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Hasbro Furreal Friends MY Lost Little PUP Manual
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Hasbro Furreal Friends MY Lost Little PUP, size: 1.5 MB
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User reviews and opinions
|6:07am on Sunday, October 3rd, 2010
|This item is mislabeled. It is not for motorolal, it is for iphone only! really like it, have had it for over a month and it holds up well and is very pretty. great buy!
|7:58am on Monday, August 16th, 2010
|I have always wanted a smart phone that was not outdated by the time my two year contract was up.
|1:09pm on Saturday, June 5th, 2010
|First to all the people who say that this is different than the verizon model; do some reasearch before you post. Second.
|11:10am on Wednesday, March 31st, 2010
|All in all I love this phone, only one I can think that is better is the Samsung I9000 Galaxy S.
|7:28am on Sunday, March 14th, 2010
|i got this flew in from the US and i must say it looked good as i brought it out, i was even impressed by the apps it had on the phone.
Comments posted on www.ps2netdrivers.net are solely the views and opinions of the people posting them and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of us.
73208 Asst.
2003 Hasbro. All Rights Reserved. denotes Reg. U.S. Pat. & TM Office. U.S. Patent Pending 73208 Asst. P/N 6306510000
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Thank you for purchasing the FURREAL FRIENDS My Lost Little Pup toy, the puppy that really needs a home! Requires 4 x 1.5V "AA"/LR6 alkaline batteries (not included). Phillips/cross head screwdriver (not included) needed to insert batteries. The FURREAL FRIENDS My Lost Little Pup is an adorable lost puppy who needs your love and attention as well as a loving new home! Your puppy has been searching for a new home and caretaker. Its your job to nurture and love your puppy. Be sure to take good care of your FURREAL FRIENDS My Lost Little Pup by following the instructions in this booklet! To begin playing with your FURREAL FRIENDS My Lost Little Pup, you must first install batteries.
Pull back the plush flap, and using a Phillips/cross head screwdriver, loosen screw in battery compartment cover (screw stays attached to cover) on the bottom. Insert 4 X 1.5V "AA"/LR6 alkaline batteries. Replace cover and tighten screw.
1. Always follow the instructions carefully. Use only batteries specified and be sure to insert item correctly by matching the + and polarity markings. 2. Do not mix old batteries and new batteries or standard (carbon-zinc) with alkaline batteries. 3. Remove exhausted or dead batteries from the product. 4. Remove batteries if product is not to be played with for a long time. 5. Do not short circuit the supply terminals. 6. Should this product cause, or be affected by, local electrical interference, move it away from other electrical equipment. Reset (switching off and back on again or removing and re-inserting batteries) if necessary. 7. RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES: Do not mix these with any other types of battery. Always remove from the product before recharging. Recharge batteries under adult supervision. DO NOT RECHARGE OTHER TYPES OF BATTERIES.
1. Be sure to insert the batteries correctly and always follow the toy and battery manufacturers' instructions; 2. Do not mix old batteries and new batteries or alkaline, standard (carbon-zinc) or rechargeable (nickel-cadmium) batteries; 3. Always remove weak or dead batteries from the product.
Please retain this information for future reference. Batteries should be replaced by an adult.
Your FURREAL FRIENDS My Lost Little Pup consists of the following parts:
In the first few days of getting your puppy you will need to pet and brush him with his brush to make him happy and pretty. As you interact with him you will be able to watch him progress and become happy through his various stages. To turn your My Lost Little Pup ON, pull back the plush flap over the battery door and switch the ON/OFF switch to ON. Then replace the flap.
Forehead Sensor
Back Sensor Wagging Tail
Opening and Closing Eyes
Your puppy makes a variety of realistic barking, panting, and whimpering sounds to let you know when he is happy, playful, sleepy, or needs some love and attention!
Your puppy comes with a special brush so that you can make him look adorable! Be sure to brush your puppys fur every day and he will be happy!
Once turned on, your sleepy My Lost Little Pup will begin to wake up. Pet him on his back and he will start to gently move his body to an upright position, whimper, and then gently move back down to his resting position. Now its time to play with your puppy!
Your puppy is like a real puppy in many ways. Show him lots of love and affection to keep him happy!
Your My Lost Little Pup is still very tired and has his eyes closed! Youll need to spend some time giving your puppy lots of love and affection by petting or brushing his fur. Listen carefully as he whimpers and begins to wake up.
Continue petting and brushing your puppy and watch as he begins to sit up and his eyes start to open. Listen to him bark happily while you are taking care of him!
Your puppy will be so happy now that you have given him a home and are taking care of him that he will sit up in a full upright position and wag his tail excitedly. Listen to him bark and watch as his eyes open all the way!
To clean your puppys fur, gently brush him with a cloth or soft brush to loosen any dirt. Then use a slightly damp cloth to remove stains. - DO NOT PUT IN THE WASHING MACHINE - DO NOT SUBMERGE IN WATER - DO NOT GET WET EXCEPT A DAMP CLOTH ON THE FUR - TO PREVENT STAINING THE FUR, WIPE DIRT OFF IMMEDIATELY - IF THE PUPPY GETS WET, REMOVE THE BATTERIES AND DRY THE FUR - ONCE COMPLETELY DRY, REPLACE THE BATTERIES - DO NOT USE DETERGENT OR STAIN REMOVERS ON THE FUR
High temperature will destroy the unit. Do not leave unit in direct sunlight. Clean only with a piece of soft dry cloth.
NOTE: Please remember to turn the ON/OFF switch to the OFF position if he will not be played with for a while, to conserve battery life. If you do not play with your puppy for a few days, he will become sad and look for your attention. It may take him a day to reach his happy state once again.
- Prevent spills of food and beverage on the unit. - Do not throw or kick the product, and do not push sharp objects through the speaker openings.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy, and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: - Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. - Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver. - Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help
Terms and Conditions of Entry HASBRO FurReal Friends Lil Patter Pups Competition
1. Information on how to enter form part of these Conditions of Entry for the HASBRO FurReal Friends Lil Patter Pups competition. 2. There is one method of entry for this competition. Online To enter, entrants must log onto the Nickelodeon website (www.nickelodeon.com.au) and either; 1) Register their Nick Name and Password by providing the following information; First name, Last name, Address, State, Postcode, Date of birth, whether they are a girl or a boy, their email address, and some other optional information; or 2) If the entrant has previously registered their details they are only required to enter their Nick Name and Password in order to enter the competition. Entrants must tell us why their bedroom needs a makeover (in 25 words or less). 3. Entry is open only to kids aged 5 - 15 years as at 20/06/2009 who are Australian residents. Employees and immediate families of Nickelodeon Australia and agencies associated with this promotion are ineligible to enter. 4. The HASBRO FurReal Friends Lil Patter Pups competition commences from 24/05/2009 at 9am and entries close 20/06/2009 at 11:59pm. Entries received after the closing date will not be eligible to enter. 5. The competition will be judged from June 22 to 26, 2009. 6. The competition is a game of skill. 7. The judging will be held at Nickelodeon offices, 5 Thomas Holt Drive, North Ryde, NSW 2113. 8. There will be 10 winners, who will receive the following: FurReal Friends Lil Patter Pups Pomeranian (each valued at $46.99) 9. The total prize value for the competition is $469.90 10. The winner will be notified by phone, mail or email. All reasonable efforts will be taken to contact prize winners. 11. No responsibility will be taken for late or lost entries. 12. Prizes are not transferable or redeemable for cash. The promoter accepts no responsibility for any variation in the value of the prizes. The promoter reserves the right to substitute any prize for an item of similar value. 13. The value of the major prize is the maximum value of prizes the winner can claim. For any purchases exceeding this limit, the prize winner is welcome to pay the difference. 14. Lost or stolen gift cards cannot be replaced or refunded and are not redeemable for cash or to purchase additional gift cards. 15. The prize winner must provide proof of identity upon collection of the prize that matches the details on the winning entry form. In the event that the prize winner is unable to
provide proof of identity, their legal guardian must show proof of identification in their place. 16. The promoter reserves the right to use the winners name, voice, and likeness for advertising and publicity purposes in any media in perpetuity without additional compensation. 17. The Promoter accepts no responsibility for any additional costs that may be associated with prize, any loss or damage whatsoever which is suffered (including but not limited to indirect or consequential loss) or for any personal injury suffered or sustained as a result of the prize except for any liability which cannot be excluded by law. 18. In the event of war, terrorism, state of emergency, disaster or cancellation, the promoter reserves the right to cancel, terminate, modify or suspend the promotion. 19. The Judges decision is final. No correspondence will be entered into. 20. All entries become the property of Nickelodeon Australia and may be used for promotional purposes. By entering the competition, each entrant consents to their personal information being entered on to a database. 21. The promoter is Nickelodeon Australia Pty Limited ABN 643 021, 5 Thomas Holt Drive, North Ryde NSW 2113.
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manuel d'instructions, Guide de l'utilisateur | Manual de instrucciones, Instrucciones de uso | Bedienungsanleitung, Bedienungsanleitung | Manual de Instruções, guia do usuário | инструкция | návod na použitie, Užívateľská príručka, návod k použití | bruksanvisningen | instrukcja, podręcznik użytkownika | kullanım kılavuzu, Kullanım | kézikönyv, használati útmutató | manuale di istruzioni, istruzioni d'uso | handleiding, gebruikershandleiding
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Medieval Queen Missy Martinez is the fucking boss. She gets whatever cock she wants, and demands constant satisfaction. When a peasant couple comes in asking the Queen to bless their marriage, she catches one glimpse of James Deen and decides he's just the man to plow her Royal Ass.
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text: Ok so I just finished building up my first track bike and I think my chain line might be off, but I'm not sure. It's a pake frame, with a shimano BB, Sugino crank, Formula track hub, and a dura-ace 16t cog and lockring. I need to measure again to be sure, but it seems like it may be off 5mm or so, and the 1/8" chain is making some noise. It could be just because the chain is new but what do you guys think? And consequently if my chain line is off, how can I adjust it?


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Charles A. Campbell, Sussex landscaper
Charles Anthony Campbell, 26, of Dagsboro passed away Monday, July 14, 2014, at the Atlantic General Hospital in Berlin, Md.
Charles was born in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., and was a 2006 graduate of Sussex Technical High School in Georgetown. He was a landscaper.
Charles is survived by his parents, Russell and Cheryl Campbell; his brothers, Russell Campbell and his wife Leah, and Ryan Campbell and his wife Tasha; and three nephews, Cole, Quinn and Camarin.
A memorial service will be held Friday, July 25, at 5 p.m. at the chapel of Melson Funeral Services, 38040 Muddy Neck Road, Ocean View, where friends may call after 4 p.m. Burial will be private.


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I'm running Mac OS X (Snow Leopard) and I'm trying to use Eclipse PDT and I'd like to use "Web Sharing" built-in feature that basically runs Apache. I'm doing code change in PDT and I want to use Safari and be able to hit my own server (
localhost ) and access those files without manually copying them over from one folder to another. How do I do that? I've tried
sudo vi /etc/apache2/users/alexus.conf
and then adding
/Alias although that didn't help, in fact as soon as I hit myself at http://localhost/~alexus/workspace seems like it crashed my
apache, or else I'm doing something wrong, this is what I get in my logs...
[Tue Sep 22 18:46:53 2009] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down [Tue Sep 22 18:47:10 2009] [warn] Init: Session Cache is not configured [hint: SSLSessionCache]


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Todd Potter on tonight's Habit
Posted By rel1sh, Skip To The Comments (1)
Nov 30 2010 / Tuesday
Airing Tuesday, November 30 at 9:30 pm Eastern Time (6:30 pm Pacific Time) and telecast several additional times, master of the whip, Verizon FMX rider Todd Potter joins the lovely Michelle Nunes from the Foxsports.com and FUEL TV show "Cubed," and Howard Stern Network personality Greg Fitzsimmons.
They rap about legalizing marijuana, pedal-powered beer bikes and Metal Mulisha tattoos on random folks before taking the mound for a few innings of "sexual baseball." Drummer of Slipknot, Joey Jordison is here with his supergroup, Murderdolls, to perform the new track "Nowhere," from our Stride Sound Stage. Todd Potter's sponsors include: etnies Verizon, Metal Mulisha, Rockstar Energy Drink.


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Haamer's Mom Answers Activity
Haamer is a star in these topics:
Baby > Baby Development (6 helpful answers)
My baby was born 5 wks early. What should I expect for his milestones?
Most recent answer (01/15/2015):
I am 23 weeks prag nw mi concern is tht i wonce had a still born baby @ 7 monthd 2weeks,an the baby did'nt make.am soo stressed nw c...posted by Sindiswalimisehlaluk
Is it ok for daycare to make nap time mandatory?
Most recent answer (09/29/2008):
I'm sorry, but I have to disagree with lisaearl1 about not napping and self-soothing and it being bad parenting. Our 13 month old son is ...posted by lizzieb788


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Harper boys compete in Sonora tourney
By Danny Hirt —
After picking up a win against three losses in the past weekend's Sonora basketball tournament, the Harper boys' varsity team dropped a 64-40 decision at Blanco Monday evening.
The hardwood season continues Saturday when Harper plays Sonora in the AT&T Center in San Antonio, with tip-off time to be announced later.
Then, following a Christmas and New Year break, Harper will resume tournament action Jan. 3-4 in Comfort.
Blanco 64, Harper 40
A slow start, combined with deadly shooting by host Blanco spelled doom for Harper Monday night as the Longhorns suffered a 64-40 loss.
While Harper could net only six points in the first quarter, Blanco managed to score 18 of its own points. The hosts then bested the Longhorns in every remaining period to secure the win.
Brayden Hagendorf led Harper in scoring with 13 points, followed by Guy Stevenson with 12.
Stevenson also pulled down a team-high 10 rebounds, while Gus Sagraves recorded six boards.
For more on this story, read this week's print and online editions of the Fredericksburg Standard-Radio Post. If you are a print subscriber, your full online subscription is free. All you need to do is call 830-997-2155 to get a password. If you are not a subscriber, call 997-2155 or click on the 'Subscribe' button on the left side of the home page and sign up today!


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DALLAS, Texas, June 14. SWISS 2001 World Championship 1500m silver medalist Flavia Rigamonti, whom many considered the favorite to win the event this summer, broke her right arm in a bicycle accident today as she was returning home from practice at Southern Methodist University. As a result, she has withdrawn from the World Championships in Barcelona.
Rigamonti, who won the 500 and 1650 yard freestyle events at this year's NCAA Championships, has the world's fastest time this year over 1500 meters. She was also considered to be a medal-contender in the 800 meters.


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Call our experts: 888.808.FINE
Select a quantity and printing method. Changes are easily made later.
This white correspondence card features a colorful interlocking design along the left edge of the card that carries over the back of the card.This design takes its bold and rugged inspiration from Shawn's late uncle Terry.


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« Kim Kardashian "Obsessed" With Dubai | Home | The X Factor Resumes Tonight And Sunday With Some Guest Judges »
Richard Simmons Healthy Despite Sick Appearance On Dancing With The Stars
October 13, 2011 06:52 AM by Lisa Princ
Richard Simmons made an appearance this week on ABC's Dancing With The Stars, and the fitness guru tried to help Chaz Bono overcome some of his physical ailments. Despite the fact that Richard Simmons looked sick in his appearance, his rep claims the star is perfectly healthy! Read on for more!
This week on Dancing With The Stars, we saw what appeared to be an ill Richard Simmons, as the frail looking star attempted to give Chaz Bono some help with his knee issues. Despite his thin and frail look, Richard Simmon's long time rep told People Magazine: "He's the healthiest he's ever been," and "He's actually at the weight he was when we launched the original Sweatin' to the Oldies. He is completely healthy, happy and fit as a fiddle."
63-year-old Richard Simmons is currently still offering his signature Simmons classes to the public in his dance studio in Beverly Hills, and the fitness guru was thrilled with Chaz and Lacey on Monday night. Richard Simmons Tweeted after the show: "Thank you for your kind words about my cameo on DWTS! It was so much fun to tape." Sounds like all is going well for Richard Simmons, as his rep also stated: "He's happy," and "Everything with him could not be better."
We are so relieved to hear that Richard Simmons is not ill in any way. Keep up all your good work Richard, you are an inspiration to everyone!
Want more? Follow our tweets on Twitter and like us on Facebook! For other great Dancing With the Stars news, please feel free to check out Sir Links A Lot: Dancing With The Stars and then come and discuss the show on our reality TV message boards.
Visit our sister site SheKnows for more breaking news about celebrities and entertainment!
Photo courtesy of ABC!
Topics: ABC Reality TV Shows, Dancing With the Stars |
« Kim Kardashian "Obsessed" With Dubai | Home | The X Factor Resumes Tonight And Sunday With Some Guest Judges »
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6 Responses to "Richard Simmons Healthy Despite Sick Appearance On Dancing With The Stars"
Breaking Bad Says:
October 13th, 2011 at 9:33 am
The man just needs some,alot, of sun, a tan would do him good
julia Says:
October 13th, 2011 at 11:51 am
DWTS has become a show that promotes sex, dating game, popularity, weight loss, with all this touchy touchy, huggy huggy feelings, displayed among the contestants on the show with 3 stooges as judges.
Simmons does look sick, is it anorexia? Does he
still collect Barbie dolls?
carl mosconi Says:
October 13th, 2011 at 12:17 pm
GetReal Says:
October 13th, 2011 at 10:28 pm
Your kidding, right?
Brutus Says:
October 14th, 2011 at 8:17 pm
It's the head paint in the hair.
fitz Says:
October 19th, 2011 at 5:09 pm
Looking a lot like Judy, in her last days


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September 5, 2015 from 8am to 9pm – Conference Hall, Cairo, Egypt Naqaa Foundation for scientific Research, Technology and Development would like to invite all of those who are interested in all kinds of innovation to participate in and attend our great event "YES… Organized by Wesam Ahmed Tawfik | Type: conference
September 14, 2015 to September 18, 2015 – CNR Research Area Graphene and 2D materials beyond graphene: New Era and Future Technologies GraphITA lands back in Italy !! The fourth edition of the GraphX conference series, once again "GraphITA", will take place i… Organized by Vittorio Morandi | Type: international, conference
September 16, 2015 at 6pm to September 23, 2015 at 7pm – Ukraine Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties are:• Wide variety of actual topics and interdisciplinarity • Renowned invited speakers• Wide geography of participants• Open access Proceedings, that are… Organized by Taras Lyutyy | Type: conference
October 24, 2015 to October 25, 2015 – Jaipur, Rajasthan , India Manipal University Jaipur, India is organizing a International conference on Emerging Technologies: Micro to Nano 2015. For more information please check the website. Organized by Prabhat Ranjan | Type: international, conference
October 24, 2015 to October 25, 2015 – Jaipur, Rajasthan, India For more information and important updates, Please visit the conference website: http://etmn2015.in/ Organized by Prabhat Ranjan | Type: international, conference
October 28, 2015 to October 30, 2015 – Trivandrum, Kerala, India Welcome to God's Own Country (Trivandrum) to attend this very important international meeting. Under the encompassing theme of Materials and Light based technologies for life, ISPAN-2015 will focus o… Organized by Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum | Type: international, conference
November 17, 2015 to November 20, 2015 – Hurghada, Egypt On behalf of the organizing committee, we are very delighted to invite you to participate in The 3rd International Conference of Advanced Applied Sciences(ICAASIII) which will be held from November 1… Organized by Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences at Beni-Suef University | Type: conference
January 12, 2016 to January 14, 2016 – Sri Lanka The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM) is a leading research conference organizer in South Asian region. We are organizing the International Conference on Bioscience and Biotechn… Organized by The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM) | Type: conference
March 4, 2016 at 9am to March 6, 2016 at 6pm – Delta Kaoud pyramids Hotel Naqaa Foundation for scientific Research, Technology and Development is organizing ICNBS Egypt 2016. Submissions for presentations should include an abstract of no more than 350 words Written in Tim… Organized by Wesam Ahmed Tawfik | Type: conference
March 11, 2016 to March 12, 2016 – Central University of Gujarat Nanotech_Conference.pdf Organized by Centre for Nano Sciences | Type: conference
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Infections Often Tied to Food
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium commonly found in human and animal guts. Most strains are harmless. But some can make people ill when they eat contaminated food or come in contact with infected water or livestock.
E. coli Outbreak Spreads
Technically E. coli infections can pass from person to person, but most are foodborne, experts say.
The majority of infections come from eating raw or undercooked meat. Hamburgers from Jack in the Box restaurants were behind an outbreak in the U.S. in the early 1990s, for example. But produce increasingly is causing outbreaks, most often when it is contaminated by animal feces, such as manure in a field. Spinach grown in California led to 205 reported cases of E. coli infection in the U.S. in 2006, and radish sprouts were behind an outbreak in Japan that sickened 8,355 schoolchildren.
Common symptoms, which begin three to four days after exposure, can include severe stomach cramps, bloody diarrhea, fever and vomiting. Most people recover within five to seven days. Some never get sick enough to visit a doctor; others become severely ill. A few develop complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome, a rare and potentially fatal condition that causes renal failure. Up to 10% of people infected with E. coli may develop HUS, according to the World Health Organization; in the current European outbreak, that proportion appears much higher, but it's not yet known how many people are actually infected.
The toxins caused by this more severe strain can also wreak havoc on the nervous system, causing disorientation and seizures, according to the University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf hospital. Treatments include dialysis, plasma transfusions and an antibody in the U.S.—all three of which have shown varied levels of success.
While all age groups can become infected, very young children and the elderly are more likely to develop severe illness and complications—though in the latest outbreak, young adults are disproportionately ill.
Humans can pass E. coli to each other when people don't wash their hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or changing a diaper—and then shake hands with someone or prepare food. Some strains of the bacteria are passed more readily from person to person than others. E. coli is generally not considered an airborne infection, because the bacterium mostly exists in the guts of humans and animals.
Doctors treat E. coli by focusing on the symptoms: giving patients a decongestant, an antihistamine and a fever medicine, among other options. E. coli infections can be prevented by thoroughly washing hands, cooking meats thoroughly, avoiding raw milk, avoiding swallowing pool or lake water and preventing cross contamination during food consumption or preparation.


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Top 10 things to do in G'ville
Published: Sunday, December 21, 2008 at 6:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Saturday, December 20, 2008 at 10:58 p.m.
Jump into cool, 72-degree spring water. See two actors perform more than 20 characters in two hours. Stare at bison in their natural habitat. Buy a book for 10 cents. And watch thousands of bats cover the night sky. Do all of this, and more, without leaving the Gainesville area.
Photo Galleries
Gainesville, home to more than 120,000, offers its residents everything from outdoor nature experiences to indoor bargains. And the surrounding areas allow visitors to experience the small-town life of antique shopping and taking a carriage ride.
Check out our Top 10 list every Gainesvillian should do. Theres something for everyone.
1. Visit Paynes Prairie.
From bicycling and boating to camping and canoeing, the 22,000 acre Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park has activities for all ages and skill levels.
The 30 miles of trails range from the 1-mile Lake Trail, which travels along Lake Wauberg, to the 3.5-mile Rim Ramble, a ranger-led hike along the edge of the prairie where bison, wild horses and alligators make their home.
This is one of the best places in all of Florida to see animals in their natural habitat, said Sarah Herve, a park service specialist.
Other wildlife includes fox, white-tailed deer, gophers and otters. And for those who arent ready for Rim Ramble, the park has an observation deck looking out across the prairie and a visitor center with stuffed wildlife and Please Touch signs. A boardwalk, where people can see wildlife without traveling down into the prairie, will be finished by February.
Parking at the prairie, which is located in Micanopy, costs $4 per car, ranger-led hikes cost a suggested donation of $2, and other activities, like camping, are a small fee. The next Rim Ramble tour is Saturday at 8 a.m. by reservation.
Call the ranger station at 466-3397, the visitor center at 466-4100 or visit www.FloridaStateParks.org for more information.
2. See A Tuna Christmas.
Showing for its ninth year at The Hippodrome, A Tuna Christmas entertains audience members with two hours of redneck, Christmas comedy. The two-member, all-male cast performs more than 20 characters, from a weapons shop owner to a man who believes hes going to be abducted by aliens, and they do it in everything from overalls to skirts.
Its one of those towns where everyone knows everything about everybody, said Mary Hausch, the plays director.
The play, set in backwoods Texas, focuses on the towns biggest and most prestigious event of the year the holiday lawn display contest. Every year the residents decorate their homes hoping to win first place, only to have their displays torn apart by the unknown town phantom.
It keeps you laughing all night. It really does, Hausch said. There are people who come back and see it every year.
The play finishes its run today. Tickets are $25-$30, $20 for seniors and $12 for students.
Call 375-4477 or visit www.TheHipp.org for more information.
3. Walk the steps at Devils Millhopper.
Devils Millhopper in Gainesville offers visitors a chance to see waterfalls, white-tailed deer, wild turkeys, wildflowers, raccoons and even otters at the parks sinkhole. Visitors can hike down 236 steps, to the bottom of the sinkhole, which collapsed about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.
Its almost like you can remove yourself from the helter-skelter of the city, said park manager Randy Brown.
At the sinkhole, there is anywhere from six to 12 waterfalls, created by surface water, depending on the amount of rainfall.
You may be seeing water that fell in rain three months ago, Brown said.
For those who cant make the trip down to the bottom of the sinkhole, a half-mile, handicap-accessible trail circles Devils Millhopper and leads to the parks visitor center.
Each vehicle, with eight or less passengers, costs $2.
Call 955-2008 or visit www.FloridaStateParks.org for more information.
4. See bats at the UF Bat House.
Just 15 minutes after sunset, close to 150,000 bats fly from the bat house located on Museum Road. The bats first trickle from the house but eventually pepper the sky.
Its a unique opportunity to see bats in flight, said Ken Glover, the pest management coordinator with the Environmental and Health Safety Division at UF.
The house, costing $20,000, was built in 1991 to deter bat colonies from living in campus buildings.
You can gain an appreciation for these fairly-secret species of wildlife at the bat house, Glover said, adding that the UF Bat House is the worlds largest occupied bat house
The bats, which together eat 1,500 pounds of insects each night, are best seen on warmer night above 65 degrees.
5. Attend the Friends of the Library Book Sale.
For only 10 days each year, book-lovers can browse 150,000 square feet of donated books, each costing about $1. The sale includes books of all types, from mystery novels to childrens books to stamp-collecting hobby guides, and all proceeds from the sale directly benefit Alachuas public libraries.
Its an enormous number of books at terrific prices, said Joan Curl, the current president of Friends of the Library, a non-profit, volunteer-run organization. Theres a book for everybody.
The sale, which is next scheduled for April 18-22, can have up to 750 people waiting in line to enter the building, located at 430-B N. Main Street. On the last day of the sale, all books, excluding those in the Collectors Corner are 10 cents.
The fall sale is scheduled for Oct. 24-28.
Call 375-1676 or visit www.folacld.org/index.html for more information.
6. Watch a concert at Bo Diddley Community Plaza.
Bring your picnic baskets, pets, lawn chairs and blankets to the Community Plaza in downtown Gainesville every Friday night from May to October and enjoy two hours of free music starting at 8 p.m. From blues to rock n roll, a different band performs each week in the downtown music showcase.
We have a tremendous number of talented bands in the area, said David Ballard, event coordinator for the City of Gainesville.
And on Dec. 31, the plaza will host a special holiday event, Downtown Countdown, from 8 p.m. until 12:30 a.m. with performances by The Duppies, a local ska band, and Funky Blues Messiahs, a New Orleans style group from Winter Park, Fla.
The city will pass out noise makers, and cannon-shot confetti and a group of drummers will bring in the New Year at midnight.
You can come down, join with your neighbors and community and hear some great music, Ballard said.
Call 334-5067 or 334-ARTS or visit http://gvlculturalaffairs.org for more information.
7. Enjoy a small town.
Small towns, with unique shops and unusual restaurants lining friendly streets, surround Gainesville. Micanopy, just 10 miles south of Gainesville, Newberry to the west, and Alachua and High Springs, just 20- to 30-minute drives north, offer Gainesville residents a different experience.
You get a warm feeling, said High Springs resident Tom Weller, referring to the experience of visiting a small town. Weller is also the citys Chamber of Commerce president.
High Springs offers visitors everything from a sandwich and ice cream at Pats Place to antique shopping at Enchanted Memories, to bison burgers at Great Outdoors.
And on the first Friday of each month, the city hosts Fantastic Fridays, with horse-drawn carriage rides through the streets. Currently, visitors can see uniquely-decorated trees outside several of the businesses competing in the tree-decorating contest.
8. Eat at Satchels.
With 32 pizza toppings, and a van for customers to eat in, Satchels Pizza offers customers a unique twist on going out for pizza.
Ive always been a pizza fanatic, said restaurant owner Steve Satchel Raye, who started making pizza at a local restaurant when he was 16. I order pizza wherever I go, wherever I can.
Satchels, located at 1800 NE 23rd Ave., opened in March 2003 and has grown into a mini amusement park, complete with a map. In addition to ordering pizza, which ranges from $3 for a slice of cheese to $26 for a specialty pizza, customers can peruse the old-fashioned toys at Lightnin Salvage, the vintage store out back.
They can marvel at the guest collections, from Pez dispensers to old Thermos containers that change every so often. They can eat at a table in a 1965 Ford Falcon van, blanks old car. And then can enjoy a game of bocce ball, watch their children play on the playgrounds and enjoy a beer in the greenhouse.
Its turned into a place where anything goes, Raye said.
Call 335-7272 or visit www.SatchelsPizza.com for more information. Satchels accepts cash only but has an ATM.
9. Splash in the springs.
The springs surrounding Gainesville, with their water at 72 degrees year round, offer activities like canoeing, tubing, camping and scuba diving.
Its a touch back with nature, said Rose Meadows, the manager at Ginnie Springs. People in the city dont get to see the stars the way we do out in the country.
Ginnie Springs, located in High Springs, has more than 100 camping sites with electric and water and 300 primitive sites with neither. Visitors can bring there RV or tent and rent a site for only $18 a night (with no electricity) or can rent a tube for the day for $6
It is a total escape from reality out here, Meadows said. And its a really good deal for these tough times that we live in.
Call (386) 454-7188 or visit www.GinnieSpringsOutdoors.com for more information. To learn about Ichetucknee Springs State Park in Fort White, call (386) 497-4690 or visit www. Florida State Parks.org. To learn about Poe Springs County Park in High Springs, call (386) 454-1992 or visit www.tfn.net/springs/Poe.htm.
10. Cheer at the Florida Field.
When people think Gainesville, they often think of The Swamp, also known as the Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, home to the Florida football team. And attending a game at the Swamp is a must for any Gainesville resident.
The stadium now holds about 90,000 fans since its last renovation in 2003, making it the largest stadium in the state of Florida and one of the largest and loudest anywhere in the country, according to the universitys Web site. Games usually start in late August and continue through December.
But for those who arent ready to brave the game day crowds, the Orange and Blue game, usually held in April, offers an exciting but less overwhelming alternative. The football team is split into two teams the Orange team and the Blue team. In 2008, 61,000 fans attended the event, and the Blue team, led by Tim Tebow, defeated Orange, 28-14.
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Images: Community group fueled by CrossFit [Image 4 of 6]
Photo by Staff Sgt. Carlos Davis
Christa Castillo (right), the wife of Sgt. 1st Class Alberto Castillo, an infantry platoon sergeant assigned to 2nd Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, both from Winnsboro, Texas, demonstrates how to properly perform a power clean hang snatch Nov. 13, 2013 at Carey Fitness Center on Camp Casey, South Korea. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Carlos R. Davis, 210th Fires Brigade Public Affairs/Released).
This work, Community group fueled by CrossFit [Image 1 of 6], by SSG Carlos Davis, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
Date Taken:11.12.2013
Date Posted:11.21.2013 23:16
Photo ID:1058133
Size:3.73 MB
Location:CAMP CASEY, KR
Hometown:WINNSBORO, TX, US
Gallery Images
Associated News
Community group fueled by CrossFit


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Nail-focused salons share their secrets on selling waxing services -- the perfect addition to your summer menu.
Honey Child Salon and Spa, Chicago
Price: from $65
Time: 45 minutes
Getting clients interested: Owner Bambi Montgomery says clients opt for this service "mostly at the request of their significant other".
What's included: The salon has a selection of wax to choose from depending on the texture and sensitivity of the client's skin. It also recommends Universal Companies' No Scream Cream to apply prior to the service and Tend Skin as an at-home treatment to avoid ingrown hairs.
Why it's successful for the salon: Montgomery says Honey Child is the only spa in the area that she's aware of offering this service. She also credits spa director Santha Dulaney as bringing in clients with her reputation as "Chicago's wax guru".
Jay Leno (Chin) Wax
The Nail Bar, Hermosa Beach, Calif.
Price: $15
Time: 5-10 minutes
Getting clients interested: "When I see nail clients, I'll walk out with my card and a coupon. I try not to be too pushy, but just throw it out there," says esthetician Reina Wilson. She'll also let prospective clients know that name 'Jay Leno' makes it more comfortable to them," she adds.
What's included: The esthetician cleans the area, applies a pre-wax oil to soothe and condition the client's skin, and applies a tea tree soothing lotion after waxing. She also advises clients against exfoliation for the next 48 hours and tells them to wear sunscreen.
Why it's successful for the salon: The salon uses lavender hard wax, which Wilson says sticks only to hair (not skin), cutting down on redness and pain.
OPI's Spring 2016 Infinite Shine Collection8 photos
CND Goes International for Style Masters 201618 photos
(Norco, Calif.)
Tammy Taylor Nails
One of the "most consistent" educational team members, McDowell is forever on the move, working...
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Posted on Thursday, January 16, 2014 by Megan Wong
Silicon Valley Reads 2014 Kick-Off
Posted on Monday, January 13, 2014 by campbell_manager
Millions are suffering from chronic sleep disorders. Chronic sleep disorders frequently associate with other serious chronic diseases. Join Dr. Eddie Cheng and Kristina Liu to learn the common causes and treatments for insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea...
Posted on Tuesday, January 7, 2014 by Brenda Trosin
Have you ever thought of helping someone improve their English?
Posted on Monday, January 6, 2014 by Arts and Crafts
Posted on Thursday, January 2, 2014 by Health and Fitness
Everyone has experienced various degrees of craving for different things. These cravings might range from a strong desire for promotion, success, attention, love, to the uncontrolled thirst for unhealthy foods such as sweets, chips, fries, to even the substance abuse of alcohol, drug, pornography...
Posted on Thursday, January 2, 2014 by Robyn McCreight
Happy new year everyone! Last year, Campbell staff made reading resolutions in the hopes of finally crossing off some of the books that have been on our "to-read list" for years. It's that time again, so here are our new year's reading resolutions for 2014.
Librarian: Jane Cronkhite
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Ask Us A Question


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Start your research early! Not only will you have sufficient time to read the resources, you will be able to "beat the rush" and obtain the best resources. If you start early, you will avoid having to recall books and wait until the borrowed books are returned. If you're writing a first-year English essay, you probably won't be expected to use secondary resources. That means you'll have to rely on your own understanding of the text and your professor's lectures, and you probably won't need to do Steps 1 and 2 below. Nevertheless, you should still read through all the steps and see which ones might be useful.
1. Locate sources of information.
When you did your preliminary research, reviewing your course textbook(s). You may have discovered that your text cites some sources relevant to your topic. If you look up these sources they in turn might lead you to other relevant resources. You should also check the University Library Homepage for access to the library's catalogue, journals and journal articles, databases, subject pages, and other helpful resources. The reference desk staff in the Main Library (Murray Library) are friendly and helpful if you need help getting started.
2. Skim the sources and decide which are worth reading carefully.
Once you've located possible sources, review them to determine their usefulness. Ask yourself:
- Is this information related to my topic?
- Is this source appropriate to my current level of understanding? (As you learn more about the topic, you will be able to understand more complex material.)
- Is the source reliable? Is the writer educated in this subject? Is the publisher reputable? (University publications, academic publications, and professional journals will probably be reputable. Nevertheless, you want to ensure that the publisher is legitimate.)
If the information contradicts other information, make a note of it. If you think the source is reliable, you may wish to include this information in your paper. Learning to identify and refute contradictory evidence is an extremely useful skill.
Note: Commercial websites such as SparkNotes.com are not considered credible or reliable sources of information in a formal academic paper.
3. Document your sources.
Once you've decided the source is worth a second look, be sure to record the author, year, title, place of publication, and publisher (edition number, editor, and page numbers if applicable). If you used the Internet for research, be certain to record the source of the information-the URL and the date the page was accessed, as well as any other information available, such as the name of the webpage.
Some people use index cards to record this information, while others record this information in a computer file. This is very important! If you fail to document the sources of your information, you may be accused of plagiarism (copying the work of others). As well as being unethical, plagiarism can result in disciplinary measures.
There are at least three different methods of documenting material, the Modern Language Association (MLA), often used for English and other humanities classes; the American Psychological Association (APA), often used for psychology and other social sciences; and the Chicago Manual of Style, which is sometimes used in the natural sciences. Be sure to consult the style guide of the citation method that you are required to use.
You have the choice of paraphrasing or summarizing this information in your own words or quoting the author's specific words. The steps involved in paraphrasing are:
- Reading the paragraph
- Asking yourself, "What were the main idea and details in this paragraph?"
- Putting the main idea and details in your own words
- Re-reading the paragraph to make sure the information is accurate.
A good paraphrase must:
- contain a complete thought (subject and verb)
- be completely accurate
- make sense
- contain useful information
- be written in your own words
If you are paraphrasing a new idea, be sure to include the author and year with the paraphrase. If the idea is one you have read before, add the reference to your earlier paraphrase. When you use this idea in your paper, you will list all the references. The following excerpt uses the APA format to indicate multiple authors: Research studies have found that regular exercise improves concentration (Jackson, Roach, & Jones, 1998; Sanderson & Smith, 1995; Thomas, 1992).
Sometimes, especially in literature, an author expresses an idea so clearly or powerfully that you want to use his or her exact words. However, you must ensure that your writing incorporates the quotation into a complete sentence. Often, especially in literature, you will have to demonstrate your understanding of the quotation by explaining the relevance or importance of the quotation. Never use quotations as a substitute for your own writing and never use a quotation if you don't understand it. Your professor wants to see if you understand the material and if you can do research and present your information coherently.
If you are using direct quotations, you need to indicate that it is an exact quotation by placing quotation marks around the author's exact words. If you omit any words, indicate that words are omitted by using an ellipsis ( . . . ). Be very careful not to take the quotation out of context or misrepresent the author's meaning. Depending on the citation style you are required to use you may include the author's last name, year of publication, and the page number for any direct quotation. The following is an example of a short quotation (less than four lines) in a paper that uses the APA method of documentation: For example, Sattler (1992) stated that "rapport is essential in individual testing" (p. 212).
If the author's name is clear from your writing, as in the example above, you don't need to repeat it within the parenthesis following the quotation. If it's not clear, the author, year, and page number will be included within the parenthesis: Because "rapport is essential in individual testing" (Sattler, 1992, p. 212), the first phase of an assessment is to establish rapport. Longer quotations over four lines are indented and do not have quotation marks.
4. Review, expand, and/or revise your outline.
As you read, revisit your outline often. You will find that some areas require more research than others. Sometimes you discover that you have enough material for your paper before you've completed half the research you'd planned to do! Comparing your research with your outline helps keep your research in line with the paper's requirements.
Also, start writing early. Try to explain the ideas in your own words. Explore your own ideas and insights through writing. Even if you don't use this preliminary writing, you will benefit from learning to express yourself in writing. Sometimes writing can help you clarify your ideas. Certainly it will help you understand the information.
Writing a Term Paper
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WCCI 17th World Conference on Education
Jul 10, 2016 - Jul 15, 2016
Danubius Hotel Flamenco, Conference Hotel, Budapest, Hungary
View Conference Archive
Keynote Speaker at the WCCI 17th World Conference in Education
Professor Federico Mayor Zaragoza was born in Barcelona (Spain). He holds a Ph.D. in Pharmacy and has been Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in the Universities of Granada (1963-1973) and Automomous of Madrid (1973-2004). He was the co-founder of the Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa" in this University and the promoter of the Spanish Program for the prevention of newborn disabilities.
He has been Advisor to the President of the Spanish Government (1977-78), Minister of Education and Science (1981-1982) of Spain and Deputy in the European Parliament (1978).


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A Team, Hangover star BRADLEY COOPER hopelessly attached to his mommy's apron strings and now he's begging her to move in with him!
Devoted son Bradley Cooper is begging his newly widowed mom to move in with him at his L.A. bachelor pad.
The 36-year-old hunk's father Charles died in January, and Bradley's mom Gloria has been living by herself at the family home in Philadelphia since then.
"Brad is worried that Gloria is lonely on her own, and he desperately wants her to move to Los Angeles," a source told The ENQUIRER.
His sister Holly also lives out of the state. "He thinks it's a good idea for her, es¬pecially in the winter months when it's a lot warmer.
"Brad has always been a momma's boy, and now that he's unattached, he thinks it would be ideal for him to move Gloria into his home."
The brawny A-lister, has been linked with some of Hollywood's most stunning stars including Jennifer Aniston and Renee Zellweger.
He wants his mom to get used to living in Los Angeles, said the source, and once she does, "he's promised her she can have any condo she wants."


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Synopsis: More than two decades after catapulting to stardom with The Princess Bride, an aging actress (Robin Wright, playing a version of herself) decides to take her final job: preserving her digital likeness for a future Hollywood. Through a deal brokered by her loyal, longtime agent (Harvey Keitel) and the head of Miramount Studios (Danny Huston), her alias will be controlled by the studio, and will star in any film they want with no restrictions. In return, she receives healthy compensation so she can care for her ailing son and her digitized character will stay forever young. Twenty years later, under the creative vision of the studio's head animator (Jon Hamm), Wright's digital double rises to immortal stardom. With her contract expiring, she is invited to take part in "The Congress" convention as she makes her comeback straight into the world of future fantasy cinema.
The director of 'Waltz with Bashir' and 'The Congress' offers a jaw-dropping early glimpse at his ambitious next project.Read More »
Idiosyncratic as always, the Artforum critic names his top films of the year. Plus, read top tens from Amy Taubin and James Quandt.Read More »
A fascinating new report reveals that the secret behind onscreen beauty truly is the stuff of Hollywood's dystopian nightmares.Read More »
Plus: "The Quartermass Xperiment," "Hickey & Boggs."Read More »
Festival season aside, we're in the late-August/early-September doldrums, with disappointingly little to see in theaters for the next few weeks. Or maybe just in mainstream theaters, anyway: if you look a little closer, you can find some arthouse gems. One such film is Ari Folman's "The Congress," w...Read More »
Ari Folman's "The Congress," aka "Robin Wright at The Congress," aka "Reviewer's Nightmare," evokes Miyazaki and perhaps on-form Gilliam in its best moments, as well as lurching oddly into "Southland Tales" territory in its worst. It's a film we'd be happy to call a fascinating muddle were it not to...Read More »
At long last, Ari Folman's "The Congress," the Israeli auteur's half-animated followup to his fully animated "Waltz with Bashir" (2008), is available to stream. This electrifying fantasy about an actress (Robin Wright) who sells her soul to the studio system offers plenty of visual derring-do and op...Read More »
The director of "Waltz With Bashir" collaborates with Robin Wright on an animated movie that has no real precedent.Read More »
"Mr. Turner," "Wild" and "Winter Sleep" are among the latest additions.Read More »
Ari Folman's "The Congress" begins well enough, with the sheer physical presence of Robin Wright center screen, tears popping from her eyes. The actress, who in real life has aged gracefully into strength – or maybe it's just bitterness -- plays "Robin Wright," an aging actress who has made many "lo...Read More »


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The discussion of agricultural futures in a biobased economy in this article is framed by the commitments underpinning the MDGs. This assumes that agricultural production to meet the new demands, which will emerge in a biobased economy, will be complementary to basic agricultural products and services required to meet the basic requirements of mankind echoed in the MDGs, especially those related to food, health, and environment.
Agriculture still underpins key livelihoods for most people living in rural areas. In addition to the provision of food, fiber, and energy, agriculture also contributes to poverty reduction and economic development by providing employment in and income from value chains. Diversification, defined as an increased number of activities generating farm output or added value for the farm household, can be defined at different levels (e.g., field, farm, region, or country) of aggregation.
The development of a biobased economy will take place in an uncertain context, contributed to by climate change, production of biofuels, fossil fuel price, global financial systems, and the nexus with food security. Between 1970 and 2004, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increased by 70%. By 2015 the world will need to provide extra food for an additional 750 million people. Land use management, agronomy and livestock sciences, and technological development are key factors determining the net outcome of these processes. Proper agricultural management can contribute to increasing carbon soil sinks (Govaerts et al., 2009), reducing GHG emissions and providing feedstocks for bioenergy. Industrial production technologies can provide new uses for agricultural feedstocks.
The potential of the bioeconomy extends well beyond bioenergy. While a small share of fossil oil is used for chemical production and the remainder for fuel and energy, the economic value of the food and chemistry sectors is approximately equal. A long term and sustainable market can be envisaged for technologies that produce chemicals, materials, and pharmaceuticals from plant-based feedstocks (Sanders et al., 2007), which will supplement the emerging demand for bioenergy feedstocks and the still growing demand for food and other agricultural products.
Such a development will need to be supported by processing steps that are energy efficient and cost-effective. Biorefineries provide sufficient opportunities to allow such a development. The development of the bioeconomy has often been portrayed as sustainable or environmentally friendly, but there are key resource-related concerns that need to be addressed as biobased systems evolve. These include non-renewable energy use, renewable energy and land use efficiency, carbon emissions and sequestration, soil fertility and erosion, water quality and quantity, wildlife habitat, invasive species, and crop pests (Anex, 2007).
This article explores possibilities of biomass application for development purposes—in particular, biofuels, biobased products, and biorefineries. It provides an overview of non-fuel products, including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and biopolymers, and discusses basic principles and development options for biorefineries that can be used to generate both fuels and products. Furthermore, it discusses development opportunities and research requirements in light of developing a biobased economy that offers opportunities for small-scale farmers in less developed areas.
Facing a future shortage of petrochemicals, biomass is expected to be the main future feedstock for chemicals. The use of vegetable oils, crop starch, residual proteins (from biofuel production), and cellulose (from straw and wood) to produce polymers, lubricants, solvents, surfactants, and specialty and bulk chemicals traditionally made from fossil feedstocks is receiving more and more attention (Van Haveren et al., 2007). Currently only a tiny proportion of the huge variation of compounds produced by plants is tapped for commercial use. The challenge is to create viable business models for biobased products, and to tailor plants and plant systems to optimize available functionalities. To this purpose, dedicated programs implemented in the United States, European Union (EU), and elsewhere (e.g., Canada, Japan, Malaysia) apply industrial crops and biomass for high-value products in advanced production chains.
Biobased products refer to non-food products derived from biomass (plant, animal, marine, residual), ranging from high-value added (usually low volume) fine chemicals (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food additives) to high volume materials (enzymes, biopolymers, biofuels, fibers, etc.) They may include existing products (paper and pulp, detergents, lubricants), or new ones (vaccines made from plants or second generation biofuels).
Modern non-medical biomaterials include pharmaceuticals, chemicals, specialty products, industrial oils, biopolymers, and fibers (Thoen and Busch, 2006). Production of pharmaceutical feedstocks, providing a major opportunity for agriculture and household livelihoods, is based on the provision of genetic material and production of feedstocks. It involves specialist knowledge markets with small production volumes. The high added value provides a potential avenue for development, but given high research and development costs, it may require long term collaborative relations to link farmers to research, production, and marketing activities.
Chemicals and their feedstocks provide more predictable markets and specifications than pharmaceutical products. Chemical markets refer to bulk chemicals with high volumes, but low values, and fine chemicals with smaller market size, but higher added value. The potential list of biobased chemicals is considerable and includes 1,3-Propanediol (1,3 PDO), a building block for polymers that is mostly made from maize (Zea mays) syrup by modified Escherichia coli bacteria. The world market has been estimated at 230,000 t in 2020 (Carole et al., 2004). Succinic acid, another chemical building block, is generated by the fermentation of glucose and is applied in food, the chemical industry, and pharmaceutics. The world market currently amounts to 25,000 t (Sijbesma, 2009). Both 1,3 PDO and succinic acid are targets of efforts to improve production efficiency (Carole et al., 2004; Koutinas et al., 2008) involving crops like sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), maize, rice (Oryza sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) (Thoen and Busch, 2006).
Specialty chemicals serve as adhesives, solvents, and surfactants (an important group of products applied in detergents, cosmetics, and manufacturing processes). Surfactants, still mainly petroleum-derived, are increasingly made from renewable feedstocks. Production exceeds 2 million t. They provide a large market for renewable feedstock, mostly tropical vegetable oils (Turley, 2008). Coconut (Cocos nucifera) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) are preferred feedstocks because of the shorter length of their fatty acids. Longer-chained oils from temperate crops (rapeseed- Brassica spp., sunflower- Helianthus annuus) are more suited for use in polymers, lubricants, adhesives, solvents, and surfactants.
Solvents, applied in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, paints, and inks, are increasingly produced from biobased products like ethyl lactate, a lactic acid derivative (Carole et al., 2004). Lactate esters are produced from alcohols and fatty acids, with both obtained via fermentation of carbohydrates (cereals, potato, and sugar beets). Rapeseed and sunflower oils are major sources of fatty acids; soybean (Glycine max) oil provides the most vegetable resins (Johansson, 2000).
Industrial oil products like high quality lubricants and hydraulic oils offer considerable biobased market potential. Biolubricants constitute an innovative area for agriculture and industry. Biobased hydraulic fluids comply with industrial quality standards, as do soy based color inks, which dominate due to superior performance (Nowicki et al., 2008). Sunflower and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oils have high oxidation resistance, while oils high in erucic acid (crambe-Crambe maritima, carinata– Brassiaca carinata) show more lubrication qualities (Lazerri, 2009).
Bioplastics show huge opportunities, given that plastics are extensively used worldwide (Carole et al., 2004). Starch plastic application, beginning already in the 1970s and currently being commercially produced, offers a major end use for cassava (Manihot esculenta) (Nigeria, Brazil), maize, and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Starch properties depend on the amylose/amylopectin ratio and size of starch granules. Amylose ethers offer biodegradable alternatives for polyethylene and polystyrene (Somerville and Bonetta, 2001).
Commercially interesting polyesters, made from starch or sugar via fermentation, include polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) (Turley, 2008; Vaca-Garcia, 2008). The PLA is competing with fossil polymers like PET and links to the large market of packaging and fiber/fiberfill materials. The main feedstock is glucose syrup made from maize, cane, potato, or wheat (Vaca-Garcia, 2008), but may, in the future, be of lignocellulosic origin (Carole et al., 2004; Dornburg et al., 2006). Starch-based bioplastics are applied as packaging materials, kitchenware, car interiors, horticulture devices, and diapers (Johansson, 2000).
Fossil fibers like polyester or nylon offer large opportunities for biobased feedstocks (Carole et al., 2004). Natural fibers can be applied in high value-added composite materials using cellulosic feedstocks from wood and straw, plus classical crops like kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), sisal (Agave sisalina), jute (Corchorus spp.), flax (Linum usitatissimum), and hemp (Cannabis sativa). Additionally, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) may replace synthetics like rayon (Nowicki et al., 2008). Composite materials based on cellulosics offer special qualities (reduced weight, improved safety, and good acoustic properties), and natural fibers are being used to reinforce synthetic materials rather than replace them (Vaca-Garcia, 2008).
Development Perspectives
The size of existing (fossil dominated) markets and potential biobased shares shows large variations. The highest market volumes are reported for polymers, solvents, and surfactants. The best prospects are for pharmaceutical ingredients, enzymes and specialties (solvents, surfactants) (Carole et al., 2004), followed by bulk chemicals and biopolymers (Nowicki et al., 2008). Biobased market developments are supported by ambitious policies in the EU and the United States—the latter targeting a 12% replacement of chemical feedstocks in 2010 and 25% in 2030 (Thoen and Busch, 2006). At current fossil oil prices, however, production is not competitive (Lazerri, 2009).
Impacts of enhanced biomaterial production and application include:
– reduced demand for fossil fuels;
– increased added value generation for biomass producers and traders;
– reduced GHG emissions;
– industrial development;
– development opportunities for rural areas, including employment;
– reduced toxicity and enhanced health implications.
While not all these impacts are options for developing countries, it is difficult to evaluate biobased product groups in terms of their development prospects. They will represent combinations of market size, price plus potential share for biobased feedstocks, and the opportunities this offers for farmers in developing countries or local laborers (Table 1 ).
|Market price
|Potential biobased share
|Potential biobased production size
|Potential impact for local producers
|Potential local employment
|Prospects for development
|Selective crops
|Very small
|Very high
|Very high
|Very low
|Very low
|Very poor
|Bulk chemicals
|Starch, sugar crops, proteins
|Very large
|Very low
|Very low
|Poor to modest
|Fine chemicals
|Oil, starch, sugar crops, straw
|Very small
|Average to good
|Very limited
|Modest to good
|Oil, starch, sugar crops, straw
|Very low
|Very low
|Very low
|Very limited
|Very poor
|Very limited
|Oil crops
|Very small
|Modest to high
|Modest to good
|Mostly starch & sugar crops
|Very large
|Very low
|Very low
|Very limited
|Very limited
|Lignocellulosic crops, residues, grasses
|Rather low
|Modest to good
Evaluating a combination of opportunities (feedstock added value, employment, import replacement, export) offered by the entire production chain, rather than considering biomass feedstock market values alone, suggests that fine chemicals, lubricants, and fibers may offer the best prospects for developing countries.
Research Priorities
Bioproduct research initiatives focus on plant breeding, product development and improvement of production processes. Pharmaceuticals, oil products, and (fine) chemicals often have specific feedstocks. Other product types could be made from larger numbers of crops. In practice, however, production chains often are based on a single crop, such as Dow's PLA, which is made from maize.
Perspectives of breeding are reviewed by Ranalli (2007) Van Beilen et al. (2007) explored the use of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and Miscanthus (Miscanthus spp.) for production of chemicals, biopolymers, and fuels. With some exceptions (e.g., tobacco in Zimbabwe, Malawi, China, and Laos), these crops are not generally cultivated by smallholders in developing countries. Restrictions on genetic modification may limit the development of suitable plant varieties.
There is need for a knowledge platform for research on oil-producing plants that are more productive in existing and designer oils, and to identify molecular markers for breeding (Graham, 2007). The EPOBIO, a research consortium in Europe, considers three crops: rapeseed, oat (Avena spp.), and crambe (Crambe abyssinica) (Carlsson, 2007).
Commercial exploitation of less common fatty acids (e.g., retrieved from Calenda officanalis) is hindered by low yield, small seeds, and limited geographical distribution. Further, there is a need to understand the metabolic pathways and molecular interactions linked to a given fatty acid. Many genes have been identified that could be used to alter oilseed fatty acid composition. Transgenic plants created with these genes show low yields, leaving many unanswered questions (Graham, 2007).
While many government policies are based on the principle that biofuels should not compete directly with food security, the reality is that biofuel production, whether first or second generation, may compete for scarce natural resources (soil, water, nutrients). Naturally, as agricultural productivity increases, resources can be freed from food production for the production of energy and biobased products. This section explores some options for the sustainable and balanced development of an agriculture providing food and fuel, and the scientific and technological needs for the next generation of biofuels produced in a biobased economy, recognizing that the ultimate limitation on the production of biomass lies with photosynthesis.
Cereals constitute the majority of all crops cultivated, making up 70 to 90% of reported arable annual crops. The potential of cereal biorefinery for biobased production (e.g., biofuels) in developing countries is restricted by public perceptions of cereals as food—although a large and growing proportion of cereal grains is used for animal feed. Social tensions caused by the food versus fuel debate have put serious limits on this development pathway, sometimes leading to the exclusion of specific crops, and defining detailed environmental, economic, and social criteria to be met by producers in other situations.
Sugar and oil crops, two other major sources of first generation fuels, are less common, but may play an important role in specific regions. Research and development have been much less spectacular than those reported for cereals, but still significant efforts for improvement have been made, often in close collaboration with industry.
Availability of lignocellulosic crop residues, a major feedstock of second generation biofuels, is determined by crop area, yield, harvest index, and demand for other purposes, such as livestock fodder. The greatest biomass productivity is expected for sugarcane in Brazil, followed by maize in the U.S. Second generation technology could, however, threaten soil fertility as soil cover is removed, and in a similar fashion soil erosion and soil health, including the depletion of soil nutrients, structure, and organic matter, which underpins agricultural productivity and food security.
While the impact of large-scale cultivation of biomass for first or second generation biofuels is debated, a greater consensus appears to exist about small-scale biomass for biofuel applications in developing countries. Local production of biomass, or local use of residues, may help local communities improve access to renewable energy sources and, hence, reduce workloads and pressure on wood resources, and help gain independence from often expensive fossil fuel sources. This holds promise for less endowed small-scale farmers in isolated inland areas.
Still, developments that take advantage of new technologies are needed to avoid the food vs. fuel controversy, sometimes referred to as 'next generation biofuels'. A specific scientific development is focusing on photosynthesis, production of sugars by plants (and some bacteria), using chlorophyll to harvest solar energy. As photosynthetic efficiency fundamentally limits potential biomass production, it is important to examine ways to increase the current efficiency.
Although higher photosynthetic efficiency may result in a higher production of biomass, energy delivered from this biomass still could not avoid competition with food. In theory, future biofuel systems can be envisaged in which plant fuel cells tap photosynthetic products directly. This bypasses the development of plant structural elements (stems, root, and reproductive elements), potentially realizing productivity and efficiency gains. Innovative applications of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and genomics provide tools to study and understand the fundamental processes of photosynthesis, starting from the molecular building blocks via the thylakoid membrane to the leaf. This knowledge is the key to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis, either by direct energy tapping or by the production of energy-efficient biomass (Fig. 1 ).
Development Perspectives
The potential contribution of crops or plant systems with enhanced photosynthetic capacity cannot be easily overestimated. Improving existing light use efficiency rates by a tenth of the current values can lead to considerable yield potential increases. The potential for development-related improvement will depend on the application of an enhanced production system. Artificial leaves and biosolar cells are most likely to be implemented in high tech environments and will, for the time being, not be directly linked to vulnerable groups in developing countries.
Algal production may be implemented in a less sophisticated setting, offering potential for resource-poor farmers in the tropics, in ways similar to the complex and integrated crop–fish production systems of Southeast Asia. In the long run, however, these systems may relax biomass constraints, both locally and on an international level. They, further, may be expected to lead to increased input use efficiency (offering more biomass for the same input of water, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.). Their impact, in combination with other innovative photosynthetic-related research (e.g., on transplanting C4-systems into C3-crops) can be tremendous.
Research Priorities
Current cereal research for advanced biorefining focuses on improving starch and straw for biofuels. Cell wall structure degradability is expected to become an important breeding target, while production of polymers and bioplastics would require breeding for other, specialized, traits.
There are many lignocellulosic crops that are extensively found in developing countries. Choice of a specific crop will depend on agro-ecological and economic conditions. Poplar (Populus spp.), a fast growing, vegetative propagated crop native to temperate and subtropical regions, whose genome (40,000 genes) has been sequenced, has been defined as an ideal research crop. Research focuses on insect and disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, and lignin content (Boerjan, 2009).
Miscanthus, a perennial grass, has a high yield potential and can be grown effectively under low input conditions. It is, however, not fully developed for widespread cultivation. There are urgent needs to establish a robust breeding program. Potential improvements of Miscanthus include tolerance to drought and low temperatures, stem borers, and fungal diseases (Clifton-Brown et al., 2008).
New concepts for increasing photosynthetic efficiency that are currently being developed include (Arshadi and Sellstedt, 2008):
Artificial leaves, using light to extract electrons from water to produce hydrogen and synthetic gas. This involves ultra fast light harvesting and micro reactors, a photocatalysis system, and an inorganic nanostructure to generate the fuels;
BioSolar Cells, which are organisms designed with synthetic biology to produce fuels (butanol, methanol, ethanol, lipids, and hydrogen) without the biomass intermediate, and with a positive contribution to solving the CO2 problem. Solar energy may be temporarily stored in a carbohydrate biofilm grown on a low-cost biobattery system;
Plant Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) for nondestructive in situ harvesting of bio-energy, which is carbon neutral and free of combustion emissions. Oxidation of organic compounds produced by plant cells and excreted by roots generates electricity as bacteria donate electrons to an anode;
Biofuel and fatty-acid producing algae or cyanobacteria. Algae known to contain very high contents of oil are slow growers. In addition, production of omega-3 fatty acid can be performed by marine algae. Optimizing the photosynthetic capacity of algae will enable commercial production for biofuels and food.
The suggestions discussed above link to innovative and exciting research on more efficient photosynthetic systems, e.g., the introduction of an efficient C4-system with its high CO2 upload capacity at the surface of the Rubisco enzyme by the transfer of sets of genes to C3-crops such as rice or wheat. This would allow an improvement of the Rubisco system, playing a central role in C3 photosynthesis, which is less efficient at current CO2 concentrations and will lead to more efficient water use. Another example is the combination of bacteria photosystems absorbing light in the near infrared where plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are not active.
Clearly, it is a long road before advanced systems for direct photosynthetic harvesting can be expected. Major technological challenges lying ahead include improving genetic aspects of photosynthetic systems, increasing insight in biochemical production and composition of photosynthetic products and enzymatic mechanisms, plus development of feasible, affordable, and effective production systems. Other applications, such as the use of algae or cyanobacteria, are close at hand. Successful application will require efficient production systems and organisms adapted to these systems.
The biorefinery concept aims to make optimal use of plant components. In this concept, energy production is not a primary, but only one optional application of biomass. Feedstock selection, logistics, and biorefining techniques are used to optimize valorization of available functionalities and biomass utilization. Complex input-output chains help to realize optimal economic and social opportunities. This is done by first generating (low volume) high added value products, followed by other, less valuable products (Fig. 2 ).
The following biorefinery types can be distinguished: (i) whole crop, (ii) oleochemical, (iii) lignocellulosic feedstock, and (iv) green. 1
A whole crop biorefinery processes grain into a range of products, usually via 'dry' or 'wet' milling and consequent fermentation and distilling of grains (wheat, rye, maize). Wet milling starts with water-soaking to soften grain kernels, followed by grinding. It uses well-known technologies to separate starch, cellulose, oil, and proteins. Dry milling grinds whole grains before mixing the flour with water, adding enzymes and cooking the mash to break down the starch. This hydrolysis step can be eliminated by the simultaneous use of enzymes and yeast. After fermentation, ethanol is distilled, concentrated, purified, and dehydrated. The residue (stillage) is separated into a solid (wet grains) and liquid (syrup) phase, which can be combined and dried to produce distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), an animal feed. Alternatively, grains may be processed into starch, and further to polymers or bioplastics. In a simultaneous process, straw can be converted into energy or products, following the principles of the lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery discussed below (Clark and Deswarte, 2008).
An oleochemical biorefinery combines production of biodiesel with that of high added-value vegetable-oil based products. It uses oil-crop fatty acids, fatty esters, and glycerol to produce (basic) chemicals, functional monomers, lubricants, and surfactants. In the long run, oleochemical biorefining may produce feedstocks for fossil-based refineries. Success of the biorefinery will depend on its integration with existing fossil chains, its building blocks providing a neat interface (De Jong et al., 2009).
Lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery encompasses transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into intermediate outputs (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) to be processed into a spectrum of products and bioenergy. Three processing routes may be chosen. Following the bio-chemical route, a Sugar Platform Biorefinery treats lignocellulosic biomass to release cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose then is converted using enzymatic hydrolysis into glucose, mannose, and xylose. The sugars are converted into biofuels (ethanol, butanol, hydrogen) and/or added-value chemicals. Lignin is applied in combined heat and power combustion, but may in the future be transformed into added-value chemicals (De Jong et al., 2009).
Thermo-chemical refining applied in the Syngas Platform Biorefinery consists of high-temperature-cum-pressure gasification of lignocellulosic biomass into syngas. The gas is cleaned and used to produce biofuels [Fischer-Tropsch diesel, dimethylether (DME), or alcohol] and/or a variety of base chemicals (ethylene, propylene, butadiene, etc.) using catalytic synthesis processes (De Jong et al., 2009). A mixed approach, the so-called Two Platform Concept Biorefinery (or Integrated Bio/Thermo-chemical Biorefinery), integrates sugar and syngas refineries to generate bioenergy and/or biobased products. For this purpose, sugars are treated and biochemically processed, whereas lignin is thermochemically treated. Sugar refining (fermentation and distillation) and syngas residues are applied in combined heat and power production units to cover (part of) the energy requirements.
Green biorefineries, feeding grass to a cascade of processing stages, offer an innovative alternative processing route for grass feedstocks. Essential is the mechanical grass ("green biomass") fractionation into a liquid phase containing soluble compounds (lactic acid, amino acids) and a solid phase mainly consisting of fibers. Overall economic efficiency of the biorefinery is mainly determined by the economic return of the fibers (De Jong et al., 2009). Major characteristics of these dominant biorefinery processes are presented in Table 2
|Feedstock & conversion
|Whole crop biorefinery
|Cereal crops, dry or wet milling
|Link to monomer and polymer production, but large scale production leads to competition with food production. Straw applicable to lignocellulosic biorefinery.
|Mainly from maize, wheat. Moderately capital intensive.
|Oleochemical feedstock biorefinery
|Oil crops (rape seed, soybean, oil palm)
|Links to production of chemicals, functional monomers, lubricants, and surfactants. Direct competition with food.
|Close to full commer-cialization. Capital intensity is moderate.
|Lignocellulosic biorefinery
|Lignocellulosic crops, residues of food & feed crops
|Reduced competition with food, feed production, high water use efficiency, high potential for GHG emission reduction.
|Not yet on commercial scale. Capital intensive.
|Green Biorefinery
|Mainly grass
|Links to production of proteins, sugars and fibers. No direct competition with food.
|R&D phase.
Development Perspectives
Biorefineries offer prospects of enlarged sector output value and prospects for growth of smallholder farmers' incomes, but value added and income effects will depend on product and market differentiation. The relevance of biorefineries for development depends on a link to available biomass resources, options for economic conversion routes in developing countries, and the scale and location of the biorefineries.
Major sugar and starch crops can be applied in fermentation processes that provide inputs for the production of chemicals, specialty products, and fuels. Vegetable oils can be applied as plasticizers, lubricants, dyes, and resins. While most small-scale farmers produce some of these crops, they will not necessarily profit from future biobased developments. Well endowed large-scale farmers are the first to fill the need for extra biomass feedstocks. To realize development potentials, biorefineries should fit in the needs and possibilities of small scale farmers and their families.
Further, their role in production chains should safeguard perspectives for a profitable feedstock provision and/or integration in labor patterns and local employment, while increased demand for local resources (land, water) should not limit their access to such critical resources. It is likely that the best prospects are for systems with limited capital requirements or systems providing a guarantee for a long collaboration. Refineries offering cheap and local sources of energy, and activities that reduce water contents of (intermediate) feedstocks (limiting transportation costs and risks of decay) offer the best development options.
The potential of lignocellulosic biomass production in developing countries is huge, but current use or ecosystem service (fuel production, biodiversity, water capture) places limits on its application. Marginal lands may provide only low to moderate yield levels. The potential for the production of chemicals, lubricants, and other biobased products has to be evaluated but second generation bioethanol production may be a viable alternative locally.
Sugar beet has been identified as model crop for research on chemical building blocks, but its relevance for developing countries currently is limited. Cassava, a local low-cost source of starch, has interesting prospects as a source of bioethanol. EMBRAPA has bred cassava cultivars with high sugar content specifically designed for bioethanol production.
Research Priorities
Prospects for biorefinery research are mainly found in determining its potential for development applications. What refinery systems offer opportunities to poor farmers in isolated areas? How are existing systems for food and the systems for feed production and processing linked? Routes need to be identified to develop cheap and robust, but efficient, systems that do not threaten the position of vulnerable groups.
Priorities for research should be linked to those formulated for crop applications (biobased products, biofuels). As was discussed above, a combination of market size, price, and perspectives for competitive feedstock production must be considered against the needs and possibilities of rural poor plus farmers. Extra attention here is needed to link existing crop production with biorefinery systems and to define systems that are best fit to serve local needs, while preserving fragile social and ecological systems.
From a value chain and systems perspective, the biobased economy opens a range of research and development issues, which can be grouped into four principal emphases along a "U impact pathway/value chain" framework (Dixon et al., 2007). These are (i) consumer preferences, (ii) process engineering, (iii) socioeconomics, and (iv) production.
First, market research needs to be done on consumer preferences for biobased products. While of less importance when such products are used in intermediate steps, consumer acceptance of innovative biobased end products will need to be assured. In many cases consumers may prefer biobased products to petroleum products provided quality is not compromised. While there has been consumer resistance to GM products in many countries, this may be different for non-food applications.
Related to this, and moving down the produce value chain, a strong growth in process engineering research may be expected, especially related to process efficiency, food safety, and risk assessments. In this connection, good agricultural practices (GAP) promoted in agriculture and processing by FAO are of significance. Public-private partnerships could coalesce around improved crop cultivars and production practices for smallholder farmers. Research could also refer to ex ante impact assessment with a particular focus on equity outcomes of biobased economy.
Third, in relation to sustainable development, research on production and processing scale is important. In the early stages of the development of a biobased economy, downsizing processing technologies and plant sizes to the local level will contribute to three economic drivers. A larger share of the farm population will have the opportunity to grow feedstocks, including those in poor marginal environments. Local employment opportunities will be created in regions lacking in development opportunities, while short feedstock value chains may raise farm gate feedstock prices.
Related to this is the organization of processing facilities. Economies of scale may be expected to apply to biobased production as they do to food production chains. Feedstock production may in many instances be expected to cluster biorefineries, which may often be located in higher production areas (e.g., irrigated areas), thus indirectly leading to negative equity outcomes. Application of remote and local pre-treatment units linked to central processing facilities may provide an interesting alternative for this problem (Clark and Deswarte, 2008).
On the other hand, by-products can stimulate the development of enhanced secondary income generating opportunities, e.g., distiller's grains as concentrate feed for animal fattening activities. Therefore, livestock extension and improvement may well be an ideal complement to biorefinery development.
A fourth major research area will be sustainable feedstock production practices. Increasing demand for agricultural products may cause food prices to increase, increasing income and land values for large farmers and reducing net income/increasing food insecurity for the majority of small farmers who are net purchasers of food. The tendency for expansion of production onto marginal land will threaten soil health, thus requiring two major research thrusts: first, conservation agriculture systems that maintain soil cover, increase water use efficiency and reduce soil erosion; second, the substitution of perennials for annual feedstocks for similar reasons. The latter may lead to increases in agroforestry or mixed food-feedstock-livestock plantation systems, which can provide low cost and reliable biomass and avoid annual cultivation and management costs while stabilizing standing biomass in times of drought, plus self-evident advantages in relation to habitat and biodiversity.
The increased demand for biomass may lead to increased harvest of crop residues, including straw and stover, as feedstock, whether for biofuels, biobased products, or biorefineries. The removal of a high fraction of crop residues could lead to a shortage of fodder for ruminants, and reduce practices of mulching systems, which protect the soil surface, reduce erosion, reduce weed pressure, and improve water productivity. In this respect, the proportion of crop residues required to maintain soil health should be determined (Sayre and Dixon, 2006). There is sufficient potential to redirect nutrients contained in byproducts from bioenergy and biorefinery systems to farmers' fields. Anex et al. (2007) report a potential return rate of 78% of applied N in maize or switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) production.
There is a huge potential for agriculture as we move toward a biobased economy. To capitalize on this, systems and participatory approaches are needed to develop agriculture practices, institutions (including markets), and processing systems. As the anticipated growth of the biobased economy will strengthen the demand for biomass, ecosystem function in biomass scarce regions such as South Asia may be threatened. Resource planning, including water, energy and byproducts, and associated transportation, storage, and processing infrastructure can ensure optimal supply of agricultural produce to a variety of markets.
While the food versus fuel debate has been overheated, we conclude that food security should not be threatened by the plethora of new options. Focus should be on optimizing economic and energetic efficiency, while protecting the position of vulnerable groups in developing countries. The reality is that most poor rural households are net food consumers. In this context, one pathway to household food security and poverty reduction comprises household entitlements (income) associated with high value added products from biomass, through small-scale local biorefineries producing bioenergy or other biobased products in poor marginal and remote areas. Incentives for such decentralized investment in biorefineries would require pro-poor institutional and policy environments.
Balanced rural development will be essential to position the growth of the biobased technologies and economy in sustainable development space. Mankind requires a wide range of products from agriculture, including food, feed, and ecosystem services, alongside newer products described in this article. Experience from the green revolution suggests that agricultural intensification should be dispersed rather than concentrated in high potential zones; it should also be "pro-poor, pro-women, and pro-environment," embodying sustainability and equity principles.
A focus on rural development does not imply that there is no need for technological research. The challenge is to foster an innovative biobased economy that is technically feasible, profitable, and socially desirable. With respect to research, there is need to understand how to capture more value from existing crops.
There is a need to aim for ecological efficiency, but residue recovery and biomass harvest demand more of water and soil resources that are already heavily stressed. Consequently, it is important that processing must be integrated with biomass production to yield ecological improvements. Demand for biomass as a feedstock may allow a redesigning of agriculture, in terms of crops, cropping systems, and nutrient management.
Biorefineries will be a key component of a resilient and sustainable bioeconomy, preferably with viable small-scale options to foster local economic development in marginal and remote areas. The various components of healthy agricultural and industrial ecosystems need to be integrated. Biorefineries will need to be optimized so that a wider range of the ecological functions that agricultural and natural lands currently provide, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and the protection of water and soil resources, will be delivered. However, it should be noted that this is unlikely to happen unless appropriate economic incentives are created (Anex et al., 2007).


text:
Hi everyone,
I'm new to folders and I'm checking out some used folders - I'd appreciate your opinion on whether they're worth looking into further.
Bike #1: a 5 speed Dahon Da Bike; I believe it's about 8 years old. I've included some pictures of the Dahon Da Bike below.
Bike #2: from the ad: "25 inch Bi-Frame M1000 of Japan, 10 spd". Not sure if the 25" refers to the tires or the frame. I googled a bit and it seems that it's a 1993 Montague. See http://tinyurl.com/872z3.
Bike #3: a "Eska Rapido" made in Czechoslovakia. Since it's a single speed, I'm not really interested in it, but thought others here might be. It's about 3 years old, and according to the owner, folds into 20" x 20" x 7".
Ed Vander Hoek
Dahon Da Bike pictures: