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Seattle Coffee Gear: Espresso Machine Parts
Seattle Coffee Gear offers a wide array of parts for both home customers and service centers. In general, we offer only external parts to home customers, but we have developed a series of Tune-Up Kits to assist with the regular care and maintenace of machines made by Ascaso, Rancilio and Saeco.
Additionally, we are the primary parts importer and distributor for Saeco equipment in the United States. To find the part you need and request it for your service center, please visit our Parts Request Form. You can also use this form to request parts from other manufacturers such as Rancilio or Rocket Espresso and our Parts team will let you know if we are able to source it for you.
Rocket Cellini Stainless Steel Cup Warmer RailChrome out your Rocket Espresso Machine by upgrading its plastic cup rail to one made of stainless steel. This sturdy upgrade not only keeps your cups in place, but also looks good in the process. Learn More$85.09
Rocket Giotto Stainless Steel Cup Warmer RailChrome out your Rocket Giotto Espresso Machine by upgrading its plastic cup rail to one made of stainless steel. This sturdy upgrade keeps your cups in place, and also looks good in the process. Learn More$116.79
58mm Bottomless Portafilter for Rocket ModelsIf you haven't seen the coloration that comes out of a bottomless portafilter, you are really missing out. This unique way to extract shots with the 58mm Bottomless Portafilter for Rocket Giotto and Rocket Cellini models offers a great view into the process as rich hues of brown come waterfalling out from underneath your brewhead unit. Learn More
Regular Price: $69.95
Double Portafilter for Rocket Espresso MachinesThe portafilter for many espresso machines is the most handled element in the brewing process, so it's a good idea to have a spare one on hand in case you need a replacement or if you frequently switch between single and double shot filter baskets. This heavy-duty portafilter features rugged chrome plated brass construction with a durable plastic handle. Use with any single or double shot Rocket 58mm filter basket (not included); fits all Rocket models. Made in Italy. Learn More$69.95
Rocket Giotto Evoluzione Drip TrayThe Rocket Giotto Evoluzione Drip Tray works to contain the espresso mess all in one place. It is an easy replacement process if yours has gone missing or was twisted under the tire of a monster truck at last night's rally. The Professional model is a "plumb-in" only and the Evoluzione is a versatile plumbed or tank model. This replacement for the drip tray fits either model. Learn More$123.59
Rocket Cellini Evoluzione Drip TrayThe Rocket Cellini Evoluzione Drip Tray is made by Rocket Espresso to specifically fit this model espresso machine. The Professional model is a "plumb-in" only and the Evoluzione is a versatile plumbed or tank model. This replacement for the drip tray fits either model but not the Giotto series. Learn More$144.89
Rocket Cellini Premium Plus Drip TrayMaking a mess of your mocha this morning? The Rocket Cellini Premium Plus Drip Tray catches the mess to keep your countertop clean. This brand new shiny replacement drip tray from Rocket Espresso is only compatible with the Cellini Premium Plus model. Learn More$144.89
Rocket Giotto Premium Plus Drip TrayRocket Giotto Premium Plus Drip Tray. Please note that this drip tray is only suitable for the Rocket Espresso Giotto Premium Plus model. Learn More$127.59
Rocket Water Tank AssemblyDon't rock the boat, baby! If you have a leaky water tank, replace it PDQ (Pretty Darn Quick!) with the Rocket Water Tank Assembly for Giotto and Cellini Premium Plus models. Learn More$56.69
Rocket Espresso R58 Control Board for - V2This control board is included in the Rocket R58 dual boiler - V2. It can be installed in Version 1 R58 espresso machines to upgrade brew and steam boiler functionality. Learn More$125.29


text: A letter in the Telegraph of May 15th rightly points out that the rules for Disability Living Allowance were set by government staff – that not all claimants "are guilty of fraud or abusing the system". Moreover, as Neil O'Brien noted elsewhere, Incapacity Benefit was used in the past to hide increases in unemployment. Now we are in economically turgid times, people are not too surprised to see unemployment rise – especially when in the Eurozone it is reaching catastrophic proportions. The Government appears to feel more comfortable in allowing unemployment figures to climb as long as they are cutting back on disability benefits. Even if the disabled people who are 'helped back' to non-existent work are simply helping to lengthen the unemployment queues, they will be standing (or sitting) right at the back. But as Neil O'Brien also pointed out, the disabled are increasingly "being tarred as 'spongers'",… Read more

subset: commoncrawl


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Face of the Child: Symposium Posters
Saving Sight One Child at a Time
Michelle E. Bender, BSN, RN
Summa Akron City and Saint Thomas Hospital Family Medical Center, Akron, OH
Allocentric Worldview and Effects of an Unjust and Just Environment on Children's Health
Betty Braxter, PhD, RN
University of Pittsburgh
Investigation of Health Behaviors, Risk Awareness and Risk Perception as Predictors of Allowed Use of Tanning Beds Among Parents of Adolescent Children
Donna W. Driscoll, PhD, RN, CPNP
Molloy College, Rockville Centre, NY
Enhancing Knowledge and Skills of Nurse Practitioner Students When Caring for Children with Developmental Disabilites
Kathleen J. Fitzgerald, DNP, FNP-C
Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY
Medical Assistance for Child Victims of Human Trafficking: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach
Judith Hale Reed, MPA
Lauren Sullivan, BA
Duquesne University School Law
Learning the Nurse's Role of Child Maltreatment Through Simulation
Debra A. Lewis, MSN, RN, CPA
Charles Larew, PhD, RN
Rosanna Henry, MSN, RN
Bernadette Clark, MSN, RN
Duquesne University School of Nursing.
Community Nursing Advocacy Fellowship (CNAF). Program History and Overview
Evelyn Lengetti, RN, MSN
Sally P. Poliwoda, BSN, RN
Director of Nursing Education, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
Today Will Be A Day You Will Always Remember: Lessons in Patient Advocacy
Elizabeth Loeper, MSN, RNC, IBCLC, CNE
Lisa Kueny, SN
Neumann University, Aston, PA
Nursing: The Interaction of Service, Social Consciousness and Sustainability
Patricia Ryan-Krause, MS, RN, MSN, APRN
Yale University, New Haven, CT
Living with Dying in the Pediatric ICU: A Nursing Perspective
Debra L. Stayer, PhD, RN-BC,CCRN
Assistant Professor, Bloomsburg University Department of Nursing, Bloomsburg, PA
The Impact of Loneliness on the Health of School Age Children
Laurie A. Theeke, PhD, FNP-BC
West Virginia University School of Nursing
SIDS Blitz
Yvonne L. Weideman, DNP, MBA, RN
Cynthia A. Walters, DNP, MSN, RN
Duquesne University School of Nursing
Eileen Carlins, MSW, LSW
Cribs for Kids


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Our hotel is located in Gifu city,in the middle in Japan. Gifu is in the distance of about 30 minutes from Nagoya by... More Info »
Video guides, travel podcasts, city maps & free city guides. What to eat, where to stay and things to do and see - our travel guides have it all.Find a guide »
If you're looking for the weirdest things to do in New Orleans, with the smallest price tag, here's where you'll find them.Read more »
We offer the most comprehensive selection of hostels on the internet with over 33,000 great places to stay in 170 countries. The ultimate online resource for hostels everywhere.Find great value hostels »


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See All Contributors »
Wes leads the team with 7 for 7 in the 2nd half and 24 points in the 2nd game. Team is 2-0.
Game 1:
Bison-Nebraska Red 108<
Club Indiana Gold 42<
Bison-Nebraska Red (8-0).............56*52-108<
Club Indiana Gold.........................22*20-42<
B-N Red-Jeremy Wallace (Omaha Bryan) 11, Jesse Carr (Ainsworth) 8, Kendal Bender (Humphrey SF) 2, Wes Eikmeier (Fremont Bergan) 13, John Levorson (Crete) 22, Mike Fox (Beatrice) 9, Andy Morris (Omaha Skutt) 12, Koang Doluony (Omaha Bryan) 6, Jake Reinders (Omaha Skutt) 12, Porter Birtell (Lutheran Northeast) 12.<
Highlights: Bison Red raced to a 26-6 lead. John Levorson scored 18 of his game-high 22 points in the first half and led six players in double figures. Jesse Carr had seven assists and three steals. Bison Red shot 57 per cent from the field, including a 66 per cent effort from 3-point range.
Game 2:
Bison-Nebraska Red 85<
Georgia Ballers 75<
Bison-Nebraska Red (9-0).................40*45-85<
Georgia Ballers................................34*41-75<
B-N Red-Jeremy Wallace 8, Jesse Carr 10, Kendal Bender 1, Wes Eikmeier 24, John Levorson 13, Mike Fox 2, Andy Morris 6, Koang Doluony 11, Porter Birtell 10.<
Highlights: After losing a 12-point lead, Bison Red came back on the strength of a 18-5 run in the final five minutes of the game. Wes Eikmeier was 7-for-7 from the field in the second half and scored a team-high 24 points. The win boosted Bison Red's pool play record to 2-0.
I don't know; who is my shootout?
True and Valiant
I also remember a game with Kansas when Cy (wore a huge suit then) went out to center field, squatted, and "pooped" a couple of chickens that had been dyed blue then chased them around.
Originally Posted by DJK15
God I hope so, even if it's not the right thing to do, KF needs to do it.
Victory before honor.
Forum Rules
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University of Minnesota Bike Center Wins Award of Excellence from International Parking Institute
June 12, 2012
The University of Minnesota was recognized today with an Award of Excellence from the International Parking Institute (IPI). The Award of Excellence is the highest recognition offered in this annual competition with seven categories.
"It's an honor to be recognized for the innovative and forward-thinking projects born at the U," remarked Parking and Transportation Services Executive Director Bob Baker. "This global recognition means a great deal to a dedicated group of my staff who strongly believed in the power of alternative transportation and are dedicated to changing commuting patterns in the Twin Cities."
The University Bike Center is located in a former bus-waiting area of the University's Oak Street Parking Ramp on the East Bank campus. It gathers in one place those things that make bike commuting practical: professional and do-it-yourself repair stations; retail accessory store; card-accessed 24-hour bike parking; restrooms/showers, clothing lockers; electronic trip-planning kiosk to facilitate transit/cycling connections; gathering space for outreach/classes; and an RFID (radio-frequency identification) commuter validation benefits center.
As a first-in-the-nation program of this magnitude, the university's RFID program has the opportunity to break new ground in the promotion and encouragement of bicycle commuting. The program consists of small tags affixed to registered users' bicycles. RFID receivers installed at strategic locations around campus read and wirelessly transmit the tag information to a server accessible to users and the institution. This system solves the longstanding problem of bicycle commute trip validation and enables employers to offer incentives to bicyclists.
One of the major barriers to increased bicycle commuting is the disparity between the world of automobile infrastructure and that of the bicycle. "An unsurprising result is that people don't see themselves as bicycle commuters, despite the well-understood health and environmental benefits," explains Baker.
The University of Minnesota–with 51,000 students, 16,000 staff/faculty, and 15,000 daily visitors¬–has the potential to change this. "This program can serve as a blueprint for campuses around the nation," said Baker.
The International Parking Institute (IPI) is a trade organization that was founded in 1962 to represent the marketing, economic and political concerns of its members, made up of parking professionals worldwide. IPI provides leadership, information and education to a diverse membership from major municipal authorities, airports, hospitals and universities to industry suppliers and consultants and commercial operators.
To acknowledge the contributions of individuals to the industry, IPI conducts an annual Professional Recognition Program. This year's Awards of Excellence presentation took place on Monday, June 11, 2012 in the Phoenix Convention Center at the IPI Conference & Expo in Phoenix, Arizona.
The U of M won in Category IV–Innovation in a Parking Operation/Program.
The University of Minnesota-Twin Cities campus is the third largest traffic generator in Minnesota and sees more than 7,000 bicyclists on campus daily. University of Minnesota Parking and Transportation Services is committed to establishing, maintaining and improving a comprehensive transportation system that reduces congestion, eases accessibility and enhances a friendly university community.


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|Oracle FAQ
|Your Portal to the Oracle Knowledge Grid
Home -> Community -> Usenet -> comp.databases.theory -> Re: Database Design
H wrote:
> however i have a new problem now, which is if jack has more
> than one email address that means i should make all three columns part
> of the primary key so that i could insert
> jack | email | jack_at_a.com
> jack | email | jack_at_b.com
> this seems kind of weird to me. If anyone has some advice on how
> to design a database like this please let me know.
No one does it that way. Why not just adding a column?
In fact, you are asking for headaches because you are trying to take over the RDBMS's schema role. For example, in Oracle there's a data dictionary derived relation (view) called DBA_TAB_COLUMNS which has the OWNER, TABLE, and COLUMN attributes; the table itself holds the values. Much more flexible and straightfoward.
In fact your design should be a relation for customer, and other for email addresses with a foreign key to customer; or if you want to record that some families sometimes share an email address you could have an associative entity between them, as a customer-email_address relationship between customer and email address with foreign keys both to customer and to email address.
-- _ / \ Leandro Guimarães Faria Corsetti Dutra +55 (11) 246 96 07 \ / http://geocities.com./lgdutra/ BRASIL +55 (43) 322 89 71 X http://tutoriald.sourceforge.net./ mailto:email@example.com / \ Campanha fita ASCII, contra correio HTML mailto:leandrod_at_mac.comReceived on Sun Sep 16 2001 - 13:44:59 CDT
Original text of this message


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Nickelodeon renews "SpongeBob SquarePants," "Fairly OddParents"
Nickelodeon has renewed four of its popular animated series.
"SpongeBob SquarePants," which is in its sixth season, will produce 26 additional episodes.
"The Fairly OddParents," which debuted seven years ago, will offer 20 additional episodes.
"Back at the Barnyard" has been extended for 20 more episodes.
"The Backyardigans," the preschool powerhouse in its fourth season, will produce 20 additional installments.
Congatulations to them all. Brown Johnson, president of animation for Nickelodeon & MTVN Kids and Family Group, announced the renewals in a release: "Our key animated properties continue to be innovative and fresh, and feature characters that our viewers have grown to love and really connect with."
Boasting? Sure, but in this case, true too.


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This topic is archived and can not be replied to any more.
|Is This "normal"? posted Sun May 22 2005 15:45:22 by CanadianNorth
|My Contribution To "what Airline Is This?!" posted Sat Apr 30 2005 14:15:40 by INNflight
|Why Is This "badmotiv"? posted Fri Apr 8 2005 19:56:42 by Akau
|What Is This "Motive" You Refer To? posted Sun Dec 21 2003 09:30:09 by Daren3006
|Is This A "badcommon"? posted Wed Apr 24 2002 14:04:54 by Fly-K
|Is This Photo Bad? Help Please? posted Tue Jan 17 2006 15:20:09 by Devil505x
|Need Help On This "Bad Info" posted Fri Aug 13 2004 21:38:20 by Sleekjet
|A Quick "is This Photo Good Enough" Question... posted Sat Aug 5 2006 18:35:32 by Chris78cpr
|Yet Another "is This Salvagable?" Thread... posted Sat Jul 29 2006 03:15:18 by SNATH
|Another "Do You Think This Is OK?" posted Sun Nov 13 2005 01:08:26 by Edoca


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« Kim Kardashian And Kanye West Wedding To Be Aired As Two Part Special | Home | Lamar Odom Focused On Getting Khloe Kardashian Back »
Survivor: Cagayan Recap: Drop Your Buffs!
March 19, 2014 06:32 PM by Ryan Haidet
"Drop your Buffs." Jeff Probst uttered those famous words as the three tribes on Survivor: Cagayan — Brains, Brawn, Beauty — were dissolved into two new divisions. While many fans seemed happy with this twist already popping up, I'm bummed out. I wanted to go another one or two episodes with the triple tribe competition. It would have been fun to watch the Brains tribe battle the others without J'Tia Taylor's worthlessness around. Would it have made a difference? Could Spencer overcome another vote? All questions that will remained unanswered forever. Oh well. To see how the new tribes shuffled out and for more pictures from the episode, check out full details inside.
Firstly, here's my shameful self-promotion. Please join me in the weekly #Survivor discussion by following me on Twitter @RyanSurvivor. Stop by and say hello…
Odd One Out
Much like Amber from Survivor: All-Stars, Sarah found herself the only person entirely separated from her previous tribemates with the swap. When the new divisions were done, she remained on the Aparri (Brawn) tribe and joined by all three remaining members of Luzon (Brains) and three former Solana (Beauty) castaways. You will find the full breakdown below. And if you didn't learn the actual tribe names before this episode, it's time to learn 'em because identifying them as Brains, Brawn and Beauty is no longer gonna happen.
New Aparri: Sarah (former Brawn tribe), Spencer (former Brains tribe), Morgan (former Beauty tribe), Kass (former Brains), Tasha (former Brains tribe), Jeremiah (former Beauty tribe) and Alexis (former Beauty tribe).
New Solana: Woo, Cliff, Trish, Tony, Lindsey, Jefra and LJ — all former Brawn tribe members with the exception of Jefra and LJ of the original Beauty tribe.
The two new tribes immediately squared off in a Reward challenge for lots of sweet snacks like doughnuts, cookies, cinnamon rolls and coffee. The drool nearly dripped out of everybody's mouths as they glared at the goodies. Obviously, I've never competed on Survivor, but I always feel as if a Reward like this would make me nauseous. After days upon days of eating nothing but rice, I think the idea of grubbin' on sugary treats would be the last thing I would desire. You?
After the intense pull-your-competitor-off-a-pole challenge was done, Solana won the Reward. Did the former Brains trio carry their bad luck over to their new tribe? Sheesh.
Welcome To Your New Home
As the newly divided tribes arrived at their camps, no time was wasted on forming bonds. Trish and LJ quickly connected at the new Solana camp, but LJ had a motive. He was more interested in staying alive in the game than making friends, admitting he would play whatever cards he needed to in order to be kept around longer. If Trish is attracted to him, he will use that.
Meanwhile… Over at the new Aparri camp, the three former Beauty members didn't waste any time gossiping about each other. Ironically, Kass, Spencer and Tasha — the former Brains — went from being at the bottom of the barrel to having all sorts of alliance options when multiple people asked to join their side. Spencer, who is solidifying himself as one of the best this season, thought it was all a little too desperate. "The fact that they're this divided shows that we can play them against each other."
Sticking Together
After the Solana tribe lost the Immunity challenge, which was a duplicate from season 15 (Survivor: China), the strategy was on. Trish was rallying hard to get Cliff out of the game, which many others felt was crazy. Tony, however, was worried that LJ was too dangerous to keep around. Meanwhile, Lindsey was campaigning to get Trish out. "We need stability," Cliff told Tony right before Tribal Council. Despite saying Trish was caught up in her emotions, his target was LJ.
At another rainy Tribal Council, the tribe delivered a big blindside by voting Cliff out of the game. Lindsey and Woo literally couldn't lift their jaws. They were stunned. Awesome stuff! It's sad to see Cliff go so soon without us really getting to see much of him on the show, but his elimination was inevitable. He was too big of a threat from day one and nobody was comfortable enough with letting him make it to the merge. On another note, Sarah is now the only castaway this season who still has not experienced Tribal Council yet.
The preview for next week's episode shows the brewing battle between Trish and Lindsey reaching its boiling point with both women arguing with each other at camp. The clip also quickly shows Probst arriving and sitting with Lindsey to ask her what's going on. Could this be a quit from Lindsey? Is she sick and about to be medically evacuated? What's the deal? I hope she doesn't quit. You?
What are your thoughts on this episode? Are you happy with the outcome? Do you think the former Brains tribe members stand a chance? Who is your favorite castaway so far? Who do you think is best off after the tribal swap? Do you think it was too soon to dissolve the Brains vs. Brawn vs. Beauty twist? Sound off and leave a comment in the section below!
Photos: CBS
Survivor: Cagayan Interview — J'Tia Taylor Defends Dumping Out The Rice
Survivor: Cagayan Interview — Brice Johnston Says Jeremiah Wood Is A Cockroach
Survivor: Cagayan Interview — Garrett Adelstein Reveals What Happened To His Hidden Idol
Survivor: Cagayan Interview — David Samson Says J'Tia Taylor Was Useless
Survivor: Cagayan Episode 3 Recap — It's Tough Throwing A Challenge
Survivor: Cagayan Episode 2 Recap — Let It Rain!
Survivor: Cagayan Premiere Recap — Brains Tribe? How About Dumbass Tribe?
Topics: CBS Reality TV Shows, Survivor |
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Presented as a new FC Barcelona player on June 29 in 2007, Abidal has been a key piece in the first team's social and athletic success
He missed the Cup and Champions League finals in 2009, but he was charged with lifting the trophy in Wembley in 2011
The defender is a hero for many children that are struggling with illness
This Friday will mark Éric Abidal's fifth year at Can Barça. Exactly five years ago, the French player was presented as the newest addition to the team in the Camp Nou's press room. With the number 22 on his jersey, the Frenchman recognized that his job was to "bring equilibrium to a very offensive-minded team and to try to help the team concede fewer goals." In fact, Valdés won four of his five Zamora trophies with Abidal on the pitch.
Athletic success
Abidal has undoubtedly experienced the best and worts years of his life while living in Barcelona. He was a key player in the team that marveled the world. 14 titles in 4 years, including 2 Champions League titles... these are facts that speak for themselves. He had the bad luck of missing out of the Cup and the Champions League finals in 2009, but in 2011 it was the Frenchman, thanks to the captain Puyol's gesture, that lifted the European crown in Wembley.
Unanimous support
Before the month of May in 2011, however, a tumor was found on Abidal's liver. Only six weeks after undergoing surgery, Abidal was back on the pitch for the Barça-Madrid semifinal. The player received the unconditional support and admiration from his teammates after the match.
Abidal's serious illness had mobilized Barça fans and the sporting world. When news of Abidal's tumor broke, the hashtag #animsAbidal trended worldwide on Twitter. The shows of support came from all over the world. At the Camp Nou, the Barça fans chanted Abidals name on the 22nd minute of every match.
With a smile always on his face, Abidal was back to his usual excellent form at the start of the 2011/12 season. No one could have symbolized the essence of tenacity, grit and fighting spirit better than him. He had turned into the hero of sick children. "This has changed me in a profound way. I've sold all of my cars, and now I'm investing in hospitals to help children," he said a few days prior to the Wembley Final.
"We love you, we're waiting for you"
On the 15th of March of this year, curiously 365 days after he was diagnosed with a tumor, it was announced that the Frenchman required a liver transplant. Abidal is currently recovering form the operation. Sandro Rosell, during his overview of the season this past Tuesday, spoke for all Culés when he said: "we love you and we're waiting for you, Éric."


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|Louisiana Tech Joins Conference USA
A new era of Louisiana Tech Athletics is set to begin as the University announced that it will join Conference USA (C-USA) on July 1, 2013.
The move to C-USA brings Louisiana Tech into a home with several similar-minded universities that include natural regional rivalries. LA Tech has faced or is set to play Rice, Southern Miss, Tulsa and UAB in several sports in the recent past and near future.
The "Rivalry in Dixie," a college football rivalry game between Louisiana Tech and Southern Miss is one of many examples of that. The two teams first met in 1935 and the three most recent games in that rivalry (two of which have been played the last two years) have been decided by a field goal or less.
Louisiana Tech will also compete against regional teams that the school also faced in Western Athletic Conference play like Rice and Tulsa.
The more regionalized league gives all 16 of Louisiana Tech's Division I sports an opportunity to create more compelling schedules including road games at venues close enough for fans to easily travel to. Tech fans, who have already shown they will travel across the country to watch its teams play, get the added benefit of less travel while the school joins a league with quality competition.
"Located right in the heart of our Conference, we are so pleased to be able to start this association," said CUSA Commissioner Britton Banowsky, who was present at Friday's announcement. "The more you learn about Louisiana Tech, the more you appreciate the fine programs they have in place. They have a great tradition, and a wonderful vision for excellence in the future. They will make a great addition to the Conference."
Just as Louisiana Tech has worked tirelessly to make this move to enhance the school's regional and national visibility and competitive level in every sport, so can its fans support the University on this historic occasion. LTAC members are encouraged to join the 110% Club by giving at least 10 percent more than the previous year's gift.
In turn, Conference USA proudly gets a Tier One academic institution that boasts some of the most competitive intercollegiate sports in the region.
The Louisiana Tech football program is coming off a WAC Championship and an appearance in the Poinsettia Bowl where the Bulldogs nearly upset No. 15 TCU. The Bulldogs basketball team advanced to the WAC Tournament Championship Game last season in head coach Mike White's first season at Tech.
Ruston is the home of collegiate women's basketball as legendary coaches Sonja Hogg and Leon Barmore captured the nation's attention to the fastest growing sport at the time with three national championships and countless All-Americans in the 1980s. Current head coach Teresa Weatherspoon, a member of the 1988 national championship team, is back in Ruston leading the Lady Techsters to their rightful spot atop the women's college basketball world.
Ranked as a Tier One National University in US News & World Report's 2012 Best Colleges Report
The TECH 2020 vision is bold.
TECH 2020 identifies strategic focus areas for the University.
A new era is underway at Louisiana Tech University
Independence Bowl Champions: More than 41,000 fans traveled to Shreveport to see the Bulldogs defeat Northern Illinois, 17-10, in the 2008 Independence Bowl. Louisiana Tech quickly sold out its allotment of 12,000 tickets and attracted thousands more for three days of game-related activities.
Driving From/To Louisiana Tech - Ruston, La.
Within a 250 mile radius of Ruston:
Within a 250 mile radius of Louisiana Tech the total population exceeds 6.9 million people. This is larger than the individual cities of Dallas, Houston, New Orleans, Birmingham and Tulsa.
TV Affiliates within 100 Mile Radius
Women's Basketball
Men's Basketball
Women's Track & Field (Indoor and Outdoor)
Men's Track & Field (Indoor, Outdoor, Cross Country)
Men's Golf
Louisiana Tech consistently churns out quality student-athletes. Several of them have been recognized for being the best of the best.
Louisiana Tech Has 157 All-Americans To Date ... And Counting.
Pro Football Hall of Fame
College Football Hall of Fame
Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame
Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
National Fastpitch Coaches Association Hall of Fame
14 Bulldogs Have Played in the NBA:
21 Lady Techsters Have Played in the WNBA:
16 Bulldogs Have Played in MLB
Louisiana Tech's football program earned the 2011 Academic Achievement Award presented by the American Football Coaches Association for graduating over 75 percent of its football student-athletes.
Louisiana Tech's student-athletes recorded a four-year graduation success rate of 72 percent which ranks as the second highest in the state among Division I football-playing public institutions and among the best in the nation (NCAA Federal Graduation Rate Report released October 2011).
Louisiana Tech saw eight of its 16 NCAA sanctioned programs record their highest multi-year APR rates ever while four of the programs registered their highest single year APR score ever.


text:
The Mists of Paoru
The Fourth Cycle
The Fourth Cycle
3168 – The Merchant Principalities make contact with Baozuo by acts of piracy at sea
3170 – The Principalities begin sacking coastal villages in Baozuo
3171 – Baozuon ships prove to be far inferior in naval warfare spurring ingenuity in the learning centers of the kingdom
3175 – The Horizon War between Baozuo and the Principalities begins. The war is marked by each side attempting to create faster and better ships.
3191 – The war is further confused by the introduction of the Perlyan Pirates into the fray as they attack weakened vessels at sea.
3196 – A secret meeting between Empress Amu-Tsun and the Merchant Princes halts the Horizon War in favour of a temporary alliance against the Perlyan Pirates
3200 – After three years of naval warfare against the Perlyans, the combined naval might of the Principalities and Baozuo zero in on their island homes and destroy the nation of Perlya. Hostilities between the Principalities and Baozuo resume after both sides claim dominion.
3211 – The Horizon War comes to an end with a declaration of cease fire on both sides.
3213 – The Accords of Atirstam is signed ending the war officially and sets up economic relations between the Principalities and Baozuo
3215 – First diplomatic relations between Tanah Baru and Baozuo occur through the Principalities
3218 – Baozuan ships exploring along the coast of Eoda discover a coastal city of Jiyun, they are met at sea by an ambassador that tells them the Baora are not allowed in Jiyun
3223 – Empress Ama-Tsun assigns a diplomatic committee to improving relations with Jiyun
3230 – Foreign Minister Ong-Lak travels north to Jiyun in a flotilla of 7 unarmed ships.
3240 – Jiyun forces the flotilla to wait anchored off shore for almost ten years before finally answering their missives.
3241 – Minister Ong-Lak and Chancellor Ramatsuga sign a treaty of non-aggression opening up diplomatic channels between the two countries
3260 – a misunderstanding between a contingent of merchants from Tanah Baru and Jiyun erupt into outright aggression between Jiyun and Baozuo plunging both nations into a combined land and naval war
3268 – the Graceless War lasts almost 8 years before diplomacy can be restored between Jiyun, Tanah Baru and Baozuo.
3270 – After two years of diplomatic relations between the four nations of Eoda, the first Eodan Council takes place hosted by Baozuo. The council lasts for 3 months and is cause for much celebration as the Eodan Accords are authored and signed by all four nations pledging support and defining diplomatic relations. The council takes place every 5 years, being hosted in turns by each nation.
3390 – A strange ship coasts into port in Tanah Baru and weighs anchor in the middle of the Bay of the Shining Sand. A boat is sent with a minor port minister to make contact and is summarily destroyed by magic. The ship leaves port immediately.
3393 – Late one night in the summer, a flotilla of strange ships attack and raze a coastal city in Tanah Baru. The flotilla disappears immediately.
3395 – the 25th Eodan Council is hosted in the Principality of Yodlokara. Principality Naval Captains expound further on the tactics and bearing of the ships attacking Eodan cities. Jiyun reports seeing the strange ships near their shores. The council decides to send ships from each nation to scour the Thundering Ocean to make official contact.
3402 – The Eodan Fleet makes contact with the ships and a battle begins before any words are said. The Eodan Fleet is barely a match for the strength of the Enemy Ships even outnumbering them 5 to 1 but manages to turn the battle in their favor. Instead of returning home, they chase the ships back to their home farther west where they discover the continent of Ystoria and the Kingdom of Ystoria.
3409 – After returning home for reinforcements, the entire Eodan naval fleet returns to Ystoria and is met at sea by the Ystorian Fleet. A naval battle ensues lasting almost a year. The war is called off by ceasefire by the Ystorian fleet and a single message to leave them alone as they return to their land.
3416 – The injured remains of the Eodan Fleet limp home. The Eodan economy tanks from the costs of war and the first depression hits the four nations hard, lasting almost 20 years. The Depression combined with several blights skyrocket the poverty rates.
3458 – The economy of the Eodan nations has finally recovered from the last war as the Chancellor of Chenmo in the Empire makes a grab for the throne. The Battle of the Eyrie is fought in the Rosewylds against the powerful Yokai who controls most of it, resulting in her downfall at the hands of a few of the brightest and most powerful spellcasters from the Four Nations. The Wylds are free for exploration for the first time in Eodan History.
3459 – The Eodan Council convenes an emergency session to make concessions for the freed land in the Wylds. They pass an edict which is made law through all four nations that only those who represent their respective governments can explore and stake land there. The Wylds are divided up between the Four nations equally. The surviving spell casters who fought in the Battle of the Eyrie reveal deep levels of corruption at Chenmo and force the Emperor to remove the seat of the chancellor there and place it under direct control of the throne.
- The Onmyoji Wei Yuting establishes a satellite school of magical study in the Imperial Wylds. The school is located at Heitou's Monastery and is named Heitou's Tower. A specialized program for primal magic is started there to study the antimagic and primal magic of the lake.
- The Yushijin Nakamaru Tenn returns home a hero and is given an honorary position at the Temple of the Wood where he begins a program to delve deeper into musical magic. After a few years, he begins a new order within the Temple called the Tenijin who specialize in bardic magic.


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View on the map. Visit the website: www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/minster-lovell-hall-and-dovecote
The extensive and picturesque ruins of a 15th century riverside manor house, including a fine hall, south-west tower, and complete nearby dovecote. The home of Richard III's henchman Lord Lovell.
We've removed comments because of lovely spammers. You can still add them and when we re-enable them your comment will appear.
There are too many nerdy spots to show you (Over 1000!) in the current map view.
Try Zooming in to see more detail.


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Math Tables
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|Education 4 Kids, Inc.
|A game for practicing addition, subtraction, and multiplication. In each square put the solution to the row and column problem (if the row number is 3 and the column number is 6 and the math function is + [addition], then the answer for that locations is the sum of 3+6 and you would enter a 9 in the square). The game will create a table that is 10X10 maximum size (you get to define it yourself) with the starting row and column numbers being what you entered.
|Elementary, Middle School (6-8)
|Resource Types:
|Games, Problems/Puzzles, Web Interactive/Java
|Math Topics:
|Basic Operations
[Privacy Policy] [Terms of Use]
© 1994- Drexel University. All rights reserved.
The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education.


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|Restaurant & Bar
Enter a world of delectable flavors for some unforgettable experiences. Sample a menu rich in color and flavor. Our kitchen is open from 11:30 am to 1:00 am every day for lunch and dinner.
Dine inside our newly renovated dining room or at our cafe tables and you'll love our creative menu and new look at the Lekki Oxford Hotels Restaurant.
Come on in and join us for a fantastic time!
The bar:
The bar at Lekki Oxford Hotels is a favorite hangout for both locals and tourists. We offer an incredible collection of all top-shelf vodkas, whiskeys, scotches, cordials and cognacs. We also offer wine and a great selection of fine local and foreign beer.
The atmosphere at the Lekki Oxford bar is friendly and relaxed.
|Our Location


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Right now I have the stock starter that comes on the cv15s. I was wondering if this one off of the kohler cv23/25 (something like that) would work and be a better one to use.
Heres a picture of one for you guys:
If not, then what starter would be good to get?
Thanks, Cody. (Sorry for all the questions just learning, and getting a list together on what to buy this winter)


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I have to do a shopping cart project in PHP. The items will be in an XML file, and the shopping cart and product lists will all be in PHP. I have done all of that but I have a problem with the shopping cart. It seems that the session is not destroyed when I closed the browser and restart it. I can tell that by when I have 2(quantity) of item 1 in my cart. I close the browser and go back to my home page and add another item 1 to my cart. Now I have 3(quantity) of item 1. I have read somewhere that the session is automatically destroyed when the browser is closed, however, that is not the case for me. I have tried to put "session_destroy();" at the end of every file but that seems to not work. Here is my code for my product list page (intl.php):
<?php session_start(); /*?>  <title>Shop News</title>  <?php*/ $mycart=$_SESSION['crt']; if(empty($_SESSION['crt'])){ $mycart=array(1=>0,2=>0); $_SESSION['crt'] = $mycart; } else{ } $xml = simplexml_load_file("dxml.xml"); echo $xml->getName() . "
"; $c=0; foreach($xml->children() as $child) { echo $child->getName() . ": " . $child . "
"; $c++; echo "ADD TO CART"; #echo " "; } #php session_destroy(); ?>
I have an XML parser (for the file dxml.xml) and not much else. I click the hyperlink to +1 to my cart. I use a query string (?id=1) to help the cart identify what item to increase (in this case, the item with the id 1)
And here is my shopping cart code:
<?php session_start(); $mycart=$_SESSION['crt']; if(empty($mycart)){ $mycart=array(1=>0,2=>0); $_SESSION['crt'] = $mycart; } else { } $mid= $_GET['id']; var_dump($_SESSION['crt']); echo '
'; if ($mid==1){ $_SESSION['crt'][1]++; } var_dump($_SESSION['crt']); #session_destroy(); ?> SHOP MORE!
All I have here is:
- display cart before increase
- if my cart is empty, I will create one
- if the query string id (mid) == 1 then I will add 1 to item 1's quantity
- display cart after increase
- display "shop more" to lead back to home page
I don't know if it has something to do with my host (Godaddy.com) or there is an error. I think I'm missing something important here
If you want to visit this project (work in progress) you can go here
. I will eventually fix my site to make it look "prettier".
Thanks for reading all of this. Please help me!


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- MexicoRetailFunding via Kubo.financiero
Buenavista ...MexicoAgricultureFunding via VisionFund Mexico
Mario AlbertoMexicoTransportationFunding via Konfío
San Antonio Group
Virgina is 51 years old and studied until the second year of primary school. She is married and has seven children, five of whom are grown up and working. Her two younger children are a 15 year-old boy who is in secondary school and a 9 year-old girl who attends primary school. Virginia sells steak, sausage and tripe tacos. She is requesting a loan to buy one burner, soft drinks, and vegetables and meat to prepare her tacos. She will also use part to install a floor where she sells her tacos.
Virginia started her business 25 years ago because, with her husband out of work and her children still young, she lacked the necessary economic resources. She obtained a loan with her brother-in-law to put into her business and started to sell her tacos. Her business is important because it brings in profits when she's selling well. Virginia remembers once when her granddaughter was sick and she came up with 500 pesos to bring her to the doctor and to pay for her medicines. It was the profits from her business that made it possible for Virginia to pay.
She feels proud that the families who are her customers prefer her business and is proud when they say that her tacos are delicious. She reinvests her profits to buy ingredients to continue selling. Her daughter and her husband help her with the business, preparing and selling the tacos. Virginia's hopes and dreams are to make her business larger and for her youngest children to reach professional careers. She is happy to receive this loan because it's not just anywhere that you find people who help others unselfishly.
The members of this group would like to tell Kiva and Fundación Realidad: "Thank you very much for having confidence in us. We will not fail you, so that you will continue helping more people with their businesses and families."
Mr. José Socorro is missing in the photograph above.
Additional Information
This is a Group Loan
In a group loan, each member of the group receives an individual loan but is part of a larger group of individuals. The group is there to provide support to the members and to provide a system of peer pressure, but groups may or may not be formally bound by a group guarantee. In cases where there is a group guarantee, members of the group are responsible for paying back the loans of their fellow group members in the case of delinquency or default.
Kiva's Field Partners typically feature one borrower from a group. The loan description, sector, and other attributes for a group loan profile are determined by the featured borrower's loan. The other members of the group are not required to use their loans for the same purpose.
About Mexico
39View loans »
Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
- Repayment Term
- 5 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Aug 1, 2011
- Listed
- Aug 16, 2011
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Dec 15, 2011


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I've finally upgraded to System 7.5. I encountered only a few problems while installing; for potential upgraders, here's what caught me out.
I used the 'Easy Install': a couple of button presses and the machine goes away for 15 minutes and copies files from the CD (or floppies if you choose that media option when you buy the new system). The problem is that it installs all the files which might be needed -- and this includes files intended for other Macs. I found files for PowerBooks, Monitor Drivers for big screens, and a host of other System Extensions and Control Panels, so I eventually decided to remove everything and start again with a 'Custom' install.
The 'Custom' install provides a list with the small triangles which should be familiar from the windows in the Finder. You click on them to expand the file listings. In this case, you can use the cross-boxes to select only those parts that you need. For example, Apple Guide is very nice, but it uses lots of disk space, so you might consider leaving it out if you're short on space or rarely need to ask for help. The same goes for the powerhouse features of QuickDraw GX (desktop print icons, portable documents, etc) and PowerTalk (networked mailbox and email features) -- only install them if you need them.
Apple provide comprehensive information on the new facilities in System 7.5. -- contact your local Apple dealer for more information.
Getting onto the Internet can be challenging. Learning all the new vocab ('Gopher', 'ftp'ing', 'WWW'), as well as coping with smileys and IMHOs, can be very taxing. Worse, immersing yourself in net-surfing may get you out of your depth, both metaphorically and financially.
An alternative to going fully-Internet-equipped is to try a halfway house. Two of the most useful aspects of the Internet are email and newsgroups. Email lets you communicate with other computer users around the world rapidly, easily and cheaply, though
the initial investment in equipment (computer, modem, software) and phone bills mean that you aren't going to break even very quickly...
Newsgroups are a way of receiving news only on the topics that you want -- imagine a newspaper which only has pages relating to a specific subject. You can browse through topics and read the reports you find interesting. With 30 million or more people on the net, there is a huge range of subjects.
To access email and newsgroups without the hassle and expense of a full Internet connection, you could try one of the Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) which provide a taster of the net. MacTel are probably the best example -- they have been active in the Macintosh world for many years now (apparently, they were the first Mac BBS), and offer an ideal introduction to computer communications via their two bulletin boards, Iconex in Nottingham (0602 455444), and Metro in London (081 543 8017). As well as lively on-line conferences, you get a selection of Mac-relevant newsgroups and email facilities.
A typical wander around Iconex produced a menu offering folders with names like 'PowerPCSpecial', 'CD-ROMS on line', and 'Games Special', as well as a chance to check out some of the 24 Conferences currently running. Some of these are of immediate interest to musicans, for example the 'Musicians and MIDI', and the 'For Sale/Commercial' conferences. I took a look at the MIDI conference, which was pretty quiet, but it did contain another conference, titled 'Audio/Video'. This proved to be an active forum, with 35 people sending messages on a number of topics, including Non-Linear Broadcasting, the best stereo you can buy for under $500, and the possibility (or not...) of buying a decent subwoofer for under $300. The system even has a Usenet screen with help and hints which can be useful when logging on for the first time.
MacTel charge £23.50 for six months subscription, or £39.95 for a year, and the Internet extras (email and newsgroups) cost an additional £11.75 for six months -- although they did warn me that excessive use of the Internet facilities might incur charges by usage rather than by the flat rates.
You will need a modem capable of sending and receiving at a baud rate of 1200 or higher, set to 8 data bits, no parity and full duplex. If you send them an HD disk and an SAE, they will send you some suitable Mac software and the latest version of the Disinfectant virus killer program. Write to MacTel, c/o ExMicro, 32 Musters Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham NG2 7PL. Tell them Martin Russ sent you!
One of the on-going problems with using a computer is storing information. The name that you think of for a song today will mean lots less in six months' time, and be incomprehensible in a couple of years -- what exactly did 'S34T2PR5.SNG' sound like? Storing files starts out easy -- you just click on save, type a name and press the 'OK' button. But once you have more than a dozen or so files called Song 1 to Song 12, you need to start scrolling up and down the list on the screen, and remembering what number song you are working on can get difficult. What you need is a method of organising files.
The Mac already comes with an excellent method for organising files: folders. But many people, and some programs, don't like navigating through layers and layers of folders. What would really be useful is some way of sorting files into a known order, or even into groups, but without the complication of folders.
There is a way, and it's easy -- provided that you have access to some unusual symbols and know how to use them. See the separate table in the 'Symbols' box for some of the odder symbols available on the Mac, and how to generate them. Whilst some of these are a bit wacky, with obvious uses for decorative purposes, you can use them to group files, and even to determine how files are displayed in file open dialogue boxes...
The key to using symbols is the order in which the Macintosh sorts them. Usually, selecting View by Name sorts the files into alphabetical order. This is OK whilst you have files which start with ordinary letters -- but what about numbers, or symbols? You can probably guess that numbers come before letters, but what happens before '0' and after 'Z'? Below is a chart showing the symbols in order.
You put a symbol in front of the files which you want to group. For example, Classical music files could be preceeded with a ¢ symbol: ¢ Mozart K223. Pop Songs could have a $ sign in front: $ Big Earner. If the files are now viewed 'By Name', they will be sorted into groups depending on the symbol, so the pop songs will be first, then miscellaneous files starting with the letters a to z, and then the classical files. Since all the ¢ files would be grouped together and sorted alphabetically within the group, it is easy to find the file you want, without having to search through several folders, or through the whole set of files.
To have files which you use frequently appear at the top of the list of files in the 'Open...' dialogue box, precede the filename with a space character, since this has the highest sorting priority of all the symbols. If you want to put a file right at the end of the sorting list, you use an Apple symbol!
The EUREKA Longitudinal Time Code Codec chip from Hinton Instruments is an advanced device designed to provide high-performance reading and generation of SMPTE and EBU time code signals. It is designed to translate from the FM-encoded Time Code data into separate Clock and Data signals, suitable for interfacing to a USART in synchronous mode. Unusually, it has also been designed to interface easily with the Macintosh's serial ports, as well as with designs without microprocessors. Fabricated in 1-micron CMOS FPGA Programmable Gate Array technology, evaluation samples of the EUREKA chip are now available. Contact Graham Hinton on 0373 451927.
With Apple selling lots of PowerMacs, and the possibility of a bundled 'Houdini' plug-in board to allow Windows software to run at full speed, it looks like the long-rumoured take-over may now be officially vapourware. With the PowerPC chip, compatibility with the PC, the delays in the launch of Windows 95, and the IBM Warp attack on Microsoft, things look very good for Apple, and very bad for Microsoft. Any bets as to how late in 1995 Windows '95 becomes actually available to buy?
The sole casualty of the upgrade to System 7.5 was my copy of Connectix's excellent RAM Doubler, which 'doubles your RAM' with very few side effects. One of the advantages of buying it from the 'Instant Access' CD-ROM is that they are always available by phone for upgrades -- the phone is their shop-window! So a quick call to Instant Access had the 1.5.1 upgrade disk winging its way to me: Free! With service like that, you might wonder why anyone would buy software from any other source. Contact Instant Access on 081 205 2596.
Apple is supporting a project to unify the different CD and CD-ROM standards into the CD Plus standard. Sony, Philips and the Recording Industry of America (as in RIAA equalisation for vinyl pickups) intend to define a single, all-purpose CD+ format which will remove incompatibilities between drives. A CD+ drive that would read any format of CD or CD-ROM would probably assist the increasing convergence of the music and multimedia industries -- which is not helped by the fact that current CD players can't play CD-ROMs.
The price/speed ratio of modems continues to improve. The US Robotics Sportster 28.8 now offers 28.8 kBaud for under £300, whilst the popular US Robotics Sportster 14.4 will provide 14.4 kBaud for under £140 if you shop around. If you're shopping for a modem, look for one that is BABT approved (the green circle), go for as fast as you can afford (14.4 is fine for most purposes at the moment, unless you are a very serious Internet user), and check any bundled software. Most modems now offer fax and data transfer, although you will probably need to have your Mac powered up to receive faxes, which removes some of the advantage.


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|February 8 - March 18. 2012
Written by William Shakespeare
Directed by Jim Helsinger
Shakespeare's epic fairy tale is a sweeping story of love, laughter, betrayal and redemption. Evil queens, forbidden love, mistaken identities, banishment, magic potions and poison fill the stage in this storybook adventure. After brave Princess Imogen is falsely accused of adultery and escapes her father's court, she sets forth on a treacherous and miraculous journey to reclaim her place in society and reunite with her true love.
Audiences are saying...
"There's something thrilling, too, in Orlando Shakespeare Theater's lush production of 'Cymbeline,' a fairy tale for adults. It's in the way that director Jim Helsinger lets the audience members embrace their inner children. This is glorious grown-up fairy tale, and Helsinger finds just the right tone for his cast..." - Matt Palm, ORLANDO SENTINEL [full review]
Special Ticket Offer
Purchase a regular priced ticket to Cymbeline, and receive $10 off a Regular priced ticket to Romeo and Juliet. To reserve your seats, call the Box Office at 407-447-1700.
Opening Night Events
Pre-Show Chat
Join us in the Patron's Room on Friday, February 10 from 7:15 - 7:45 p.m. for a fun and informational Pre-Show Chat with the director, Jim Helsinger and members of our Education Team. We've got a few surprises up our sleeve, so you won't want to miss this event!
Opening Night Party
Production Team
Director .....Jim Helsinger
We have student matinees just for you! Call (407) 447-1700 or click here for more information.


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Human Resources Research & Consulting
At NLRG, John F. Buckley IV and our human resources consulting group have served employers, human resources professionals and corporate counsel for over 30 years.
Our human resources consulting services include, but are not limited to:
-- Reviewing policies to ensure compliance with applicable legal requirements and sound human resources practices.
-- Providing legislative updates and preparing multi-state surveys on important employment-related developments.
-- Working with corporate and outside counsel to provide services to employers, such as: drafting employment policies; consulting in administrative and judicial proceedings; preparing litigation-related documents ranging from position statements before the EEOC and state agencies to briefs before the United States Supreme Court
NLRG's human resources consulting department is led by John F. Buckley IV, a leading author on HR and employment law. His books include Defense of Equal Employment Claims 2d (Thomson Reuters 1995) and the State by State Guide to Human Resources Law (Wolters Kluwer 1994) In addition, Mr. Buckley has written articles, free white papers, and white papers for purchase, that are accessible through this website.
For more information about Mr. Buckley, his credentials, and background refer to his bio in Our Attorney section.


text:
Tuesday, March 16, 2010
The Ingram Library at the University of West Georgia will be closed on Friday, March 19, at 6 p.m., and reopen at 5 p.m. on Sunday, March 28. The closing coincides with the spring semester break and the demolition work scheduled for the ongoing renovation project.
The library will provide telephone reference services Monday through Thursday, 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. at 678-839-6495 and through an online chat at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Parrish Construction will begin the first major demolition phase of the renovation project, cutting through concrete flooring to install two elevator shafts and a temporary workers' stairwell. This dangerous and noisy construction phase has been scheduled during the spring break to minimize the inconvenience to the campus.
For more information and timeline for the renovation, go to www.westga.edu/libraryrenovation.


text:
- 7 years ago by Dexie
- 9 Comments »
- Share a Tip
There were a lot of Barack Obama shirts everywhere during the election, now Cafe Press unveils the Official Rolling Stone Commemorative Inauguration T-shirt which by the way benefits Rock The Vote. The Inauguration Day is fast approaching. Get yourself … More


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Tuxedo/Suit from Etsy Follow
Featured in 25 Awesome Pairs of Cufflinks for Geeky and Gamer Grooms.
Green Lantern Geeky Grooms Cuff Links.
Find Tuxes and Suits Near You:
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Plan, book and shop for your wedding with inspiration as your guide. Plus, save photos to your favorites!


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Nutmeg Grinder3
Fresh nutmeg is a great spice.
You can use it in dishes like French toast or a cobbler. Or you can simply sprinkle it over ice cream for a delicious treat.
You can absolutely tell if the nutmeg you use in a recipe is freshly ground or bought already ground. The scent and taste of nutmeg are so much livelier when you grind it fresh. And a good nutmeg grinder makes a huge difference when you decide to use fresh nutmeg.
Our William Bounds nutmeg grinder is compact, yet it stores your extra whole nutmegs efficiently. Just turn the handle on the top of the grinder, and you'll send freshly-ground nutmeg straight into your dish. That's it until you need it again. No clean-up required.
So, the next time you pull out some plain vanilla ice cream, make it sing by grinding fresh nutmeg over top!
The Nutmeg Grinder is available from The Good Cooking Store and they do ship. Click here for information on how to reach them.


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Marathi language
Marathi (Template:Lang Template:Unicode Template:IPA-mr) is a southern Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people. It is the official language of Maharashtra and Goa and is one of the 23 official languages of India. It is the 19th most spoken language in the world. There were 72 million speakers in 2001. Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India<ref>Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2001 Census</ref><ref name="encarta">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-European, Indic languages, dating from about 1000 AD.<ref>arts, South Asian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.</ref> The major dialects of Marathi are called Standard Marathi and Warhadi Marathi.<ref name=kas>Template:Cite journal</ref> There are a few other sub-dialects like Ahirani, Dangi, Vadvali, Samavedi, Khandeshi, and Malwani. Standard Marathi is the official language of the State of Maharashtra.
Geographic distribution
Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, union-territories of Daman-diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli. The cities of Baroda, Surat, and Ahmedabad (Gujrat), Belgaum (Karnataka), Indore, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh), Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) and Tanjore (Tamil Nadu) each have sizable Marathi-speaking communities. Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian emigrants worldwide, especially in the United States, Israel, Mauritius, and Canada.<ref name="eth">Ethnologue report of Marathi language</ref>
Official status
Marathi is an official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu<ref name="goa">The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the sole official language, but provides that Marathi may also be used for "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, pp. para 11.3</ref> and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref name="dadra">Marathi is an official language of Dadra and Nagar Haveli Administration's profile.</ref> In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for all official purposes. The Constitution of India recognizes Marathi as one of India's twenty-two official languages.<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para.2</ref>
In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (Gujarat),<ref>Dept. of Marathi, M.S. University of Baroda</ref> Osmania University (Andhra Pradesh),<ref>Dept. of Marathi, Osmania University, Hyderabad</ref> Gulbarga university (Karnataka),<ref>Dept. of Marathi, Gulbarga University</ref> Devi Ahilya University of Indore<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Goa University (Panaji)<ref>Dept.of Marathi, Goa University</ref> all have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics. Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a special department for Marathi.<ref>Jawaharlal Nehru University</ref>
The Prakrit vernacular languages, including Maharashtri Prakrit, were originally derived from Sanskrit.Template:Citation needed Further change led to apabhraṃśa languages like Marathi, which may be described as being a re-Sanskritised, developed form of Maharashtri Apabhraṃśa. The more recent influence of Persian, Arabic or Urdu has also made this language seem close to mainstream Hindi.Template:Citation needed
Maharashtri Prakrit was commonly spoken until 875Template:SpaceCE (875Template:SpaceAD) and was the official language of the Sātavāhana empire. It had risen to a high literary level, and works like Karpurmanjari and Saptashati (150Template:SpaceBCE) were written in it. Maharashtri Prakrit was the most widely used Prakrit language in western and southern India.
Maharashtri Apabhraṃśa remained in use for several hundred years until at least 500Template:SpaceCE (500Template:SpaceAD). Apabhraṃśa was used widely in Jain literature and formed an important link in the evolution of Marathi. This form of Apabhraṃśa was re-Sanskritised and eventually became Marathi.
According to the written forms and historical attestations and evidences, Marathi is said to date to the 8th century.<ref name="ucla">Khodade, 2004</ref>
Pre-13th century
Earliest forms
The first written attestation of Marathi, a document found in Maharastra, dates from 1012Template:SpaceCE.
The stone inscription at Akshi Taluka Alibaug District Raigad is the first clearly dated stone inscription. The brief description is as follows. गी सुष संतु | स्वस्ति ओ | पसीमस- मुद्रधिपति | स्री कोंकणा चक्री- वर्ती |स्री केसिदेवराय | महाप्रधा- न भइर्जू सेणुई तसीमीनी काले प्रव्रतमने | सकू संवतु : ९३४ प्रधा- वी संवसरे: अधीकु दीवे सुक्रे बौ- लु | भइर्जूवे तथा बोडणा तथा नऊ कुवली अधोर्यु प्रधानु | महलशु - मीची वआण | लुनया कचली ज It can be transliterated as : gee susha santu |swasti om |pasimasa - mudrdhipati | sri konkana chakri - varti | sri kesidevray |mahapradha - na bhairjoo senui taseemeeni kale pravratamane saku sanvatu :934 pradha- vi savsare : adhiku deeve sukre bau - lu | bhairjoove tatha bodana tatha nau kunvali ardhoyu pradhanu |mahalashu - meechee waaan | lunaya kachlee ja<ref name="prachin">Template:Cite book</ref>
Also, an interesting couplet is found in the monk Udyotansuri's Kuvalayamala in the 8th century, referring to a bazaar where the Marhattes speak Didhale (Dile - given), Gahille (Ghetale - taken). The Marathi translation of the Panchatantra is also considered very old.<ref name="kolarkar">Marathyancha Itihaas by Dr. Kolarkar (pg.3)</ref>
It is because the language was spoken so widely that the deeds of charitable gifts like the one at Patan recording the maintenance grants given by King Soidev to Changdev's University and the imperial mandates expected to be obeyed by all, like the Edict of King Aparaditya (1183), were inscribed in Marathi. The Pandharpur inscription (1273) of the days of Raja Shiromani Ramdev Rao is in flawless Marathi. Marathi was now spoken by all classes and castes.
12th century to 1905
Marathi literature began and grew thanks to the rise of both the Yadava dynasty of Devgiri (who adopted Marathi as the court language and patronized Marathi scholars) and two religious sects - Mahanubhav Panth and Warkari Panth, who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi had attained a venerable place in court life by the time of the Yadava kings. During the reign of the last three Yadava kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology, medicine, Puranas, Vedanta, kings and courtiers were created. Nalopakhyan, Rukmini swayamvar and Shripati's Jyotishratnamala (1039Template:SpaceCE) are a few examples.
The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, Vivekasindhu (Template:Lang), was written by Mukundaraj, a yogi of Natha Pantha and arch-poet of Marathi. Mukundaraj bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the Hindu philosophy and Yoga Marga on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya. Mukundaraj's other work, Paramamrita, is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language. One of the famous saints of this period is Sant Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296) who wrote Bhavarthadeepika, popularly known as Dnyaneshwari (1290),<ref>Dnyaneshwari</ref> and Amritanubhava. He also composed devotional songs called abhangas. Dnyaneshwar gave a higher status to Marathi by bringing the sacred Bhagavad Gita from Sanskrit to Marathi.
Mahanubhav sect
Notable examples of Marathi prose are "Template:IAST" (Template:Lang), events and anecdotes from the miracle filled life of Chakradhar Swami of the Mahanubhav sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimabhatta, in 1238. The Mahanubhav sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture.
Warkari sect
Template:Peacock The Mahanubhav sect was followed by the Warkari saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599). Eknath's Bhavarth Ramayana brought the message of the Bhagvat cultTemplate:Clarify to the people. Mukteswar translated the epic Mahabharata into Marathi. Social reformers like saint-poet Tukaram transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. Saint Tukaram's (1608–49) poetry contained his inspirations. He was a radical reformer. Tukaram wrote over 3000 Abhangas. He was followed by Ramadas. Writers of the Mahanubhav sect contributed to Marathi prose while the saint-poets of Warkari sect composed Marathi poetry. However, the latter group is regarded as the pioneers and founders of Marathi literature. Jainism too enriched Marathi during Bahamani period. See essay on "Marathi keertan" for "Varkari keertan"which is different for of devotion and mass education thru a stage performing act, which is basically glorification of god and heavenly personalities.
Modern period
Since 1630, Marathi regained prominence with the rise of the Maratha empire beginning with the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji (1627–1680). Subsequent rulers extended the empire northwards to Delhi, eastwards to Orissa, and southwards to Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. These excursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. This period also saw the use of Marathi in transactions involving land and other business. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of life of common people - who spoke the language - than the documents in Persian which was used previously but understood only by the elites of the Islamic rulers. At the time, Saint Tukaram made important contributions to Marathi poetic literature in Warkari Pantha. Saints like Samartha Ramdas (Dasboth), Sant Namdev (his marathi couplets were even taken to Punjab), Moropant (creator of 'Aryas") and many others created famous literary works in Marathi. There are lot of Bakharis written in Marathi and Modi lipi (shorthand marathi) from this period. But by the late 18th century, the Maratha Empire's influence over a large part of the country was on the decline.
18th century
In the 18th century, some well-known works such as Yatharthadeepika by Vaman Pandit, Naladamayanti Swayamvara by Raghunath Pandit, Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay by Shridhar Pandit and Mahabharata by Moropanta were produced. Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the Peshwa period. New literary forms were successfully experimented with during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms.
After 1800 to 20th century
The British colonial period (also known as the Modern Period) saw standardization of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. Christian missionaries played an important role in the production of scientific dictionaries and grammars.
The late 19th century in Maharashtra was a period of colonial modernity. Like the corresponding periods in other Indian languages, this was the period dominated by English-educated intellectuals. It was the age of English prose, reformist activism and a great intellectual ferment.
The first Marathi translation of an English book was published in 1817, and the first Marathi newspaper was started in 1835. Newspapers provided a platform for sharing literary views, and many books on social reforms were written. The Marathi language flourished as Marathi drama gained popularity. Musicals known as Sangeet Natak also evolved. Keshavasut, the father of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885. First Marathi periodical Dirghadarshan was started in 1840 while first Marathi newspaper Durpan was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832.
The first half of 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achieve major milestones in Marathi literature, drama, music and film. Modern Marathi prose flourished through various new literary forms like the essay, the biographies, the novels, prose, drama etc. Chiplunkar's Nibandhmala (essays), N.C.Kelkar's biographical writings, novels of Hari Narayan Apte, Narayan Sitaram Phadke and V. S. Khandekar, and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar's are particularly worth noting. Similarly Khandekar's Yayati which has won for him, the Jnanpith Award is a very noteworthy novel. Vijay Tendulkar's plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond Maharashtra. P.L.Deshpande(PuLa), P.K.Atre & Prabodhankar Thakrey, were also known for their writings in Marathi in the field of Drama, Samaj Prabodhan. After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level.
By May 1, 1960, Maharashtra emerged re-organised on linguistic lines adding Vidarbha and Marathwada region in its fold and bringing major chunks of Marathi population socio-politically together. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s.
A literary event called Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. In addition, the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan (All-India Marathi Theatre Meet) is also held annually. Both events are very popular amongst Maharashtrians.
Standard Marathi is based on dialects used by academics and the print media.
Indic scholars distinguish 42 dialects of spoken Marathi. Dialects bordering other major language areas have many properties in common with those languages, further differentiating them from standard spoken Marathi. The bulk of the variation within these dialects is primarily lexical and phonological (e.g. accent placement and pronunciation). Although the number of dialects is considerable, the degree of intelligibility within these dialects is relatively high.<ref name="ucla" /> Historically, the major dialect divisions have been Ahirani, Khandeshi, Varhadi, Zadi Boli, Vadvali, Samavedi and Are Marathi.
Jhadi Boli
Jhadi Boli or Jhadiboli is spoken in Jhadipranta (Forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra or eastern Vidarbha or western-central Gondvana comprising Gondia, Bhandara, Chandrpur, Gadchiroli and some parts of Nagpur and Wardha districts of Maharashtra.
Zadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary are working for the conservation of this important and distinct dialect of Marathi.
Varhadi, Varhādi or Vaidarbhi is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. In Marathi, the retroflex lateral approximant Template:Unicode Template:IPAblink is common, while in the Varhadii dialect, it corresponds to the palatal approximant y (IPA: [j]), making this dialect quite distinct. Such phonetic shifts are common in spoken Marathi, and as such, the spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra to another.
Ahirani is spoken in the west Khandesh North Maharashtra region.
Ahirani is a language today spoken in the western and southern parts of Jalgaon (Chalisgaon, Bhadgaon, Pachora, Erandol, Dharangaon, Parole, Amalner, Chopada talukas), Nandurbar (Shahada, Maharashtra, Taloda, Navapur), Dhule (Shirpur, Shindkheda, Sakri)and eastern Nashik (Baglan (Satana), Malegaon, Deola and Kalwan talukas) districts of Maharashtra. This dialect has a considerable influence of Gujrati and Hindi, the languages spoken in the neighouring states Gujrat and Madhya Pradesh.
Khandesh was an old district of Bombay presidency. Later it was divided into East and West Khandesh. East Khandesh is now known as Jalgaon District and West Khandesh is now known as Dhule district. Ahirani was the languages of Ahir's who lived in Khandesh.
Khandeshi has social and territorial dailects. Taptayngi, Varlyangi, Khallyangi, Baglani, Nandurbari, Ghatoi, Dhakani, Jamneri are territorial dailects of Khandeshi. Ahirani, Bhilli, Rajputi, Pardeshi, Ladsikkiwani, Tavadi, Levapatidari and Gujari are social dailects of Khandeshi.
Konkani Template:Anchor
Template:Main Template:Distinguish Konkani refers to the collection of dialects of Marathi language spoken in the Konkan region. It is often mistakenly extended to cover Goan Konkani which is an independent language. George Abraham Grierson has referred to this dialect as the Konkan Standard of Marathi in order to differentiate it from Konkani language.<ref>Konkani Detailed Description — </ref> The sub-dialects of Konkani gradually merge from standard Marathi into Goan Konkani from north to south Konkan. The various sub dialects are: Parabhi, Koli, Kiristanv, Kunbi, Agari, Dhangari, Thakri, Karadhi, and Maoli.<ref>Konkani Detailed Description — </ref> These sub-dialects are together considered by the ISO to be a separate language and is assigned the ISO 639-3 code knn.<ref>Ethnologue report - Maharashtrian Konkani</ref>
- Agari (Spoken by the Agri community found in Raigad & Thane district of Maharashtra)
- Thakri (Spoken by the Adivasi and katkari community found in Raigad district of Maharashtra)
- Koli (Spoken by the Koli or fishermen community found in Mumbai district of Maharashtra)
Template:Main Vadvali or Phudagi was primarily spoken by Vadvals, which basically means agricultural plot owners, of the Naigaon, Vasai to Dahanu region. Somavamshi Kshatriyas speak this dialect. This language is preserved mostly by the Roman Catholics native to this region, since they are a closely knit community here and have very few relatives outside this region. It was also widely spoken among the Hindus native to this region, but due to external influences, ordinary Marathi is now more popular among the Hindus. There are many songs in this language. Recently a book was published by Nutan Patil containing around 70 songs. The songs are about marriage, pachvi etc. The dialect of the Kolis (fisherfolk) of Vasai and neighbouring Mumbai resembles this dialect closely, though they speak with a heavier accent. There is a village in Vasai called Chulna, which was predominantly Roman Catholic (now cosmopolitan).
The striking feature of the dialect here contrasting it with Vadvali, is the preference of pronouncing the thinner 'l' and 'n' ('ल' and 'न') instead of the thicker 'l' and 'n' ('ळ' and 'ण'), which is retained even in the current generation of speakers even for conversing normal Marathi.
Template:Main Samavedi or Kadodi is spoken in the interiors of the Nala Sopara and Virar regions to the north of Mumbai in the Vasai TalukaUran panvel, Thane District of Maharashtra. The name of this language correctly suggests that its origins lie with the SamavediTemplate:Clarify Brahmins native to this region. This language, too, finds more speakers among the Roman Catholic converts native to the region (who are known as East Indians), but nevertheless is popular among the Samavedi Brahmins. This dialect is very different from the other Marathi dialects spoken in other regions of Maharashtra, but resembles Vadvali very closely. Both Vadvali and Samavedi have relatively high proportions of words imported from Portuguese as compared to ordinary Marathi, because of direct influence of the Portuguese who colonized this region till 1739.
Southern Indian Marathi
Thanjavur Marathi, Namdev shimpi Marathi and Bhavsar Marathi are spoken by many Maharashtrians in Southern India. This dialect is stuck in the 17th century and is old Marathi - it did not change from the time the Marathas conquered Thanjavur and Bangalore in southern India, till date. It has speakers in parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Template:Main Malvani is creole between Marathi and konkani. Though Malvani does not have a unique script, scripts of the other languages native to the regions its speakers inhabit are used. Devanagari is used by most of the speakers. Malvani is very popular language used for newspaper articles and dramas. Most of the people of Sindhudurg district speak Malvani.
- Nagri (Spoken in Central Maharashtra especially in Ahmednagar district)
- Dangii (spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border)
- Judæo-Marathi (spoken by the Bene Israel Jews)
- Ahirani (spoken in north maharatra esp in Jalgaon and some parts of Dhule, Nandurbar)
- Satari/Deshi ( spoken in South Maharashtra, especially in Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur Districts)
Other dialects of Marathi include Warli of Thane District, Dakshini (Marathwada), Deshi (Eastern Konkan Ghats), Deccan, Nagpuri, Ikrani and Gowlan.
The phoneme inventory of Marathi is similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages, especially that of the Konkani language. An IPA chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below.
| Template:IPA
| Template:IPA
| Template:IPA
|Template:IPA Template:IPA
Template:IPA Template:IPA
Older aspirated Template:IPA have lost their onset, with Template:IPA merging with Template:IPA and Template:IPA being typically realized as an aspirated fricative, Template:IPA. This Template:IPA series is not distinguished in writing from Template:IPA.
There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of a in act and a in all. These are written as Template:Lang and Template:Lang. The IPA signs for these are Template:IPA and Template:IPA, respectively. Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciations of certain alphabets such as the anusvāra (for instance, saṃhar, compared to sanhar in Hindi). Moreover, Marathi preserves certain Sanskrit patterns of pronunciation, as in the words purṇa and rāma compared to purṇ and rām in Hindi.
Written Marathi first appeared during the 11th century in the form of inscriptions on stones and copper plates. The Marathi Devanagari alphabet are similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet. From the 13th century until the mid-20th century, Marathi was written in the Modi script. Since 1950 it has been written in Devanagari.<ref name="omni">Marathi language, alphabet and pronunciation</ref>
Marathi is usually written in the Devanagari script, an abugida consisting of 36 consonant letters and 16 initial-vowel letters. It is written from left to right. The Devanagari alphabet used to write Marathi is slightly different than the Devanagari alphabets of Hindi and other languages: there are a couple additional letters in the Marathi alphabet, and Western punctuation is used. This Marathi Devanagari alphabet is called Balbodh (Template:Lang).
From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi was written in Modi script — a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.<ref>Modi lipi</ref> Currently, due to the availability of Modi fonts and the enthusiasm of the younger speakers, the script is far from disappearing. (See Reference Links).
Since Devanagri is difficult to type on Latin keyboards and Devanagri not displaying properly on old computers without the proper fonts, the general public usually types Marathi in Latin on social networking sites like Facebook and in online chats. Since this is a new trend there is no standardisation of phonetic and spelling rules.
त्याचे - tyache - "his" प्रस्ताव - prastaw - "proposal" विद्या - vidya - "knowledge" म्यान - myan "Sword Cover" त्वरा - twara "immediate/Quick" महत्त्व - mahatwa - "importance" फक्त - fakta - "only" बाहुल्या - baahulya - "dolls"
Consonant clusters
In Marathi, the consonants by default come with a schwa. Therefore, Template:Lang will be 'təyāche', not 'tyāche'. To form 'tyāche', you will have to add Template:Lang + Template:Lang, giving Template:Lang.
When two or more consecutive consonants are followed by a vowel then a jodakshar (consonant cluster) is formed. Some examples of consonant clusters are shown below:
- Template:Lang - tyāche - "his"
- Template:Lang - prastāv - "proposal"
- Template:Lang - vidyā - "knowledge"
- Template:Lang - myān "Sword Cover"
- Template:Lang - tvarā "immediate/Quick"
- Template:Lang - mahatva - "importance"
- Template:Lang - "only"
- Template:Lang - "dolls"
Marathi has a few consonant clusters that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including the so-called "nasal aspirates" (Template:Unicode, nh, and mh) and liquid aspirates (rh, Template:Unicode, lh, and vh). Some examples are given below.
- Template:Lang - Template:Unicode - "a shrub known for flowers"
- Template:Lang - Template:Unicode - "bath"
- Template:Lang - Template:Unicode - "because"
- Template:Lang - Template:Unicode - "different way of behaving"
- Template:Lang - kolhā - "fox"
- Template:Lang - Template:Unicode "when"
Marathi grammar shares similarities with other modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi, Gujarati, Punjabi, etc. The first modern book exclusively concerning Marathi Grammar was printed in 1805 by William Carey.<ref>Maharashtra times article</ref> Sanskrit Grammar used to be referred more till late stages of Marathi Language.Template:Citation needed
The contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the above mentioned rules give special status to 'Tatsam' (Without Change) words adapted from the Sanskrit language. This special status expects the rules for 'Tatsam' words to be followed as in Sanskrit grammar. While this supports Marathi Language with a larger treasure of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed; maintains influence over Marathi.Template:Clarify
The primary word order of Marathi is SOV (subject–object–verb)<ref>Wals.info</ref> An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other Indo-European languages, is that it displays the inclusive and exclusive we feature, common to the Austronesian languages, Dravidian languages, Rajasthani, and Gujarati.
Unlike its related languages, Marathi preserves all three grammatical genders (Linga) from Sanskrit, masculine, feminine and neuter. Marathi contains three grammatical voices (prayog) i.e. Kartari, Karmani and Bhave. Detailed analysis of grammatical aspects of Marathi language are covered in Marathi grammar.
Marathi organisations
Many government and semi-government organisations exist which work for the regulation, promotion and enrichment of the Marathi language. These are either initiated or funded by Government of Maharashtra. Few Marathi organisations are given below:<ref>Encyclopaedia of Indian literature Volume I, Published by Sahitya Akademi ISBN 81-260-1803-8</ref>
- Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad
- Rajya Marathi Vikas Sanstha
- Marathi Kavita
- Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Mahamandal (Central confederation of all Marathi organisations)
- Mumbai Marathi Sahitya Sangh
- Shodh Marathicha
- Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad, Pune
- Marathi Vishwakosh - Marathi encyclopedia project
- Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh, Nagpur
- Marathwada Sahitya Parishad, Aurangabad
- Akhil Bharatiya keertan sanstha, Dadar, Mumbai
Outside Maharashtra state
- Gomantak Marathi academy
- Madhya Pradesh Sahitya Parishad, Jabalpur
- Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Paraishad, Hyderabad
- Marathi Sahitya Parishad, Karnataka
- Gomantak Sahitya Sewak Mandal, Goa
- Vadodara (Badode Sansthan-Gaikwad State), Gujarat Rajya, Bharat
{Fifty per cent of citizens of Vadodara speak fluent Marathi due to Sir Sayajirao Gaikwad's Marathi Medium School.}
Sharing of linguistic resources with other languages
Over a period of many centuries the Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri, Apabhraṃśa and Sanskrit is understandable. At least 50% of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sanskrit.
Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages, and a few foreign languages like Persian, Arabic, English and a little from Portuguese.
While recent genome studies suggest some amount of political and trade relations between the Indian subcontinent and East Africa, Middle East, Central Asia over a millennium, these studies are still not conclusive about the exact effect on linguistics.
Morphology and etymology
Day-to-day spoken Marathi retains a noticeably higher number of Sanskrit-derived (tatsam) words compared to sister North-Indian languages like Hindi, and many of these words are more or less unchanged versions of their original Sanskrit counterparts. Examples of such words used more or less daily by Marathi speakers include nantar (from nantaram or after), Template:IAST (Template:IAST or complete, full, or full measure of something), ola (olam or damp), Template:IAST (Template:IAST or cause), puṣkaḷ (puṣkalam or much, many), satat (satatam or always), vichitra (vichitram or strange), svatah (svatah or himself/herself), prayatna (prayatnam or effort, attempt), bhīti (from bhīti, or fear) and Template:Unicode (Template:Unicode or vessel for cooking or storing food). Others such as dār (dwāram or door), ghar (gṛham or house), vāgh (vyāghram or tiger), paḷaṇe (palāyate or to run away), kiti (kati or how many) have undergone more modification.
Examples of words borrowed from other Indian and foreign languages include:
- Adakitta "nutcracker" directly borrowed from Kannada
- Begeen "early" directly borrowed from Kannada
- Estek "estate" corrupted from English
- Jaahiraat "advertisement" is derived from Arabic zaahiraat
- Shiphaaras "recommendation" is derived from Persian sefaresh
- Marjii "wish" is derived from Persian "marzi"
- Hajeri Attendance from Hajiri Urdu
A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation, and are considered to be totally assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. These include "pen" (native Marathi Template:Unicode), "shirt" (sadaraa).
Influence of foreign languages
Usage of punctuation marks was one of the major contributions to Indic script by foreign languages. Previously, due to Sanskritised poetry, textual punctuation requirements of many texts may have been less.Template:Citation needed
Forming complex words
Marathi uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming complex words. These processes are traditionally referred to as sandhi (from Sanskrit, "combination"). For example, ati + uttam gives the word atyuttam.
Another method of combining words is referred to as samaas (from Sanskrit, "margin"). There are no reliable rules to follow to make a samaas. When the second word starts with a consonant, a sandhi can not be formed, but a samaas can be formed. For example, miith-bhaakar ("salt-bread"), udyog-patii ("businessman"), Template:Unicode ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess), and so on. There are different names given to each type of samaas.
Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones for those greater than 20.
As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions Template:Frac, Template:Frac, and Template:Frac. They are paava, ardhaa, and Template:Unicode, respectively. For most fractions greater than 1, the prefixes savvaa-, Template:Unicode, Template:Unicode are used. There are special names for Template:Frac Template:Unicode and Template:Frac Template:Unicode.
The powers of ten are as follows:
- 10: daha (Devanagari:दहा)
- 100: shambhar (Devanagari:शंभर) (constructed with number prefix and "-she" suffix)
- 1,000: hajaar (Devanagari:हजार/सहस्र) (or sahasra, a word close to the Sanskrit version)
- 1,00,000: laakh/laksh (Devanagari:लाख/लक्ष)
- 10,00,000: dasha-laksh (Dasha = 10) (Devanagari: दशलक्ष)
- 1,00,00,000: koti (Devanagari:कोटी)
- 10,00,00,000 :dasha-koti (Devanagari: दशकोटी)
- 1,00,00,00,000: abja (Devanagari:अब्ज)
- 10,00,00,00,000 : dasha-abja (Devanagari: दशअब्ज)
- 10,00,00,00,00,000: kharva (Devanagari:खर्व)
- 10,00,00,00,00,00,000: nikharva (Devanagari:निखर्व)
- 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000: Mahapadma (Padma)
- 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000: shanku (Shankh)
- 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 Jaladhi (Samudra)
- 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 Antya
- 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000 Madhya
- 1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000: parardha (Devanagari:परार्ध)
|Number power to 10
|Marathi Number name
|Hajaar (Sahastra, Ayut)
|Daha Hajaar (dash-sahastra, )
|Lakh (laksha)
|DahaLakh (Dash-Laksha)
|Koti (Karod)
|Abja (Arbud, Arab)
|Karva (Kharab)
|Nikharva (Neel)
|Mahapadma (padma)
|Shanku (shankha)
|jaladhi (samudra)
<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A positive integer is read by breaking it up from the tens digit leftwards, into parts each containing two digits, the only exception being the hundreds place containing only one digit instead of two. For example, 1,234,567 is read as 12 laakh 34 hajaar 5 she 67.
Every two-digit number after 18 (11 to 18 are predefined) is read backwards. For example, 21 is read एक-वीस (1-twenty). Also, a two digit number that ends with a 9 is considered to be the next tens place minus one. For example, 29 is एकुणतीस/एकोणतीस (Thirty minus one). Two digit numbers used before hajaar, etc. are written in the same way.
Marathi on computers and the Internet
Shrilipi, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, KF-Kiran<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and many more (about48) based on ASCII code were used prior to the introduction of Unicode standard for Devanagari script. Fonts (Tanka) in ASCII code are in vogue on PCs even today since most of the computers in use are working with English Keyboard. Even today a large number of printed publications of books, news papers and magazines are prepared using these ASCII based fonts. However, these fonts cannot be used on internet due to new restrictions.
Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and Internet services, as have other Indian languages. But recently, with the introduction of language localisation projects and new technologies, various software and Internet applications have been introduced. Various Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Many Marathi websites, including Marathi newspapers, have become popular especially with Maharashtrians outside India. Online projects such as the Marathi language Wikipedia, with 36,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- Languages of India
- Languages with official status in India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
- List of Marathi writers
- A Survey of Marathi Dialects. VIII. Gāwḍi, A.M.Ghatage & P.P.Karapurkar. The State Board for Literature and Culture, Bombay. 1972.
- Marathi: The Language and its Linguistic Traditions - Prabhakar Machwe, Indian and Foreign Review, 15 March 1985.
- 'Atyavashyak Marathi Vyakaran' (Essential Marathi Grammar) - Dr. V. L. Vardhe
- 'Marathi Vyakaran' (Marathi Grammar) - Moreshvar Sakharam More.
- 'Marathi Vishwakosh, Khand 12 (Marathi World Encyclopedia, Volume 12), Maharashtra Rajya Vishwakosh Nirmiti Mandal, Mumbai
- 'Marathyancha Itihaas' by Dr. Kolarkar, Shrimangesh Publishers, Nagpur
- 'History of Medieval Hindu India from 600 CE to 1200 CE, by C. V. Vaidya
- Marathi Sahitya (Review of the Marathi Literature up to I960) by Kusumavati Deshpande, Maharashtra Information Centre, New Delhi
External links
Template:InterWiki Template:Sisterlinks Template:Wikibooks
- Marathi phrasebook at Wikitravel
- Marathi corner- largest Marathi people community]
- भारतीय भाषा ज्योति: मराठी —a textbook for learning Marathi through Hindi from the Central Institute of Indian Languages
- Dictionaries
- Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas). A dictionary, Marathi and English. 2d ed., rev. and enl. Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's press, 1857.
- Vaze, Shridhar Ganesh. The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English. Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press, 1911.
- Tulpule, Shankar Gopal and Anne Feldhaus. A dictionary of old Marathi. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1999.
- Marathi Wordnet
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Systems of linear equations and matrices: Row operation calculator: Interactively perform a sequence of elementary row operations on the given m x n matrix A. - read more
Simple Matrix Calculator This will take a matrix, of size up to 5x6, to reduced row echelon form by Gaussian elimination. Each elementary row operation will be printed. - read more
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Valzhyna Mort
Valzhyna Mort was born in Minsk, Belarus, and moved to the United States in 2006. She is the author of Factory of Tears (Copper Canyon Press, 2008) and Collected Body (Copper Canyon Press 2012). Mort has received the Lannan Foundation Literary Fellowship and the Bess Hokin Prize, among others. Currently she is a visiting writer at Cornell University.
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