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I love my wardrobe but around the transitional fall months of september and october I start to tire of wearing the same things over and over. I'm sick of my summer clothes but not quite ready to show up at work and meetings a wool and cashmere wrapped sweaty mess. I know, I know. Transitional weather is all about mixing your light weight gear with long sleeves, sweaters and scarves. But sometimes you need a little inspiration, thank you Pinterest. I'm loving pairing delicate skirts with chunky sweaters. But if skirts aren't your thing, skinny pants with lighter sweaters and scarves are equally appealing.
Thursday, September 25
Wednesday, September 24
Glass House
I do love a good steel and plate glass window. There's something about the industrial/factory feel and the amount of light that filters through that I gravitate towards. And while I love a great structural steel window wall between indoors and out, I think they make equally amazing interior dividers. Keeping the light flow consistent throughout multiply spaces while creating necessary sound or visual boundaries.
Oh for this to be at the end of my tiny kitchen. Steel french doors leading out to a tree-filled courtyard. It's the stuff of dreams, I tell you!
I also love the use of a window between the kitchen and dining area in Nate Berkus' townhouse kitchen. It keeps this city kitchen, which all to often can seem dark and cramped, bright and accessible when entertaining while still maintaining a bit of separation when needed.
Wednesday, September 17
A Shelf Above
A little trend has been catching my eye recently among images on Pinterest and Instagram. A single shelf displaying little curations of artwork and meaningful decorative objects resting above the headboard. It's such a wonderful little addition of interest to a minimal or neutral bedrooms in the town or country. It's also a terrific way to keep those little beside necessities, such as alarm clocks and books, nearby when there's little room for side tables. I should perhaps add a somewhat obvious caution that this is best avoided by those living in earthquake zones.
Tuesday, September 16
Hello Again, Again.
Why, hello there. It feels like ages since I last wrote a blog post, forty-one days to be exact. If you're reading these one, thanks for sticking around. I don't quite know where my motivation for blogging went this summer but it sure did take an extended vacation I was not anticipating. So here I am, hitting reboot. And what better way to launch into another season of blogging or working (studying, for that matter, if you're lucky enough to still be a student) than refreshing your workplace. Whether it be your desk at work, your dining room table at home or the bag you bring with you while you take up residence in a local coffee haunt. Here are some spaces that had me at hello...
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The British Dental Health Foundation has issued a warning against travelling abroad for dental treatment after a spate of calls to its helpline from people who have encountered problems.
The warning follows news that the number of UK people looking for information on dental tourism through the internet reached almost 60,000 last month – a rise of 50% from the month before.
The fast-growing trend has led to a number of UK-based agencies offering cut-price 'dental holidays' for people who want to save money on dental treatment while taking a short break.
However, the practice has been labelled 'a massive risk' by the Foundation, which has received calls from patients who returned home in severe pain and needed further treatment to correct poor quality dental work – at an additional cost of several thousand pounds.
Dr Nigel Carter, chief executive of the BDHF, said: 'It is a big worry that so many people are now willing to travel abroad for dental treatment without being fully aware of the risks.
'Not all dentists are as highly trained as those in the UK, where extensive training and strict examinations are undertaken to ensure they meet the high standards required.
'So called 'dental holidays' are presented as a cheap and hassle free alternative to getting treatment in this country but we know from calls to our Dental Helpline that if things go wrong then nothing could be further from the truth.
'It is totally unrealistic to expect that complicated procedures that can take months to complete in this country can be carried out to the same high standard while on a 10-day holiday – but unfortunately that is the myth being sold to people.'
Callers to the Dental Helpline (0845 063 1188) have complained of facing dental bills of up to £10,000 to correct poor quality dental work, while one caller had to be taken to A&E to drain an infection after her face swelled up so much that she could not open her eye.
Dr Carter added: 'If you are going abroad it is unlikely to be for a simple procedure and, of course, complicated treatments are more likely to cause problems. After all, styles and standards of dentistry can vary a great deal from one country to another.
"The question is what will you do when something goes wrong? If something does go wrong then there are all sorts of questions that you will need to ask yourself. For example are you willing to fly back? What are your legal rights as a foreign patient? Are you prepared to go through the courts? Do you have the money required to correct the treatment in this country?
'When you are in pain and feel distressed because treatment has gone wrong then these decisions can become even harder to make.'

subset: commoncrawl


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Pisces August 2016 Horoscope
Welcome to our August 2016 Monthly Horoscope For Pisces Zodiac Sign!
Pisces August Horoscope 2016- Overview
Someone once said, "Advice is useless that's why it's free!" However, in August 2016 advice from someone can really be very useful. If you are having any problems making a decision, then a second unbiased or even professional opinion can be very helpful. This is a month when you may feel bombarded with conflicting information, and you may not be able to decide what or who to believe; that is a why an impartial third person could clarify issues for you.
August 2016 is also a good month to clear up matters in your own mind – if there is something you should have done before or need to do in order to get something off your mind or off your conscience, you should take steps now to put that matter to bed. This is a month to make sure bygones are bygones, and make peace with others and also with yourself.
Sometimes our thoughts are our worst enemy, and we can let negative thoughts run out of control to the point where we are just not being rational, and often things are never as bad as we imagined. In August 2016, face up to those things you have been avoiding, they will be nowhere near as bad as you had imagined, and you will feel as if there is a load off your mind when you have addressed these issues.
Often it can be harder to quieten our own nagging voices of criticism than to deal with other people's; in August 2016, you will find other people very helpful and supportive to you emotionally and in terms of your goals – you must, however, deal with your own doubts by replacing them with pro-active, encouraging thoughts.
August 2016 Pisces Love Horoscope
You should not mix love and the office in August 2016. Whether you are single or in a relationship, keep flirting in work situations to a minimum as it can become complicated and uncomfortable. There is a desire to be impulsive in love, but you should think twice as your judgment is a little cloudy in August 2016, and situations can turn out very differently than expected.
Love relationships that are well-established and stable will do very well in August 2016; with things going smoothly, but with just a little extra zing to make the days sparkle. This is a time when consistency pays off and provides that security and reassurance you need. If your partner is erratic and moody right now, that can rub off on you, making you feel very uneasy. Try to create as much stability and predictability in love as you can in August 2016 as that will help you both to feel at ease. If your partner is upset, you should support him/her without allowing yourself to become emotionally involved – be loving but give the advice he/she needs to hear rather than telling him/her what he/she wants to hear. It may be time for some tough love, do not indulge your partner's self-pity.
In general, you are optimistic about relationships right now and are taking a positive and forwardlooking approach, excited about what the rest of the year may hold. Your strong and positive attitude together with a practical approach will help keep all relationships on an even keel.
Pisces Career Horoscope August 2016
If you work in the arts and creative fields, August 2016 can be a month when criticism and having to make changes and adjustments are hard to swallow. You may have to bite your tongue and commit yourself to editing, cutting and redoing work. You will, in the process, find things that can be improved, and you will end up with an even better result.
In business, August 2016 marks a month when going into partnership or a joint venture can be an excellent idea to expand your business or your career prospects. Pisces enjoy working with people, especially people who have a strong feel for the financial and management side. Pisces are often less focused and can be scatty, and so a partnership can allow Pisces the freedom to express their creative and inspirational side without becoming bogged down with managerial details. It is likely that you will go into partnership with someone who is older or more established, and who already has access to channels or networks which can help the business get off the ground.
Financially, August 2016 can be an onerous month with bills to pay or insurance premiums to renegotiate, so do not undertake any big expenditure. Watch out for changes in the terms and conditions of loans or your repayment schedules.
Pisces should make sure their tax paperwork is being kept up-to-date, and all your info is backed up as problems that arise now can make filing your return more complicated.
A very interesting and also informative month for Pisces who are psychologists, counselors or even psychic and those who use esoteric/new age means to help people – you can make progress in increasing your understanding and developing your own practical techniques and systems to help others. You may develop a new psychometric test, therapeutic technique or learning program.
Last updated on August 23, 2015 at 8:30 pm. Word Count: 866


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The Wandering Twins' Perspective
Hello, I am Catherine, a Wandering Twin. I am 10 years old and in the fourth grade with my brother, another Wandering Twin. I live in America. I love to travel, just like my family. I like to travel because I find it very exiting and informational. Also, it's just and excuse to watch T.V. (Rick Steve's Europe). I recommend it to you travelers. Another thing I like about traveling is meeting new people and trying new things ( especially the food)! Traveling is a great thing for people who want to see how other people embrace the world.
Hello I am Nate, another traveling twin and I like to travel to see new things and taste new things also it is fun to meet new people and see landmarks! I am very lucky to be born into a Traveling Family and I hope you will travel around the world and I wish you luck, May the Force be with you!
The Parental Perspective
I have always loved to travel and was determined that having kids wouldn't keep me from seeing as much of the world as possible. We took our first "big" trip when the kids were in 1st grade. With daycare expenses behind us, we could finally save for vacations! Making our first overseas trip with the twins even easier, I had a dear friend living in the Republic of Georgia who has a daughter the same age as the twins. Not knowing how long they would be in Tbilisi, we jumped at the chance to visit them. I soaked up all the advice my friend gave about traveling with kids and it made a world of difference for how we approached the trip – I was more relaxed and confident and the kids pick up on that.
One morning a few weeks ago, my daughter asked me what my dream job was. After answering, I posed the same question to her. Catherine's response: a travel writer. To support the pursuit of her dream job, this travel blog was born. Many of the reviews and posts will be from their experiences with a good bit of "Parental Perspective" thrown in for additional insight.
Since our trip to the Republic of Georgia, we've had a few more adventures. As the kids get a little older, making them a part of the planning has made each trip a little more interesting. So welcome our blog and the stories of our adventures!


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Ceat to make 2-wheeler tyres, to invest Rs 1,200 crore in new unit
Ceat has been outsourcing 2-wheeler tyres to a Hyderabad-based co till now & has decided to start manufacturing itself at a greenfield plant at Butibori.
NAGPUR: Kicking off work on its maiden two-wheeler tyre facility here, Ceat today said it will be investing Rs 1,200 crore over the next four years to create a capacity to roll out 30 lakh tyres per month from the unit.
The RPG Group firm has been outsourcing two-wheeler tyres to a Hyderabad-based company till now and has decided to start manufacturing itself at a greenfield plant at Butibori on the city's outskirts.
Construction of the plant will be carried out in three phases and the first one with a capacity of 12 lakh tyres a month will be operational by April 2016, Ceat Managing Director Anant Goenka said.
The company will be investing Rs 400 crore in Phase 1. Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis laid the foundation stone for the first phase of the plant.
Speaking to reporters, Goenka said apart from the investments at Butibori, the company is ramping up capacities through investments at its Halol plant (Rs 650 crore) and a factory in Bangladesh (Rs 300 crore).
Goenka said on completion of all the three phases, the Nagpur plant will generate employment for 1,100 people.
With an objective of fuelling expansion plans, the company raised Rs 420 crore through QIP route on November 27.
"Out of Rs 420 crore raised by us through QIP, we will be using Rs 120 crore for the Butibori project alone. We will approach banks to meet the balance fund requirement."
Following the QIP, the promoter's holding in Ceat has come down to 50.9 per cent from 57 per cent and the debt to equity ratio has risen to 0.8 from 0.7. Also FII holding will go up to 26 per cent from 19 per cent, Goenka added.
On the impact of fall in global crude prices, he said, "around 40 per cent of our raw material comes from the crude oil in forms like carbon black and nylon and hence it will reduce our production cost during the third quarter onward. However. it was not likely to have any impact on our margins."
Goenka conceded the prevailing slowdown in the automobile sector has affected the sales of tyres to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).
"The sluggish automobile market has really hit our supply to OEMs. However, let me add that merely 30 per cent of our supply goes to OEMs and the remaining goes to the replacement market which has remained completely unaffected due to this sluggish automobile market."


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I've talked about how online dating apps are a great thing plenty of times, but I can't help but wonder if they're actually doing more harm than good when it comes to confidence. Sure, we've all used things like Tinder, Bumble or Hinge, among others, but have any of us ever wondered why too much of a good thing can be bad?
The thought first popped into my head this week while visiting my best friend in Los Angeles. Just moving here from New York for a job, he's been nearly nonexistent during times we spend together because he's constantly swiping left and right on girls. Tinder. Hinge. Raya. The League. My buddy moves from app to app to seemingly find "the one," yet talks about how he disposes of the girls as if they're an empty box waiting to be recycled.
Look, I can't blame him. I, too, like other guys, went with this mentality. Problem is, there was something that left me feeling down more than excited about being on those apps. At first, I thought it was just me getting a little bit older and that the 20-somethings I used to match with just weren't interested. But, as I racked up match after match with those same 20-something girls, I still found a void. What was it? My confidence was shot.
One might think that matching with girls on online dating apps is great, as they leave people with options and allow them to "window shop" from girl to girl. And, that should help with your confidence, right? In my case, it wasn't, and I wanted to find the reason why that was.
So I poked around to a few different websites to see what I could find, hoping to get the answer about how (and why) online dating apps might be doing more harm than good when it comes to building confidence. Here's some of what I found.
Are online dating apps making people more depressed?
Sure, online dating apps might seem like the easy way to meet girls — which is true — but that doesn't mean people always do. Of course you'll match with people and, hopefully, will be happy with who they are. But, in some cases, when a guy doesn't get the matches he wants, self-doubt can creep into his mind and leave him feeling down.
In fact, according to research, people who use online dating apps have shown an increase in depression, per CNN, with the article saying that things like rejection are real no matter if it's face to face or online. And, per a study that talked to 1,300 (mostly) college-age students about their Tinder use, body image and self-esteem, men and women who used the online dating app reported less satisfaction with their bodies and looks than non-users.
Online dating apps are more like a game than real life
Online dating apps aren't what they first appear to be. One day, you sign up to swipe away and waste time, and, before you know it, you're copy/pasting the same message to a bunch of different girls hoping some of them respond. Does this seem like a real good way to actually meet a partner? Probably not.
Whether you're a guy or a girl, online dating apps allow people to promote themselves through pictures and information, with a lot of users embellishing to make themselves feel better. This might explain why, when you meet up with a girl you met with on an online dating app, she might not be as well put together as she presents herself online. It might also explain why, when you match with a girl and chat all night long, neither one of you ever follows up in the days after — and it's because you've both already been flooded with new options to swipe on and matches to talk with.
Not everyone on online dating is who they claim to be
Along the same lines as the above, as we're all aware of, online dating apps is a hub for people to have fake profiles, with people not actually being the person they first claim. Whether that means fake pictures and a fictional profile, or, as mentioned earlier, an embellished opinion about themselves, online dating apps can be tricky to know what's real and what's not.
We're not saying all pretty girls you match with should be looked at as bots, but we are saying that you should proceed with caution no matter who you match with. That's because a study of over 1,000 online daters from the United States and United Kingdom found that 53 percent of American participants admitted to having lied in their online dating profile. The data found that women are more common to do it than men, with the most common dishonesties being about looks, with 20 percent of the girls posting pics of their younger selves.
The study also showed that men did lie, though, with 40 percent of men indicating that they fibbed about their financial situation, specifically claiming they had a better paying job. So, as we said earlier, proceed with caution when using online dating apps, because a book can't always be judged by its cover.
Will you ever be satisfied when using online dating apps all the time?
This is one of the questions that I found asking myself while I was on online dating apps years ago. That's because it seemed like, just when I matched with someone and met up with them, I decided that there had to be someone better out there on the Internet that I could get. And, once I slept with a girl, it was game over, because I had already achieved what I was looking for.
Whether by pure coincidence or something else, it seems like research backs me up on this.
According to research conducted at Michigan State University, relationships that start out online are 28 percent more likely to break down in their first year than relationships where couples met face-to-face. And it gets worse. Couples who met online are nearly three times as likely to get divorced as couples that met face-to-face. That's telling, because, like myself, if you've convinced yourself that something better is out there, even if you get off online dating apps, you may not change your wandering eyes.


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Hungarian living in the USA.
Teacher (formerly) - way more excitement and responsibility,
programmer (presently) - way more money for the family.
Since a Hungarian
Isn't this the way you would sort a list of names anyway???
"I figured any name with that many accents in it must be Hungarian :) (Also, I have Hungarian blood in me and suspected both your first name and surname as Magyar...) Welcome to WLUG!" -- JohnMcPherson
Any chance of adding details about yourself that are sufficiently detailed to be linkable? There's not much point in a wiki or wiki page without links. -- StuartYeates
No page links to BánócziGábor.
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OnCore Clinical Trial Management Software
OnCore is the Clinical Trial Management Software (CTMS) used by the Medical College of Wisconsin. The Cancer Center CTO has been using OnCore since 2011. OnCore is now available Enterprise-wide for all departments/divisions' study management needs. The CTO is responsible for implementation, training, access, troubleshooting, and continued support for non-cancer departments/divisions wishing to use OnCore at MCW.
OnCore use is currently optional for all non-cancer trails, but there are great benefits of a centralized database of clinical trial information to help support trial execution in an efficient and compliant manner.


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Dynamic Discs presents a Criminal that you might not mind getting to know. With more glide than the Felon and more stability than the Convict, this Criminal is exactly what you need to assault the disc golf course and improve your game. This fairway driver can be trusted to cover the ground necessary without giving up the stability you need for confident throws. If you want a hard-turning, overstable driver, it might be time to introduce a Criminal element to your game.
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Dan Christensen
Dan Christensen (1942-2007) is widely recognized as one of America's foremost color abstractionists. Over the course his lengthy career, Christensen was devoted to exploring and expanding the constantly shifting trends of 20th century abstraction.
Christensen established his reputation at the end of the 1960s, by using spray guns to create colorful stacks, loops, and lines in his artworks. This body of work was considered by the legendary art critic Clement Greenberg among the most original abstract paintings of the decade.
Unlike many of his contemporaries who dedicated themselves to a signature style, Christensen was unrelentingly curious and allowed his dynamic version of abstraction to evolve as he tried new techniques and aesthetics.
During the 1980s, Christensen focused on experimenting with different forms of washing, spraying, and layering colours over top of each other. The works from Christensen's late period combine the gestural drama of Abstract Expressionism with the stained surface look popularized by Color Field artists.
The aesthetic complexity he achieved with these combined techniques are perfectly demonstrated in this work. Splatters and spontaneously created forms of icing white hover above a whirlwind of a background. On the bottom edge, a bright streak of canary yellow overlays the other colours underneath, adding a unique depth to this work.
Over the course of Christensen's lengthy career, he has had numerous solo exhibitions in galleries and renowned institutions around the world. His works can be found in museums including the Guggenheim, the Whitney, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The MoMA and the Albright-Knox Gallery.
Untitled ("Blush")
Signed and dated by the artist in pencil
Acrylic and mixed media on paper
30.25"H 22.75"W (work)
32.75"H 25"W (framed)
Very good condition
Provenance: the Estate of Dan Christensen
- Where does the inventory ship from?
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We can ship anywhere. Typically when we ship within North America we prefer to use FedEx or DHL. To Europe, Asia and beyond we generally use DHL.
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For shipments within North America, we typically charge a flat rate fee. Many items on our site will list the rate. For shipping outside of North America, we can easily provide a quote and will look for the most efficient and economical option.
Most of the items on our site can be easily shipped internationally.
Occasionally we will recommend that an artwork be removed from its frame for shipping. Larger framed works are typically framed with plexiglass. We export over 80% of what we sell, so we are comfortable shipping anywhere.
- Are there additional taxes or fees?
When a work is valued above $2,500 usd there is a possibility of tax of 0.35%, but this is applied sporadically. There can similarly be an additional fee for customs brokerage and this can range from $20 - $65. US Taxes, duties and customs brokerage are not included in our flat rate shipping. However most of our shipments to the US enter without any additional fees.
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Yes, we guarantee everything we sell. We can provide both a digital and printed version of our certificate of authenticity.
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- What payment methods do you accept?
Canadian clients are welcomed and encouraged to pay with interac.


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We have several DJ options to choose from and we are sure that one of them will meet your needs and match your budget. Let us know if you would like an email with all the options and pricing.
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Since 1980, we have been performing at corporate functions from Chicago, IL to Tampa, FL and many points in between. You get the same quality of entertainment whether you have 25 employees or 2,500. Top notch sound, lighting, video, and ultra experienced entertainers ensure a successful event.
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UMAC Basics
Functional Overview
The functions of MAC can be summarized as follows:
If one has to look at the UMAC in terms of design perspective it will look as follows
Thus according to the above figure there are three interfaces/SAP to U-MAC. They are:
Channel structure
The MAC operates on the channels defined below; the transport channels are described between MAC and Layer 1, the logical channels are described between MAC and RLC.
Transport channels
Common transport channel types are:
Dedicated transport channel types are:
Logical Channels
The MAC layer provides data transfer services on logical channels. A set of logical channel types is defined for different kinds of data transfer services as offered by MAC.
Each logical channel type is defined by what type of information is transferred.
Logical channel structure
The configuration of logical channel types is depicted in figure below.
Data Processing in UL and DL
U-MAC is part of the U-Plane of the UMTS protocol stack and so its performance influences the overall system performance. Processing of data, in particular in the UL, is time critical in that completion of the processing of UL data must be within a finite time and leave enough time for U-PHY to carry out its processing before transmitting the data over the air interface. Processing of data in the DL is less time critical and can be done on an 'as soon as possible' basis
To process the data in UL which is very time critical there is always some background processing in UMAC while it is preparing to send the data in UL. The background tasks and UL processing are initiated by a trigger called TTI. It's an event timer set to trigger U-MAC at each frame boundary (i.e. at 10ms intervals) so that there is 10ms left before data transmission on the air interface is to take place. UL data transfer is then initiated (i.e. TF and TFC selection) which results in UMAC_Status_IND primitive being sent to U-RLC.
Finally, traffic volume measurement takes place (therefore taking in to account the latest buffer occupancies in U-RLC). When the required data is received back from U-RLC it is processed and passed to U-PHY.
In the DL Data is received from U-PHY asynchronously with the data grouped by its TTI, i.e. each primitive contains data for a single TTI. UMAC after identifying that the dta is meant for this UE, will transfer the PDUs to URLC.
U-MAC's primary task is to carry data between U-PHY and U-RLC in both the UL and the DL. This task is of the highest priority. In the background, two other sets of tasks are also happening. Firstly, configuration primitives received from U-RRC are received asynchronously. Secondly, every frame (10ms), other tasks are initiated that need attention, i.e. traffic volume measurement, RACH access, activation of delayed configurations etc.
MAC Overview
The basic UMAC architecture of UMAC is shown blow
As shown in the above figure UMAC consist of three different UMV entities which can be considered as different modules when implementing UMAC for UE.
In terms of design perspective the following section gives and idea what are the modules UMAC can have while implementing. Please note that this is just an idea of having certain modules in UMAC. Engineers can design and can implement modules different to what explained below.
This sub-component or module is responsible for handling all primitives received from, and sent to, U-RRC. So basically this can be implemented as file which will contain definition for all the data structures related to the primitives received from URRC. URRC SAP's header file contains the 'C' structures, that represent the configuration primitives, and is shared with U-RRC. The members of the structure will be the parameters of the primitives. The file will also contain the function definition and prototype for handling message to and from URRC.
All the primitives received through URRC SAP should contain primitive identifier. This will enable the developer to call the corresponding function to take the actions based on the received primitive.
On the transmitting side, the URRC SAP creates the final primitive and adds the primitive header before sending it to U-RRC.
This sub-component or module is responsible for handling all primitives received from, and sent to, U-PHY.
Primitives are received encapsulated by a primitive header within which is an identifier of the primitive
On the transmitting side, the U-PHY SAP creates the final primitive and adds the primitive header before sending the primitive to U-PHY.
U-PHY SAP's header file contains the 'C' structures, that represent the primitives and is shared with U-PHY.
The 'U-RLC SAP' sub-component is responsible for handling all primitives received from, and sent to, U-RLC.
If we consider a better design then I would recommend that this SAP should be only used in the DL. In DL the primitives are received with primitive identifier embedded into it. The correct function in the correct U-MAC sub-component (MAC-c/sh, MAC-d, MAC-b) is called passing the primitive itself. For data transmission primitives this needs the Radio Bearer number to be acquired from within the primitive to enable the appropriate mapping for the Radio Bearer to be identified from the configuration provided by the 'Database'. The primitive may then contain several instances, for example the data for several Radio Bearers. In this case the sub-component splits the primitive intelligently to handle the passing of the data to different sub-components (if required).
On the transmitting side, the U-RLC SAP creates the final primitive and adds the primitive header before sending the primitive to U-RLC. U-RLC SAP's header file contains the 'C' structures, that represent the primitives, and is shared with U-RLC.
In case of UL I will recommend that instead of passing the primitives in each TTI it's better to have the function calls. This is because it is felt that the performance of the protocol stack can be significantly improved by violating the principle of everything being handled by the U-RLC SAP. When U-MAC needs to get the data or PDUs from URLC in each TTI or if it needs to know the buffer occupancies in U-RLC, direct function calls are made so that the latest values are obtained. By using function calls, the other possible solution of extra primitives passing between the layers, and the extra delays that incurs at a critical time due to the overhead of the Protocol Stack Framework, is avoided. In a similar way, in the case of U-RLC TM Radio Bearers, U-MAC uses a function call to request the more detailed (than the pure buffer occupancies) information required about what is waiting in the U-RLC buffer.
Create UMAC
This sub-component (can be given any other name) is responsible for initialising the U-MAC software ready for use by calling the initialisation procedures within each of the other sub-components. In other way this is the initialisation of the UMAC task. Please note that this is just the initialisation of the UMAC data structure or it's just a software initialisation. Following this U-MAC still needs to be configured by U-RRC, via the URRC SAP, before any data transfer can occur. This initialisation should occur when power is first applied to the processor or when the CUMAC_Initialisation_REQ primitive is received.
The initialization process can be viewed as initializing the data structure, allocating the necessary memory for the static buffers or primitives and so on. In this process most of the variables used in UMAC are initialized to their default values as suggested in the 3GPP specs.
Kill UMAC
This sub-component is responsible for halting the U-MAC software so that it uses the minimum of system resources.
MAC-b (mac_b)
The 'MAC-b' sub-component is responsible for handling of the broadcast information received in the DL on the BCH transport channel. It is initiated by the receipt of the UPHY_Data_IND primitive that has a data indication, within the primitive, with the Transport Channel Type set to BCH. There can be several instances of MAC-b (due to the possibility of there being several broadcast channels being monitored at one time). Due to the simplicity of the 'MAC-b' sub-component there is no requirement for instance context data. The 'Database' provides the configuration information to map the data to the correct BCCH so that the data can be passed to U-RLC with the UMAC_Data_IND primitive.
MAC-c/sh (mac_csh)
The 'MAC-c/sh' sub-component is responsible for processing of information on the common and shared transport channels in both the UL and the DL.
In terms of implementation and design it is initiated by one of two events.
NOTE: The RLC provides RLC-PDUs to the MAC, which fit into the available transport blocks on the transport channels.
When data is received from U-RLC in the UL, via the UMAC_Data_REQ primitive, the TCTF and UE ID (CRNTI is always added in UL but only for dedicated logical channel data) header fields are added and then the data is passed to the 'U-PHY SAP' sub-component for transmission to U-PHY.
In the DL (if multiple transport channels are received then this procedure is carried out for each transport channel), the TCTF field is stripped off the data. If the logical channel indicated by the TCTF field is for a common/shared logical channel then the data is passed up to U-RLC with the UMAC_Data_IND primitive. If the logical channel indicated by the TCTF field is for a dedicated logical channel then the UE ID field is stripped off the data. The UE ID is compared against the UE ID provided by the 'Database'. This can either be a U-RNTI, a C-RNTI or a DSCH-RNTI, the UE ID Type field gives the type (U-MAC has all three values, if available at the UE, configured in the 'Database'). If the two UE IDs do not match then the data is discarded. If the two UE IDs match then the data is de-multiplexed, if necessary, and then passed up to U-RLC, also with the UMAC_Data_IND primitive.
Thus the following functionality is covered by UMAC -c/sh:
There is one MAC-c/sh entity in each UE.
MAC-d (mac_d)
The 'MAC-d' sub-component is responsible for processing of information on dedicated transport channels in both the UL and the DL.
The following functionality is covered by MAC-d:
The MAC-d entity is responsible for mapping dedicated logical channels for the uplink either onto dedicated transport channels or to transfer data to MAC-c/sh to be transmitted via common channels.
One dedicated logical channel can be mapped simultaneously onto DCH and DSCH. One dedicated logical channel can be simultaneously mapped onto DCH and HS-DSCH. The MAC-d entity has a connection to the MAC-c/sh entity. This connection is used to transfer data to the MAC-c/sh to transmit data on transport channels that are handled by MAC-c/sh (uplink) or to receive data from transport channels that are handled by MAC-c/sh (downlink).
The MAC-d entity has a connection to the MAC-hs entity. This connection is used to receive data from the HS-DSCH transport channel which is handled by MAC-hs (downlink).
There is one MAC-d entity in the UE.
In terms of implementation and design perspective it is initiated by one of two events...
When data is received from U-RLC in the UL, via the UMAC_Data_REQ primitive, the mapping information is acquired from the 'Database'. The data is multiplexed with other logical channels on a block by block basis (with the C/T field added). The data is ciphered if required (again the 'Database' is queried to see if ciphering is configured for this particular Radio Bearer) and then the data is passed to U-PHY with the UPHY_DCH_Data_REQ primitive. Note that the UMAC_Data_REQ primitive received from U-RLC will have contained all of the dedicated logical channel data, therefore this procedure will be executed for each logical channel and the UPHY_DCH_Data_REQ primitive will include all the data to be sent on the single CCTrCh.
In the DL, for data received directly from U-PHY with the UPHY_Data_IND primitive the mapping and configuration is queried from the 'Database' for the transport channel the data is received on (if multiple transport channels are received in the UPHY_Data_IND primitive then this procedure is carried out for each transport channel). The data is de-multiplexed on a block by block basis (by stripping off and using the C/T field), deciphered if required before being passed to U-RLC with the UMAC_Data_IND primitive (with the correct Radio Bearer set within the primitive).
MAC-d has another final task, which is to handle loopback testing. When this mode is in operation U-MAC will echo the TBs received back to U-PHY with the addition of the CRC information of the received blocks appended. U-RRC should have provided the appropriate TFs to allow this to happen.
This module can be considered as a heart of the UMAC layer. The best way to implement this is to define a structure whose members are equivalent to the configuration parameters given my URRC once the UMAC task is initialised. The 'Database' sub-component processes and holds the information provided by U-RRC through the URRC SAP plus other information regarding the status of the U-MAC layer at a particular point in time (previous successful transmission of data on a logical channel etc.). It provides an intelligent interface to access information, for example to provide the TTI for each UL transport channel as well as straightforward access to the configuration information. It also provides the ability to handle configuration information that is not to be used until a specified time in the future and handle the switching of information (plus, for the special case of a TFCSS configuration, reverting back to the unmodified TFCS after the configured time). The following information is contained within the database:
When configurations are received by U-MAC from U-RRC they are not handled immediately but stored in a queue until immediately after the event timer trigger is received (via the 'Data Handler'). At the same time configurations that have been delayed further, due to possessing an activation time, are activated if the correct CFN has now arrived . The UMAC design should ensure that configurations do not change during processing of data (e.g. between the request of data from U-RLC with UMAC_Status_IND and the receipt of data with UMAC_Data_REQ).
As a good design please try to develop the habit that as much as possible of the configuration information stored by the 'Database' is stored as pointers to the primitive structures that have been received from U-RRC. The memory of the primitive structure is released when the configuration is no longer required. The pointers should be stored in static variables. When other sub-components request some information from the 'Database' then they receive the pointer to the primitive structure. This means that the sub-components of U-MAC also need to be able to share the CUMAC SAP's header file. However there are a couple of special exceptions that can be considered. Firstly, TFCS configurations and TFCSS configurations are handled by using the information provided to modify the already stored TFCS configuration primitive. Secondly, again with TFCS and TFCSS configurations, the information provided is decoded from the CTFC to the TFIs and stored like this therefore avoiding the need to decode the CTFCs every time Transport Format Combination Selection takes place.
Finally, the Database module should be intelligent enough to handle the arrival of different primitives at the same time.
Data Handler
This sub-component receives a frame tick via an event timer trigger configured to initiate U-MAC once every frame at the frame boundary. From this it informs other sub-components that need to be actioned to do something at this time. These are:
Transport Format Combination Selection
The 'Transport Format Combination Selection' module provides a Transport Format Combination Selection service for DCH transport channels to be mapped to a single CCTrCh. Some preparation of data for the Transport Format Combination Selection routine, that does not depend on information that changes every frame, is done as soon as configuration primitives are handled after receipt from U-RRC.
TFC selection is processor intensive, therefore limiting the amount of work done when we want to move data through the stack is desirable. Firstly, TFC selection is done on the transport channels whereas U-RRC configures U-MAC with Radio Bearers (which map one to one on to logical channels). The transport channel information (which logical channels are mapped to each transport channel) is therefore prepared at configuration time. Secondly, an array of TF information is prepared at configuration time to save the TFC selection from searching through each transport channel's TFS.
Transport Format Combination Selection needs to acquire the logical channel to transport channel mappings from the 'Database' sub-component, the TTIs of the transport channels and the buffer occupancies of the logical channels from U-RLC (via direct function calls) to make the selection. The logical channel priorities stored by the 'Database' in the Radio Bearer configurations are also taken in to account. There is also the facility for TFCs in the TFCS to be flagged as not being available if the estimated U-PHY power usage of a TFC is greater than the maximum UE transmit power. This is handled internally within the 'Database' so should not be visible to 'Transport Format Combination Selection'.
When the event timer trigger is received (via the 'Data Handler') then logical channel to DCH transport channel mappings are read from the 'Database', Transport Format Combination Selection is done and the required data is requested from U-RLC via the UMAC_Status_IND primitive or a function call. Note that in both cases, U-MAC calculates how much header information will be need to be added to the U-RLC data, during transmission, and subtracts this value from the TB sizes in the selected TFs. This new value is the one used in the UMAC_Status_IND primitives sent to U-RLC.
In the case of two or more DCH transport channels, with different TTIs, being multiplexed to a single CCTrCh (for example, if we have two DCH transport channels, one with a TTI of 10ms and another with a TTI of 20ms) every 20ms data for both transport channels will be transferred to U-PHY. However in the 'in-between frame', i.e. every other 10ms, data for only the transport channel with the TTI of 10ms will be transferred to U-PHY. This raise the big question which is what happens in the TFC selection when data is being transferred for only one of the two transport channels? The solution for this is to remember the TF selected (as part of the TFC) for the 20ms TTI transport channel in the last frame and ensure the use of the same TF in this frame. The other option from U-MAC's point of view would be to select a zero TF, i.e. one that does not contain any data format (zero size, no coding). The theory is that U-PHY will still need the 20ms TTI transport channel properly identified in the TFCI for encoding purposes (as the 20ms TTI transport channel data is physically transmitted over 20ms). Ditto for decoding purposes in the UTRAN's U-PHY. If, in another case, no transport channels' TTI coincides with the current frame then the Transport Format Combination selected for the last frame where there was data to send is to be used by U-PHY, however U-MAC will not bother informing U-PHY of this as it can be assumed. No data needs to be requested from U-RLC (although the UMAC_Status_IND primitive is still sent to U-RLC so that it knows the success or not of the last transmission on each RB).
Control of RACH transmissions
The 'Control of RACH transmissions' sub-component controls the timing of sending data to U-PHY plus selection of the Access Service Class of RACH transport channel information being passed to U-PHY.
When the event timer trigger (via the 'Scheduler') is received the sub-component determines whether there is old data waiting to be re-sent or new data is required. If new data is required then logical channel to RACH transport channel mappings are read from the 'Database' and Transport Format Selection is done. The required data is then requested from U-RLC via the UMAC_Status_IND primitive. Note that, like the 'Transport Format Combination Selection' sub-component, U-MAC calculates how much header information will be need to be added to the U-RLC data, during transmission, and takes this in to account in the UMAC_Status_IND primitive sent to U-RLC. If old data is to be re-sent then the 'Control of RACH transmissions' procedure is executed to determine whether it should send the data to U-PHY immediately or wait longer.
When U-MAC wants to transmit data on the RACH transport channel it needs to request access by sending the UPHY_RACH_Data_REQ primitive to U-PHY containing the data. If U-PHY receives a positive AICH signal then it transmits the RACH data to the UTRAN. U-PHY will then confirm whether the data was sent or, if not, the reason why not with the UPHY_RACH_Access_CNF primitive. This keeps the functionality of U-MAC working to a minimum granularity of a frame. In the case of an unsuccessful RACH transmission then a retry may occur in the next frame (initiated by the 'Scheduler' sub-component), dependant on the Control of RACH transmissions procedure. An identifier is attached to the UPHY_RACH_Data_REQ primitive so that U-PHY is aware that the data is being retried so that it may increase the preamble power.
Traffic Volume Measurements
The 'Traffic Volume Measurement' sub-component monitors the amount of information queued to be transmitted by U-MAC in the UL, providing reports to U-RRC as requested in the configuration of U-MAC by U-RRC.
It is initiated by the 'Scheduler' sub-component every 10ms at which time the 'Traffic Volume Measurement' sub-component, from the configuration held by the 'Database', finds out the buffer occupancies of all logical channels, mapped to the required transport channels to be monitored, via direct function calls to U-RLC. It then does the appropriate calculations and reports, if necessary, the traffic volume on all Radio Bearers to U-RRC with the CUMAC_Measurement_IND primitive (either the straightforward buffer occupancy, the buffer occupancy average over time or the buffer occupancy variance over time). The calculations also involve keeping track of the running averages and variances for each logical channel. The two triggers that initiate U-MAC to send a measurement report to U-RRC are measurements that occur at a defined period and / or measurements that go above or below specified configured values. When new measurements are configured then functions in the 'Traffic Volume Measurements' sub-component are called to initialise local variables and also to determine logical channel to transport channel mappings so that they do not have to be worked out when the measurements are to be calculated.
Data Flow through UMAC
The figure below shows the mapping of logical channels to transport channels.
In the case of dedicated channels (DCH, DTCH and DCCH) and FACH there can be multiple instances of each. It is also important to note that U-MAC does not distinguish between DTCH and DCCH - as far as U-MAC is concerned they are processed in the same manner.
When data enters U-MAC, either at the U-PHY SAP or the U-RLC SAP the SAP sub-component looks up routing information, in the Database, to decide which internal U-MAC sub-component needs to process the data.
Uplink Data Flow through UMAC
Uplink Initiation
As soon as UMAC receives the trigger via the 'Data Handler' it triggers procedures in both the 'Control of RACH transmissions' and 'Transport Format Combination Selection' sub-components. These results in a single UMAC_Status_IND primitive being sent to U-RLC. The request can include information about multiple logical channels.
The 'Control of RACH transmissions' sub-component determines which logical channels are mapped to the RACH transport channel. If any logical channels are mapped it then acquires the buffer occupancy for each of those logical channels from U-RLC (via direct function calls) and does a Transport Format selection from the configured RACH TFS. Both CCCH and DTCH/DCCH may be mapped to RACH, so the UMAC_Status_IND primitive is sent to U-RLC (via U-RLC SAP) requesting the appropriate amount of data for both.
The 'MAC-d' sub-component determines which logical channels are mapped to the DCHs, acquires the buffer occupancy for each of those logical channels from U-RLC (again via direct function calls to U-RLC) and does a Transport Format Combination selection from the configured DCH TFCS. The UMAC_Status_IND primitive is then sent (again via U-RLC SAP) requesting the appropriate amout of data for the DTCH/DCCHs.
Note that the two sub-components should send a request to U-RLC SAP even if no actual data is required, so that U-RLC SAP knows this and can send the UMAC_Status_IND primitive to U-RLC at the right time. Also included in the UMAC_Status_IND primitive is a boolean that provides details to U-RLC about whether the last transmission on each particular logical channel was successful or not. This is only regarding the data being passed to U-PHY and so is really only of use for RACH transport channel data. After a transmission, in the case of there being no data actually to send in the next frame from the logical channel then the primitive is sent anyway but requesting zero data.
The Buffer Occupancy request for UM and AM Radio Bearers returns the number of bytes waiting in U-RLC for that Radio Bearer. For TM Radio Bearers the size of the next SDU plus the number of SDUs of that size is returned. This is due to the different way that TM works in relation to UM and AM, by not allowing segmentation in U-RLC. U-MAC is provided with the U-RLC mode by U-RRC, in the Radio Bearer configuration.
Although U-RRC provides a logical channel priority to U-MAC for CCCH it is actually fixed to one (specified in the U-RRC 3GPP specification) so in practise CCCH data will take priority over DTCH/DCCH data (one being the highest logical channel priority possible).
Uplink Data, Common logical channel to common Tr channel
In this the CCCH (logical channel) data that is to be sent on the RACH transport channel. The data received from URLC will immediately be processed by MAC-c/sh and passed on to U-PHY.
Uplink, dedicated logical mapped to common Tr channel
In this case DTCH/DCCH data has to be sent on the RACH transport channel. In this scenario there can be several DTCH/DCCHs may be multiplexed. The incoming data from URLC is multiplexed by MAC-c/sh, then the appropriate headers are added and the data is passed on to U-PHY.
Uplink, common logical channel mapped to dedicated or common logical channel mapped to common Tr channel
In this scenario the requirement will be that both CCCH logical channel data and DTCH/DCCH logical channel data is to be sent on the RACH transport. It thus combines the previous two cases.
Uplink, dedicated logical channel mapped to dedicated Tr channel
The DTCH/DCCH logical channel data is to be sent on DCH transport channels. The incoming data is immediately processed by MAC-d and passed on to U-PHY. As all the logical channels were requested in a single UMAC_Status_IND primitive then all the data for the logical channels is received in a single UMAC_Data_REQ primitive. The transport channel data is transferred to U-PHY as a single UPHY_Data_REQ primitive (i.e. all of the data for a single CCTrCh is sent together).
Downlink data flow
In the DL it is much more straightforward as data is received from U-PHY with the UPHY_Data_IND primitive asynchronously. Each UPHY_Data_IND primitive contains data for a single TTI. The data is processed as soon as possible and passed to U-RLC with a single UMAC_Data_IND primitive. If U-PHY sends several transport channels in a single primitive then each will be processed sequentially within the single STF. The U-PHY SAP will separate transport channel data that is to be sent to different U-MAC sub-components (i.e. 'MAC-b', 'MAC-c/sh' and 'MAC-d') and transfer only the data appropriate to that sub-component. After processing U-MAC will collate the data in U-RLC SAP - i.e. the primitive will include the data for all of the logical channels being sent due to the data with a particular TTI in an incoming UPHY_Data_IND. The different scenarios which can happen DL in terms of mapping of logical channel to transport channel are as follows:
Identification of Logical Channel Type from Radio Bearer ID
No U-RRC messages defined in the U-RRC 3GPP specification contain the Logical Channel Type. This means that when UE U-RRC receives the Radio Bearer configuration from UTRAN U-RRC it has no information about the Logical Channel Type used for each Radio Bearer (whereas there is a Transport Channel Type so that information is known). Therefore how can U-MAC be given the information to map a Logical Channel Type to a Transport Channel Type? The answer is that in the UE the Logical Channel Type can be inferred from the Radio Bearer ID. For Radio Bearers 0 through 4 the Logical Channel Type is specified in the U-RRC 3GPP specification section 6.3. For Radio Bearers 5 through 31 the Logical Channel Type is always DCCH or DTCH (which U-MAC does not distinguish between). In the DL Radio Bearer IDs are not specified in the 3GPP specifications for some of the common logical channels. However, for our implementation negative values have been assigned. The table below illustrates the above facts.
Elements for layer-to-layer communication
The interaction between the MAC layer and other layers are described in terms of primitives where the primitives represent the logical exchange of information and control between the MAC layer and other layers. The primitives shall not specify or constrain implementations. The MAC is connected to layer 1, RLC and RRC. The following subclauses describe the primitives between these layers.
Primitives between MAC and RLC The primitives between MAC layer and RLC layer are shown in table below.
Parameters in primitives between MAC and RLC
a) Data: It contains the RLC layer messages (RLC-PDU) to be transmitted, or the RLC layer messages that have been received by the MAC sub-layer.
b) Number of transmitted transport blocks (No_TB) : indicates the number of transport blocks transmitted by the peer entity within the transmission time interval, based on the TFI value.
c) Buffer Occupancy (BO): the parameter Buffer Occupancy (BO) indicates for each logical channel the amount of data in number of bytes that is available for transmission and retransmission in RLC layer. When MAC is connected to an AM RLC entity, control PDUs to be transmitted and RLC PDUs outside the RLC Tx window shall also be included in the BO. RLC PDUs that have been transmitted but not negatively acknowledged by the peer entity shall not be included in the BO.
d) RX Timing Deviation (TD), TDD only: it contains the RX Timing Deviation as measured by the physical layer for the physical resources carrying the data of the Message Unit. This parameter is optional and only for Indication. It is needed for the transfer of the RX Timing Deviation measurement of RACH transmissions carrying CCCH data to RRC.
e) Number of PDU (No_PDU): specifies the number of PDUs that the RLC is permitted to transfer to MAC within a transmission time interval.
f) PDU Size (PDU_Size): specifies the size of PDU that can be transferred to MAC within a transmission time interval.
g) UE-ID Type Indicator: indicates the UE-ID type to be included in MAC for a DCCH and DTCH when they are mapped onto a common transport channel (i.e. FACH, RACH, DSCH in FDD or CPCH). On the UE side UE-ID Type Indicator shall always be set to C-RNTI.
h) TX status: when set to value "transmission unsuccessful" this parameter indicates to RLC that transmission of an RLC PDU failed in the previous Transmission Time Interval, when set to value "transmission successful" this parameter indicates to RLC that the requested RLC PDU(s) has been submitted for transmission by the physical layer.
i) RLC Entity Info: indicates to MAC the configuration parameters that are critical to TFC selection depending on its mode and the amount of data that could be transmitted at the next TTI. This primitive is meant to insure that MAC can perform TFC selection (see subclause 11.4).
j) Error indication: When a MAC SDU is delivered to upper layer, an error indication is given for the SDU to upper layer if an error indication for the SDU has been received from lower layer.
k) Status_Report_REQ: indicates to all AM RLC entities mapped on HS-DSCH to generate a status report when the MAC-hs resets.
Primitives between MAC and RRC
The primitives between MAC and RRC are shown in table below.
Parameters in primitives between MAC and RRC
a) UE information elements: S-RNTI, SRNC identity, C-RNTI, Activation time
b) RB information elements: RB multiplexing info (Transport channel identity, Logical channel identity, MAC logical channel priority)
c) TrCH information elements: Transport Format Combination Set, MAC-hs reset indicator, Re-ordering release timer (T1)
d) Measurement information elements: Reporting Quantity identifiers Time interval to take an average or a variance (applicable when Average or Variance is Reporting Quantity)
e)Measurement result: Reporting Quantity
f) Status info: when set to value ""transmission unsuccessful"" this parameter indicates to RRC that transmission of a TM RLC PDU failed (due to e.g. Maximum number of preamble ramping cycles reached for RACH in FDD), when set to value "transmission successful" this parameter indicates to RRC that the requested TM RLC PDU(s) has been submitted for transmission by the physical layer.
g) RACH transmission control elements: Set of ASC parameters (identifier for PRACH partitions, persistence values), Maximum number of preamble ramping cycles (FDD) or synchronisation attempts (1.28 Mcps TDD) Mmax, Minimum and maximum number of time units between two preamble ramping cycles, NBO1min and NBO1max (FDD only), ASC for RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message
h) Ciphering elements: Ciphering mode, Ciphering key, Ciphering sequence number
i) CPCH transmission control elements: CPCH persistency value, P for each Transport Format, Maximum number of preamble ramping cycles N_access_fails, NF_max (Maximum number of frames for CPCH transmission for each Transport Format), N_EOT (Number of EOT for release of CPCH transmission), Backoff control timer parameters, Transport Format Set, Initial Priority Delays, Channel Assignment Active indication
Elements for peer-to-peer communication
Protocol data units
A MAC PDU is a bit string, with a length not necessarily a multiple of 8 bits. Generally the bit string is to be read from left to right and then in the reading order of the lines.
Depending on the provided service, MAC SDUs are bit strings with any non-null length, or bit strings with an integer number of octets in length. An SDU is included into a MAC PDU from first bit onward.
In the UE for the uplink, all MAC PDUs delivered to the physical layer within one TTI are defined as Transport Block Set (TBS). It consists of one or several Transport Blocks, each containing one MAC PDU. The Transport Blocks, shall be transmitted in the order as delivered from RLC. When multiplexing of RLC PDUs from different logical channels is performed on MAC, the order of all Transport Blocks originating from the same logical channel shall be the same as the order of the sequence delivered from RLC. The order of the different logical channels in a TBS is set by the MAC protocol.
MAC PDU (non-HS-DSCH)
A MAC PDU consists of an optional MAC header and a MAC Service Data Unit (MAC SDU) see figure below.
Both the MAC header and the MAC SDU are of variable size. The content and the size of the MAC header depends on the type of the logical channel, and in some cases none of the parameters in the MAC header are needed. The size of the MAC-SDU depends on the size of the RLC-PDU, which is defined during the setup procedure.
MAC-d PDU (HS-DSCH)
For HS-DSCH the MAC-d PDU format equals the MAC PDU format for the non HS-DSCH case.
In case of HS-DSCH a MAC PDU consists of one MAC-hs header and one or more MAC-hs SDUs where each MAC-hs SDU equals a MAC-d PDU. A maximum of one MAC-hs PDU can be transmitted in a TTI per UE. The MAC-hs header is of variable size. The MAC-hs SDUs in one TTI belongs to the same reordering queue.
Formats and parameters NOTE: MAC header field encodings as specified in this clause with designation "Reserved" are forbidden to be used by a sender in this version of the protocol.
MAC PDU: Parameters of the MAC PDU header (non HS-DSCH) and MAC-d PDU header (HS-DSCH)
The following fields are defined for the MAC header for transport channels other than HS-DSCH and for the MAC-d PDU header for HS-DSCH:
MAC header for DTCH and DCCH (not mapped on HS-DSCH)
a) DTCH or DCCH mapped to DCH, no multiplexing of dedicated channels on MAC: no MAC header is required.
b) DTCH or DCCH mapped to DCH, with multiplexing of dedicated channels on MAC: C/T field is included in MAC header.
c) DTCH or DCCH mapped to RACH/FACH: TCTF field, C/T field, UE-Id type field and UE-Id are included in the MAC header. For FACH, the UE-Id type field used is the C-RNTI or U-RNTI. For RACH, the UE-Id type field used is the C-RNTI.
d) DTCH or DCCH mapped to DSCH or USCH: the TCTF field is included in the MAC header for TDD only. The UE-Id type and UE-Id are included in the MAC header for FDD only. The UE-Id type field used is the DSCH-RNTI. The C/T field is included if multiplexing on MAC is applied.
e) DTCH or DCCH mapped to DSCH or USCH where DTCH or DCCH are the only logical channels: the UE-Id type and UE-Id are included in the MAC header for FDD only. The UE-Id type field used is the DSCH-RNTI. The C/T field is included in the MAC header if multiplexing on MAC is applied.
f) DTCH or DCCH mapped to CPCH: UE-Id type field and UE-Id are included in the MAC header. The C/T field is included in the MAC header if multiplexing on MAC is applied. The UE-Id type field used is the C-RNTI.
MAC PDU formats for DTCH and DCCH
MAC-d Header for DTCH and DCCH (mapped on HS-DSCH)
The MAC-d PDU header for DTCH and DCCH mapped on HS-DSCH is as shown in figure below.
C/T field is included in the MAC-d PDU header if multiplexing on MAC is applied.
MAC-d PDU format for DTCH and DCCH mapped on HS-DSCH
MAC header for BCCH
a) BCCH mapped to BCH: no MAC header is included.
b) BCCH mapped to FACH: the TCTF field is included in MAC header.
MAC PDU formats for BCCH
MAC header for PCCH
There is no MAC header for PCCH.
MAC header for CCCH
CCCH mapped to RACH/FACH: TCTF field is included in MAC header.
MAC PDU formats for CCCH
MAC Header for CTCH
The TCTF field is included as MAC header for CTCH as shown in figure below.
MAC PDU format for CTCH
MAC Header for SHCCH
The MAC header for SHCCH is as shown in figure below.
MAC PDU format for SHCCH
a) SHCCH mapped to RACH and USCH/FACH and DSCH: TCTF has to be included.
b) SHCCH mapped to RACH and USCH/FACH and DSCH, where SHCCH is the only channel.
MAC PDU: Parameters of the MAC header (HS-DSCH)
MAC header for DTCH and DCCH
a) DTCH or DCCH mapped to HS-DSCH: The Queue ID field and TSN field are always included in the MAC-hs header. One SID field, N field and F field is included for each MAC-d PDU size included in the MAC-hs PDU. Padding is not explicitly indicated but is included in the end of the MAC-hs PDU if the total size of the MAC-hs payload plus the MAC-hs header is smaller than the transport block set size.
[1] 3GPP TS 25.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
[2] 3GPP TS 25.301: Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
[3] 3GPP TS 23.110: UMTS Access Stratum; Services and Functions
[4] 3GPP TS 25.401: RAN Overall Description
[5] Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications - Juha Korhonen
[6] 3GPP TS 25.331: RRC Protocol Specification


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香港中文大学Patrick P.C. Lee老师访问实验室并作学术报告
香港中文大学的Patrick P.C. Lee老师将访问实验室,并在3月18日(周五)下午16:00-17:30,于光电实验室A302进行学术报告,欢迎各位老师和同学参加。
报告题目:Building Efficient Erasure-coded Clustered Storage Systems。
报告摘要: Modern clustered storage systems increasingly adopt erasure coding to reduce the storage overhead of traditional 3-way replication. However, there remain challenging issues of maintaining high performance in erasure-coded clustered storage systems. In this talk, I will share our experiences of deploying erasure coding in Hadoop, a popular clustered storage platform for big data analytics. I will present different system designs that address different performance aspects of erasure-coded storage in clustered storage systems, and present evaluation results based on testbed experiments in a Hadoop cluster.
报告人简介: Patrick P. C. Lee received the Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Columbia University in 2008. He is now an Associate Professor of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is interested in various applied/systems topics including storage systems, distributed systems and networks, operating systems, dependability, and security.


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When the water is really calm, the Love Sign is reflected in the water
The mural of the grey man is rather famous and probaly does not deserve advertisement on his bum. The man climbing throug a wall depicts the struggle of migrants trying to make their way to Europe and he emerges on a wall in Sapri in Italy.
The cat statue was originally meant as a blank canvas for other artists to use.
Because Maltese doors are pretty awesome
It's a busy road and didn't really allow for good photos (but I didn't miss the boat).
This time on Malta we did not visit any abandoned buildings. If you are keen to find some hidden treasures you can still visit Jerma Palace in Marsaskala, the Verdala Hotel in Rabat or the Festival Hotel in Mellieha. None of them are very safe. There is also a cornucopia of other abandoned or hunted buildings all over the islands of Malta and Gozo. If you like check out the photos of White Rocks in Pembroke. This old holiday complex is easy to enter and even close to public transport.
Happy Traveling.


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John McCabe (Warren Beatty), a charismatic gambler, arrives in a mining town and decides to open a brothel. Shortly thereafter, savvy prostitute Constance Miller (Julie Christie) arrives on the scene and offers to use her experience to help McCabe run his business for a share of the profits. But just as their enterprise begins to thrive, a powerful mining company comes into town, threatening to destroy what they've built up.
If a man is fool enough to get into business with a woman, she ain't going to think much of him.
McCabe & Mrs. Miller, Robert Altman's anti-western film, is one of the most realistic portrayals of the Old West in the genre. Unlike the western films in previous decades, when the genre was at its peak popularity, this film doesn't glamorize the setting or its characters. The town itself is under construction throughout the film, with piles of wood waiting to be used on top of an ugly, muddy landscape. Even in the film's climactic shoot-out, the townspeople aren't around to witness it. The title characters also have perverse expectations; John McCabe is presented as a tough outlaw, with rumors circling around him that he killed a man, while Constance Miller is initially seen as just a pretty woman. Miller proves to be a smart, assertive character, while it's revealed that McCabe's reputation exceeds him. Despite the differences in their personalities and ideologies, the unlikely pair become a dynamic duo as they try to conquer the business side of a western mining town.
Robert Altman is a director whose work I've always enjoyed, and McCabe & Mrs. Miller is no exception. It has all of his great trademarks mixed into the Western setting (in some ways John McCabe reminded me of Philip Marlowe in The Long Goodbye). Both Warren Beatty and Julie Christie also give stellar performances, and their chemistry is undeniable. This is now one of my top favorites of Altman's films, and I haven't stopped thinking about it since I saw it a few days ago. I look forward to seeing it again as it took me by surprise with its approach, though I really shouldn't expect any less from Altman.
McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971)
Directed by: Robert Altman
Starring: Warren Beatty, Julie Christie
Oscar Nominations: Best Actress (Julie Christie)
Rating: 4.5/5
Check out what other bloggers have discovered this month for the Blind Spots series here!


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Here you will find the Poem My Lady April of poet Ernest Christopher Dowson
Dew on her robe and on her tangled hair; Twin dewdrops for her eyes; behold her pass, With dainty step brushing the young, green grass, The while she trills some high, fantastic air, Full of all feathered sweetness: she is fair, And all her flower-like beauty, as a glass, Mirrors out hope and love: and still, alas! Traces of tears her languid lashes wear. Say, doth she weep for very wantonness? Or is it that she dimly doth foresee Across her youth the joys grow less and less The burden of the days that are to be: Autumn and withered leaves and vanity, And winter bringing end in barrenness.


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Creative Sound Blaster X7 Firmware Update 150918
User Drivers » Sound Card » Creative »
Date Added: October 24, 2015 / Release Date: September 23, 2015 / Publisher: Creative / File Size: 4.2 MB
OS: Mac OS, Windows
This download contains an updated firmware for Sound Blaster X7. For more details, read the rest of this web release note.
What is New:
Increase standby duration to 72 hours before entering suspend mode (Power LED off)
- Intermittent firmware upgrade failure.
- Auto shutdown during audio playback from Line In/Optical In.
- Intermittent noise from Line In left channel.
- USB Host compatibilty with Sony Xperia Z Ultra, Sony Xperia Z3 and XiaoMi Mi3.
- Left channel audio break when calibration of speaker distance is set below 2.2m.
- Inaudible Bluetooth audio after streaming audio via USB Host for more than 30 minutes.
- Unable to connect to a second Bluetooth device if an existing connected device has been streaming for more than 30 minutes.
- Bluetooth LED not blinking in pairing mode if there is an existing connected device.
- Inaudible Bluetooth audio when pairing to a second device.
- Headphones not detected when first inserted.
- X7 Control app running on iOS 9 unable to connect to Sound Blaster X7.
Recent Drivers
Creative Sound Blaster X7 Software 1.01.02 for Windows 10 x86/x64
Creative Sound Blaster X7 Firmware Update 150918
Creative Sound Blaster FRee Software 1.03.82 for Mac OS X
Creative Sound Blaster FRee Software 1.00.01 for Windows 7/8/8.1/10 x86/x64
Creative Sound Blaster E5 Firmware Update 150511 for Windows Vista/7/8/8.1 x86/x64


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Click here to view and discuss this page in DocCommentXchange. In the future, you will be sent there automatically.
If you are working with Sybase Central, you can keep track of all users connected to the database. You can view properties of these connected users, and you can disconnect them if you want.
Select the database in the left pane, and click the Connections tab in the right pane.
This tab displays all users currently connected to the database, regardless of the application that they used to connect (Sybase Central, Interactive SQL, or a custom client application).
Select the database in the left pane, and click the Connections tab in the right pane.
Right-click the user and then choose Properties.
Review the properties for the user and click OK.
Discuter à propos de cette page dans DocCommentXchange.
|Copyright © 2010, iAnywhere Solutions, Inc. - SQL Anywhere 12.0.0


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OB/GYN, Robotic Surgery
3440 R.C. Luttrell Dr.
Norman, OK 73072
Specializes in: Ob/Gyn, Robotic Surgery
Dianne Chambers, M.D. is board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology. She is accepting new patients for routine well women exams, pregnancy and delivery care, hormone management, gynecology-related problems, and surgeries including laser surgery.. Dr. Chambers joins our medical staff from a successful OB/GYN practice in Denison, Texas. She is a native of this area and completed medical school, internship and residency at the University of Oklahoma.


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SHANE JONES ( read )
As winter makes way for spring, we at the Pope County Sheriff's Office are reminded that this season is a great time in our community - a time of refreshing energy and renewed activity. Whether it is at a special event at a public park or a cookout in your backyard, this is a great time of year to enjoy the great outdoors.
We also want to remind you that with the warmer weather, children may be playing near roads. Please take extra caution and slow down when driving through residential neighborhoods. And remember, children learn by watching us. If you are traveling with a child, please model good driving habits, including:
For many more driving safety tips, please visit the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration at: www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety.
Thank you for keeping our roads and our citizens safe, and we look forward to the great times that spring will bring!
Sheriff Shane Jones


text:
We would love to hear from you.
Email us at email@example.com
If you have a question, a comment , or just a hello....
You can also feel free to call us at the numbers to the right.
Hello there!
Thank you very much for your interest in St. CROIX SCUBA.
We have now recieved your email and we will try to get back to you as soon as possible!
Best Regards,
The St. CROIX SCUBA Team
On Gps Or Smart Phone:
81 Queen Cross Street
........ Mailing Address:
1104 Strand Street, Suite 109 Christiansted, VI 00820 VIRGIN ISLANDS Phone: +1 (340)-773-5994 Email: email@example.com
Monday: 7:30am - 7:00pm Tuesday: 7:30am - 7:00pm Wednesday: 7:30am - 7:00pm Thursday: 7:30am - 7:00pm Friday: 7:30am - 7:00pm Saturday: 7:30am - 7:00pm Sunday: 7:30am - 6:00pm


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The Spokane County Regional Trail Plan was last updated and approved by the Board of County Commissioners in February 2014. Since that time, property has been acquired, trails connected or expanded and new plans put into place various agencies to connect our communities. Every 5-6 years, the plan must be updated to help guide further investments in making a world-class, interconnected trail system. Stay tuned for public input opportunities!
Schedule: Delayed to 2020.
Project Funding: General Fund (in-house staff)
To be scheduled.
2014 Regional Trail Plan2014 Spokane County Trail Inventory Map


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Date some Vestavia Hills Pussy!
Soooo much pussy in Vestavia Hills, you will be surprised. I know I was surprised when I joined these adult sex dating sites and found hundreds of girls living right in Vestavia Hills. You will be amazed. Check below to see what girls are online now near Vestavia Hills.
Start Searching Searching is 100% safe.


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Megan, mom of a 2-year-old boy and 4-year-old girl, told me how embarrassed she was during a recent trip to the grocery store. Her daughter started putting things into the cart that weren't on the list. When Megan told her she wasn't buying these things and she needed to put them back, her daughter started screaming. Her son contributed to the mayhem by tossing a couple other items into the cart.
When calmly reasoning with the children didn't work, Megan found herself yelling at them and feeling like an out-of-control crazy woman. Yikes! This is not the way she wanted it to be.
Although she was trying to set limits on her children's behavior, it really wasn't working. We discussed some other things she could try. She decided that next time she would take a friend along to the store. When the kids acted up, she plans to calmly take them out to the car and put them in their car seats. Her friend will watch them in the car while she finishes shopping.
Knowing that other parents have suffered through these same types of struggles and having a new plan helped Megan feel more hopeful. Sometimes just getting some new ideas to try is the beginning of turning a situation around!
Misbehaving at the Store
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Warnings About the Troubled Teen Industry
Is your teen presenting extremely challenging behavior? If you feel overwhelmed and unsure of how to help your teen, getting professional h...
You work hard as a parent to do the best for your kids. For the most part, it is a thankless job. Watch this video for some encouraging ...
Is your teen presenting extremely challenging behavior? If you feel overwhelmed and unsure of how to help your teen, getting professional h...
You dream of your children growing up and making a positive impact on the world. The last thing you want is for your child to be responsible...


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Firmware Download Speed
Hi Guys,
I'm trying to download the Firmware for an Appliance, i don't reach more than 4-5 KB/s, Problems with my internet connection have been ruled out.
Hello @Bernhard_Winter,
I downloaded it for my TZ 300W and it seems to work fine. Could you please let me know which device model you are trying this for?
Shipra Sahu
Technical Support Advisor, Premier Services0
Hi @shiprasahu93 ,
TZ670, same behaviour with 370, tried from Austria and Switzerland from multiple ISPs
Adjust your Firewall WAN interface MTU and try.0
I could download the TZ 570 firmware just fine. Is the traffic going through a SonicWall ?
Shipra Sahu
Technical Support Advisor, Premier Services0
@shiprasahu93 I tested the 570 FW just now, same problem.
Has been tested behind Sonicwalls as well as through Mobile Connections, no issues with the download sites from other vendors.
sonictek Newbie ✭
Same issue today, on a 900 mbps internet connection and took 3 hours to download a NSa 3700 firmware file.0
I am also having the same issue. Downloads are trickling. I have tried from multiple sites/PCs/ISPs including from home. Maybe its a regional content delivery issue? I am in the Northeast US.0
BGEHLE Newbie ✭
I am also seeing painfully slow downloads for firmware from multiple locations in MD and NJ on Verizon.0
gbarsky Newbie ✭
same issue for a couple of days, could take hours to download 15 MB firmware update0
Me too again yesterday and today0
Hi All,
I'm sorry to hear about this inconvenience. We are currently working with the MySonicWall.com team to confirm any potential issues or bottlenecks.
Kind Regards,
@micah - SonicWall's Self-Service Sr. Manager0
Hi All,
The MySonicWall.com team confirmed that there was a latency issue that was recently fixed. If you continue to see these types of issues please try again and share the firmware name of the file being downloaded.
Kind Regards,
@micah - SonicWall's Self-Service Sr. Manager0
As I pointed out to two members of the NSM team earlier today, a good place to find out if there is an issue with your product on the SonicWall side is to check https://status.sonicwall.com/
I've requested they add NSM because it has been slow since the 2.3.1 release because of a database load balancing problem. Would have been nice to know without a phone call to project managers...0
I think they fixed the latency issue and the status page shown green.0
Well, I have a brand new TZ350W and I cannot download the latest 89n.sig file - the session times out.
It seems GeoBlocking played a factor in this.
Why the file has to come from NTT in Japan, when I'm logged into an ISP that is based outside of NYC, is beyond my comprehension.0
Actually, I called support and the CSR downloaded it on her end and transferred it to my laptop. There were multiple IP locations flagged and I simply didn't have the time - or the patience - to figure out which one(s) I really needed to whitelist.0
I apologize for this inconvenience, @Larry. Our teams have identified the root cause (while isolating an issue downloads from NY were redirected to our Japan CDN). This is being corrected so that you won't experience this issue in the future. Thank you for your patience.
Kind Regards,
@micah - SonicWall's Self-Service Sr. Manager0
I am having the same issue whether going through the SonicWALL or bypassing it. It's downloading less than 0.1Mbps then failing after about 15 minutes with a network error. I am trying to download sw_nsa_4700.7.0.1-5023-R1828.bin.sig
I have tried Chrome, Firefox, and Edge.0
I see it too. I'm confirming with our back-end team now.
Thank you.
@micah - SonicWall's Self-Service Sr. Manager0
It is working now. Thanks!0


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"We wouldn't ask why a rose that grew from the concrete has damaged petals, in turn, we would all celebrate its tenacity, we would all love its will to reach the sun, well, we are the roses, this is the concrete and these are my damaged petals, don't ask me why, thank God, and ask me how."
― The Rose That Grew from Concrete
"The Rose that Grew from Concrete" is a popular poem turned book of poetry by Tupac Shakur (an influential rapper, actor, poet, and activist) that marvels at the triumphs of a rose that grew from a crack in the concrete. Literally and figuratively, the rose rises above obstacles and perseveres through the unfathomable.
While many educators teach this poem to their students due to the symbolism, themes, and figurative language present, I view this poem as a call to action for educators. Currently, there is a myriad of obstacles affecting our educational system. As we begin to peel back the layers of issues that directly affect students, deficit models and thinking top the list.
Dr. Janice Lombardi's article titled, "The Deficit Model is Harming Your Students," notes the mindset from which some educators function:
Unfortunately, some educators work from this deficit model, which means they believe that if underserved students worked harder, they would achieve. This is a problem. According to a National Center for Education Statistics' (NCES) study, teachers' expectations impact student success more than a student's own motivation.
Is it important to hold students accountable? Yes. Do students need some level of responsibility? Yes. However, more often than not, educators place their deficit mindsets onto students. In turn, this creates an imbalance in students' abilities to grow towards their true potential.
Teachers' expectations impact student success more than a student's own motivation.
When I hear teacher talk that is focused on all the reasons why students are wrong, unsuccessful, and lagging behind (academically), I wonder about the teachers' mindsets. How regularly are we reflecting on our own thinking about all students? If we are truly in the business of education, doing what is best for students, then we must accept that our approach and thinking has more of a significant impact on student success than the students' frame of mind. Alexander Den Heijer said it best,
"When a flower doesn't bloom, you fix the environment in which it grows, not the flower."
Too often we are trying to fix the flowers (our roses) instead of creating an environment that nurtures their growth and development. Student trauma is real and requires insight and a mindset that is supportive of a student's journey. Tupac expounds on this notion in an interview about "The Rose that Grew from Concrete":
"We have mercy and sympathy for everything,
from the animals, to the wales, to fur…to everything
except us– your youth. The ones who you give no attention
who become adults with no compassion, you know what I mean?"
We must not forget the gravity of our influence on students beyond academic means. Our expectations, responses, words, and actions are just as impactful as their family's, if not more so. It's important to periodically check our mindsets as educators, in order to ensure that we are truly showing the compassion necessary for all students, especially students of trauma. Baruti K. Kafele, a prominent educational leader, and author of Closing the Attitude Gap, calls out deficit thinking in his book and places the focus where it should be; on teachers. Too often we blame poverty, parenting, and student motivation as reasons why underachievement happens. However, there are a plethora of factors beyond our control that are in no way an absolute determiner of failure. As did the rose through the concrete, students can also grow regardless of their outside circumstances. Kafele states,
If poverty is allowed to be made an excuse for the underachievement, students don't stand a chance. You [teacher] are the number one determinant of your students' success. You are the difference maker. You are the game changer. (p.26)
[bctt tweet="Students come to us with different types of concrete (barriers/obstacles). Their concrete may be trauma. Their concrete could be bias and microaggressions (that can also lead to trauma)." username=""]
Point blank. It's not them, it's you. This stance is typically rejected because teachers are faced with so much responsibility. I get it. Our profession is a high call. We are expected to step in when others step out. We must fill in the gaps others ignored. We must take some heat for the greater good. That's teaching and that's why it's a calling. Not to be taken likely and certainly, not to be misused. Students come to us with different types of concrete (barriers/obstacles). Their concrete may be trauma. Their concrete could be bias and microaggressions (that can also lead to trauma). Their concrete may be learning and behavior challenges. Their concrete may be family members who lack the compassion and nurturing spirit they need. And sometimes, their concrete is us. Teachers. Principal Kafele discusses five strands that teachers must consider when desiring to close the attitude gap:
- Attitude toward students (do I believe in them?)
- Relationship with students (do I know them?)
- Compassion for students (do I care about them?)
- The environment for learning (do I provide my students with an environment of excellence?)
- Relevance in instruction-culturally responsive teaching (do I realize who my students are?)
It's easy to look at these questions and give an immediate yes. No one wants to admit that they are not truly invested in their students. However, if you find yourself placing full blame on students, becoming irritated because they didn't complete the "super engaging worksheet" you put before them, choosing not to see who they are culturally, not taking the time or effort to understand their "concrete" or any barriers that may be stunting their growth, or not being reflective on your own practices…..it might be a fine time to check yourself. The best teachers do this regularly.
The best teachers are aware of their own "concrete" and strive to remain active learners in the lives of their students. The best teachers know that this is a hard gig and that the fight for students' well being is worth the struggle and sacrifice. Our influence is monumental. No matter what a student may face on the outside, we have the ability and capacity to cultivate soil that is rich enough for students to grow. We have the ability and capacity to help them push through their crack in the concrete. We also have the ability and capacity to marvel at their progress, even if their petals are bent or slightly damaged.
Never underestimate your roses [students], teachers. Don't be so quick to judge their future based on their current status. Your toughest student has the greatest potential, and your reaction to their "concrete" will make the difference in their growth. Time is best spent reflecting on our mindsets as educators versus the flaws we see in our students. At the end of the day, they are children who lack the tools and often the love to grow in a different direction. We are the fertilizer, we are the water, we are the tillers of their soil. Although we cannot control many of their concrete barriers, we can aid in their ability to grow through them.
Did you hear about the rose that grew
from a crack in the concrete?
Proving nature's law is wrong it
learned to walk with out having feet.
Funny it seems, but by keeping its dreams,
it learned to breathe fresh air.
Long live the rose that grew from concrete
when no one else ever cared.
The Rose That Grew From Concrete
by Tupac Shakur
Who knew a kid born in East Harlem, surrounded by and involved in crime and gangs, would also go on to study poetry and jazz, perform in Shakespearean plays, be inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, and also write one of the most influential poems still used in classrooms today (long after his death). "Proving nature's law is wrong, Tupac learned to walk without having any feet"–Let's help our students do the same.