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DUKE, Taylor
(Service number 15149)
|First Rank
|Last Rank
|9 October 1895
|Place of Birth
|Palmerston South
Enlistment Information
|6 April 1916
|20 years
|Address at Enlistment
|Terminus Hotel
|Previous Military Experience
|Sydney Expeditionary Force
|Marital Status
|Next of Kin
|Mrs R. DUKE (mother), Wilson Street, Timaru. Later of 20 Hood Street, New Brighton, Christchurch.
|Church of England
|Medical Information
|Height 5 feet 4½ inches. Weight 9 stone 4 lbs. Chest measurement 31-35½ inches. Complexion fair. Eyes blue. Hair brown. Eyes both 6/6. Hearing and colour vision both good. Limbs well formed. Full and perfect movement of all joints. Chest well formed. Heart and lungs normal. Teeth normal? Free from hernia, varicocele, inveterate or contagious skin disease. Very slight haemorrhoids. Not vaccinated. Good bodily and mental health. Slight varicose veins but not sufficient to cause rejection. No fits. Fit.
Military Service
|Served with
|NZ Armed Forces
|Served in
|Military District
Embarkation Information
|Body on Embarkation
|New Zealand Expeditionary Force
|Unit, Squadron, or Ship
|15th Reinforcements Otago Infantry Battalion, D Company
|16 July 1916
|Embarked From
|Devonport, England
|Other Units Served With
|Last Unit Served With
|Otago Regiment, 15th Reinforcements
Military Awards
|Western European
|Service Medals
|Military Awards
Award Circumstances and Date
No information
Prisoner of War Information
|Date of Capture
|Where Captured and by Whom
|Actions Prior to Capture
|PoW Serial Number
|PoW Camps
|Days Interned
|Liberation Date
|21 May 1919
|As a deserter
Hospitals, Wounds, Diseases and Illnesses
12 January 1917 - admitted to 2nd NZ Field Ambulance - sick
Post-war Occupations
|20 December 1938
|43 years
|Place of Death
|Memorial or Cemetery
|Waikumete Cemetery, Auckland
|Memorial Reference
|RSA Block E, Row 1, Plot 7
|New Zealand Memorials
Biographical Notes
Taylor Duke was the youngest son of James Duke and his third wife, Rachel née McCutcheon, of Timaru. Mr James Duke was a coal miner, which occupation brought him to South Canterbury. In mid 1889 he took the lease of the mine in the Kakahu district where, for some years, it had been known that good coal existed. He was also connected with the opening of lime kilns at Kakahu. Mr Duke, who had worked in most of the New Zealand coal mines and had been a pioneer of the coal industry at Mt Somers, had much experience of colleries in the Old Country. At a meeting held in the school at Woodbury in May 1906, Mr James Duke was called upon to explain the position and prospects of a proposed coal mine to work deposits in the Waihi Gorge. He had made a detailed study and believed the prospects were very promising. The owners of the Te Moana coal mine, open in 1907, secured the services of Mr Duke to make a thorough prospect of their site. He was particular in his work and spoke highly of the samples found. James Duke(s) died on 11 March 1911 at the Timaru Hospital. The family was then living on the corner of Wilson and Cullman streets. He was buried in the Timaru Cemetery. It is apparent that the family moved about a great deal when the children (nine from three marriages) were at school.
Taylor Duke was born on 9 October 1894 at Palmerston South. As his father moved to various mines around the country, he was educated at several schools – at Amberley, Dalbeg (Eskvale), Springburn, Kaikoura and Cheviot schools in the Canterbury district, then at Woodbury and Te Moana schools in the South Canterbury area before moving to the Geraldine District High School in 1908.
Having been examined at Dunedin, he enlisted on 6 April 1916 at Trentrham. Taylor was single and of Church of England affiliation. His complexion was fair, his eyes blue, and his hair brown He was of small build, standing at 5 feet 4½ inches, weighing 9 stone 4 pounds, and with a chest measurement of 31-35½ inches. He was in good physical condition, his sight, hearing, and colour vision all being good, and his limbs being well formed and his heart and lungs normal. He did suffer from very slight haemorrhoids, and slight varicose veins but not sufficient to cause rejection. Teeth normal? Taylor Duke, a cook of Dunedin, was medically examined and passed fit for service at the front, in late March 1916 at Dunedin. His given address was the Terminus Hotel (Dunedin?), where he was a cook. He nominated his mother as next-of-kin – Mrs R. Duke, Wilson Street, Timaru. Later Mrs Duke moved to Christchurch. He stated that he had served for seven weeks with the Sydney Expeditionary Force, and that he had previously been rejected as unfit for the military forces on account of varicose veins.
"The city [Dunedin] was gay with flags yesterday, when another contingent of men left for Trentham for training preparatory to going to the front." [Otago Daily Times, 7 April 1916.] The men assembled at the drill hall at Kensington and, led by the Maori Hill Band, marched into town and down to the railway station for farewell speeches. The city was sending away its full quota of the Fifteenth Reinforcements. The crowd showed its appreciation of the departing soldiers by giving them hearty cheers. The Mayor said that he was sure they would worthily uphold the honour of the brave lads of Anzac, and that they would do nothing on or off the field that would bring discredit on their city, upon their land, or upon their Empire. Among the men who marched to the special train was Taylor Duke of the Infantry Territorials.
Private T. Duke embarked with the Otago Infantry Battalion of the 15th Reinforcements on 26 July 1916 at Wellington, on the "Waitemata", disembarking on 3 October at Devonport, England. He marched into Sling and just over two weeks later he was away to France, joining his battalion on 14 November. But, as of 9 October 1917, he was at the No. 7 Military Prison. The trail of offending had started in November 1916. He was guilty of being out of bounds when on Active Service and awarded 14 days' Field Punishment. Having rejoined his battalion on 3 January 1917, he was admitted to the 2nd NZ Field Ambulance, sick, on 12 January. He rejoined his battalion but before long he was again awarded Field Punishment for being absent from Parade after having been warned. The next month he had to pay 4 shillings and endure more Field Punishment for the loss of Government property. Similar punishments followed in April for being absent from tattoo roll call, for absence from billet without leave, and for falling out of the line of march without permission. In June more severe Field Punishment and forfeiture of payment were inflicted for absence without leave.
Private Duke was reported missing on 7 June 1917. The next day he rejoined his battalion. 7 July 1917 he was charged with deserting H.M. Service in that in the Field, after being warned to parade as a member of a working party to work in a forward area, he did not parade and therefore avoided a dangerous duty. He was, however, found not guilty of desertion but guilty of being absent without leave. He received 60 days' Field Punishment and forfeited pay on account of avoiding duty having to be performed by another soldier. 24 July 1917 he failed to appear at the place of parade appointed by his commanding officer, and he also failed to appear at Roll Call Parade, after being warned to parade. He was found guilty and sentenced to 1 year's hard labour and forfeited 2 days' pay. He was absent without leave, in that while undergoing O.P. No. 2, he absented himself from his unit. He was found guilty and sentenced to one year's imprisonment, concurrent with former sentence. He passed 37 days in confinement, awaiting trial. He forfeited pay and, on 2 September, had earned 10 years' penal servitude and been committed to 2 years' imprisonment with hard labour.
On 17 August 1917, while under close arrest in Guard Room, Duke joined in a mutiny by combining to resist his Superior Officer in execution of his duty, by refusing to fall in under the guard with fixed bayonets to march to a new area when ordered to do so by the sergeant. After spending time in confinement while awaiting trial, he was found guilty of mutiny and, on 8 September 1917, sentenced to 10 year's Penal Servitude. On 6 October 1917 Taylor Duke was detached to Military Prison, and subsequently admitted to No. 7 Military Prison. 26 August 1917 he had been charged with (1) loss of Government property – 1 steel helmet, 1 web belt, 1 pair web braces, 1 set ammunition pouches, 1 haversack, 1 water bottle & carrier, 1 entrenching [tool] & carrier, 1 table knife, 1 fork; (2) cutting his trousers in such a manner as to render them unserviceable, for which he had to pay the sum of £1.10s.
The punishment was commuted to 2 years. Duke was taken on Strength at No. 5 Military Prison after he executed an outstanding escape from No. 7. He was struck off Strength at No. 5 as from his date of recapture in the UK, 20 March 1919. Absent again as of 21 May 1919, Taylor Duke was discharged from the NZEF and Struck off Strength on that date, owing to Desertion. He had spent over three years in service, overseas for all but 111 days. He was awarded no medals because of misconduct prior to Armistice and Desertion.
When did Taylor Duke return to New Zealand? And on what conditions? It appears that he may have spent time in Australia. New Zealand Police Gazettes of December 1937 and January 1938 give notice that a Summons had been served by the Auckland Police on Taylor Duke, labourer and cook/kitchener, for making a false statement in regard to the Employment Promotions Act. One charge was in New Zealand, one in Australia. Duke had been finger-printed and was arrested on 16 March 1938. Taylor did return to his occupation of cook, or kitchenman as recorded in the 1938 Auckland electoral roll. Taylor Duke died on 20 December 1938 at Auckland, aged only 44 years. Private Duke, 15149, Otago Regiment, 15th Reinforcements, was buried in the Returned Servicemen's section of the Waikumete Cemetery the following day.
Taylor's oldest brother, Joseph Martin Duke died of wounds on 19 May 1918 in France; his step-brother, William Henry Duke, died of illness on 5 November 1918 in England. A Roll of Honour notice for Joseph in the Lyttelton Times of 25 May named his brothers Privates W. F. B. and T. Duke, on active service. Five brothers - William, Frank, Joseph, Benjamin and Taylor - were at the front at the same time. Two notices in the Lyttelton Times of 11 November 1918 recorded William as the step-son of Mrs R. Dukes (Rachel), and step-brother of Rifleman B. (Ben) and Private T. (Taylor) Dukes (on active service), R. (Rachel) and J. (James John) Dukes and Mrs Garlick (Mary Ellen, Nellie), James and Nellie being issue of the first marriage of James senior; and as the brother of Mrs Wallis (Beatrice) and Rifleman F. Taylor (returned from service) (Frank).
Auckland War Memorial Museum Cenotaph Database [13 November 2013]; NZ Defence Force Personnel Records (Archives NZ Ref. AABK 18805 W5537 0035890) [12 June 2014]; NZ BDM Indexes (Department of Internal Affairs) [2013]; Waikumete Cemetery headstone transcription (South Canterbury Branch NZSG Cemetery Records microfiche) [08 April 2014]; Waikumete Cemetery burial record (Auckland Council) [03 November 2014]; Star, 5 July 1889, Temuka Leader, 17 May 1906, 9 November 1907, Timaru Herald, 13 & 14 March 1911, Otago Daily Times, 30 March 1916, 7 April 1916, Evening Star, 29 March 1916, Lyttelton Times, 25 May 1918, 11 November 1918 (Papers Past) [14 November 2013; 21 & 22 June 2019]; School Admission Registers (Canterbury Branch NZSG; South Canterbury Branch NZSG) [2013-2014]; NZ Electoral Rolls (ancestry.com.au) [June 2019]
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Teresa Scott, SC branch NZSG
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text:
Hints on Purchasing Cattle
The following information is provided as guidance to prospective purchasers of Australian Lowline Cattle. NOTE — with DNA traceability back to the Foundation Herd as a requirement, proof of registration is the ONLY guarantee you are buying 100% Lowline. Therefore, it is recommended by the Association that you buy registered Lowlines.
As all the appropriate Association rules and regulations are not included in the following, prospective purchasers seeking to clarify situations are advised to contact the Association – email@example.com
Australian Lowline Cattle are
- All black or all red
- Traditionally moderate in frame size
- Naturally polled – i.e. no horns
- A copy of the Breed Standards can be found here
- Buying registered stock from a current ALCA member ensures the registration requirements have been adhered to
- To enable the registration to be transferred the purchaser must be an ALCA member
- Have you seen the relevant registration certificate of the animal for sale?
- Is all information current, correct and refer to the animal and the vendor in question?
Why do we require DNA proof for registration of Australian Lowline cattle?
- To ensure that the Australian Lowline remains a pure heritage beef breed
- To maintain consistency and quality
- To maintain the accuracy of the Herd Book (the register of Lowline cattle)
- To protect your investment (i.e. no grading up to purebred status)
- To ensure the registered animals you buy are parent verified and DNA tested as genuine Lowlines

subset: commoncrawl


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Our local CBC news had run a story around that time about a house for men who were in the process of recovering from substance abuse. This is Launch Pad Recovery Centre's fourth house (isn't that such a great name?) They showed the home, and the rather austere look of the bedrooms made me immediately think that they need a quilt on the bed to brighten things up and to let the men know someone in the community has seen them and cares. So this quilt, and possibly at least one more, will be finding its way there.
I used Essential 100% cotton 50 wt thread from Connecting Threads to quilt it. (affiliate link) Avril my longarm, hums away fabulously well with this thread. I didn't adjust the tension once after setting it at the beginning when I had some Aurifil on a bobbin, and then when that was done, switched to The Bottom Line, no adjustment needed. A secret? The lint amount is the same as both Aurifil and Gütermann, and it's a lot cheaper. It is slightly thicker than both of those though. I did a large meander across the quilt.
Lemon! 21170 That affiliate link will take you to it. It doesn't cost you any more; I just get a commission from Connecting Threads. I only talk about stuff I use and like, and I did mention that even though it is 50 wt, it's slightly thicker than Aurifil and Gütermann which some people/machines do not like. Thank you so much for when you do support me! Connecting Threads has a great free shipping policy too, not just US only. And contrary to what some bloggers are saying, the US is indeed shipping to other countries like Canada and UK and Australia and many many more. Just head to USPS to check it out.
I did the binding by machine, top-stitching it onto the front. I had a piece of black with grey leaves embossed on it, but there wasn't enough. However, beside that black were two fat quarters of a similar colour, so a couple strips of each and presto, enough binding. So nice to make a little space in my Sterilite plastic drawer system where I store less than 1/2 yard pieces.
This fabric is really pretty, isn't it? It is unusual in that there are flowers, butterflies, and graphic geometric designs all within the line. I designed a modern log cabin for Benartex's ezine, Modern by the Yard, last year using this fabric, and they sent me some of the actual fabric! That log cabin block is the block we've used in my Centred QAL.
For the backing, I pieced together some of the remaining hunks of fabric along with a hunk of yellow 'barbed wire' fabric I've had forever that went perfectly. Another space made! There is one extra block that I also incorporated on the back. I don't remember now why I have an extra block!
I mainly got inside shots; it rained for like three days when the quilt was finished.
I did wash and dry it and got a photo outside a couple of days ago.
Ready for delivery!
Quilt Stats:
Pattern: Elvira by Gudrun Erla Designs
Size: 49.5" x 64"
Fabric: Benartex 'Limoncello' by Greta Lynn for Kanvas Studio
Backing: as above and from stash
Batting: polyester lightweight fleece
Quilted: on Avril my Avanté; 37 492 stitches
Threads: pieced with various on my Bernina; quilted with Essential 100% cotton 50 wt, Aurifil and The Bottom Line in the bobbin
TGIFF at The Madd Quilter (Hey! I know her!😍


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text:
Friday, December 7, 2012
Let the rain begin!
Mild and rainy for a few days to come. Foggy as well during lulls in the rain. Temperatures will be mild, so there is an up side to the rain... our highs will stay in the low-mid 50`s and low in the mid 40`s so temps running about ten degrees warmer than our normal early December temperatures. Rain will pick up in intensity later Friday and overnight into early Saturday. We will remain damp, but rain will lighten up a little for later Saturday. Moderate rain returns Sunday into Monday and then the cold front finally pushes though cooling us off considerably by the middle of next week. So you will need the umbrella and fog lights the next four days... then the coat and ice scraper by the middle of next week. Good ol` Ohio weather for ya! Have a good one!
Andrew Buck Michael
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text:
Vote on this poll
One thing that should be noted is that you should not try to install
CPANPLUS via CPAN.pm--the interactive install doesn't seem to be handled
You can read about CPANPLUS at
There was also an
article, although it discusses an earlier version so some syntax might
be obsolete. An additional
describes the interface to testing.
Some of the main differences between CPANPLUS and CPAN.pm are:
Is there a person or persons I should write with this feedback?
-- Randal L. Schwartz, Perl hacker
By 'no setting for the current CPAN archive', do you mean
modifying the URI list based upon where you are?
You can set environment variables to do this:
$ENV{ftp_proxy} = 'current.domain.org';
use CPANPLUS;
You can mail the bugs list or the general suggestion
list, cpanplus-bugs and cpanplus-info
respectively, at lists.sourceforget.net to
report bugs or make suggestions. Other contact information
is also found on the
sourceforge pages.
Using the testing interface and following along on the cpan-testers mailing list is a great way to learn about what goes on up there on the front lines of Perl module development. Most of the high volume posts are automated uploads and test results, but every now and then you'll see an interesting discussion between testers and module developers as they try to debug failed tests.
Please, please, please, call it Net::CPAN. Then we can get CGI renamed Net::CGI.
The meaning it will attempt to capture is beyond the scope
of the Net:: modules. More time is probably spent
determining if you have the Net:: modules than using
them... At any rate, CPANPLUS is aimed more at
module management than just fetching.
/me is staying out of this entire quagmire of naming
and will just call it CPANPLUS until it gets another
Ps. To comment on sauoq's post: CPANPLUS does allow
you to fetch modules from your local file system. I
can't say about CPAN.pm since I don't use it.
Please, please, please, call it Net::CPAN. Then we can get CGI renamed Net::CGI.
Yuck. No. I wouldn't agree with either of those names. Both CGI's and CPAN's relationship to networking is peripheral.
CPAN uses various means to retrieve modules over the network but its real job is to determine dependencies, build, and install those modules. Certainly CPAN could have the functionality to access a local archive via the filesystem rather than the network. I don't use CPAN or CPANPLUS (I answered "make" on the poll) so for all I know one or both already have that functionality. It might be especially useful where institutions keep a local CPAN mirror and make it available to their user base via NFS.
CGI is simply a platform independent interface by which information servers may run external programs. In reality, this is only true for some definitions of "platform independence" and "information servers" but that's its stated goal.1 It currently requires that the external program knows some things about the protocol that the information server is using but the actual network communication takes place through the server itself.
So, I think putting either CPAN or CGI in Net::* would be a mistake.
I wouldn't mind seeing name changes for B and O though.
1That is, its the stated goal of the draft CGI specification not of the CGI module.
"My two cents aren't worth a dime.";
Yes, that means I'd like to see the PPM module named Install::PPM (or whichever) instead too.
What I really would like to see is something like Module::Build get used. Like the guy says, what on earth is make doing in the install process? That is what usually causes me trouble when trouble does arise. (Nope. Haven't tried it. Just liked the idea. And it would be a good namespace to go under).
perl -MCPAN -eshell
One more disadvantage is that I tend to miss the generally very well written example scripts that come with many modules. These end up somewhere below /root/.cpan/places-I-never-look
Have to look into CPANPLUS yet!
Cheers, Joe
King of Laziness, Wizard of Impatience, Lord of Hubris
Makeshifts last the longest.
A bit unfair this...
I use CPAN shell when I can, make when I'm behind a CPAN unfriendly firewall, nmake on my NT box, and PPM when I need a Windows binary.
I must also confess to having hand copied files in the dim and distant past......
Ah, you kids today, with your modules and CPAN and hulahoops!
Why, back when I was a lad, we had to write all of our own C libraries, even stdio.h!
As God is my witness, I thought turkeys could fly.
Libraries! Luxury!
Why we only had a single source file and happily editted away with ed and 13 keys 18 hours a day!
Update: I also want a device that monitors my blood sugar level and prevents me from posting when my levels go high and I go silly.
re the poll, I use CPAN exclusively. I plan to switch to CPANPLUS when it goes core though.
I didn't believe in evil until I dated it.
perl Makefile.PL
make test
make install
perl Makefile.PL PREFIX=/some-dir LIB=/some-dir
make test
make install
Sorry, I had meant to include the RPM/apt-get option but originally forgot to. I've added it now. So, those foolish enough to consider these numbers of statistical significance should take into account that for about 17 hours, the RPM/apt-get option was not available.
Thanks to rinceWind for suggesting this poll.
-><- -><- -><- -><- -><-
All things are Perfect
To every last Flaw
And bound in accord
With Eris's Law
- HBT; The Book of Advice, 1:7
Bah. I just got finished writing a terrible hack of somthing like this. (Mine does do some things that dh-make-perl doesn't do, but nothing major.) Mine is ugly as all hell (see my scratchpad for a somwhat out-of-date copy of the code iff you're reading this fairly close to when I wrote it), though.
Linux: perl -MCPAN -e shell 100%
Win32: ppm 80%
perl -MCPAN -e shell 20%
I use PPM on win32 boxes when the module is available. If there is a newer module on CPAN than PPM shows, do not install it! I've been bitten by this too many times, what happens is that there is probably some unsupported feature in the CPAN module and that's why activestate hasn't updated there PPM repository yet. Otherwise, if the module I want doesn't exist in the PPM repository, I'll use CPAN shell.
--hiseldlWhat time is it? It's Camel Time!
Brother Frankus.
I usually get my modules via CPANPLUS, but just yesterday I found one module that I might need to rewrite for myself. Specifically it is XMLRPC module, but it requires SOAP::Lite, and XML::Simple which needs expat and so on... Too much trouble for making a simple XML-RPC call.. I'll robably end up doing it via Net::HTTP module and parse XML myself. All I need is just one XML-RPC call anyway ;)
You want to run 'make install' as well.
Read the man pages for MakeMaker (man ExtUtils::MakeMaker) for other options. Also, depending on your OS flavor, there may be some standards for where you should install modules to.
For example, on debian systems you'll want to use:
perl Makefile.PL 'INSTALLDIRS=vendor'
perl Makefile.PL 'INSTALLDIRS=site'
* ppm
* nmake :-(
* move a module
* cut'n'paste
* write my own
and I always write the whole truth and nothing but truth, in programming matters.
For why would a Perlmonk ever try to deceive a Perlmonk, or a compiler for his favorite language?
I use different methods depending on how in a hurry I am.
First, I'll try to find a package for my OS flavor. Failing that, if I'm in a hurry I'll use the CPAN shell. But If I have a couple of minutes, I'll whip up a quick package of the module--it's usually fairly easy to do.
I'm not sure where that falls with the options provided, though..
PPM tip of the day (1): PPM in 633 seems to have a somewhat strange bug where it won't install some modules claiming it can't find a suitable implementation. Try describing the module then installing it again. It will (if there actually is a Win implementation) then install. Strange.
PPM tip of the day (2): If you install modules any other way than via PPM, and sometimes even when you do, the otherwise excellent HTML docs will not update to reflect this.
perl -MActivePerl::DocTools -e ActivePerl::DocTools::UpdateHTML();
On *NIX I use CPAN.pm, tarball in that order. Haven't so far had to go any further than that.
As mentioned in another post I made further up, to be as totally cross-platform as Perl wants to and should be, someone should get rid of that stupid make part though.
That is the problem that should be addressed first and foremost, not that CPAN.pm is slightly buggy. It is a *huge* hassle for beginners to even obtain a make and then get it to work, and PPM rarely has all modules you need. Even if PPM did, and even though PPM is available for several platforms, why can't there be a Perl-only installer that is core everywhere?
Make is fine for me, now. Mostly. I recall how much trouble that was and I'm sure lots of others are going through the same right now.
Lots of people are talking about CPANPLUS. I never got it to work, but that was a long time ago, so I'm sure it works now. I'm not sure what it is that makes it so good though. I must look that up. Does it still use make/nmake/etc? If so, I wonder what is the benefit, because that is the only part that fails (when something fails) with CPAN.pm for me. Like I said, I will have to look the facts up.
Could you explain what you mean by "descibing the module" here?
Lets say you make a search for Foo:
PPM> search Foo
1. Foo
2. Foo::Bar
And yes, you can do 'describe Foo' directly instead.
Hope that helps.
# whoami
# perl -MCPAN -e 'make Foo::Bar'
# su
% make install
perl -wpe "s/\b;([mnst])/'$1/g"
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5.003 (Camel Book 2nd Edition)
5.6 (Camel Book 3rd Edition)
5.8 (stable version for >5 years)
5.10 (many new features now in common use)
5.16 (Camel Book 4th Edition)
5.18 (hash overhaul)
5.26 (no "." in @INC)
5.36 (subroutine signatures)
Dynamic (no standard; code dictates VERSION)
Other (discuss in comments)
Results (20 votes). Check out past polls.


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Ross Mars
Ross Mars is a highly regarded permaculture teacher, designer and consultant. He is the author of the bestselling books, Getting Started in Permaculture, The Basics of Permaculture Design and How to Permaculture Your Life and has produced two videos on energy efficient housing design and renewable energy systems for power generation. Ross founded Candlelight Farm, a permaculture demonstration site and training centre in Western Australia. Over the past decade, he has delivered dozens of basic, design, advanced and diploma-level Permaculture Courses. Both a scientist with a PhD in Environmental Science and an entrepreneur, Mars also manufactures and supplies greywater and rainwater tank systems, and installs waterwise gardens and water-sensible irrigation systems.
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text: According to legend, when Captain Hernan Cortes landed in Veracruz in 1519, he burned all his ships so that his army would have no option for retreat. Startlingly, people starting businesses are often given this same advice. They are advised to "burn the ships" by killing all other possibilities and earning opportunities in favor of unwavering and focused commitment to making things work with their...Read More


text:
Recently, the mothers of Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner, Tamir Rice, and Michael Brown sat down with Anderson Cooper on Anderson Cooper 360.
Three poignant clips, found here on Vibe, show the mothers sitting together for the first time since the deaths of their sons at the hands of three white policemen (and one white neighborhood watchperson). As reported here by CNN, the mothers asserted that had their sons been white, they would still be alive today. When Anderson Cooper cites poll results suggesting that most Americans are not of the mindset that the killings have been racially charged, the women argue that white people do not have to think about this issue in their lives. Marx raised a similar point in relation to labor division. The "have-nots" will always be more conscious of the "haves'" access to wealth, but this is not as apparent to the "haves". In essence, privilege is more visible to those who do not benefit from it.
The mothers' tones unwavering despite their grief, their messages were not those of anger. They challenged the perception reflected in the polls, saying that the protests, rallies, and marches that have sprung up in cities across the US have been comprised of people of all races, showing that this is not just the African American community's issue; it is a human rights issue.
By Jenny Nigro – M.O.M. online intern


text:
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May 12th Releases (Preorder May 5th)
An assortment of new releases from GW this week: First off, the Idoneth Deepkin are getting the Akhelian Leviadon! Just when you thought Age of Sigmar didn't have a Land Raider …Read More
An assortment of new releases from GW this week: First off, the Idoneth Deepkin are getting the Akhelian Leviadon! Just when you thought Age of Sigmar didn't have a Land Raider …Read More
New releases for 5th May 2018, preorder on 28th April, announced on Warhammer Community. For Age of Sigmar, there's three new heroes for your Idoneth Deepkin armies: the arcane Isharann …Read More
The Aurox Armoured Transport is now available for preorder at Forge World. Taking design cues from the Leman Russ and the Rhino, this is an STC vehicle seen in use …Read More
A few items to catch up on! There are more Idoneth Deepkin preorders coming this Saturday (21st April) for release on the 28th – the Namarti Reavers, and the Akhelian King …Read More
Forge World have announced a new resin conversion kit – the Mumak War Leader! The kit includes the original plastic Mumak, plus the resin parts necessary for conversion – including …Read More
As suspected, there's a bunch of new Idoneth Deepkin releases accompanying the Battletome that weren't mentioned in the White Dwarf monthly releases list, just announced on Warhammer Community. Available 21st, Preorder …Read More
The Terrax-Pattern Termite Assault Drill is now available for preorder from Forge World. Rules are available for download, covering both Adeptus Astartes and Heretic Astartes use in 40K, and Solar …Read More
Many of us who remember GW back in the 80s and 90s have fond memories of their more traditional games lines: Chainsaw Warrior, The Talisman board game, DungeonQuest, Block Mania, …Read More
Warhammer Community have a preview of the Ambot – a robotic version of our old 40K Rogue Trader-era friend the Ambull. The Ambot will be featured in the Gang War …Read More


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From Constantine To Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy, AD 300–800
Neil Christie
Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, ISBN: 9781859284216; 604pp.; Price: £55.00
University of Oxford
Date accessed: 3 December, 2023
Post-classical archaeology emerged into the limelight in Italy in the 1970s, in particular with the founding of the national journal Archeologia Medievale in 1974 (whose principal editor and driving force, Riccardo Francovich, was recently killed in a tragic accident). In the years that followed, our knowledge of late and post-Roman Italy was transformed by a series of important surveys and excavations (including projects on a very large scale, as in Brescia under Gian Pietro Brogiolo, and at the eighth- and ninth-century monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno under Richard Hodges). Some of this work has been published in English, since there has always been a strong involvement of British archaeologists in post-classical Italian archaeology, but publication is generally in Italian, putting it beyond the reach of many in the English-speaking world.
Neil Christie is ideally qualified to survey, assess, and make available in English these rich results, since he has himself been active in Italy since the mid 1980s, and, amongst other achievements, published a general account of the history and archaeology of the Lombards and saw through to publication the pioneering work on medieval churches carried out by the British School at Rome in the 1960s (1). Not only is he well qualified to write this present book, he has also put in a remarkable amount of hard graft in preparing it, as is clear from a dense bibliography of over fifty pages (which, in the very few areas where I feel qualified to test it, is both accurate and comprehensive). Italian archaeology, particularly of the post-Roman period, tends to disintegrate into regional studies—even the most active and intellectually brilliant archaeologists (like Francovich and Brogiolo) have tended to write only about their own regioni (Toscana and Lombardia/Veneto, respectively). One enormous strength of Christie's book is that he ranges all over peninsular Italy, and, indeed, into Sicily and Sardinia (both of which, for instance, have substantial entries in the index) (2).
His book is divided into six chapters. The first chapter, although entitled 'Sources and Contexts', is really a narrative of the political history of the peninsula, as known from textual evidence, and an introduction to the various 'peoples' who occupied Italy and the regions into which it was, at various times, divided. Inevitably, given the complicated history of this period—with an only partial (and shifting) Lombard occupation, followed by another partial (Frankish) invasion—the material in this chapter makes for quite hard reading, with a map on page 43 that is meant to clarify the changing Byzantine-Lombard frontiers, but is more confusing than helpful. Christie's strengths definitely lie in comprehensive coverage, rather than in reducing complicated narratives and descriptions to their bare and clear essentials. The contents of this first chapter, with its detailed 'historical' content, set the tone for the rest of the book in one important sense: Christie is an archaeologist from a tradition that seeks to understand the past using textual and material evidence in tandem, rather than one who presents material evidence in opposition to what the texts can tell us. Readers of Reviews in History can rest assured—he is 'History friendly'.
The next four chapters are the meat of his work, examining in turn 'Church and Society', 'Urban Evolutions', 'Defence and Power', and 'Rural Settlement and Patterns of Change'. As he explains at some length in his introduction (pp. 9–13), Christie does not consider one other very important area of archaeological evidence, that for production and exchange. This is a sensible decision, since there is a huge bibliography on this subject (inevitably, almost exclusively about pottery), and it could not possibly have been comprehended within a single volume, if it were treated in the same detail that Christie deploys for other aspects of Italy's archaeology.
Chapter 2, 'Church and Society', looks first at the evidence of declining paganism, and at the slow spread of churches through the urban and rural landscape of Italy; it then considers some detailed general themes, such as the evidence for burial practice and monasticism, and the thorny issue of whether an 'Arian' Church can be revealed in the excavated and standing buildings of Italy. Since there is such a wealth of both textual evidence and surviving churches in Italy, this is a chapter where a great deal of what is presented is not startlingly new. Chapter 3, 'Urban Evolutions', on the other hand, looks at an area where archaeology has transformed our vision of the past, through discoveries in a large number of cities up and down the peninsula, including work on an impressive scale in Naples, Rome (the Crypta Balbi and imperial fora), Milan, Brescia, Verona, Ravenna, and Classe (3). Although the excavations discussed are of great interest, for me this is Christie's least successful chapter, because he divides his material thematically in a way that I found confusing—for instance, in a section called 'Living Spaces', he opens with a general account of the rather ephemeral remains of early-medieval housing excavated in places like Verona, Classe, and Brescia; but then breaks up his material topographically, so that for Rome (pp. 237–43) we are treated to a case-study that jumps from the sumptuous fourth-century aristocratic domus of the Caelian Hill, to the very different world of the houses of reused brick and peperino blocks, built in the ninth century over the forum of Nerva. It would have been much clearer to have presented a peninsula-wide discussion of late domus (and their eventual disappearance), focusing on the fourth to sixth centuries, and to have followed this by a similar general discussion of what housing looked like in later centuries.
Chapter 4, 'Defence and Power', is, for me, Christie at his best. Partly because he knows a very great deal about both urban and rural fortification (he began his archaeological career with a PhD on the Lombard and Byzantine defences of Italy), but mainly because it is arranged chronologically. It opens with an account of the defences of late Roman Italy; continues through the response to crisis and invasion in the fifth century (an impressive campaign of fortress and townwall construction); and ends with the fortifications of a peninsula divided between Byzantine and Lombard areas of power.
In his final central chapter, Christie discusses 'Rural Settlement and Patterns of Change', presenting a lot of interesting evidence, but again in a rather confusing thematic arrangement—four of his sections, for instance, cover (in this order): 'Churches, Monasteries and Burials'; 'Germans and the Land'; 'Rural Insecurities and "Private" Defence: Hills, Refuges and Caves'; and 'Environments, Economies and Bioarchaeologies'. These are all reasonable sub-divisions of the material, but do they fit together, and do they help the reader form a clear overall impression of what was happening in Italy?
Christie closes his book with a sixth, very brief, chapter entitled 'Conclusions: Living (and Dying) in Late Antique and Early Medieval Italy'. This does contain a few pages, in a sub-section called 'Continuities, Change, Transformation?' (pp. 505–7), where he reflects on the overall conclusion of his book—in sum, he favours a picture of the inhabitants of Italy adapting to very changed circumstances. But the chapter also introduces new material: a discussion of the demographic impact of plague and other natural disasters (pp. 500–4), and a brief consideration (pp. 507–9) of whether or not the peninsula was really divided between distinct Germanic and 'Roman' peoples in the sixth and seventh centuries.
In an overall assessment of the book, there are areas of interpretation that I don't myself agree with. For my taste, there is too much 'evolution', 'change', 'transformation', and 'adaptation' in what Christie writes, and not enough 'crisis', 'dislocation', and 'decline'. The title of his chapter on cities, 'Urban Evolutions', is very telling—'evolution' is an essentially positive word, that Christie has used twice before in the titles of books covering the post-Roman centuries: (with Simon Loseby) Towns in Transition: Urban Evolution in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996); and Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004). As the author of a book with the apocalyptic title The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), needless to say, I think 'evolution', and all it conjures up, underplays the drama and crisis that occurred when the Roman empire disintegrated. These are, however, issues of interpretation, and Christie has every right to disagree with me.
I do wish, however, that he had written the book in a clearer and slimmer style, and with more of an archaeological focus. As discussed above, the arrangement of the material is not straightforward and not crystal clear; and, if I ask myself the key question, 'How much of this book will I set to undergraduates?', the answer will be, 'Very little beyond Chapter 4 (on fortifications)'. In most of the book, I think students would get bogged down and lose their way. Scholars will be able to learn a lot on individual themes (helped by an excellent index), though I don't think many of them will read the book from cover to cover—there isn't a strong enough argumentative thread to carry the reader along. (And such flow as there is, is often disrupted by long brackets, serving the purpose of foot-notes or end-notes, which I presume were banned by the publisher.)
Christie's book does, however, contain fascinating material that will be new to all but experts in the various specific fields that he surveys. To take one example, on pages 112–13 (in his chapter on 'Church and Society'), he presents the intriguing evidence of a villa site in Umbria, which in the fifth century became a child cemetery with some very peculiar associated burials—of puppies and young dogs, all mutilated in some way before deposition. This is a very telling, if highly enigmatic, insight into 'popular' religious practice. Everyone will find similar gems in Christie's rich collection. Although I am in theory familiar with Italy's post-classical archaeology, I found much in this book that I had never heard of (but was glad to know); and experts on contiguous areas (say, Gallic urbanism or Anglo-Saxon monasticism) will certainly find it a productive vein to mine for parallels and contrasts.
Ironically, although I am very much with Christie in wanting to link the evidence of 'history' and 'archaeology', I found his book too historical, and not archaeological enough. He sets out textual evidence in considerable detail, often taking it back to the primary sources; but I think historians will either know this material already, or will want subtler interpretations of the textual evidence, while archaeologists will probably find the historical detail boring. The main thing I missed in what is billed as 'An Archaeology of Italy' was better illustrations. There are 101 figures in this book, but very many of them are familiar (and occasionally rather generalized) views of places and standing monuments; or are useful, but rather dry, plans and maps. There are not enough photographs and drawings of the many new and important discoveries, which Christie describes in words, to make the material really come alive. This is a pity, and could have been avoided, despite the real problems that any author faces over copyright. Archaeologists are generally keen to have their work publicized in books of this kind (aimed at an international and wider readership), and through the internet it is now not difficult to track down first-class illustrative material. For instance, it only took a few minutes, with the help of Google, to find an excellent plan and one very moving photograph of the child cemetery mentioned above (which Christie does not illustrate). To me, a good illustration says a great deal more than a long description.
This is a book with very considerable strengths, that summarizes and presents a mass of new information, and gives all the necessary bibliographical leads for further exploration. It will be very useful for detailed research, both into things specifically Italian and as a mine for parallels and contrasts; but, unfortunately, it is not sufficiently clearly and economically constructed, nor well enough illustrated, to reach the audience it deserves.
- N. Christie, The Lombards (Oxford, 1995); N. Christie (ed), Three South Etrurian Churches (London, 1991). Back to (1)
- Corsica, although part of 'Italy' in the period we are considering, does not get included—but it would be decidedly churlish to complain about this! Back to (2)
- Besides Christie's chapter, there is a very useful summary (in Italian) of much of this work, and its implications, in Gian Pietro Brogiolo and Sauro Gelichi, La città nell'alto medioevo italiano: Archaeologia e storia (Roma-Bari, 1998); while the recent remarkable finds from Rome are well presented and discussed in R. Meneghini and R. Santangeli Valenziani, Roma nell'altomedioevo: Topografia e urbanistica della città dal V al X secolo (Roma, 2004). Back to (3)
Author's Response
My thanks to Bryan Ward-Perkins (BWP) for his full comments on my volume. Given his strong Italian background and expertise, his views are appreciated. My thanks also to the Reviews Editor for this opportunity to respond to some of the points and queries raised in the review.
First I might note that I am glad that the volume is recognized as 'history-friendly'—as well as archaeology-friendly—as it was a target to offer a text in part framed, though not conditioned, by the documentary data. I hope that I indicated within the volume that for some aspects of the late-antique and early-medieval past, notably in religious contexts, an awareness of the literary output and records is essential for understanding some of the evident archaeology. I have taken within the various chapters a largely chronological ordering of discussion—sometimes, as BWP notes for Chapter 4 on Defence and Power, with the whole chapter sorted in sequence, but in others, as in Chapter 3 on Urbanism, via themed sections. It would have been far too unwieldy to attempt to write the rural and urban chapters in a straight chronological format as BWP seems to recommend (Urbanism does, however, end with a summary section dealing with 'Late Roman towns', 'Ostrogothic towns', etc.)—although the complaint is part-tied to the view that I should have written in a 'slimmer' manner, whereby fewer words might have enabled a more straightforward sequential discussion. I would note also that the Rural Settlements chapter similarly has a logical and time-ordered format: whilst BWP notes four sections 'in a rather confusing thematic arrangement', these do in fact follow on from sections running from Field survey to Roman rural settlement to Late Roman Villas, then to Germanic Settlement (divided here from Gothic to Byzantine to Lombard).
I will of course be keen to see if these concerns on the arrangement and clarity of my text and arguments are raised by other reviewers. Similarly I am keen to hear if others think I have offered too much in here. I would naturally like to argue that my text is written in a clear style, seeking to synthesize what can be complex archaeological data and interpretations of these. By offering a wide array of examples I offer choice to readers—a slimmer volume will have meant much pruning of these other examples, diluting, to my mind, the value of this larger synthesis which tries to paint a wider Italian picture. Indeed, one other reviewer elsewhere noted a set of additional excavations that I might have included! In the meantime, I hope BWP does let his undergraduates peruse more than my Chapter 4 to decide for themselves if there is more of interest in here!
My pitch is no doubt to be perceived as more positive in terms of the key question of change/loss with the 'end of Rome' than BWP would argue: certainly I do prefer to seek more in the way of 'transformation' and 'adaptation', because especially in many an urban context, there is a clear renewal that emerges in the eighth century and that renewal must be based on people and structures that have persisted in that centre. I do also comment on 'decay', 'dislocation', and 'crisis', but my choice of 'Urban Evolutions' for the title of Chapter 3 reflects how the volume as a whole spans wider changes over a 500 year period which features change, reconfiguration, Christianization, decay and assaults, shrinkage, Church prominence, then an upward shift and renewals—a variety of evolutions and transformations, rather than straight 'Decline'. Many archaeologists are cautious in seeing dramatic change and indeed archaeology too rarely shows dramatic cut-offs (although there are instances noted of destruction deposits that curtail life in towns like Brescia and Verona from c. AD 550–600. In contrast, as I note in Chapter 6, events such as the 'Justinianic plague', which will have been so deadly, debilitating, and shocking to all populations, are almost invisible archaeologically).
A fragmented past: the dismembered Constantine at Rome's Capitoline Museum
As a final comment, I was a bit surprised to hear that the book only offered largely 'familiar' or 'dry' images. One might quibble over what is 'familiar' in that I would hope that, to many readers, the images would indeed be new, especially as I cover a wide range of topics and am not limited to just towns or just defence. An allowance of 101 illustrations is generous in my opinion—as a rapid comparison (here grabbing three books from off my shelf as I type), Stephen Dyson's short Duckworth book (128pp) on what could be a very visual theme—The Roman Countryside (2003)—simply has four maps; Richard Alston's The City in Roman and Byzantine Egypt (2002) with 478pp has just one photo and fifty line illustrations; and The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol 2 (1995, with 1082pp) has thirty-six pls. and twenty maps. I would admit that some of my book's images have not been reproduced to as high a quality as I would have liked. But at least a generous range has been offered to illustrate the book's main themes.


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English topic or why the dollar loses growth incentives
NFP was ignored, Italy, Brexit and China are relevant. Active performances of Trump aren't expected.
Key points of the current market:
- Brexit
If a problem of the Irish border is to agree not only with the EU, but also with the British Unionists, then in the British parliament there will be enough voices for support of basic parameters of the agreement on Brexit. The basic agreement has to be reached prior to the next EU summit on October 17-18, the final decision, most likely, will postpone until November.
The EU on Wednesday plans to represent the offer on the expanded free trade zone. In the process of the conservative party congress, May made it clear that the UK would better leave the EU without any deal than on unfavorable conditions. If the prime minister feels that the EU proposal puts too much pressure on British interests, negotiations on Brexit may again be on the verge of failure.
If the insider that Britain is ready to the Customs union with the EU outside a transition period is confirmed, then the growth of pound will be steady for the next two weeks. So far, despite friendly statements from Tusk, the positive on pound looks as usual correction and active purchases aren't observed. The statistics block on Wednesday, especially data on growth rates of GDP, is of interest to analysts, but influences the current dynamics poorly.
The dollar lost a bullish momentum against the background of mixed data on the labor market, although it increased its advantage over commodity currencies. Reaction to NFP was weak though bulls on dollar obviously expected to strengthen the pressure, being guided by hawk statements of Powell. The report appeared steadily strong, has confirmed the growth of economy and labor market, but hasn't indicated inflation growth acceleration. The falling quantity of new jobs is connected with the influence of the hurricane Florence, expectations on the stable growth of salaries are increased. Record-breaking low unemployment (minimum since 1969) allows hoping for acceleration of rates of increase in a rate next year.
Forecasts of FRS assume that unemployment rate will close this year for 3,7%, and next year will fall up to 3,5%. However, the market has just preferred to record open positions and to wait for comments of FRS current week. Officials are concerned about rising inflation and the current week's economic reports are likely to increase their fears.
- Italy
Alas, weakening of the position of the dollar doesn't mean a strengthening of euro at all. Discussion of the Italian problems at a meeting of the Eurogroup has turned out aggressive, the draft budget of Italy is called unacceptable, contradicting the pact of the EU on stability. Junker has said that such budget will cause a crisis of a national debt of Italy, therefore, the country will need the long aid program in the Greek style. But the EU has no such money and, partly thanks to Trump, won't be in the nearest future.
After the repeated meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers of Italy indicators of the budget have been reconsidered, but the EU is all the same dissatisfied. Nevertheless, they have decided not to get into an open argument with Italians as Salvini and Di Maio use criticism of the EU for justification of the failures. Draghi on Wednesday has held a private meeting with the president of Italy Mattarella, but there is no positive, apparently.
The current week the subject of Italy will be minor, information background will abate a little before the official representation of the budget of Italy to the European Commission on 15 October. If Rome, after all, finds a common ground with European Commission, and S&P Fitch won't dump the rating of Italy to «the garbage level», euro will receive an incentive for growth.
- China
Trump's theses are obviously assumed as a basis for a speech practically of all American diplomats.
The Vice President of the United States Pence has accused China of intervention in congressional elections of the USA. The answer of China will be more aggressive, the more supports will be got by Trump's party on 6 November. Trump and Xi Jinping's meeting isn't excluded during the G20 summit at the end of November, but the long-term strategy of war with the Asian monster to presidential elections of the 2020th is already declared.
At the current stage chances of achievement of the trade agreement between the USA and China paltry. Besides, Trump's administration has brought the USA out of two international agreements and will revise all agreements which enter the USA under the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice that doesn't add points to a foreign policy of Trump at all.
Current week inflation of consumer prices of Germany will be the main economic data; comments of members of FRS will be interesting after the inflationary report of the USA on Thursday.
After the intermediate meeting of the ECB on Wednesday leakage of the insider about a probable change of basic policy since 1 January 2019 is possible; the protocol of the ECB on Thursday can be focused on risks for euro, but the impassioned reaction to the publication shouldn't wait. Draghi will be present at a meeting of the IMF and World Bank, spontaneous interviews and comments aren't excluded.
On Thursday we pay attention to the monthly report of OPEC, data on production volumes for September are especially interesting. Efforts of the EU in the rescue of Europe from the anti-Iranian sanctions haven't reached success so far, but after Trump's threats, there were statements for the closed transaction between Saudi Arabia and the Russian Federation about readiness to increase oil production if necessary. There are no details, but growth on the main assets has to slow down.
China enters the market after a Gold week today; abnormal volatility on Asian assets is possible, the liquidity will be low in connection with days off in Japan and the USA. Large banks expect a break of a mark 7,0 on yuan. PMI left positive this morning, trade balance we wait in the morning of Friday.
Technical Analysis EUR/USD
Technical Analysis USD/JPY


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One of the greatest emerging benefits of the cloud is the possibilities it offers in disaster recovery (DR). Some are even calling it cloud's killer app.
It is not an exaggeration to say that it completely changes disaster recovery, turning what was a costly and time consuming function into a simpler and far cheaper one.
In short, DR on the cloud means easier, faster and cheaper recovery of applications with fewer worries about backups and restoring data.
For organisations that have to have strong disaster recovery safeguards, for example retail or financial services businesses, the cloud offers superior disaster recovery for less cost. For those smaller organisations that have not implemented disaster recovery owing to cost, those options are now affordable.
Despite this, cloud-based disaster recovery is still in its infancy. According to a recent survey by SearchStorage.co.uk, only 11% of respondents were using cloud for disaster recovery.
This will change as cloud-based DR offers low hanging fruit just asking to be plucked by CIOs because of its numerous benefits:
- With the infinite storage cloud offers you can stream your data to the cloud and you don't need to plan the amount of space required.
- Larger organisations can do away entirely with their disaster recovery data centres and the activities required to maintain them.
- In a worst-case scenario where your premises are wiped out, you will not have to worry about losing your data stores as they are all off site.
So how do you decide what solution is right for your organisation? There are two well established metrics for conventional IT disaster recovery that serve as a useful guide when working out what sort of service level you require from a cloud-based DR solution:
- Recovery target objective (RTO) – if the system went down, how long would it take to recover?
- Recovery point objective (RPO) – if the system went down, how much data would be lost?
Defining these will help decide what option is most appropriate for your organisation.
Cold, warm and hot solutions
The choice of recovery options depends on the available budget and the degree of downtime the organisation is prepared to accept.
Cold Standby: The secondary node acts as backup to another identical primary system. It will be installed and configured only when the primary node breaks down for the first time. Subsequently, in the case of a failure in the primary, the secondary node is powered on and the data restored before finally starting the failed component. Data from the primary system can be backed up on a storage system and restored on the secondary system as and when required. Recovery time is typically a few hours.
Warm Standby: The software component is installed and available on the secondary node. The secondary node is up and running. In the case of a failure on the primary node, these software components are started on the secondary node. This process is usually automated using a cluster manager. Data is regularly mirrored to secondary system using disk based replication or shared disk. Recovery time is typically a few minutes.
Hot Standby: Software components are installed and available on both primary and secondary nodes. The software components on the secondary system are up but will not process data or requests. Data is mirrored in near real time and both systems will have identical data. Data replication is typically done through the software's capabilities. Expected recovery time is just a few seconds.
Active-Active (Load Balanced): In this method both the primary and secondary systems are active and processing requests in parallel. Data replication happens through software capabilities and would be bi-directional. This generally provides an instantaneous recovery time.
Which option to choose generally comes down to cost, which has always been a key parameter in disaster recovery, but the cloud changes the equation. Whereas you might have had to go with 'cold' in the past, with cloud it is now cost effective to deploy a 'warm' solution. Further, technologies like Amazon Web Services' Pilot Light allow for more cost effective solutions compared to traditional DR datacentres.
Cloud is also blurring the lines between DR and backup. With Azure, for example, you can have much improved RTOs and near instantaneous RPOs at a price not much greater than what you are paying for backup. Microsoft Azure Site Recovery replicates near instantaneously into the cloud. If you do have a failure of either data centre or servers you can rapidly restore that service into operation.
Switching disaster recovery to the cloud is not that difficult or complex and organisations that avoid making the switch are missing a trick.
Disaster recovery used to be painfully expensive and resource intensive. Cloud now allows you to dramatically change that. It is a relatively simple change to make which is why so many leading organisations are getting on and doing it.


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Forum Post: Why willard why?
Posted 11 years ago on Aug. 3, 2012, 9:49 p.m. EST by bensdad
This content is user submitted and not an official statement
When willard ran for MA governor, Democrats insisted that he was not eligable to run because he was not legally a resident of MA for the required number of years. Willard stated that when he ran the olympics (1999-2000) he filed as a resident of both UT & MA.
This was proved to be a LIE.
Another problem for willard (maybe):
The holder of an offshore account must file an IRS disclosure document ( FBAR ) with their taxes to disclose the account. Willards 2010 IRS disclosure documents do NOT include this key document. But more seriously: so many holders of these accounts did not file, the IRS allowed a 2009 amnesty. What if willard did not file these documents in past years - commiting a felony - before he took advantage of the amnesty program?
Willard - is this the real reason why?
Or maybe Harry Reid is right. Willard - is this the real reason why?