text:
It was a striking fan's dream match, but unfortunately the only ones who saw UFC middleweight champion Anderson Silva sparring with 57-0 kickboxing wizard Stephen Thompson were those in the Blackhouse gym in southern California.
Want a recap?
"It was awesome, I had a blast there," beamed Thompson, who revealed his sparring session with the pound-for-pound king when asked the difference between good strikers and elite-level ones. Thompson immediately points to Silva as a member of the elite.
"He is the best person I have ever sparred with in my entire life," he said. "I spent a week in California at Blackhouse, and him and Lyoto Machida, those guys are A grade, top of the line strikers. And everybody else seems slow (compared to him) because he sees everything they throw. A good striker, somebody who's grown up with it, is going to see everything their opponent is gonna throw. Of course, during the fight things happen and I've seen guys like that get knocked out, but it's hard to explain. Whenever a new guy comes in who's learning striking, they say 'you know what I'm gonna do before I even do it.' And with an eye like that, especially with a high-quality striker, anything you throw they're gonna see because there's always gonna be a telegraph there. They've trained themselves to see those telegraphs without even thinking about it; it's just a reaction now. It's like hitting somebody that's not even there. I remember going up and sparring world-class kickboxers and I felt the same way, but you've just got to keep at it. It was the same way when I fought Anderson Silva. He's just amazing. He's not a fast guy; there are just no telegraphs. It's just there, so it makes him seem super fast."
To hear that from a decorated kickboxer like Thompson shows you just how good Silva is. It also shows you how dedicated to his craft "Wonderboy" remains. Despite taking countless titles in his sport and then winning his first six mixed martial arts bouts, the Simpsonville, South Carolina native is committed to getting better every time out. That means taking the lessons from his first MMA loss to Matt Brown in April of 2012 and bringing them into his Saturday return against Nah-Shon Burrell at UFC 160.
"I always had it in the back of my head that one of these days, I'm gonna lose," said the brutally honest Thompson. "I'm a positive guy, I'm always thinking positively, and it sucks that I lost, but Matt Brown's a very good opponent. He's knocked out his other four opponents (on a five fight winning streak) and I'm the only that's gone the distance with him, so I look at it as a positive thing. But now, there's no hype; I can just go out there and fight. I don't have a whole lot of that pressure anymore, so I think it's a good thing that I did. And of course the experience of losing is always a good thing. It humbles you a little bit."
You may think it's an odd thing to hear from a pro fighter that has had so much success, but it's not the first time I heard something like that. Back when he was an undefeated lightweight boxing champion, "Sugar" Shane Mosley told me that there was somebody out there who had his number. That somebody turned out to be Vernon Forrest. So in this sport or any other combat sport, if you're in it long enough and fight enough top level opposition, you will run into someone who beats you. It's part of the game. What's also part of the game is how you recover from that first loss. Some fighters never do; others, like Thompson, use it as motivation and simply move forward.
"I guess it's kind of the way their whole attitude is about it," he said of dealing with a loss. "Some people are sore losers and you'll never see them again after they lose. That's just the way they were brought up. But growing up in the martial arts, especially in a school like this, it keeps you positive and it teaches the right things. If I lost, I was 57-0 in kickboxing and it was my first loss in MMA. I knew it was gonna happen one day. And I don't take anything away from Matt Brown; he did exactly what he said he was gonna do. He kicked my butt."
The veteran Brown was a clear winner in the bout, taking a well-deserved unanimous decision, but Thompson didn't go away quietly. He was able to rock Brown on a couple occasions, and even when "The Immortal" turned up the heat on the mat, Thompson kept his composure and showed his fighting spirit, both of which will serve him well in the future once his ground game begins to catch up to his striking. Add in a rough weight cut, and the fact that he went three rounds with a surging contender is a moral victory in a sport where there are few of those.
"It was pretty cool because after the fight I got back home and I got a lot of emails and Tweets and messages on Facebook, and a lot of the fans out there respected me a whole lot more for sticking with it and not giving up," he said. "I think that's a cool thing. And I'm not a person to give up. Even in bad situations I want to do my best, and once I leave the cage knowing that I didn't do my best, then I should be disappointed. After the fight, of course I was disappointed because I lost, but being out there with a veteran like Matt Brown and going the distance, it was a good thing and made me feel what I was truly made of."
The only other bad part was that Thompson has had over a year to sit on the defeat due to a knee injury that forced him out of a UFC 154 bout last November against Besam Yousef. For the notorious gym rat, being unable to compete was a crushing blow, but it still didn't keep him out of his family's gym in South Carolina.
"We run a gym and run a kempo karate school and I'm the head kids' instructor here at Upstate and I'm always staying busy," he said. "I had a bunch of buddies who had fights coming up, I've been honored to be a part of their training camps, and I was still traveling and training. I was up in Denver for a week and a half for Nate Marquardt, and got to meet some really cool guys like Derek Brunson and Mike "The Lion" King, who you'll probably end up seeing in the UFC pretty soon. He's a monster and a 185er. So I was still staying active, just not competing."
Saturday night, that all changes when he faces former Strikeforce standout Burrell, a talented up and comer who has made no bones about the fact that he wants a standup war with Thompson. "Wonderboy" welcomes such a bout, but if he has his way, he'll show off more than his punches and kicks in Las Vegas.
"Nah-Shon is gonna be banging, but I feel that eventually he's gonna try to take me down," said Thompson. "This fight, my weight's gonna be better, my cut's gonna be better, we learned from the last fight and I'm gonna hopefully show the fans that I've got wrestling as well. When I've got my legs, I can do what everybody says I can do."


text:
How To Get Rid Of Gophers & Moles In Your Yard
Author: Kathy R.
Skill: Massage Therapist
Date: 11-02-2005
Views: 23,735
Word Count: 144
Questions Received: 0
Testimonial ID: 1051-OR
Brand Neutral: Yes
Note: Not all essential oil brands are the same, and you get what you pay for. If you expect to achieve results similar to those described in this testimonial, then ensure that you are using oils from pesticide-free plants. Also, the brand should use 100% pure, high-quality essential oils that do not contain any synthetic additives. Do your own research or ask a trusted friend to find a brand that is reputable. Buyer beware.
We have been having a problem with moles coming up in our yard and creating big mounds of dirt. This has really been a problem and the moles are ruining our grass. We have tried putting poison down the holes and even tried putting a flare down the hole as suggested by a neighbor. Nothing worked! Every day we see a new mound of dirt.
A few days ago we were watching TV and this man was telling about natural solutions for your house and yard. As soon as he started talking about gophers and moles our ears pricked up.
He said to put 3-4 drops of Peppermint oil on a cotton ball and shove it down the hole and then cover it back up. It has been 4 days now and no sign of the moles!
Another great use for our wonderful oils!
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I like to think I am fairly organized. I mean, there is logic to whatever battle is taking place on my desk. Or in my head. Like most of us, I get pretty psyched about being a step ahead and I was darn happy for having posts in drafts right before I left for BlogHer food in San Francisco. David says he has 40 stories or so in drafts at all times. I giggle when I have one ahead of the game. I am however excited when "the" one is these Bananas Foster Tartelettes. Things got busy then and things got busier this week but these were too good to wait any longer to post.
Whenever I travel, I try to leave a few easy things for B. to reheat for dinner knowing too well he'd end up eating at his parents or be invited here and there. He tends to skip meals when there is no one to call him to the table. I know he can boil water for pasta. I've seen it. I even happen to know he can make awesome steamed clams.
This time was no different as I labeled containers of food and even took him on a guided tour of the fridge and pantry. It's just not his thing. I was tempted to post-it the entire house but refrained. However, as previously mentioned, his eyes got stuck on all the desserts left on top shelf from my zealous attempt at getting prepared. This is his thing.
After describing what the tarts were made of, he exclaimed "oh! Kind of like bananas foster without the fire flambéing action!" Precisely. We tend to have a surplus of bananas in the house, and after making banana donuts last month, I still had plenty to use up, hence the tarts (and a few loaves of banana nut bread).
The tarts start with a crispy shortbread base and are filled with a hazelnut and almond frangipane before being topped with fresh banana slices and a (generous) drizzle of salted butter caramel sauce. I am all over banana and nuts and I am all over salted butter anything, so the combination was pretty much a no brainer. However, it all came together out of the necessity to use all the tidbits ingredients in the fridge, pantry and freezer.
I had leftover shortbread dough in the freezer from a previous tart making day as well as a jar of salted butter caramel sauce, a handful each almonds and hazelnuts in the pantry, a knob of butter and a tiny bit of cream in the fridge. And of course a good many banana giving me the sweet eye.
As I have said before, I hate waste. Having worked in a restaurant kitchen for many year, I pretty much nailed down the recycling issue. If you don't recycle, re-use or force yourself to use items bought on a whim, you are likely to drive your place to the pits. I have the same mentality when it comes to the kitchen. Being on a tight budget, I can't allow us to waste, even less impulse buy certain items. Everything these days is budgeted, accounted for and used to the max. More than ever before I am aware of what I have. Time, the ability to cook, develop recipes, a wonderful mother- in -law who unexpectedly drops by with supplies, etc…
Some of us are not that lucky. I do my best but some can't. In that spirit, I really like what Macy is doing in their campaign Come Together to fight hunger to raise awareness and money to feed 10 million of people suffering from hunger, and they will match donation dollar for dollar.
When Macy's got in touch to spread the word last week, I immediately agreed. There are 3 different ways you can get involved in this great campaign:
1) You can host dinner parties and ask that instead of bringing traditional host gifts, guests make a donation to Feeding America.
2) You can donate $1 directly at any Macy's register, one dollar provides dinner for seven.
3) You can shop at any Macy's and get special savings in-store on October 17 (today). A portion of the $5 in-store ticket sales will benefit Feeding America.
Macy's also provided me with two $25 gift certificates to give to my readers. All you have to do is leave a comment (multiple entry will automatically be deleted) before Tuesday october 20th midnight eastern time, for a chance to win. My better half will select the winners at random from the comments left on this post. Even if Macy's does not ship internationally nor has stores outside the US, everyone can enter. You can always use the gift certificate to do your Christmas shopping for friends or family here and continue to spread some good spirit.
Good luck!
Bananas Foster Tartelettes:
Serves 8
Sable Dough:
1 stick (113 gr) butter, at room temperature
3/4 cup (95 gr) powdered sugar (unsifted)
1 large egg
1 1 /2 cups (190gr) all purpose flour
2 tablespoons (20 gr) cornstarch
pinch of salt
For the almond-hazelnut frangipane filling:
1 stick (115 gr) butter, softened
½ cup (100 gr) granulated sugar
½ cup (50 gr) ground almonds
½ cup (50gr) ground hazelnuts
seeds from half a vanilla bean or 2 teaspoons vanilla paste or extract
2 eggs
1/4 cup (60gr) heavy cream
Remaining ingredients:
3-4 bananas, thinly sliced
Salted butter Caramel sauce
Vanilla Ice Cream
Prepare the shortbread rounds:
In a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, whip the butter and sugar together until light and fluffy on medium speed, 2-3 minutes. Add the egg and mix until combined. Add the flour, cornstarch and salt and mix briefly to incorporate. Dump the whole mixture onto a lightly floured board and gather the dough into a smooth ball. Do not work the dough while in the mixer or it will toughen up. Flatten the dough into a disk, wrap it in plastic wrap and refrigerate for an hour.
You will need half the amount of dough to make the tartelettes. The other half can be kept in the fridge for up to 5 days or frozen, well wrapped for up to 3 months.
Preheat the oven to 350F and position a rack in the middle. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper. Set aside.
When the dough is nice and cold, roll it out on a lightly floured board or in between sheets of plastic wrap to about ¼ -inch thick. Cut out eight 3-inch rounds with a pastry ring or cookie cutter. Place them on the prepared baking sheet and bake for 8-10 minutes. Let cool.
Prepare the filling:
Place the butter, sugar, ground nuts, vanilla bean seeds and the eggs in a large bowl and whisk until smooth (can also be done in a food processor). Add the cream but stir in it instead of whisking to prevent emulsifying it or it will rise while baking. Refrigerate for 30 minutes. Place 8 baked rounds of dough in 8 pastry rings of the same dimension, divide the cream evenly among the rings and bake 20 minutes at 350F. Let cool. Once cooled, remove the tarts from the rings and arrange the banana slices decoratively on top, drizzle the caramel sauce on top. Serve with vanilla ice cream if desired.


text:
This week on the podcast we're talking about the return of CISPA, re-installing Windows , and working an on-call job without losing your mind. We're also answering your questions about why we give Google so much information, how to use unlimited data effectively, and syncing your files over your local network without the aid of a cloud storage service.
How to Listen to This Week's Episode
Here's how you can listen to our episode:
Download the MP3 directly.
Just listen to it in the Souncloud player below.
News and Top Stories
CISPA's Back!: The privacy-eroding bill is back! Learn all about it, and call your representatives if you oppose it.
iOS 6 Bug Lets Anyone Unlock Your Phone Without a Passcode: A recently-discovered bug in iOS 6.0.1 and above lets you unlock an iPhone without needing to know the password, meaning anyone with access to your phone can make calls, edit contacts, and more.
How to Have a Stress-Free Valentine's Day (Whether You're Single or Not): Valentine's Day is a divisive holiday. Some people love it, others hate it, and many couldn't care less. Regardless of where you stand, navigating the holiday stress-free is pretty difficult. Whether you want to do something special while avoiding the circus or you're flying solo, here's how to make it through today without stressing yourself out.
How We Work: Every week, we share the shortcuts, workspaces, and productivity tips of our favorite experts and internet personalities. This week, however, we're giving you guys a glimpse into how we work, and all the tips and tricks that keep our blogging wheels spinning.
How to Work an On Call Job and Keep Your Sanity: Being connected or on call doesn't mean your friends and family have to suffer along with you. The key is to draw bright lines between your "on" and "off" times, and manage your coworkers expectations for when you're supposed to be available. Here's how to turn that struggle for balance into an easily managed routine.
How to Do a Clean Install of Windows Without Losing Your Files, Settings, and Tweaks: There's nothing like a fresh install of Windows to clear your mind, but it comes at a cost: you have to set everything up again, just the way you like it. Here's how to reinstall Windows, migrate your important settings, and leave the clutter behind.
Questions and Answers
Each week we answer five questions from readers and listeners. Here's what we tackled this week.
Aren't we worried that Google will start charging us for their services some day and that we will all be too locked in to say 'no'? Not really. It's not that hard to leave a service, and Google makes their money off of information so we're more concerned about what they may do with that information. If you want out now, check out these alternatives.
How do I sync files across the local network without paying for online storage? Crashplan offers free local backups, but rolling your own Dropbox-like service is probably the best way to go.
I'm still grandfathered in to Verizon's unlimited data switchover but I don't really use that much data. How can I make better use of my unlimited data plan? A lot of people are clinging to their unlimited data plans but we don't really understand because there's not much of a reason to have it and it costs so much less to get lesser plans (in most cases). If you really want to keep using it, however, just tether your phone as much as possible and stream music whenever you can.
Why don't you have an official Lifehacker IRC channel? Why do you want an official Lifehacker IRC channel? We actually don't know, so please tell us and maybe we can make it happen if it makes sense.
Tips of the Week
Alan's Pick: Use Adhesive Lids to Organize Pots
Whitson's Pick: Android Swipe Actions
Dachis' Pick: Remove Medium-Sized Dents from Your Vehicle with a Plunger
Downloads of the Week
Alan's Pick: Silence 2 (Android)
Whitson's Pick: Virtual Router (Windows)
Dachis' Pick: Sonora 2 (OS X)
How Do I Submit a Question?
There are two ways to send in your question:
Call (347) 687-8109 and record a question. Calls are awesome! We like them!
Email your question to [email protected].
Please keep your questions as brief as possible. This means about 3-5 sentences for emails and 30-60 seconds for calls and videos. Your questions can be specific, but broader questions are generally better because they'll apply to more people. For example, "how can I breathe new life into my old PDA?" is much better than "what can I do with an old HP iPAQ 210?" Either way, we look forward to hearing from you!
Newspaper, Computer, Clock (by Brandon Hopkins), and Alert (by Dima Yagnyuk) provided by the Noun Project.


text:
Pakistan and the United States have reached agreement to reopen the strategic land supply routes from Pakistan into Afghanistan. Pakistan closed those routes last November after a U.S. attack left 24 Pakistani soldiers dead. Pakistan had wanted a formal apology from the U.S. but the administration refused because it believed American troops had come under fire first from the Pakistani side. But yesterday, Secretary of State Clinton made comments that finally broke the logjam.
NPR's Mike Shuster has more from Islamabad.
MIKE SHUSTER, BYLINE: The incident at the Salala post, as it's known here, threatened to undermine the already strained relationship between the U.S. and Pakistan. It's resolution was long overdue, but very hard to come by says retired General Talat Masood, now a security and military analyst.
TALAT MASOOD: This has been pending for the last eight months, and I thought they wanted to revive the relationship (unintelligible) the U.S., it had got very strained, and this was one of the major issues between the two countries.
SHUSTER: The two sides had held talks and tried to find the right language to end the crisis and move on, but at bottom, the U.S. would not provide what the government of Pakistan wanted, a formal apology. The negotiations intensified over the past week, with General John Allen, the commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan and Deputy Secretary of State Thomas Nides making two trips here to talk with Pakistani civilian and military leaders.
In the end, Secretary of State Clinton telephoned Pakistan's foreign minister, Hina Rabbani Khar. Clinton said the U.S. was sorry that the incident had occurred and that the U.S. government regretted the loss of life. Nowhere in the statement was the word apology to be found. State Department spokesman Victoria Nuland said yesterday the two governments acknowledged that mistakes were made on both sides.
VICTORIA NULAND: We are back on track in terms of being able to support the NATO mission, and we had the opportunity to get onto other aspects of our shared interest in defeating terrorists wherever they are, Afghanistan, Pakistan, et cetera.
SHUSTER: This incident occurred after a series of episodes that left Pakistan's relationship with the U.S. in terrible shape. Most important was the raid last year that ended with the death of Osama bin Laden. Pakistan's government and military were deeply embarrassed that bin Laden had been living for years inside Pakistan, and that U.S. had taken unilateral action to kill him. Then the American attack at Salala made everything worse says Talat Masood.
MASOOD: They were moving in a direction which was very dangerous, in the sense that it was more of a confrontation, and that would have been disastrous for Pakistan at this point of time, or for that matter, any time.
SHUSTER: As part of the agreement, the U.S. will pay more than a billion dollars compensation to Pakistan's government, but the U.S. will not pay what it considered an exorbitant fee, $5,000 that Pakistan was demanding for each truck crossing into Afghanistan. In the past, that fee was $250. This will not be a popular development for many ordinary Pakistanis who view the U.S. with disdain, if not outright hatred.
Critics of the deal called the decision to reopen the supply roots a big crime against Pakistan. Some are threatening to block the roads into Afghanistan. And already, leaders of the Taliban in Pakistan have vowed to attack the truck convoys. Retired General Masood says Pakistan's army will have to get involved in providing security for the convoys.
MASOOD: Yes. I think we should not minimize this threat, and Pakistan army should take precautions to ensure that this does not happen. In the past, the security arrangements had been left mostly to the Americans themselves to employ civilian guards and so on. So I think the government will have to play a much bigger role this time.
SHUSTER: The truck convoys are expected to be moving into Afghanistan by the weekend. Mike Shuster, NPR News, Islamabad. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
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text:
Note: This page is currently being written and is in an intermediate state.
Note 2: There is currently a WAI package on Hackage which is actively maintained and very close to the proposal described here. I recommend we remove this page. -- Michael Snoyman
This document specifies a proposed standard interface between web servers and Haskell web applications or frameworks, to promote web application portability across a variety of web servers.
Rationale and Goals
As Haskell is getting more widely used more people will want to use Haskell for writing web applications. Web applications has so far been a domain dominated by dynamic languages like PHP, Python and Ruby. To write a web application you generally need two things:
- A high quality web server. Production web servers need to be stable, have good performance and be easy to configure and manage. Writing such a web server takes considerable effort.
- A framework. A framework helps the user to render HTML pages, persist state between request, etc. There are several web frameworks available for Haskell such as HAppS, WASH, HSP to name a few.
At the moment, picking a framework limits the choice of usable web servers, and vice versa. By creating a standardized interface between web servers and frameworks we could separate the choice of framework from the choice of web server. This frees the server and framework developers to focus on working on their preferred area.
This specification proposes a standardized interface between web servers and web applications or frameworks: the Haskell Web Application Interface (WAI).
A standardized interface is of no use if no one implements it. Since there are currently no web servers or frameworks that implements WAI it must be made easy to implement so the investment in supporting it is low, making it more likely to be widely used.
In addition to keeping the interface simple it also needs to avoid adding new dependencies (except maybe for a package defining the types defined in the interface) to the web servers and applications implementing it.
Finally, it's not a goal of the interface to provide a nice API for writing web applications, that is the job of the framework running on top of the web server.
Specification Overview
The WAI interface has two sides: the "server" side, and the "application" or "framework" side. The server calls a function that is provided by the application side. How the server is configured with this function is not a part of this specification.
The Application/Framework Side
An application is simply a function from an environment (described later) to a response. We use the word "application" here in a very general sense. WAI is not intended for writing applications directly. Rather it is an interface for writing frameworks upon. However, we will continue to use the word application to refer both to applications and frameworks. A simple application might look like this:
import Data.ByteString.Char8 (pack)
simpleApp _ = return (status, responseHeaders, enumerator)
status = 200
responseHeaders = [(pack "Content-type", pack "text/plain")]
enumerator f z =
case f z (pack "Hello world!\n") of
Left z' -> z'
Right z' -> z'
This simple application completely ignores the environment given to it. A real application would use the environment to examine the request URL, etc.
The Server Side
The server calls the application function once for each request it receives from an HTTP client, that is directed at the application. Here is a simple CGI web server:
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
module Wai.CgiAdapter
( serveWithCgi
) where
import Control.Arrow ((***))
import Control.Exception (catch)
import Control.Monad (forM_)
import Data.ByteString (hGet, putStr, null)
import Data.ByteString.Char8 (pack)
import Data.List (partition, isPrefixOf)
import Data.Maybe (fromJust)
import Network.Wai (Application, Environment(..), Method(..))
import Prelude hiding (catch, null, putStr)
import System.Environment (getEnv, getEnvironment)
import System.IO (hFlush, hPutStr, stderr, stdin, stdout)
serveWithCgi :: Application -> IO ()
serveWithCgi application = do
method <- getEnv "REQUEST_METHOD"
script <- getEnv "SCRIPT_NAME"
path <- getEnv "PATH_INFO"
query <- catch (Just `fmap` getEnv "QUERY_STRING") (const $ return Nothing)
protocolStr <- getEnv "SERVER_PROTOCOL"
(hdrs, _) <- partition (isPrefixOf "HTTP_" . fst) `fmap` getEnvironment
let input' f z = do
chunk <- hGet stdin 1024
if null chunk
then return z
else do z' <- f z chunk
case z' of
Left z'' -> return z''
Right z'' -> input' f z''
protocol = read *** read . drop 1 $ break (== '.') $ protocolStr
environ =
{ requestMethod = fromJust $ lookup method methods
, scriptName = pack script
, pathInfo = pack path
, queryString = pack `fmap` query
, requestProtocol = protocol
, headers = map (\(k, v) -> (pack k, pack v)) hdrs
, input = input'
, errors = \s -> hPutStr stderr s >> hFlush stderr
(status, reason, respHeaders, output) <- application environ
putStr "Status: " >> putStr (pack $ show status) >> putStr " "
putStr reason >> putStr "\r\n"
forM_ respHeaders $ \(k, v) ->
do putStr k >> putStr ": " >> putStr v
putStr "\r\n"
putStr "\r\n"
flip output () $ \_ bs -> putStr bs >> return (Right ())
hFlush stdout
methods :: [(String, Method)]
methods =
[("OPTIONS", Options)
,("GET", Get)
,("HEAD", Head)
,("POST", Post)
,("PUT", Put)
,("DELETE", Delete)
,("TRACE", Trace)
,("CONNECT", Connect)]
Note: This implementation is simplistic and is only used to illustrate what the server side of the interface might look like.
Middleware: Components that Play Both Sides
Note that a function may play both the role of a server with respect to some application(s), while also acting as an application with respect to some server(s). Such "middleware" components can perform such functions as:
- Routing requests to different applications based on the request URL. This can be used to have several application or frameworks run side-by-side in the same server.
- Perform content postprocessing.
- Load an application dynamically (using for example the GHC API) on every request removing the manual recompilation step while developing.
-- TODO: Add example.
Specification Details
The application function takes one argument of type Environment
. The environment contains the different parts of the HTTP request and optionally some extra pieces of information describing the web server and the environment in which it is run (such as the shell's environment variables).
When called by the server the application function must return a tuple containing a valid HTTP status code, a list of HTTP response headers, and an enumerator (described below) containing the body of the response.
The server must transmit the body (which it receives by using the enumerator provided by the application) in an unbuffered fashion, completing the transmission of each chunk of bytes before requesting another one from the application. This means that applications should perform their own buffering.
A Data Type for Representing Bytes
To be able to represent an HTTP message we need a type to represent bytes. Although some parts of a message can be represented by other types, be it integers or strings, some parts are properly viewed as a sequence of bytes (e.g. the message body). Haskell has three different types that could be and are used for this purpose:
- Used both to represent bytes (e.g. in the Socket API) and text. Has an inefficient memory representation giving it a larger memory footprint and poor cache behavior. Using it for storing bytes is also considered bad style since it is intended to represent Unicode code points.
- Has the same properties asString
except for being explicitly intended to only contain binary data.
- A fast and memory efficient representation. Used in this proposal as it can be easily be converted to the above two types but the opposite is not possible without a performance penalty.
In this specification we use the strict, Word8
import Data.ByteString (ByteString)
The Enumerator Type
The web server needs to provide the application with the data in the request body and the application needs to provide the web server with a response body (e.g. an HTML page). They could do so using bytestrings. However, if the amount of data to send is large (e.g. a big file) all data would have to be kept in memory leading to unnecessary high memory usage. A way to stream data between the server and the client is needed.
Streams can be represented in Haskell using lists or some optimized representation like lazy bytestrings. However, using either of these two options is problematic in a web server serving hundreds or even thousands of request per second for the following reason: When the web application opens a file for sending to the client (or some other resource) it needs to free this resource when it is no longer needed. Stream I/O using lists or lazy bytestrings both uses unsafeInterleaveIO together with a finalizer that gets run by the garbage collector to free the resource (i.e. file) when it's no longer needed. But since the garbage collector runs at some unpredictable time in the future the server might run out of resources (e.g. file handles) before it is run leading to it crashing or being unresponsive.
To avoid this problem resources need to be freed as soon as they are no longer needed. There are (at least) two different ways to achieve this. The first is to use an iterator type interface that provides an explicit closing of the underlying resource:
class InputStream where
read :: IO Word8
readN :: Int -> IO ByteString -- ^ efficient block read
close :: IO ()
This is the solution used in most imperative languages e.g. Python and Java. The other option is to use an enumerator (e.g. for-each) style interface and have the enumerator free the resource automatically when the iteration is finished. Oleg showed how this can be implemented using a left fold.
type Enumerator = forall a. (a -> ByteString -> IO (Either a a)) -> a -> IO a
This particular enumerator which will be used for all data streaming in this specification is a normal, strict left fold with some support for early termination. If the consumer wants to signal that it doesn't want to consume more data it can return Left seed
. If it wants to continue it return Right seed
instead. The consumer likely wants to perform some I/O during each iteration to e.g. send a part of a large file over the network.
The Environment Type
The Environment
type provides information regarding the request. It is represented by the following record:
import Data.ByteString (ByteString)
type Headers = [(ByteString, ByteString)]
data Method = Options | Get | Head | Post | Put | Delete | Trace | Connect
deriving (Eq, Show)
data Environment = Environment
{ requestMethod :: Method
, scriptName :: ByteString
, pathInfo :: ByteString
, queryString :: Maybe (ByteString)
, requestProtocol :: (Int, Int)
, headers :: Headers
, input :: Enumerator
, errors :: String -> IO ()
The meaning of each field is as follows:
The requestMethod
field corresponds directly to the HTTP request method and is given as an enumerated data type as it is likely the applications want to pattern matches on it to decide how a request should be handled.
The initial portion of the request URL's "path" that corresponds to the application object, so that the application knows its virtual "location". This may be an empty string, if the application corresponds to the "root" of the server.
The remainder of the request URL's "path", designating the virtual "location" of the request's target within the application. This may be an empty string, if the request URL targets the application root and does not have a trailing slash.
The portion of the request URL that follows the "?", if any. May be empty or absent.
The version of the protocol the client used to send the request. Typically this will be something like "HTTP/1.0" or "HTTP/1.1" and may be used by the application to determine how to treat any HTTP request headers.
Variables corresponding to the client-supplied HTTP request headers. The presence or absence of these variables should correspond with the presence or absence of the appropriate HTTP header in the request.
An enumerator from which the HTTP request body can be read.
Handling the Content-Length
If the application does not provide a Content-Length
header, a server may choose one of two approaches to handle it. The first and simplest one is to close the client connection after the response has been sent.
The other option is only possible if both the server and the client support HTTP/1.1 "chunked encoding". In this case the server may use chunked encoding to send each chunk and compute the length of each chunk as it does so. By doing so the server may keep the connection alive if it chooses to do so. The server must respect RFC 2616 when doing this.
This specification is heavily influence by the excellent work done in the Python community during the development of the Python Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI).


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About one year ago, I decided to commit to Spotify. I silently chose to leave behind my decade's worth of MP3s and go all in on streaming. Lugging around my 90GB of music and manually copying MP3s from one device to another had grown tiresome. It's been a year now, and not a terrible year either. In many ways, it was a fantastic year (the world didn't even end). But after 400 odd days of streaming an unlimited number of full albums without buying them, creating countless playlists, sending dozens of songs, and playing that music on any device I pleased (for the $10 a month premium fee), I've decided I need to quit.
I know what you're thinking: You're probably shaking your computer monitor (or iPad) violently asking why I'd possibly want to give up a service that lets you stream as much Lady Gaga, Nickelback, and Smash Mouth as you want?! I mean how can you turn down the ability to listen to Bananarama's full catalog? These are good questions. Especially considering that I'm listening to The Mowgli's on Spotify as I type this! But I never said I wasn't a hypocrite. It won't be easy and I don't know where to go – all I know is that I need to get out.
It's an illusion, Michael
Though its convenience is unmatched, Spotify is designed around an illusion. It's a lie. Not a public lie, but a lie that we're all buying into nonetheless. Spotify gives you the illusion that you have a music collection. It lets you import all of your local songs on your computer (in my case, 10,000 or so) as well as all of your iTunes and Windows playlists. Once you've let it suck in all of your data, it lets you create your own playlists, which are basically just lists of song names, or data. It gives you authorship over those playlists, control over those playlists, and provides you free access to nearly all of the music you might desire. Not to download, like an MP3 file, but to stream whenever and wherever you want. It sounds great, right?
Unfortunately, though you may think you're getting a free deal as you spend hours building playlists from scratch and Starring songs in your Spotify collection (to save them for later), all you're really building is a prison. Once you're in Spotify, you're trapped. And as I've learned in the last year, disobeying the warden can have dire consequences.
A couple months back, I was listening to some downloaded (Spotify calls it "Available offline") tracks on the subway when I got a peculiar error. Somehow, with no connection and in the depths of the earth beneath NYC, Spotify on my iPhone decided that I had synced my playlists to more than "three devices" and completely purged all 4GB of music I had synced. All of it. Gone. Just gone. Deleted. To say I was shocked and upset would be an understatement. Some users have complained that this is a bug, but it isn't going away. It's something Spotify will do if you sync "your" playlists to more than three devices. Happen to own a computer, phone, and tablet? You've hit the limit. Don't download the Spotify app on another device or you're in for a world of annoyance and a day or two of resyncing.
It's not just multiple devices that will cause your entire downloaded collection to be erased from a device. If you accidentally leave a device's Spotify app in Offline mode (or don't turn your Wi-Fi on) for 20 days, everything on the device will be deleted. This user lost 20GB of music. It's happened to me, and even our Editor-in-Chief at DT. Not cool.
Those are not the only setbacks I've incurred. After spending a good long while creating an offline playlist on an iPad a few weeks ago, I connected the tablet back up to Wi-Fi to discover my playlist erased and overwritten with a very old, primitive version of … itself. Then there's the time Spotify erased all of my Starred tracks, deleting the playlist of songs I told it that I liked and wanted to remember.
Bugs are bugs and I'm sure there are sound technical reasons why these and other issues have occurred. The problem is that these limitations only serve to highlight the real problem with Spotify: It makes you feel like you're in control and still have a music collection when the reality is that you own and control absolutely nothing. Everything can be, and often is, taken away at a moment's notice because you've broken some rule that you didn't know existed. When you use Spotify, you're operating entirely in its walls. Everything works by Spotify's rules. You can't even share tracks you own (your MP3s) with a friend if they aren't approved and part of Spotify's library. So, in that way, it controls the music that you actually do own as well.
Give us everything, leave with nothing
Spotify demands that you create and build playlists, and encourages you to spend hours doing so, and to share your creations with others. I've made dozens of playlists that I've shared with different people. With one click of a mouse, Spotify will import and suck in all of your iTunes/Windows playlists and make copies of all of your local music that it can. It literally scans and copies every piece of music you own and every ordered collection of song titles (a playlist) you've created in iTunes or Windows. Since Spotify is so friendly with the world in what it imports, you'd think it would allow you to export a list of song names too. Wrong. It does not allow you to remove any of the data you put into it. Want to leave Spotify? You'll be leaving empty-handed. There's no playlist export function.
Google Play Music allows you to download complete MP3s of your entire music collection. Amazon MP3 allows you to download songs as often as you'd like. Now I don't expect to be able to remove actual playable songs from Spotify – because it's not a service that lets you purchase music. But what it does have an ethical obligation to do is let you export and remove the playlists (ordered lists of song names) in usable formats, including your list of Starred songs. Google allows you to export the data you put into it, and other companies like Facebook have reluctantly included the feature as well. With a service like Spotify, this kind of functionality is absolutely essential if it hopes to remain a major player. Imagine how much of a hassle buying a new phone would be if you couldn't transfer your phone numbers and contacts from one phone to the other? For people like me, our playlists and music libraries are just as important. When we try out new music services, we want to bring our progress with us.
The reason companies don't let you export is usually because they're afraid of losing users. Having an open data import and export feature doesn't let services like Spotify rely on trapping us instead of competing on their own merits. If Spotify began opening up export functionality, other services would begin to do the same and we'd all be a lot happier and sleep with a little more peace of mind.
Will you use Spotify forever?
If not being able to get your data back from Spotify doesn't sound like a problem, I have a few questions for you:
- How many music services have you used in the last 10-15 years?
- Can you see yourself using Spotify for the rest of your natural life?
- Are you okay forgetting about every piece of music you're listening to?
Maybe some of you just don't care about your music collection. If so, Spotify is perfect. Hell, Pandora is better. If all music is just an endless radio station to you, then nothing I'm saying will matter to you. But if you form a connection to the music you listen to, then services like Spotify are an amazing development, but a troublesome reality.
Spotify could go out of business at any moment. Apple might buy it tomorrow just to shut it down like it did with Lala a few years ago. We have no idea, yet millions of us are investing tons of time creating playlist art projects that mean a lot to us, but are forever stuck within Spotify's green and black walls.
I knew getting into Spotify that I wouldn't technically own the free music I streamed, but I created these playlists and Starred these tracks. Spotify owns the actual music I'm streaming, but why does it get to own the lists of songs I create too?
I don't want to quit Spotify. It's probably the best music service I've ever used. But I value the things I create. The longer I am in Spotify's ecosystem, the greater my loss will be when it inevitably changes, falls apart, or I decide to leave. Outside of the U.S., Spotify used to sell actual music tracks. Now it doesn't even do that. Right now, Spotify is a cage, and it's not a particularly attractive one, either. If I have to live like the Gorillaz at the zoo, at least paint my walls like the jungle.
If most of our music services are indeed headed in the direction of Spotify, the music industry may have bigger problems ahead of it. Single companies like Spotify come and go, it's inevitable. Our entire music history shouldn't come and go with them.


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Whether you're packing for a weekend warrior trip or hopping a flight to the European alps, a board bag can be a traveling snowboarders best friend. Luckily, when shopping for a board bag, you have options.
Wheelie Bags
If you are getting on a plane and are in need of protection against those nasty baggage handlers then a padded board bag is your best bet. Most of these are equipped with fully padded compartments, most with multiple board storage, handles and wheels for easy carrying through the airport.
As anyone who's traveled with gear will tell you, wheels on a board bag become mandatory when you're navigating around baggage claims, taxis and taxi's or trying to get in the front door of your hotel. Many board bag these days actually feature large skateboard wheels on the tail ends of the bag, which in turn make for a smooth cruise down the gangway. Some even feature easily replaceable wheels, in case you end up taking your board bag on a four-wheelin' adventure and bust a wheel.
With these bags there is enough space to pack all your outerwear and accessories inside as well. Some bags even feature removable stowing compartments that can come in handy for stashing dirty laundry or keeping your boots separate from your board and outwear, which comes in handy if you encounter a dirty parking lot on the way home from from the hill.
With the bigger, wheeled bags be sure to watch how much you pack. Most most airlines limit a bags weight at 50 lbs and you'd be surprised how much stuff you can pack into this style of board bag. On the upside, companies like Burton and Dakine strive to make the lightest, yet toughest board bag possible using new technologies and materials. The less your board bag weighs, the more stuff you can fit inside.
The Burton Wheelie Gig bag is a good example of a "wheelie board bag"
Shoulder Bags
If you aren't jet setting then something as beefy as a padded board bag with wheels might be too much . In that case a snowboard sack/sleeve will do you just fine. These bags are ideal for road or train travel and feature a strong polyester or neoprene material that will keep your rig from getting scratched up. All of them are sized to be big enough to fit a board and bindings.
Most of the lighter bags without wheels will feature a shoulder and backpack like straps for ease of use and many come with compartments for accessories like goggles and gloves.
The DC Yira Board Sleeve is a good example of a smaller and less expensive board bag, although it doesn't have as much space for gear and doesn't feature wheels
When you are shopping for your new board bag you'll notice that they come in different sizes, and it's not as simple as small, medium and large. Board bags are sized in the centimeters of their height, just like your snowboard. Kids board bags are as small as 140 while some board bags come as large as 188.
It's pretty simple to size up your board bag. Make sure that it is longer than the size board you ride, but not too long. For instance if you ride a 153 than a 160 or something in that range would be good for you. A 181 would be overkill and leave you with limp ends on your board bag during travel. (Your snowboard is actually what keeps the board bag from folding in half!)
Shop The House selection of board bags.
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Some might say, so what? Meat is meat, right?
Well, there are two objections. One is a safety issue. It turns out that horsemeat may contain chemicals - such as phenylbutazone used to treat inflammation -- that are harmful to humans. Unlike with cattle, horse medication and diet are not regulated with an eye on human consumption.
A second objection might seem a bit more obvious -- it is just wrong to label a product as containing beef when it does not. Who can argue with that, right?
So what does this have to do with climate change, I am sure you are asking. The horsemeat scandal came to mind this morning when I was reading David Leonhardt's opinion piece in the New York Times. There is a lot to like in the piece about innovation and clean energy. But there is also horsemeat. (I'm picking on Leonhardt's piece, but it is by no means unique or the most egregious example.)
Leonhardt opens by citing the increasing costs of extreme weather as one of the reasons "for a major government response to climate change" and concludes with:
In the end, the strongest economic argument for an aggressive response to climate change is not the much trumpeted windfall of green jobs. It's the fact that the economy won't function very well in a world full of droughts, hurricanes and heat waves.The extreme weather meme has taken off -- there is no doubt -- but advocates for action take some risk by arguing that the most important reason for action is future extreme weather. The reasons for this have been detailed at length on this blog and in The Climate Fix.
A common reaction to my critique of this argument is to invoke a ends-justify-the-means sort of logic. For instance, right after I commented on Leonhardt's piece on twitter, ASU professor and colleague Clark Miller responded via a Tweet:
@rogerpielkejr @dleonhardt Climate events have people thinking. Now maybe think mitigation. Social not natural causality. Whats not to like?
— Clark Miller (@clarkamiller) February 10, 2013
This means/end debate has occurred too many times to count on this blog (and its predecessor), and my usual response is to be careful -- Dick Cheney used similar logic when linking 9/11 to Saddam Hussein. What did it matter, the argument went, if people wrongly associated 9/11 with Saddam? He was a bad guy, and if people supported getting rid of him for the wrongs reasons, so what?
Climate campaigners often adopt a similar logic. What does it matter if people wrongly associate recent extreme events and disaster costs with climate change? Responding to it is a good thing, and if people support mitigation action for the wrong reasons, so what?
There are three objections here.
First, an argument that mitigation of greenhouse gases makes sense in terms of decreasing the future costs of extreme events is not a strong one: Even under the assumptions of IPCC, Stern Review, etc. the future costs of extreme events under the most aggressive scenarios of climate change actually decrease as a proportion of GDP.
The second objection is that the discovery of a little horsemeat in lasagne ruins the entire product. You might cite the tasty (and safe) noodles and tomato sauce, but the presence of horsemeat in the product defeats your argument. The science is just not there to connect increasing costs of disasters to climate change, much less individual phenomena like drought, floods and storms. It is horsemeat -- and don't put it into your product lest you compromise the whole package.
The third reason should be obvious but often appears to escape the calculus of many campaigners and journalists. Telling people that their lasagne contains beef, when it actually contains horsemeat is just wrong.


text:
When does still being in first place feel like hitting rock bottom? When you're the Los Angeles Dodgers! Let's recap:
- Shut out three straight times by the hated Giants.
- Lost only other good hitter to potentially serious injury.
- Disastrous 1-8 road trip that saw the Dodgers score a total of 13 runs, four fewer than the Mets scored LAST NIGHT ALONE.
- Equipment truck broke down on the way out of Frisco.
- Juan Uribe, Dodger, is still a thing that exists.
- The Dodgers are still technically in first place, but they have to share the catbird seat with the Gnats. Imagine a seat that had to support both Uribe and Sandoval!
- Chris Capuano has been, uh, pretty damn good...but he's being asked to halt a 4-game losing streak for the second time in under a week. Ugh.
- Chris Young has been not so hot against the Dodgers in the past, going 2-5 with a 4.02 ERA. Plus, he's a friggin' giant in the physical sense, and it will feel good to knock around a giant.
- Tonight is Eric Karros Bobblehead Night, so maybe the home run leader will remind them that the ball can actually fly all the way over the fence. (Though, I'd settle for over the second baseman's head at this point.)


text:
Mr. Speaker, today I am introducing the Serbia and Montenegro Democracy Act of 1999, a bill which will target much needed assistance to democratic groups in Serbia and Montenegro. I am joined by Representatives Ben Gilman, Steny Hoyer, John Porter, Dan Burton, Eliot Engel, Dana Rohrabacher, Louise Slaughter and Jim Moran, all strong promoters of human rights worldwide and the original cosponsors of this Act.
It is fitting that this important piece of legislation be introduced today, as a high-level envoy for the United States is in Belgrade to seek the blessing of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic for a political settlement which hopefully will restore peace to the troubled region of Kosovo. We are dealing directly with the man most responsible for the conflict in Kosovo, not to mention Bosnia and Croatia. Milosevic has maintained his power from within Serbia throughout the 1990s at the cost of 300,000 lives and the displacement of 3 million people. He has relied on virulent Serbian nationalism to instigate conflict which will divide the people of the region for decades. The most fundamental flaw in U.S. policy toward the region is that it relies on getting Milosevic's agreement, when Milosevic simply should be forced to stop his assaults on innocent civilians. It relies on Milosevic's dictatorial powers to implement an agreement, undermining support for democratic alternatives. In short, U.S. policy perpetuates Milosevic's rule and ensures that more trouble will come to the Balkans. There can be no long-term stability in the Balkans without a democratic Serbia.
Moreover, we need to be clear that the people of Serbia deserve the same rights and freedoms which other people in Europe enjoy today. They also deserve greater prosperity. Milosevic and his criminal thugs deny the same Serbian people they claim to defend these very rights, freedoms and economic opportunities. Independent media is repeatedly harassed, fined and sometimes just closed down. University professors are forced to take a ridiculous loyalty oath or are replaced by know-nothing party hacks. The regime goes after the political leadership of Montenegro, which is federated with Serbia in a new Yugoslav state but is undergoing democratic change itself. The regime goes after the successful Serb-American pharmaceutical executive Milan Panic, seizing his company's assets in Serbia to intimidate a potentially serious political rival and get its hands on the hard currency it desperately needs to sustain itself. The regime also goes after young students, like Boris Karajcic, who was beaten on the streets of Belgrade for his public advocacy of academic freedom and social tolerance. Building a democracy in Serbia will be difficult, and it is largely in the hands of those democratic forces within Serbia to do the job. However, given how the regime has stacked the situation against them, through endless propaganda, harassment and violence, they need help.
This Act intends to do just that. It would allocate $41 million in various sectors of Serbian society where democratic forces can be strengthened, and to encourage further strengthening of these forces in neighboring Montenegro. It would ensure that this funding will, in fact, go to these areas, in contrast to the Administration's budget request which indicates that much of this funding could be siphoned off to implement a peace agreement in Kosovo. Another $350,000 would go to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and its Parliamentary Assembly, which could provide assistance on a multilateral basis and demonstrate that Serbia can rejoin Europe, through the OSCE, once it moves in a democratic direction and ends its instigation of conflict. This Act also states what policy toward Serbia and Montenegro must be: to promote the development of democracy and to support those who are committed to the building of democratic institutions, defending human rights, promoting rule of law and fostering tolerance in society.
This funding, authorized by the Support for East European Democracy Act of 1989, represents a tremendous increase for building democratic institutions in Serbia and Montenegro. This fiscal year, an anticipated $25 million will be spent, but most of that is going to Kosovo. The President's budget request for the next fiscal year is a welcome $55 million, but, with international attention focused on Kosovo, too much of that will likely go toward implementing a peace agreement. Make no mistake, I support strongly assistance for Kosovo. I simply view it as a mistake to get that assistance by diverting it from Serbia and Montenegro. We have spent billions of dollars in Bosnia and will likely spend at least hundreds of millions more in Kosovo, cleaning up the messes Milosevic has made. The least we can do is invest in democracy in Serbia, which can stop Milosevic from making more problems in the future.
Building democracy in Serbia will be difficult, given all of the harm Milosevic has done to Serbian society. The opposition has traditionally been weak and divided, and sometimes compromised by Milosevic's political maneuvering. There are signs, however, the new Alliance for Change could make a difference, and there certainly is substantial social unrest in Serbia from which opposition can gain support. In addition, there are very good people working in human rights organizations, and very capable independent journalists and editors. The independent labor movement has serious potential to gain support, and the student and academic communities are organized to defend the integrity of the universities. Simply demonstrating our real support for the democratic movement in Serbia could convince more people to become involved.
Finally, Montenegro's democratic changes in the last year place that republic in a difficult position. A federation in which one republic is becoming more free and open while the other, much larger republic remains repressive and controls federal institutions cannot last for long, yet Montenegrins know they could be the next victims of Milosevic. It would be a mistake to leave those building a democracy in Montenegro out on that limb. They need our support as well.
In conclusion, Mr. Speaker, I am today introducing the Serbia and Democracy Act of 1999 because I feel our country's policy in the Balkans has all too long been based on false assumptions about the region. Granted, social tensions, primarily based on ethnic issues, were bound to have plagued the former Yugoslavia, but it is an absolute fact that violence could have been avoided if Slobodan Milosevic did not play on those tensions to enhance his power. As we prepare to debate the sending of American forces to Kosovo to keep a peace which does not yet exist, we must address the root cause of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia from 1991 to today. This Act, Mr. Speaker, does just that, and I urge my colleagues to support its swift and overwhelming passage by the House. The Senate is working on similar legislation, and hopefully the Congress can help put U.S. policy back on the right track.


text:
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text:
Vo Nguyen Giap, the brilliant and ruthless self-taught general who drove the French out of Vietnam to free it from colonial rule and later forced the Americans to abandon their effort to save the country from communism, has died.
At the age of 102, he was the last of Vietnam's old-guard revolutionaries.
Giap died today in a military hospital in the capital of Hanoi where he had spent close to four years being treated for illness, officials said.
Gen Giap was a national hero whose legacy was second only to that of his mentor, founding president Ho Chi Minh, who led the country to independence.
The so-called "red Napoleon" stood out as the leader of a ragtag army of guerrillas who wore sandals made of car tyres and lugged their artillery piece by piece over mountains to encircle and crush the French army at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The unlikely victory, which is still studied at military schools, led not only to Vietnam's independence but hastened the collapse of colonialism across Indochina and beyond.
Gen Giap went on to defeat the US-backed South Vietnam government in April 1975, reuniting a country that had been split into communist and non-communist states. He regularly accepted heavy combat losses to achieve his goals.
"No other wars for national liberation were as fierce or caused as many losses as this war," Gen Giap said in 2005 in one of his last known interviews with foreign media on the eve of the 30th anniversary of the fall of Saigon, the former South Vietnamese capital.
"But we still fought because for Vietnam, nothing is more precious than independence and freedom," he said, repeating a famous quote by Ho Chi Minh.
Gen Giap remained sharp and well-versed in politics and current events until he was taken to hospital. Well into his 90s, he entertained world leaders, who posed for photographs and received autographed copies of his books while visiting the general's shady colonial-style home in Hanoi.
Although he was widely revered in Vietnam, Gen Giap was the nemesis of millions of South Vietnamese who fought alongside US troops and fled their homeland after the war, including the many staunchly anti-communist refugees who settled in the United States.
Born on August 25, 1911, in central Vietnam's Quang Binh province, Giap became active in politics in the 1920s and worked as a journalist before joining the Indochinese Communist Party. He was jailed briefly in 1930 for leading anti-French protests and later earned a law degree from Hanoi University.
He fled French police in 1940 and met Ho Chi Minh in southwestern China before returning to rural northern Vietnam to recruit guerrillas for the Viet Minh, a forerunner to the southern insurgency later known as the Viet Cong.
During his time abroad, his wife was arrested by the French and died in prison. He later remarried and had five children.
In 1944, Ho Chi Minh called on Gen Giap to organise and lead guerrilla forces against Japanese invaders during the Second World War. After Japan surrendered to Allied forces the following year, the Viet Minh continued their fight for independence from France.
Gen Giap never received any formal military training, joking that he attended the military academy "of the bush."
At Dien Bien Phu, his Viet Minh army surprised elite French forces by surrounding them. Digging miles of trenches, the Vietnamese dragged heavy artillery over steep mountains and slowly closed in during the bloody, 56-day battle that ended with French surrender on May 7th, 1954.
"If a nation is determined to stand up, it is very strong," Gen Giap told foreign journalists in 2004 before the battle's 50th anniversary. "We are very proud that Vietnam was the first colony that could stand up and gain independence on its own."
It was the final act that led to French withdrawal and the Geneva Accords that partitioned Vietnam into north and south in 1956. It paved the way for war against Saigon and its US sponsors less than a decade later.
The general drew on his Dien Bien Phu experience to create the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a clandestine jungle network that snaked through neighbouring — and ostensibly neutral — Laos and Cambodia, to supply his troops fighting on southern battlefields.
Against American forces with their sophisticated weapons and B-52 bombers, Giap's forces again prevailed. But more than a million of his troops perished in what is known in Vietnam as the "American War."
"We had to use the small against the big; backward weapons to defeat modern weapons," Giap said. "At the end, it was the human factor that determined the victory."
Historian Stanley Karnow, who interviewed Giap in Hanoi in 1990, quoted him as saying: "We were not strong enough to drive out a half million American troops, but that wasn't our aim. Our intention was to break the will of the American government to continue the war."
Gen Giap had been largely credited with devising the 1968 Tet Offensive, a series of surprise attacks on American strongholds in the south by Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces that came during lunar new year celebrations. Newer research, however, suggests that Gen Giap had been against the attacks, and his family has confirmed that he was out of the country when they began.
The Tet Offensive shook America's confidence, fuelled anti-war sentiment and prompted US president Lyndon Johnson to announce that he would not seek re-election. But it took another seven years for the war to be won.
On April 30, 1975, communist forces marched through Saigon with tanks, bulldozing the gates of what was then known as Independence Palace.
"With the victory of April 30th, slaves became free men," Gen Giap said. "It was an unbelievable story."
It came at a price for all sides: the deaths of as many as 3 million communists and civilians, an estimated 250,000 South Vietnamese troops and 58,000 Americans.
Throughout most of the war years, Giap served as defence minister, armed forces commander and a senior member of Vietnam's ruling Communist Party, but he was slowly elbowed from the centre of power after Ho Chi Minh's death in 1969. The glory for victory in 1975 went not to Gen Giap, but to Gen. Van Tien Dung, chief of the general staff.
Gen Giap lost the defence portfolio in 1979 and was dropped from the all-powerful Politburo three years later. He stepped down from his last post, as deputy prime minister, in 1991.
He kept up with world news and offered a piece of advice in 2004 for Americans fighting in Iraq.
"Any forces that wish to impose their will on other nations will certainly face failure," he told reporters.
Late in life, Gen Giap encouraged warmer relations between Vietnam and the United States, which re-established ties in 1995 and have become close trading partners. Vietnam has also recently looked to the US military as a way to balance China's growing power in the disputed South China Sea.
"We can put the past behind," Giap said in 2000. "But we cannot completely forget it."


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Nosebleeds are usually harmless and easily controlled, but they can look scary. Try not to worry — most nosebleeds are easy to stop.
Try these simple tips to stop a nosebleed:
If you get a nosebleed, don't blow your nose. This can cause more bleeding. Also, don't tilt your head back. This common practice will cause blood to run into your throat. This can make you cough or choke, and if you swallow a lot of blood, you might vomit.
If you've tried the steps above twice and the bleeding continues after the second attempt, you'll need to see your school nurse or a doctor.
After you've stopped the initial nosebleed, don't lift heavy objects or do other activities that cause you to strain, and try not to blow your nose for 24 hours.
Now that your nosebleed is over, let's take a look at what a nosebleed is and what can cause it.
The most common kind of nosebleed is an anterior nosebleed, which comes from the front of the nose. Capillaries, or very small blood vessels, that are inside the nose may break and bleed, causing this type of nosebleed.
Another kind of nosebleed is a posterior nosebleed, which comes from the deepest part of the nose. Blood from a posterior nosebleed flows down the back of the throat even if the person is sitting or standing. Teens rarely have posterior nosebleeds. They're more common in older people, people who have high blood pressure, and people who have had nose or face injuries.
The most common cause of anterior nosebleeds is dry air. A dry climate or heated indoor air irritates and dries out nasal membranes, causing crusts that may itch and then bleed when scratched or picked. Colds may also irritate the lining of the nose. Bleeding may happen after repeated nose-blowing. When you combine a cold with dry winter air, you have the perfect formula for nosebleeds.
Allergies can also cause problems, and a doctor may prescribe medicine such as antihistamines or decongestants to control an itchy, runny, or stuffy nose. The medicine can also dry out the nasal membranes and contribute to nosebleeds.
An injury to the nose may cause bleeding and isn't usually cause for alarm. If you ever have a facial injury, use the tips outlined earlier to stop the nosebleed. If you can't stop the bleeding after 10 minutes or you are concerned about other facial injuries, see a medical professional right away.
Nosebleeds are rarely cause for alarm, but frequent nosebleeds might indicate a more serious problem. If you get nosebleeds more than once a week, you should see your doctor. Most cases of frequent nosebleeds are easily treated. Sometimes tiny blood vessels inside the nose become irritated and don't heal. This happens more frequently in teens who have ongoing allergies or frequent colds. A doctor may have a solution if you have this problem.
If your doctor rules out a sinus infection, allergies, or irritated blood vessels, he or she may order other tests to see why you're getting frequent nosebleeds. Rarely, a bleeding disorder or abnormally formed blood vessels could be a possibility.
Cocaine (or other drugs that are snorted through the nose) can also cause nosebleeds. If you suspect a friend is using cocaine, try talking about it and get help from a trusted adult.
An occasional nosebleed may make you worry, but there's no need to panic — now you know what to do!
Reviewed by: Yamini Durani, MD
Date Reviewed: Jun 1, 2023
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A 3-year-old girl born in Mississippi with HIV acquired from her mother during pregnancy remains free of detectable virus at least 18 months after she stopped taking antiviral pills.
New results on this child, published online by the New England Journal of Medicine, appear to green-light a study in the advanced planning stages in which researchers around the world will try to replicate her successful treatment in other infected newborns.
And it means that the Mississippi girl still can be considered possibly or even probably cured of HIV infection — only the second person in the world with that lucky distinction. The first is Timothy Ray Brown, a 47-year-old American man apparently cured by a bone marrow transplant he received in Berlin a half-dozen years ago.
This new report addresses many of the questions raised earlier this year when disclosure of the Mississippi child's case was called a possible game-changer in the long search for an HIV cure.
"There was some very healthy skepticism," Dr. Katherine Luzuriaga, a professor at the University of Massachusetts in Worcester, tells Shots. She's part of the team that has been exhaustively testing the toddler's blood and considering every possible explanation for her apparently HIV-free state.
Luzuriaga is confident the latest tests prove that the child was truly infected with HIV at the time of her birth — not merely carrying remnants of free-floating virus or infected blood cells transferred before birth from her mother, as some skeptics wondered.
The UMass researcher says there's no way the child's mother could have contributed enough of her own blood plasma to the newborn to account for the high levels of HIV detected in the child's blood shortly after birth.
Similarly, Luzuriaga says, new calculations show that the mother "would have had to transfer a huge number of [HIV-infected] white blood cells to the baby in order for us to get the [viral] signal that we got early on."
Clinching the question as far as the researchers are concerned is the infant's response to anti-HIV drugs that she began receiving shortly after birth. The remarkable earliness of her treatment is a crucial feature that makes this child different from almost any other.
"There's a very characteristic clearance curve of viruses once we start babies on treatment," Luzuriaga says. "The decay of viruses we see in this baby is exactly what we saw in early treatment trials from 20 years ago when we initiated anti-retroviral therapy and shut off viral replication. That's a very different decay curve than you would expect if it were just free virus transferred to the baby."
It might be helpful to recap the unusual, if not unique, features of the Mississippi case.
Her mother did not receive prenatal care, so she was not identified as HIV-infected before delivery. If she had been, she would have received drugs that are highly effective in preventing mother-to-child transmission of the virus.
While the mother was in labor, she got HIV testing, as is routine for women without prenatal care. When that came up positive, Dr. Hannah Gay, a pediatrician at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, was ready to test the newborn for infection and start anti-retroviral medicines within 30 hours of birth.
The treatment quickly cleared the virus from the baby's blood. Normally such children would stay on antiviral drugs for a lifetime. But in this case the mother – whose life circumstances were reportedly chaotic – stopped giving the child the medication between 15 and 18 months after birth.
Gay and her colleagues caught up to the child when she was 23 months old and were astonished to discover she was apparently still virus-free despite being off treatment. Five rounds of state-of-the-art testing — at UMass, Johns Hopkins, federal research labs and the University of California San Diego — failed to reveal any trace of the virus in her blood.
That led to last spring's report and widely reported hope that the child had been cured of HIV.
But Dr. Scott Hammer, an HIV researcher at Columbia University in New York, is not quite convinced. "Is the child cured of HIV infection? The best answer at this moment is a definitive 'maybe,' " Hammer writes in a New England Journal editorial that accompanied the report.
The reason is that a couple of tests done when the child was about 2 years old found indications that her system may contain pieces of RNA or DNA from HIV. This hints that some of the nucleic acid building blocks of the virus are hanging around within her blood cells.
There's no evidence these "proviral" remnants are capable of assembling themselves into whole viruses that can make copies of themselves. But researchers are concerned about that possibility and how it might be headed off.
"The question is whether those viral nucleic acids have the ability at some point to replicate and allow a rebound of the virus," Luzuriaga acknowledges. "That's why it's important to continue to test the baby over time." She says that means years.
But for now, the signs from the Mississippi child's case are encouraging enough to have generated an ambitious global human experiment that Luzuriaga says is in final planning stages.
Women who present in labor without having had prenatal care will be tested for HIV and, if positive, their infants will be intensively treated within a couple of days of birth, as the Mississippi child was. Then they'll be followed with the most sensitive tests to determine if the virus has been eradicated.
If certain criteria are met, researchers plan to decide whether it would be safe to discontinue HIV treatment deliberately and follow the children closely to see if the virus returns. (If it did, treatment would be restarted.)
If the experiment succeeds, it would be a huge advance in the prevention of childhood HIV and AIDS in many parts of the world. More than 9 out of 10 of the world's 3.4 million HIV-infected children live in sub-Saharan Africa, where many women deliver without having had prenatal care or HIV treatment. Around 900 children are newly infected every day.
Meanwhile, researchers pursuing an HIV cure will convene next month in San Francisco to consider various strategies — for adults as well as children. One other recent glimmer of hope was provided this summer by Boston researchers who reported that two HIV-infected men with lymphoma remain virus-free without treatment for several months after stopping antiviral treatment.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Words games is available to everyone, but not every player can beat them. Are you looking for Crocword Episode 298 answers set? A lot of things can help you to better know how to beat this game in the whole category, which consists of 15 levels. This game was created by a Clever Apps team that created a lot of great games for Android and iOS.
The essence of this game is simple and straightforward for absolutely anyone. In it you will need to search for and collect the right words from the letters on the screen swipe. If you don't, please, use our website which has Crocword Episode 298 Answers. Just open category you need, select level and your done – difficult level is the thing of past now.
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We continue to play this game along with you, so fresh and up to date Crocword Answers are always available in here.


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Four Princeton University faculty members received President's Awards for Distinguished Teaching at Commencement ceremonies Tuesday, June 5.
They are: Maria Garlock, associate professor of civil and environmental engineering; Carol Greenhouse, professor of anthropology; Daniel Rodgers, the Henry Charles Lea Professor of History; and Jeffrey Schwartz, professor of chemistry.
The awards were established in 1991 through gifts by Princeton alumni Lloyd Cotsen of the Class of 1950 and John Sherrerd of the Class of 1952 to recognize excellence in undergraduate and graduate teaching by Princeton faculty members. Each winner receives a cash prize of $5,000, and his or her department receives $3,000 for the purchase of new books.
A committee of faculty, undergraduate and graduate students, and academic administrators selected the winners from nominations by students, faculty colleagues and alumni.
Garlock, a faculty member since 2003, focuses on research in structural engineering and also directs the interdisciplinary Program in Architecture and Engineering. Her innovative teaching approach and commitment to mentoring have inspired both undergraduate and graduate students. "I admire her insights as a mentor, her enthusiasm as a teacher and her drive as an individual," wrote one graduate student in nominating Garlock for the award. "Education to her is a holistic combination of teaching, research and mentoring."
Garlock's expertise includes the study of structural art, which a colleague noted offers an "educational thrust for students at Princeton, the broader Princeton community and the public." An important example of her activities in this arena was the 2008 Princeton University Art Museum exhibition that she collaborated on with Professor Emeritus David Billington titled "Félix Candela: Engineer, Builder, Structural Artist," which used 19 structural models created by Princeton students under Garlock's guidance. Blending structural art and engineering is at the heart of Garlock's next major project — construction of a 90-foot model of the Golden Gate Bridge, which will be on display near the entrance of the actual bridge in San Francisco in a year's time. Structural art is also central to the course she co-developed, "A Social and Multi-dimensional Exploration of Structures," which debuted in fall 2010 with a focus on the design of tall buildings and required students to build a series of models. The course is designed to feature a new theme each time it is offered.
Colleagues and students agree that Garlock has a remarkable talent for turning what might be viewed as "dry engineering topics" such as "Design for Reinforced Concrete Structures" and turning them into "something irresistible." She has taken the helm in teaching one of the civil and engineering department's most popular courses, "Structures and the Urban Environment." One recent graduate who took the course wrote: "Throughout the lectures, Professor Garlock's passion for engineering was fully evident. I think the track record of this class attracting hundreds of undergraduates from all departments speaks to Professor Garlock's ability as a teacher." Another recent alumnus wrote that he has kept working with Garlock — on the Golden Gate Bridge project — because he "enjoyed his work with her so much he did not want to stop."
As an adviser, Garlock is known for her kindness, patience and ability to explain difficult concepts. One recent graduate wrote that thanks to Garlock's guidance, "My thesis turned out to be the single most rewarding aspect of my time at Princeton." One of her recent Ph.D. students, now herself a professor, wrote, "She has been a constant source of inspiration in my life and an influential mentor." Added another recent graduate alumnus, "It has truly been an honor to be her student."
Greenhouse, who has taught at Princeton since 2001 and has served as chair of the Department of Anthropology since 2007, is a sociocultural anthropologist with primary interests in the ethnography of the law and politics. She has taught seminars on "Ethnography and Democracy in the United States" and on "Social Lives, Social Forces," along with courses on the ethnography of politics and the cultural dimensions of power in states and society. One colleague, who co-taught "The History of Anthropological Theory" with Greenhouse, wrote about the experience: "It was in that class that I was able to watch one of the most brilliant anthropologists teach."
In her courses, Greenhouse often discusses social change, and change is also what her students say happens to them in her classes. One undergraduate, who wrote that she had never been a "huge reader," noted that Greenhouse taught her the "importance of words" — "I read deeper than I ever have before, find meaning in things I never would have before and actually enjoy reading. I attribute this to the genius that is Carol Greenhouse." Another undergraduate cited taking Greenhouse's "Political Anthropology" course as helping her understand relationships of power and how individuals can effect change. "It has inspired me to think more closely about the ways in which I want to produce change and contribute to raising the quality of life in my own community," she explained.
Greenhouse's students say her teaching style is to listen carefully and to create a learning environment where they feel free to express contesting views. One graduate student described her with the words "guide, synthesizer, artist." Another graduate student was grateful for Greenhouse's "Socratic generosity" that gave him confidence to be more adventurous with his work and to express new ideas. "Carol's teaching empowers students to use their freedom to act both on the page and off the page in everyday life. Carol's teaching is courage-giving."
Greenhouse's students as well as her colleagues also commend her dedication as a mentor. One student who was doing thesis research in India for several months relied on Greenhouse's guidance via email and phone calls. "My experience doing anthropological fieldwork was absolutely amazing, and this was in large part because of her encouragement, support and guidance. I would print out her emails, reading and re-reading them. They were brilliant. She is brilliant. And kind." Students on campus cited her accessibility, including "the extent to which she makes herself available for conversation," wrote a graduate student, and "how her active but gentle interest in my life encouraged me to think harder," noted another. "Carol spins her students' intellectual straw into gold but keeps none of the riches for herself," added one colleague. "Utterly unpretentious and personable, Carol's subtle assertiveness is augmented by a gleeful laugh that reverberates through classroom walls and down corridors," noted another.
Rodgers, who has served on the faculty since 1980, is a scholar of American cultural and intellectual history who has taught an array of undergraduate and graduate courses spanning the 19th and 20th centuries. He is also director of the Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies. He is a key architect of the current history curriculum for undergraduates and graduate students. "Dan is a teacher-scholar of the first magnitude," said one colleague.
Colleagues credited Rodgers for helping develop the sequence of courses in U.S. history for graduate students. For undergraduates, he took a leading role in establishing junior seminars that helped students as they started work on their junior papers. According to one colleague, this allowed students to be "eased into independent work" and helped them "initiate the dialogue with their advisers that would help them refine their research and writing." Rodgers also created 200-level seminars for sophomores that exposed them to a "sea of documents" so that students learned to develop questions as an integral part of research. These seminars are team-taught by faculty members, "so that potential majors can get a sense that master historians working through the same material can come up with quite different interpretations and insights."
The letters nominating Rodgers for the teaching award came from former graduate students from across the United States and overseas. One wrote, "It's clear that Dan takes very seriously his role as a mentor ... he was beyond generous with his time." Another recalled his "exemplary" role as a dissertation adviser, who to this day is "the person whose opinion I value most highly" and who is the "model of what a historian should be." Another former student who remains in close contact with Rodgers wrote, "Aside from all I learned from him in my coursework, Dan provided me with a model outside of the classroom for how one can successfully be at once a thoughtful writer, a generous member of a scholarly community and a hospitable teacher."
For Princeton history majors, Rodgers is lauded as a dedicated teacher and adviser who helps students do their best work. "Professor Rodgers is totally free of prejudice, free of rigid ideas about How Things Must Be Done," wrote one former student. Added another: "I have known Professor Rodgers as a teacher, an adviser, a mentor and an author. In each role, he has pushed me, through both encouragement and example, to think rigorously about the world and my role within in. What more can one ask of a teacher?"
Schwartz, who has taught at Princeton since 1970, is an organometallic chemist known for his work in reagent development, molecular electronics and cell-surface interactions. One of his current areas of focus is developing coatings that can be applied to medical implants to improve integration with the body. As a researcher and a teacher, he embraces a collaborative approach that is underscored with humor and generosity — "collegial, open, inspiring, brilliant, accessible and fabulous" are some of the words used to describe him.
In the classroom, Schwartz brings technical subjects to life and has inspired many students to study inorganic chemistry and pursue graduate degrees. His innovative approach to teaching the course "Inorganic Chemistry" relies on class participation, the Socratic method and problem sets with examples from the scientific literature. "Rather than insist on memorization of a set of facts — a typical way to teach inorganic chemistry — Jeff makes connections with other chemical concepts that are not typically taught in this course, from organic chemistry to quantum mechanics to kinetics," wrote one colleague. Schwartz also creates handouts rather than relying on textbooks, constantly revising the material to make it fresh. "Instead of fashioning 'toy' problems for us to solve, Professor Schwartz presented us with bona fide literature articles and open challenges in a variety of subdisciplines of chemistry," wrote a student.
Undergraduate students noted that Schwartz is tireless in supporting their development. "I cannot tell you how easy it was as a junior seeking a mentor to feel at home in Jeff's office," noted one student. "Never before had somebody challenged me to think: 'How big is that molecule?'" Another student who met Schwartz as a sophomore recalled a conversation that made him realize that Schwartz "genuinely cared about me and my future, and not only my academic future." He added, "Professor Schwartz is the kind of professor I aspire to be."
Schwartz's mentoring is also important to graduate students as they develop their careers, as well as to seasoned scientists. "His direct involvement with my thesis research gave me the confidence and experience to propose and pursue independent projects in graduate school," wrote one Ph.D. candidate. Another graduate student was grateful for the pragmatism Schwartz exudes in working with the uncertainty of lab experiments. "Every time I run into difficulty in the lab, I now take that as an opportunity to learn something even if it was not what I had originally set out to understand," he noted. And a colleague, who met Schwartz more than 30 years ago, marveled that "Jeff's attention to my growth and professional well-being has not flagged to this day."


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Linda Ballou Shares Part One of Her Recent 'Deep Dive Down Under'
The ultimate Australian experience with Overseas Adventure Travel is a journey through a maze of micro-climates, multi-cultures and natural wonders. It begins in Melbourne and ends in Sydney; on the way taking in Alice Springs, Uluru, the Daintree forest (the oldest tropical forest on earth), and the threatened Great Barrier Reef. Melbourne is a vibrant city full of life proud of its rich heritage. A liberal sprinkling of tree-tunnels, gardens, and other green spaces throughout the city make it an exciting, yet soothing place to be on foot. Gleaming, ultra-modern skyscrapers are juxtaposed against... Read More


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Welcome to our website! As we have the ability to list over one million items on our website (our selection changes all of the time), it is not feasible for a company our size to record and playback the descriptions on every item on our website. However, if you have a disability we are here to help you. Please call our disability services phone line at (843) 444-5700 during regular business hours and one of our kind and friendly personal shoppers will help you navigate through our website, help conduct advanced searches, help you choose the item you are looking for with the specifications you are seeking, read you the specifications of any item and consult with you about the products themselves. There is no charge for the help of this personal shopper for anyone with a disability. Finally, your personal shopper will explain our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, and help you place an order if you so desire.
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