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Recent studies have shown that honeybees flying through short, narrow tunnels with visually textured walls perform waggle dances that indicate a much greater flight distance than that actually flown. These studies suggest that the bee's "odometer" is driven by the optic flow (image motion) that is experienced during flight. One might therefore expect that, when bees fly to a food source through a varying outdoor landscape, their waggle dances would depend upon the nature of the terrain experienced en route. We trained honeybees to visit feeders positioned along two routes, each 580 m long. One route was exclusively over land. The other was initially over land, then over water and, finally, again over land. Flight over water resulted in a significantly flatter slope of the waggle-duration versus distance regression, compared to flight over land. The mean visual contrast of the scenes was significantly greater over land than over water. The results reveal that, in outdoor flight, the honeybee's odometer does not run at a constant rate; rather, the rate depends upon the properties of the terrain. The bee's perception of distance flown is therefore not absolute, but scene-dependent. These findings raise important and interesting questions about how these animals navigate reliably.
Citation: Tautz J, Zhang S, Spaethe J, Brockmann A, Si A, Srinivasan M (2004) Honeybee Odometry: Performance in Varying Natural Terrain. PLoS Biol 2(7): e211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020211
Academic Editor: Tom Collett, University of Sussex
Received: February 5, 2004; Accepted: May 6, 2004; Published: July 13, 2004
Copyright: © 2004 Tautz et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests: The authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; rms, root mean square; SD, standard deviation
When a scout honeybee discovers an attractive patch of flowers, she returns to the hive and performs the famous "waggle dance" to advertise the location of the food source to her nestmates (von Frisch 1993). The dance consists of a series of alternating left-hand and right-hand loops, interspersed by a segment in which the bee waggles her abdomen from side to side. The duration of this "waggle phase" conveys to the potential recruits the distance of the food source from the hive: the longer the duration of the waggle, the greater the distance (von Frisch 1993). This information is used by the recruited bees to locate the food source. Clearly, then, the scout as well as the recruits are able to gauge how far they have flown in search of food. Early studies concluded that bees estimate distance flown by gauging the amount of energy they expend to reach the destination (von Frisch 1993; Neese 1988). More recent studies, however, are providing increasing evidence that this "energy hypothesis" is incorrect, at least for moderate distances of a few hundred meters (Esch et al. 1994, 2001; Esch and Burns 1995; Srinivasan et al. 1996, 1997, 2000). Over these distances, bees appear to gauge distance flown by measuring how much the image of the world appears to move in the eye en route to the food source (Esch and Burns 1995, 1996; Srinivasan et al. 1996, 1997, 2000; Esch et al. 2001). There are two kinds of experimental evidence that support this "optic flow" hypothesis. First, bees that fly a given distance close to the ground signal a much larger distance in their dances than do bees that fly the same distance at a considerable height above the ground and therefore experience a smaller rate of image motion (Esch and Burns 1996). Second, bees trained to fly to a feeder placed inside a short, narrow tunnel, the walls and floor of which are lined with a random visual texture, indicate a hugely exaggerated flight distance in their waggle dances (Srinivasan et al. 2000; Esch et al. 2001). Evidently, the proximity of the walls and floor of the tunnel greatly amplifies the magnitude of the optic flow that the bees experience, in comparison with the situation during outdoor flight in a natural environment. On the other hand, when the same tunnel was lined with axial stripes—so that a bee flying through it would experience very little optic flow because the stripes were parallel to the flight direction—the bees signaled a very small distance, even though they had flown the same physical distance as in the previous condition (Srinivasan et al. 2000). This experiment indicated that distance flown was being measured in terms of integrated optic flow, and not in terms of physical distance flown or energy consumed. If bees do indeed gauge distance traveled by measuring optic flow and integrating it over time, it is pertinent to enquire into the properties of their visually driven "odometer." Given that the environment through which a bee flies can vary substantially in terms of its visual properties, such as color, contrast, texture, and the distribution of objects, it is important to know whether, and to what extent, the bee's perception of distance flown is affected by these environmental variables. In other words, how "robust" is the honeybee's odometer?
In a recent study, this question was explored by training bees to fly into a short, narrow tunnel (as described above), and analyzing the waggle dances of the returning bees as the texture and the contrast of the patterns lining the walls and the floor were systematically varied (Si et al. 2003). The patterns used were black-and-white stripes and sinusoidal gratings of various spatial frequencies and contrasts. This study revealed that the honeybee's odometer is indeed rather robust to changes in the visual environment. For a flight of a given distance into the tunnel, the odometric signal is relatively unaffected by changes in the spatial frequency or contrast of the gratings, as long as the contrast of the grating is above 20%. (Contrast is defined here as 100(Imax−Imin)/(Imax+Imin), where Imax and Imin are the intensities of the bright and the dark bars of the grating, respectively.) At contrasts below 20%, the strength of the odometric signal starts to decrease. Another recent study revealed that the visual odometer of the honeybee is "color-blind" and driven exclusively by the green receptor (Chittka and Tautz 2003).
Here we examine the robustness of the honeybee's odometer when it is performing in natural conditions, during flight through varying landscapes. Specifically, we compare the strength of the odometric signal during flight over land, where contrasts tend to be relatively high and textures are relatively rich, to that during flight over water, where contrast tends to be low and texture is sparse. The experiments described here involve training bees to fly over stretches of water or land, and comparing their waggle dances.
These experiments also provide us with the opportunity to address two further questions that are somewhat controversial and not yet completely resolved. One question relates to whether bees can, and do, fly safely over large bodies of water, such as lakes. Heran and Lindauer (1963), for instance, suggested that bees experience difficulty in flying across lakes, often losing altitude and plunging into the water. The other question relates to whether bees, having discovered an attractive food source positioned in the middle of a large expanse of water, can successfully recruit their nestmates, through their dances, to visit the food source (Gould and Gould 1988).
Experiment 1
In this experiment the feeder route was initially over land (segment 1), then over water (segment 2), and finally again over land (segment 3) (Figure 1). As the feeder was moved away from the hive in stepwise fashion, most of the marked bees followed. Virtually all of the marked bees continued to visit the feeder even when it was over water. Thus, the trained bees had no difficulty in flying over the water and finding the feeder in the boat.
In experiment 1 the bees were trained to fly due southwest from the hive initially over a stretch of land, then over water, and finally across the island. In experiment 2 the bees were trained to fly due northwest along a route that was entirely over land. The white dots depict successive locations of the feeding station. The red dots along the route of experiment 1 depict the shoreline stations, which represent the boundaries between segments 1 and 2, and between segments 2 and 3. The red dots along the route of experiment 2 represent the same distances from the hive as their counterparts in experiment 1.
The situation with unmarked honeybees recruited to the feeder by the marked scouts was rather different. A few recruits were observed at the feeder as long as the feeder was on land. Once the feeder was on the water, however, very few recruits were observed. Recruits reappeared when the boat reached the island. In fact, they were observed searching at the shore of the island shortly before the boat reached that point. Recruits were present at all feeder positions on the island.
For each feeder position along the route, the dances of the returning bees were filmed and analyzed as described in Materials and Methods. An example of a dance is given in Video S1. The variation of the mean waggle duration with feeder position is shown in Figure 2A. Waggle duration increased with feeder distance.
In this experiment, flight was over land (segment 1), water (segment 2), and again over land (segment 3) (see Figure 1). Symbols depict mean waggle durations. Bars represent standard error of the mean. R, correlation coefficient. (A) shows a global linear approximation of the data, using a single regression for the entire data set (solid line). Broken curves depict 95% CIs for regression slope. (B) shows a piecewise linear approximation of the data, using separate regressions for the data over land, water, and the island. Equations represent regression lines.
Figure 2A also shows the best-fitting straight line (a linear regression) through the data. The slope of this regression line is 1.303 ± 0.150, where the limits denote the 95% confidence interval (CI). The root mean square (rms) error between the data and this linear approximation is 42.3 msec.
Is this a good fit to the data? Visual inspection of the data in Figure 2 suggests that the rate at which the waggle duration increases with feeder distance (the slope of the curve) is higher in the first and third segments—where the bees fly over land—than in the second segment, where they fly over water. This impression is confirmed when linear regressions of the data are carried out separately for each of the three segments, as shown in Figure 2B. The results then reveal that the slope of the regression in segment 2 (water) is 0.546 ± 0.483, which is significantly lower than the slope in segment 1 (1.970 ± 0.348) and segment 3 (2.243 ± 0.500) (p < 0.02, pairwise comparison, Student t-test). On the other hand, there is no significant difference between the slopes for the land (segment 1) and the island (segment 3) segments (p > 0.2, Student t-test). Within each segment, the data fit a straight line quite well; the rms error between all of the data points and the piecewise linear approximation is 14.7 msec. This value is considerably lower than the rms error produced by the single straight line in Figure 2A (42.3 msec). Thus, the data are not well represented by a single linear approximation. They are better approximated by a piecewise linear relationship in which the slope over water is lower than that over land.
Experiment 2
In experiment 2 the feeder route was of the same total length as in experiment 1, but was entirely over land (see Figure 1). In this experiment, unmarked recruits were observed at each feeder position.
The variation of the mean waggle duration with feeder position for this experiment is shown in Figure 3A. Here, again, waggle duration increased with feeder distance. The best-fitting straight line through the entire data set is shown in Figure 3A; the slope of the resulting regression line is 1.431 ± 0.695. The rms error between this line and the data is 37.9 msec. In addition, to enable a comparison of the data from experiment 2 with those from experiment 1, the same data set was artificially divided into three segments, of lengths 190 m, 240 m, and 150 m, as it was for experiment 1 (see Figure 2B), and a linear regression was performed separately on each segment. The results of this piecewise linear approximation are shown in Figure 3B. In this case, the slopes of the regression lines were 1.712 ± 0.526 (segment 1), 1.925 ± 0.358 (segment 2), and 1.110 ± 1.500 (segment 3). There was no significant difference between any of these three slopes (p > 0.10, pairwise comparison, Student t-test). The rms error between the piecewise linear approximation and the data was 41.6 msec, a value similar to that obtained with the single, best-fitting straight line (37.9 msec, Figure 3A). Thus, in this case, a piecewise linear approximation does not improve the fit. This analysis indicates that the data of experiment 2, in which the bees flew exclusively over land, is well approximated by a single line of constant slope. The slope of this best-fitting line is 1.431 ± 0.695, which is not significantly different from the slopes calculated for either of the land segments in Figure 2A (p > 0.05, Student t-test).
For the purposes of comparative analysis, the data were artificially divided into segments corresponding to the land, water, and island segments of experiment 1 (see Figure 2). (A) shows a global linear approximation of the data, using a single regression for the entire data set. (B) shows a piecewise linear approximation of the data as they correspond to the segments of experiment 1. Other details are the same as in Figure 2.
It is worth noting, however, that, in experiment 2, the three data points in the middle of segment 3 (Figure 3A and 3B) exhibit a much lower slope than the rest of the curve. A possible reason for this local variation will be discussed later.
We may summarize the findings of experiments 1 and 2 by saying that the mean waggle duration increases more rapidly with distance flown when bees fly over land, than when they fly over water. The slope of the mean waggle duration versus distance curve is three to four times greater over land. In other words, land provides a stronger odometric signal than does water.
Similar results were obtained when experiment 1 was repeated 3 weeks later using a different colony of bees. The new colony was placed in the same shed and allowed 10 d to acclimatize itself to the new location and familiarize itself with the surrounding terrain before the experiment commenced. The feeder was moved along exactly the same route as the original experiment 1. (Stakes had been placed on the ground to mark the locations of the feeding stations during the first experiment, to ensure that the same locations were used in the repetition. The feeder positions over the water were reproduced by using a marked rope, as described in Materials and Methods.) In this case, the slopes of the curve were 1.071 ± 0.127 (segment 1), 0.283 ± 0.693 (segment 2), and 1.990 ± 0.381 (segment 3). Here, again, the slope of the curve in segment 2 is substantially and significantly lower, as indicated by Student t-test results, than the slope in segment 1 (p < 0.01) and the slope in segment 3 (p < 0.001).
Scene Analysis
As described in Materials and Methods, a digital camera was used to acquire samples of images of the visual scenes that the bees would have encountered during the flights over land and water. Two such samples, one over land and the other over water, are shown in Figure 4. The mean contrasts of these and a few other scenes, as measured within windows of various sizes (Figure 4) are given in Tables 1 and 2. In each case, contrasts were measured for images that were obtained with and without a green filter placed in front of the camera lens. The green filter was chosen to mimic the spectral sensitivity of the honeybee's green photoreceptor channel, the channel involved in the sensing of image motion (Lehrer 1987; Chittka and Tautz 2003). Contrasts tend to be slightly higher when scenes—over land as well as over water—are viewed through the green filter. It is clear from Tables 1 and 2, however, that, in general, contrasts tend to be substantially greater over land than over water, regardless of whether the scenes are viewed directly or through a green filter. The contrast over water tends to be lowest when there is no wind, i.e., when the water is still and there are no ripples. However, we did not investigate this latter phenomenon systematically.
Examples of scenes over land (A) and water (B) that were photographed and analyzed for mean contrast within windows of various sizes, as illustrated by the red boxes in the center of the photographs. Results are given in Tables 1 and 2.
We have assumed in this analysis that the image motion experienced by the bee is dominated by flow in the ventral visual field. This is not an unreasonable assumption, because the lateral structures (such as bushes and trees) were sparse and usually farther away than the ground, except in certain rare circumstances (see below).
Our results demonstrate, first of all, that bees can be trained to fly reliably and without accident over stretches of water that span a few hundred meters. This has also been reported in earlier studies (Heran and Lindauer 1963; von Frisch 1993; Gould and Gould 1988), although some studies (e.g., Heran and Lindauer 1963) mention that bees experience difficulty in flying across lakes, often losing altitude and plunging into the water.
As in earlier studies, we observed that individually marked bees trafficked regularly between the hive and the feeder, regardless of whether the feeder was on land or water. The short flight times (of a minute or two across the whole stretch of water, as established by radio communication) indicated that they had no difficulty in flying the direct route between origin and destination. We found, however, that the feeder attracted far fewer recruits when it was positioned over water. Although the scout bees that were trained to visit the feeder on land readily followed the feeder when it was moved over the water, recruits failed to appear once the water was reached. This was not because the trained scout bees ceased to dance once the feeder was over the water; they continued to dance with high vigor, and their waggles encoded a position over the water. Recruits reappeared when the feeder arrived at the island; in fact, they seemed to "anticipate" its arrival by patrolling the shore of the island even before the boat had landed there. Recruits were observed all along the route on the island, as well as along the entire stretch of the route used in experiment 2, which was exclusively over land.
One possible explanation for the lack of recruitment when the feeder was over water could be the relatively low slope of the distance indication curve in this region, which would lead to a less precise indication of the position of the feeder, making it harder to pinpoint. This explanation seems unlikely, however, since the boat in which the feeder was carried was large and conspicuous, and was the only object on the water.
Another possible reason for the lack of recruitment could have to do with the lack of assistance from experienced foragers. A recent study showed that experienced foragers can sometimes aid recruits in pinpointing a feeder by synchronizing their flights and performing buzzing flights around an unscented feeder (Tautz and Sandeman 2003). However, such assistance was not apparent in our study when the feeder was over the water. Why this assistance was not provided remains unexplained.
A third possibility is that, when inexperienced recruits fly over water, they fly at a higher or lower altitude than the trained scouts, and thus experience a different magnitude of optic flow. Consequently, they may search for the feeder at the wrong location. This possibility remains to be explored. What our observations do suggest, however, is that the trained bees fly at about the same height over land as they do over water (see below).
A fourth possibility relates to the controversial hypothesis, advanced by Gould and Gould (1988), that experienced bees have a "knowledge" of the surrounding landscape, including information about the existence and topography of bodies of water; and that they do not fly to locations signaled by other dancing bees that correspond to positions that are on the water, because such locations would be unlikely to bear food under natural circumstances.
The primary contribution of the present study, however, is the demonstration that the honeybee's odometer does not run at a constant rate in outdoor flight. The results shown in Figures 2 and 3 reveal that the mean waggle duration in the dance increases at a slower rate when bees fly over water than when they fly over land. In other words, for routes of the same length over land and water, the bees' perception of distance flown (as indicated by their dances) is smaller for flights over water. Thus, the honeybee's odometer runs at a slower pace when flight is over water.
There are a number of possible explanations for this finding. One reason could be that while flight over water is likely to stimulate only the ventral fields of view of the eyes with image motion, flight over land is likely to provide image motion signals in the lateral fields as well. In three earlier studies, honeybee odometry was investigated by training bees to fly through short, narrow tunnels lined with visual textures on the walls and/or or the floor. One of these studies (Srinivasan et al. 1997) suggested that the odometric signal is driven primarily by image motion in the lateral fields of view. However, the two others found that motion in the lateral as well as the ventral fields of view is important (Hrncir et al. 2003; Si et al. 2003). While the reasons for this discrepancy remain to be resolved, both studies suggest that lateral flow, if present, can contribute to the odometric signal. It must be noted, however, that in our experiments, the image motion experienced by the bee is likely to have been dominated by flow in the ventral visual field. This is because the lateral structures (such as bushes and trees) on both the water and land routes were sparse and were usually further away than the ground, except in rare circumstances.
A second reason for the different sensitivities of the odometer to flight over land and water might be that bees increase their altitude when flying over water, thus reducing the extent of image motion that a given forward motion of the bee would elicit in the eye. Although we do not have precise information on flight heights in this study, visual observation of bees approaching the feeder over the water suggested that they flew at heights of between 1 m and 2 m above the water surface, similar to the heights at which they are reported to cruise over land (Heran and Lindauer 1963). In fact, Heran and Lindauer (1963) reported that bees tend to fly lower over water, and seem to experience difficulty in maintaining the same altitude as they do over land. While we did not observe this phenomenon, their evidence as well as ours seems to argue against the possibility that the reduced sensitivity of the odometer over water is caused by flight at a higher altitude.
A third possible explanation has to do with the fact that the visual spatial texture of land could be considerably different from that of water. Investigation of this possibility would require a detailed analysis of the spatial frequency spectra of samples of land and water images, which we have not undertaken in the present study. However, a recent study examined the effects of varying visual texture on perceived distance flown in honeybees (Si et al. 2003). In that study, bees were trained to visit a feeder placed at the far end of a short, narrow tunnel, and their dances were analyzed as the texture and contrast of the patterns lining the floor and walls of the tunnel were systematically varied. The results revealed that perceived distance was almost invariant to changes in visual texture (i.e., changes in the spatial frequency content of the patterns).
The same study, however, also found that the odometric signal dropped substantially when the contrast of the pattern was reduced to a level below 20% (Si et al. 2003). This finding is consistent with our present field data, which suggest that the odometric signal is strong when the bees fly over land (which possesses a mean contrast of about 20%) but weak when they fly over water (which possesses a mean contrast of about 9%). Thus, a fourth explanation—and the most likely one—is that water surfaces exhibit a substantially lower visual contrast than do land surfaces.
Regardless of which of the above explanations is the valid one, our results indicate that the differences in the odometric signal between flight over land and over water are due to differences in the visual environment.
Of course, the visual properties of land terrain can also vary considerably, depending upon the nature of the vegetation and on the existence of manmade structures. We suggest that this is the reason for some of the local fluctuations in slope that are evident in the data over land. In particular, we noted in the Results section that, in experiment 2, the three data points in the middle of segment 3 (Figures 3A and 3B) exhibit a much lower slope than the rest of the curve. This section of the land terrain was one in which the bees' flight took them along a paved bicycle path for a stretch of about 200 m. Two views of this section of the terrain, as would be experienced by a bee flying 1.7 m above the ground, are shown in Figure 5. These images were acquired without using any color filter (see Materials and Methods). It is evident that the surface of the bicycle path provides rather low contrast. (The mean contrast within the rectangle in Figure 5A was measured to be 14.30%.) The contrast of the surface is particularly low on a cloudy day (Figure 5B), when the surrounding vegetation does not cast any sharp shadows on the path. (The mean contrast within the rectangle in Figure 5B was measured to be 6.60%, which is even lower than that of most of the water surfaces that were measured.) The weather was indeed cloudy on the day the data for section 3 were obtained. This was confirmed by the weather entries in the experimental log book for that day, as well as by records from the Canberra Meteorological Station. Thus, the honeybee's odometer can run at different rates even on land, depending upon the nature of the local terrain. The three middle points in segment 3 show a progressively decreasing waggle duration, rather than a progressively increasing one. However, the decrease is not significant: A linear regression over these three data points reveals a slope of −0.369 ± 0.638, which is not significantly different from zero (p > 0.08). Thus, we interpret this as implying that the bees experienced very little optic flow during flight over this region. The final data point in section 3 shows an abrupt increase in waggle duration, compared to the previous three points. Interestingly, as we see from Figure 5, this is one of the rare segments of the bees' flight in which rows of trees appear close to the trajectory in the left and right lateral visual fields, potentially providing strong lateral flow.
These two photographs show the terrain along which the bees were trained to fly in segment 3 of experiment 2. In (A) the sun was shining clearly, while in (B) it was behind a cloud. The rectangles depict the area within which mean contrast was measured (details in text).
It is instructive to compare our results with the findings from an earlier study by von Frisch and Lindauer (von Frisch 1993). In 1962–1963, von Frisch and Lindauer compared the dance tempos of bees returning from a 340-m flight over water with those of bees returning from a flight of the same distance over land (von Frisch 1993). (The "dance tempo" is the number of dance circuits completed in 15 s [von Frisch 1993].) They found no significant difference in the dance tempos under the two conditions. Based on this observation, von Frisch and Lindauer concluded that land and water drive the odometer at the same rate, and suggested, therefore, that the honeybee's odometer is driven largely by nonvisual signals. However, they did not measure the duration of the waggle phase, which is now considered to be the true representation of distance traveled (Seeley et al. 2000).
To investigate this issue more closely, we have measured four parameters of our dance data: mean circuit duration, mean waggle duration, mean return duration (the duration of the return phase of the circuit made during the dance), and mean dance tempo. The mean circuit duration is equal to the sum of the mean waggle duration and the mean return duration, and is proportional to the reciprocal of the dance tempo. The results of this analysis, for flights of the same distance over water and over land, are shown in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. These numbers were obtained by analyzing the dance data from experiments 1 and 2, respectively, for feeder distances ranging from 190 m to 390 m. Our results concur with those of von Frisch and Lindauer: As the feeder distance increased from 190 m to 390 m, the mean circuit duration exhibited a similar increase over land as it did over water (compare the first columns of Tables 3 and 4). Although the increase over land is somewhat larger than that over water, the difference is not statistically significant (p > 0.3, two-way ANOVA). The mean waggle duration increased much more rapidly on land than it does over water, just as Figures 2 and 3 indicate. However, the mean return duration increased much more rapidly on water than it did on land. As a consequence, the mean circuit duration showed a similar variation with distance over land as over water. This reconciles the present findings with those of von Frisch and Lindauer. The mean return duration is considered to be a measure of the "attractiveness" of the food source: the longer the duration, the lower the attractiveness (Seeley et al. 2000). Our data therefore suggest that (a) the attractiveness of a feeder diminishes as its distance from the hive is increased, and (b) the attractiveness decreases more rapidly with distance when flight is over water than when it is over land. The mean waggle duration, on the other hand, is a measure of the perceived distance flown; this quantity increases more rapidly on land than it does over water. Thus, in general, the odometer indeed runs at a faster rate over land than over water.
Our present findings confirm the suggestions from earlier work (Esch and Burns 1995, 1996; Srinivasan et al. 1996, 1997, 2000; Esch et al. 2001; Si et al. 2003) that the honeybee dance does not convey information about distance traveled with absolute accuracy. Rather, the distance that is indicated (measured in terms of the mean waggle duration) depends upon the optical environment in which the bee flies. The odometer runs faster in terrain that presents a high contrast and rich texture (such as land with dense vegetation) than in terrain that carries low contrast and sparse texture (such as a water surface). Although the visual movement detection system that drives the odometer is impressively robust to variations in visual texture and contrast—as revealed by an earlier study in which bees were trained to fly through tunnels in which the textures lining the walls and floor were systematically varied (Si et al. 2003)—this robustness is not perfect. The study by Si et al. (2003) indicated that, for a flight of a given distance, the odometric reading is largely independent of visual contrast, as long as the contrast is above 20%. Below this value, however, the odometric reading begins to decline. This critical value of contrast is in approximate agreement with the findings of the present study, where we have investigated the properties of the odometric signal in a natural, rather than an artificial, environment.
Given that the honeybee dance does not convey accurate information on distance flown, how do scout bees returning from a new food source usually manage to recruit other bees to visit it so quickly and so effectively? One explanation might be that the waggle dance conveys information on the direction as well as the distance of the food source. Thus, potential recruits that are persuaded by the scout's dance to seek out the source would fly in the direction signaled by the scout, and therefore experience approximately the same visual environment as the scout. Consequently, any terrain-induced variations in the odometric signal would be the same for the recruits as well as the scout, so that such variations would not compromise accurate pinpointing of the destination. The recruit would find the goal simply by flying in the specified direction until her odometric signal matched that indicated by the scout's dance. Thus, even though the scout's dance does not indicate distance in absolute terms, the recruits end up close to or at the correct location because their odometric signals evolve in the same way as that of the scout during the flight toward the food. Once the recruits are in the vicinity of the food source, the experienced foragers can assist them by providing visual and/or olfactory cues in the vicinity of the feeder to guide recruits to it (Tautz and Sandeman 2003).
Materials and Methods
Experimental site.
The experiments were conducted on the shore of Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra. A two-frame observation hive was set up 190 m from the shore of the lake, with the entrance facing the shore (see Figure 1). The ground sloped gently downwards toward the shore. The terrain was grassy and interspersed with shrubs and eucalyptus trees. Beyond the lake shore, 240 m into the water, was an island (Springbank Island) measuring 150 m across along the line of sight from the hive. The island contained dense tree vegetation around its circumference, with grass and a few trees in the middle. Beyond the island was a further 1000-m stretch of water extending to the opposite shore of the lake.
Two experiments were carried out, both using honeybees (Apis mellifera) from the same hive. In experiment 1, bees were trained to fly a route due southwest toward the island. This route comprised an initial stretch over land, followed by a stretch over water, and then again over land (across the island), as shown in Figure 1. The total length of this route was 580 m. In experiment 2, bees were trained to fly a route of the same total distance due northwest that was entirely over land (see Figure 1).
In experiment 1, about 20 bees were individually marked and trained to visit a feeder containing 1.0 M nonscented sucrose solution, initially placed 5 m from the hive. When the marked bees started to visit the feeder regularly, the feeder was moved step by step toward the shore. At each position, the dances of marked bees returning from the feeder were recorded at the hive. The distance from the hive to the lake shore was 190 m. The feeder was then placed in a rowboat and taken across the water, again stopping at several locations along the way to record dances back at the hive. In order to accustom the bees visually to the boat, we introduced them to the boat on land well before the water was reached. From about 50 m before the water's edge, the feeder was placed inside the boat. From this point on, the feeder was always in the boat, regardless of whether the location was on land or water. The stretch across the water was 240 m long. Upon reaching the shore of the island, the feeder (still placed in the boat) was moved stepwise across the island to the opposite shore, again recording the dances of bees returning from each location. The stretch across the island was 150 m long.
The boat was an inflatable dinghy capable of carrying four adults in addition to the feeder. It was colored bright yellow to facilitate visual detection from a distance by the bees. A view of the boat on the lake is given in Figure S1. A buoyant rope, carrying brightly colored markers at 10 m intervals, was used to measure out distances on land as well as water. During periods of strong wind or water currents, a stable position over water was maintained with the aid of an anchor, supplemented when necessary by compensatory paddling.
The weather was sunny and calm through most of the study, except for a few days (see below). The wind speed rarely exceeded 20 km/h. Most of the time, there were only a few ripples on the water surface. Temperature and weather conditions were recorded through the course of the experiment and were supplemented by records from the Canberra Meteorological Station.
There were always at least two experimenters at the feeder (regardless of whether the feeder was on land or water), and two experimenters at the hive. The visit of each marked bee at the feeder, and its subsequent dance in the hive, were followed through radio communication between the feeder and the hive. At each feeder position, recording of a given bee's dances was commenced after it had made three visits to the feeder. This was done to allow adequate time for the dances to adjust to each new feeder position. Data were collected from between seven and 14 different individually marked bees at each feeder position. This procedure required a stay of about 30–60 min at each feeder position.
In experiment 2, about 20 bees were trained by moving a feeder step by step from the hive, as in experiment 1, but along a route that was entirely over land, as described above. The total length of this route (580 m) was identical to that in experiment 1, thus enabling a direct comparison of the of the bees' dances along the two routes.
Recording and analysis of bee dances.
The observation hive was housed in a specially constructed shed that afforded a weatherproof environment for observing and filming bee dances. Dances of marked bees were filmed at 25 frames/s, using a Sony (Tokyo, Japan) DCR-TRV310E video camera mounted on a tripod placed adjacent to one face of the observation hive, near the entrance. A mechanical gate at the entrance to the hive ensured that bees entered (and left) the hive only on the side facing the camera, thus facilitating the filming of dances.
Bee dances were analyzed frame by frame to measure the mean duration of the waggle phase. The waggle duration was considered to be a measure of the bees' perception of the distance flown from the hive to the feeder: the longer the waggle duration, the greater the perceived distance (Esch et al. 2001). A total of between 68 and 217 dances were analyzed for each feeder position, from between seven and 14 individually marked bees. A total of over 6,000 dances were evaluated in the study.
The dances were evaluated as follows. For each dance, the mean waggle duration was estimated by averaging the waggle durations over all loops. Then, the mean waggle duration for each bee was obtained by averaging the mean waggle durations over all of its dances at that feeder position. Finally, the mean waggle duration of all bees was calculated from the mean waggle durations for the individuals. The standard error of the mean was also calculated and displayed in the graphs (see Figures 2 and 3). Linear regressions of the data, and 95% CIs for the slopes of the fitted regression lines, were computed using the GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, United States) statistical analysis package. Regression slopes of different data sets were also compared using the same package, which implemented the slope comparison test described in Sokal and Rohlf (1995).
Scene photography and analysis.
Samples of the visual scenes that the bees would have experienced while flying over land and water were acquired by digital camera (Coolpix 950, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan), which produced color images of 1200 × 1600 pixel resolution. Sections of these images were analyzed to compare the mean visual contrast over land with that over water. The intensity of the image at each pixel was taken to be the average of the values of the three color subpixels at that location. These images were taken on a calm day with weather conditions similar to those on which the experiments were conducted. The surface of the lake was smooth, with relatively few ripples.
The mean contrast in an image section was computed as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value of the intensities of all the pixels within that section, and was expressed as a percentage. It was recently demonstrated that the odometer is "color-blind" and is driven primarily by the green receptor channel (Chittka and Tautz 2003), as are other motion-sensitive pathways in the bee (Lehrer et al. 1988; Zhang et al. 1990; Zhang and Srinivasan 1993). Therefore, each scene was photographed twice: once without any color filter, and once through a color filter with a spectral transmission that approximated the spectral sensitivity of the honeybee's green receptor (B+W 30061 3X MRC [Schneider-Kreuznach, Bad Kreuznach, Germany]; with peak transmission at 530 nm and a bandwidth of 120 nm at half sensitivity).
Supporting Information
Figure S1. View of Boat at One of the Training Positions on the Lake
Video S1. Marked Bee Dancing Upon Return from the Feeder When the Feeder Is Positioned 60 m into the Lake (250 m from the Hive)
We thank Jason Wong and Judith Reinhard for their assistance with many aspects of the fieldwork. Harald Esch contributed to the analysis of the data presented in Table 3. The map in Figure 1 was kindly provided by Gordon Anderson of the Australian Capital Territory Land Information Centre. The reviewers' constructive comments helped improve the paper substantially. This research was supported partly by grants to MVS from the Australia–Germany Collaborative Research Scheme, the Human Frontiers in Science Program (RG 84/97), the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Office of Naval Research (N00014-99-1-0506), the Alexander von Humboldt foundation, and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 554 and GK 200).
Author Contributions
JT, MS, and SZ conceived and designed the experiments. JS, AB, and AS performed the experiments, with assistance from JT, MS, and SZ. SZ, JS, and AB analyzed the data. MS wrote the paper.
- 1. Chittka L, Tautz J (2003) The spectral input to honeybee visual odometry. J Exp Biol 206: 2393–2397.
- 2. Esch H, Burns JE (1995) Honeybees use optic flow to measure the distance of a food source. Naturwissenschaften 82: 38–40.
- 3. Esch H, Burns JE (1996) Distance estimation by foraging honeybees. J Exp Biol 199: 155–162.
- 4. Esch H, Goller F, Burns JE (1994) Honeybee waggle dances: The "energy hypothesis" and thermoregulatory behavior of foragers. J Comp Physiol B 163: 621–625.
- 5. Esch HE, Zhang SW, Srinivasan MV, Tautz J (2001) Honeybee dances communicate distances measured by optic flow. Nature 411: 581–583.
- 6.
Gould JL, Gould CG (1988) The honey bee. New York: W. H. Freeman. pp. 222–224.
- 7. Heran H, Lindauer M (1963) Windkompensation und Seitenwindkorrektur der Bienen beim Flug über Wasser. Z Vergl Physiol 47: 39–55.
- 8. Hrncir M, Jarau S, Zucchi R, Barth FG (2003) A stingless bee (Melipona seminigra) uses optic flow to estimate flight distances. J Comp Physiol A 189: 761–768.
- 9. Lehrer M (1987) To be or not to be a colour-seeing bee. Israel J Entomol 21: 51–76.
- 10. Lehrer M, Srinivasan MV, Zhang SW, Horridge GA (1988) Motion cues provide the bee's visual world with a third dimension. Nature 332: 356–357.
- 11.
Neese V (1988) Die Entfernungsmessung der Sammelbiene: Ein energetisches und zugleich sensorisches Problem. In: Nachtigall W, editor. Biona-Report 6: The flying honeybee: Aspects of energetics. Stuttgart: G. Fischer. pp. 1–15.
- 12. Seeley TD, Mikheyev AS, Pagano GJ (2000) Dancing bees tune both duration and rate of waggle run production in relation to nectar-source profitability. J Comp Physiol A 186: 813–819.
- 13. Si A, Srinivasan MV, Zhang SW (2003) Honeybee navigation: Properties of the visually driven "odometer.". J Exp Biol 206: 1265–1273.
- 14.
Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ (1995) Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 3rd edition. New York: Freeman. 887 p.
- 15. Srinivasan MV, Zhang SW, Lehrer M, Collett TS (1996) Honeybee navigation en route to the goal: Visual flight control and odometry. J Exp Biol 199: 237–244.
- 16. Srinivasan MV, Zhang SW, Bidwell NJ (1997) Visually mediated odometry in honeybees. J Exp Biol 200: 2513–2522.
- 17. Srinivasan MV, Zhang SW, Altwein M, Tautz J (2000) Honeybee navigation: Nature and calibration of the "odometer.". Science 287: 281–283.
- 18. Tautz J, Sandeman DC (2003) Recruitment of honeybees to nonscented food sources. J Comp Physiol 189: 293–300.
- 19.
von Frisch K (1993) The dance language and orientation of bees. London: Harvard University Press. 566 p.
- 20. Zhang SW, Srinivasan MV (1993) Parallel information processing in the visual system of insects. Jpn J Physiol 43: S247–S258.
- 21. Zhang SW, Wang X, Liu Z, Srinivasan MV (1990) Visual tracking of moving targets by freely flying honeybees. Vis Neurosci 4: 379–386.


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Thomastik-Infeld The Brand Revolution
2019 is not only the year Thomastik-Infeld turns 100, it is also the year for change! Nina Haberlehner, Marketing and Art Director and her phenomenal team have implemented just that. With 36 video productions in Vienna, Cremona, New York and Boston, 265 sketched cartoon images on 100 years of company history, a brand new catalog, more than 20.000 words of stringtelligence – a one-of-a-kind information platform about strings, 4 tons of wood and tangible information for the homonymous exhibition, a string finder, an all-new website, an artist look book and a beautiful event in the Palais Coburg. Check it out!
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what better way to make people give even less of a shit about your work than to not post anything for three months? It's been a busy time. Just getting over a painful injury that's kept me out of the game. Here's some new stuff... a new logo for That's Entertainment:
and an idea for a print i want to do when i get my press up and running. have a couple thoughts on where to push it. took a step closer to printmaking, looked at some studio space this week. don't know if i'll be able to afford space. haven't been making much dough lately, but whatever. big bills are looming up i need to get some paying work done. fuck it.
could i possibly have two more divergent pieces?


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Your ideas. Our passion!Our passion!
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Many companies know what they want and what they need, but they don't know how to implement it. Our team consists of best experts that are ready to design and implement technology solutions to overcome all challenges.
ITWorks is a professional IT company that provides outsourcing services. Our knowledge and awareness is the result of continuous work, experience, monitoring and research of the market and its innovations.
We use the most advanced information technologies that allow us to provide a high level of security, availability and reliability. So you won't be left with a product or system you didn't want – something our competitors can't guarantee.
In this rapidly changing world, IT infrastructure requirements are continuously changing. Let us offer you our professional support and convert all your ideas into reality!
Check ITWorks Presentation.
Or check ITWorks One-pager with very specific and clear infomation about us.


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Bystronic forms strategic partnership with TTM Laser
Bystronic, a Swiss developer of laser systems for cutting sheet metal, has formed a strategic partnership with TTM Laser, an Italian producer of laser-based tube and profile processing solutions, in order to expand its portfolio and increase the added value of its metal processing chain.
Bystronic offers system solutions for cutting and bending sheet metal. These include laser cutting and bending systems, suitable automation solutions, storage systems, and software solutions that integrate all these process steps. Through the combining of portfolios, TTM Laser will be able to add its speciality in developing 3D laser systems for cutting tubes between 12-815mm, cutting profiles, and welding large-format sheet metal.
'TTM Laser and Bystronic supplement each other as ideal partners,' explained Bystronic CEO Alex Waser. 'With TTM Laser, Bystronic is gaining a successful specialist as a partner and is thus expanding its existing portfolio with additional tube and profile processing technologies and know-how. This partnership will allow Bystronic and TTM Laser to offer their customers an even more versatile range of solutions.'
TTM Laser CEO Fiorenzo Castellini added: 'TTM Laser's technologies and philosophy are an excellent match for the portfolio of Bystronic. They will enable the development of innovative process solutions. The partnership with Bystronic and the access to a global sales and service network will provide TTM Laser with the opportunity to offer customers an enhanced range of services.'
Bystronic and TTM Laser's common goal is to use this partnership to pool know-how and drive forward innovative manufacturing technologies, according to the two firms. For the time being, it will consist of joint sales activities. This will provide customers in the global target markets with optimal access to the combined processing solutions of Bystronic and TTM Laser.


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23 Jun Fun Day
Posted at 15:02h in 5th & 6th Grade Students
IUPUI showed us about bees and other insects that pollinate by going flower to flower and we did some fun games about that. Bees are important to the ecosystem because they help the flowers and vegetables and fruits. My favorite part about camp so far are the counselors. I like hanging out with them. They are really fun and cool with us.


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funny. last week was a doozy for me as well. earlier this evening i had written a looong e-mail to one of my friends about my doozy of a week. this week is better. much better. and i'm lucky to have a great husband who gives me love and support whenever i need it. and my children, they keep me going. :)
glad that you have people around you, anika's smile, and yummy food! :)
Cheer up soon, Leslie! Big hugs :)
There's always a little something to get you through :) Hope next week is a better one, Leslie.
I'm sorry you've had such a rough week, Leslie. I hope things are looking up very soon. Hang in there :)
Hugs from Seattle, hang in there. Gotta love the pancakes, are the Bob's Red Mill GF ones? Those are the best we have found, I like them but Royal doesn't so that does us no good.
GF = BEST! I didn't know you did GF! I was allergic to wheat for YEARS. I can eat it now but I have a few GF favorites I can't give up...mostly Pamela's Shortbread cookies..haha. ;) giving you hugs.
I cannot imagine women actually enjoying making them!sf
The comments to this entry are closed.


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Ch-ch-ch-changes! Turn and face the strange...
Some things have certainly changed around here now that we have three little ones. I am enjoying most moments watching the three of them interact and in some ways it has been tons of fun so far. But there is also the sleeplessness, the constant noise, never-ending cleaning, and the generally exhausting business that is keeping up after three kids in different stages of development. Here are just a few observations of how life has changed or rather evolved since we've added Lucy:
1. Emma's favorite books are no longer Apples up on Top, Little Pookie, Madeline, or Olivia. Now, her favorite book is Breastfeeding 101: Tips & Tricks. I came home with a whole bunch of freebies from the hospital and was about to throw that little book away when Emma claimed it because she saw that it was filled with pictures of babies.
2. Taking all three kids to the grocery store is a bit interesting. We put Lucy's car seat into the body of the cart, strap Emma into the seat on the cart, and Matthew stands on the shelf beneath the cart and holds on tight for a ride. There is barely any space for groceries.
3. Speaking of taking the kids places, because there are now three different sets of car seats for the three kids, buckling them all up to go anywhere is like preparing to blast out of the atmosphere. Click, click, clickety-click! So many buckles and straps to readjust, align, and secure! Add in a wriggly toddler (EMMA) who does not want to be in her seat and you have a super challenging arm workout as well.
4. Cereal has been a lifesaver. Before the baby, we almost never stocked cereal in the house and ate mainly oatmeal or eggs for breakfast. Now, it's fantastic because Matthew can pour cereal for both himself and Emma when I am tied up nursing the baby. Bring on the Lucky Charms!
5. The older two kids now play exclusively with baby toys. Who cares about blocks, trains, trucks, dolls, and dinosaur figurines when you have rattles, plush animals, and light-up sun that sings to you as you lie beneath it on a cushy play mat? Emma even goes so far as to recite on a regular basis: "Waaah! I a baby!" Not annoying at all.
6. Nighttime stories are now accompanied with the melodious soundtrack of hungry baby screams.
7. I've learned that Emma knows way more lullabies then I thought. I found here singing "Beautiful Boy" by John Lennon to Baby Lucy the other day, only she changed the lyric to "beautiful girl". I was impressed - I had no idea she knew that song! Now, I'm trying to teach her Lucy's theme song: "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds". Matthew still insists on making up his own lullabies. I can say with certainty that he does not have a talent for composition. His songs make both me and Lucy cry. Not really a change, but rather a fun observation.
8. Before we had Lucy, people around town would often smile at us as we were out and about and comment: "What an adorably perfect family - one boy and one girl!" Now that I am toting around three kids, I see people staring at me with a look of shock and hear comments like this:
- "Woah! Got yourself an army!"
- "Your hands are certainly full!!"
- "Do you want to have like a million kids?"
- "Time to break out the birth control!" I wish I was kidding about that one. How insulting.
- "Are these all yours?"
A dear friend of mine posted this quote on her facebook page recently and it really is a wonderful thing for me to keep in mind whenever I become stressed or overwhelmed in my role as a mother to these crazy awesome kids:
"You'll never be this loved again. So on those days when you are feeling stressed out, touched out, and depleted, just remember that you will never be this loved again. One day you will long for their affection. So choose a soft voice, gentle hands, choose love." -AK
Beautiful words. How very true they are!
Switching gears a bit, let's talk food! Until we adjust to all the changes around here, meals have been fairly simple and straightforward. For example, we have grilled dogs and brats twice this week and served it with fruit and a simple salad. I'm sure I'll get back to experimenting soon, but for now I am just trying to enjoy baby Lucy while she is still so tiny.
Below is a fantastic recipe for fish tacos that Paul and I made a couple days before we had Lucy. Now, I have never had an authentic Baja-style fish taco, but I loved all the different components that this recipe included. Some heat and tang from the pickled onions, crunch from the slaw, and a creamy white sauce that complemented the flavor of the warm beer-battered fish. I could not resist adding some chopped mango to the mix and I do think it added a little bit of a sweet, fresh element that helped round everything out. The best fish tacos we've had, hands down! We'll make them again soon - perhaps once we're a bit more settled.
Beer Battered Fish Tacos with Mango, Pickled Onions and Creamy Lime White Sauce
barely adapted from America's Test Kitchen
For the Pickled Onions:
1 small red onion, halved and sliced thin
2 jalapeño chiles, stemmed and sliced into thin rings
1 cup white wine vinegar
2 tablespoons lime juice
1 tablespoon sugar
1 teaspoon salt
For the Slaw:
3 cups shredded green cabbage
1/4 cup pickling liquid from pickled onions
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon pepper
For the White Sauce:
1/2 cup mayonnaise
1/2 cup sour cream
2 tablespoons lime juice
2 tablespoons milk
For the Fish:
2 pounds skinless whitefish fillets, such as cod, haddock, or halibut, cut crosswise into 4 by 1-inch strips (I used cod)
Salt and pepper
3/4 cup all-purpose flour
1/4 cup cornstarch
1 teaspoon baking powder
1 cup beer (light bodied lagers work best)
1 quart peanut or vegetable oil
For Serving:
1-2 ripe mangoes, diced small
1 cup fresh cilantro leaves
8-10 small flour tortillas (taco size), warmed
To make the pickled onions, combine onion and jalapeños in medium bowl. Bring vinegar, lime juice, sugar and salt to boil in small saucepan. Pour vinegar mixture over onion mixture and let sit for at least 30 minutes. (Pickled onions can be made and refrigerated up to 2 days in advance.)
For the cabbage, toss all ingredients together in a bowl. Set aside.
To make the white sauce, whisk all ingredients together in a bowl. (Sauce can be made and refrigerated up to 2 days in advance.
To make the fish, adjust the oven rack to the middle position and heat oven to 200 degrees. Set wire rack inside rimmed baking sheet. Pat fish dry with paper towels and season with salt and pepper. Whisk flour, cornstarch, baking powder and 1 teaspoon salt together in large bowl. Add beer and whisk until smooth. Transfer fish to batter and toss until evenly coated.
Add oil to large Dutch oven until it measures about 3/4 inch deep and heat over medium-high heat to 350 degrees. Working with 5-6 pieces at a time, remove fish from batter, allowing excess to drip back into bowl, and add to hot oil, briefly dragging fish along surface of oil to prevent sticking. Adjust burner, if necessary, to maintain oil temperature between 325 and 350 degrees. Fry fish, stirring gently to prevent pieces from sticking together, until golden brown and crispy, about 2 minutes per side. Transfer fish to prepared wire rack and place in oven to keep warm. Return oil to 350 degrees and repeat with remaining fish.
Divide the fish evenly among tortillas. Top with pickled onions, cabbage, white sauce, mangoes and cilantro.
This recipe serves approximately 6 people.


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Wellington City Council has gone on the front foot after strong criticisms from NZRise and IT consultant and commentator Ian Apperley about its process in naming Australian company TechnologyOne as the preferred vendor for its major technology upgrade project.
In a statement emailed to Computerworld New Zealand, spokesperson Richard MacLean says WCC "disagrees with the views of NZRise" and remains "confident in our stance because we have put considerable effort into identifying the best solution for Wellington City Council's operational requirements."
"While NZRise and Mr Apperley have strong views about this, we respectfully point out that we have the best knowledge about our operational system requirements and what is required to meet our own needs," MacLean added via email.
"We have provisionally pointed to TechnologyOne as our preferred supplier because its proposal best meets these needs and it has a proven track record of providing reliable off-the-shelf systems for local government in New Zealand and across the Tasman."
In a bid to diffuse the situation amidst rising industry pressure, MacLean was quick to reiterate points which WCC believes seem to have been lost in the debate.
"We ran an open procurement process that allowed any IT firm to respond," MacLean added. "Any Wellington companies that were capable of providing a solution either chose not to participate or provided a bid that was assessed to not be as suitable as the proposal from TechnologyOne.
"As part of the shortlist process we assessed a large number of successful TechnologyOne implementations of similar systems across Australiasia. We are confident that TechnologyOne can deliver on their proposal as they have done so for many other clients."
MacLean advised that the direction WCC is taking is to adopt standard processes for delivering standard services in the "most efficient and cost-effective" way for staff to serve customers, and increasing the number of services that are available to customers for them to self-serve online.
"It is our intention to have a system delivered that would replace about 70 separate 'core' systems which, at the moment, constitute a 'Heath Robinson' arrangement that presents big risks to our ability to provide core and critical services," he added.
"There are about 50 more ICT systems that provide specialist services. Replacing core systems with more robust standardised ones will offer us a future opportunity to add innovative technology systems to them."
MacLean said WCC may look to local bespoke suppliers of ICT systems to upgrade some of its specialist services or add to them once its core systems upgrade is in place; "so NZRise's claim that we are putting all of our eggs in one basket does not stand up," he added.


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It's South Brooklyn in the 90s and you are about to take a tour of the souls in the City of Margins.
Included are two widows, a disgraced cop, a hopeful screenwriter, a college dropout, and a high school girl dreaming of escape.
All of them, one way or another, revolve around corruption, suicide, loansharking and murder. There's a lot of human emotions in this story, and you'll experience it all.
This is contemporary noir at its finest. Tap into it with this remarkable book by William Boyle.
~ June Lorraine
MurderInCommon.com is a Feedspot Top 100 Crime Novel Blog


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OnMarket's comprehensive returns analyses the performance of all OnMarket IPOs to date by following a simple strategy:
For OnMarket investors who had followed this simple strategy since inception (~4 years), you would have seen an average return of 20% when selling your OnMarket IPOs 6 months post-listing.
For more information on how returns are calculated see here.
Full Comprehensive Breakdown of returns below:


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This February, the Chilfen Timber Packaging division invested in a new Stromab Automatic Crosscut Saw for our Kings Langley based business, Trafalgar Cases.
At Chilfen, we continually invest in the latest equipment and technologies. Doing so enables us to provide our customers with the latest in optimisation software, increased speed and efficiency and ultimately, a higher quality end product. All of which are core to our company values.
Our new automatic crosscut saw provides more efficient optimisation of all solid softwood sections used to manufacture our timber packaging solutions.
What can it do?
The automatic crosscut saw is a heavy-duty piece of machinery, designed to effectively cut softwood timber. With a pneumatic upstroke action and various advanced operator controls, it allows for fast positioning providing a higher level of repeat cutting accuracy.
Both in-feed and out-feed tables are of all steel construction meaning even heavy sections or packs of timber can be processed, again speeding up the manufacturing process and allowing us to manufacturer higher volumes at an increased speed. An advanced touchscreen display allows for the storing and running of cutting lists at the push of a button, greatly improving efficiency and accuracy.
With 3 levels of optimisation, including 'board sequence' for repetitive cutting, the saw works to align itself with our continual goal to provide a faster service for both small and large production runs, without any compromise on quality.


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About Digital Deployment
15 years of empowering communication
Digital Deployment is a website development firm focused solely on website development and its various facets including content management, UX/UI, accessibility, information architecture, strategy, migration, and stakeholder discovery. We currently operate hundreds of websites for clients across the United States; on average, our company launches a new website every week. Of the clients we had five years ago, more than 95% are still active clients today.
Since our founding in 2004, our people have been our greatest asset. By supporting the passions of our team and investing heavily in leadership and professional development, we have enjoyed a profound employee retention rate—in fact, no employee has ever chosen to leave Digital Deployment to work somewhere else. For our clients, this means extraordinary operational continuity, deeper institutional memory, and an emphasis on productive long-term relationships. We have been named the #1 Best Place to Work and Healthiest Employer by the Sacramento Business Journal.


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Green Building through HVAC
Recently, the World Green Building Council asserted that all of the world's buildings must reach net zero carbon by 2050 to avoid the most serious ramifications of climate change. Given that in their estimation, only 500 existing commercial buildings currently fit this model, how does Daikin help get us there?
There are quite a few general terms thrown around in the green building world, so let's begin by helping define those. In this series on green buildings, we'll help you understand the deeper stories behind each of these concepts, the different HVAC technologies at play, and the innovative products Daikin is producing to help the world reach higher energy efficiency goals.
Net Zero
If net zero is the goal: what does that mean? According to the US's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, net zero is reached when a "building produces enough renewable energy to meet its own annual energy consumption requirements." The key in designing zero energy buildings is to maximize energy efficiency to help offset energy consumption while also finding sources of green energy production in your building's design. From an energy production standpoint, this could include a solar panel installation on the rooftop while inside the building occupants eliminate waste through disciplined composting and recycling programs.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED, is a points-based system, rewarding buildings points across several different areas of sustainability. Based on the number of points the building receives, it can then receive a LEED rating level of Certified, Silver, Gold, or Platinum. LEED has become a logical basis for most green building design: it rewards energy efficiency and sustainability at every step of the design process.
Daikin Applied's use of embedded technology to improve the efficiency of its products across the portfolio has helped many of our customers achieve LEED certifications on their buildings from casinos to healthcare facilities. With Daikin's energy software and payback calculators, our engineers are at the ready with the latest technologies for building optimization. The latest software release, EnergyAnalyzer 3, is an excellent tool for providing early energy modeling, identifying potential HVAC savings needed for LEED certification.
The Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a UL declaration designed to act as a universal signifier of a manufacturer's and product's commitment to sustainability and transparency. According to UL, EPDs are established based on a core set of rules per each product category. These rules are verified independently against verified life cycle assessment data that allows comparison across products in that category.
For example, Daikin's Magnitude® magnetic bearing centrifugal chiller proudly displays the EPD declaration, meaning it is not only in compliance with ISO 14025 guidelines, but it also has met and surpassed environmental impact guidelines in the chiller product category.
Energy Star®
Launched in 1992 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Energy Star® is one of the most widely consumer-recognized sustainability programs in the U.S. With $362 billion saved in utility bills since its launch and 2.5 billion tons of greenhouse gases reduced, it's no surprise that 85% of the public recognize the symbol as one of energy efficiency in standard household appliances and beyond. Energy Star remains a valuable tool for energy efficiency data and is easily integrated with Daikin's Intelligent Equipment® controls interface.
ASHRAE takes us beyond overarching environmental and sustainability programs, asserting the HVAC industry's commitment to efficiency standards. We'd be remiss to not acknowledge our industry standards on energy efficient design, continuing to push the industry forward and reaffirm our commitments to newer and more efficient technologies in HVAC, all of which meet or exceed ASHRAE's 90.1-2016 standards. With 92% of industry professionals basing their purchasing decisions on this industry standard, Daikin is at the ready to compete and win.
We are just scratching the surface in illuminating the breadth of energy efficiency programs. We're eager to continue this sustainability journey with you and our team and will continue to share insights in future posts. Soon, you'll hear more about the exciting ways Daikin's embedded technology has helped earn points to LEED certification, working to achieve net zero for more and more commercial buildings in the coming


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We become partners with HeadSpin
We are pleased to announce that Kartaca is partnering with HeadSpin for the reselling and post-sales support of its services in Turkey and the region.
HeadSpin provides Mobile, IoT, and 5G solutions to optimize connected experiences across applications, devices, and networks, allowing developers to test and monitor their apps in real-time, on real devices, and in real-world conditions before, during, and after an app is released. Infrastructure consists of 32,000+ SIM-enabled devices in 160+ locations in 110+ countries across 1,000+ telecom networks.
Please visit our HeadSpin page for more information.
Published on: Apr 13, 2020


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"Reading should not be presented to children as a chore or a duty. It should be offered to them as a precious gift." Kate DiCamillo
Monday, May 28, 2012
HOW TO BE FRIENDS WITH A DRAGON- Valeri Gorbachev
Simon is a little boy who loves anything dragon- dragon toys, dragon books, and drawing dragons. One day, he decides he would like a dragon for a friend. He is not quite sure, however, about how to be friends with a dragon, so he asks his sister, Emma, for a little advice. She has plenty, including, among other things-- don't let the dragon know you are scared (Simon doesn't think he will be scared because he loves dragons!), don't say his ancestors look frightening when the dragon shows you his family pictures, and don't poke a stick in his nose while he's sleeping,
A really sweet book about friendship with a little bit of a surprise at the end. Perfect for initiating a discussion about friendship during the first few weeks of school, or just sharing in a "Friends" basket in a primary grade classroom. I could also see using it as a mentor text for "list books" or specificity in an third or fourth grade classroom.
Review copy provided by publisher.
1 comment:
- Linda B said...
I love dragon books & think I started when my daughter was young. We read the Yolen dragon books together, then I came across dragon plays, of which I had four or five, like The Reluctant Dragon by Kenneth Grahame, and so on. Yolen also has another dragon anthology out. I've done a whole poetry unit using these books, & imagination really. Even with middle schoolers, they were delighted. This looks wonderful, Carol. I put it on my wish list.
- May 28, 2012 at 4:24 PM
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Though the mountains be shaken and the hills be removed, yet my unfailing love for you will not be shaken nor may covenant of peace be removed, says the Lord, who has compassion on you. Isaiah 54:10
Do you sometimes feel that God has left you? Your in this deep valley and can't seem to find your way out? I have found over the years that whenever I am in that place, it is ALWAYS because I have allowed sin, circumstances, busyness in my life and turned away from Him. I have quit making time for Him and allowed the trials of life take over. But His Word says, I will never leave you nor forsake you. If you find yourself in this situation, get back into the Word. Make your time with Him a priority and you will soon find that He never left you. He was there all along, just waiting for you to trust and turn back to Him. SIMPLY GRATEFUL!
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Bonnie Blogs for BRMI...
So those who read will experience the love and power of God, every day, through His Word!
November 2020


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Leading the Way: Diezani Alison-Madueke, Mamphele Ramphele and Other Influential African Women
25 Apr, 2013, 12:18 ET
LONDON, April 25, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --
The role of Africa's leading women-such as Diezani Alison-Madueke and Mamphele Ramphele-is steadily growing across the continent.
The fact that Africa is fast becoming one of the world's most important investment destinations is universally acknowledged. The US and emerging economic powerhouses such as China and India are increasing trade and investment in Africa whose economy grew five per cent in 2012 - according to the 2013 Economic Report on Africa. Traditionally an informal labour force, women in many parts of Africa have long been central to sustaining households and local economies.
Over the past two decades, however, African women have been increasingly active in business and politics - occupying senior and C-Level positions in high-profile institutions - and have ultimately made significant contributions to the successes of the continent.
Here is a list of some of Africa's most successful women:
Diezani Alison-Madueke (Nigeria)
Diezani Alison-Madueke was Nigeria's first female Federal Minister of Petroleum Resources. Alison-Madueke is responsible for Nigeria's oil and gas resources, which provide an estimated 80 per cent of the Federal Government's revenues. She previously served as Nigeria's Minister of Transportation and later as Minister of Mines and Steel Development. As Petroleum Minister, Alison-Madueke led the drafting of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB). Often described as a pioneer of transformational change in Nigeria, Alison-Madueke was awarded an honorary Doctorate in Management Sciences by the Nigerian Defence Academy in Kaduna for her public service, exemplary conduct and impeccable leadership. She graduated from Howard University, Washington DC, before joining Shell Petroleum Development Corporation where she became the first female Executive Director in Nigeria.
Mamphele Ramphele (South Africa)
Dr Mamphele Ramphele is celebrated as one of South Africa's most inspirational female figures. As a former Managing Director of the World Bank and previous anti-apartheid campaigner, she is renowned as an activist and businesswoman. As Managing Director and Vice-President of External Affairs at the World Bank, Ramphele was tasked with overseeing the strategic positioning and operations of the World Bank Institute - the first South African to hold the position. Ramphele also serves as Chairperson of Circle Capital Ventures, a South African-based Black Economic Empowerment company focused on growing businesses and investing in people.
Ramphele is involved in a variety of charitable work, most notably as a board member of the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, which supports good governance and leadership. Earlier this year, Ramphele announced the formation of a new political party.
Evelyn Oputu (Nigeria)
Evelyn Oputu currently serves as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer at the Bank of Industry (BOI),Nigeria's oldest development bank. Born in the Delta State and schooled in Nigeria as well as abroad, Oputu rose through the ranks in the financial sector. In 1991, Oputu became an Executive Director at First Bank of Nigeria Plc. Since her appointment as CEO of the BOI six years ago, Oputu has led the bank through some of the most successful years in its history - providing long term financing to Nigeria's growing industrial sectors.
Ory Okolloh (Kenya)
Kenyan-born activist, lawyer and blogger Ory Okolloh currently serves as Google's Policy Manager for Africa. The former Harvard University graduate studied law before founding Ushahidi, a crowd sourcing utility that enables citizen journalists and eyewitnesses all over the world to report incidences of violence via mobile, e-mail, SMS, and social media. The technology has since been syndicated internationally and adapted for other purposes.
Inge Zaamwani-Kamwi (Namibia)
Named in the Africa Report among the 50 most influential Africans, Zaamwani-Kamwi is a corporate heavyweight. She currently serves as Managing Director of Namdeb, a mining joint venture between the Government of Namibia and De Beers. The former barrister has worked as an official in the Ministry of Mines and Energy and served as President of the Namibia Chamber of Commerce and Industry (NCCI) from 1995-1998. Appointed as CEO of Namdeb in 1999, Zaamwani-Kamwi weathered the storm in the global diamond market but returned the company to profit in 2011.
Nonkululeko Nyembezi-Heita (South Africa)
As the Chief Executive Officer of ArcelorMittal SA, Nyembezi-Heita leads the South African branch of the global steel manufacturer, the largest producer of steel on the African continent with an annual production capacity of 7.8 million tons. She has played a vital role in the success of the company, which reported revenue of R32 billion in 2012. Nyembezi-Heita previously served as the Chief Officer of Mergers and Acquisitions for the Vodacom Group. Nyembezi-Heita is currently the Chairperson of the South African Iron and Steel Institute (SAISI).
Eleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin (Ethiopia)
Eleni Zaude Gabre-Madhin is a famed economist and a former Chief Executive Officer of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX). Gabre-Madhin is widely regarded as the driving force behind the creation of the ECX following her research at the International Food Policy Research Institute into the impact of supply and demand inefficiencies on Ethiopian farmers while working. During her time as CEO, Gabre-Madhin was instrumental in helping build on ECX's mandate of fostering a modern and efficient trading system. Gabre-Madhin was born in Addis Ababa and has lived in New York, Rwanda, Togo, Malawi and Kenya. She also holds a PhD in Economics.
SOURCE African Business Review


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As the proud baby boomer owner of a Royal Enfield Bullet in military green as well as being a gypsy army brat, I was thrilled to see the company announce that it's reviving the Flying Flea as a limited edition bike under the name Pegasus, a symbol of the British airborne divisions.
Military manna from heaven, the Flying Flea was parachuted down or landed by glider onto WWII battlefields to relay messages between the airborne and the front lines like a modern day (at the time) pony express. Royal Enfield is going to build just a thousand of these revival bikes with two color choices, Service Brown and Olive Drab Green, to replicate the original colors. The company is also paying attention to detailed authenticity around the handlebar grips, leather strap across the air filter, blacked out silencers, rims and pedals.
The Royal Enfield Flying Flea is testimony to the value of legacy, a quality too often overlooked in a disposal job market. Baby boomers bring a treasure trove of work experience and skills to companies tuned-in enough to recognize and reward that generation's work ethic and talent. In my role as a career coach and resume writer I work with a lot of 'boomers' who have emerged on the upside of many of the harsh realities of the job market by following some very basic game changers:
- Don't panic and above all be confident and take pride in what you have to offer.
- Deep six the way you learned to job hunt and adapt to the modern online job search strategies.
- Rewrite your résumé to bring it into the 21st century of Applicant Tracking Software and keywords and don't be afraid to ask for resume help. And, leave off the dates of your degrees.
- Your resume is not meant to be your life story. Save that for Sunday dinner with the family. Focus on the position you want to apply to and highlight your skills and experience relevant to that role. You don't have to go further back than 10- to 15-years.
- Be your own Walter Winchell and replace the outdated objective statement with a brief summary of your strongest qualifications.
- Replace your laundry list of skills and things you "do" with your achievements, quantifying them wherever possible.
- Having been in the workforce as long as you have you probably have more professional contacts than you realize. Reach out to your network and let them know what you've been up to and, most importantly, what your goals are and the unique value you can bring.
- Be willing to learn new skills and demonstrate your flexibility and openness to change. Become a student of what's happening in your industry. After all, you are already an expert. Now, commit to innovation.
- Communicate to hiring managers that you're up for a challenge.
- Update your online presence, especially on LinkedIn. It's a good way to show you're savvy.
Since its overhaul in 2009, Royal Enfield has been an open throttle of success for Eicher Motors. Over the past nine years, the company has sold over two million bikes. I love Royal Enfield's claim about being the world's oldest motorcycle company in continuous production. And, you, my collegial baby boomers, can still be in production and make an invaluable impact in the economy by doing what you do best: being you. Royal Enfield hasn't even tapped its potential to become popular with U.S. riders nostalgic for the 1960s as well as young adults wanting something unique and affordable. You have that same potential to align your decades of achievements and skills with modern day career opportunities. The Flying Flea is back with a vengeance! So should you when it comes to declaring your job market worth.
Ride safe and WRITE SAFE!
Contact The Résumé Rider and schedule a FREE 15-minute call:


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"It implies we can't deal with strong curries...I thought it was very rude of them."
A customer of an Indian restaurant in London is furious his threshold for spicy food is being belittled.
Stuart Lynn visited Valentine Restaurant, offering Sri Lankan and South Indian cuisine in Southall, on September 19, 2015.
When he takes a closer look at the receipt, the first-time customer feels nothing but insult.
Next to his order for a venison curry is special remarks for the chef that reads in capitals: '*** VERY MILD, WHITE PPL ***'.
The Heathrow Airport supervisor is displeased his food is prepared based on his skin colour.
He responds: "I was not happy at all. It implies we can't deal with strong curries.
"I do like a hot curry sometimes. I just fancied a mild one for a change. I thought it was very rude of them."
In fact, Stuart is so mad his tolerance for chillies is underestimated that he has submitted a formal complaint to Valentine and vows to never return.
Restaurant owner, Ruby Kandasamy, apologises and explains the entire incident is down to misunderstanding.
She says: "Under white ppl, we don't mean white people, but a white sauce made from milk, single cream, coconut milk and spices we add to our dishes when a curry is requested mild."
In other words, 'ppl' is the way Valentine refers to 'milk'.
Ruby adds: "However, we have decided to change the way we inform the kitchen and will mention 'add white ppl' or 'with white sauce' to avoid any confusion with our customers.
"We want to apologise to the customer for any inconvenience and misunderstanding, we hope the curry was nice and he or she will visit us again."
A second chance? Probably not, as Stuart finds the explanation bemusing: "What other colour is milk? I spoke to an Indian friend of mine and 'ppl' doesn't mean milk."


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Loopback cotton-jersey hoodie in heather grey adorned with our GALLERY DEPT. English logotype in the center of the garment. Each hoodie has been appliquéd with our 'art on display' patch by the cuff.
Designed and produced here in Los Angeles, CA.
Material: 100% Cotton
Model: 6'3" wearing size XL
This product may have wrinkles, scars, scratches that are inherent characteristics and natural beauty of this material. This results differences and uniqueness to each piece. Please treat with care in order to extend the life of the product. Direct exposure to sunlightmay fade the color of the fabric.
Processing Time
Orders can take 2-5 business days to be processed. Please note: All of our packages are signature required.
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If you placed an expedited order before 1:00 PM PT, it will ship out that day depending on the volume of orders. Any order placed after the cut-off time will ship out the next business day.
You can reach out to firstname.lastname@example.com. Online Customer Service Operates Monday through Friday from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM PDT
Items purchased online are eligible for return for credit or exchange within 7 days after delivery. Online orders must be returned or exchanged through the return portal.


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A collection of wall, door, window and roof modules.
The Structural Modules Collection is the heart of the OBI Library. It can be downloaded as a single file, imported into Sweet Home 3D, and then used to design various types of structures. In addition to the installable library, source files for each 3D model (the technical designs of modules with labeled parts and accurate dimensions) can also be downloaded from each module's page.
Windows & Doors


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Zimbabwe Issues Coins for Christmas
WORLD Zimbabwe, which abandoned its currency in 2009, has issued special coins to go into circulation in the run-up to Christmas. (BBC) Use our maps to find Zimbabwe and put it in context in Africa. Teachers, scroll down for a short list of key resources in our Teachers' Toolkit. Discussion Ideas The short BBC article says that Zimbabwe "abandoned its currency" in 2009. What is … Continue reading Zimbabwe Issues Coins for Christmas


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Columbia 516051 2.
It's taken 30 years, but at long last Mott The Hoople's legendary shows at the Uris Theatre, NYC and Hammersmith Odeon, London have finally been reissued as a 2-CD set. And boy what a live set this is - just crank the volume way up high and settle down and revel in two hours of the finest live rock 'n' roll available anywhere.
Both shows are presented in their original running order, with only Here Comes The Queen dropped from the Uris CD and All The Way From Memphis and Hymn For The Dudes dropped from the Hammersmith show. But everything else is here, including the famous riot in all its glory at the end of the Hammersmith show. Talk about 'expect the unexpected' - just close your eyes and you're there... Sounds at the time said "This will go down as one of the great gigs when the annals of rock 'n' roll are finally compiled" (see sidebar), and they weren't wrong because this is brilliant. The band are relaxed and riding high (Ian announces that Roll Away The Stone has just shifted 200,000 units), and Hammy O is packed. Right from the off you can just sense the atmosphere that this is one long party, a celebration of Mott's homecoming after two lengthy tours of the States.
But what of the Uris show? Again, stunning. Just a notch or two down on Hammersmith but still better than anything that's gone before. By now they were running like a well-oiled machine - in goes the set, back comes the applause, no sweat... We have the segueing of American Pie and Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll, Roll Away The Stone with Sweet Jane, and the stunning Marionette. But then it's all good, my only complaint being that Mountain is the original LP edit, and not the full-length version. Oh, and is it my imagination, or has some of the between-song banter been cut as well?
Packaging is lavish, with a 24-page booklet with many previously-unseen photos and presented in a digifold package. My only criticism is that all the photos are from Uris - surely some exist from Hammersmith?
Fabulous, just fabulous...
The original LP featured the following tracks: All The Way From Memphis/Sucker/Rest in Peace/All The Young Dudes/Walkin' With a Mountain/Sweet Angeline/Rose/Jerkin' Crocus medley. I gave it four stars.
Mott The Hoople were always a shit-hot live band, and it took a while for technology to finally catch up and capture their live show. These performances go some way to redressing the balance, but are let down by other considerations.
CBS refused to release a double album, or even consider a "bonus" mini-LP (10-inch), so these magnificent performances were edited down to fit on a single LP. They also refused to allow any Hoople tracks to be included, which certainly affected the track selection of the Uris side, which were also presented out of real-time sequence for programming considerations. At over 50 minutes, it was still quite a long LP for 1974.
Although there are fans who do not like guitarist Ariel Bender's Ted Nugent-style noisemaking, this reviewer regards this as one of the best live albums ever made. While the Hammersmith performance included here captures that intangible "expect the unexpected" essence of the true live gig, there was always the feeling that the Uris side had something missing - tracks that have since surfaced suggest that the best tracks were left in the can.
The Uris show was recorded by the syndicated radio show King Biscuit Flower Hour who recorded the second night (8th May 1974) of a week-long run, and about half an hour was originally broadcast back in 1974. This show was re-broadcast in 1988, and a few transcription CDs found their way into the collector's market. The following tracks were broadcast: American Pie/Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll, Sucker, Born Late '58, One of the Boys, Marionette and All the Way From Memphis. The original master-tape was mixed in quadrophonic, and this (1988) broadcast sounds like one track front and one track rear from a quad master - there is an odd delay between the stereo channels.
There was another (20 minute) broadcast in 1989, and this found its way onto the Long Red unofficial release. The tracks broadcast this time were American Pie/Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll, One of the Boys, Marionette and All the Way From Memphis. This time, it seems, they took the correct tracks off the master.
A couple of rarities from these shows have surfaced over the years. The 1980 compilation Shades of Ian Hunter included a live performance of Marionette from Uris. Sadly, it seems to have been mixed by someone less than familiar with Mott's work - all the power and majesty of the live performance has been lost. This reviewer much prefers the mix available on the aforementioned Long Red disc.
Another rarity from these performances surfaced in 1987. Castle's The Collection featured the full ten-minute version of Walkin' With a Mountain, complete with all the solos which were edited out of the official live album. It's not on the CD version - this was on the 2-LP version only. Who says vinyl is dead?!
In 1998, of course, we had the excellent 3-CD Anthology, which included American Pie/Golden Age of Rock n Roll and Roll Away The Stone/Sweet Jane, together with the Blowin' In The Wind coda to Hymn For The Dudes.
CD packaging is OK (same as the LP), except that here the date of the Uris performance is given erroneously as 1975. In addition, the date given on the original vinyl (7th May 1974) was that of the show reviewed in Creem, not the recording date. Sound quality of the CD is average.
It is a shame that CBS have yet to take advantage of the CD format and re-issue this CD with additional material. The rarities I've mentioned above prove the material is there (and strong) for an extended CD of the Uris show, and I'm sure the same must be true of the Hammersmith show.


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Glad to hear that our Cynical Nation founder has relocated to Hoboken, NJ, which just also happens to be the home of my alma mater:
Well, there goes the neighborhood!
(Just kidding, Barry. All the best with your new home.)
Oh, and by the way...
Forget that reverse-polish nonsense, my calculator back in the day could do BASIC and assembler: