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Students' financial plans are developed based on the students' current financial circumstances. An array of financial choices for meeting the students' financial needs are considered, and eligible students may choose the best options to support meeting their educational goal.
The most common elements of financial planning are:
Financial resources and payment options include:
Enrollment constitutes a financial contract between the student and the University. Students are responsible for paying all registration charges associated with their enrollment in a given term after the "Last Day to Drop Course Without Tuition Charge" for that term, as specified in the Academic Calendar. See the Withdrawal Tuition Credit Policy for more information.
Students' rights to university services and benefits are contingent upon their making all payments as agreed upon. If payments of amounts owed to the University are not made when they become due, GGU has the right to cancel a student's registration and/or administratively withdraw the student from the current term; withhold grades, transcripts, diplomas, scholastic certificates and degrees; and impound final exams. Failure to maintain good financial standing with the University will cause students to become ineligible for any deferred payment plans and/or some forms of financial aid. In addition, balances due the University will be reported to the credit agencies, which may impact students' credit ratings.
Prior to registering for a new term, students must pay any outstanding balances from any preceding terms. Students who do not pay their outstanding balances or make payment arrangements satisfactory to the university will not be permitted to register. This policy applies to any outstanding balances with Golden Gate University, including those with the Golden Gate University Bookstore, or any other company that operates a concession or service contracted by the university.
To complete the enrollment process, students must pay all registration charges (tuition and fees) in-full by means of one of the university's accepted payment options or qualify for an alternative financing option by the payment due date for the term as published in the Academic Calendar. Failure to do so may result in the cancellation of the student's registration.
Enrollment constitutes a financial contract between a student and the University. Students are responsible for paying all registration charges by the due date for the term per the Academic Calendar or by the due dates for the financing options they have selected, or their enrollment may be canceled. Failure to attend class meetings, participate in an online course, or oral notification of intent to withdraw, is not considered official withdrawal from a course.
The following financial policies apply when students officially withdraw from courses. Withdrawal from a course (commonly known as "dropping" if done by the end of the third week of the term) is official once the university registrar has been notified. Notification must be made in writing by "dropping" the course online via GGU4YOU, by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.com, or by submission of a Registration Request form, which may be delivered in-person to the Registrar's Office, by standard mail, by fax, or by email. If notification is made by email, the message must originate from the student's email address on record with the university. The date the written notice is received will be the official withdrawal date. Oral (spoken) notification of intent to withdraw is insufficient.
Tuition will be credited as shown below. Fees are not credited except in the case of a course being canceled by the university. Tuition credits remain in the student's account. Payments of credit balances are issued upon written request from the student as described in the Credit Balance Payment Policy. Federal Student Aid recipients who withdraw completely from the payment period (typically a trimester term) will be subject to the Return of Federal Student Aid policy calculations. Golden Gate University may be required to return funds for which the student is no longer eligible based on these calculations. This may leave the student owing a balance to the university.
One week of instruction is defined as the seven-day period that commences at midnight on the start date of the course section. The following refund formula applies to all students residing outside of the State of Oregon:
*The School of Law Withdrawal Tuition Credit Policy allows students to receive 100% credit of tuition charges through the end of the second week of instruction only.
The following refund formula applies to all students residing in the State of Oregon:
Payment of a credit balance resulting from tuition adjustment in accordance with the above stated Withdrawal Tuition Credit Policy will be made if requested in writing by the student. Requests should be sent to Student Accounting Services at email@example.com. Payments are processed either as a direct deposit to the student's checking or savings account or as a physical check mailed to the student's address on record in the university's student information system. Students are encouraged to request the payment be made via direct deposit, as it is the most efficient and expeditious way to receive it. To sign up for direct deposit, students must provide their bank account information via GGU's secure website. To get started, students should log into GGU4YOU and select "Update My Bank Information" from the "Finances" menu.
Federal Student Aid recipients who withdraw completely from the payment period (typically a trimester term) will be subject to the Return of Federal Student Aid calculations. Golden Gate University may be required to return funds for which the student is no longer eligible based on these calculations. Financial Aid funds are typically returned to the appropriate financial aid program or lender.
No refunds will be made by virtue of curtailment of services brought about as a result of strikes, natural disasters, civil insurrection, riots or the threats thereof, or other causes beyond the control of the university.
The university accepts payment in cash, personal check, electronic check, travelers check, money order, credit/debit card, and wire transfer. The student's GGU issued-ID number must appear on (or be submitted with) all forms of payment to ensure they are credited to the appropriate account.
Electronic check payments may be made via GGU4YOU. There is no fee for using this service. Payments made in amounts greater than actual or anticipated registration charges for the term cannot be processed and will be returned.
If sending via regular USPS or express delivery services, send checks, money orders, or travelers checks (USD only) to:
All GGU mail is delivered to a centralized distribution center and may require up to 48 hours of processing before final delivery to departments. In order for payments to be considered on time, they must be received in Student Accounting Services by the published due dates and students should plan accordingly. Cash should not be mailed.
Checks or money orders should be made payable to Golden Gate University. To ensure credit to the proper account, the following information should be included on the check or money order:
Payments in amounts greater than actual or anticipated registration charges for the term cannot be processed and will be returned.
Students may pay in person with a check, cash, money order, travelers checks (USD only), or credit/debit card at the GGU Hub located in the lobby of 536 Mission Street in San Francisco. Business hours are Monday through Thursday from 9 am to 6:30 pm, and Friday from 9 am to 5:30 pm.
Payments in amounts greater than actual or anticipated registration charges for the term cannot be processed.
For students' safety and security, we suggest that they do not pay in cash but use an alternative method listed on this page or bring a cashier's check.
The university has partnered with Flywire to streamline the tuition payment process for our international students.
Payments in amounts greater than actual or anticipated registration charges for the term cannot be processed and will be rejected and returned.
The following credit cards are accepted: MasterCard, Visa, American Express, or Discover via the student's GGU4YOU account, in person at the GGU Hub, or by phone-in to the GGU HUB at 415-442-7800. Debit cards are treated the same as credit cards. All credit and debit card transactions will incur a non-refundable service fee equal to 2.75% of gross charges.
Payments in amounts greater than actual or anticipated registration charges for the term will be canceled.
Tuition Management Systems (TMS) is the exclusive payment plan provider for Golden Gate University. Plans are available to students with satisfactory financial standing. Students have the option to elect an automatic debit from their checking account or credit card payment. Eligible students must register with TMS by calling 800-722-4867 or go to www.afford.com/ggu and pay a $55 nonrefundable processing fee per enrollment term. The balance is due in two to five equal installments over the course of the term. The number of installment payments is based upon the date of registration. Installment payments are due to TMS on the first of each month. In all cases, final payment is due on December 1 for fall term, May 1 for spring term and August 1 for summer term. TMS sends statements directly to the student.
Payments should be sent to Tuition Management Systems, Payment Processing Center, PO Box 645113, Cincinnati, OH 45264-5113.
Late payments incur an additional $40 late fee per occurrence. International students (F and J visa) are not eligible for the installment payment plan in their first term at the University.
Golden Gate University offers a corporate reimbursement plan through payment plan management provider Tuition Management Systems (TMS) to students in good financial standing. To be eligible for this plan, the student's employer must be a third party other than the student and agree prior to registration to pay for tuition and/or fees.
An authorization form can be obtained from the Student Accounting Services Office. This form must be completed each term and submitted along with the business card of the authorizing officer to the Student Accounting Services Office. In addition, in order to participate in this plan, the student must sign up with TMS by calling 800-722-4867 or go to www.afford.com/ggu and pay a $100 nonrefundable processing fee each term. Payment is due on February 5 for the fall term, July 5 for the spring term, and October 5 for the summer term. A statement is sent by TMS, and all payments should be mailed to Tuition Management Systems, Payment Processing Center, PO Box 645113, Cincinnati, OH 45264-5113.
The University is not responsible for billing the company. If, for any reason, the employer fails to pay the University, the student remains responsible for payment of the full tuition and fees. A late payment fee of $40 will be assessed if payment is not received by the final due date indicated on the authorization form and a 1.5 percent finance charge per month after 30 days past due.
If the student's employer agrees to pay tuition and/or fees upon registration and without grade or course completion limitations, the University will bill the student's employer directly for all authorized costs. Payment in full is due 30 days after billing. To be eligible for this plan, the employer must be a third party other than the student; Golden Gate University and the student's employer must execute a contract agreeing to payment terms prior to completing registration. A standard contract agreement is available from the Student Accounting Services Office and must be submitted and approved prior to registration. If the company authorizes less than 100 percent payment of registration charges, the student will be required to utilize one of the University's other payment plans for that portion of the total charges not covered. If, for any reason, the employer fails to pay the University, the student remains responsible for payment of the full tuition and fees. Golden Gate will assess the account a late payment fee of $40 if not paid within 30 days of billing.
After reviewing the financial planning components, students will be able to build their own plan to cover educational costs. Should any student want or need further assistance with their financial plan, GGU's Financial Aid Office staff is available for consultation.
GGU strongly encourages all students to apply for financial aid as part of a financial plan to finance educational costs. The Financial Aid Office provides guidance throughout the financial aid application process.
All students must meet the following criteria:
A general budget is created based upon an average cost of housing, food, books/supplies, transportation, personal expenses, tuition and fees. The tuition expenses are based upon the total unit enrollment the student indicated on the GGU Financial Aid Application. This budget is called cost of attendance (COA).
Standard financial aid policy requires that students and/or students' families contribute a portion of financial resources to pay for the cost of education. The contribution amount is calculated by the information provided by the student on the FAFSA or after further verification occurs and it is called expected family contribution (EFC).
The student's financial need may be calculated by taking the COA and subtracting the EFC - the remainder is the financial need. The Financial Aid Office calculates program awards based on the criteria for each program for which the student may be eligible.
In some instances, financial aid awards are not sufficient to finance total tuition expense. Additional financing options, such as the installment payment plan, are described in this section of catalog, or students may contact the Financial Aid Office or Student Accounting Services for further assistance.
The Federal Pell Grant is available to undergraduate students who are pursuing their first bachelor's degree and have high financial need (low EFC), as calculated by the FAFSA formula. The US Department of Education will notify the student about Pell Grant eligibility by sending a Student Aid Report (SAR) to each student who files the FAFSA. For 2018-19, Federal Pell Grants maximums is $6,095 per academic year and are awarded based upon the student's financial need (EFC) and verified enrollment status.
FSEOG awards are offered to undergraduate students who are pursuing their first bachelor's degree and who demonstrate high financial need (have the lowest EFCs), and are enrolled at GGU for at least six units per trimester and who are Federal Pell Grant recipients. Awards for the academic year are dependent on the federal funding allocation for that year. Once the funds are allocated for the year, no further funds can be awarded. Currently, the maximum award for FSEOG is up to $750 per trimester. However, amounts may be lowered once funding has been allocated.
William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Annual Borrowing Limits*
Academic Level
Dependent Students**
Independent Students**
Freshmen (29 or fewer units)
$ 5,500
$ 9,500
Sophomores (30-59 units)
$ 6,500
$ 10,500
Juniors/Seniors (60 or more units)
$ 7,500
$ 12,500
Graduates (have bachelor's degree)
not eligible
$ 20,500
* The amounts shown represent the total combined eligibility for subsidized and unsubsidized direct loans as of July 1, 2008.
**Dependent or independent status is determined by the US Department of Education criteria on the FAFSA.
Direct Subsidized Loans are awarded only to undergraduate students who meet the financial need criteria established by the US Department of Education. Students must be enrolled at least half-time per trimester. The US Department of Education pays the interest on the loans while students are enrolled in school, at least half-time, and for the first six months after dropping below half-time, withdraw from school or graduating. Typically, half-time status for undergraduate students requires enrollment in six or more units. Important note: Interest rates are subject to change each July 1. Interest rates on Subsidized Direct Loans for 2018-19 are 5.05%. ONLY undergraduate students are eligible for Subsidized Direct Loans.
Direct Unsubsidized Loans are non-need based loan awarded to both Undergraduate and Graduates. Students must be enrolled at least half-time per trimester. A student may pay the interest while in school or allow the interest to accrue and the interest will be added to the principal amount of the loan.
The interest rate for 2018-19 is 5.05% for undergraduates and 6.6% for graduates and is subject to change each July 1. Students must begin repaying the loan, principal and interest six months after graduation or when a student ceases to be enrolled at least half-time. Half-time status for undergraduate students requires enrollment in six or more units per semester. Half-time status for graduate students requires enrollment in four or more units per semester. The US Department of Education may charge an origination fee, which the student must repay. This fee is deducted during disbursement and is included when repayment begins.
Loan entrance counseling is required by the US Department of Education before federal loans are disbursed to first-time borrowers. Entrance loan counseling will advise students of their responsibilities, loan information and the requirement that the loan must be repaid. Visit www.studentloans.gov for more information.
Loan exit counseling is required for GGU borrowers who drop below half-time status or graduate. Loan exit counseling is required by the US Department of Education to ensure that students understand their rights and obligations and repayment processes and requirements. Visit www.studentloans.gov for more information.
PLUS loans are available to parents or stepparents of dependent undergraduate students. Parents may borrow up to the cost of attendance, minus any other aid their dependent may receive. Parental applicants for this program must be creditworthy as assessed by the US Department of Education. PLUS loans are not subsidized by the US Department of Education.
The interest rate is variable, adjusted each year on July 1, and maximized at 9 percent. The interest rate for 2018-19 is 7.6% and is subject to change each July 1. Interest accrues from the date the loan funds are disbursed and until the loan is repaid in full. The US Department of Education may charge fees, which will be paid at the time loans repayment commences. Students are required to file a FAFSA but financial need is not a factor in the parental application process.
Graduate students may apply for the GradPLUS loan. Graduate students who attend at least half-time per trimester may be eligible. To calculate a GradPlusloan, subtract all financial aid from the student's cost of attendance (COA). An example is shown below.
Cost of Attendance
Minus Scholarship
- $500
Minus Stafford Loans
- $20,500
Amount of G-PLUS
$ 4,000
The interest rate for 2018-19 is 7.6% and subject to change each July 1. Graduate applicants to this program must be credit worthy with the US Department of Education. GradPLUS loans are always unsubsidized. Students may pay the interest while in school. Students are required to file a FAFSA but financial need is not a factor. A separate loan application is required and there may be additional fees. For more information, visit www.ggu.edu and search for "Graduate PLUS."
Federal Work Study (FWS) is a need based fund available from the Department of Education. Students must complete a FAFSA (answer "yes" to question 31 on the FAFSA) and must be eligible to work in the US and provide documents to substantiate employment eligibility. FWS jobs may be located on or off campus. Pay rates are competitive and vary depending on the position and skills required. FWS jobs are limited to the total amount shown on the award letter. Awards for the academic year are dependent on the federal funding allocation to GGU for that year.
GGU scholarships and grants cover a portion of tuition costs. Typically, applicants and students receive partial scholarships/ grants and are eligible to receive one scholarship or grant.
For 2018-19, the following GGU Scholarship and Grants are offered. Information about the scholarship and grants are available online at www.ggu.edu and from the Financial Aid Office.
Endowed and gift scholarships are funded through the generosity of GGU alumni, friends, foundations and corporations. Typically our Special Scholarship Applications are available during the late summer and awarded for the following academic year. Information is posted on our website at www.ggu.edu and an invitation to apply will be emailed to our current and new students.
Scholarships and grants amounts vary and may depend upon merit and academic achievement, financial need, enrolled units per trimester and funds availability. Scholarships are applied toward a portion of GGU tuition expense only and are not transferable. International students (F and J Visa) are eligible provided they meet the requirements above. US citizens and permanent residents must have a completed FAFSA. Students may complete the FAFSA online at studentaid.ed.gov/sa/fafsa.
The following scholarships are Special Scholarships that are offered annually. Information about the requirements for each scholarship is available on line at www.ggu.edu and the Financial Aid Office:
These tuition grant programs are available to eligible employees, graduates of GGU and their families. Students must meet the grant eligibility criteria and be admitted to a program of study in the school of business, accounting, taxation or undergraduate studies or otherwise be eligible for open enrollment. Programs offered by the School of Law are not included. Grants are applied to tuition only and are renewable providing the student continues to satisfy the eligibility criteria. Students who accept the GGU Employee Educational Assistance Remission or any other GGU grant or scholarship are not eligible. Students who become ineligible during a term will be permitted to complete the current term but will not be eligible for future terms. Students will be required to submit a separate tuition grant application at www.ggu.edu to the Financial Aid Office.
The categories and requirements of the GGU Community Assistance Grants are:
Members of the immediate family defined as a spouse, domestic partner, child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, grandparent or sibling of regular full-time faculty and staff and who do not qualify for or choose to decline the GGU Employee Educational Assistance program are eligible for a 40 percent tuition grant (GGU Board of Trustees members and their families are eligible for this grant). The grant is not retroactive. Tuition assistance grant forms must be received by the last day of the semester for which the grant is requested.
Members of the adjunct faculty's family defined as a spouse, domestic partner, child and stepchild are eligible for a 30 percent tuition grant. Regular adjunct faculty are defined as active adjuncts who have taught a minimum of three class-sections in the previous three academic years. Active, for the purposes of this grant, means eligible to continue to teach. (Adjunct faculty, themselves who do not qualify for or choose to decline the GGU Employee Educational Assistance program are eligible for this grant). The grant is not retroactive. Tuition assistance grant forms must be received by the last day of the semester for which the grant is requested.
Graduates of GGU degree programs are eligible for a 30 percent tuition grant. For the purpose of this grant, a graduate is defined as an individual who has received a degree from GGU. Students who have received only a GGU certificate are not eligible. The grant is not retroactive. Tuition assistance grant forms must be received by the last day of the semester for which the grant is requested.
Members of a graduate's family defined as a spouse, domestic partner, child or stepchild are eligible for a 20 percent tuition grant. For the purpose of this grant, a graduate is defined as an individual who has received a degree from GGU. The grant is not retroactive. Tuition assistance grant forms must be received by the last day of the semester for which the grant is requested.
Full-time employees of US federal, state, county or city governmental entities may receive a 40 percent discount on tuition costs for any tax course offered at GGU. Only courses with the prefix TA are eligible for the discount. Employment will be verified. Additional criteria: satisfactory Academic Progress; discount is not applicable for repeating a course; and you may only apply one discount, grant or scholarship per semester. Public employees include federal, state, county, city employees and active duty military. The grant is not retroactive. Public Employees Tax Class Discount Forms must be received by the last day of the semester for which the grant is requested.
Eligible students who are US citizens and permanent residents or other eligible noncitizens are required to submit a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to be considered for scholarships and grants. In step six of the FAFSA, students must indicate Golden Gate University's Title IV code 001205 in order for the FAFSA information to be received at GGU. The FAFSA must be completed and be on file at GGU at the beginning of the trimester. International students are exempted from the FAFSA requirement.
To be eligible, undergraduate scholarship and grant recipients must:
To be eligible, graduate scholarship and grant recipients must:
For all scholarship and grant recipients:
GGU has a list of lenders who offer loans to students as an alternative to Direct Loans. These loans can supplement the gap between the cost of attendance minus all financial aid awards. Participating lenders have their own criteria for loan eligibility. Typically, students must be US citizens or permanent residents and demonstrate creditworthiness. Repayment may be required to begin immediately; interest rates and deferment options will differ from lender to lender. GGU recommends that students compare the variables and options of each lender before making a decision to pursue an alternative/private loan. Visit www.ggu.edu for further information.
A limited number of lenders offer loan programs to international (F and J visa) students. These loans are private or alternative loans. International students are required to have a US citizen or permanent resident as a cosigner. Deferment, repayment, loan limits and other options vary from lender to lender. If approved, the loan amount may not exceed the cost of attendance for an academic year. Lenders reserve the right to make changes to these loans without prior notice. Visit www.ggu.edu for further information.
For Washington State residents seeking information and resources about student loan repayment or seeking to submit a complaint relating to your student loans or student loan servicer, please visit www.wsac.wa.gov/loan-advocacy or contact the Student Loan Advocate at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Students must meet all of the eligibility requirements of the program or loan before a disbursement is made. Enrollment verification is performed each trimester prior to the disbursement of funds. The student's financial aid award is based on the information provided on the GGU Financial Aid Application at the time the award is calculated. If there are changes in the enrollment information at the time of disbursement, the student's award will have to be recalculated. Recalculation may result in changes to the original award amounts and delay disbursements and credit balance payments.
All loans, grants, and GGU scholarships are applied to tuition costs first and are not automatically released directly to the student. If the disbursement of funds to the student's account produces a credit balance, a deposit will be made to the students' bank account or a check will be mailed to the student. Credit balances can be provided through direct deposit to a student's checking or savings account if the student enrolled in the direct deposit option prior to the disbursement of funds to the student's account. Students should go to http://www.ggu.edu and login to GGU4YOU to enroll in Direct Deposit. Payments by mailed check or direct deposit occur within 10 business days after the credit balance appears on the student's GGU account record.
Federal Direct loans are sent electronically to the university by the US Department of Education. Dates of federal direct loan disbursements are dependent on the start date of the trimester, when the student's enrollment status has been verified and when the loan process has been completed. Federal direct loans are disbursed in two equal amounts for two terms. If the U.S. Department of Education charges fees, the disbursed amount will be minus the fees. First-time Federal Direct Loan borrowers must complete entrance loan counseling before funds can be disbursed.
Federal PLUS funds are disbursed based upon the trimester start date, when the student's enrollment status has been verified and when the loan process has been completed. The US Department of Education may charge fees that will have to be repaid. The fees will be included in the amount to repay. The initial repayment of the loan starts within 60 days after the loan has been fully disbursed. If a federal PLUS is applied to the student's account and a credit balance occurs, the credit balance will be sent to the student's parent(s).
Graduate PLUS loans can be awarded to students who request additional funds beyond their direct subsidized/unsubsidized loan eligibility. Credit worthiness is checked by the US Department of Education. The Graduate PLUS award is COA minus the amount of all financial aid awarded. Graduate PLUS requires a separate loan application. If a credit balance is produced, Graduate PLUS loan funds are applied to the student's account and the credit balance is released to the student.
Current financial aid funds cannot be applied retroactively to past due balances greater than $200 per federal regulations.
Federal Student Aid recipients who withdraw completely from all of their courses for a payment period (typically a trimester term) must notify the Financial Aid Office by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com after submitting the proper withdrawal notification to the registrar. Students are deemed to have withdrawn completely from a payment period by any of the following: dropping or withdrawing from all enrolled courses, receiving "UW" grades in all enrolled courses, receiving "F" grades in all enrolled courses with last dates of attendance prior to the term's end date, or any combination of the three. When students withdraw completely from a payment period, Federal regulations specify the method that GGU must use to determine the amount of Federal Student Aid (Title IV) assistance the student has earned. The following Federal Student Aid programs are subject to this policy: Federal Pell Grants, Direct Loans, Direct PLUS Loans, Federal Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants (FSEOG), and Federal Perkins Loans.
The amount of assistance earned is determined on a pro-rata basis. For example, if a student completes 30 percent of the payment period, the student will have earned 30 percent of the assistance the student was originally scheduled to receive. Once the student has completed more than 60 percent of the payment period, the student has earned all the assistance that the student was scheduled to receive for that period.
Federal financial aid awarded to the student and not earned at the time of the effective date of withdrawal or leave of absence will be returned to the Federal Student Financial Aid program from which it was received. Both the student and the university may be required to return all or a portion of the federal financial aid disbursed for the specified payment period. For withdrawal procedures, students should refer to the university's Withdrawal Tuition Credit Policy.
If financial aid funds must be returned to the Federal Student Aid (Title IV) programs, loan funds will be returned before grant funds. Funds are returned in the following order:
If a tuition adjustment occurs after the return of Federal Student Aid funds has occurred that produces a credit balance on the student's account, the credit balance payment will be issued to the student. The student may request Direct Loan funds to be returned to the US Department of Education to reduce the student's outstanding loan balance. For additional credit balance payment information, students should refer to the Credit Balance Payment Policy.
To be eligible for federal and State of California financial aid (loans and grants), students must be making satisfactory academic progress (SAP) in accordance with US Department of Education regulations. Students are evaluated for SAP at the end of each enrolled trimester for which they received state or federal aid. Students must continue to meet the university's SAP standards as they pursue their academic programs in order to remain eligible for financial aid. A student's SAP is measured in three ways:
When students repeat courses for which they failed to earn passing grades, or when students repeat courses to earn better grades, all course attempts are calculated in the students' quantitative measure of progress (standard #2 above), and total units attempted toward their maximum units allowed (standard #3 above).
"I" (incomplete), "UW" (unofficial withdrawal), "UX" (unofficial withdrawal) and "W" (withdrawal) grades award no academic credit and have no grade point value and are not used in the calculation of the student's grade point average.
"CR" (credit) and "NC" (no credit) grades have no grade point value and are not used in the calculation of the student's grade point average. However, "CR" (credit) grades do award academic credit, while "NC" (no credit) grades do not.
All courses with non-letter grades are included in the calculation of the quantitative measure of progress (standard #2 above) and in the maximum attempted units (standard #3 above).
Refer to Grading Policies and Procedures for further information.
Students who fail to make satisfactory academic progress (SAP) will be placed on financial aid warning status for one trimester following the trimester after which they did not meet the university's SAP standards. Students must meet the SAP standards at the end of the warning trimester or they will become ineligible for additional financial aid. Students on financial aid warning status are eligible for financial aid for only one trimester. If a student has already been awarded aid for two trimesters at the time of the SAP evaluation, the student's awards will be canceled and reprocessed for one
Students who become ineligible for financial aid due to failure to achieve satisfactory academic progress at the end of a warning trimester or due to reaching the maximum units allowed for their academic program (standard #3 above) may appeal in writing for financial aid probation status. To be eligible for financial aid probation status, it must be mathematically possible for students to achieve satisfactory academic progress by the end of the subsequent trimester. The calculation assumes enrollment in a maximum of nine units. Students should appeal in writing to the Financial Aid Appeals Committee and explain the reason for their failure to make SAP and what has changed that will allow them to make SAP at the end of the next enrolled trimester. Some possible reasons for appeal include: a death in the family, injury, illness or other unusual or unexpected circumstances. In support of the appeal, students should submit at least one professional reference letter on letterhead or other record (such as a death certificate) to document their changed circumstances. Students may obtain professional references from doctors, counselors, clergy, lawyers, school officials, therapists, social workers, etc. Students who experienced illness or injury should submit copies of medical records in support of their appeals. The Financial Aid Appeals Committee will review each appeal on its own merits and will send a response to each appeal via e-mail within 10-14 business days.
Students approved for financial aid probation status will be eligible for financial aid for one trimester only. At the end of the financial aid probation trimester, students will be evaluated against all three SAP standards. Students who fail to meet the SAP standards at the end of a probation trimester become ineligible for additional aid. Students in this circumstance may see the section "How to Reestablish Financial Aid Eligibility" in this catalog for further information.
Students for whom it is mathematically impossible to achieve satisfactory academic progress at the end of the subsequent trimester by attempting 6 to 9 units and who would require two or three trimesters (maximum of 27 units) in order to achieve satisfactory academic progress may be eligible for probation status with an academic plan. Students may appeal for probation status with an academic plan as described above. If approved, students may receive financial aid for up to three trimesters (maximum of 27 units) in order to achieve the university's satisfactory academic progress (SAP) standards or graduate. All other financial aid program eligibility requirements, such as aggregate loan limits, continue to apply.
Students approved for probation with an academic plan must meet with their student services advisers and have their schedules approved prior to registration. Students will be allowed to register once their student services adviser notifies the Financial Aid Office of their approved academic plans. In addition to completing the approved courses, students must satisfy the following requirements each trimester while on an academic plan:
Students must achieve a 100 percent completion rate each trimester for all courses attempted in accordance with the student's academic plan.
Students are evaluated at the end of each probationary trimester to determine whether they have met the requirements of the academic plan. Students who meet the requirements of the academic plan may continue on financial aid probation status for the next trimester. Students who fail to meet the requirements of the academic plan after any probationary trimester become ineligible for additional aid. Students in this circumstance may see the section "How to Reestablish Financial Aid Eligibility" in this catalog for further information.
Students may reestablish financial aid eligibility by enrolling at Golden Gate University and completing one or more trimesters of at least half-time status (usually six units per trimester for undergraduate students, and four units per trimester for graduate students) without federal or state financial aid and achieve the applicable cumulative GPA and completion rate standards.
A student who fails to meet the qualitative (GPA) and/or quantitative (completion rate) standards at the end of the fall semester will be placed on financial aid warning status for the spring semester. If the student fails to meet either of these two standards at the end of the spring semester, the student becomes ineligible for financial aid. If the student submits an appeal for probation and the appeal is approved, the student will be allowed one trimester on probation status. At the end of the probation trimester, if the student fails to meet either of these standards, the student is again ineligible for financial aid. In order for the student to reestablish eligibility after a probation semester, the student must complete at least one trimester at Golden Gate University without the use of financial aid. Once the student has achieved each of these standards, the student is again eligible to receive financial aid, provided the student has not exceeded the maximum attempted units allowed for program standard.
Golden Gate University is approved to certify students for veterans benefits.
The following Veterans Affairs Educational Assistance Programs are available to eligible veterans and dependents:
* GI Bill® is a registered trademark of the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). More information about the education benefits offered by VA is available at the official US government website, at www.benefits.va.gov/gibill.
The university strongly supports the efforts of veterans to complete their educational goals. For the 2018-19 academic year, Veterans who are eligible for a 100 percent Yellow Ribbon Benefit as stated in the veteran's Certificate of Eligibility (COE) may receive an allocation of $42,000 for the academic year (fall, spring and summer). Once the $23,671.94 allocation from VA Chapter 33 is utilized, then the Yellow Ribbon benefits fold in. The maximum Yellow Ribbon benefit from Golden Gate University per semester is $14,000 or 50 percent of the tuition balance (whichever is less).
The COE may be obtained exclusively through the Department of Veterans Affairs, Muskogee, Oklahoma. Some eligible veterans will receive less than 100 percent, which will be stipulated on the COE. Veterans who are not 100 percent VA Chapter 33 are not eligible for Yellow Ribbon benefits from GGU or the VA.
For additional information regarding the Certificate of Eligibility for the Yellow Ribbon Benefits and other educational benefits, veterans should visit www.gibill.va.gov or call the toll-free number 1-888-442-4551.
Students who receive educational benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs will have their enrollment data reported to the VA. Approximately one week after the term begins, the University's VA certifying official verifies the date of the term and total number of enrolled units taken by the eligible veteran. This information is updated monthly and sent to the VA. The VA uses this data to calculate the awards. VA regulations require that GGU report unit amounts and enrollment dates by individual term, as opposed to reporting terms.
The VA determines the classification status for undergraduate students, and uses GGU's classifications to determine graduate students status. GGU's academic programs are approved by the Higher Education Coordinating Board's State Approving Agency (HECB/ SAA) for enrollment of persons eligible to receive educational benefits under Title 38 and Title 10, US Code.
Students should contact GGU's VA Official in the Financial Aid Office at 415-442-7283 or email@example.com to initiate the certification of their GGU enrollment to the VA. Go to GGU4YOU and search "Veterans Benefits" to find more important information about VA benefit disbursement procedures at GGU, including step-by-step instructions and relevant contact information.
Golden Gate University Office of Financial Aid Employees:
The GGU Financial Aid Office has an open-door policy. We have financial aid counselors continuously available during our business hours. The FAO staff is here to assist any student who has questions, needs forms, is seeking additional information, is looking for guidance on the financial aid process or would like to talk about a financial plan to cover expenses throughout their educational career.
Phone: 415-442-7270
Fax: 415-442-7819;
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
or visit www.ggu.edu.


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Try TEXTturizer - Online Textured Text Generator
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subset: commoncrawl


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Robert Scott Wilson is returning to NBC soap opera Days of our Lives as Ben Weston, aka The Necktie Killer.
"Honored and excited to Bring Ben back to his old stomping grounds," the actor tells Soap Opera Digest. "I couldn't have asked for a better entrance back to Salem — when no one sees it coming. Bad times don't last, but bad guys do."
Last seen on the soap in 2016, Wilson will start airing again during the week of September 25.
Wilson previously starred as Pete Cortlandt on All My Children.


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text: I found a stock going through a new breakout (of its previous high). One thing that really attracts me to it is the fact that there is an incredibly high percentage of insider acquiring. Is this really that positive of a sign? Do you feel that insider purchases have any correlation in this situation? Thx.


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Training for Team Dynamics in Resuscitation
Why effective team behaviors and communication are key to increasing sudden cardiac arrest survival.
Similar to the need for early identification and treatment of sepsis, raising stroke awareness and recognizing stroke symptoms are critical for EMS today. Stroke is now the fifth leading cause of death in America and a leading cause of adult disability.1
An EMS call may come in as a stroke, but it may also come in as a fall, a seizure, an unconscious person, or a person with "difficulty speaking".
When an EMT or paramedic arrives to the scene, patients can display any combination of symptoms:
As with all patients in the prehospital setting, the assessment of the airway, breathing and circulatory status is essential.
In stroke cases, however, every minute of delay to treatment can cost a patient 1.9 million brain cells.2
Time lost is brain lost. For every minute that goes by without restoration of blood flow, two million nerve cells are lost. If these patients don't get protective drugs until two, three or four hours later, irreversible brain damage will have already occurred.*
When caring for a stroke victim, the goal is to minimize brain injury and maximize the patient's recovery. The use of a stroke assessment tool can help to improve prehospital triage and accomplish this goal. Specifically, the evaluation of facial droop, arm drift, and abnormal speech can be the key to rapidly identifying potential stroke patients.3
Simulations can play a large role in preparing providers for stroke cases. Pre-programmed scenarios are equipped with relevant patient history, and high-fidelity simulators can fulfill the need for a realistic patient assessment. Additionally, some advanced simulators allow for practice administering medication. Each of these training methods prepare first responders to realistically diagnose and treat a stroke victim.
*American Heart Association (2015). Paramedics may be first source of treatment for stroke patients. Retrieved from https://news.heart.org/paramedics-first-source-treatment-stroke-patients/
Why effective team behaviors and communication are key to increasing sudden cardiac arrest survival.
How in situ simulation can provide the ideal training experience for emergency-preparedness in EMS.
The number of opioid overdose deaths continues to rise in the United States. Learn how simulation training can help.
Why EMS support is critical to the success of training bystander hemorrhage control.
EMS can be exposed to potential threats each day. Simulation can help to reinforce infection control guidelines.
Sign up for Laerdal Medical email updates. You can identify your interests and receive new educational content, updates, event information and more.


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Chances are, if you're reading this, you like movie news sites. That being the case, you probably already know the "surprise" cameo in The Hangover 2 . Thus, the entire function of HAVING a SURPRISE cameo in The Hangover 2 is now worthless. I get reporting it, I really do. I would have run it if I had found it first. But I would have done so with this headline "Want to know who is cameoing in The Hangover 2 " or "Spoiler Alert, Dummies." I mean, seriously, you don't put a headline that reads "BLANK is the surprise cameo in The Hangover 2 ." Do you tell knock knock jokes like this: "Orange you glad I didn't say banana, knock knock." It's a shitty way to do things, and this is from a nonspoilerphobe. It works like this: I don't care if spoilers are out there. I don't care if people want to look at them. Sometimes I do, sometimes I don't. It depends on what it is. But what I am a big fan of is a choice, one that was taken away from my by a damn twitter feed. Okay, so you are at risk of denying yourself the joy of something like this (this is a movie that came out a year ago, so if you haven't seen Zombieland yet, it's on you).
<object width="480″ height="385″><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/1yeUswA8xPY?fs=1&hl=en_US&rel=0″>
<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1yeUswA8xPY?fs=1&hl=en_US&rel=0″ type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480″ height="385″></embed></object>

<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1yeUswA8xPY?fs=1&hl=en_US&rel=0″ type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480″ height="385″></embed></object>

I think the cameo that's been described COULD be epic. But if you want to be fooled, it's going to take some doing. If I'm the guys making that movie, I instantly whip up another secret cameo that's even more insane. But that's just me. Anyway, thanks internet for ruining something else.


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Our justice system is in crisis. As many as 65 per cent of individuals involved in family court proceedings in Ontario do not have a lawyer. In the province's civil courts, there are, by some estimates, more people representing themselves than parties with counsel. Increasingly, Ontarians are unable to afford lawyers' services. This impairs meaningful access to the justice system.
This rise in self-representation poses an existential challenge to our justice system. The adversarial nature of our court system is premised on opposing parties having the benefit of zealous and trained advocates. Without lawyers to assist them, parties are often ill-equipped to navigate our courts and this diminishes confidence in our legal system.
The high numbers of self-represented litigants winding their way through the courts also cause costly and time-consuming delays, as judges and counsel must walk them through proceedings. In many cases, justice is not done nor is it seen to be done.
What is causing this rise in self-representation? While there are many issues at play, at its core, this is a cost problem. Most lawyers are too expensive for most Canadians to afford. This is partially a result of the statutory monopoly that lawyers have on most forms of legal representation in Ontario and across the country. It is also a result of how we educate lawyers. Canadian lawyers receive a lengthy and expensive formal education: four years of undergraduate education and three years of law school. The cost of this education is passed on to clients.
Clearly, there is a growing need for an affordable alternative to representation by lawyers. A compelling option would be to permit paralegals to provide a wider variety of legal services.
Paralegals are legal professionals that are able to provide a limited array of legal services. They currently practice across Canada in both regulated and unregulated roles (e.g. paralegals are regulated in Ontario, but unregulated in Alberta). While their scope of practice varies from province to province, it is generally quite limited. In Ontario, for example, paralegals can represent individuals in Small Claims Court, which deals with matters worth less than $25,000, and in Provincial Offences Court, which deals with matters such as speeding and traffic tickets. However, paralegals in Ontario cannot represent individuals in family court matters nor are they allowed to draft basic legal documents, like wills or real estate documents.
A broader scope of practice for paralegals, in the courtroom and the office, would bring necessary legal services within the reach of many Ontarians who cannot currently access them. England and Wales, which strictly limit the number of licensed barristers, permit non-lawyers to provide a variety of legal services that are reserved for lawyers in Ontario. Last year, the Law Society of Alberta released a paper calling for an expanded scope of practice for paralegals as a way to enhance access to legal services in that province.
Common objections to a more widespread use of paralegals in a broader array of areas do not withstand scrutiny. Ethical standards can be imposed on paralegals through regulation, just as is done with lawyers. In Ontario, the Law Society of Upper Canada – the professional body that regulates lawyers – has also been regulating paralegals for the past six years. Moreover, paralegals in Ontario are required to carry insurance, just like lawyers, in order to practice.
Concerns regarding the quality of paralegal services are also misplaced. While a Canadian lawyer's education is general, academic and covers most areas of law over three years at university, paralegals in Ontario currently receive a more practice-oriented education in a two-year accredited college program. It might make sense for paralegals to be trained and licensed in even narrower fields. Imagine a specialized divorce proceedings paralegal or a paralegal who specialises in drafting real estate documents. These individuals could obtain competence through a more targeted training and excellence through experience.
Most importantly, paralegals are far better than the alternative: no representation at all. An individual, facing the complexities of the family court system or the intricacies of drafting a will, would surely benefit from the assistance of an experienced legal professional at reasonable rates. Our justice system must evolve to accommodate the needs of the majority of Ontarians.
Jessica Prince and Rory Gillis are lawyers in Toronto and volunteer at a low-income legal assistance clinic.


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Philadelphia Family Receives $42.9 Million Medical Malpractice Award for Premature Birth
By Dean I. Weitzman, Esq. on December 27th, 2013
A jury has awarded a Philadelphia family a $42.9 million medical malpractice award after their son was born prematurely and suffered from a multitude of complications after his birth in July 2007.
The family sued the doctors and hospital where their son was born, alleging that the "complications suffered by their child due to extreme premature birth were the result of negligence" on the part of the doctors who treated the mother and the baby, according to a Dec. 24 story in The Legal Intelligencer.
The parents, Ebony Harris and Roy Fortson, filed the lawsuit on behalf of their son, Phinees Fortson, who was born July 5, 2007 after being in his mother's womb for about 25 weeks, compared to a normal gestation of 38 to 42 weeks.
"According to the plaintiffs' court papers, doctors treating the child's mother failed to admit her to the hospital in a timely fashion and failed to administer IV steroids that would have protected her baby's brain and respiratory development," the story reported. The child suffered "multiple physical and cognitive impairments" due to the premature birth and from the inadequate care he and the mother were given by the doctors, according to the story.
The jury's award in the case, which was heard in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, will cover the boy's future medical expenses for a variety of related conditions, including mental retardation, blindness, spastic quadriparesis, quadriparesis cerebral palsy, gastroesophageal reflux and a complex feeding disorder, the story reported.
The family had filed suit against Dr. Doris Chou, Dr. Kwandaa Roberts, Chestnut Hill Hospital and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP). Chou, who was an employee of HUP when she saw Harris in Chestnut Hill Hospital's department of maternal fetal medicine, was found 100 percent negligent in the case by the jury, according to the report. Roberts was found not to be negligent.
Harris had been examined in March 2007 at Chestnut Hill Hospital while she was pregnant with the baby and had undergone ultrasound examinations and pregnancy management in the facility.
About four months later, on July 2, 2007, she returned to the hospital with complaints of pelvic pressure and was seen by Chou, who noted that the patient's cervix had shortened to 1.13 centimeters. "During that ultrasound examination, Chou discovered an 'excessive accumulation' of amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac causing uterine distention, according to the plaintiffs' papers, creating a high risk for pre-term birth," The Legal Intelligencer reported.
She was then monitored by Roberts for almost four hours and was then discharged to return home on pelvic rest and modified bed rest, the story stated. Two days later, late in the evening of July 4, 2007, Harris called her doctor to report frequent contractions, according to the story. The baby was born a day later through an emergency C-section, and after his birth, he was diagnosed with seizures and a brain hemorrhage, the story continued. "According to Chou and HUP's defense papers, there was no finding in Chou's July 2 examination of Harris that delivery was imminent."
This case is an example of the kinds of medical malpractice and birth injury cases that occur regularly across the United States to families in every walk of life when doctors don't take every step to protect and monitor their patients through difficult and life-threatening procedures.
We here at MyPhillyLawyer deal with these kinds of cases regularly and we stand ready to assist you with your legal case if you or a loved one is ever seriously injured in a birth injury case anywhere in the United States. We pledge to make sure that your child gets the proper medical care needed to maximize the child's potential from that point forward. These kinds of cases happen on a regular basis, but they can be fought by legal teams that are prepared to battle for their clients' rights all along the way to a fair settlement or to a just verdict.
Call MyPhillyLawyer at 215-227-2727 or toll-free at 1-(866) 352-4572 anytime and our experienced, compassionate, aggressive team of attorneys and support staff will be there for you and your family every step of the way as we manage your case through the legal system.
When Winning Matters Most, Call MyPhillyLawyer.


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The Practice of Mindfulness
The practice of mindfulness encompasses the idea of living in the present moment and being acutely aware of your surroundings and focusing on things that matter. This involves taking control of how you view the world through observations of your surroundings and in turn how those observations create emotions that drive behaviors. While experiencing emotions through observation of the world is important, practicing mindfulness aids in directing actions. Here are some steps to successfully practicing the art of mindfulness.
Live in the Present
People commonly get so hung up on past events that it negatively affects their present state of being. Being mindful is realizing that there is no changing the past and it is best to intentionally focus on the present. While it is good to reflect on the past to take lessons away from mistakes, it is more important to apply those lessons moving forward.
However, it is equally important to not get caught up in the future. Letting worries about the future affect your feelings or actions at the present time is not an effective way to appreciate the moment. Planning for the future is important, but always remember that the present moment is the most cherished.
It is also important to not hold on tight to positive emotions. Living in the moment does not necessarily mean that the moment is great, as everyone will have bad experiences throughout their lifetime. Appreciate positive moments without fearing their ending and do not compare current positive moments to past joyful events, as the current positivity may be overshadowed.
Pay Attention
Make a conscious effort to focus only on things that are positive to think about. While it may be tempting to let your mind wander to the troubles in your life, consciously redirect your thoughts to the present moment and to things you have full control over. Be sure to also pay attention to your actions. Your actions and reactions to situations help to define your triggers, so it is important to be conscious of everything you do and say based on how you respond to the triggers in life.
Part of paying attention to your actions is to give them a purpose. Realize and appreciate your reasoning for acting and thinking as you do, and make sure it is constructive and beneficial to your life. Knowing the well-meaning purpose behind every action you take is an important element of mindfulness. When you view your nutrition, as an example, it is important to be mindful of "what you are eating" but also, and most importantly the "why of what you are eating." Paying attention and being intentional are significant steps in healthy nutrition alignments.
Lighten up the Judgment
During the practice of mindfulness, you will find that you become more aware of your surroundings and may notice things that you previously would have missed. While observation is crucial, the act of judging what you see is not beneficial to your wellbeing.
It is important to be objective when observing situations, realizing that you may not have complete information or you may not have ever been in the shoes of the other person. "There go I" is a good self talk, to keep it all balanced. Most assuredly, you might be in a similar situation at some point down the line yourself. Would you be as hard on you, if that were you…then?
Practicing empathy is much more effective for us than establishing blame. If you are versed at practicing mindfulness, judgments will occur less and you may find yourself feeling better about things in general, as you are not so amped up about all the wrong out there.
Embrace Emotions
Do not shun away emotions. Everyone experiences a wide range of emotions, but the important thing to remember is that they are always temporary. Emotions can be unpredictable, and you cannot always control how you feel. For this reason, it is crucial to accept your current emotions, realize they will pass, and not try to hold onto them when it is time to let go. Emotions create "triggers" which typically lead us down a negative path, usually in nutrition, which then makes us feel worse, creating a cycle of negative actions and emotions directed at ourselves.
Putting it All Together
Being mindful with your nutrition will help you uncover the key "triggers" that may drive you to less than healthy choices as you resolve to make changes this year. Once you identify triggers it is easier to have a defensive strategy when they come knocking. They always come knocking, so best bet is to be prepared.
You may also realize 1 of 3 things: 1.) I am doing a really good job; 2.) I thought I was doing a good job, but in reality, not so much. 3.) I had no idea how far off the reservation I had traversed.
Being mindfully across the many fronts of life, is key to a healthier, happier, and longer life.
Fitness Together Mission Hills offers personal training with qualified professionals by regular appointment in private suites. Exercise and nutritional programs are custom designed to fit your needs and abilities. Call (619) 794-0014 for more information or to schedule a free fitness diagnostic and private training session. See what others are saying about us on Yelp.
Category: Health & Fitness, Life Style


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The great and the good from the UK's industrial and logistics property agents embarked on a tour of some of our speculatively-built schemes yesterday as part of our Best of British event.
Over 100 took part in the tour across over 750,000 sq ft of speculatively developed space. The tour kicked off with a visit to units 1-3 at Symmetry Park, Aston Clinton, where we are on site developing three units comprising 55,000 sq ft; 83,000 sq ft and 110,000 sq ft logistics floor space with PC in Q4 2019.
Unit 5 at Central M40, Banbury was the next stop, where guests had the opportunity to view our latest build measuring 333,000 sq ft.
The final stop was Symmetry Park, Bicester where a true Best of British lunch was served in the newly completed 163,000 sq ft logistics facility. Games were held where some revealed their competitive streak.
Charlie Lambert's clay-pigeon shooting skills won him first place whilst Adam McGuinness picked up the prize for the best welly thrower. Callum Gilbert at Cushman & Wakefield was picked as the prize winner of the PalmerSport Race Day. No one however went home empty handed with each guest receiving a pair of Hunter wellies.
We would like to thank everyone who attended and have a look at our Instagram page and gallery below to see photos from the day. Please download and share with #BOBtour and tag @dbsymmetry.


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Dubai Municipality issued a guideline for cleaning for areas exposed to confirmed case(s) of COVID-19 in none-health commercial premises. This guideline must be followed by all cleaning and disinfection services companies carrying disinfection and sterilization procedures in built environment.
Precautions to take after completing the clean-up and disinfection of the affected area


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Plane Travel Sky
Written on September 15, 2021
Plane Travel Sky
Thank you again for helping Hugo and I plan a wonderful trip to the Dominican Republic! Our resort was very nice and the travel (flights and van) went smoothly! Taking this trip made us realize we don' want to wait as long to book another. I was curious of your opinion of travel to Mexico (Cancun, Riviera Maya, etc).


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Tate Modern has announced its major spring exhibition will examine the work of American artist Joan Jonas.
On display from the 14th March 2018, the exhibition will be the first of its kind at any Tate Gallery combining a gallery exhibition, a ten day live performance programme in the Tanks which will feature live performances by Jonas herself, and a film retrospective in the Starr Cinema – all aiming to show her influence on contemporary art.
Regarded as key figure in performance art who continues to influence a younger generation of artists, Joan Jonas's career over five decades will be celebrated in this large survey of her work.
The display will see early and late works will sitting alongside each other to unite some of her most important pieces as well as reflecting the artist's own interest in revisiting her history. Works that will be displayed as part of the exhibition include Cones/May Windows (After Mirage), Honey's Visual Telepathy 1972 and more recently her Stream or River, Flight or Pattern 2016-17.
Throughout the exhibition, key themes from her five decades worth of work will be explored from her use of sound to the influence of Japanese noh theatre.
In addition to the exhibition, Jonas will be the subject of this year's BMW Tate Live Exhibition – an innovative ten day programme of live performance art in the Tanks. Jonas herself will perform some of her most famous works such as Mirror Pieces 1968-71 alongside works by close collaborators. A specially curated selection of Jonas's influential film works will be screened in the Starr Cinema in May, adding another layer to Tate Modern's survey of this performance art pioneer.
The exhibition is curated in close collaboration with the artist by Andrea Lissoni, Senior Curator of International Art (Film), Tate Modern and Julienne Lorz, Curator, Haus der Kunst, Munich with Monika Bayer-Wermuth, Assistant Curator, Tate Modern.
Joan Jonas will be on display at Tate Modern from the 14th March until the 5th August 2018. For more information visit: http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/joan-jonas.


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Last revision: Sept. 30, 2021
The Domestic Names Committee of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names does not use apostrophes in the official spellings of place names. This Wall Street Journal article reports, "While administrative names can endure (Prince George's County, Md.), the committee has granted only five possessive apostrophes in 113 years: MARTHA'S VINEYARD, Mass.; IKE'S POINT, N.J.; JOHN E'S POND, R.I.; CARLOS ELMER'S JOSHUA VIEW, Ariz.; and—in 2002— CLARK'S MOUNTAIN, Ore." [Charles Turner]
ACCEDED, BAGGAGE, CABBAGE, DECEDED, DEEDEED, DEFACED, DEFADED, DEGAGEE, EFFACED, GEAGGED, and FEEDBAG are seven-letter words which can be played on a musical instrument.
CABBAGED, BEBEDDED, BEDEAFED, DEBADGED, DEBAGGED, and BAGGAGED are eight-letter words.
If you allow hyphens, there are CABBAGE-BED, BEADED-EDGE, and FACE-BEDDED. CABBAGEFACED, although not in dictionaries, is a longer such word [Stuart Kidd, Philip Bennett, Joseph Krol, Paul Wright].
However, the world's longest acronym according to the Guinness Book of Words is NIIOMTPLABOPARMBETZHELBETRABSBOMONIMONKONOTDTEKHSTROMONT (56 letters, 54 in Cyrillic). Found in the Concise Dictionary of Soviet Terminology, it means: The laboratory for shuttering, reinforcement, concrete and ferroconcrete operations for composite-monolithic and monolithic constructions of the Department of the Technology of Building-assembly operations of the Scientific Research Institute of the Organization for building mechanization and technical aid of the Academy of Building and Architecture of the USSR [Stuart Kidd].
From the Paris climate talks in 2015 comes CBDRILONCWRC (12 letters). It stands for "Common But Differentiated Responsibility In Light Of National Circumstances With Respective Capability." [Charles Turner]
PAKISTAN, TANZANIA. The Encyclopaedia Britannica has "In a 1933 pamphlet, Now or Never, Rahmat Ali and three Cambridge colleagues coined the name as an acronym for Punjab, Afghania (North-West Frontier Province), Kashmir, and Indus-Sind, combined with the -stan suffix from Baluchistan (Balochistan). It was later pointed out that, when translated from Urdu, Pakistan could also mean 'Land of the Pure.'" From Wiki: "The name 'Tanzania' was created as a clipped compound of the names of the two states that unified to create the country: Tanganyika and Zanzibar. It consists of the first three letters of the names of the two states ... and the suffix 'ia' to form Tanzania." [Charles Turner].
ADORKABLE is the first word to be added to a dictionary as a result of an Internet vote. Twitter voters chose the word, popularized by Zooey Deschanel in TV show New Girl, to be added to the Collins English Dictionary in 2014. More information is here. [Charles Turner]
AEGILOPS (alternate spelling of egilops, an ulcer in a part of the eye) is apparently the longest word in W2 which consists of letters in alphabetical order. Aegilops is also also a genus of mollusc and a genus of grass [Charles Turner]. CHILLLOSS (the opposite of a heatloss) has its letters in alphabetical order, although this word may not be in any dictionary [Word Ways]. BEEFILY and BILLOWY are the longest such words in OSPD2+. Update: Mike Turniansky reports that new six-letter words with the letters in alphabetical order added to the Scrabble dictionary in 2014 are: AGLOOS, BLOOPY, DEHORS, DHIKRS, GLOOPS, and GLOOPY.
Seven-letter words from the OED2 with their letters in alphabetical order are: ACCENTY, ACCOMPT, ADDILLS, AFFORST, ALLOQUY, BEGHOST, BELLOOT, DEGLORY, FILLOPS, and FILLOTT [Philip Bennett].
Six-letter words with their letters in alphabetical order include: ABBEIT, ABBESS, ABBEST, ABDEST, ABHORS, ACCENT, ACCEPT, ACCESS, ACCLOY, ACCOST, ACHILL, ACKNOW, ADDEEM, ADDERS, ADEMPT, ADHORT, ADILLS, ADIPSY, ADORTY, AFFLUX, AGHILL, ALMOST, ANOPSY, BEFIST, BEFLOW, BEGILT, BEGINS, BEGIRT, BEKNOW, BELLOW, BENOTT, BIJOUX, BILLOT, BIOPSY, BLOOPS, BLOTTY, CHILLS, CHILLY, CHIMPS, CHINNY, CHINTZ, CHIPPY, CHIRRS, CHITTY, CHIVVY, CHOOPS, CHOOSY, CHOPPY, CLOOPS, CLOTTY, DEFLOW, DEFLUX, DEHORT, DIKKOP, DILUVY, DIMPSY, EFFLUX, EFFORT, ELLOPS, FILMOT, FLOORS, FLOPPY, FLOSSY, GHOSTY, GILLOT, GLOPPY, GLOSSY, GOOSSY, KNOPPY, and KNOTTY [Philip Bennett, Bruce D. Wilner, Mike Turniansky, Denis Borris, Stuart Kidd, Eric Brahinsky].
This page lists 860 words in English which have their letters in alphabetical order.
The following words in the on-line Scrabble dictionary have symmetrically distributed letters: WIZARD, HOVELS, BEVY, GIRT, GRIT, IZAR, LEVO, TRIG, VOLE, WOLD, BY, LO, and SH [Mark D. Lew, Dan Tilque, Bruce D. Wilner]. There is also ZYBA (a town in Kansas), which was named by taking the last two letters and the first two letters of the alphabet [Don Blevins in Peculiar, Uncertain & Two Egg]. POLK is the only last name of a U. S. President with symmetrically distributed letters. "Symmetrically distributed letters" means that, for example, in BEVY the B and Y are equidistant from the center, as are E and V. Kieran Child points out that if you allow the central letter to be a "pivot" then the word BIGOTRY works and is even longer than wizard and hovels.
Some common words which change from one to three syllables upon the addition of just one letter are: ARE/AREA, CAME/CAMEO, CRIME/CRIMEA, GAPE/AGAPE, HOSE/HOSEA, JUDE/JUDEA, LIEN/ALIEN, OLE/OLEO, RODE/RODEO, ROME/ROMEO, SMILE/SIMILE and WHINE/WAHINE. (Wahine is defined as a Polynesian woman or a female surfer in MWCD11.) There are numerous other examples involving more obscure words [Jim Lizzi, Stuart Kidd, Philip Bennett, Charles Turner].
[An alternate solution this question is the word "language." The person actually says, "Think of words ending in -gry. Hungry and angry are 2 of them. There are three words in the english language. What is the third? You use it every day. If you paid attention I have already told you the answer."
Buckminster Fuller coined the word LIVINGRY as the opposite of weaponry, which he called KILLINGRY [Charles Turner].
On Aug. 18, 2002, the New York Times Magazine had the following sentence: "Baseball suffered the triple threat of steroids, strikes, and Seligry." This -gry word, which is not in any dictionaries, is a play on the name of Bud Selig, the Commissioner of Baseball [Fred Shapiro]
On Jan. 2, 2012, a Tampa Tribune columnist wrote, "Why does 'Youngry' just get to go on Raheem's tombstone?" He was referring to Raheem Morris, the head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers football team, which had just concluded a losing season with young players.
HANGRY was published at collinsdictionary.com in 2012. It has "(humorous) irritable as a result of feeling hungry." [Charles Turner]
In Dutch, there are jij (you), pijjekker (pea-jacket, although not found in dictionaries), schrooiijzer (upstanding cutting iron for bars, rods), sjiiet (follower of the Shia), snijijzer (cutting iron), uitdijing (expansion), and zijig (effeminate) [Oscar van Vlijmen, René Davids].
In Lithuanian, jiji is an archaic Lithuanian form of "him" consisting exclusively of dotted letters, and kraujijimas is archaic for "staining with blood" [Juozas Rimas].
In Swahili, jiji means "city" and kijiji means a small city or village [Gerald Gathuto].
In Hungarian, jöjjön (meaning "he should come") has seven dots in a row [Maryam Frazer].
In Finnish, pääjääjää (meaning "the main stayer," partitive case) has 14 dots in a row, according to Pertti Malo, who writes that a person at the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland "writes to me that 'in theory' she would approve this word." Malo writes that there are so many ways to create a Finnish word that it would be impossible to collect them all in a dictionary. A website (in Finnish) estimate there are 1024 Finnish words.
A property development company in the Canadian territory of Nunavut is the Katujjijiit Development Corporation, with six consecutive dotted letters [Craig Rowland].
The earliest known use of CATENARY in English is by President Thomas Jefferson. He also is thought to have coined NEOLOGIZE, BELITTLE, ANGLOPHOBIA, ODOMETER, OTTOMAN, and PEDICURE [Thomas Dickson, Words from the White House; Charles Turner]. The earliest known use of MILEAGE is by Benjamin Franklin.
Barry Harridge reports that in Chambers the eight spellings of CATERCORNER are surpassed by the number of variants for GALLABEA which can also be spelled gallabeah, gallabia, gallabiah, gallabieh, gallabiya, gallabiyah, gallabiyeh, galabea, galabeah, galabia, galabiah, galabieh, galabiya, galabiyah, galabiyeh. Friederike E. Droegemueller adds these spellings: Djellabah, Jellaba, Djallabea, Jalaba, Djelaba. She writes, "I saw all of these spellings, and more, in Morocco. It is, by the way, the same garment, regardless of spelling."
Eric Brahinsky has found that W3 gives ten spellings for the plural of Kirghiz (the name of an Asian people): KIRGHIZ, KIRGHIZES, KIRGHESE, KIRGHESES, KIRGHIS, KIRGHISES, KIRGIZ, KIRGIZES, KHIRGHIZ, and KHIRGHIZES. (The singular form has five spellings in W3.)
Eric Brahinsky has found that W3 gives twelve spellings for the plural of Haftarah (the singular of which has four spellings shown). The plurals are: HAFTAROTH, HAFTAROT, HAFTARAHS, HAPHTAROTH, HAPHTAROT, HAPHTARAHS, HAFTOROTH, HAFTOROT, HAFTORAHS, HAPHTOROTH, HAPHTOROT, and HAPHTORAHS.
Gloria Donen Sosin says she has found 16 spellings for HANUKKAH (in alphabetical order): Channuka, Channukah, Chanuka, Chanukah, Chanuko, Hannuka, Hannukah, Hanuka, Hanukah, Hanukkah, Kanukkah, Khannuka, Khannukah, Khanuka, Khanukah, and Khanukkah. (Her list may include transliterations from Hebrew to English.) James A. Landau has found Chanuccah in an 1872 prayer book.
The name MUAMMAR KHADAFI has 32 variants according to the Library of Congress. (1) Muammar Qaddafi, (2) Mo'ammar Gadhafi, (3) Muammar Kaddafi, (4) Muammar Qadhafi, (5) Moammar El Kadhafi, (6) Muammar Gadafi, (7) Mu'ammar al-Qadafi, (8) Moamer El Kazzafi, (9) Moamar al-Gaddafi, (10) Mu'ammar Al Qathafi, (11) Muammar Al Qathafi, (12) Mo'ammar el-Gadhafi, (13) Moamar El Kadhafi, (14) Muammar al-Qadhafi, (15) Mu'ammar al-Qadhdhafi, (16) Mu'ammar Qadafi, (17) Moamar Gaddafi, (18) Mu'ammar Qadhdhafi, (19) Muammar Khaddafi, (20) Muammar al-Khaddafi, (21) Mu'amar al-Kadafi, (22) Muammar Ghaddafy, (23) Muammar Ghadafi, (24) Muammar Ghaddafi, (25) Muamar Kaddafi, (26) Muammar Quathafi, (27) Muammar Gheddafi, (28) Muamar Al-Kaddafi, (29) Moammar Khadafy, (30) Moammar Qudhafi, (31) Mu'ammar al-Qaddafi, (32) Mulazim Awwal Mu'ammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Qadhafi [Charles Turner].
David Fabian performed a Google search using various spellings on Dec. 20-21, 2003, and found the following number of hits for each: Gaddafi, 60600; Gadaffi, 26800; Qaddafi, 23900; Khadafi, 18300; Gadhafi, 17600; Kadhafi, 17000; Kadafi, 14300; Qadhafi, 12900; Kaddafi, 10000; Gadafi, 6910; Ghaddafi, 4310; Khaddafi, 3920; Khadafy, 3890; Khadaffi, 2840; Ghadafi, 2550; Qadaffi, 2200; Ghadaffi, 2070; Gadafy, 1760; Kadaffi, 1490; Qadafi, 1450; Khadaffy, 1350; Gaddhafi, 897; Gaddaffi, 861; Khaddafy, 802; Gaddafy, 670; Ghadhafi, 462; Gadhaffi, 442; Qaddaffi, 381; Qaddhafi, 304; Khadhafi, 289; Kadafy, 270; Gadaffy, 245; Kaddhafi, 196; Kaddaffi, 187; Kadhaffi, 181; Kadaffy, 178; Ghaddaffi, 156; Khaddaffi, 133; Qaddafy, 129; Kaddafy, 127; Ghadafy, 121; Ghaddafy, 114; Qhadafi, 101; Qadhaffi, 98; Qadafy, 86; Qadaffy, 72; Kadhafy, 71; Khaddhafi, 60; Ghadaffy, 60; Qhaddafi, 39; Qhadaffi, 33; Khaddaffy, 29; Gadhafy, 29; Kadhaffy, 28; Gaddhaffi, 27; Gaddaffy, 24; Qhadafy, 24; Qadhafy, 24; Ghaddhafi, 20; Kaddaffy, 20; Qhaddafy, 14; Kaddhaffi, 13; Khadhaffi, 10; Ghadhaffi, 10; Qhaddaffi, 9; Gadhaffy, 8; Kaddhafy, 7; Ghaddaffy, 4; Qaddhaffi, 3; Qhadaffy, 3; Ghaddhaffi, 2; Qhadhafi, 2; Gaddhafy, 2; Qaddhafy, 2; Qadhaffy, 2; Kaddhaffy, 1; Ghadhafy, 1; Qaddaffy, 1. Other spellings may exist.
In May, 1986, when Khadafy responded to a letter from some second-graders at Maxfield Magnet School in St. Paul, Minnesota, he signed the letter in Arabic script, beneath which was typed "Moammar El-Gadhafi." This was the first known indication of his own feelings on the subject, and the wire services and many newspapers promptly announced they would switch. But Time and the New York Times remain holdouts [Charles Turner].
The following ten-letter words have one occurrence of one letter, two occurrences of another letter, three occurrences of another letter, and four occurrences of another letter: COEFFEOFFE, REMEMBERER, SERENENESS, SHAHANSHAH, SLEEVELESS, TENTRETENE. The list of six-letter words with a similar property is very long, but it includes these common words: BANANA, COCOON, DEEMED, DOODAD, GOOGOL HORROR, MAMMAL, PEPPER, POWWOW, TATTOO. [Philip Bennett, Jeffrey Shallit]
Some words with each letter occurring twice are UNENSURERS, HORSESHOER, CAUCASUS, and REGARAGE. [Paul Wright]
In KWAKWAKA'WAKW (the name for an Indigenous group of First Nations peoples who live in British Columbia) every letter occurs four times. The word translates as "those who speak Kwak'wala."
The longest "well-mixed" transposals (no more than three consecutive letters in common) are BASIPARACHROMATIN/MARSIPOBRANCHIATA (17 letters) and THERMONASTICALLY/HEMATOCRYSTALLIN (16 letters) [Dan Tilque].
The longest three-way well-mixed transposal is INTERROGATIVES/REINVESTIGATOR/TERGIVERSATION (14 letters) [Dan Tilque].
A 15-letter well-mixed transposal is MEGACHIROPTERAN/CINEMATOGRAPHER [Charles Turner].
The longest "perfectly mixed" transposals (no consecutive letter combinations) are NITROMAGNESITE/REGIMENTATIONS and ROTUNDIFOLIATE/TITANOFLUORIDE (both 14 letters) [Dan Tilque].
(According to Dan Tilque, the transposal definitions and results are from from Word Recreations by A. Ross Eckler, although the results were discovered mostly by members of the National Puzzler's League, without the aid of computers.)
CROMULENT is a word created by writer David X. Cohen for the TV show The Simpsons. It is now listed in Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English. It is one of 10 words created or made popular by the TV series, as described in this article.
DABCHICK (a small bird) is among the very few words that contain ABC. Some others: ABCOULOMB, ABCHALAZAL, ABCAREE, CRABCAKE, DRABCLOTH, ABC SOIL, BABCOCK TEST, NABCHEAT, ABCIXIMAB (a human-murine monoclonal antibody fragment that inhibits the aggregation of platelets). There is also ABCDERY (also written ABCDery), although dictionaries have the spelling ABECEDARY. [Philip C. Bennett, Charles Turner]
In W3, ABC is a word, meaning "alphabet."
Allowing intervening punctuation, there is SAB-CAT (a saboteur) in W2 and W3 [Susan Thorpe in WordsWorth].
Proper nouns include ABCOUDE (city in the Netherlands), ZABCIKVILLE (city in Texas), and ABCHASIA (a small breakaway republic on the Black Sea which is or was part of the Republic of Georgia).
There are also B. abchasica, C. abchasicum, and H. abchasicus, all three of which are botanical names for Paeonia Plants found in the Caucasus [Philip Bennett, Charles Turner].
BACED (urbandictionary.com) is the only word consisting of the first five letters of the alphabet, each occurring once [Yarlagadda police].
A footnote indicates the excerpt above was based on Philip Gove, "The History of Dord," American Speech, 29 (1954): 136-8.When the guidelines for etymology in Webster's Third were nearing completion, Gove took time out to add the story of dord to the lore of how things can go wrong in dictionary making. Dord was a word that had appeared spontaneously and had found a quiet niche in the English language two decades earlier. It was recorded in Webster's Second in 1934 on page 771, where it remained undetected for five years. It disappeared from the dictionary a year later without ever having entered common parlance. The facts, which had been established years earlier through a search of company files, were as follows, as abridged from Gove's explanation.
The lack of an etymology for dord, meaning "density," was noted by an editor on February 28, 1939, when he was perusing the dictionary. Startled by the omission, he went to the files to track down what had happened and what needed to be done. There, he found, first, a three-by-five white slip that had been sent to the company by a consultant in chemistry on July 31, 1931, bearing the notation "D or d, cont/ density." It was intended to be the basis for entering an additional abbreviation at the letter D in the next edition. The notation "cont," short for "continued," was to alert the typist to the fact that there would be several such entries for abbreviations at D.
A change in the organization of the dictionary possibly added to the confusion that followed. For the 1934 edition, all abbreviations were to be assembled in a separate "Abbreviations" section at the back of the book; in the previous edition words and abbreviations appeared together in a single alphabetical listing (which is how they again appeared in the Third Edition.) But after the original slip was typed for editorial handling, it was misdirected. Eventually, it came to be treated with the words rather than with the abbreviations.
Th editorial stylist who received the first typed version should have marked "or" to be set in italics to indicate that the letters were abbreviations (D or d). But instead, she drew a continuous wavy line underneath to signify that "D or d" should be set in boldface in the manner of an entry word, and a label was added, "Physics & Chem." Since entry words were to be typed with a space between letters, the editorial stylist may have inferred that the typist had intended to write d o r d; the mysterious "cont" was ignored. These errors should have been caught when the word was retyped on a different color slip for the printer, but they were not. The stylist who received this version crossed out the "cont" and added the part-of-speech label n for noun.
"As soon as someone else entered the pronunciation," Gove wrote, "dord was given the slap on the back that sent breath into its being. Whether the etymologist ever got a chance to stifle it, there is no evidence. It simply has no etymology. Thereafter, only a proofreader had final opportunity at the word, but as the proof passed under his scrutiny he was at the moment not so alert and suspicious as usual."
The last slip in the file -- added in 1939 -- was marked "plate change imperative/urgent." The entry was deleted, and the space was closed up by lengthening the entry that followed. In 1940 bound books began appearing without the ghost word but with a new abbreviation. In the list of meanings for the abbreviation "D or d" appeared the phrase "density, Physics." Probably too bad, Gove added, "for why shouldn't dord mean density?"
A video by Merriam-Webster on YouTube explains how dord made its way into the dictionary.
Actually, there is a word dord — an ancient trumpet, originating in Ireland [Charles Turner].
ESQUIVALIENCE, defined as "n. the willful avoidance of one's official responsibilities," is a fabricated word inserted into the 2001 first edition of the New Oxford American Dictionary to protect the copyright of the electronic edition. Erin McKean, the editor-in-chief of the second edition of the dictionary, said, "The editors figured, We're all working really hard, so let's put in a word that means 'working really hard.' Nothing materialized, so they thought, Let's do the opposite." An editor named Christine Lindberg came up with the word. A phony entry in the 1975 edition of the New Columbia Encyclopedia is LILLIAN VIRGINIA MOUNTWEAZEL, described as a fountain designer turned photographer who was celebrated for a collection of photographs of rural American mailboxes titled Flags Up! She was born in Bangs, Ohio, in 1942, and died at 31 in an explosion while on assignment for Combustibles magazine. [Information from Charles Turner, referring to a 2005 article in the New Yorker]
Some non-existent places are GOBLU and BEATOSU, which appeared as towns on the 1979-80 Michigan State Highway Commission map; they actually represented Go Blue! and Beat OSU, and were deleted from the 1980-81 map [Dickson]. AGLOE was added to a road map of upstate New York in the 1930s by Otto G. Lindberg and Ernest Alpers, who anagrammed their initials to get the town name. (More information is here.) The non-existent town of ARGLETON in West Lancashire was found on Google maps in 2008 [Charles Turner]. SANDY ISLAND, which is found on Google Earth and other world maps midway between Australia and New Caledonia, was found in 2012 not to exist. See the Wikipedia article Fictitious Entry.
The earliest known use of OMG is in a 1917 correspondence from British Admiral John Arbuthnot Fisher to Winston Churchill, wherein Fisher excitedly relayed the phrase to his former Royal Navy colleague: "I hear that a new order of Knighthood is on the tapis—O.M.G. (Oh! My God!)—Shower it on the Admiralty!!" See this web page.
MS. has been dated to 1901. An earlier use of Ms. is on a 1767 tombstone in Plymouth, Massachusetts: "HERE LIES INTERRD [sic] THE BODY OF MS. SARAH SPOONER." However, it is considered a likely mistake by the engraver of the tombstone. See this article.
MULTIVERSE was used in 1895. See this article.
A 2002 New York Times article points out that John A. Murphy is credited with a 1972 marketing masterstroke with "Lite, a fine Pilsner beer," but that the OED shows a use of leoht beor in about the year 1000.
According to a 2005 column by William Safire, the phrase INTELLIGENT DESIGN appears in an 1847 issue of Scientific American, but it was probably coined in its present sense in Humanism, a 1903 book by Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller: "It will not be possible to rule out the supposition that the process of evolution may be guided by an intelligent design."
According to Time (July 3, 2006), LUNATIC FRINGE was coined by Theodore Roosevelt in a letter he wrote after losing the 1912 election: "The various admirable movements in which I have been engaged have always developed among their numbers a large lunatic fringe."
Some dictionaries state that J. R. R. Tolkien coined HOBBIT in 1937, but the word has since been found in 1895 in the Denham Tracts.
ANTIBIOTIC was coined in 1860, but in a sense different from its current meaning. Matthew F. Maury (1806-1873), a U. S. Naval officer and founder of the U. S. Naval Observatory, coined the word in his 1860 textbook, Physical Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology. Arguing against the existence of extra-terrestrial life, he declared, "I incline to the antibiotic hypothesis."
Although the Channel Tunnel linking England and France across the English Channel was not started until 1988 and was completed in 1994, the concept was conceived as early as 1802. In the February 4, 1914 issue of The Sketch, K. Howard declared, "Another word that will be stolen from me ... is 'Chunnel'. This, naturally, will be the pet name for the Channel Tunnel when we get it." He was right: in 1957, a writer for the New York Times Magazine claimed his newspaper coined the term. [Taken from this page, which features a list of 10 surprisingly old words.]
UNFRIEND was used as a verb in 1659: "I hope, sir, that we are not mutually un-friended by this difference which hath happened betwixt us." The word was used as a noun in 1275. [Charles Turner]
According to this article, Jane Austen (1775�1817) used the phrases SHUT UP, DIRT CHEAP, DOG TIRED, DINNER-PARTY, and BRACE YOURSELF. The last two appear in her 1815 novel Emma. She also came up with the phrase, "If I've told you once, I've told you 100 times." She is quoted 1,640 times in the latest edition of the OED.
A perhaps surprisingly recent word is SCIENTIST, coined in 1834 by William Whewell.
According to this article, the word MEH, defined as "an expression of indifference or boredom," has been traced back to a 1992 Melrose Place online forum in which one commenter wrote, "Meh... far too Ken-doll for me...." The term was popularized on The Simpsons. However a word has been found, spelled mem ayin, in a 1928 edition of a Yiddish-English-Hebrew dictionary, where it is given as an interjection defined as "be it as it may." [Charles Turner]
TWEEN appears in The Lord of the Rings: "At that time Frodo was still in his tweens, as the hobbits called the irresponsible twenties between childhood and coming of age at thirty-three." [Charles Turner]
SWAG, referring to clothing, is found in 1838 in Oliver Twist: "It's all arranged about bringing off the swag, is it?" [Charles Turner]
The term FACE-BOOK has been found in print in 1902. See this article. In 1594 Shakespeare used WORM-HOLES in his poem "The Rape of Lucrece."
The OED has a citation of BAD, meaning good, from 1897 [Charles Turner].
TWERK was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2015. Research by the OED has found the term was first used in 1820 as a noun spelled twirk, meaning "a twisting jerking movement" or "twitch." It then emerged as a verb by 1848 and the modern spelling was adopted by 1901.
MATRIX, BUSYBODY, CASTAWAYE, BROKEN HARTED, LONGESUFFERINGE, and STOMBLINGE BLOCKE appear in William Tyndale's translation of the Bible.
(Tyndale's translation of the Bible has the earliest known appearances of these words: SCAPEGOAT, PEACEMAKER, INTERCESSION, and PASSOVER. These words have been attributed to Tyndale, although there is some debate: ATONEMENT and MERCY SEAT.)
A Civil War letter written in 1862 was recently found to include the phrase KICK ASS, which may have been used in the modern sense. An article is here.
An article listing surprisingly old words is here.
[Charles Turner contributed to this section]
lighttight and lillypilly are the longest words consisting of only long letters. Some nine-letter words are flightily, highlight, and hillbilly. (However, if hyphens are allowed, highty-tighty (Chambers) and fifty-fifty are longer [Yarlagadda police].)
The original source for these two lists included i as both a short and long letter.
gyp and gyppy (in OSW and OED2) consist only of letters with descenders.
Some words with only "up" letters are tikitiki (W2), libidibi (W2), dikdik, titbit, and tidbit. OED2 also has the obsolete biddikil and tittifill and the variant spelling hiddill.
[Mike Turniansky, Jim Cook, Stuart Kidd, Rex Gooch, and Philip Bennett contributed to the letter-size section].
ETAOIN SHRDLU is defined in W3 as "a combination of letters set by running a finger down the first and then the second left-hand vertical banks of six keys of a Linotype machine to produce a temporary marking slug not intended to appear in the final printing." The word comes from the layout of the keys on a Linotype machine. The letters also correspond exactly to the sequence of most frequently used letters found in English writing. That is, "e" is the most frequently occurring letter, followed by "t," etc., according to one study.
An entire book that does not use the letter e, a novel titled Gadsby, was published in 1939. Some interesting information about the book is here.
Inspired by that book, Yarlagadda Police wrote a short play titled Man, God and the Eco which consists entirely of three-letter words. According to the author, the play consists of 3456 words, or 789 uniquely-appearing words.
Some long words consisting of only letters in the second half of the alphabet are NONSUPPORTS, PUTTYROOTS, POPPYWORTS, SYNSPOROUS, NONTORTUOUS, SOUPSPOONS, PROSUPPORT, and ZOOSPOROUS [Marc Broering, Stuart Kidd, Philip C. Bennett, Paul Wright]. Allowing proper names, there are TUTTOQQORTOOQ (13 letters, an island in Greenland) and ROSSOUWSPOORT (13 letters, the name of a pass in South Africa) [Susan Thorpe].
A group of researchers from Britain's University of Warwick surveyed 800 people to find the funniest words in English. Their list: BOOTY, TIT, BOOBY, HOOTER, NITWIT, TWIT, WADDLE, TINKLE, BEBOP, EGGHEAD, ASS, TWERP. More information is here. [Charles Turner]