved in heavy metal toxicity; however, the most commonly involved organ systems include the CNS, PNS, GI, hematopoietic, renal, and cardiovascular (CV). To a lesser extent, lead toxicity involves the musculoskeletal and reproductive systems. The organ systems affected and the severity of the toxicity vary with the particular heavy metal involved, the chronicity and extent of the exposure, and the age of the individual.
United States
In 2021, the National Poisoning Data System (NPDS) of the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) reported 8884 single exposures to heavy metals. Of those exposures, 2787 were in children younger than 6 years, and 4014 were in patients older than 19 years. [10]
Within the United States, lead remains the most frequently encountered toxic metal, owing to long-term exposure. In children, exposure has been shown to be a result of living in houses that contain lead paint. It is currently estimated that approximately 4 million households within the United States have children living within them that are being exposed to lead. [11]
Evidence has shown that lead blood levels less than 10 μg/dL have been shown to have adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children younger than 5 years. [12] The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention estimates that approximately 74,110 children aged < 5 years had a blood lead level of 5–9 µg/dL in 2013 (5 μg/dL is the level at which the CDC recommends that public health actions be initiated). In the US in 2013, 8,230 new cases of blood lead levels ≥10 µg/dLwere reported in children aged < 5 years. [11]
The median concentration of lead in the blood of children age 1 to 5 years dropped from 15 µg/dL in 1976–1980 to 0.7 µg/dL in 2013–2014, a 95% decrease. The largest declines in blood lead levels corresponded with the US Environmental Protection Agency phasing out leaded gasoline from 1973-1995. [13]
Lead exposure in the adult population is more commonly occupational, namely in mining, manufacturing, and construction. Overall, the national prevalence rate of blood lead levels ≥10 μg/dL in employed adults declined from 26.6 per 100,000 in 2010 (among 37 states) to 20.4 in 2013 (among 29 reporting states). In 2013, of the 4,547 adults with blood lead levels ≥25 μg/dL who had a known lead exposure history, 93.7% had occupational exposure [14]
In 2021, the National Poisoning Data System (NPDS) of the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) reported 2079 single exposures to lead. Of those exposures, 957 were in children younger than 6 years, and 683 were in patients older than 19 years. [10]
Exposure to arsenic within the United States can occur through many routes. It has been used with both criminal and suicidal intent as an agent to poison individuals or groups. [15] Medications used to treat disease, such as the chemotherapeutic agent arsenic trioxide, are iatrogenic sources. Industrial exposure to the waste products of smelting plants is another potential source. Arsenic-containing pesticides are still used in some areas of the country, with its use mostly found in cotton fields. [16]
According to the AAPCC, in 2021, there were 610 single exposures related to arsenic (excluding pesticides) and 22 exposures to arsenic-containing pesticides. [10]
Iron toxicity in the United states is largely the result of ingestion of iron tablets or multivitamins but can also be a result of blood transfusions. Iron ingestion is particularly hazardous for children who unintentionally ingest iron-containing tablets. [17] In adults, ingestion is largely intentional.
In 2021, the AAPCC reported 5311 single exposures to iron and iron salts (not including iron-supplemented multivitamins). Of those, 2154 were in children younger than 6 years and 1528 were in adults older than 19 years. There were 7635 reported single exposures to multivitamins that contained iron. Of these exposures, 5973 were in children younger than 6 years. [10]
Mercury toxicity can occur through exposure to mercury in its pure elemental form, as an inorganic salt, or through organic mercury compounds. Toxicity to the pure elemental form stems largely from inhalation of mercury vapor as a result of occupational exposure, for example melting mercury-containing dental amalgam. Another common route is vacuuming spilled mercury from a broken thermometer. Exposure to the inorganic salts and organic compounds stems largely from ingestion. [18]
Industrial emissions of mercury have polluted fresh and coastal waters, leading to contamination of fish. This has raised public concerns about long-term exposure to mercury through the consumption of wild fish. [19]
In 2021 the AAPCC reported 612 single exposures to elemental mercury (excluding thermometers). Of these exposures, 49 were in children aged 5 years or younger and 360 were in adults aged 20 years or older. There were 1048 exposures to mercury-containing thermometers, 154 of them in children aged 5 years or younger and 467 in adults aged 20 years and older. There were 336 other mercury exposures, 28 in children aged 5 years or younger and 210 in adults aged 20 years and older. [10]
Heavy metal toxicity has emerged as a significant occupational hazard associated with electronics recycling in China and South East Asia. Much of the recycling industry there takes place within the informal sector, and the use of personal protective equipment (eg, respirators) is poorly regulated and uncommon.
Large-scale epidemics of lead poisoning were reported in China in 2009, involving more than 2000 children living near smelting plants and sparking riots. [20, 21] The true prevalence of lead poisoning in childhood worldwide is not well understood. Availability of leaded gasoline, paint, cosmetics, and piping in many lower income countries suggests that there is a significant if under-recognized burden of toxicity.
Studies of street dust in Chinese cities have found elevated levels of heavy metals in street dust. These have included cadmium, chromium, and arsenic posing potential risk of carcinogenicity. [22]
Chronic arsenic toxicity is epidemic in Bangladesh and contiguous areas of the Indian subcontinent, where arsenic is an important component of bedrock. Deep tube wells constructed to provide an alternative water source to bacteriologically suspect surface deposits frequently supply water with a high arsenic content, with major public health consequences for the region.
Race- and Sex-related Demographics
In the United States, a higher incidence of lead toxicity occurs in the African-American population because of delays in removing lead sources from the environment in lower socioeconomic areas.
Little or no difference in prevalence exists between the sexes. Occupations with heavy metal exposure that predominantly involve a particular sex are associated with higher rates of exposure in that sex.
Several points are of concern in heavy metal toxicity with respect to age. Generally, children are more susceptible to the toxic effects of the heavy metals and are more prone to unintentional exposures.
Inorganic lead salts enter the body by way of ingestion or inhalation. For adults, only about 10% of the ingested dose is absorbed. In contrast, children may absorb as much as 50% of an ingested dose.
The percentage of absorbed lead is increased with deficiencies of iron, calcium, and zinc. It is also increased with a predominantly milk diet, possible due to the high lipid content.
Children and infants are prone to developmental delays secondary to lead toxicity. One study found that blood lead concentrations obtained in children aged 6 years is more strongly associated with cognitive and behavior development than blood lead concentrations measured in 2-year-olds. [23]
Metal toxicity is rarely encountered clinically and may be challenging to recognize. If untreated, acute exposures may progress to multiorgan failure and death or permanent organ damage. Chronic exposure to metals may present with nonspecific symptoms, but if it is not identified and the exposure is allowed to continue, permanent neurologic damage, organ failure, or cancer may develop.
Studies of a possible association of toxic metals and autism have yielded inconsistent results. Adams et al reported significantly higher average excretion levels of lead, tin, thallium, and antimony in 67 patients with autism spectrum disorder, compared with 50 neurotypical controls. [24]
Encephalopathy is a leading cause of mortality in patients with both acute and chronic heavy metal toxicity.
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At this huge distribution site in Wakefield that covers 1.2 million square feet, our team of c.1,000 colleagues sends out our products to 194 stores.
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41 Kenmore Rd, Wakefield Industrial Estate, Wakefield WF2 0XF
What we do here
- Supply 194 stores
- Store and dispatch ambient, fresh, bread and frozen products
- Run a transport unit
- Recycle site waste at a Resource Recovery Unit (RRU)
- Take care of vehicles at our Vehicle Maintenance Unit (VMU)
- Manage an InMotion backhaul team


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Though many children may never have allergies and those that do might have such mild reactions that they are missed completely and disappear, some children are more susceptible than others. Allergies in children can affect varied age groups in different ways. Younger children and infants might get eczema or develop asthma during their early years. Some will grow out of these and some will go from one allergy to another, known in the medical world as a progressive allergy disease or atopic march. Generally most childhood allergies manifest themselves in about ten to twenty percent of kids, usually seen in their early infancy as eczema, itchy rashes that develop on the cheeks, scalp, legs, arms and in creases all over the body.
Childhood Allergy Development through Early Feeding
Most kids that are breastfed are protected against reactions to varied allergens because of the antibodies and immunities passed through the breast milk to the child. However, as kids are introduced to solid type foods, the risk of allergies increases. In fact, that is why doctors recommend very important routines for parents to use when introducing babies to solids. Most babies should be introduced to individual food items, starting with cereals, meats, vegetables and finally fruit, one by one, in that specific order. Every time a food is introduced to a baby, it should be eaten for a week to see if any reactions occur. If there are issues, medical intervention is needed and recommendations for alternatives or medications can be made by a doctor. Parents should avoid making final dietary decisions for their babies without a doctor's approval as some foods may contain things that are common amongst others and thus the allergic responses to one food might be seen in another. In this case, an allergy specialist can determine which foods should be avoided or substituted.
Childhood Allergy Symptoms
Though eczema and asthma are two common allergic responses to food in early childhood, there are other reactions that are not unsimilar to those experienced by older children, teens and adults. These include either immediate or delayed reactions such as skin reddening, itchy skin, swelling, hives, dizziness, sneezing, a runny nose, breathing problems, diarrhea, stomach aches, vomiting and nausea. Even in their mildest forms, they need to be addressed by a doctor, especially in relation to breathing issues, vomiting, diarrhea, swelling and dizziness. Severe anaphylaxis reactions are combination of varied symptoms that worsen rapidly and can be life threatening. The rule of thumb is to see a doctor as soon as possible with mild symptoms and seek emergency care with severe reactions.
Though many childhood allergies usually disappear by school age or as late as the teenage years, some childhood allergies may extend into a life-long affliction. In some cases, families with a history of allergies will have children with a higher risk of developing allergies simply because of genetics. However, the risks of childhood allergies can be greatly reduced and controlled by breast feeding, introducing solids to babies at the right time and in the right way, and by seeking the advice of a doctor and allergy specialist.