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Aechema recurvata is a wonderful and very easy to grow species with a few naturally occurring varieties and many cultivars. It is native to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, where it grows as an epiphyte or on rocks or rocky areas. In cultivation these are very easy plants to grow that thrive on neglect. I grow mine in pots and hanging baskets in a peat and potting bark mix with a low nutrient content. They can also be mounted as long as they are given some medium to root into eg tree fern sections. They like mid to high levels and regular watering. They are also quite hardy, with plants here surviving temps down to 0c easily.
Aechmea recurvata var. recurvata is the most common of the recurvata's. It colors up well during its flowering process, clumps well, and is a very versatile plant.
Pot, hanger and compost available separately.
Customer Reviews
Excellent quality plants, very well packed and in great condition.
Arrived in excellent shape, very healthy and doing well.


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Alexander Heffner on Scoop 08
Download the MP3 (time: 01:14:23)
Alexander Heffner senior at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, was the guest speaker this week at the Berkman Center's Luncheon Series.
He is co-founder and editor-in-chief of Scoop08.com, an online national student newspaper dedicated to coverage of the 2008 presidential election. Heffner discusses how scoop08 is geared towards young adults and represents political ideas across the spectrum. Presently, Scoop08 has a network of several hundred student journalists across the country and abroad, and actively continues to recruit new editors and writers. Runtime: 01:14:23, size: 320×240, 165.4MB, .MOV, H.264 codec
March 11th, 2008

subset: commoncrawl


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Rose Spit Ecological Reserve
Rose Spit Ecological Reserve is located on Haida Gwaii in the traditional territory of the Haida Nation. The ecological reserve was created in 1971 and covers 170 hectares.
Rose Spit Ecological Reserve
Rose Spit Ecological Reserve lies within the boarders of Naikoon Provincial Park and was created to conserve a sandy coastal marine environment and the associated flora and fauna.
This unique spit, the largest of its kind in British Columbia, has been created by sand and gravel deposited by prevailing southeast winter winds and wave action in Hecate Strait.
Large Dunes up to 10 meters high and masses of driftwood accumulate at the high tide line. Driftwood communities, dunes, meadows and forest constitute the four major habitats in the reserve. Several rare plants which are adapted to sandy substrates occur here.
Overview provided by BC Parks


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The name Gautreaux
With her new script face Gautreaux, Victoria Rushton brings the initial 'G' out of hiding.
My grandmother has fantastic cursive handwriting. When she sends me a card with a check in it for my birthday, the card always lays out the formula for how much money I am getting: $20 for being born, and another $1 for every year since. In her cards, she uses quotations in a way that I've come to accept as an artistic interpretation of language. She sends me care packages sometimes, of whatever she has around that she thinks I deserve. Two little porcelain egg-shaped bowls and a toiletry kit from Emirates Airlines. A women's magazine from 1974, unused crochet patterns that had belonged to her mother, Wanda, and some peanut brittle. Most recently, a wooden plaque that said "10 Rules for a Happy Marriage" (that had strangers' names on the back in pencil but my name and my now-husband's name and our to-be anniversary written over them more boldly in her handwriting with white-out) and a little pig that I had once carved for her out of soap, its ears broken off in transit. I don't feel the need to collect many type specimens and lettering samples, but I keep every note, envelope, and label that she's written on for later study. My grandmother's name is Jean G. Woodhouse. Her name was Jean Gautreaux until she was nineteen, when she got married and became Jean G. Livingston, and remained Jean G. Livingston after she divorced. When she got married again, she became Jean G. Woodhouse. She's been divorced again since the year I was born, and she's still Jean G. Woodhouse. I feel a sadness for the transience of her name that I'm not sure she shares. She tells me that her father, Roy Gautreaux, was the only one of his family to spell it with an x, because when he was in the first grade and learning to write his name, the teacher told him his name had an x at the end, so that became how he always wrote it, even on official documents. Very few people are named Gautreaux. About a year into our relationship, the man I love sent me a little present. The package showed up on my office desk, where I never got mail—an unfamiliar return address with an eBay receipt inside. It was a copy of The Script Letter by Tommy Thompson, a book from 1965 with a red cover, a little scuffed with yellowing pages, but its cloth binding keeping everything together just fine. He told me he had a copy of it that he liked to use as a reference when he was doing lettering—and now so do I. A few months ago I was on the phone with my grandmother, telling her about how I was sewing the dress I would wear to the courthouse to get married. She said to me, I couldn't tell how earnestly, "How come you have so many talents and I don't have any?!" She thought for a second, and conceded, "No, that's not true, I'm very good at documenting and organizing." She was a legal secretary from when she became a single mom in the 1970s until she retired six years ago. I remember in third grade being in awe of how fast a typist she was—her long nails going click click click—at a time when it took me twice as long to pick out keys than to write my homework by hand. It took us a little while, but now my grandmother can explain to people what I do for a living. "Victoria makes fonts, like on your computer." She may not say so, but she's still pretty tech-literate, or at least in the ways that suit her purposes. She has an iPhone and an iPad, takes pictures with the former constantly, and sends me (and my mom and sister and an assemblage of other friends and family members) usually at least one but up to several emails every day. They're sometimes chain emails of jokes or a link to a recipe, but most often they're photographs of things she's seen or noted or has in her house, with a date and description in the subject line and little or no other text. They're correspondence meets inventory.
From: Jean G. Woodhouse To: Victoria Rushton Subject: Stacy & Simon Rushton Stacy and Simon Rushton, January 1989. Attachments: Three photos of a gold framed picture of my parents, from slightly different angles.
From: Jean G. Woodhouse To: Victoria Rushton Subject: Rhode Island—"table" June 2015 February 2016 My table was purchased at an antique shop in Rhode Island for $35.00. Brad Romero in New Iberia, LA is refinishing it for $200.00. Attachments: Six photos of a drop-leaf table and a man I do not know.
From: Jean G. Woodhouse To: Victoria Rushton Subject: Amarillos blooming this morning. March 25, 2016 My amarillos blooming today. Attachments: Five close-ups of pink flowers in bright sunlight in front of her orange house.Occasionally there's an entry of the slightly less mundane:
From: Jean G. Woodhouse To: Victoria Rushton Subject: 2017—Courthouse wedding, Baltimore, MD On March 31, 2017 Victoria Rushton and Dai Foldes married at the courthouse in Baltimore, Maryland. Attachments: A photo of a plaque in the lobby that she noticed when we were waiting for the car.Her emails are a searchable record of her life, and all of us who orbit within it, that I happen to be privy to. Between them, my four biological grandparents—and it always takes me a minute to tally this up—have been married seven times and divorced four. Growing up, I joked to my happily married parents that they hadn't inherited the divorce gene, and that I hoped it didn't skip a generation and get passed on to me, as if that were a thing. Getting ready for bed one night and chatting with my fiancé about some finer point of our day at the courthouse, I quipped, "You only get married for the first time once!" "Is that something that people from families with a lot of divorces say?" he asked. "Sure, but it's also just true for everyone," I said. He agreed. I used a couple of pages of The Script Letter as a reference for lettering I did on a Christmas card, which later I fleshed out more and more into a typeface. I remember thinking, "Great, this will be the typeface that I can use to finally explain to my grandmother what a typeface is." I know she prides herself on her handwriting that I like so much, and she points out cursives and script lettering to me. I know she'll like this. I decided to call it Gautreaux, for that reason and because no one seems to have named any software Gautreaux. Plus, I'm glad it has an x, because the x I drew for the typeface is awesome. I have one sister, and I've wondered since I was little if my parents were disappointed to only have daughters who wouldn't carry on the family name. I know in my rational head that they wouldn't trade who we are for anything. But I couldn't ever help but doubt, and carried that incorrect little shard of guilt with me always. When it dawned on me I didn't have to change my name, I was absolutely sure I didn't want to. Weird what kids absorb. It stings to think of my name being folded neatly into an initial between given name and new surname where no one can see it. I, of course, don't speak for anyone else, but I cringe at the thought of overwriting my name that I've had my whole life. Because I'm trying to build a career with that name, it breaks my heart to think of switching so easily to someone else's default. It's mine. It seems easy to disappear if you aren't careful. My now-husband and I didn't have very many redundant possessions when we moved in together, but we were a household with two copies of The Script Letter. We briefly considered selling one, but didn't, and now I kind of like that we still each have one to call our own. I spoke at the Typographics conference last June about the process of making Gautreaux, my first fully-formed connecting script typeface. I stood, bizarrely, on a stage where Abraham Lincoln once delivered a speech. I made people laugh, the crutch I employ to feel some semblance of control when I'm nervous out of my mind. It worked! The second-to-last slide of my presentation was the name Gautreaux, really big, and I told everyone I was naming the font for my grandmother's maiden name. I know how seriously she takes my accomplishments (sometimes I'll neglect to mention them because she'll demand hard copies in the mail), and I want her to know I'm proud to bring something new into the world with the name she had to let go. I texted her a picture of me behind a podium on stage, with the name Gautreaux big behind me. She replied, "Oh my, this is very nice, and, probably the only time my name has ever been in "LIGHTS." Thank you Sweetie, that is special." In classic form, I received it back later attached to an email from her.
From: Jean G. Woodhouse To: Victoria Rushton Subject: Gautreaux name makes it to New York September 24, 2016. Thank you sweetie for sending me this photo. It is one of my prized possessions.And that email, cataloged forever, is one of mine.
Victoria Rushton spends her days drawing type, thinking about people, and doing her best to be eloquent about both. Gautreaux is the third original typeface family she's proud to release.


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Most Americans nowadays can come prepared after some electric stove. Others still choose to prepare within the old time camp style that's within the fire. In lots of ways, it appears such as the meal is much more appreciated when cooked by fire as well as, more often than not it is more enjoyable too. Cooking in your camping trip could be daunting and may take some time and because of this , many people would prefer to throw it within the oven. Cooking off a fire doesn't need to be this way though. It may be fun and is a great experience. Meals on the camping trip are only for planning.
Make certain when going camping to create the necessities for cooking: matches, lighting fluid, spatula, and tongs. In your camping vacation, you need to be aware that nobody wants to complete the bathroom, so the bottom line is aluminum foil, paper plates, and plastic cups. If cooking more than a fire you are able to wrap the pan up, prepare your meals, and remove it when done saving the pan from getting dirty. Another option when cooking on the camping vacation is by using direct heat which means wrapping the food in aluminum foil and holding it within the fire
When choosing meals to prepare for the camping trip listed here are a couple of hints that will help you. Measure needed Ingredients and set in Ziploc bags. Prepare a few of the meals in your own home if at all possible and freeze. Also, make certain to freeze your meat if you don't intend to use fish you catch! Typically the most popular foods to consider camping are eggs, stew, sandwiches, chips, bacon, chicken, salad, hamburger, steaks, baked taters, vegetables, milk, orange juice, sausages, and bread. For just about any food to consider camping that, you'll need sliced up, chop both at home and place in Ziploc bags. Who understood your camping trip might be so simple?
Some camping places have grills where one can grill while you do in your own home. This will make cooking easy. However, if all you've got is really a fire you may still possess some good meals. You can put a pan as well as heat chili or stew within the fire. You are able to prepare any meat should you bring a skillet, however a favorite for a lot of are hotdogs. You may create a great waitress or having a bun, waitress or, along with a stick! Yes a stick. You are able to insert the stick in to the waitress or and prepare it within the fire. Then put the waitress or inside a bun and revel in!
Just know while you take presctiption your camping vacation you may still prepare and eat easily. The food to consider camping could be just like scrumptious because the foods you are making in your own home. Camping journeys are only for enjoying fife and also the outdoors and getting together with your loved ones. Camping journeys don't need to appear millions of miles away any longer. You've all of the tools you'll need for your forthcoming family camping trip.


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Forgotten username or password?
When Lady Bird said "Don't be republican" I really felt that.
Letterboxd is an independent service created by a small team, and we rely mostly on the support of our members to maintain our site and apps. Please consider upgrading to a Pro account—for less than a couple bucks a month, you'll get cool additional features like all-time and annual stats pages (example), the ability to select (and filter by) your favorite streaming services, and no ads!


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Free agency is right around the corner, and we at ESPN Insider decided we'd steal a page from gyms and weight-loss programs everywhere by producing a "before" and "after" snapshot of each franchise. The "before" shot represents what the team looks like heading into what's sure to be a busy offseason for many teams. We'll check in with the "after" shot next spring when the dealin' is done.
As in past renditions of the MLB Future Power Rankings, we've asked three of our top baseball analysts -- Jim Bowden, Keith Law and Buster Olney -- to rank all 30 teams across five different categories (see table) in an attempt to measure how well each team is set up for sustained success over the next five years. Some things have changed drastically since we last did these rankingsback in March -- we're looking at you, Texas Rangers -- while many other things have remained the same (the top three teams remain the top three teams, just in a different order). To show you what's changed, we compare the updated rankings to the March version for each team.
The better your rank in a given category, the more points you get, and the average point scores from the three voters are available in the bar graphs accompanying each team's section, rounded to the nearest integer. We weighted the categories and then gave each team a score on a scale of 1 to 100, with the score representing a team's percentage of total possible points. (For a detailed breakdown of the methodology used for the Future Power Rankings, click here.)
With each team's ranking, you'll also get a take from Buster, Jim and Keith. Buster will give an overview of the franchise's future, Jim will explain the biggest dilemma currently facing the team, and Keith highlights a prospect facing a make-or-break season.
So who's No. 1? Which team did our team of experts think is best equipped for success over the next half-decade? And where does your favorite team rank? It's time to find out.
- 1
Los Angeles Dodgers
The bar graphs reflect the average points given by the voters for each category.
The overview
As Andrew Friedman takes over the organization, he is flush with the dollars and prospects to fill any roster holes. -- Buster Olney
The dilemma
Whether to re-sign Hanley Ramirez is not the Dodgers' biggest dilemma; it's how to clear up their crowded outfield situation. Their preference would be to keep Matt Kemp, Joc Pederson and Yasiel Puig as their starting outfield and try to trade the hefty contracts of Andre Ethier and Carl Crawford (while realizing they'll have to eat some of Ethier's and Crawford's contracts). -- Jim Bowden
New guys
Pitcher Grant Holmes was a top-10 talent in this year's draft but slid out of the top 20, perhaps because of concerns over his height. But he's a polished and physically mature 6-foot right-hander who fills up the strike zone and sits in the low 90s. -- Keith Law


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(This post was created June 3 and updated June 4)
My Facebook and Twitter feeds have been blowing up since Thursday when the Chicago Sun-Times and its affiliated suburban papers laid off more than 20 photographers, leaving only three picture editors to try to craft a visual report from wire photos, from images created by freelancers, and by using pictures made by reporters equipped with iPhones.
I went to school at Northwestern, so the strong images that appeared each day in the Sun-Times, the Tribune and the now-defunct Daily News were a big influence on me as a budding photojournalist. I feel the same pain as fellow Medill grad Vincent LaForet, who was shocked to see the photographers he admired — his mentors — get tossed to the curb.
To their credit, the photographers took it with class. Pulitzer-winner John H. White remained positive about photojournalism in an interview with Howard Kurtz of CNN. Rob Hart started a tumblr to document the sudden change in his professional life, titled "Laid off from the Sun-Times." Displaying an ability to smile under pressure, he has chosen to make all the images for the blog with an iPhone.
What does this mean for readers? Today's front pages both feature strong sports photos. The Sun-Times used a wire photo from Getty, the Trib used an image by veteran sports photojournalist Nuccio DiNuzzo.
The real difference in visual content isn't obvious until a reader gets to local coverage, the kind of stuff the wires don't cover. A simple protest story provides a good example. When Roseland Community Hospital threatened to stop admitting new patients both hospital employees and people from the community made a vocal outcry. In eliminating the photo department, the Sun-Times said it wanted to redirect its resources to into producing video for the Web and planned to train reporters to do this with smartphones. But today's Roseland coverage features no video. [UPDATE: The Sun-Times replaced a smartphone photo with a video Tuesday afternoon. The 54-second video is an excerpt of a statement made by a hospital administrator who is not identified in the video and does not provide any visual coverage of the protest.] The only visual element [on the page as it existed Tuesday morning was] a tiny smartphone photo of a wheelchair-bound protestor. The Tribune story, on the other hand, has strong stills and video made by photojournalist Antonio Perez and edited by Peggy Draver. The Trib has executed exactly the strategy the Sun-Times espouses.
Which story better serves Chicago's readers? Not a tough choice.
Does this mean reporters shouldn't be trained and equipped with smartphones to produce stills, audio and video? Of course not. Coverage will be richer if journalists have a complete toolkit, and the time and knowledge to use it. Writers should be expected to know how to produce video interview highlights and acceptable environmental portraits.
Should all still photos and video be produced by photographers? Of course not. Good assignment editors should be matching photojournalists to the stories that have the greatest visual potential. They should also be sending them to really important stories that are visually challenging. That's the kind of assignment where a professional photojournalist can produce a compelling image while a visually challenged reporter might produce, well, a mundane photo of a protestor sitting in a wheelchair.
Most of the time visual journalists shouldn't complain too loudly about reporters being issued smartphones. Asking a writer to record an interview highlight is much smarter than asking a video journalist to sacrifice a more content rich story to do the same thing.
Given the time and training, can writers produce good visual content? Sure they can, as the Wall Street Journal has shown on its WSJDigitalNetwork, in particular its coverage of Hurricane Sandy.
But eliminating an entire photo department — a photo department deep enough to include a Pulitzer-winner who could have left long ago but chose to stay with the paper — does nothing to benefit readers. It's the kind of bottom line decision that just makes a corporation look self-centered and heartless.
Chicago's readers deserve better treatment. The Sun-Times photo department does, too.


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In the past two years, Greece has fundamentally transformed the roles and responsibilities of its local government authorities. More responsibilities were granted, while the number of municipalities was reduced by 95 per cent. Vasilis Leontitsis argues that these reforms are promising. However, Greece needs to provide additional financial support for its local authorities.
Capodistrias is the name given to a radical reform introduced in Greece in 1997. Callicrates is the name given to a second far-reaching Greek reform, initiated in 2010. These two reforms fundamentally changed the way the Greek local government functions and they attempt to challenge the extreme centralism of the Greek polity.
Capodistrias reduced the number of municipalities from more than 5,800 down to 1,034, while it increased their responsibilities. However, a number of important institutional and financial issues remained unresolved. Callicrates was meant to complete the unfinished reform process started by its predecessor. Its main element was a further reduction in the number of municipalities from 1,034 to 325. It also increased the municipal responsibilities in a number of areas, such as environmental policy, agriculture policy, planning and social policy.
The law held special provisions for the islands. In particular, it followed the principle that all Greek islands, apart from the extremely small ones or the two biggest ones (Crete, Euboea), would constitute one municipality each (one island – one municipality principle). Additionally, more competences were reserved for the island municipalities than their mainland counterparts to account for their geographical peculiarities. Those additional competences were to be transferred progressively. The process is not complete yet and a big chunk of them will be handed over the island local authorities in January 2013. Finally, a financial support scheme, called ELLADA, was to be initiated to help local authorities.
However, the 2010 local government reforms have only been partially successful. The transition from the previous regime to the new one has not been smooth and it is still incomplete. Unsurprisingly, the financial crisis has influenced the reform outcome. The cost-cutting aspects of the reform have been promoted to save money, whereas others that relied on an increase in expenditure have been negatively affected. Consequently, it is obvious that such radical reforms are difficult to fully implement in times of financial and political instability, such as the current period in Greece.
Capodistrias and Callicrates have managed to tackle the extreme fragmentation of Greek local government. Hence, within 15 years the number of municipalities has been reduced by more than 95 per cent. Nevertheless, the new municipalities are still weak and dependent on the central state, since their finances remain precarious. Within two years, as a result of the acute financial crisis the country is facing, municipal revenues have been reduced by approximately 52 per cent. Additionally, the Greek central government still owes local authorities large sums of money from past transfers of competences, while the financial support scheme that was to help the smooth introduction of Callicrates was never initiated due to lack of money.
The result is that Greek municipalities remain financially starved and dependent on the central government. Their responsibilities have been increased, but they find it difficult to exercise them properly. The unconstitutional act of handing over competences without providing the necessary funds to exercise them sufficiently is still practiced by the central government. Obviously, this inhibits the provision of local services and the creation of strong and competitive local government authorities.
My current research is based on a number of interviews from Ministry of the Interior officials and from local government officials and politicians from the islands of Corfu and Rhodes. After the changes that have been recently introduced, the size and status of island local authorities have increased significantly. Rhodes is now the 9th most populous municipality in Greece, while Corfu is the 13th most populous. Evidence from the two islands shows that there are mixed perceptions regarding the policy of one island-one municipality introduced with Callicrates. However, interviewees from both islands unanimously agreed that the law has been "sketchily written", it bears "many institutional problems", it "happened too fast" and that the changes in the initial law came rapidly "the one after the other". Thus, they all recognised that more preparation was needed for the law to be properly debated, drafted and implemented.
Moreover, they acknowledged that it is difficult for the new local government authorities to function in times of deep financial crisis. The lack of the necessary funding does not allow local authorities to provide their citizens with an adequate level of local government services, while it makes planning and investment difficult to materialise.
It is intriguing to note that officials from both Corfu and Rhodes believe that they will be able to exercise the additional competences reserved for the islands. Nevertheless, the big issue is whether the smaller island municipalities will be able to exercise them. The island of Gavdos is an interesting example: It is situated south of Crete and has only 94 inhabitants, according to the 2001 census. It is thus the smallest municipality in the country. It has currently only one permanent employee and in the summertime the mayor has to drive the local bus around the island. It is obvious that it is practically impossible for a significant number of small Greek islands, such as Gavdos, to exercise the extensive competences the new law has reserved for them.
To recap, despite the fact that the acute fragmentation of Greek local government has been tackled, the financial dependency of local authorities remains. There has been a rather shaky start for Callicrates in Greece, especially regarding its financial provisions. The law was hastily drafted and implemented, while it has taken more than a year to clarify. However, the Greek local government is changing and the local authorities are adapting to the new external circumstances. It is important to stress that some authorities are doing better than others. In that sense, the importance of human agency in taking advantage of the reforms should not be underestimated.
Callicrates can only be seen as part of the decentralisation laws that have been implemented in the last 30 years. Despite the fact that the changes were potentially far-reaching, the centralism of the Greek state is still prominent. The institutional break from centralism that some people have envisioned remains incomplete. The Greek polity has decentralised to a certain degree, but it cannot yet compare with most other countries of the European Union. Most of the decisions affecting Corfu or Rhodes are still, directly or indirectly, taken in Athens.
Please read our comments policy before commenting.
Note: This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of EUROPP – European Politics and Policy, nor of the London School of Economics.
Shortened URL for this post: http://bit.ly/KlvN8T
About the Author
Vasilis Leontitsis – LSE Hellenic Observatory
Vasilis Leontitsis joined the LSE Hellenic Observatory as 'National Bank of Greece Research Fellow'. Vasilis holds a PhD from the Department of Politics, University of Sheffield. He has held research and teaching posts at the Universities of Sheffield and Wales and he has also worked for an Expert Consultancy Report for the Technical University of Crete. His research project was entitled 'From "Capodistrias" to "Callicrates": Reforming Greek Local Government'.


text: Hey. When was the last time you changed your passwords? Or checked to see if your email addresses were in a data breach? Firefox offers a check on that for free. Go take care of that right now if you haven't recently. It'll take fifteen minutes. Go. Shoo. Do the thing.


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Using traps in your scripts
Summary: For scripts to be reasonably robust, one of the conditions that should ideally be met is the ability to clean up any temporary logs or processes left lying around from a forceful termination. Another element to consider is when an interrupt from a user is received, what appropriate action should be taken? With the shell built-in trap command and the logger utility, these can help to provide your scripts with more robustness when a script is forcefully terminated. In this article, I will demonstrate ways trap and logger can be used.
When writing scripts, it is good practice to have a controlled exit from your script; this allows for failed conditions within the script processing. Consider a script that copies or replaces certain files in a file system. You could check if each copy completes successfully before moving on to the next task in the script. If issues occur, then the script exits. This allows the system administrator to inspect where the script failed so that immediate action can be taken to back-out the process or take an alternative action in completing the task.
Listing 1 below contains basic conditional code that could achieve this goal. Using a file copy process as an example, a test is carried out to make sure the file run_pj actually exists. If it does, then a copy is carried out to take a backup of the destination file. If the copy is unsuccessful, then the script exits with a message, detailing the error. If the file is not present, then the script exits, as no more processing should be carried out. If the copy was successful, then the new updated file is copied and overwrites the original file. If this is not successful, then the script exits.
Listing 1. Example_replace
#!/bin/bash # proj_dir=/opt/pcake/bin # check file is present if [ ! -f "$proj_dir/run_pj" ] then echo " $proj_dir/run_pj not present...exiting" exit 1 fi # make a backup copy cp -p $proj_dir/run_pj $proj_dir/run_pj.24042011 if [ $? != 0 ] then echo "$proj_dir/run_pj no backup made...exiting" exit 1 fi # copy over updated file if [ ! -f "/opt/dump/rollout/run_pj" ] then echo "/opt/dump/rollout/run_pj not present...exiting" exit 1 fi cp -p /opt/dump/rollout/run_pj $proj_dir/run_pj if [ $? != 0 ] then echo " $proj_dir/run_pj was not copied..exiting" exit 1 fi
In this demonstration, I am using bash v3.2. The bash shell can be downloaded from the AIX Toolbox, see the Resources section.
Using the approach in Listing 1, the script exits if there is any error in the copy process, thus not allowing the script to carry on processing if there is an error. Clearly, any error would be fixed before the script is run again.
Another technique to check for errors and exit is to use the set option:
set -e
With the set option: -e, if a command fails (that is, it returns a non-zero exit status), the script exits (unless it is part of a iteration, &&, || command). The example shown in Listing 2 below, copies a non-existent file. The
set -e option is used. If the copy command fails, the script exits. Notice that when you run the command, the if statement for the last exit status is never reached because the script exits upon a non-zero return status of the
cp command.
Listing 2. Example_fail
#!/bin/bash set -e proj_dir=/opt/rollout/v12 # copy a non-existent file cp $proj_dir/go_sup /usr/local/bin/go_sup if [ $? != 0 ] then echo "could not copy $proj_dir/go_sup to /usr/local/bin/" exit 1 fi $ cp_test cp: /opt/rollout/v12/go_sup: A file or directory in the path name does not exist.
Generating syslog messages
Using the
logger command allows the shell and scripts to write messages to the system messages file via the
syslogdservice. This can be used within a script to log errors or on completions of your processes so that is viewable by all who interrogate the messages file. Thus keeping you and other system administrators informed of events that have been generated from your scripts.
The most basic format of the command is:
logger -p priority message
Where -p is the priority or facility level contained within syslog.
For example, the following logger command contains the calling script name ("rollout" in this example) with the message
something has happened.
logger -p notice "$(basename $0) - something has happened"
The the following output appears in /var/adm/messages:
Apr 5 13:20:30 uk01wrs6008 user:notice dxtans: rollout - something has happened
Getting a signal
The two examples contained in Listing 1 and Listing 2 shows one way that checking post command execution can be carried out. However, what happens if a script gets terminated during its execution? Scripts can be killed or terminated using the signal mechanism (note that not all signals sent are terminal). A signal that is sent to a running process interrupts that process to force some sort of event, typically some action. Signals can come from, but not restricted to:
- The kernel or user space via some system event.
- The actual process itself via the keyboard (Ctrl-C).
- An illegal instruction from within the process.
- Another process via another user sending a kill to your process.
- Notification via a notification of the state of a required device.
To view the current list of signals, use kill -l (the letter l) command. The list is presented in the form (signal number, signal name):
$ kill -l 1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL 5) SIGTRAP 6) SIGABRT 7) SIGEMT 8) SIGFPE 9)SIGKILL 10) SIGBUS 11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGSYS ….... …....
To view the signals and their default actions (on an AIX machine), view the file:
$ cat /usr/include/sys/signal.h|more ….. ….. #define SIGHUP 1 /* hangup, generated when terminal disconnects */ #define SIGINT 2 /* interrupt, generated from terminal special char */ #define SIGQUIT 3 /* (*) quit, generated from terminal special char */ #define SIGILL 4 /* (*) illegal instruction (not reset when caught)*/ #define SIGTRAP 5 /* (*) trace trap (not reset when caught) */ #define SIGABRT 6 /* (*) abort process */ ….. …..
I have received a signal. Now what?
When a signal has been received by the script, the script can do one of three actions:
- Ignore it and do nothing. This is probably what most scripts do without the script authors realising it.
- Catch the signal using trap and take appropriate action.
- Take the default action.
All the above is true except for the following signals:
SIGKILL (signal 9)
SIGSTOP (signal 17)
SIGCONT (signal 19)
These cannot be caught and always uses the default action.
SIGKILL always kills the process. Looking at the listing from the
/usr/include/sys/signal.h file, we see the default action for each signal. For instance,
SIGINT (signal 2) is an interrupt generated from the terminal; typically, this is the keyboard. Each defined system signal has a different action. There are also two user defined signals:
SIGUSR1 (signal 30) and
SIGUSR2 (signal 31).
It is up to the author of the script to take what action is required if any, if a signal is received.
These can be used by the script author to do bespoke signals. Be sure to view the
signal.h file for all the default actions.
Common signals are:
SIGHUP- hangup or exit a foreground running process from a terminal
SIGINT- Ctrl-C from the keyboard
SIGQUIT- Ctrl-\ from the keyboard
SIGTERM- software termination signal
When receiving a signal, actions that can take place are:
- cleaning up files
- prompting the users if the script should be actually terminated
- ignoring the actual signal
- carry on processing
Catching a signal
To catch a signal that is sent to your process, use the built-in trap command. When a signal is caught, the current command being executed attempts to complete before the trap command takes over. If it is a
SIGKILL, then termination is immediate. If you ignore certain signals, the default action always take place. For example, if you only trap for
SIGINT but do nothing about
SIGQUIT, then if your process gets a
SIGQUIT, the default action takes place (most likely an untidy termination of your script, which you probably do not want).
The format of the trap command is:
trap 'command_list' signals
command_list is a list of commands, which can include a function to run upon receiving a signal contained in the signals list. And,
signals is a list of signals to catch or trap.
To ignore a signal, use two single quotes in place of the command_list:
trap '' signals
To reset a trap use:
trap - signals
signals is the signal list.
Lets now look at a bare bones script that catches
SIGINT and
SIGQUIT. The script contained in Listing 3 below is a counter iteration script. When the user hits Ctrl-C or Ctrl-\ on the keyboard, the trap command traps the signal, and echoes a message that the script has terminated. The termination is accomplished by using the exit command at the end of the command list. If this is not done, the script does not terminate and continues processing. In this example, we want it to terminate. There may be occasions when this would not be the case and processing should continue.
Listing 3. Trap1
#!/bin/bash # trap1 trap 'echo you hit Ctrl-C/Ctrl-\, now exiting..; exit' SIGINT SIGQUIT count=0 while : do sleep 1 count=$(expr $count + 1) echo $count done $ trap1 1 2 3 ^Cyou hit Ctrl-C/Ctrl-\, now exiting..
It is considered good form that you use the signal names and not the signal numbers within the trap command. This is for portability reasons across other systems.
You can also use a function in place of the command as demonstrated in Listing 4 below:
Listing 4. Trap1a
#!/bin/bash # trap1a trap 'my_exit; exit' SIGINT SIGQUIT count=0 my_exit() { echo "you hit Ctrl-C/Ctrl-\, now exiting.." # cleanp commands here if any } while : do sleep 1 count=$(expr $count + 1) echo $count done
Signals can also be caught, when a script is running in the background. Listing 5 below, contains a simple counter as in the previous examples. In the following example, I have again chosen to exit the script upon catching the signal. If this was a file processing script, temporary files created would be deleted first.
The script is submitted into the background using:
$ /home/dxtans/trapbg & [1] 708790 $ 1 2 3
Now from another terminal, send a signal
SIGHUP to kill it.
$ ps -ef |grep trapbg dxtans 708790 2457860 11:49:39 pts/0 0:00 /bin/bash /home/dxtans/trapbg $ kill -1 708790
Now back on the terminal where the script was submitted, the following is displayed:
$ /home/dxtans/trapbg & [1] 708790 $ 1 2 3 Going down on a SIGHUP - signal 1, now exiting.. [1]+ Done /home/dxtans/trapbg<
Listing 5. trapbg
#!/bin/bash # trapbg trap 'echo Going down on a SIGHUP - signal 1, now exiting..; exit' SIGHUP count=0 while : do sleep 10 count=$(expr $count + 1) echo $count done
The most common tasks when dealing with signals is to clean up temporary files. Typically, these are created with the PID (the script process pid) that are appended to the user created files in
/tmp. Assume the temp files are in this form:
hold1.$$ hold2.$$
A common command to remove these files is:
rm /tmp/hold*.$$
The following piece of code traps for SIGNHUP SIGINT SIGQUIT SIGTERM then remove the files:
trap 'rm /tmp/hold*.$$; exit' SIGNHUP SIGINT SIGQUIT SIGTERM
Earlier in this article, I demonstrated that using
set -e causes a script to terminate upon an occurrence on a non-zero exit status from a command. Within trap, you have a similar option; it is not really a signal as such but is based on
set -e as if it was invoked. It traps a non-zero exit status from a command, using the
ERR variable. The
ERR goes with the signal list within the trap command. In the following example, a non-existent file is copied, which invokes an error:
#!/bin/bash # trap1b trap 'echo I have error in my script..' ERR cp /home/dxtans/afile /tmp
When executed, the output is:
$ trap1b cp: /home/dxtans/afile: A file or directory in the path name does not exist. I have error in my script.
There are two variables that come in handy when dealing with traps to give you more information on the script termination,
LINENO and
BASH_COMMAND. The
BASH_COMAMND is exclusive to bash. These report, or attempt to report, the line number that the script is currently executing, and also the current command that is running. The following example, Listing 6 below, demonstrates this. The script executes a list of echo and sleep commands. When the script is sent either a
SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGQUIT, the script terminates. A message displays containing the line number and command when the trap was caught; the script then exits (from the exit command on the trap command list). Notice that the trap calls the function my_exit to display the information. By parsing the parameters $1 (
LINENO) and $2 (
BASH_COMMAND), it also logs a message to
/var/adm/messages of the event. Other clean up commands would be put in this function, if required.
Listing 6. trap4
#!/bin/bash # trap4 trap 'my_exit $LINENO $BASH_COMMAND; exit' SIGHUP SIGINT SIGQUIT my_exit() { echo "$(basename $0) caught error on line : $1 command was: $2" logger -p notice "script: $(basename $0) was terminated: line: $1, command was $2" # cleanp commands here if any } echo 1 sleep 1 echo 2 sleep 1 echo 3
Running this script a couple of times, and then interrupting at different intervals, produces the following output.
$ trap4 1 2 ^Ctrap4 caught error on line : 15 command was: sleep $ trap4 1 ^Ctrap4 caught error on line : 13 command was: sleep
In /var/adm/messages, we have an entry for the script termination:
Apr 6 12:12:46 rs6000 user:notice dxtans: script: trap4 was terminated: line: 13, command was sleep
There are occasions when you will want to ignore certain signals. Perhaps you wish to prevent someone hitting Ctrl-C or Ctrl-\ on the keyboard by mistake when your script is doing some processing on large files, and you wish it to complete, without user interruption. The following segment of code achieves this:
trap '' SIGINT SIGQUIT
You can also ignore certain signals during a portion of your script, then re-instate them later on when you do wish to catch the signals so you can take some form of action. The script contained in Listing 7 below ignores the signals SIGINT and SIGQUIT until after the sleep command has finished. Then when the next sleep command starts, trap takes action if the signals are sent and terminates. As in the previous examples, you can assume the sleep commands represent some form of processing.
Listing 7. trapoff_on
#!/bin/bash # trapoff_on trap '' SIGINT SIGQUIT echo "you cannot terminate using ctrl-c or ctrl-\, " # heavy pressing go on here, cannot interrupt ! sleep 10 trap 'echo terminated; exit' SIGINT SIGQUIT # user can now interrupt echo "ok you can now terminate me using those keystrokes" sleep 10
Sending a signal to a child
Scripts that contain child processes also need to be addressed. Assuming you wish to terminate any child processes, you need to kill these as well. This is accomplished using the trap command as demonstrated in Listing 8 below. In this example, two sleep commands are used as the child processes. These are put into the background; as each process is run, the PID of the process is placed into the variable:
$pid. This variable holds the two PIDS of the child (sleep) processes.
To kill the main script, either a
SIGHUP,SIGINT,SIGQUIT or
SIGTERM is sent. Upon catching this signal, a kill command is issued to the PID of the child processes contained in the variable
$pid. Once completed, the script exits. The wait at the end of the script will wait for the child processes to terminate or complete. Further signal traps may be required that would be contained within the child scripts to do further cleaning up before exit. Clearly, this depends on your type of processing.
The following example kills the children when the parent is sent one of the signals.
Listing 8. trapchild
#!/bin/bash # trapchild sleep 120 & pid="$!" sleep 120 & pid="$pid $!" echo "my process pid is: $$" echo "my child pid list is: $pid" trap 'echo I am going down, so killing off my processes..; kill $pid; exit' SIGHUP SIGINT SIGQUIT SIGTERM wait
Upon execution of the script, the following displays:
$ /home/dxtans/trap/trapchild my process pid is: 6553626 my child pid list is: 5767380 6488072
Check from the terminal that the processes are running, along with the child processes (the two sleep commands).
$ ps -ef |grep trapchild root 6553626 5439516 0 20:51:32 pts/1 0:00 /bin/bash /home/dxtans/trap/trapchild $ ps -ef |grep sleep root 5767380 6553626 0 20:51:32 pts/1 0:00 sleep 120 root 6488072 6553626 0 20:51:32 pts/1 0:00 sleep 120
Let's now send a
SIGTERM to the parent process. The script terminates and terminates the child processes.
$ kill -15 6553626
The script then terminates with the following output:
$ /home/dxtans/trap/trapchild my process pid is: 6553626 my child pid list is: 5767380 6488072 I am going down, so killing off my processes..
Check that nothing is returned after the termination:
# ps -ef |grep sleep
Using traps within your scripts requires a little extra effort. The result can be that when a trappable signal is inbound to your script, you will be in a good position to take action.


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A New Coming Soon
I had to give you all some eye candy for the day since I'm not doing a poem or anything today. Didn't have time to write one over the weekend. 🙂 Finished up the second round of edits on High Line and worked on two blurbs for two Loose-Id books I have coming out next year. One you know about…Dreaming of Dragons. The other one is the next announcement I have…lol.
So I'll be finishing it up in the next couple of weeks along with His Heart's Home. I also got the first scenes or so of my third Sports book, Defensive Line. (That title came to me last night and I couldn't believe how fitting it was for the story.) DL is going to be about an injured football star and Jess, the waiter you heard about in Out of Bounds and will get another glimpse of in High Line. Turst me, there's a lot going on in this story, but I'm hoping it'll work out in the end. 🙂
I have a couple other stories I'll be working on as well, but once Ghost is finished, I'll focus all of my attention on HHH to get that one done by the end of the year. 🙂
I hope you all have a great Monday. It's cold here and there's snow on the ground. Yuck!
7 Responses "A New Coming Soon"
Yeah, TA!
Love the 'Defensive Line' title. Shivers up my spine…so good.
Glad to hear all your news and now your gonna have to write like a little bunny!
Woohoo! Congrats, TA!
Weeeeeeeeeeeee! Congrats! You're definitely on a roll! Can't wait for the next book! 🙂
You are a busy busy guy! I can not wait for HHH that is my favorite series! Love those books although I really do love them all.
Have a good day and I hope the snow is not too bad. YUCK!
Oh and the man candy rocks! No complaints.
Congrats on the new story, Ghost of a Chance is good title, so is Defensive Line. I'm a huge football fan and can't wait for this one.
It's snowing a bit here as well so I sympathize. Take care.
And you took all that time to post this? Shouldn't you be writing?
Heehee. Just kidding. Congrats on all of your great news! Have a great day TA.
Congrats on Ghost of a Chance-love the title! as well as Defensive Line!
I can't wait for HHH.
Enjoy your Monday too, TA 🙂


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I really like The Rockwell Film Simulation Recipe, but sometimes it's just a hair too much for me. I decided to create a new yet similar recipe that just tones it down a tad. Don't get me wrong: this new recipe is still wild with vivid colors and definitely not for every situation or even every photographer. It will produce similar results to The Rockwell recipe, but (by a small margin) just a little more soft and tame.
This new "Vibrant Velvia" recipe is for when you want colors to pop. It's a vibrant recipe for bold pictures. While it's very colorful, it has low contrast, so it works especially well on sunny days, but I also had good luck with it in grey overcast conditions and in the shade. It's not well suited for portraits or artificial light; instead, use it outdoors for colorful landscape photography. While I didn't try to mimic Velvia film specifically, the results do remind me a little of Velvia 50 slides as viewed through a projector, although that is an impression ("memory color"), and not anything I studied specifically for this recipe.
The "Vibrant Velvia" recipe is compatible with the Fujifilm X-Pro3, X100V, X-T4, X-S10, X-E4, and X-T30 II cameras. Because it uses Clarity and Color Chrome FX Blue, it isn't compatible with the X-T3 and X-T30—try the Velvia v2 recipe on those cameras, which is fairly similar. Those with newer GFX cameras can try this recipe, too, although the results will be very slightly different.
Dynamic Range: DR400
Highlight: -2
Shadow: -1
Color: +4
Noise Reduction: -4
Sharpness: 0
Clarity: +4
Grain Effect: Weak, Small
Color Chrome Effect: Strong
Color Chrome Effect Blue: Strong
White Balance: Daylight, -1 Red & +1 Blue
ISO: Auto, up to ISO 6400
Exposure Compensation: +2/3 to +1 (typically)
Example photographs, all camera-made JPEGs using this "Vibrant Velvia" Film Simulation Recipe on a Fujifilm X-E4:
Find this Film Simulation Recipes and over 200 more on the Fuji X Weekly — Film Recipes App!
Help Fuji X Weekly
Nobody pays me to write the content found on fujixweekly.com. There's a real cost to operating and maintaining this site, not to mention all the time that I pour into it. If you appreciated this article, please consider making a one-time gift contribution. Thank you!


text:
Thursday 2nd February (the same workshop held twice)
5.30-7.00pm and
5.30-7.00pm and
– Union Street co-working space
Address is Union Street Co-working, 18-20 Union Street, Sheffield S1 2JP (opposite 'Howden House' council office)
This time we'll be learning about growing hardy peas – as usual you'll get some to plant and take with you.
We'll also be looking towards the upcoming growing season with planning what to grow this year.
Feel free to bring photos/sketches of your growing spaces for tailored tips
This a pay-as-you-feel event (suggestion £5-7)
Here's the facebook event pages:
5.30 start https://www.facebook.com/
5.30 start https://www.facebook.com/
(If you use facebook, please register your interest for just one so I can get an idea of numbers for each)
Hope to see you there!


text:
Edition of 50
104x144mm 208 pages
Munken Pure Rough 90 gsm
A re-print of the classic out door survival guide. There is no better way to enjoy the outdoors than through the eyes of one of the founders of our way of appreciating the "great outdoors", Nessmuk.
Publication available in our (online) store.


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How the Ouija Board Got Its Sinister Reputation
By now, most have vague notions of the Ouija board horror narrative, in which demonic spirits communicate with – even possess – kids. Director Mike Flanagan furthers this trope in his new film ' Ouija: Origin of Evil.' Set in 1967, a widow and her daughters earn a living scamming clients seeking to contact dead loved ones. The family business is relatively harmless until the youngest daughter discovers an old Ouija board, attempts to contact her deceased father and instead becomes possessed by evil spirits.
The Ouija Board Didn't Always Have a Sinister Reputation
In fact, the Ouija board developed out of Spiritualism, a 19th-century movement known for its optimistic views about the future and the afterlife. As Spiritualism's popularity waned, the Ouija board emerged as a popular parlor game; it was only in the 20th century that the Catholic Church and the horror movie industry rebranded the game as a doorway to the demonic.
Spiritualist Origins
The Spiritualist movement is often said to have begun in Hydesville, New York in 1848 when two sisters, Kate and Maggie Fox, reported hearing a series of mysterious raps in their tiny home. No one could discern where the raps were coming from and they manifested in other houses the sisters visited. With no apparent source, the raps were attributed to spirits and they appeared to respond to the sisters' questions.
The Fox sisters became overnight celebrities and Spiritualism, a religious movement based on communicating with the dead, was born. Spiritualism spread across the Atlantic and into South America, but its popularity surged in the wake of the Civil War. The bloodiest war in American history had left many grieving families longing for ways to speak with their lost loved ones and many sought comfort from spirit 'mediums' – people like the Fox sisters who could allegedly talk to the dead. In 1893 Spiritualism became an official religious denomination and in 1897 The New York Times reported that Spiritualism had eight million followers worldwide.
Spiritualism was equated by some Christians with witchcraft. This 1865 broadsheet, published in the United States, also blamed spiritualism for causing the American Civil War. (Anthon.Eff / Public Domain)
From the start, Christian critics claimed Spiritualism was just thinly disguised witchcraft. But Spiritualists were rarely dark or morbid. Spiritualist writer Andrew Jackson Davis even challenged the very idea of hell, asserting that all spirits can enter a blissful 'Summerland' in the afterlife. Spiritualists also supported progressive causes including abolition, temperance, and women's suffrage.
Communicating With the Spirit World
In their heyday, the Spiritualists developed numerous techniques and devices for talking to the dead. Early Spiritualists engaged in a practice called 'alphabet calling,' in which someone rattled off the alphabet until the spirit rapped to indicate a specific letter. This labored method created a demand for more efficient ways of communicating with the dead.
Some mediums engaged in 'automatic writing.' The medium would enter a trance state and allow the spirits to guide their hand as they wrote messages (a phenomenon that's also featured in the film). French Spiritualist Allan Kardec reported that during an 1853 séance (literally 'a sitting' or session talking to spirits), the spirits suggested that the participants stick a pencil through an upside-down basket. This allowed everyone to place their hands on the basket to help the spirits guide the pencil across the paper. The basket evolved into a device called a planchette (from the French planche, meaning board).
- Be Careful What You Wish For: Ouija Boards Unraveled
- The Exorcism Of Marthe Brossier: The First Exorcism With Scientific Controls
- Out with the Ouija Board! How the Popular Divining Tool Influenced A Modern Murder Case
An 1853 song titled 'Spirit Rappings' sought to capitalize on the growing popularity of Spiritualism in the 19th century. (Ras67 / Public Domain)
By 1886, Spiritualists had developed the planchette further. The pencils were discarded and the planchette was paired with a board with the alphabet written on it. There were numerous models of these 'talking boards.' Brandon Hodge is the foremost historian of these automatic writing devices, with a private collection of over 200 planchettes, as well as talking boards and other séance apparatus.
The design that most Americans know today was patented by the Kennard Novelty Company in 1891. Helen Peters, a sister-in-law of one of the company's founders, asked the board what it should be named and received the cryptic answer 'Ouija.' In 1882, William Fuld became supervisor of the company. Fuld made a fortune on the Ouija board and opened several new factories. Eerily, he died in 1927 when he fell from the roof of a factory, he claimed the board had instructed him to build.
From Parlor Game to Portal Into Hell
By the 20th century, Spiritualism's popularity had begun to wane, partly due to the work of frauds.
While most mediums claimed subjective experiences of spirits during trance states, so-called 'physical mediums' engaged in increasingly elaborate chicanery to convince audiences they were having a genuine encounter with the supernatural. Some of these tricks, such as concealing children inside cabinets where they could make noises or move objects are depicted in Flanagan's film. In the 1940s, the National Association of Spiritualism banned physical mediumship. But by then the damage had been done. Most people thought you were a sucker if you believed you could talk to the dead.
Some believed the Ouija Board was a portal to hell. (alison1414 / Adobe)
The Ouija board was generally regarded as a parlor game with little connection to the occult. But during World War I, the Ouija board's popularity spiked, especially on college campuses. Folklorist Bill Ellis reports that by 1920, one professor had declared it "a serious national menace."
Meanwhile, many American Catholics who already prayed to the saints had been attracted to Spiritualism. Church authorities moved quickly to counter this.
J. Godfrey Raupert was a 'psychic investigator' who hoped to scientifically 'prove' Spiritualism before he converted to Catholicism and renounced it. Pope Pius X commissioned Raupert to warn Catholics about the Ouija board. In 1919 he published a book called 'The New Black Magic and the Truth About the Ouija Board.'
"For more reasons than one," Raupert inveighed, "the board should not be tolerated in any Christian household or placed within the reach of the young."
Despite such warnings, sales continued to grow. They peaked during 1960s, when boosted by counterculture and popular interest in the occult, the Ouija board outsold Monopoly.
Woman spiritualists communicating with ghosts through spiritual board. (Couperfield / Adobe)
But it was William Peter Blatty's 1971 novel 'The Exorcist' – together with its 1973 film adaptation – that cemented the Ouija board's sinister reputation in the popular imagination. Blatty based his story on an actual case of an allegedly possessed boy that occurred in Maryland in 1949. According to a 'diary' seen by Jesuit priests Blatty met at Georgetown University, the boy had been introduced to the Ouija board by an aunt who was interested in Spiritualism; the first signs of the boy's possession began shortly after the aunt died. Blatty's story took these details and filled in the gaps.
The result was a national obsession with exorcism and the demonic.
'Ouija: Origin of Evil' pays homage to the film adaptation of 'The Exorcist.' The trailer shows a young girl in the so-called 'hysterical arch,' recalling the famous contortions in the film. This pose was first popularized by early French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, who photographed women in 'hysteria' and suggested this condition was the true cause of demonic possession.
Paradoxically, this demonic reputation only enhanced the Ouija board's popularity with adolescents. The board wasn't just a way to talk to a dead relative; it also became a way to conjure up dark forces and dismiss them from the safety of one's basement. Ellis suggests that as a window to the demonic, the Ouija board allows teenagers to "participate directly in myth." In this sense, it's a quasi-religious experience, in which the board conjures up a demonic 'anti-world' that brave adolescents can challenge and reject.
Meanwhile, thrill-seekers who don't want to get so personal with the demonic can simply watch the movie.
Top image: Ouija Board - talking board and planchette used on seances for communicating with the dead. Source: fergregory / Adobe.
The article 'How the Ouija board got its sinister reputation' by Joseph P. Laycock was originally published on The Conversation and has been republished under a Creative Commons license.


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Article Title
Note on Lepidoptera from Bulgarian caves
This paper is a report on Lepidoptera collected in 1960 and 1970 in some caves of the Lakatnik region in the Stara Planina Mts. (Bulgaria). The following species were found: Digitivalva granitella (Tr.), D. pulicariae (Klim.), Thiphosa sabaudiata Dup. and Autophila limbata Stgr. Two species, D. pulicariae (Klim.) and A. limbata Stgr. are new for the cave-fauna and fauna of Bulgaria.
Recommended Citation
Skalski, Andrzej W..
Note on Lepidoptera from Bulgarian caves.
International Journal of Speleology,
4: 87-95.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ijs/vol4/iss1/12


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I've been thinking more about Web 2.0 Personality Types as I read bloggers who are wondering whether it's right for them to use Facebook, start a Corporate Blog, or do some other Web 2.0 thing. If you subscribe to the Web 2.0 Personality Type theory, you need to cast a wide net lest you miss an entire audience with a particular Personality Type. I've written about several recent examples where companies are casting broad nets across multiple Web 2.0 Personality Spaces:
- FlickR Stakes Out More Web 2.0 Personality Space: Spock is also mentioned in this post.
- Twitter and Fred Thompson Leverage Web 2.0
- Dell Touches the Web 2.0 Personality Spaces
To fully leverage Web 2.0 communication and collaboration you have to hit as much of the Web 2.0 pesonality Space as possible. In this post I want to put a little more color into what each of the various personality styles is looking for:
Interrupted | Deferred: Needs motion to attract their attention like Jurassic Park's TRex | Wants time to digest a relatively static scene
Fast changing information drives the interrupted audience. These folks are extreme extroverts who have to be interacting with people all the time. Who wouldn't wnat the Interrupted/Extrovert audience on their side? Give them capabilities like Twitter, things that change constantly on your web page, and information feeds that "push" rather than forcing these individuals to "pull" are important. Make sure that your blogs and other content have lots of buttons to enable feeds to the Interrupted Viewer's mind space. With so much information coming at them, you need to be concerned that an Interrupted Viewer can lose interest in your offerings very easily if you don't feed them a lot of change. In terms of initiating direct contact, the Interrupted Viewer wants it now and they expect you to be receptive now as well. Provide them avenues to inject their responses as immediately as possible so that InterruptedParticipator's are not put off. Interrupted Viewers are easy to catch once, but they are the hardest to keep loyal.
Examples for the Interrupted audience: Twitter, Data Feeds, Blackberry, Phone Text Messages, Web Cams, Skype, Push a button and chat with or be called by a Sales or Support person.
The Deferred Viewer feels too much change equals too much distraction. It forces an audience that may be introverted to play along too much rather than sitting back comfortably to watch. It drives them away. If you put gadgets on your page that change constantly, keep them relatively small and unobtrusive. Make it easy to turn them off. The Deferred Viewer wants to "pull" their information. Perhaps it helps them to feel more in control, or at least to feel like they manage their time more effectively. Deferred Viewers want to initiative contact on their own terms. Make them do as little as possible on a single focus and let them choose what they want to do and when they want to do it. These are the hardest Viewers to capture as a repeat audience, but once you do, they will be the most loyal.
Examples for the Deferred audience: Search, Blogs, E-Mail, Forums, Wikis, Maps, Photo Galleries, and Videos.
Text | Video/Multimedia: Prefers written words | Loves videos and other rich media
Text Viewers are verbal thinkers. Feed them crisp clear prose that is well written. Keep the UI as simple as possible. Prefer textual menus and labels on buttons.
Examples for the Text Audience: Google UI. Blogs. E-Mail. White Papers.
Multimedia Viewers are visual thinkers. Feed them tons of images. Communicate ideas visually. Avoid giant pages of text unbroken by any imagery. Consider video. Rich user interfaces are welcome. Icons are welcome.
Examples for the Rich Multimedia Audience: Images. Data Visualizers. Mind Maps. Video. Rich UI.
Free Form | Structured: Thrives on chaos | Prefers structure
The FreeFormer wants to view the trees without being burdened with the Forest. Don't force their thinking into a rut you have chosen. Let them see what you're offering from a holistic perspective. FreeFormers are Intuitive thinkers. Focus on things that feel good.
FreeForm Examples: Keyword Search is completely free-form. Don't overly control how they express themselves: MySpace is more FreeForm than Facebook. Start from a conclusion and tell why it is good.
The Structured Thinker wants to understand how the trees fit together to make a forest. The best thing you can give them is a new structure for how to fit the ideas you're tossing them together. Let them see what you are offering as components to be re-combined into structures you've provided as well as structures of their own choosing. The Structured crowd are more likely to be Rational thinkers. Focus on things that make sense and are logical.
Structured Examples: Wikis, Timelines, Threads/Forums, and any other mechanism for imposing structure. Prefer tables over more abstract diagrams. Prefer outlines over boxes and arrows. Start from component parts and assemble them into a conclusion.
Watcher | Participator/Shaper: Likes to watch | Driven to participate
The Watcher wants to take input and new messages on their own time. They may do this because they're more introverted, or because they cannot afford to allow your messaging to derail more urgent priorities (i.e. they are very busy). To win the Watcher over you must keep their interest. Get your best ideas out in front of the Watcher. If you surprise them with an idea they love and hadn't heard elsewhere, you've won them over.
Watcher Examples: Blogs, Newsfeeds, Social Bookmarking
The Participator/Shaper insists on adding their 2 cents. They crave opportunities to collaborate with you and to influence your direction. If they are extroverted, they do it for the contact. If they are introverted, they do it because they're captivated by your idea and want to participate in its energy. To win the Participator over, you must show some willingness to let them participate in implementing or shaping your vision. Give the Participator a role to play. Don't fill in all the blanks. Ask for their help.
Participator Examples: Wikis they can contribute to, Forums instead of Blogs, Blogs with lively commenting. Kyte, because they can watch the video and then discuss it with others. Crowdsourcing is ideal for Participators.
Putting it All Together
We've seen how to attract the attention of the various personality types. Consider how these types interact in combinations as well:
– InterruptedRichMediaParticipators will want you to be able to stop everything and communicate with them in rich media. Push a button and get a Skype connection to a live person at your end, for example.
– DeferredWrittenWatchers will likely want to restrict two way communication to e-mail or perhaps blog comments or forum threads. They will often seem to be ignoring your messaging unless you can somehow make responding imperative without annoying them. Anything more forward will seem too jarring to them.
It's possible you can infer that most of the audience you are reaching fall into a particular type. This is usually only a possibility if you're targeting a fairly narrow niche. Failing that, you need to decide whether to try to cover as much Style Space as possible, or to focus on being really really great on a particular set of styles that reach a large enough audience. Sometimes its hard to crossover to a new Medium. Stephen Spielberg makes great movies, but I'm not sure he can write a best-selling novel as well as John Grisham.
Most successes will be born of starting with a focus and then broadening the footprint over time.
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The thing is, I really wasn't expecting her to go. Because when you're ten years old and getting ready for bed, on a night that's just like any other night, no darker or starrier or more silent or more full of smells than usual, with the familiar sound of the muezzins calling the faithful to prayer from the tops of the minarets just like anywhere else … no, when you're ten years old – I say ten, although I'm not entirely sure when I was born, because there's no registry office or anything like that in Ghazni province – like I said, when you're ten years old, and your mother, before putting you to bed, takes your head and holds it against her breast for a long time, longer than usual, and says, There are three things you must never do in your life, Enaiat jan, for any reason … The first is use drugs. Some of them taste good and smell good and they whisper in your ear that they'll make you feel better than you could ever feel without them. Don't believe them. Promise me you won't do it.
I promise.
The second is use weapons. Even if someone hurts your feelings or damages your memories, or insults God, the earth or men, promise me you'll never pick up a gun, or a knife, or a stone, or even the wooden ladle we use for making qhorma palaw, if that ladle can be used to hurt someone. Promise.
I promise.
The third is cheat or steal. What's yours belongs to you, what isn't doesn't. You can earn the money you need by working, even if the work is hard. You must never cheat anyone, Enaiat jan, all right? You must be hospitable and tolerant to everyone. Promise me you'll do that.
I promise.
Anyway, even when your mother says things like that and then, still stroking your neck, looks up at the window and starts talking about dreams, dreams like the moon, which at night is so bright you can see to eat by, and about wishes – how you must always have a wish in front of your eyes, like a donkey with a carrot, and how it's in trying to satisfy our wishes that we find the strength to pick ourselves up, and if you hold a wish up high, any wish, just in front of your forehead, then life will always be worth living – well, even when your mother, as she helps you get to sleep, says all these things in a strange, low voice as warming as embers, and fills the silence with words, this woman who's always been so sharp, so quick-witted in dealing with life … even at a time like that, it doesn't occur to you that what she's really saying is, Khoda negahdar, goodbye.
Just like that.
When I opened my eyes in the morning, I had a good stretch to wake myself up, then reached over to my right, feeling for the comforting presence of my mother's body. The reassuring smell of her skin always said to me, Wake up, get out of bed, come on … But my hand felt nothing, only the white cotton between my fingers. I pulled it towards me. I turned over, with my eyes wide open. I propped myself on my elbows and tried calling out, Mother. But she didn't reply and no one replied in her place. She wasn't on the mattress, she wasn't in the room where we had slept, which was still warm with bodies tossing and turning in the half-light, she wasn't in the doorway, she wasn't at the window looking out at the street filled with cars and carts and bikes, she wasn't next to the water jars or in the smokers' corner talking to someone, as she had often been during those three days.
From outside came the din of Quetta, which is much, much noisier than my little village in Ghazni, that strip of land, houses and streams that I come from, the most beautiful place in the world (and I'm not just boasting, it's true).
Little or big.
It didn't occur to me that the reason for all that din might be because we were in a big city. I thought it was just one of the normal differences between countries, like different ways of seasoning meat. I thought the sound of Pakistan was simply different from the sound of Afghanistan, and that every country had its own sound, which depended on a whole lot of things, like what people ate and how they moved around.
Mother, I called.
No answer. So I got out from under the covers, put my shoes on, rubbed my eyes and went to find the owner of the place to ask if he'd seen her, because three days earlier, as soon as we arrived, he told us that no one went in or out without him noticing, which seemed odd to me, since I assumed that even he needed to sleep from time to time.
The sun cut the entrance of the samavat Qgazi in two. Samavat means 'hotel'. In that part of the world, they actually call those places hotels, but they're nothing like what you think of as a hotel, Fabio. The samavat Qgazi wasn't much a hotel as a warehouse for bodies and souls, a kind of left-luggage office you cram into and then wait to be packed up and sent off to Iran or Afghanistan or wherever, a place to make contact with people traffickers.
We had been in the samavat for three days, never going out, me playing among cushions, Mother talking to groups of women with children, some with whole families, people she seemed to trust.
I remember that, all the time we were in Quetta, my mother kept her face and body bundled up inside a burqa. In our house in Nava, with my aunt or with her friends, she never wore a burqa. I didn't even know she had one. The first time I saw her put it on, at the border, I asked her why and she said with a smile, It's a game, Enaiat, come inside. She lifted a flap of the garment, and I slipped between her legs and under the blue fabric. It was like diving into a swimming pool, and I held my breath, even though I wasn't swimming.
di Fabio Geda
B.C. Dalai editore
Translated by Howard Curtis
Vintage Books


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Webshop voor Pop Culture met fysieke winkel in Nijmegen
House Targaryen may have a checkered past in the history of Westeros, culminating in Robert Baratheon's uprising to remove them from the Iron Throne. But there are still many that would love to see a Targaryen seated there. With Daenerys Targaryen making a move to do just that, allies old and new are coming to her aid.
The Targaryen Heroes #1 box set for the A Song of Ice and Fire: Tabletop Miniature Game gives House Targaryen players a wealth of new options for customizing their force. The box contains many new unique characters, each with their own special abilities to bring the Iron Throne back under Targaryen rule. The set includes new options for army Commander, as well as Attachments and NCUs. Everything needed to use them is included. Stat cards, Tactics cards, and a new special Tactics Zone are all right inside the box.


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Table of Contents: Contact Information | Map & Directions | Gift Basket Store Nearby
View Address, Phone Number, and Services for Tsi Gifts Of Recognition, a Gift Basket Store at Hampton Road Northwest, Huntsville, AL.
View map of Tsi Gifts Of Recognition, and get driving directions from your location .
Baskets Your Way And More 2505 Clovis Road Southwest Huntsville, AL
Blooms By Ciara 2312 Memorial Parkways Southwest Huntsville, AL Balloons, Fruit Baskets
Henderson Gifts And Accessories 4900 Meridian Street North Huntsville, AL
Huntsville City Of 125 Earl Street Southwest Huntsville, AL
Huntsville City Of 119 Woodson Street Northwest Huntsville, AL
Kathleen's Catering 8415 Whitesburg Drive South Suite G Huntsville, AL Gift Baskets, Wedding Supplies
La Bella Baskets - Basket O' Goodies 107 Windchase Court Huntsville, AL
Madison County Of 2920 Newby Road Southwest Huntsville, AL
Doodles Personalized Gifts 12090 County Line Road Suite D Madison, AL
Gift Baskets For All Occasions 146 Kensington Drive Madison, AL
Parker's Florist 181-07 Hughes Road Madison, AL Gift Baskets, Wedding Planning
Savvy Gifts 7663 Highway 72 West Suite A Madison, AL


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SUU's campus is as diverse as it gets. With a large international student community and a plethora of majors to choose from, you never know who you are going to meet in the Student Center between classes or during lunch. SUU has a giant music program which attracts students from all over the state and beyond. Jordan Nielsen, a percussionist since he was 10, has been engaged in the arts most of his life.
As part of the Percussion Ensemble, the Wind Ensemble and the Marching Band, Nielsen is your typical band nerd. "I do percussion, which is all things drums, marimba, cymbals, all that," Nielsen said. He also said that his favorite percussion instrument is the marimba, which is similar to a xylophone, only bigger.
In professional and semi-professional bands and orchestras, people who play a specific instrument are assigned "chairs," which are ordered from 1 to 3 according to skill level. But since percussion is such a diverse section, the musicians are ordered a little bit differently.
"I am a section leader. Basically, it's (SUU's) equivalent to (the) first chair. In professional orchestras, you will have a specific timpanist, and then you will have a section leader and people underneath that, but not here," Nielsen said.
Nielsen was not always the percussion meister he is now. In fact, he started as a pianist. "I did start as a pianist when I was 8. I took lessons for 3 years: I really hated it. I quit. I still played, and then I started doing percussion in the 9th grade," Nielsen said.
This led him to decide to major in music at SUU, a decision seen as anathema to many. "I wanted to just be in music all the time. And I've made some of the best friendships and connections through music. There are just so many great people. It's a fun world," Nielsen said.
When asked who his favorite composer is, Nielsen said, "Let's just say, Tchaikovsky." Nielsen is not all classical, however, and his favorite "normal" band is Panic! at the Disco.
When asked what hobbies he has that are not related to music, Nielsen said, "Reading: and then if there's a really good TV series I'm into." He seems to have a penchant for epic fantasy: he is familiar with the likes of The Wheel of Time series and just finished a Game of Thrones book.
Nielsen first became involved with Ask. Ponder. Educate. [X] when Dr. Lynn Vartan, who doubles as both a music director and APEX's director, first made him aware that there were student positions available. He thusly filled the twin positions of promoter and producer, which involved him in both extra-events and intra-events. His intra-event meticulousness as a producer sometimes extends to ensuring all the independent actors of the event have water bottles.
In addition to his musical ability, Nielsen has also taken up graphic design, especially since becoming the APEX Promoter. The promoting part of his job has helped him to nourish his graphic design talents.
"I honestly just started with playing with shapes in PowerPoint. It's really easy to just throw in shapes," Nielsen said. Though from humble beginnings, he is now competent in Illustrator and InDesign, and his hand can be seen in all of the promotion materials for APEX; he even created the logo.
Nielsen's only motivation to come to SUU was not a scholarship. "(It was) because of Dr. Vartan, actually," he said. He was considering Weber State, but after having a music lesson with her during his senior year of high school, he decided to switch to SUU. Nielsen said, "I could tell that I could go in with any question, and she's gonna help me find the answer. She's a very selfless and amazing teacher. So that's why [I chose SUU]."
Vartan had praise of her own for Nielsen. "Jordan's success has so many angles and so many things that contribute to it!" she said. "He is talented, organized, passionate, and dedicated. He has the desire to succeed and the work ethic to lead him to that success. And he is always learning and growing!"
You can see Nielson, and his passion, on display at all of the APEX events, and at Percussion Ensemble performances.
Story by
Matthew House for SUU News
Photos Courtesy of
Jordan Nielson


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LearnChineseEveryday.com is celebrating 2nd anniversary by tomorrow. I've been posting on this blog for two years, with a total of 500 Chinese characters! I know and I am sure the site wouldn't be staying that long without your support. I really appreciate it! Thanks!
Over the last one year, I have created an Audio Pinyin EBook which I think is a great accomplishment for my website. It has been officially lauched on 10 January 2011 and by today (1 May 2011), it has archieved 600 downloads.
Thank you so much for reading my blog and sharing your comment with me and other readers. I will always be there in your way to learning Chinese!
To practice this week characters, click the button below to download the worksheet.
Worksheet 100:
愚 蠢 返 稻 谷
You can download a blank worksheet here.
Happy learning!


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Some Mac beginners may encounter this question: how can I save a picture from Messages to my Mac? In some previous versions of Messages, when you [...]MORE >>
Have you ever thought of changing the icon for an file, folder or app on your Mac? The icons of some apps may not suit your taste but you have to [...]MORE >>
Want to change the default web browser Safari on your Mac? Mac computers ship with Safari and set it as the default web browser, for those people [...]MORE >>
If you are using a cellphone with Android system and a Mackintosh computer, do you think it is always different to share some files between these [...]MORE >>
As one of the most popular social media in the world, many people are all the big fans of Twitter and commonly used in daily life. And Mac OS X [...]MORE >>


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Spread the Word
Sherry Eacrett: Gift of 8 Campaign
Personal | Brantford
Clicks to Register: 298
1490% to my goal of 20
Though many of us believe that organ and tissue donation is a good thing, just over 30% of Ontarians are registered as donors. That number may be even lower depending on where you live.
There are about 1,500 people in Ontario who are waiting for a life-saving organ transplant, but they aren't the only ones being affected. Their family members, friends and all those close to them are waiting too. Right along side them.
I created this page to encourage all of my family and friends to register their consent to become donors. Please take two minutes and register – you can do it right now, from the link on this page. You can also check to make sure you are registered, if you're not sure. It's a selfless act that could one day save eight lives and enhance 75 more through tissue donation.


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I have a Shadertoy which renders the image below using ray tracing.
I'd like to add caustics, but am aware that in general they are a hard solution, especially without bidirectional ray tracing or photon mapping.
Does anyone know if there is a way to analytically calculate caustics, or at least some of the caustics (or plausible caustic effects) in a situation like this?
There is refraction going on here, not just transparency, in case that makes a difference.


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TV Bits: 'The Walking Dead', 'Riverdale', 'Atypical', ''Kevin Can F*** Himself', 'Dispatches From Elsewhere'
In this edition of TV Bits:
- Watch two new previous for The Walking Dead spin-off World Beyond.
- Skeet Ulrich and Marisol Nichols are leaving Riverdale.
- Atypical renewed for a fourth (and final) season.
- Annie Murphy will star in Kevin Can F*** Himself.
- Check out a sneak peek at Dispatches From Elsewhere.
Because The Walking Dead will never die, there are spin-offs, and movies, and video games, and so on. A new spin-off series is called The Walking Dead: World Beyond, which is set in Nebraska ten years after the apocalypse. In the show, "the first generation to come-of-age in the apocalypse as we know it. Some will become heroes. Some will become villains. In the end, all of them will be changed forever. Grown-up and cemented in their identities, both good and bad." You can watch two different previews for the series above as you await the April 12, 2020 premiere.
Sorry, Riverdale fans – two cast members are leaving. According to TV Guide, Skeet Ulrich and Marisol Nichols are both departing the show. "I'm proud to have been part of such a talented group of people, in front of the camera and behind. But I've decided that it's time for me to move on to explore other creative opportunities," said Ulrich, while Nichols added: "I had an incredible time bringing Hermione Lodge to life and working with my amazing cast, who became family." Both actors will leave before the arrival of season 5.
Atypical is ending. Netflix renewed the Robia Rashid-created series for a fourth and final season. "I'm thrilled we'll be doing a season four of Atypical," Rashid said, via TVLine. "And while I'm so sad to be nearing the end of this series, I am extremely grateful to have been able to tell this story. Our fans have been such beautiful, vibrant supporters of this show. Thank you for being so open to Sam's voice and stories, and those of the entire Gardner family. It's my hope that the legacy of Atypical is that more unheard voices continue to be heard and that even after this series ends, we keep telling funny, emotional stories from underrepresented points of view." The series follows "Sam, a teenager on the autism spectrum, who has decided he is ready for romance. In order to start dating — and hopefully find love — Sam will need to be more independent, which also sends his mother (Jennifer Jason Leigh) on her own life-changing path."
Schitt's Creek actress Annie Murphy has landed the lead in AMC's wonderfully titled Kevin Can F*** Himself. Per THR, the series "centers on Murphy's Allison, a type of woman we all grew up believing we knew: the sitcom wife. The eight-episode, hourlong series will look to break television convention and ask what the world looks like through her eyes. Alternating between single-camera realism and multi-camera comedy, the formats will inform one another as viewers watch what happens when the sitcom wife escapes her confines and takes the lead in her own life." There's no release date yet.
AMC's new series Dispatches from Elsewhere looks like it's going to be one of those shows that's hard to explain. Perhaps this sneak peek will help. The series "centers around four ordinary people who feel there's something missing in their lives, but they can't quite put their finger on what it is. This diverse foursome is brought together by chance when they stumble onto a puzzle hiding just behind the veil of everyday life. As they begin to accept the mysterious Dispatches from Elsewhere challenges, they come to find that the mystery winds deeper than they imagined, and their eyes are opened to a world of possibility and magic." Look for it on March 1.
Source: Read Full Article


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2022/23 Schedule released
The 2022/23 Bangkok International Softball League schedule has been released. Five teams will compete in this year's season: Billboard,...
The Bangkok International Softball League is a community of like-minded individuals with a common bond - the love of playing organized, socially competitive, slow pitch softball! Membership is diverse with multiple different nationalities and ages. Players come from all walks of life in their "day jobs" including Corporate Executives, Professional Educators, Tech Entrepreneurs, NGO Leaders, Small Business Owners and Managers spanning across every major industry.
League play generally runs from October until April with games played on Sundays. We are always looking to share our passion for the game and growing the community so come on out and join us!
And don't forget to follow us on Facebook!


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We want to do all we can to make your visit as comfortable as possible. The TVs on the ceiling can certainly help you relax when you find a show that you are interested in. At Mirci Dental we offer:
- Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) – You breathe this through your nose. We can regulate the volume and percent that you receive. This method can help you relax and take the edge off of the visit. We always ask how you are doing and change the volume or percent as needed. Usually within minutes after the nitrous oxide is removed you feel fine and are able to drive and complete your day.
- Oral medication (sleep pills) – This method can have you much more relaxed. You will usually be sleepy during the procedure. You can still answer and/or obey commands (such as, open a little wider). You are monitored during the procedure. You cannot drive to the office or from the office. Patients usually do not remember much about the visit.
- IV, or deeper, sedation – We at Mirci Dental work with a dental anesthetist for a deeper sedation. The anesthetist administers the medication and monitors you while Dr. Mirci or Dr. Reynolds are doing the dental work. This is especially helpful for medically compromised patients, and the young as well as more mature patients who need extensive dental work.
Sedation dentistry is designed to help you feel more comfortable. When you receive a sedation treatment, our dentists and team will monitor you to ensure that you are safe and that you remain comfortable while in our office. If you receive general anesthesia, an anesthesiologist will also be on hand to administer the sedation and monitor you. Depending on the type of sedation you receive, you may also need someone available to drive you to and from your appointment. During your initial consultation our dentists will discuss these options with you and provide you with information and instructions so that you can prepare for your appointment.
To learn more about sedation dentistry in Salt Lake City, Utah, and schedule your consultation, contact our office at 801-486-1155. We are committed to your oral health and comfort.