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Videos/A Digital Media Primer For Geeks
Wiki edition
This first video from Xiph.Org presents the technical foundations of modern digital media via a half-hour firehose of information. One community member called it "a Uni lecture I never got but really wanted."
The program offers a brief history of digital media, a quick summary of the sampling theorem, and a myriad of details on low level audio and video characterization and formatting. It's intended for budding geeks looking to get into video coding, as well as the technically curious who want to know more about the media they wrangle for work or play.
See also: Episode 02: Digital Show and Tell
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Workstations and high-end personal computers have been able to manipulate digital audio pretty easily for about fifteen years now. It's only been about five years that a decent workstation's been able to handle raw video without a lot of expensive special purpose hardware.
But today even most cheap home PCs have the processor power and storage necessary to really toss raw video around, at least without too much of a struggle. So now that everyone has all of this cheap media-capable hardware, more people, not surprisingly, want to do interesting things with digital media, especially streaming. YouTube was the first huge success, and now everybody wants in.
Well good! Because this stuff is a lot of fun!
It's no problem finding consumers for digital media. But here I'd like to address the engineers, the mathematicians, the hackers, the people who are interested in discovering and making things and building the technology itself. The people after my own heart.
Digital media, compression especially, is perceived to be super-elite, somehow incredibly more difficult than anything else in computer science. The big industry players in the field don't mind this perception at all; it helps justify the staggering number of very basic patents they hold. They like the image that their media researchers "are the best of the best, so much smarter than anyone else that their brilliant ideas can't even be understood by mere mortals." This is bunk.
Digital audio and video and streaming and compression offer endless deep and stimulating mental challenges, just like any other discipline. It seems elite because so few people have been involved. So few people have been involved perhaps because so few people could afford the expensive, special-purpose equipment it required. But today, just about anyone watching this video has a cheap, general-purpose computer powerful enough to play with the big boys. There are battles going on today around HTML5 and browsers and video and open vs. closed. So now is a pretty good time to get involved. The easiest place to start is probably understanding the technology we have right now.
This is an introduction. Since it's an introduction, it glosses over a ton of details so that the big picture's a little easier to see. Quite a few people watching are going to be way past anything that I'm talking about, at least for now. On the other hand, I'm probably going to go too fast for folks who really are brand new to all of this, so if this is all new, relax. The important thing is to pick out any ideas that really grab your imagination. Especially pay attention to the terminology surrounding those ideas, because with those, and Google, and Wikipedia, you can dig as deep as interests you.
So, without any further ado, welcome to one hell of a new hobby.
Going deeper…
- About Xiph.Org: Why you should care about open media
- HTML5 Video and H.264: what history tells us and why we're standing with the web: Chris Blizzard of Mozilla on free formats and the open web
- Dive into HTML5: tutorial on HTML5 web video
- Chat with the creators of the video via freenode IRC in #xiph.
Analog vs Digital
Sound is the propagation of pressure waves through air, spreading out from a source like ripples spread from a stone tossed into a pond. A microphone, or the human ear for that matter, transforms these passing ripples of pressure into an electric signal. Right, this is middle school science class, everyone remembers this. Moving on.
That audio signal is a one-dimensional function, a single value varying over time. If we slow the 'scope down a bit... that should be a little easier to see. A few other aspects of the signal are important. It's continuous in both value and time; that is, at any given time it can have any real value, and there's a smoothly varying value at every point in time. No matter how much we zoom in, there are no discontinuities, no singularities, no instantaneous steps or points where the signal ceases to exist. It's defined everywhere. Classic continuous math works very well on these signals.
A digital signal on the other hand is discrete in both value and time. In the simplest and most common system, called Pulse Code Modulation, one of a fixed number of possible values directly represents the instantaneous signal amplitude at points in time spaced a fixed distance apart. The end result is a stream of digits.
Now this looks an awful lot like this. It seems intuitive that we should somehow be able to rigorously transform one into the other, and good news, the Sampling Theorem says we can and tells us how. Published in its most recognizable form by Claude Shannon in 1949 and built on the work of Nyquist, and Hartley, and tons of others, the sampling theorem states that not only can we go back and forth between analog and digital, but also lays down a set of conditions for which conversion is lossless and the two representations become equivalent and interchangeable. When the lossless conditions aren't met, the sampling theorem tells us how and how much information is lost or corrupted.
Up until very recently, analog technology was the basis for practically everything done with audio, and that's not because most audio comes from an originally analog source. You may also think that since computers are fairly recent, analog signal technology must have come first. Nope. Digital is actually older. The telegraph predates the telephone by half a century and was already fully mechanically automated by the 1860s, sending coded, multiplexed digital signals long distances. You know... tickertape. Harry Nyquist of Bell Labs was researching telegraph pulse transmission when he published his description of what later became known as the Nyquist frequency, the core concept of the sampling theorem. Now, it's true the telegraph was transmitting symbolic information, text, not a digitized analog signal, but with the advent of the telephone and radio, analog and digital signal technology progressed rapidly and side-by-side.
Audio had always been manipulated as an analog signal because... well, gee, it's so much easier. A second-order low-pass filter, for example, requires two passive components. An all-analog short-time Fourier transform, a few hundred. Well, maybe a thousand if you want to build something really fancy (bang on the 3585). Processing signals digitally requires millions to billions of transistors running at microwave frequencies, support hardware at very least to digitize and reconstruct the analog signals, a complete software ecosystem for programming and controlling that billion-transistor juggernaut, digital storage just in case you want to keep any of those bits for later...
So we come to the conclusion that analog is the only practical way to do much with audio... well, unless you happen to have a billion transistors and all the other things just lying around. And since we do, digital signal processing becomes very attractive.
For one thing, analog componentry just doesn't have the flexibility of a general purpose computer. Adding a new function to this beast [the 3585]... yeah, it's probably not going to happen. On a digital processor though, just write a new program. Software isn't trivial, but it is a lot easier.
Perhaps more importantly though every analog component is an approximation. There's no such thing as a perfect transistor, or a perfect inductor, or a perfect capacitor. In analog, every component adds noise and distortion, usually not very much, but it adds up. Just transmitting an analog signal, especially over long distances, progressively, measurably, irretrievably corrupts it. Besides, all of those single-purpose analog components take up a lot of space. Two lines of code on the billion transistors back here can implement a filter that would require an inductor the size of a refrigerator.
Digital systems don't have these drawbacks. Digital signals can be stored, copied, manipulated, and transmitted without adding any noise or distortion. We do use lossy algorithms from time to time, but the only unavoidably non-ideal steps are digitization and reconstruction, where digital has to interface with all of that messy analog. Messy or not, modern conversion stages are very, very good. By the standards of our ears, we can consider them practically lossless as well.
With a little extra hardware, then, most of which is now small and inexpensive due to our modern industrial infrastructure, digital audio is the clear winner over analog. So let us then go about storing it, copying it, manipulating it, and transmitting it.
Going deeper…
- Wikipedia: Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
- MIT OpenCourseWare Lecture notes from 6.003 signals and systems.
- Wikipedia: The history of analog filters such as the RC low-pass shown connected to the spectrum analyzer in the video.
Raw (Digital Audio) Meat
Pulse Code Modulation is the most common representation for raw audio.
Other practical representations do exist: for example, the Sigma-Delta coding used by the SACD, which is a form of Pulse Density Modulation. That said, Pulse Code Modulation is far and away dominant, mainly because it's so mathematically convenient. An audio engineer can spend an entire career without running into anything else.
PCM encoding can be characterized in three parameters, making it easy to account for every possible PCM variant with mercifully little hassle.
Sample Rate
The first parameter is the sampling rate. The highest frequency an encoding can represent is called the Nyquist Frequency. The Nyquist frequency of PCM happens to be exactly half the sampling rate. Therefore, the sampling rate directly determines the highest possible frequency in the digitized signal.
Analog telephone systems traditionally band-limited voice channels to just under 4kHz, so digital telephony and most classic voice applications use an 8kHz sampling rate: the minimum sampling rate necessary to capture the entire bandwidth of a 4kHz channel. This is what an 8kHz sampling rate sounds like—a bit muffled but perfectly intelligible for voice. This is the lowest sampling rate that's ever been used widely in practice.
From there, as power, and memory, and storage increased, consumer computer hardware went to offering 11, and then 16, and then 22, and then 32kHz sampling. With each increase in the sampling rate and the Nyquist frequency, it's obvious that the high end becomes a little clearer and the sound more natural.
The Compact Disc uses a 44.1kHz sampling rate, which is again slightly better than 32kHz, but the gains are becoming less distinct. 44.1kHz is a bit of an oddball choice, especially given that it hadn't been used for anything prior to the compact disc, but the huge success of the CD has made it a common rate.
The most common hi-fidelity sampling rate aside from the CD is 48kHz. There's virtually no audible difference between the two. This video, or at least the original version of it, was shot and produced with 48kHz audio, which happens to be the original standard for high-fidelity audio with video.
Super-hi-fidelity sampling rates of 88, and 96, and 192kHz have also appeared. The reason for the sampling rates beyond 48kHz isn't to extend the audible high frequencies further. It's for a different reason.
Stepping back for just a second, the French mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier showed that we can also think of signals like audio as a set of component frequencies. This frequency-domain representation is equivalent to the time representation; the signal is exactly the same, we're just looking at it a different way. Here we see the frequency-domain representation of a hypothetical analog signal we intend to digitally sample.
The sampling theorem tells us two essential things about the sampling process. First, that a digital signal can't represent any frequencies above the Nyquist frequency. Second, and this is the new part, if we don't remove those frequencies with a low-pass filter before sampling, the sampling process will fold them down into the representable frequency range as aliasing distortion.
Aliasing, in a nutshell, sounds freakin' awful, so it's essential to remove any beyond-Nyquist frequencies before sampling and after reconstruction.
Human frequency perception is considered to extend to about 20kHz. In
44.1 or 48kHz sampling, the low pass before the sampling stage has to
be extremely sharp to avoid cutting any audible frequencies below
20kHz but still not allow frequencies above the Nyquist to leak
forward into the sampling process. This is a difficult filter to
build, and no practical filter succeeds completely. If the sampling
rate is 96kHz or 192kHz on the other hand, the low pass has an extra
octave or two for its transition band. This is a much easier filter to
build. Sampling rates beyond 48kHz are actually one of those messy
analog stage compromises.
Sample Format
The second fundamental PCM parameter is the sample format; that is, the format of each digital number. A number is a number, but a number can be represented in bits a number of different ways.
Early PCM was eight-bit linear, encoded as an unsigned byte. The dynamic range is limited to about 50dB and the quantization noise, as you can hear, is pretty severe. Eight-bit audio is vanishingly rare today.
Digital telephony typically uses one of two related non-linear eight bit encodings called A-law and μ-law. These formats encode a roughly 14 bit dynamic range into eight bits by spacing the higher amplitude values farther apart. A-law and mu-law obviously improve quantization noise compared to linear 8-bit, and voice harmonics especially hide the remaining quantization noise well. All three eight-bit encodings (linear, A-law, and mu-law) are typically paired with an 8kHz sampling rate, though I'm demonstrating them here at 48kHz.
Most modern PCM uses 16- or 24-bit two's-complement signed integers to encode the range from negative infinity to zero decibels in 16 or 24 bits of precision. The maximum absolute value corresponds to zero decibels. As with all the sample formats so far, signals beyond zero decibels, and thus beyond the maximum representable range, are clipped.
In mixing and mastering, it's not unusual to use floating-point numbers for PCM instead of integers. A 32 bit IEEE754 float, that's the normal kind of floating point you see on current computers, has 24 bits of resolution, but a seven bit floating-point exponent increases the representable range. Floating point usually represents zero decibels as +/-1.0, and because floats can obviously represent considerably beyond that, temporarily exceeding zero decibels during the mixing process doesn't cause clipping. Floating-point PCM takes up more space, so it tends to be used only as an intermediate production format.
Lastly, most general purpose computers still read and write data in octet bytes, so it's important to remember that samples bigger than eight bits can be in big- or little-endian order, and both endiannesses are common. For example, Microsoft WAV files are little-endian, and Apple AIFC files tend to be big-endian. Be aware of it.
The third PCM parameter is the number of channels. The convention in raw PCM is to encode multiple channels by interleaving the samples of each channel together into a single stream. Straightforward and extensible.
And that's it! That describes every PCM representation ever. Done. Digital audio is so easy! There's more to do of course, but at this point we've got a nice useful chunk of audio data, so let's get some video too.
Going deeper…
- Wikipedia's article on filter roll-off, to learn why it's hard to build analog filters with a very narrow transition band between the passband and the stopband. Filters that achieve such hard edges often do so at the expense of increased ripple and phase distortion.
- Some more minutiae about PCM in practice.
- DPCM and ADPCM, simple audio codecs loosely inspired by PCM.
Video Vegetables (they're good for you!)
One could think of video as being like audio but with two additional spatial dimensions, X and Y, in addition to the dimension of time. This is mathematically sound. The Sampling Theorem applies to all three video dimensions just as it does the single time dimension of audio.
Audio and video are obviously quite different in practice. For one, compared to audio, video is huge. Raw CD audio is about 1.4 megabits per second. Raw 1080i HD video is over 700 megabits per second. That's more than 500 times more data to capture, process, and store per second. By Moore's law... that's... let's see... roughly eight doublings times two years, so yeah, computers requiring about an extra fifteen years to handle raw video after getting raw audio down pat was about right.
Basic raw video is also just more complex than basic raw audio. The sheer volume of data currently necessitates a representation more efficient than the linear PCM used for audio. In addition, electronic video comes almost entirely from broadcast television alone, and the standards committees that govern broadcast video have always been very concerned with backward compatibility. Up until just last year in the US, a sixty-year-old black and white television could still show a normal analog television broadcast. That's actually a really neat trick.
The downside to backward compatibility is that once a detail makes it into a standard, you can't ever really throw it out again. Electronic video has never started over from scratch the way audio has multiple times. Sixty years worth of clever but obsolete hacks necessitated by the passing technology of a given era have built up into quite a pile, and because digital standards also come from broadcast television, all these eldritch hacks have been brought forward into the digital standards as well.
In short, there are a whole lot more details involved in digital video than there were with audio. There's no hope of covering them all completely here, so we'll cover the broad fundamentals.
Resolution and Aspect
The most obvious raw video parameters are the width and height of the picture in pixels. As simple as that may sound, the pixel dimensions alone don't actually specify the absolute width and height of the picture, as most broadcast-derived video doesn't use square pixels. The number of scanlines in a broadcast image was fixed, but the effective number of horizontal pixels was a function of channel bandwidth. Effective horizontal resolution could result in pixels that were either narrower or wider than the spacing between scanlines.
Standards have generally specified that digitally sampled video should reflect the real resolution of the original analog source, so a large amount of digital video also uses non-square pixels. For example, a normal 4:3 aspect NTSC DVD is typically encoded with a display resolution of 704 by 480, a ratio wider than 4:3. In this case, the pixels themselves are assigned an aspect ratio of 10:11, making them taller than they are wide and narrowing the image horizontally to the correct aspect. Such an image has to be resampled to show properly on a digital display with square pixels.
Frame Rate and Interlacing
The second obvious video parameter is the frame rate, the number of full frames per second. Several standard frame rates are in active use. Digital video, in one form or another, can use all of them. Or, any other frame rate. Or even variable rates where the frame rate changes adaptively over the course of the video. The higher the frame rate, the smoother the motion and that brings us, unfortunately, to interlacing.
In the very earliest days of broadcast video, engineers sought the
fastest practical frame rate to smooth motion and to minimize flicker
on phosphor-based CRTs. They were also under pressure to use the
least possible bandwidth for the highest resolution and fastest frame
rate. Their solution was to interlace the video where the even lines
are sent in one pass and the odd lines in the next. Each pass is
called a field and two fields sort of produce one complete frame.
"Sort of", because the even and odd fields aren't actually from the
same source frame. In a 60 field per second picture, the source frame
rate is actually 60 full frames per second, and half of each frame,
every other line, is simply discarded. This is why we can't
deinterlace a video simply by combining two fields into one frame;
they're not actually from one frame to begin with.
Gamma and its Correction
The cathode ray tube was the only available display technology for most of the history of electronic video. A CRT's output brightness is nonlinear, approximately equal to the input controlling voltage raised to the 2.5th power. This exponent, 2.5, is designated gamma, and so it's often referred to as the gamma of a display. Cameras, though, are linear, and if you feed a CRT a linear input signal, it looks a bit like this.
As there were originally to be very few cameras, which were fantastically expensive anyway, and hopefully many, many television sets which best be as inexpensive as possible, engineers decided to add the necessary gamma correction circuitry to the cameras rather than the sets. Video transmitted over the airwaves would thus have a nonlinear intensity using the inverse of the set's gamma exponent, so that once a camera's signal was finally displayed on the CRT, the overall response of the system from camera to set was back to linear again.
There were also two other tweaks. A television camera actually uses a gamma exponent that's the inverse of 2.2, not 2.5. That's just a correction for viewing in a dim environment. Also, the exponential curve transitions to a linear ramp near black. That's just an old hack for suppressing sensor noise in the camera.
Gamma correction also had a lucky benefit. It just so happens that the human eye has a perceptual gamma of about 3. This is relatively close to the CRT's gamma of 2.5. An image using gamma correction devotes more resolution to lower intensities, where the eye happens to have its finest intensity discrimination, and therefore uses the available scale resolution more efficiently. Although CRTs are currently vanishing, a standard sRGB computer display still uses a nonlinear intensity curve similar to television, with a linear ramp near black, followed by an exponential curve with a gamma exponent of 2.4. This encodes a sixteen bit linear range down into eight bits.
Color and Colorspace
The human eye has three apparent color channels, red, green, and blue, and most displays use these three colors as additive primaries to produce a full range of color output. The primary pigments in printing are Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow for the same reason; pigments are subtractive, and each of these pigments subtracts one pure color from reflected light. Cyan subtracts red, magenta subtracts green, and yellow subtracts blue.
Video can be, and sometimes is, represented with red, green, and blue color channels, but RGB video is atypical. The human eye is far more sensitive to luminosity than it is the color, and RGB tends to spread the energy of an image across all three color channels. That is, the red plane looks like a red version of the original picture, the green plane looks like a green version of the original picture, and the blue plane looks like a blue version of the original picture. Black and white times three. Not efficient.
For those reasons and because, oh hey, television just happened to start out as black and white anyway, video usually is represented as a high resolution luma channel—the black & white—along with additional, often lower resolution chroma channels, the color. The luma channel, Y, is produced by weighting and then adding the separate red, green and blue signals. The chroma channels U and V are then produced by subtracting the luma signal from blue and the luma signal from red.
When YUV is scaled, offset, and quantized for digital video, it's usually more correctly called Y'CbCr, but the more generic term YUV is widely used to describe all the analog and digital variants of this color model.
Chroma Subsampling
The U and V chroma channels can have the same resolution as the Y channel, but because the human eye has far less spatial color resolution than spatial luminosity resolution, chroma resolution is usually halved or even quartered in the horizontal direction, the vertical direction, or both, usually without any significant impact on the apparent raw image quality. Practically every possible subsampling variant has been used at one time or another, but the common choices today are 4:4:4 video, which isn't actually subsampled at all, 4:2:2 video in which the horizontal resolution of the U and V channels is halved, and most common of all, 4:2:0 video in which both the horizontal and vertical resolutions of the chroma channels are halved, resulting in U and V planes that are each one quarter the size of Y.
The terms 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1, and so on and so forth, aren't complete descriptions of a chroma subsampling. There's multiple possible ways to position the chroma pixels relative to luma, and again, several variants are in active use for each subsampling. For example, motion JPEG, MPEG-1 video, MPEG-2 video, DV, Theora, and WebM all use or can use 4:2:0 subsampling, but they site the chroma pixels three different ways.
Motion JPEG, MPEG-1 video, Theora and WebM all site chroma pixels between luma pixels both horizontally and vertically.
MPEG-2 sites chroma pixels between lines, but horizontally aligned with every other luma pixel. Interlaced modes complicate things somewhat, resulting in a siting arrangement that's a tad bizarre.
And finally PAL-DV, which is always interlaced, places the chroma pixels in the same position as every other luma pixel in the horizontal direction, and vertically alternates chroma channel on each line.
That's just 4:2:0 video. I'll leave the other subsamplings as homework for the viewer. Got the basic idea, moving on.
Pixel Formats
In audio, we always represent multiple channels in a PCM stream by interleaving the samples from each channel in order. Video uses both packed formats that interleave the color channels, as well as planar formats that keep the pixels from each channel together in separate planes stacked in order in the frame. There are at least 50 different formats in these two broad categories with possibly ten or fifteen in common use.
Each chroma subsampling and different bit-depth requires a different packing arrangement, and so a different pixel format. For a given unique subsampling, there are usually also several equivalent formats that consist of trivial channel order rearrangements or repackings, due either to convenience once-upon-a-time on some particular piece of hardware, or sometimes just good old-fashioned spite.
Pixels formats are described by a unique name or fourcc code. There
are quite a few of these and there's no sense going over each one now.
Google is your friend. Be aware that fourcc codes for raw video
specify the pixel arrangement and chroma subsampling, but generally
don't imply anything certain about chroma siting or color space. YV12
video to pick one, can use JPEG, MPEG-2 or DV chroma siting, and any
one of several YUV colorspace definitions.
That wraps up our not-so-quick and yet very incomplete tour of raw video. The good news is we can already get quite a lot of real work done using that overview. In plenty of situations, a frame of video data is a frame of video data. The details matter, greatly, when it come time to write software, but for now I am satisfied that the esteemed viewer is broadly aware of the relevant issues.
Going deeper…
- YCbCr is defined in terms of RGB by the ITU in two incompatible standards: Rec. 601 and Rec. 709. Both conversion standards are lossy, which has prompted some to adopt a lossless alternative called YCoCg.
- Learn about high dynamic range imaging, which achieves better representation of the full range of brightnesses in the real world by using more than 8 bits per channel.
- Learn about how trichromatic color vision works in humans, and how human color perception is encoded in the CIE 1931 XYZ color space.
- Compare with the Lab color space, mathematically equivalent but structured to account for "perceptual uniformity".
- If we were all dichromats then video would only need two color channels. Some humans might be tetrachromats, in which case they would need an additional color channel for video to fully represent their vision.
- Test your color vision (or at least your monitor).
So. We have audio data. We have video data. What remains is the more familiar non-signal data and straight-up engineering that software developers are used to, and plenty of it.
Chunks of raw audio and video data have no externally-visible structure, but they're often uniformly sized. We could just string them together in a rigid predetermined ordering for streaming and storage, and some simple systems do approximately that. Compressed frames, though, aren't necessarily a predictable size, and we usually want some flexibility in using a range of different data types in streams. If we string random formless data together, we lose the boundaries that separate frames and don't necessarily know what data belongs to which streams. A stream needs some generalized structure to be generally useful.
In addition to our signal data, we also have our PCM and video parameters. There's probably plenty of other metadata we also want to deal with, like audio tags and video chapters and subtitles, all essential components of rich media. It makes sense to place this metadata—that is, data about the data—within the media itself.
Storing and structuring formless data and disparate metadata is the job of a container. Containers provide framing for the data blobs, interleave and identify multiple data streams, provide timing information, and store the metadata necessary to parse, navigate, manipulate, and present the media. In general, any container can hold any kind of data. And data can be put into any container.
Going deeper…
- There are several common general-purpose container formats: AVI, Matroska, Ogg, QuickTime, and many others. These can contain and interleave many different types of media streams.
- Some special-purpose containers have been designed that can only hold one format:
- The y4m format is the most common single-purpose container for raw YUV video. It can also be stored in a general-purpose container, for example in Ogg using OggYUV.
- MP3 files use a special single-purpose file format.
- WAV and AIFC are semi-single-purpose formats. They're audio-only, and typically contain raw PCM audio, but are occasionally used to store other kinds of audio data ... even MP3!
In the past thirty minutes, we've covered digital audio, video, some history, some math and a little engineering. We've barely scratched the surface, but it's time for a well-earned break.
There's so much more to talk about, so I hope you'll join me again in our next episode. Until then—Cheers!
Written by: Christopher (Monty) Montgomery and the Xiph.Org Community
Intro, title and credits music:
"Boo Boo Coming", by Joel Forrester
Performed by the Microscopic Septet
Used by permission of Cuneiform Records.
Original source track All Rights Reserved.
This Video Was Produced Entirely With Free and Open Source Software:
The Gimp
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Complete video CC-BY-NC-SA
Text transcript and Wiki edition CC-BY-SA
A Co-Production of Xiph.Org and Red Hat Inc.
(C) 2010, Some Rights Reserved


text:
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
What is transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN)?
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a term for a mild respiratory problem of babies that begins after birth and lasts about three days:
"Transient" means temporary
"Tachypnea" means fast breathing rate
What causes transient tachypnea of the newborn?
It is thought that slow absorption of the fluid in the fetal lungs causes TTN. This fluid makes taking in oxygen harder and the baby breathes faster to compensate.
Who is affected by transient tachypnea of the newborn?
Only a small percentage of all newborns develop TTN. Although premature babies can have TTN, most babies with this problem are full-term. The condition may be more likely to develop in babies delivered by cesarean section because the fluid in the lungs does not get squeezed out as in a vaginal birth.
What are the symptoms of transient tachypnea of the newborn?
The following are the most common symptoms of transient tachypnea of the newborn. However, each baby may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
Rapid breathing rate (over 60 breaths per minute)
Grunting sounds with breathing
Flaring of the nostrils
Retractions (pulling in at the ribs with breathing)
The symptoms of TTN may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your baby's doctor for a diagnosis.
How is transient tachypnea of the newborn diagnosed?
Chest X-rays are often used to help diagnose TTN. On X-ray, the lungs show a streaked appearance and appear overinflated. X-rays are a diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. However, it may be difficult to tell whether the problem is TTN or another kind of respiratory problem, such as respiratory distress syndrome (also known as hyaline membrane disease). Often, TTN is diagnosed when symptoms suddenly resolve by the third day of life.
Treatment for transient tachypnea of the newborn
Specific treatment for transient tachypnea of the newborn will be determined by your baby's doctor based on:
Your baby's gestational age, overall health, and medical history
Extent of the condition
Your baby's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
Expectations for the course of the condition
Your opinion or preference
Treatment may include:
Supplemental oxygen given by mask on the baby's face or by placing the baby under an oxygen hood
Blood tests (to measure blood oxygen levels)
Continuous positive airway pressure. A mechanical breathing machine that pushes a continuous flow of air or oxygen to the airways to help keep tiny air passages in the lungs open.
Tube feedings may also be necessary if the baby's breathing rate is too high, because of the risk of aspiration of the food.
Once TTN goes away, the baby usually recovers quickly and has no increased risk for additional respiratory problems or other chronic problems.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
© Blog post written by Julie Herman
For more information visit http://www.jaybirdquilts.com/
Looks like such a fun shop!
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I would love some Parson Gray!
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Love the Cloud 9 Fabrics - Organic - Monsterz - Sweet Dreamz with the gray background. They have a lot of cute stuff in their online store. I can only imagine the actual shop.
Is it ironic that my favorite is the MonsterZ bundle? Just love the quirkiness! Thanks for the chance!
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I'm SEW READY TO SHOP THERE! I love this new Cloud9 Collection. Those little "monsters' are adorable. I'm thinking of making another quilt for my new baby nephew! Maybe a light-weight throw for his stroller!
I could get lost for hours there. The choice of the give-away fabrics makes me want to start a child's quilt right away. How cute would that be?
I love summerlove right now. The colors make me think of spring and summer, which I'm itching for right now. Enough with this cold weather up here in New England.
I love the Print and Pattern stuff. To Market To Market, and Happy Kitchen Utensils. Adorable! As is the Monsterz line! Thanks for the chance. :)
I liked the fat quarter stack of the Mod Basics Dottie. Thanks for offering this giveaway.
Such a great selection of sale items! I love the Birch Marine - Marine Birds. (And here I said I wasn't going to shop today - uhoh!). Thanks for the chance.
Kiyohara sweet elephants in grey. Adorable!!!
I am liking the Art Gallery - Poetica - Spirited Verse - Azure right now... I love using stripes in my binding, and this one caught my eye.
Thanks for the opportunity to win!
I am really liking the Riley Blake Chevron prints. We are screening in our back patio and just bought furniture....that needs some pillows out of these prints!!
Nice shop! I like Birch Organics' Commute and Mod Basics. Thank you for hosting a give away! ~ Karen Harris
I really like Flock & Peartree By Thomas Knauer.
Thanks so much for such a great giveaway!
I loved Art Gallery Poetica.....
Their sitting area looks so adorable! I love seeing items "in action" lol I like Kate Spain even though they don't have the colors that I need at the moment. :-)
What a great shop (love the sitting area!)...my favorite fabric is Birch Organics Mod Basics Birdie Spokes in Teal...I haven't seen this (or so many other fabrics they carry) at my LQS!
Thanks for the chance at this generous giveaway!
Mine is still the Prince Charming too! I've been looking for places that still have some, and I haven't found another shop that still has so much of it as they do at Sew Modern! I might have to splurge...or at least buy a little of the indigo dandelion print-the perfect addition to the fabrics I'm collecting for a quilt I'm making for my cute parents :)
Thanks for the chance to win!
Hard to pick, but I love the Riley Blake Chevrons. Thanks for the chance!
I am loving the American Jane - Pezzy Prints - ALL of them.
I love the neat animal prints that are out lately... like Eleanor Grosch's Zoo Menagerie. I love the lions and tigers! And it helps that it's on the sale site.
Thanks so much for posting this link--I actually see a few things on there I'm pondering ordering (like the "Walk in the Woods" Little Red and Foxes!) if I don't get to go to the Paducah Show this year.
But my favorite is the striking Kayo Horaguchi Night Forest. I'm not sure what I would *do* with it, but it is so amazing!
inkyhooves @hotmail.com
So many fun fabrics! I love the Kokka Trefle French Stitch fabric - very tempting.
Ok, now this just adds to the reasons I want to go to LA (the other big one is pizza from Mozza!).
I love the Kei geo prints they have right now. Very unexpected but wonderful.
I love dots, so my favorite is the Nani Iro Pocho Dots -- in any color!
Chevron, I love the chevron.
I love the Metro Living collection - so crisp! Also, I love the shopping basket side bar - makes it so easy to compare!
I hate having to choose a favorite - I love fabric - and I swooned over about 30 different prints!! But I guess Sweetwater's reunion (Johnny Jacks specifically) makes me fall in love the most right now.
Thanks for the chance!
thanks for the giveaway I'd like to enter.
Gorgeous fabrics! I try not to venture into LA. Can't handle the traffic, but the shop looks like fun :-)
I love the flea market fancy, flower and dot. Thanks for the giveaway!
I love the new organics!
Anything Tula Pink - So I will go with Prince Charming.
I'm really into the Riley Blake Chevrons - I definitely need to pick some up! Thanks for the giveaway!
My favourite is Aneela Hoey's walk in the woods. I would just sit and pet it for hours.
Awesome! I would love any of the fabrics. I'm just addicted. LOL
I do love the nano iro pocho dots in ash. However there were many other fabrics I loved too, hard to make a choice! thanks for the giveaway.
I need some more "Walk in the Woods" by Moda, and it's on sale super cheap.
Thomas Knauer - Flock - Happy Dots - Blue and Yellow is awesome as well.
I could only look at the first 3 pages, because I was SO ENVIOUS of that beautiful fabric!!! I can NOT wait to start my job as a nurse, so I can build up my stash. This site is now settled at home on my bookmark toolbar. I will never forget about this store. It must be SO cool to have a shop you can hang out with younger people. I love my elders, but it's cool to hang out with quilters your own age (I'm 32 and look 18). Thanks for the chance to win!! Karrie Smith email@example.com
I want the Metro Living circles in all the colors :) I get to LA at least once/year - Someday I'll drop in.
I REALLY want to get my hands on some of this Monsterz fabric! I have my eye on those Riley Blake Chevrons too. :)
I'm hooked on Sweet Water Reunion right now.
Their shop looks wonderful - the sitting room especially is what puts it over the top of the list!
I love sale fabrics and always look in the sale section of a shop first. And I'm so happy to see that there is some Central Park still available there! Looks like I'm going to grab some of that up now :)
jshen37 at gmail dot com
I Love the To Market To Market in both the apple and mushroom! Your shop is amazing, a proper emporium! I wish we had somewhere like this in Manchester (UK). Although my husband and my bank manager probably wouldn't thank me!
I like the Birch Organics......all of them?
This is not a line that I know and it was fun to see and would be fun to add to my stash.
Oh, oh, oh THE LORAX!!! Anything from that fabric line!!! LOVE IT!!!
Great choice!
I like Riley Blake's 'Chevron' in orange and aqua!
I am in love with the Riley Blake Chevrons in every color.
I am in love with the Riley Blake Chevrons in every color.
I've been eyeing that Monsterz fabric actually. But I would love to just go crazy with Kona solids.
Thanks for the giveway - it looks like a cute shop!
enigmatic_15 at yahoo dot com
OOh, I really like that Walk in the Woods line, so darling!!
I really love Sweetwater's Baby Bunting in Cool Dusk - I've been thinking about making a twin size quilt for my son's bed featuring that print.
I love Sweetwater's Reunion fabric with the navy background and the different colored flowers on it. Wouldn't that make the cutest dress for a little girl?
Monsterz is too cute! What fun color combinations and characters!
i just love Yosuke Yonezu Crayon Drawing. I gotta have everything with airplanes on it!
I like Birch Organics - Commute - Gridlock Dot - love the colors and just the look of it.
I like Birch Organics - Commute - Gridlock Dot - love the colors and just the look of it.
Oh golly, they have so many cute fabrics! I love La Vie En Rose, Fuwari Coral, and Yoshiko Jizenji's multi stripe, but I can never think of what I want to do with those types of prints other than hang them on the wall and drool at them.
For stuff I'd actually be able to cut into, I love Birch's Commute To Work, the pezzy prints, Pearl Bracelet, and FMF eyelet.
Thanks for the giveaway! :)
Sounds like a fantastic shop! And every color of Kona cotton? Kona Heaven! I'm loving Flock right now, but they have lots of great stuff! Thanks so much for the giveaway chance o:)
Wish I was closer to LA would love to visit this shop.
Love the Birch Organics. So much fun.
Art Gallery Summerlove really speaks to me. Although, I ton of stuff in their shop looks interesting. The fabric in the giveaway is also very attractive! Thanks for having the giveaway!
Ooh this looks a fab shop and I'm in LA at the end of June, will have to make sure I visit :) anyway the fabric I really love is Kate Spain Good Fortune Floral Sakura Tea :)
Cute shop! My favorite is three words: flea. market. fancy.
I'm actually quite taken with Monsterz. I really like Sweet Dreamz.
The giveaway fabric is one that I am LOVING/NEEDING at the moment. Also am a big fan of Art Gallery so am loving their selection of that and last but ot least Birch's organics ellie farm is a must :)
Lovely, lovely shop !!!!
just in case :) !!!
I love Birch Organics - Mod Basics. The teal elephants and the dots are my faves! Thanks for the chance to win this great prize!!
I love all of the riley blake chevrons!
I really like the chevrons! I will definitely have to get some. Thanks for the chance to win this great bundle.
I've been drooling over at the Sew Modern site. My current favorite is
Art Gallery - Poetica - Rythmic - Gray.
The Art Gallery Summerlove prints look so soft and lovely, I'd say they're my fave right now.
Thanks for the giveaway, it does look like a great shop!
jefflgates at gmail dot com
That's easy I'm so coveting Riley Blake's Chevron right now. Just want giant sized pillows all over the place made out of this. Great store & great giveaway - thanks!
iliketoquilt at hotmail dot com
I am really loving dots right now, so their mod basics dotties by birch organics are really calling my name -- I just love them! firstname.lastname@example.com
about 10 yards of Kei Fabric - La Vie En Rose - Purple Flowers would probably cover it and be my current favorite!
Sew Modern is the best! My one and only fabric store. Thanks for the giveaway opp!
Right at this moment, my favorites are those cute Pezzy prints! love them in all the colors!
it's so hard to just pick one!
Summerlove is what I am drooling over at the moment. I love the feel of those Art Gallery fabrics! Thanks for the chance to win. :)
I'm loving the Riley Black chevrons....although the bundle you're giving away has been one I've been lusting after this week.
Love the dots and flowers by denise schmidt. Love dots anyway
How to pick just one?? Love so many of the Art Gallery fabrics, but I really, really love the movement in Monaluna Marin Soar. Could I pull off a sundress in this fabric? Or maybe just a plain quilt with quilting along the clouds? Perfect for storm watching! Thanks for the chance to win :)
I love, A Walk in the Woods, the whole line. Thanks for the giveaway!
So hard to choose, but after those adorable monsters, I'd chose some Riley Blake chevrons.
I have been looking for Cherry Fizz Grey Stripe. So happy to see they have it!
Those prints are adorable!!!
A Walk in the Woods is still WAY up there on my love list. And I saw a new one, SummerLove that is very pretty!
I love the Flea Market Fancy. I've wanted some for awhile, but they don't have it at my local shop.
Hey Julie! I love Sew Modern too! I just wish it was on this side of the hill...near Pasadena! Ha. I guess I can't have everything. Great fabric is enough.
My favorite fabric and designer is still Tula Pink Prince Charming. I'm working on a castle quilt for my son's new room since he's totally into knights right now. Good to know Sew Modern has it on sale now. I will have to venture to the westside soon!
Thanks again for the chance to win the awesome fabric!
I adore the FQ Bundle of Riley Blake Chevron fabrics. They are amazing!!! Thank you for the chance to win.
I love the Birch abacus fabrics.
Kona soilds! I wish i live closer, all of them in one spot WOW!
I'm loving Sweetwater - Reunion - Grace's Garden - Cherry. I wish I had a shop like that close by!
I love the Poetica by Art Gallery, all beautiful, my kind of prints!! Love the shop also..
I really enjoyed visiting the 'shop' and was attracted to the Birch Basics Commute and Mod Basics Line.
Would LOVE to win the bundle.
Thanks for the chance.
I wished I lived close by, how fun! I really like the half moon modern prints, the layer cake would be fun. :)
Love this line! I wish I lived in CA or had a reason to go so I could check out the store in person. Looks awesome.
Definitely loving the Chevrons right now, but I also really like Joel Dewberry Heirloom patterns. A lot of my favorite colors. Thanks!!
I didn't have to look far on their site. I'm digging the 7 Fat Quarters of Riley Blake Chevron.
I like Riley Blake - Verona - Main - Rouge. Thanks for the giveaway!
I am liking those monsters spotlights.
So many to choose from - I like Print and Pattern - To Market To Market - Pear and Pear. I love the colours and the symmetry of the pattern. What a great shop!
I am into apple prints right now - To Market - Apple - Red!
I'm going through a gray phase - so I'd have to say Parson Gray Curious Nature is my favorite on their site right now.
I would have to say I'm still loving Reunion by Sweetwater. I've had my eye on it and just got the chance to win 2 charm packs. I love it! Thanks for the chance.
Oh Chevrons, love them!
Post a comment ..mmmm.
How about ## BEAUTIFUL FABRIC GIVEAWAY
so hard to pick just one favorite, but I've recently been staring longingly at the Riley Blake Chevron fabrics in all the colors.
I love Riley Blake Verona.
Wow! The Kayo Horaguchi Rainbow Forest is my favorite, but all the fabrics at this shop are incredible. Beautiful!
Those Riley Blake chevrons are super fun! I haven't seen them before. Thanks for introducing me to Sew Modern, I haven't been up there yet, but it's on my list of things to do this summer :)
I was online virtually wandering through their shop this morning. The Kayo Horaguchi Night Forest is my favorite, but the Kiyohara Sweet Elephants in both blue and gray are wonderful, too.
My favorite of the moment is Metro Living in Marigold.
Love the Organic Pick a Bunch fabrics. Such happy prints!
We are heading south for the weekend so I'm going to have to see if the shop is anywhere near our travels. Thanks for the opportunity to enter your amazing giveaway!
loved browsing through the shop with my daughter. Our fave pic of the moment is Happy Mochi Yum Yum India Yellow. Thanks for the chance.
I just discovered http://shop.sewmodernonline.com/BUN+-+Summerlove.html
and like that a lot!
Thanks for the great giveaway, I love the To Market To Market Mushrooms and Onions, i haven't seen those prints before. :o)
It's too hard to narrow down to one, but two of my favs are the Kei Hearts and Dots and the To Market To Market Mushrooms.
Thanks for this opportunity.
I'll have stop by this shop the next time I'm in L.A. I would pick the Tangerine Tango Fat Quarter Bundle.
And maybe some Kona solids! Thanks for the giveaway.
I love that they have Fresh Cut (Heather Bailey) in charm packs. And Kei in all color combinations...Thank you for the chance.
OH WOW, what a great store...i will definitely have to visit if i ever get out that way! i really love the sitting area up front...that is such a great idea!!
Not sure why, but i am completely drawn to Kayo Horaguchi Night Forest...it would be great for several projects that i have in mind...mainly fabric canvas hangings...oohh i can picture it now hanging on my wall!
What a great shop, wish I could go in person! My favorite right now would be the RK kona bundles in Posiedon and Paradise. Mmmm, fun!
I really love the Chevron's from Riley Blake. Thanks for the chance to win!
what an awesome giveaway. i actually love this monsterz line right now. my little boy loves pink, so this mix of monsters and pink would sew up into a great quilt for him :) i love sew moderns selection and sales!
So hard to pick just one favorite. The Birch Organics mod basics would be near the top though; love those elephants and noticed the shop also has more Sweet Elephants from another line. Thanks for chance to win this great prize! (marshudson at comcast dot net)
Love tyhe Birch Organics Birdie Spokes in grey especially! Thanks for a chance at those cute monsterz!
Right now I am eyeing the chevron bundle by Riley Blake. I need to get that before too long. Thanks for sharing.
Love the store. American Janes' Prezzy Print is my favorite right now. I just love it. Sorry but I don't know how to make a link here so this will have to do http://shop.sewmodernonline.com/index.php?search=American%20Jane
I shall be back to buy some. Thanks so much for this giveaway.
Patti xxx
Love the store. American Janes' Prezzy Print is my favorite right now. I just love it. Sorry but I don't know how to make a link here so this will have to do http://shop.sewmodernonline.com/index.php?search=American%20Jane
I shall be back to buy some. Thanks so much for this giveaway.
Patti xxx
I'm dying to make a quilt with tangerine solids. The American Jane Pezzy Print Tonal Sky would be awesome with what's drumming in my mind.
It is wonderful that they have so many Kona solids- I frequently get frustrated when I look for certain solids locally and can't find them.
I love Riley Blake's Argyle- Red. Makes me smile.
My current favorite is Art Gallery summer love tokens of love in Aqua. Great combination of color!
I love the Echino Rolls Flowers! and what a gorgeous display in the shop so different from shops here in the Netherlands!
I like all of the "Nature Walk" fabrics at Sew Modern's online shop. Thanks for the opportunity to win your generous giveaway.
I really like the fat quarter stack of the Mod Basics Dottie. Thanks for offering this giveaway.
Kayo Horaguchi Rainbow Forest is one of my faves right now.
And, I am building my stash so I need some help in all areas and colors so this giveaway would help for sure! Thanks!
Oh my, what a difficult decision!
I have narrowed it down to Birch Commute and Art Gallery Poetica.
Summerlove is rocking my world right now. You're so lucky to have such a great shop so close to you. I live out in the sticks and we have to drive 45 miles to the nearest JoAnn's.
i love alexander henry's heath in any color. thanks!
What a great giveaway! I really like the Birch Organics Birdie Spokes.
I love the Riley Blake chevrons - I could use those in everything!! Awesome giveaway - thanks for the chance.
I love the Summerlove FQ bundle! May need to buy that...
I think I would have to say that I'm interested in Quilting Modern by Jacquie Gering & Katie Peterson. I really want to get a hold of that book! Thanks for the chance at the wonderful fabric!
love this fabric hope i win thanks for the giveaway
While I can never get enough of Tula Pink fabric (I'm working on collecting Parisville fabric to make her Kiss Kiss quilt), I am totally loving the Outfoxed fabric by Lizzie House. So cute!!! Thanks for another great giveaway!
A new shop to explore! The Echo line is lovely and Sweetwater's Reunion too. Thanks for the chance to win!
Love this shop! There are so many fun fabrics and such great prices on the sale items. I narrowed it down to three; Cloud 9 - Monsterz Static, Pat Bravo - Living Elements and Poetica.
Oooh!! This shop looks amazing!! If I ever go down to LA I will have to visit - and they have Ruby Star Shining pink typewriters!!! I have a yard of the green, but the pink is so cute! I love Melody Miller! Thanks for the chance to win!
katemcmate (at) gmail (dot) com
What a generous give away.
I love the blue and green Print & Pattern - To Market To Market - Pear - Pear.
The Art Gallery-Summerlove is a beautiful collection - and I haven't seen it before. The real-life shop looks really inviting, too!
I love all of those cloud 9 prints.
Just too darn cute. Thanks for the chance!
What a fun shop! I like Verona by Riley Blake. Thanks for the chance to win. email@example.com
Lovely store, beautiful fabrics my favorite is "Heather Bailey - Freshcut - Charm Pack" but I could use them all ☺
Happy Easter!
Way too much gorgeous stuff! But I do 'need' some Outfoxed and some Chevron and that Kei geo style would make an awesome skirt!
I Love Summerlove by Art Gallery, which is designed by Pat Bravo. So cute!
I love Sew Modern! I had no idea it was there until I joined mQG, but now I am an all too regular customer.
I am coveting their organic bicycle fabric at the moment....
thanks for the giveaway!
I really love Riley Blake's Verona line right now. The colors are really appealing to me right now. It's one of those that I probably need to start buying because I may regret not having any later ;).
Just saw Pear Tree. Love it. Haven't seen it before. Going to have to think what to do with some of that.
I really love the MonsterZ! It is SO cute! :)
I love great shops run by people who know their niche. It is so refreshing next to big chains with no specialists.
I like Sweetwater Reunion.
What a gorgeous shop!! I would persoanlly like to snaffle some Kei Fabric - La Vie En Rose - Aqua/Red FLowers just because it is so divine!
Thanks for the giveaway :)
i love art gallery oval elements!
ooh! Hard to choose, but I have to go with Cosmo Flower in red/pink! That is one hot fabric!!
Cute fabrics and the colors are great. Thanks for the chance to win
So many lovelies... but Flock and Peartree caught my eye and heart!!
I'm loving those Riley Blake chevrons but what color?!? So hard to decide--okay, RED!
Thanks for the chance!
Lucky you to have this shop so close! I really like the bold prints and colours of Art Gallery- Summerlove. It is something I would love to get my hands on! Thanks for a great giveaway.
I love Valeri Wells Karavan. Such fun fabrics. I can just see them in one of our granddaughter's rooms!
Eu tenho verdadeira paixão por sólidos e Kona é o meu sonho de consumo,já fui a duas lojas próximas de mim e nada...Acho que nem conhecem,eu conheço porque uma amiga trouxe de fora para mim,um vermelho maravilhoso,que eu usei em hexágonos,num corredor de tabela de natal,lindo.Obrigada pela chance e FELIZ PÁSCOAemail@example.com
Only 1??? OK, Birch Organics, Mod Basics
Ooohhh...great giveaway. I love the Nani stripes -- a lot. Thanks to all for the chance to win!
I just love Parson Gray right now. There is just something about the colors, the prints, and it might have something to do with recently having my first boy. :)
OHHHHHhhhhh Art Gallery...any Art Gallery. Looks like a fabulous shop. Hope I can visit one day!
Fiz uma visita rápida a SEW loja on line MODERNA,e é difícil de escolher,mas eu já venho apaixonada pelos tecidos de ANEELA HOEY,vou dizer que compraria toda linha dela(se tivesse dinheiro,é claro).Muito obrigado por estes tecidos lindos escolhidos para sorteio,você é uma talentosa e bom gosto não lhe falta.Uma excelente PÁSCOA para você.Deus te abençoe e muuuito firstname.lastname@example.com
Oh I so wish I had found this shop when I was visiting LA 6 moths ago. They have an awesome range. Will definitely be ordering form them. I love the Joel Dewberry range of Heirloom...one of my all time favs.
I was gonna squeal over Riley Blake Chevrons - oh that was a smart fabric pattern release. Let's hope it stays awhile!! But then I saw Print & Pattern To Market To Market - I think every stash needs some food in it!!
well, they had LOADS of the stuff on my wish list, but just scrolling down their front page i saw WONDERFUL things that i'd never seen before worth coveting! i LOVED the Kie Fabrics 'Hearts and Dots' in aqua, grey or green to match up with their 'La Vie en Rose' in aqua and red..., SO yummy!
(Or some Kokka Trefle French Stitch would be nice, too :)
I love jennifer Paganelli's Crazy Love Victoria in Green a close second to Kei fabric Hearts and Dots in Aqua
Kim in Sydney
Love me some Echo--have some prints but not all.
What a beautiful bundle of fabric. Greta shop. Thank you for the giveaway.
I love Crazy Love but equally in love with Prince Charming.
I've been browsing online and Birch Beach Mod is tugging at my heart strings. The whimsical drawings and fresh colorways are delightful.
Quilt shops are my weakness. What beautiful, modern fabrics! I can't wait to place my first order!
The fabric that is one of my favorites - too many to list - is Riley Blake Chevrons in "pick a color, any color"... Thanks for the chance. I can see a cute kid's quilt made from the giveaway bundle.
I love Verona-all of it
Riley Blake's Verona is my current favourite!
My favorite at this exact moment is Joel Dewberry Heirloom Ornate Floral Amethyst.
I have to say I've had my eye on Riley Blake's chevrons....every single color. It's so bright and fun! firstname.lastname@example.com
Hi Julie! I'm loving the Riley Blake Chevrons at the moment & Sew Modern's prices are some of the best I've seen for it online.
I really like all of the Birch Organics-Mod Basics. Thanks for a chance to win.
I love the chevrons, but I also really love the Birch Organics Birdie Spokes! So cute!
chancyf (at) gmail (d0t) com


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text:
And we wrap up this week's All Tech Considered with a story out of Finland.
This past weekend, 80 people from six countries competed in the annual Mobile Phone Throwing World Championships. The Finns shut out the competition, winning first, second and third place overall.
SIEGEL: The top tosser threw his handheld device an impressive 320 feet. The top woman on the field was a 31-year-old Swede - Asa Lundgren. Her distance: 132 feet. She's a newcomer to the sport but threw javelin in her youth.
ASA LUNDGREN: I like throwing things, but I'm not throwing anything in anger.
BLOCK: Lundgren's boyfriend, who competed last year, urged her to compete. She used a broken Siemens phone to practice. But like all entrants, she could not bring her own equipment to the competition. Cellphones were provided.
LUNDGREN: First, it was a big basket with mobile phone, and you need to choose one. Most of the mobile phones were, of course, Nokia ones. But I took the Siemen phone, and it felt very good for me.
SIEGEL: For her winning effort in the Mobile Phone Throwing World Championships, Lundgren - a doctor - was awarded about $260. And she has this advice for those of us interested in taking up the sport.
LUNDGREN: Go out and practice. Start right now. I think there will be more competitors next year.
SIEGEL: Asa Lundgren, female world champion mobile phone thrower.
BLOCK: And you heard her - get that cellphone ready and start throwing.
(SOUNDBITE OF THEME MUSIC) Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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While you are entering your personal data, you are obligated to provide true, accurate, valid and complete information (and as long as you use our account on the web site, to update those information so they can be accurate, valid and complete).
You are responsible for maintaining confidentiality and security of your username, password and account, and will be responsible for all activities that happened on account that is protected by your password, as well as all usage of your username and password, whether you are, or not authorized other person. You agree to notify ANJA COSMETICS D.O.O. about every unauthorized use of your password, and every other violation of website security.
You agree that you are not using the website to violate local, republic and international laws and other law acts (files, documents). You agree that you are not representing yourself as other person or entity or on any other way false represent your connection with person or entity.
It is forbidden you to influence or obstruct the web site, server or networks related with web site. You agree not to use programs for data mining, robots or similar methods for collecting or extradition data of web site. It is strictly forbidden to unauthorized access any part of the web site or any other account, computer system or networks connected with web site, through hacking, stealing passwords or misuse on any other way.
Anja Cosmetics D.O.O. doesn't want to receive from you confidential information that cannot be freely disposed. Every material, information or other statements that you transfer or send will not be considered confidential or those ones that cannot be freely disposed. A-cosmetics.net doesn't have any obligations for these statements. Our employees can copy, reveal, distribute, apply in any other way use these statements, as well as data, pictures, sound, text and all other materials contained in them for any kind of commercial and noncommercial purposes.
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Anja Cosmetics D.O.O. may suspend, temporarily suspend or modify your account or access the website or parts of the website, without notice, for any reason.
Of course, this data set does not include your personal information. They are in accordance with our Privacy Policy, we use for internal use only, do not disclose to any third parties, but we use solely for the purpose of processing your online orders.
Alexandar D.O.O. endeavors to publish and update the content of the web site and to provide customers with accurate information. However, Alexander D.O.O. cannot guarantee the accuracy, precision or comprehensiveness of the data that exist on the website. All content and information on the web site are designed only for informational purposes. In providing information about products, Alexandar D.O.O. partly relies on the description of the products made by manufacturers and third parties. It may happen that the material on this website has technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Alexandar D.O.O. disclaims all warranties of any kind (including, but not limited to, express, implied or statutory) as to the accuracy, completeness, reliability content and information on the web site. We do not endorse any advice that you came through the web site.
Alexandar D.O.O. has put every effort to display the colors of products on the website as accurately as possible. However, the actual colors you see are dependent on many factors including screen used and its calibration or monitor settings. Alexandar DOO does not guarantee that the display of any color is accurate. If you are for any reason unhappy with your experience in using the Web site, please contact us at: [email protected] or by phone: +381 21 455 558
Alexandar D.O.O. strives to provide continuous access to the website, without obligation. It is noted that for the purposes of maintenance, synchronizing data, installation and all other actions technical requirements, access to the web site can be disabled. Alexandar D.O.O. is not responsible for the inability to access the website, or for the consequences to the user that may result from it. By using the Web site, you accept full responsibility for any damage caused by downloading the documents and contents of the web site.
Alexandar D.O.O. shall not be liable for any direct or indirect damages caused by outages, faults and defects on the website. Alexandar D.O.O. shall not be liable for any personal injury, lost profits or other damages arising from the inadequate use of the Web Site.
Each user must have permission to use content from the web site, which is not exclusive, and that is for private use. In this respect, the user is forbidden to copy or reproduce the content partially or entirely, by any means and in any format, now and in the future, to translate the application into another language or dialect, or to adjust an application or site that has any means other than the use of which he is authorized under this instruction. Alexandar D.O.O. is not responsible for the direct or indirect consequences and damage that can lead to inaccurate information or piracy.
Alexandar D.O.O. does not assume responsibility for the result of the advice that are given to the user. Alexandar D.O.O. makes no warranty, express or implied, and assumes no responsibility for the implementation of Council and the application of the product. They are given in terms of the instructions for use and must be verified by a qualified person. For further information or in case of any doubts, the user can contact the following address: [email protected] and by phone: +381 21 455 558.
The links that are on our Web site may take the user to the websites of various associates, or independent producers solely to facilitate the work. If you use these links, you will leave our web site. Alexandar D.O.O. does not control the websites of independent producers and companies and is not responsible for any of these links, or their content. Therefore, we do not endorse or make any representations about them, or any information, software or other products or materials found there, or any results that may be obtained from using them. If you decide to access any of the links that are connected to our website, you do so entirely at your own risk.
Personal data that you forward to the website Alexandar-cosmetics.com, for registration in purpose of access to the price lists and Online purchases orders, will be treated in accordance to the Privacy policy on the web. In order to successfully process your order, we need your first name, surname, address, e-mail and telephone number. With the help of these data, we will be able to deliver your goods, as well as to inform you about order current status. We commit ourselves to keep all our costumers privacy protected.
We collect only a necessary and basic data about users, and data necessary for the business and informing users in accordance with good business customs and in order to provide quality services. We give customers choice, including the possibility to decide if they want to be removed from the mailing lists or not. All user data are strictly protected and are available only to employees, which they need for professional purposes. All employees at Alexandar D.O.O. are obligated to respect basic acts of privacy. We obligate ourselves that collected data are not used in any other purpose, and not be forwarded to other parties.
Besides specified, we collect, analyze and process data about products that our visitors require and buy, as well as the data about visited websites. Those data are used to improve our offer and appearance of our website pages, to make ability of easier usage and ordering.
Website Alexandar-cosmetics.com uses Cookies. Like it is usual on every internet site, for registration it is necessary that you approve Cookies. Cookies are standardly included in most of the Internet searching programs. Cookies represent small files that have been stocked on user computer for the purpose of easier navigation on the site and for personalized services. In order to benefit from a set of functions on the website, it is recommended to set your browser to accept cookies. Cookies do not include data that can identify you, and they are designed so that only Alexandar D.O.O. can use them. Cookie is textual file that has been placed on your hard disc by the web server. Cookies could not be used to start the program or to deliver virus to your computer. Cookies are uniquely assigned to you, and can only be read by the web server in the domain by which you've received them. Basic purpose of the Cookies is to provide benefits that can save you time during the visit on our website.
USERS CONSENT and CHANGE OF TERMS OF USE
Using our Web Site complies with user's consent to these terms. Alexandar D.O.O. reserves all rights to amend the Terms of Use, in terms of compliance with new regulatory or legislative measures and shall be deemed to have been accepted by the user without any reservations. Alexandar D.O.O. may revise these Terms at any time by updating this document. Conditions are binding on all users and it is considered that each user is familiar with it.
If you are using Alexandar-cosmetics.com you are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account and password you received when registering on the website. Using Alexandar-cosmetics.com website, you are responsible for all activities that occur by your account and your password. We reserve the right to refuse service, terminate account, or cancel your order, if we find that they are not in compliance with Terms of Use. The information that you provided in purpose of registration on Alexandar-cosmetics.com we will use for the realization of orders and establishing business contacts and will not be used for any other purpose or in any way transmitted or sold to third parties.
Web site www.alexandar-cosmetics.com is available for all computing devices for general or personal purpose, desktop or laptop, which are using some of the following operating systems: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Free BSD and others.
Access to the website www.alexandar-cosmetics.com is enabled through computer programs (browsers), such as: Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Microsoft Internet Explorer, etc., Direct typing in a link to our web site or by specifying key words in some web browsers: Google, Yahoo, Ask, AOL, Bing, Netscape and others.
Website www.alexandar-cosmetics.com can be accessed through all the tablet devices and mobile phones, which are used by some of the following operating systems: Android, iOS, Windows. Web site is adjusted for the use of all devices that are often used. It's accessible in any screen size device, or any resolution of the screen.
On desktop and laptop computers, the web site is accessible on different screen sizes, which are expressed in inches: 12 ", 15", 17 ", 19", 21 ", 22", 24 " etc.
The recommended screen resolution at which the appearance of the website www.alexandar-cosmetics.com is optimal is width of 1200 px.
In order to download and review price list, you need to register on our website, by filling the registration form with your personal information on the Registration page and create an account with a valid e-mail address. On that e-mail you will receive a password that you will use during logging in. By registering on our website and logging into your account, you will be able to download and view the complete price list of our product assortment.
When you select a category from the product menu, products prices will be located next to each product. Prices on the website are expressed including VAT. By entering into any of the product categories, you have the option to download a price list of all products from category you are in, in PDF format. To browse the price list in PDF, you need Adobe Reader, a program that reads these files.
Also, below the menu, on the left side, is stated the price converter, where you have the opportunity to choose the currency in which you want to display prices on our web site. By default, in Serbian version of the site, the prices are stated in dinars, while in the English version of the website prices are in euros. Products in selected category can be sort by prices from the highest one to the lowest one, and vice versa.
If your possibility of downloading and reviewing price lists expires, you can request an extension by logging into your account, and on the page "My Account" checking your data and clicking on the "Request for extension of the price view ".
In order to create account and register on our website, it is necessary to fill in the registration form, which is located on the Registration page.
In order to complete the registration, please enter your personal data in the fields and fill required, which are marked with *. Also, you need to enter a valid e-mail address so that the password can be send to you. This password you will use when logging into your account. When you fill out the registration form with complete and valid data, click "Send".
By registering on our website, you can accomplish the following:
- Reviewing and downloading complete price list from our product range (assortment).
- Online ordering products via the web site.
- Possibility to contact us and send us a message at any time. You will receive reply as soon as possible.
After completing the registration, in your E-mail, you will receive a confirmation registration message, which will include a password, with which you will be able to log into your account. Please after registration is completed, check your Inbox and Spam (Junk) folder. In case you didn't receive E-mail with the confirmation of registration, this means that during the filling the registration form you haven't entered a valid e-mail address.
For more information, please contact our web support by phone:
+382 (0) 20/67-13-79 or +382(0)68/02-90-80.
Note: In case of entering incomplete or incorrect data in the registration form, you will not be able to access price lists.
Products are organized by categories that you can overview through the product main menu. You need to click on one of the categories in the main menu "Products", located in the header of the website and then it's going to open a list of subcategories that contains the desired category. Clicking on the open subcategories, all products from the chosen category will be open. If you are registered on our website and logged in your account, in this review you will be able to see the products price. So you can read a more detailed product description or view an enlarged photo of the product, you need to click on the desired product in a thumb view (a little icon (picture) that is located in the product group).
If you want to view the products of the same main category that you clicked on the main menu of the products, on the left side will appear the other subcategories, which allows faster access to categories of similar content. If you still want to review the products of the other major category, it is necessary to click again on the desired category in the product main menu, after which will a subcategory open.
Products search is simple, fast and effective way for buyer to find a desired product. Searching products speed of the desired product is of great importance for the efficiency of order process.
Search for products on our website are being proceed via the Search field, located on the right side of the product main menu. The system performs product search for a given keyword, so that he follows title, code, or product category to show the closest result.
Clicking on the Search button opens up the field to enter the desired words and phrases for searching the product base.
In order to create your own account on our web site, first you have to register with your valid e-mail address on page "Registration". After successful registration, you will receive an e-mail with your own password that you will need to log into your account on our web site. Login to your account is located in the header of the site, at the top (next to the icon for Facebook and Twitter), where you may find fields for entering the e-mail address, that you entered during registration, and a password that you received upon the registration.
Logging into your account on our web site you can accomplish the following:
- Possibility to review and download complete price list of our product assortment.
- Ordering products online through the website.
- On your account you can review all data that you entered during your registration, as well as the date by which you can download price lists. In case you need to change your personal data (address, phone number…), you can modify them on page "Change Data".
- In case you wish to contact us, ask any questions, send us your suggestions or complain, you can send us a massage on page "My Account", where you have the possibility to send a new massage. You will receive a response as soon as possible.
- On "My Account" page you can read new received massages, as well as review all sent and received massages.
- In case you wish to log out from your account, you can do so by clicking on the icon "Log Out".
Dear customers,
If you have purchased any device from our offer, and you have a problem with it (within the warranty period or beyond), our service department is here to help you. You can contact our customer service every day from 08h to 20h and Saturday from 08h to 15.30h, at the following phone number +382 20 671 379
Direct lines for complaints and service are:+382 20 671 379
Anja cosmetics D.O.O. guarantees the quality of products from its product range (assortment). The warranty period for all electrical devices from our product range is 2 years from the date of sale printed on the receipt. All products are original brands and conform to the specifications listed on the website or in the instructions for use.
The provider of guarantee, in the warranty period, at its own expense, provides troubleshooting and product defects arising from mismatches actual with prescribed, more specifically declared quality product characteristics. In case of failure of this obligation, the provider of the guarantee will replace product with new one or return money to the buyer.
The buyer loses the right of warranty if the defect is caused by not following the instructions given for use, and if the product has been repaired by unauthorized persons.
In order to avoid misunderstandings, during the delivery, it is the seller and the buyer duty to review the product and to indicate possible mechanical damage, in which case the product will be replaced.
After a certain period of use, the product stops working within the warranty period or beyond, please let us know about it. Please be sure to keep the fiscal receipt for the duration of the warranty period, because without it you will not be able to achieve the warranty terms. In case we are not able to repair or replace the complaint product with new one cause of sellout, we will refund your money. The deadline for refund and determining the authenticity of what has the customer stated during the returning goods is 21 days from receiving goods to the service.
To obtain the right to claim it is necessary to:
- Defect (malfunction) of the complaint product you can report to the customer service at the phone number 020 671 379, which will refer you to the further procedure.
- Complaint item must be delivered in original packaging with all the components / documentation.
- You need to submit for review a fiscal receipt as proof of purchase.
- You need to write a concise description of the defect.
- All information about the status of a product that is on service the customer only receives from customer service.
Potrošač ima pravo da odustane od ugovora zaključenog na daljinu, odnosno izvan poslovnih prostorija u roku od 14 dana, bez navođenja razloga. Potrošač snosi direktne troškove vraćanja robe. Potrošač je odgovoran za umanjenu vrednost robe koja nastane kao posledica rukovanja robom na način koji nije adekvatan, odnosno prevazilazi ono što je neophodno da bi se ustanovili priroda, karakteristike i funkcionalnost robe.
Potrošač ostvaruje pravo na odustanak od ugovora izjavom koju može dati na posebnom obrascu za odustanak od ugovora zaključenog na daljinu, odnosno izvan poslovnih prostorija ili na drugi nedvosmislen način. Obrazac za odustanak od ugovora se može preuzeti na našoj internet stranici.
Preuzmite obrazac
Izjava o odustanku od ugovora kod ugovora na daljinu i ugovora koji se zaključuju izvan poslovnih prostorija smatra se blagovremenom ukoliko je poslata trgovcu u roku od 14 dana od trenutka zaključenja ugovora.
Izjava o odustanku od ugovora proizvodi pravno dejstvo od dana kada je poslata trgovcu.
Potrošač nema pravo da odustane od ugovora u slučaju:
pružanja usluga, nakon što je usluga u potpunosti izvršena ako je pružanje usluge počelo nakon izričite prethodne saglasnosti potrošača i uz njegovu potvrdu da zna da gubi pravo na odustanak od ugovora kada trgovac u potpunosti izvrši ugovor;
isporuke robe ili pružanja usluga čija cena zavisi od promena na finansijskom tržištu na koje trgovac ne može da utiče i koje mogu nastati u toku roka za odustanak;
isporuke robe proizvedene prema posebnim zahtevima potrošača ili jasno personalizovane;
isporuke robe koja je podložna pogoršanju kvaliteta ili ima kratak rok trajanja;
isporuke zapečaćene robe koja se ne može vratiti zbog zaštite zdravlja ili higijenskih razloga i koja je otpečaćena nakon isporuke;
isporuke robe koja se, nakon isporuke, zbog svoje prirode neodvojivo meša sa drugom robom;
isporuke alkoholnih pića čija je cena dogovorena u vreme zaključivanja ugovora o prodaji i čija se isporuka može izvršiti tek nakon 30 dana od dana zaključenja ugovora, a čija stvarna cena zavisi od promena cena na tržištu na koje trgovac ne može da utiče;
ugovora kojima potrošač izričito zahteva posetu od strane trgovca u cilju sprovođenja hitnih popravki ili održavanja; ukoliko prilikom ove posete trgovac pruži i druge usluge osim onih koje je potrošač konkretno zahtevao ili dostavi drugu robu osim delova za zamenu koji su neophodni za održavanje ili izvršenje popravke, pravo na odustanak od ugovora se odnosi na ove dopunske usluge ili robu;
isporuke zapečaćenih audio, video zapisa ili računarskog softvera, koji su otpečaćeni nakon isporuke;
isporuke novina, periodičnih izdanja ili časopisa osim pretplatničkih ugovora za isporuku ovih izdanja;
ugovora zaključenih na javnoj aukciji;
pružanja smeštaja koji nije u stambene svrhe, transporta robe, usluga iznajmljivanja automobila, usluga pripreme i dostavljanja hrane ili usluga povezanih sa slobodnim aktivnostima ukoliko ugovor predviđa konkretni rok ili period izvršenja;
isporuke digitalnog sadržaja koji nije isporučen na trajnom nosaču zapisa ako je izvršenje započelo posle prethodne izričite saglasnosti potrošača i njegove potvrde da zna da na taj način gubi pravo na odustanak od ugovora.
By registering on our website and logging into your account, you can get the possibility to place order Online from our product assortment.
From the menu, select the desired item and click on the (button) "Order".
After the first item being ordered, the order is being formed, which remains active until you complete the ordering process. At any moment you can interrupt the ordering and continue it for several days, because the active orders will be open.
In process of ordering items, there is a possibility of viewing the current order status, where you can track amount of the ordered products, as well as the total amount of your order.
After selecting all the items that you are interested in, in the current order, click "Finish and order". Then you will be able to check and modify your data, if there has been any changing (shipping address, contact phone number). Also, you will be able to choose the delivery and payment method.
Then, your order will be automatically forwarded to our sales department, who will contact you in proper time, to confirm all the details.
For any questions or problems while ordering, you can contact our sales department at:
Phone Number mob: +382 (0) 68 039 080 or +382 (0) 68 049 080 (every working day and Saturday day ) from 08:00 to 20:00
E-mail: [email protected]
Dear customers,
At any time, during the working hours of our sales department, on workdays from 08h to 20h and Saturday from 08h to 15.30h, you can call our CALL CENTERS
Podgorica tel: +382 (0) 68 049 080 e-mail: [email protected]
Budva tel: +382 (0) 68 039 080 e-mail: [email protected]
H. Novi tel: +382 (0) 68 019 080 e-mail: [email protected]
Bar tel: +382 (0) 68 858 101 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Veleprodaja tel:+382 (0) 68 029 140 e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
and verbally leave your order.
You need to know exact name or code of the item you want to order, and order quantity, in order to avoid confusion during the package sending. Also, it is necessary to leave your complete contact details (personal data) (name, address and telephone number) so your order could be properly realized.
Dear customers,
Complete products assortment is available at our stores:
>A-Cosmetics Professional
Budva, Obilaznica, Rozino bb
Tel: +382 33 466 272
Mob: +382 68 389 080
e-mail: [email protected]
fb: A-Cosmetics professional Budva
Instagram: acosmetics_montenegro
>A-Cosmetics Professional
Herceg Novi, Igalo,Save Ilića 8
Tel: +382 31 337 486
Mob: +382 68 019 080
e-mail: [email protected]
fb: A-Cosmetics professional Herceg Novi
Instagram: acosmetics_montenegro
>A-Cosmetics Professional
Podgorica, City kvart ul. Radoja Dakića 17
Tel: +382 20 220 984
Mob: +382 68 049 080
e-mail: [email protected]
fb: A-Cosmetics professional Podgorica
Instagram: acosmetics_montenegro
>A-Cosmetics Professional 2
Podgorica, Bulevar Bratstva i Jedinstva 31
Mob: +382 68 039 080
e-mail: [email protected]
fb: A-Cosmetics professional Podgorica
Instagram: acosmetics_montenegro
>Urban Pro Cosmetics
Bar, Jovana Stojanovića f1
Mob: +382 68 858 101
e-mail: email@example.com
fb: A-Cosmetics professional Podgorica
Instagram: acosmetics_montenegro
Budva, TQ Plaza ,Mediteranska bb
Tel: +382 78 119 780
Mob: +382 68 079 080
e-mail: [email protected]
fb: A-Exclusive Instagram: acosmetics_montenegro
By visiting our stores it is possible to get all the necessary information and assistance about everything you are interested in as well as the opportunity to experience all the new products from beauty world.
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Copying, distribution and use of content on website, partially or entirely, in any form, for other purposes (private or commercial) is strictly prohibited. Also, except mentioned, user is forbidden to use any of the website content, partially or entirely, without a previous written permission of the copyright owner. It is allowed to use website in informational purposes only, according to the terms of use.
Anja Cosmetics D.O.O. has every rights and special permits for use and publishing content on website a-cosmetics.net, that has been taken over by third party, the independent producers.
Unauthorized use, copying or any kind of distribution any part of website or content (website name, logo, texts, pictures, photos, videos and audio materials, database, software, programming code), without permission of the copyright owner, is considered to be copyright infringement and it subjects to lawsuits. For violation any part of terms of use is competent commercial Court in Podgorica, as well as all international courts, which area of expertise is copyrights protection.
Delivery of items that you ordered is processed in shortest possible time via courier service:
- "Daily Express" delivery service, which is also our recommendation as the safe and effective method of package delivery.
- "Post Express" official courier service of Post of Serbia, which has the option of sending packages abroad.
- Courier service of your choice.
Courier services will, in accordance with their working hours, deliver your shipment by the following principle:
- Orders received on workdays until 12h are being shipped the next business day.
- Orders received on workdays after 12h are being delivered after two business days.
- Orders received on Fridays until 12h are being delivered on Saturday.
- Orders received Fridays after 12h and weekends are being delivered on Tuesday.
Goods payment is provided in following two ways:
- By invoices through the company account (for legal entities).
- Cash on delivery while taking packages from the courier.
For any questions or problems during the ordering you can contact our sales department at:
Phone Number: +382 68 04-90-80 (every day from 08:00 to 20:00 and Saturdays from 08:00 to 15:30 h)
E-mail: [email protected]
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