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Sony Unveils Products To Drive HD Adoption
Sony reinforces its commitment to drive the high-definition (HD) wave in the region by showcasing its suite of products and solutions tailored to address HD content from broadcast studios to the home. Broadcast Asia 2008 marks the South East Asia debut of new products from the solid-state XDCAM EX™ camcorder and deck, the new HKSR-5804 file transfer option board designed to accompany the HDCAM SR SRW-5800 deck and the premium CineAltaä digital cinematography line-up.
Singapore, 17 June 2008 (BroadcastAsia 2008, Booth 8L3-01) – Sony reinforces
its commitment to drive the high-definition (HD) wave in the region by
showcasing its suite of products and solutions tailored to address HD content
from broadcast studios to the home.
Riding on the theme "High-Definition: The evolution continues", Sony further
strengthens its market leading HD line-up from acquisition through to display.
Its products and solutions demonstrate Sony's intimate understanding of the
industry through technological innovations evident in the various phases of
content production and delivery. Sony's solutions optimise image quality and
provide a more effective workflow for both news organisations and mainstream
entertainment production houses alike.
"Sony has been at the heart of the development and delivery of HD for more than
25 years. We are intent on pushing the boundaries of technology continuously,
innovating in response to the changing needs of our customers," said Mr. Kozo
Fujita, Head of Broadcast and Content Creation Solutions Asia Pacific (BCAP) and
Director, Business and Professional Products Asia Pacific Company (BPPA). "Sony
has always been an active player in the broadcast and production industry. We
hope to promote engineering excellence and we believe in training talents."
An extensive line up of HD products and solutions at BroadcastAsia 2008
The Sony display at BroadcastAsia is the largest on the show floor. It features
different zones to cover live production solutions, tapeless workflow
innovations and our professional display and audio line-up for visitors to see
and understand the true breadth of Sony's end-to-end products and services.
Broadcast Asia 2008 marks the South East Asia debut of new products from the
solid-state XDCAM EX™ camcorder and deck, the new HKSR-5804 file transfer option
board designed to accompany the HDCAM SR SRW-5800 deck and the premium CineAltaä
digital cinematography line-up.
The growing family of tapeless production
One of the five main areas of Sony's BroadcastAsia display, the workflow
demonstration section is dedicated to showing how the whole infrastructure of
the XDCAM™ category is designed to be integrated to different NLE environments
in a seamless manner.
As XDCAM™ continues to drive the broadcast news agenda, Sony's networked
production system, SONAPS™, is also growing in parallel. SONAPS is a complete
end-to-end environment that embraces every phase of the production process to
bring them together into a single, seamless workflow. Sony will also feature its
solutions that expand the line-up and ensure XDCAM™ is employed to its full
potential. With the new workgroup production server, HDXchange, XDCAM™ standard
definition and high-definition material can be stored centrally and accessed by
a whole range of users – from the production staff to the craft editor. The
XDCAM™ Cart Machine automates the handling of XDCAM™ media.
The XDCAM™ HD Professional Disc™ system now includes the XDCAM™ HD422 system
which adds the benefits of 50 Mbps 4:2:2 optical disc recording to a
high-definition optical disc workflow. Consisting of the PDW-700 camcorder and
PDW-HD1500 recording deck, the system allows broadcasters and production houses
to have greater flexibility with its fast file-based operations and superb
picture quality.
The family of Sony XDCAM EX™ video production technology has enticed the
industry with the benefits of a solid-state workflow. Shown for the first time
in Asia, Sony has expanded the range in the form of the PMW-EX3 camcorder by
allowing the user to make lens choices depending on the nature of their project,
through its interchangeable lens system.
Visitors can expect to see various types of setups as well as how Sony's
alliances with third party software manufacturers like Apple, Avid, Adobe,
Thomson GV and Sony's own Vegas Pro will let them mate the familiar traditional
logic of broadcasting equipment to the digital workflow of the new era.
High-end digital cinematography systems
At the high-end of Sony's CineAlta™ range will be the recently announced F35
camera system that is shown for the first time in Singapore. Featuring a super
35mm CCD Image Sensor, 10-bit 4:4:4 recording and variable frame rates, the F35
complements the current F23 model by offering a depth-of-field equal to that of
a film camera. This allows production crews to use the vast majority of existing
35mm picture camera optics, including specialty lenses such as fish eyes, swing
shifts and baby periscopes.
Also exhibiting for the first time in Asia, Sony demonstrates the newly added
file transfer capabilities to its SRW-5800 deck, and showcases an affordable
companion player deck, model SRW-5100, to the product line.
Other new Sony products at BroadcastAsia 2008 include a software upgrade
(version 7.20) for the MVS-8000G production switcher, the award winning BVM-L230
23-inch (viewable area, measured diagonally) model is now in use worldwide by
broadcasters, production companies, post-production houses, rental companies and
OB van companies.
To complement Sony's newest HDV™ camcorders, the HVR-1500A videotape recorder
now includes HD-SDI input capabilities, broadening the deck's potential
applications to a wider range of production environments. In addition, the
enhanced HVR-M15AN/M15AP and HVR-M25AN/M25AP models now support native
progressive recording.
Sony brings OLED display technology to professional HD cameras in the form of
the 11-inch (viewable area, measured diagonally) HDVF-EL100 for the HDC cameras.
The new viewfinder delivers precise focusing, high contrast and brightness, wide
viewing angles as well as a large colour gamut, to meet industry needs.
An unmatched heritage in supporting broadcasters' needs
As well as providing a balanced choice of HD format options, Sony is unique in
the breadth of its HD offering to media professionals. HD continues to capture
the imagination of the sports and live events community in response to the
growing demands for high quality programming in the upcoming sports spectacular.
"From initial systems design, construction and integration to training, support
and project management, Sony's Professional Solutions and Services team
continues to deliver a growing number of HD OB trucks to both new and existing
customers and turnkey solutions to studio projects alike," said Mr Garry Rhodin,
General Manager, Professional Solutions and Services Division (PSSD). Garry will
share his professional insights on HDTV at the BroadcastAsia 2008 conference
"The Transition to High-Definition – Challenges and Solutions".
More recently, under the leadership and direction of Mr. Kozo Fujita, the BCAP
Division has been restructured to comprise dedicated teams of business
development, sales and product marketing resources focused on new opportunities
for content creation and expanding Sony's role as a solutions provider into the
growing Asian markets.
"Our main goal of this new Sony team is to work closely with both the
broadcasters, production houses and the growing corporate markets. Together with
the PSSD, we understand the needs of customers to transition their operations to
HD today. We have system integrators and other resellers ready to put in place
the systems, service and support infrastructures our customers need," Mr Fujita
"Our integrated stand and information seminars this year will allow all visitors
to see the strength and flexibility that our products and services offer to help
them meet their business goals. We hope these initiatives will enable everyone
to truly understand our entire HD philosophy from, media and broadcast and
beyond," concluded Mr Fujita.


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Celebrity Moms & Babies
Gwen Stefani and Her Husband Are Never Breaking Up — Here's Why (VIDEO)
Few celebrity couples give us more faith in marriage than Gwen Stefani and Gavin Rossdale. Not only are these two stars the perfect mix of punk and posh, they've got an entire football team of sons with cool names like Zuma, Kingston, and Apollo. (See that latest cutie recruit for yourself in a new Father's Day photo from the fam.)
Adding a sentimental cherry to the top of our we heart Gwen and Gavin sundae is Gavin himself. The Bush frontman said some pretty hilarious, pretty sweet things about his wife of nearly 12 years. E! Online caught up with the 48-year-old at a Montblanc event on June 20; he's clearly a busy guy so E! asked how he and his lady love find time to spend together.
"We don't. It's perfect," he joked. "That's why we've been together for so long." Anybody else feel inclined to pin "#marriage" to the end of that one?
Gavin also recently spilled the secret to what will always keep him and Gwen together. Want to know? No doubt you do so check out the video above! Then head to the comments below to let us know what you think of this Hollywood duo.
Source: E! Online

subset: commoncrawl


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10 problems or opportunities facing the world today and the technologies that can help solve them
I don't personally believe any of these problems or opportunities to be great than others so this list will be in no particular order. I hope that our future is bright and that we will be able to utilize technology well enough to solve each of these.
- World Hunger – agricultural advances that will increase efficiency in farming and can increase water resources, development of crops that can grow in drier climates
- Global Warming – the problem goes hand-in-hand with pollution, but can also be held separate because it involves one area of pollution, green-house gases – solutions might include
- Pollution – the discovery or invention of cleaner energy sources – increased recycling programs and better recycling methods
- Education – the information age is driving society to learn – online courses such as this one are available to people across the country, even while they are currently employed – computers and the Internet are being utilized through programs such as the 1 laptop per child program that was developed to help children in third world countries have the opportunity for an education
- Poverty – information technology seems to be driving economies in third world countries – development of computers and the Internet have provided a low-cost platform for these countries to enter into the information age where they are able to earn an income performing labor for companies across the world without leaving their homes
- Energy Waste and Efficiency – production of energy-efficient appliances, vehicles, electronic devices, and so on can help us reduce the amount of energy we waste every day – I bet we produce enough heat through the storage and processing of information each day across the world that we could heat every home in Canada during an entire winter, yet all we can think about is using more energy to find ways to keep our servers cold enough that they do not receive any significant heat damage…
- Alternative Energy Sources – oil seems to be on topic all of the time lately, but there are alternative energy resources – wind, solar, water, nuclear – that can be further researched
- Space Exploration – this is an opportunity for us to learn more about the world that we live in, and by world I am not just talking about the Earth – there are so many galaxies to explore, so many elements to discover… who knows what is out there for us to discover? I think we are starting to move in the right direction, but that we are still decades behind in this research
- Health Care – technology should be embraced and driven as a method for reducing health costs for everyone across the world – is there really a reason that health care needs to cost as much as it does? or do we need to find more efficient and better ways for providing health care? also nano-technology is giving us a method by which we can deliver medicines and perform surgeries never before possible
- Disease – genetics – learning more about ourselves and our bodies will open doors to solutions for diseases and viruses that we have never before considered – doctors are able to diagnose diseases and ailments months and years ahead of what was previously possible
Some of these problems and opportunities will most likely bring about new opportunities and issues for us as a people to embrace and deal with along the way. Just as technologies breed new technologies so do opportunities branch into other opportunities and problems produce more problems. The future can become better or worse depending on your own personal outlook on things. I think we need to take a step outside the box and recognize this so that we are moving towards common goals instead of dealing with personal issues if we want to succeed in the future.


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Simply confirm your registered email address below and click "Reset Password." We will immediately email you a link back to the site where you can enter a new password for this account.
1. Baby carrots with nonfat Greek yogurt.
2. Skinny vanilla milkshake.
3. Pistachios. For 100 calories, you can have about 30 nuts, and they have far less salt than most processed snacks.
4. Chocolate covered banana slices. Melt a square of chocolate in the microwave for about 20 seconds, then dip in banana slices. It's antioxidant and fiber rich.


text:
Images: Marines launch grenades during live-fire exercise [Image 2 of 3]
Photo by Lance Cpl. Jose Lujano
Lance Cpl. Sheridan R. Lewis fires a MK19 grenade launcher May 14 during a live-fire training exercise at the Central Training Area near Camp Hansen. Marines also employed the M203 grenade launcher and the M32 semiautomatic grenade launcher during training to familiarize themselves with the different weapons. Lewis is a motor vehicle operator with General Support Motor Transport Company, Combat Logistics Regiment 3, 3rd Marine Logistics Group, III Marine Expeditionary Force. (U.S. Marine Corps Photo by Lance Cpl. Jose D. Lujano/Released)
This work, Marines launch grenades during live-fire exercise [Image 1 of 3], by Cpl Jose Lujano, identified by DVIDS, is free of known copyright restrictions under U.S. copyright law.
Date Taken:05.14.2013
Date Posted:05.24.2013 04:34
Photo ID:939988
Size:8.14 MB
Location:CAMP HANSEN, OKINAWA, JP
Gallery Images
Associated News
Marines launch grenades during live-fire exercise


text:
I just got a new bike, a 2013 windsor knight, with ultegra parts and clipless pedals. I would like to get a pair of cleats to accommodate these pedals for long distance rides. But I'm also wondering whether I should invest in a new pair of flatbed pedals instead.
I have a $30 helmet from Amazon that doesn't fit my head very well. I don't know if it's just a lower end helmet, or whether there is another one of the same quality that better fits me.
If possible, I would like to keep the total cost below $70


text:
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Edition: 9th
Author(s): Nilsson, James W.; Riedel, Susan A.
ISBN: 9780132123075 / Paperback / 5/21/2010
Marketplace Disclaimer:
Edition, Cover Design, etc may vary from the eCampus.com description. Please refer to the seller's comments before ordering. Marketplace sellers are required to ship by the end of the 5th business day. Items are not returnable to eCampus.com. Orders cannot be cancelled by eCampus.com.


text:
40 x 40 Expandable Tents are perfect for larger events
Perfect for graduation parties, weddings, or any outdoor event
All tents are 100% frame supported and offer up to 14-16 foot ceilings
depending on size chosen
Pricing includes Free Delivery and Setup in Lubbock
For Out of town delivery rates please click here
All Tents by Spoil Me Rotten are White Tops - 100% Clear Span Floor Space
Clear Span means that there are no pesky poles coming down in your floor space
40x40 and larger tents offer a standard pitch roof style
40 foot tents are frame supported offering 14-16 foot ceiling heights
Tent Draping and Uplighting is also available - Please Call for details and pricing
Tents can be secured on concrete with water barrels - water supply required
Additional fees apply for water barrel or concrete stake setups
Tent lighting is also available at an additional
fee. Please call us for details
Seating below is based on industry standards -
This standard specifies
10 square feet per person for 8 foot long tables
12 square feet per person for 60 inch round tables
Each table will comfortably seat 8 with standard chairs
Ceremony Seating is based on 8 square feet per chair which allows for center
Sizing/Price Chart below is for Gable Ended Tents
Free Delivery and Setup is available in Lubbock City Limits for any Rental Order of $149 or greater
Rental Orders less than $149 may be picked up and returned by the customer except for certain items.
Spoil Me Rotten does deliver throughout West Texas however deliver rates and restrictions may apply
Please Click Here for current delivery rates
Any rental order requiring delivery before 8AM or pickup after 9PM will be assessed an after hours fee of $150, After midnight fees start at $200
Exceptions may be made for school, church, and corporate events. Events will be reviewed on a per request basis
Call Spoil Me Rotten Hot Tub & Party Rentals TODAY! 806-543-6800
2311 109th Street - Lubbock, TX 79423


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LEBANON, Tenn. (AP) — A new billboard on Interstate 40 features a Lebanon woman's plea for someone to donate a kidney to her husband.
WTVF-TV reports (http://bit.ly/1dFmGco ) that the billboard on I-40 West heading into Nashville features Cindy Johnson's photo and phone number, in addition to the request for a kidney donation for her husband Bobby Johnson.
Cindy Johnson says it has been heartbreaking watching her husband of nearly 32 years go through dialysis three times a week. She says a kidney transplant is the only option to help improve and extend her husband's life.
Bobby Johnson is battling chronic kidney disease and is living with end stage renal failure.
The billboard has generated a few phone calls and multiple hits on the advertised website.
Information from: WTVF-TV, http://www.newschannel5.com


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After a one week hiatus, the UFC lands in London, England with an under the radar fight card headlined by Renan Barao and Michael McDonald. Continue reading
Paul Sass RSS
UFC on Fuel TV Struve vs. Miocic: Punch Drunk Predictions
Heavyweight prospect Stipe Miocic looks to keep his unbeaten record intact against Stefan Struve in the main event of Saturday's UFC on Fuel TV fight card from the Capital FM Arena in Nottingham, England.
Remember that six-week stretch without any UFC we just had? I really hope your rested up during those 42 days between events, because starting with UFC 152 last week, the race the end of the year will feature 11 events … Continue reading
UFC Nottingham: 5 Burning Questions for Saturday's Return to the UK
Stefan Struve dropping bombs on Sean "Big Sexy" McCorkle at UFC 124 in Montreal. (Photo credit ROGERIO BARBOSA/AFP/Getty Images)
1. How Will the Critics Receive This Card? This is the one that interests me most, mainly because I think it's hilarious to listen to people come up with complaints about an event. Based on previous criticisms of Fuel TV … Continue reading
UFC Nottingham: Perfect Fight Card for Fuel TV, Now Promote These Guys
You really should tune into this event on Saturday.
Saturday's UFC event in Nottingham, England is a perfect mix to names and prospects for Fuel TV, and the UFC should promote it as such. Continue reading
UFC 146: 10 Things We Learned Last Night
Junior dos Santos is still the UFC heavyweight champion following Saturday night's second round technical knockout victory over Frank Mir at UFC 146.
Junior dos Santos defended his title, Cain Velasquez made a statement, and Jason "Mayhem" Miller fought his last bout in the UFC. Find out what else went down at UFC 146 with Keyboard Kimura's customary event recap, 10 Things We Learned Last Night. Continue reading
UFC 146: 5 Fighters Flying Under the Radar This Weekend
Shane del Rosario returns after a 15-month layoff Saturday night against fellow unbeaten heavyweight prospect Stipe Miocic. (photo courtesy of Esther Lin/Strikeforce) Check out more awesomeness at allelbows: http://allelbows.com/2010/07/more-strikeforce-everett-fight-week/
Junior dos Santos, Frank Mir, and Cain Velasquez are getting the bulk of the attention heading into UFC 146. E. Spencer Kyte thinks there are a handful of other fighters on this card who aren't getting the attention they deserve, including unbeaten prospects Shane del Rosario and Edson Barboza. Continue reading
UFC 146: 5 Burning Questions as Fight Week Begins
Will an all-heavyweight main card at UFC 146 live up to its explosive potentail? That's one of the questions ESK has for this Saturday's card in Las Vegas.
As UFC 146 Fight Week kicks off, E. Spencer Kyte looks at five questions stemming from this weekend's 12-fight line-up headlined by heavyweight champion Junior dos Santos defending his title against former two-time champion Frank Mir. Continue reading


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On the same day that President Obama signed an executive order requiring federal government contractors to report data on pay, a bill that mirrors the federal law on Gender-Based pay discrimination has been introduced in the Ohio house.
Connie Pillich, a Democratic state representative and candidate for state treasurer, says her bill would focus on closing a gender pay gap in Ohio.
"Here in Ohio, women earn an average of 10, 805 less than men every year," Pillich said, "That means Ohio families are bringing home 10,000 a year less. When you break that down per week, it's 207 dollars a week."
Pillich's bill would bring Ohio in line with the federal Lilly Ledbetter act. It would allow women in Ohio to sue for damages if they are being paid less than men for performing the same job. Her bill has had one hearing so far.


text: 86:1 One may not wash his or her entire body, or even most of the body, in hot water on Shabbos. This is true even if the water was heated before Shabbos. Even to wash one limb at a time is prohibited if one is going to wash most of his body. One may not even go to a bathhouse for a sweat (like a sauna). One may, however, wash his hands, face and feet using hot water that was heated before Shabbos. (Some authorities permit a person who is experiencing great discomfort to bathe in hot water that was heated before Shabbos – Bi'ur Halacha 326:1 s.v. bamayim shehuchmu mei'eirev shabbos.) 86:2 Regarding hot water that comes from natural hot springs, if they are still in the ground and the spring is not covered by a roof, one may wash even his whole body in them. If they are in a vessel, or if the spring is covered by a roof, it is prohibited. (The ceiling retains heat – MB 326:10 – making it) like a bathhouse, which is prohibited. Some authorities permit one to bathe in hot springs in the ground even if they are covered by a roof. (According to Mishnah Brurah 326:11, one may rely on the lenient position in this matter.)


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Rubus armeniacus
Authors: Marc Hoshovsky, Global Invasive Species Team, The Nature Conservancy
- 1 Overview
- 2 General Description
- 6 Resources
- 8 Images from Bugwood.org
Rubus procerus
auct. non P.J. Müll. ex Genev
- Appearance
- Rubus armeniacus is a perennial shrub, that is native to Eurasia. Stems grow to 15 ft. (4.6 m) before arching and trail the ground for up to 40 ft. (12.2 m).
- Foliage
- The leaves of the prima cane (first year shoots) are 2.8-7.9 in. (0.9-2.4 cm) long and are palmately compound with 5 leaflets. In the second year, several side shoots are produced (flora canes) having smaller leaves with 3 leaflets. The leaflets are oval and toothed with thorns along the underside of the mid-rib.
- Flowers
- No flowers are produced in this plant's first year of life. Flowering occurs in late spring to early summer; when white to pale pink flowers develop on the flora canes. Flowers have five petals, numerous stamens and are 0.8-1 in. (2-2.5 cm) in diameter.
- Fruit
- Fruits are an aggregate of drupelets that are black, when mature, and 0.5-0.8 in. (1.3-2 cm) in diameter.
- Ecological Threat
- As the plant grows and the stems touch the ground they root at the nodes, producing a dense thicket that shades out other plant species.
General Description
The following description of Rubus discolor is taken from Munz and Keck (1973)[1].
Rubus discolor is a robust, sprawling, more or less evergreen, glandless shrub of the Rose Family (Rosaceae). The shrubs appear as "great mounds or banks" [2], with some of the canes standing up to 3 m tall. Other canes are decumbent, trailing or scandent up to 20-40 feet long [3], frequently taking root at the tips. The primocanes are pilose-pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous with age. These are very strongly angled and furrowed, bearing well-spaced, heavy, broad-based, straight or somewhat curved prickles 6-10 mm long. Primocane leaves are 5-foliolate, glabrous above when mature and cano-pubescent to cano-tomentose beneath. There are hooked prickles on the petioles and petiolules. The leaflets are large and broad with the terminal leaflet roundish to broad oblong. Leaflets are abruptly narrowed at the apex, unequally and coarsely serrate-dentate. Floricane leaflets are 3-5 foliolate and smaller than on the primocanes.
The inflorescence is a large terminal cluster with branches in the lower axils. The peduncles and pedicels are cano-tomentose and prickly. The flowers are white or rose colored, 2-2.5 cm across, with broad petals. Sepals are broad, cano-tomentose, conspicuously pointed and soon reflexed, approximately 7-8 mm long. The roundish fruit is black and shiny, up to 2 cm long, with large succulent drupelets. The fruit ripens late compared with native blackberries and over a considerable interval [2], from midsummer to autumn.[3]
Contrary to its common name, Himalaya-berry is a native of western Europe.[1] There is no botanical evidence to show that it is native of the Himalayan region. It may have found its way there as a cultivar.[3] Rubus discolor was probably first introduced to North America in 1885 as a cultivated crop as well.[2] By 1945 R. discolor had become naturalized along the West Coast. It also occurred in nursery and experiment grounds along the East Coast and in Ohio [2] by this time. R. discolor occurs mainly in areas with an average annual rainfall greater than 76 cm, at altitudes up to 1800 m, and on both acidic and alkaline soils.[4] It forms impenetrable thickets in wastelands, pastures, and forest plantations.[5] It grows along roadsides, creek gullies, river flats, fence lines[6], and right-of-way corridors. R. discolor tends to prefer wet sites even in relatively wet climates.[7]
Rubus discolor is a part of the Rubus fruticosus aggregate.
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION Rooting at Cane Tips: R. discolor can form roots at cane apices. Amor (1974a)[8] observed canes growing to a height of 40 cm before they arched over and trailed on the ground. Daughter plants developed where these canes rooted, forming only on first-year canes. All canes produced berries in the second year and then died, senescence commencing near the middle and at the apices of canes without daughter plants. Re-entry of canes into the center of the thicket resulted in an impenetrable mass of prickly canes within 2-1/2 years. Individual canes may only live 2-3 years, yet reach a density of 525 canes per square meter. A large quantity of litter and standing dead canes develops in old thickets.[4]
Canes of R. discolor can grow to lengths of up to 7 m in a single season. At one site observed by Amor (1974a)[8], the mean horizontal projection of 50 first-year canes was 3.3 m. Ninety-six percent of these canes had daughter plants at their apices. Lateral branches on some canes had also formed daughter plants.
Adventitious Shoots on Lateral Roots: The root crown on R. discolor can be up to 20 cm in diameter, from which many lateral roots grow at various angles. One measured root had a maximum depth of 90 cm but was more than 10 m long.[9] Adventitious shoots (suckers) are occasionally formed on the roots and may emerge from a depth of 45 cm. Blackberries also readily propagate from root pieces and cane cuttings.[8] In less than two years a cane cutting can produce a thicket 5 m in diameter.[5]
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Seed Production: Himalaya-berry thickets can produce 7000-13,000 seeds per square meter.[8] When grown in dense shade, however, most species of blackberry do not form seeds. Good seed crops occur nearly every year.[10]
Each seed contains two ovules, but one usually aborts.[11] The seeds are contained in berries, which consist of a number of loosely adhering drupelets. Berries ripen and turn black during the summer on canes more than one year old. Each drupelet contains one seed.
Seed Dispersal: Dispersal of Rubus seeds by birds has been reported by several authors.[8] Passage of the seed through the digestive tract of birds may improve germination. Dispersal may also be accomplished by omnivorous mammals such as foxes, as suggested by numerous authors with respect to Australia.[12][7] The prompt invasion of cutover lands by Rubus indicates that the dispersed seeds remain viable in the soil for several years.[10]
Germination and Seedling Establishment: Blackberry seeds germinate mainly in the spring, but there is little germination of seed in the first spring after the seed is formed.[11] Brinkman (1974)[10] reported 33 percent germination in un-aged R. discolor seeds. A three year field trial showed only 10 percent germination in Rubus discolor.[4]
In Australia R. discolor seedlings receiving less than 44 percent of full sunlight did not survive.[8] The slow growth of seedlings and their susceptibility to shading suggest that few seedlings would be expected to survive in dense pastures or forest plantations. Blackberry thickets are also poor sites for seedling development. Amor (1972)[4] counted less than 0.4 seedlings per square meter near thickets. The establishment of R. discolor seedlings depends on the availability of open habitats such as land neglected after cultivation, degraded pastures, and eroded soils along streams.[8] Although seedlings show the potential for rapid growth under laboratory conditions, they grow much slower in the field and are easily surpassed by the more rapid growth rate of daughter plants.
Rubus discolor colonizes areas initially disturbed and then neglected by humans. It is a perennial weed which is difficult to control due to its ability to regenerate from sections of root stock. The production of dense thickets, especially in wet areas, may hinder medium- to large-ized mammals in gaining access to water. Himalaya-berry may also displace native plant species. Seeds can be widely dispersed by berry-eating birds.
Himalaya-berry occurs on TNC's Santa Rosa Plateau and McCloud River preserves in California.
Management Requirements
With proper management, areas infested with R. discolor can be restored to more desirable vegetation. Mechanical removal or burning may be the most effective ways of removing the mature plants. Subsequent treatment with herbicides should be conducted cautiously for two reasons: (1) R. discolor often grows in riparian areas and the herbicide may be distributed to unforeseen locations by running water, and (2) some herbicides promote vegetative growth from lateral roots. Himalaya-berry re-establishment may be prevented by planting fast-growing shrubs or trees, since the species is usually intolerant of shade. Regrowth has also been controlled by grazing sheep and goats in areas where the mature plants have been removed.
Monitoring is needed to determine the effectiveness of management practices.
Detailed observations focused on the vegetational change of the affected area over time will help to determine what method of control would be most efficient.
No quantitative monitoring studies of Himalaya-berry were discovered in this research. Since it is not considered a major agricultural weed in California, there has been little interest or funding available for detailed sampling programs. Monitoring efforts so far have been only qualitative in nature: Has it invaded a site? Does it re-establish itself following control treatment?
Weed control involves three fundamental objectives: prevention, eradication and control.
From a practical viewpoint, methods of weed management are commonly categorized under the following categories: physical, managerial, biological and chemical controls, and prescribed burning.[13] Physical methods include both manual and mechanical means. Managerial methods include the encouragement of competitive displacement by native plants and prescribed grazing. Biological control is usually interpreted as the introduction of insects or pathogens which are highly selective on a particular weed species. Chemical control includes both broadcast and spot application. Prescribed burning includes both broadcast burning and spot treatment with a flame thrower.
The most desirable approach is that of an integrated pest management plan. This involves the optimal integration of appropriate control strategies to control weeds. This approach is generally accepted as the most effective, economical and environmentally sound, long-term pest control strategy.[13] In cases where more than one control technique is used, the various techniques should be compatible with one another. Broadcast herbicide application, for example, may not work well with certain managerial techniques (i.e., plant competition).
The physical control methods discussed below, manual and mechanical, produce slash (i.e., cutting debris) that can be disposed of by several techniques. If cut before seeds are produced it may be piled and left for enhancement of wildlife habitat (i.e., cover for small mammals). Debris may be fed through a mechanical chipper and used as mulch during revegetation procedures. Particularly with Rubus, care should be taken to prevent vegetative reproduction from cuttings. Burning slash piles is also an effective method of disposal.
Manual methods use hand labor to remove undesirable vegetation. These methods are highly selective and permit weeds to be removed without damage to surrounding native vegetation.
The Bradley Method is one sensible approach to manual control of weeds.[14] This method consists of hand weeding selected small areas of infestation in a specific sequence, starting with the best stands of native vegetation (those with the least extent of weed infestation) and working towards those stands with the worst weed infestation. Initially, weeds that occur singly or in small groups should be eliminated from the extreme edges of the infestation. The next areas to work on are those with a ratio of at least two natives to every weed. As the native plants stabilize in each cleared area, work deeper into the center of the most dense weed patches. This method has great promise on nature reserves with low budgets and sensitive plant populations. More detailed information is contained in Fuller and Barbe (1985)[14].
Hand Pulling: This method may be used to destroy seedlings and young plants up to 1 m tall. Seedlings are best pulled after a rain when the soil is loose. This facilitates removal of the rooting system, which may resprout if left in the ground. Plants should be pulled as soon as they are large enough to grasp but before they produce seeds.
Hand Hoeing: Plants can be destroyed readily while they are still small by hand hoeing, either by cutting off their tops or by stirring the surface soil so as to expose the seedlings to the drying action of the sun. The object of hoeing is to cut off weeds without going too deeply into the ground and doing damage to the roots of desirable vegetation.
For plants up to 4 m tall a claw mattock is effective for removing the root crowns. The dirt around the root is loosened by the claw, and the plant is pulled out in the same way that a claw hammer is used to pull out nails.
Cutting: Manually operated tools such as brush cutters, power saws, axes, machetes, loppers and clippers can be used to cut R. discolor. This is an important step before many other methods are tried, as it removes the above-ground portion of the plant. In addition, for a thickly growing, multi-stemmed shrub such as R. discolor, access to the base of the shrub may not only be difficult but dangerous where footing is uncertain.
An advantage of cane removal over foliage herbicides is that cane removal does not stimulate sucker formation on lateral roots. Amor (1974b)[15] provides evidence that herbicides such as picloram and 2,4,5-T are not considerably more effective than cane removal. However, removal of canes alone is insufficient to adequately control Rubus discolor, as the root crown will simply resprout and produce more canes.
Hand Digging: The removal of rootstocks by hand digging is a slow but sure way of destroying R. discolor, a weed which resprouts from its roots. The work must be thorough to be effective as every piece of root that breaks off and remains in the soil may produce a new plant. Such a technique is only suitable for small infestations and around trees and shrubs where other methods are not practical.
Mechanical methods use mechanized equipment to remove above-ground vegetation. These methods are often non-selective in that all vegetation on a treated site is affected. Mechanical control is highly effective at controlling woody vegetation on gentle topography with few site obstacles such as root stumps or logs. Most mechanical equipment is not safe to operate on slopes over 30 percent. It is also of limited use where soils are highly susceptible to compaction or erosion or where excessive soil moisture is present.
Chopping, Cutting or Mowing: Rubus discolor plants may be trimmed back by tractor-mounted mowers on even ground or by scythes on rough or stony ground. Unwanted vegetation can be removed faster and more economically in these ways than by manual means and with less soil disturbance than with scarification. However, these methods are non-selective weed eradication techniques. They reduce the potential for biological control through plant competition and may open up new niches for undesirable vegetation. Wildlife forage is eliminated, cutting down on the general habitat value of the area. Another disadvantage of cutting, chopping or mowing is that perennial weeds such as Himalaya-berry usually require several cuttings before the underground parts exhaust their reserve food supply. If only a single cutting can be made, the best time is when the plants begin to flower. At this stage the reserve food supply in the roots has been nearly exhausted, and new seeds have not yet been produced. After cutting or chopping with mechanical equipment, Rubus may resprout from root crowns in greater density if not treated with herbicides.
Broadcast Burning: Large areas of weed infestation may be burned in order to remove the standing mature plants. This may be accomplished with a pre-spray of herbicides, to kill and desiccate plants, or without such spraying for notably flammable species. Used alone, this method will not prevent resprouting from root crowns. Burning is best followed by (1) stump herbicide treatment, (2) subsequent burning to exhaust soil seed bank and underground food reserves, and/or (3) revegetation with fast-growing native species. Other considerations for the use of prescribed burning include the time and cost of coordinating a burn and the soil disturbance resulting from firebreak construction.
Biological Competition: Sowing native plant species which have the potential to out-compete weedy exotics for important resources is usually a preventive method of weed control. In some cases later successional plants may be encouraged to take root among the unwanted vegetation.
In most cases Himalaya-berry prevents the establishment of other native plants and must be initially removed. Following physical removal or burning of mature plants, root crowns must be treated to prevent resprouting. Seedlings of native plant species usually cannot establish fast enough to compete with sprout growth from untreated stumps.
Some plant species inhibit the establishment or growth of other plants through the effects of allelopathy (i.e., biochemical interference by metabolic products). Native species with such properties may be propagated in treated areas to control re-establishment of blackberry, but as allelopathy is occasionally a trait of noxious weeds, it is wise not to replace an old problem species with a new one.
Prescribed Grazing: Amor (1974a)[8] described the effects of grazing by various animals on Himalaya-berry as follows: In an ungrazed area, 96% of the plants produced daughter plants; in areas grazed lightly by horses the number dropped to 11%; in areas grazed by cattle only 1% of all plants had daughter plants; and no plants had daughter plants in areas grazed by sheep.
In New Zealand the recognized method of Rubus control in the past has been the farming of large numbers of goats. This method has been effective in preventing canes from totally covering large areas.[16][17] Crouchley (1980)[18] mentions that blackberry is readily eaten by goats throughout the year, even when there is an abundant supply of pasture and other plants.
In many areas of California the use of Angora and Spanish goats is showing promise as an effective control for Himalaya-berry.[19] In Cleveland National Forest goats are herded for firebreak management of brush species on over 79,000 acres of land. Goats are less costly to utilize than mechanical and chemical control methods. They can negotiate slopes too steep to manage with machines and do not pose the environmental dangers inherent with herbicides.[20]
A pioneer in the use of goats for weed control in urban settings is Richard Otterstad, owner of Otterstad's Brush Clearing Service (718 Adams St., Albany, CA 94706, (415) 524-4063). The primary weed control "tools" utilized by Otterstad's company are Angora goats and light-weight flexible fencing reinforced with electrified wire. Angoras are preferred over Spanish goats because their smaller size makes them easier to transport (Otterstad uses a pickup truck). Dairy goats were abandoned when Otterstad found them to be "goof-offs" when it came to eating.[19]
Goats prefer woody vegetation over most grasses or forbs, although Angoras have a higher tolerance for non-woody species. Since goats will trample or browse virtually any vegetation within a fenced area, any desirable trees or shrubs must be protected. Experience has shown that goats are most cost-effective when used to clear or suppress brush regrowth of one to four years old rather than to do initial clearing of dense tall, mature stands of vegetation. When faced with mature brush, goats will defoliate twigs and strip off bark but will leave standing the plant's main superstructure which is too old and tough to tempt them. Sheep are more selective than goats in their food choices but function well in grazing down a variety of plants. Thus sheep grazing may be a practical alternative to mowing. It is important to properly manage sheep grazing due to soil compaction problems if sheep are allowed to graze an overly damp area. Sheep are valuable not only for weed control but also for their contribution of fertilizer to the soil and additional income from the sale of their wool. However, exotic seeds may be initially introduced from sheep droppings.
Chickens, surprisingly enough, are known to effectively digest (and destroy) all weed seeds passing through their crops and can thoroughly graze back vegetation in areas of up to one acre in size. Releasing chickens into an area after the mature plants are removed allows them to scratch and peck out weed seeds and potentially reduce the weed seed bank in the soil.[20]
The USDA will not support the introduction of herbivorous insects to control Himalaya-berry due to the risk these insects may pose to commercially important Rubus species. Please notify the California Field Office of The Nature Conservancy of any field observations in which a native insect or pathogen is seen to have detrimental effects on Rubus species. These reports will be used to update this Element Stewardship Abstract. Management techniques which may encourage the spread of species-specific agents may be desirable in controlling Himalaya-berry.
Detailed information on herbicides is available in such publications as Weed Science Society of America (1983)[21] or USDA (1984)[22] and will not be comprehensively covered here. Publications such as these give specific information on nomenclature, chemical and physical properties of the pure chemical, use recommendations and precautions, physiological and biochemical behavior, behavior in or on soils, and toxological properties for several hundred chemicals.
Herbicides may be applied non-selectively (i.e., broadcast applications) or selectively (i.e., spot treatments). Both types of treatments have advantages and disadvantages and will be discussed separately.
Broadcast Herbicide Application: Broadcast application of herbicides has become the mainstay of most weed control efforts today. This may be due to the illusion that it is a "quick fix" method of eradicating undesirable vegetation. Most herbicides so applied are non-selective and will kill most, if not all, of the vegetation sprayed. Those species which survive the treatment may, after repeated sprayings, form an herbicide-resistant vegetation cover, thus creating a more difficult problem to deal with. Such broadcast spraying may also kill off native plants which have the ability to out-compete exotic weeds.
Herbicides should be applied only when the plants are in full leaf. Results are poor if the plants are sprayed prior to this stage. The best results occur when plants are sprayed after seed-set.[23]
Broadcast herbicide application may be most effective where the weed infestation is very dense and needs to be killed and desiccated prior to burning. It may also be useful following the removal of mature plants so as to reduce the soil seed bank.
Picloram (Tordon®) is effective [24][25][26][15], but one application may not always be sufficient.[26][27] Picloram suppresses cane regrowth but stimulates the development of adventitious shoots.[15] Foliage spraying is more effective in the summer than winter.[27]
Many other herbicides have been used in an attempt to control Himalaya-berry with varying degrees of effectiveness. Fosamine is not as effective for killing Rubus discolor, but it is more effective in controlling regrowth.[28] Neither Fosamine nor glyphosate [29][30] provide long-term control of R. discolor. Blackberry control has also been accomplished with dicamba [31], aminotriazole [27], amitrole-thiocyanate [32][4] and triclopyr ester.[33]
Spot Chemical Methods: Spot chemical methods consist of various techniques for manually applying herbicides to individual plants or small clumps of plants (such as stump resprouts). These methods are highly selective as only specific plants are treated. They are most efficient when the density of stems to be treated is low. In applying herbicides it is recommended that a dye be used in the chemical mixture to mark the treated plants and thus minimize waste.
Jones and Stokes Associates (1984)[34] reviewed a variety of spot chemical techniques. The following is an excerpt from this report, listing techniques in order of increasing possibility of herbicide exposure to the environment or to humans in the vicinity of treated plants.
- Stem injection: Herbicides are injected into wounds or cuts in the stems or trunks of plants to be killed. The herbicide must penetrate to the cambial tissue and be water-soluble to be effective. The chemical is then translocated throughout the plant and can provide good root kill, which is important in order to prevent resprouting.
- Cut stump treatment: Herbicides are directly applied to the cambial area around the edges of freshly cut stumps. Application must occur within 5-20 minutes of cutting to ensure effectiveness. McHenry (1985)[35] suggests late spring as the best season to do this. In early spring sap may flow to the surface of the cut and rinse the chemical off. At other times of the year translocation is too poor to adequately distribute the chemical. Applications may be made with backpack sprayers, sprinkling cans, brush and pail, or squeeze bottles. Picloram should not be used for this technique as it is known to "flashback" through root grafts between treated and untreated plants and may damage the untreated individuals.
- Basal/Stem sprays: High concentrations of herbicides in oil or other penetrating carriers are applied, using backpack sprayers, to the basal portion of stems to be killed. The oil carrier is necessary for the mixture to penetrate bark and enter the vascular system. This method gives good root kill, especially in the fall when vascular fluids are moving toward the roots. This method may be easier to use with small diameter stems than the two previous techniques.
- Herbicide pellets: Pelletized or granular herbicides are scattered at the bases of unwanted plants. Subsequent rainfall dissolves the pellets and leaches the herbicide down to the root system. Picloram granules are most effective in the winter and spring [31] and should be applied prior to the end of the winter rains so as to allow the herbicide to penetrate to the root zone. Premature application, with a great deal of rain yet to fall, may leach the picloram below the root zone. Mowing of the top growth prior to the application of granular picloram improves control effectiveness. The presence of litter may retard the infiltration of the chemical into the soil.[31] Because picloram persists in the soil, is highly toxic to other plants and is costly, it is most suitable for small infestations.[36]
Rubus discolor is difficult to control due to its variety of reproductive tactics. It may reproduce by seed, rooting at cane apices, suckering of lateral roots, and from pieces of roots and canes. It becomes established in disturbed and subsequently neglected areas.
Himalaya-berry rarely invades undisturbed sites because seedlings are easily outcompeted by other plants. Rooting at cane apices may be prevented by grazing, cultivation or herbicides. Cultivation or herbicides may be the only effective means of removing the root system, which must be killed to prevent regrowth.
Management Research Programs:
- What methods may be used to prevent dispersal of seeds by birds?
- Which method of propagation is the more significant, daughter plants or seedling establishment?
- Is it possible to selectively treat Himalaya-berry when it grows in a mixed native and exotic berry thicket?
- Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus discolor, Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
- Global Invasive Species Database. 2011. Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission
- King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks Water and Land Resources Division
- Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation
- Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Programs, Noxious Weed Control
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Alaska Natural Heritage Program
- Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board
- University of California, Jepson Flora Project
- California Invasive Plant Council
- ↑ Munz, P.A. and D.D. Keck. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Univ. California Press, Berkeley. 1.0 1.1
- ↑ Bailey, L. 1945. The genus Rubus in North America. Gentes Herbarium 5(1):851-854. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3
- ↑ Bailey, L. 1923. Certain cultivated Rubus. Gentes Herbarium 1(4):196-197. 3.0 3.1 3.2
- ↑ Amor, R.L. 1972. A study of the ecology and control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.). J. Austral. Inst. Agric. Sci. 38(4):294. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
- ↑ Amor, R.L. 1973. Ecology and control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.): I. Rubus spp. as weeds in Victoria. Weed Res. 13:218-223. 5.0 5.1
- ↑ Parsons, W.T. and R.L. Amor. 1968. Comparison of herbicides and times of spraying for the control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus). Austral. J. Exper. Agric. and Animal Husbandry 8:238-243.
- ↑ Amor, R.L. and P.L. Stevens. 1976. Spread of weeds from a roadside into sclerophyll forests at Dartmouth, Australia. Weed Res. 16:11-118. 7.0 7.1
- ↑ Amor, R.L. 1974a. Ecology and control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.): II. Reproduction. Weed Res. 14:231-238. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7
- ↑ Northcroft, E.G. 1927. The blackberry pest. I. Biology of the plant. N.Z. J. Agric. 34:376-388.
- ↑ Brinkman, K.A. 1974. Rubus. Pp. 738-743 in C.S. Schopmeyer (ed.), Seeds of woody plants in the U.S. Agriculture Handbook No. 450. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 10.0 10.1 10.2
- ↑ Kerr, E.A. 1954. Seed development in blackberries. Can. J. Botany 32:654-657. 11.0 11.1
- ↑ Brunner, H., R.V. Harris, and R.L. Amor. 1976. A note on the dispersal of seeds of blackberry (Rubus procerus) by foxes and emus. Weed Res. 16:171-173.
- ↑ Watson, H.K. 1977. Present weed control and projections for the year 2001. Unpublished manuscript. Copy on file with the California Field Office of The Nature Conservancy, 785 Market Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94103. 13.0 13.1
- ↑ Fuller, T.C. and G.D. Barbe. 1985. The Bradley Method of eliminating exotic plants from natural reserves. Fremontia 13(2):24-26. 14.0 14.1
- ↑ Amor, R.L. 1974b. Ecology and control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.): III. Response of R. procerus to mechanical removal of top growth and to foliage applied herbicides. Weed Res. 14:239-243. 15.0 15.1 15.2
- ↑ Wright, R. 1927. Goats and noxious weeds control - elimination of blackberry, gorse and bracken on a taranaki farm. N.Z. J. Agric. 25(5):295-297.
- ↑ Featherstone, C.I. 1957. The progress of chemical weed control in Hawke's Bay. Pp. 7-12 in Proc. 10th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- ↑ Crouchley, G. 1980. Regrowth control by goats - plus useful meat returns. N.Z. J. Agric. 141(5):9-14.
- ↑ Daar, S. 1983. Using goats for brush control. The IPM Practitioner 5(4):4-6. 19.0 19.1
- ↑ Andres, L. 1979. Unpublished manuscript. Copy on file with the California Field Office of The Nature Conservancy, 785 Market Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94103. 20.0 20.1
- ↑ Weed Science Society of America. 1983. Herbicide handbook.
- ↑ USDA. 1984. Pesticides background statements. Vol. I. Herbicides. Agricultural Handbook No. 633. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
- ↑ Matthews, L.J. 1960. Weed identification and control: broom. N.Z. J. Agric. 100(3):229.
- ↑ Pengelly, R. and R.H. Ferguson. 1964. Overseas and New Zealand field results with "Tordon®." Pp. 222-228 in Proc. 17th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- ↑ Patterson, T.M. 1965. Departmental trials with picloram. Pp. 24-31 in Proc. 18th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- ↑ Patterson, T.M. 1964. Departmental trials with "Tordon®." Pp. 68-73 in Proc. 17th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. 26.0 26.1
- ↑ Amor, R.L. 1975a. Ecology and control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.): IV. Effect of single and repeated applications of 2,4,5-T, picloram and aminotriazole. Weed Res. 15:39-45. 27.0 27.1 27.2
- ↑ Shaw, K.A. and E. Bruzzese. 1979. The use of fosamine for control of two Rubus species. Pp. 189-192 in Proc. 7th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Soc. Conference.
- ↑ Park, O.L. and P.M.S. Lane. 1983. Blackberry control with glyphosate. Pp. 200-202 in Proc. 37th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- ↑ Dempsey, G.P. 1981. The failure of fosamine and glyphosate to give long-term control of blackberry in Northland. Pp. 152-155 in Proc. 34th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- ↑ Amor, R.L. 1970. Comparison of granular herbicides for the control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.) regrowth in non-arable pasture. Pp. 673-676 in Proc. 11th Intl. Grassland Congress, Surfers' Paradise, Australia. 13-23 April. 31.0 31.1 31.2
- ↑ Boyd, P.G. 1964. Field observations with thiocyanate-activated amitrole. Pp. 115-118 in Proc. 17th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- ↑ McCavish, W.J. 1980. Herbicides for woody weed control by foliar application. Pp. 729-737 in Proc. 1980 Brit. Crop Protect. Conference -Weeds.
- ↑ Jones and Stokes Associates. 1984. Transmission right-of-way vegetation management program: analysis and recommendations. Prepared for Seattle City Light. Copy on file with the California Field Office of The Nature Conservancy, 785 Market Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94103.
- ↑ McHenry, J. 1985. Extension Weed Specialist, University of California, Davis, Cooperative Extension. Personal communication. May 1985.
- ↑ Amor, R.L. 1975b. Ecology and control of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. agg.): V. Control by picloram granules. Weed Res. 15:47-52.
- Balneaves, J.M. 1981. The use of 2,4,5-T in forestry in the South Island, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Forestry 26(2):232-244.
- Bell, J.E. 1955. Weed problems of the Waikato. Pp. 7-12 in Proc. 8th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Cornwell, M.J. and M.S. Christie. 1984. Preliminary results with DPX-T67376 for control of gorse and blackberry. Pp. 197-199 in Proc. 37th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Elliott, I.L. 1955. Pasture management and weed control. Pp. 42-43 in Proc. 8th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Elliott, D.A. 1976. The use of herbicides in releasing operations at Kaingaroa Forest. Pp. 283-292 in C.G.R. Chevasse (ed.), The use of herbicides in forestry in New Zealand. N.Z. Forest Res. Service, For. Res. Inst. Symp. 18.
- Johnston, W. 1955. Control of difficult scrub weeds. Pp. 61-64 in Proc. 8th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Matthews, L.J. 1982. Pasture weeds of New Zealand. Pp. 387-393 in W. Holzner and N. Numota (eds.), Biology and ecology of weeds. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.
- Moffatt, R.W. 1965. A summary of investigations with picloram on certain scrub weeds. Pp. 17-23 in Proc. 18th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Moffatt, R.W. 1966. Picloram granules for woody weed control. Pp. 90-95 in Proc. 19th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Rae, S.J. and T.M. Patterson. 1975. Scrub weed control with thiazafluron. Pp. 67-69 in Proc. 28th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Richardson, R.G. 1975a. Foliar penetration and translocation of 2,4,5-T in blackberry (Rubus procerus). Weed Res. 15:33-38.
- Richardson, R.G. 1975b. Regeneration of blackberry (Rubus procerus) from root segments. Weed Res. 15:335-337.
- Richardson, R.G. 1976. Changes in the translocation and distribution of 2,4,5-T in blackberry (Rubus procerus) with time. Weed Res. 16:375-378.
- Richardson, R.G. and R.L. Amor. 1975. Effect of 2,4,5-T and picloram on the regeneration of blackberry (Rubus procerus) from root segments. Weed Res. 15:227-231.
- Rolston, M.P., M.G. Lambert, and D.A. Clark. 1981. Weed control options in hill country. Proc. N.Z. Grassland Association 43:196-203.
- Shannon, P.W. and J.M. Leslie. 1982. Chemical control of blackberry in Northland. Pp. 166-168 in Proc. 35th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Skinner, H.R.W. 1954. Scrub control. Pp. 90-92 in Proc. 7th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Taylor, R.L. and J. Patterson. 1969. Control of scrub weeds with 2,4,5-T plus dicamba. Pp. 178-179 in Proc. 22nd New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Upritchard, E.A. 1969. Formulations of picloram with 2,4,5-T for brushweed control. Pp. 180-186 in Proc. 22nd New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference.
- Watt, G. and J. Tustia. 1976. The economics of herbicides in New Zealand plantation practice. Pp. 293-301 in C.G.R. Chevasse (ed.), The use of herbicides in forestry in New Zealand. N.Z. Forest Res. Serv., For. Res. Inst. Symp. 18.
- Yeates, J.S. 1955. Weeds on the sheep farm: the scope and limitations of chemical control. Sheepfarming Annual 1955:99-109.
Original Document
Element Stewardship Abstract; Marc Hoshovsky.
Images from Bugwood.org


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Van Allen Probes - Instruments: ECT
Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma Suite (ECT)
Principal Investigator: Harlan Spence, University of New Hampshire
Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer
Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope
The ECT observes the various types of particles that exist in the Van Allen radiation belts, including electrons, protons, and charged ions of oxygen and helium – all of which participate in the dynamic changes seen in the belts. The instrument records information about the particles such as their energy and direction of motion relative to the magnetic field (known as "pitch angle"), factors that can determine whether a given particle stays trapped in the radiation belts or escapes forever.
While it functions almost as a single instrument, the ECT is in fact made of three separate components:
Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE)
The HOPE instrument records helium, oxygen, protons, and electrons at lower energies and speeds. Such particles exist throughout the solar system, and play an important role in belt dynamics, since they can generate electromagnetic waves that can, in turn, affect the higher energy particles trapped in the belts.
Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS)
The MagEIS instrument observes electrons and ions in the middle energy ranges. Magnets inside the instrument deflect these particles towards the sensors, thereby differentiating them from the background radiation coming in from the belts. This will provide the cleanest measurements of radiation belt electrons so far achieved. Each RBSP spacecraft will carry four MagEIS instruments, each covering a separate part of the energy spectrum and a wide range of pitch angles.
Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT)
Stopping the highest energy particles – the ones traveling so fast they're referred to as "relativistic" – is very difficult, since they penetrate right through most materials. The REPT instrument uses a stack of solid-state detectors that can capture the energy signatures left by these electrons and protons, and so categorize and count the particles.


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my problem is, that i want to migrate a whole account from our zimbra server, into another (existing) account.
email@example.com -> email@example.com
email@example.com has data inside.
Is there any possibility to get all the date from firstname.lastname@example.com to email@example.com? The only way that I know is with imapcopy, but this will not migrate everything.
Thx for your help


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Psychotropic, romantic and beautiful like a scary dream, Shane Carruth's long-awaited follow-up to "Primer," is the self-distributed "Upstream Color." Though it will undoubtedly divide, it has already, in its way, conquered many who've seen it. Our reviewer at Sundance was nothing short of enraptured by the film, and this writer wholeheartedly agrees after seeing it at the Berlin International Film Festival. There are very few films that have the power to stay with you, buzzing and humming below the surface of your consciousness for days after you see them, but the strains of "Upstream Color" still remain.
We had the pleasure of a long talk with Carruth in Berlin, where he covered almost as much territory as his film, from stories behind its making and the inspirations he drew upon, to a closer reading of some of its mysteries (and we'll bring you those thoughts later). For Part One, however, here's Carruth on "A Topiary," which was long slated to be his "Primer" follow-up before falling through (some details of which you can also read here), his involvement in Rian Johnson's "Looper," and most tantalizingly, some details on what he hopes will be his next project, "The Modern Ocean."
Shane Carruth: Well, I have a general measure which is that this is the way that I will be able to make films in the future. So I'm writing something now that I hope to be shooting in the summer, so my measure for success is, "Can I raise enough money to leverage the financing for that without having to pitch or convince traditional film finance to get involved?"
The film was financed largely out of your own pocket and that of your producer and few other individuals. Is that a sustainable model?
No it isn't, that's the thing. We're all so incredibly proud of the film but the way it was made is not repeatable. There is no common ground between me and traditional film financing. I know that now. But at the same time, putting the level of stress that I did on people and myself because of keeping the budgets so low, that's not repeatable either. So we've got to find another solution.
Some of that dislike of traditional financing has to be as a result of your last experience -- will you ever try to re-mount "A Topiary"?
It's not anything I'm trying to make happen anymore. No. I mean I sort of broke my heart on that and it sort of just feels like a girlfriend… and it wasn't the most destructive ending in the world, but it was an ending and maybe it doesn't need to be revisited. Right now I'm so consumed with the next story that I'm writing, I don't know if I could even take a moment to not be thinking about making that…
It's called "The Modern Ocean." There's no genre or otherwordly elements in it, it's set in the modern day on shipping routes, with people who build routes to trade -- you know, vanilla from Madagascar and then pick up crude oil and drop it off in India. They build up this intellectual property of a route that is profitable and they sell it off to a bigger corporation…They're building up the proof that this route will work, and selling it off, dealing with tidal systems and routes and currents and weather.
So there are these competing companies and these inner personal things happening. It's pirates, repo men, bolt cutters and sniper rifles, but at the same time it's the same emotional language as "Upstream Color," just magnified. I'm very excited by it.


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Illinois Gov. Pat Quinn approved a state pension system overhaul a day after a 16-count federal indictment against his predecessor that alleges retirement plan corruption.
Quinn signed a law Friday that lawmakers approved just a day earlier. The measure dumps the boards of four pension systems and adopts tougher ethics rules.
Former Gov. Rod Blagojevich and five others were indicted Thursday on charges that included trying to skim money from the Teachers Retirement System.
The law requires firing TRS executive director Jon Bauman. He is not charged with wrongdoing but Quinn says TRS needs a complete overhaul.


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Genuine expeditions require gear and equipment - and you can tow up to 9000 pounds of yours with the 2009 Ford Expedition EL. The EL is a full-size family SUV that can seat up to 8 passengers in addition to pulling your boat, camper, trailer or whatever else you have in store for it. It's loaded with luxury too, featuring show-off optional attributes like power-retractable running boards and rear backing cameras.
The Expedition EL has been designed and manufactured with utility in mind first. It is not a poser. Make it 4WD and you own one of the world's most capable vehicles and are ready to tackle any given terrain scenario. High-quality, soft yet durable materials grace the interior and there is more than enough room to stretch and rest comfortably in each of the three seating rows. The extended base EL adds even more cargo carrying capability as well.
Regardless of which of the four available trims you choose (XLT, Eddie Bauer, Limited and King Ranch), the Expedition EL comes with a 5.4L 300hp V8 and a 6-speed automatic transmission. It provides excellent power and offers independent rear suspension to make the ride smooth and stable - feels more like riding in a car than in a truck. It is really large though, and sometimes leans in corners and is also tough to maneuver in tight places.
Although it is a SUV by classification, the Ford Expedition is a truck - and it likes being a truck. It serves its owners with practicality, dependability and superior utility. It doesn't play around with your safety either. It has been rated as a 5-star performer in frontal crash teats by the NHTSA. Standard safety equipment on all trims includes front, side and side curtain airbags; occupancy sensors, ABS braking with brake assist and electronic brake force distribution; remote keyless entry; 2-stage door locks and panic alarms.
Appearance-wise, the 2009 Expedition EL looks tough and ready, but with a subtle sense of softness for the ladies. A bold 3-bar grille accentuates the nose along with large halogen headlights. It keeps it real with solid design standards and avoids trying to come off as overly-futuristic like, say, the Nissan Armada. Its wheelbase is 131 inches and it is 14.8 inches longer than the standard Expedition. That translates into an extra 24 cubit feet of cargo hauling space behind the third row of seating (130 cubic feet total) .
The average weight of the 2009 Ford Expedition EL is about 5500 pounds - trim/option dependent. That is no light load and you can definitely appreciate that weight when you experience the solid strength that is so evident while in motion. It doesn't do badly with fuel efficiency either. You will get an average of 14/20 mpg city/highway - not stellar, but you have to remember the size of these truck-like SUVs. There's absolutely no doubt that the EL will continue to be a fantastic seller, especially for families that like to get away - and have a lot of gear and equipment to haul.


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The Nylon Tail Bag with Shoofly enables your horse to swat flies as nature intended while you protect his tail. Made of lightweight and protective 420 denier nylon, this tail bag measures 30" with tassel.
Effol® Ocean-Star Spray Shampoo with pearl extracts cleans deeply, but is gentle on the horse's skin. Simply spray it on, rub it in and rinse it out. Suitable for all coat colors, it imparts a shimmering shine. 500 ml.
Spray on Ponytail® Ready To Roll Leave-In Conditioner for spa-like results right in the barn. This great-smelling, lightweight detangler leaves your horse's hair soft, silky and shiny. Free of paraben and sulfate.
It's hard to know where you'll appreciate the Ponytail® Shampoo Sponge more - at home in the shower or at your stable's wash rack! For horse and rider, this soap-filled sponge makes bath time luxurious. Conditioning shampoo inside contains natural extracts of carrot and coconut to clean gently while maintaining hair's natural balance.
The Professional's Choice® Tail Wrap prevents rubbing of tail hair and bruising of tail bone. Made of padded neoprene, this tail wrap has a non-slip lining. Stays in place with adjustable hook-and-loop fasteners.
Bring out highlights and brightness in light colored horse hair. Exhibitor Laboratories® Quic Silver® Shampoo is ideal for gray, gold or white horse hair. It also helps to eliminate tough stains.
Ponytail® Ready To Roll is a leave-in conditioner that makes your horse's hair soft and shiny. With nourishing extracts of alfalfa and carrot, it gently conditions and detangles your horse's mane and tail. Turn your stable into a spa for your equine friend with the smell of eucalyptus, peppermint and lemon.
Shapley's™ Original M-T-G helps relieve skin problems in horses quickly and efficiently while it encourages hair re-growth. Just rub it on, there's no need for rinsing or water. 32 oz.
Make your horse shine like a star with Show Pony Shine from Ponytail®. This high-gloss serum is enriched with nourishing oils of argon, avocado, jojoba and macadamia seed oil to moisturize and detangle manes and tails. This serum leaves a fresh finish that won't attract dirt.


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Ann Durkin Keating, North Central College professor of history, to take part in panel discussion Monday morning July 30 about diversity in Chicago's suburbs.
A North Central College professor is scheduled to take part in a panel discussion Monday morning about diversity in Chicago's suburbs.
Chicago Public Radio station WBEZ-FM 91.5 is scheduled to air the discussion from 9 to 10 a.m. Monday, July 30, during a live broadcast from Maxfield's Family Restaurant and Pancake House, 352 E. Roosevelt Road, Lombard.
The panel will include Ann Durkin Keating, Dr. C. Frederick Toenniges Professor of History at North Central College.


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Sussex residents eligible for SBA loans for Sandy repairsPhysical damage loan applications due by March 4
The U.S. Small Business Administration has announced that because Sussex County is contiguous to Worcester County, Md., which was the primary Maryland county adversely affected by Hurricane Sandy, homeowners, businesses and nonprofit organization in Sussex County can apply for special SBA loans. Two counties in Maryland (Somerset and Wicomico) and one in Virginia (Accomack) also qualify because they are contiguous to Worcester County.
The loans for physical damage repairs or to compensate for economic injury have special low interest rates. Categories and rates for physical damage include the following: homeowners with credit available elsewhere 3.375, homeowners without credit available elsewhere 1.688, businesses with credit available elsewhere 6.000, businesses without credit available elsewhere 4.000, nonprofit organizations with credit available elsewhere 3.125, and nonprofit organizations without credit available elsewhere 3.000.
Economic injury categories and rates include businesses & small agricultural cooperatives without credit available elsewhere 4.000 and nonprofit organizations without credit available elsewhere 3.000.
The deadline for physical damage loan applications is March 4. Economic injury loan applications must be submitted by Oct. 2. Applications can be filed by using the electronic loan application available at https://disasterloan.sba.gov/ela.
Loan forms and information can also be obtained by calling the SBA's Customer Service Center at 800-659-2955 (800-877-8339 for hearing-impaired callers), or by sending an email to email@example.com.
Applicants can also download an application from www.sba.gov. Completed applications submitted via mail should be sent to U.S. Small Business Administration, Processing and Disbursement Center, 14925 Kingsport Road, Fort Worth, TX 76155.


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Stephen Sondheim's Assassins: A Killer Musical
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Assassins was Sunday April 28, 2013 / 7:00pm.
Currently at Old Town Theatre
Stupid F**king Bird: Chekhov's The Seagull on Steroids
- Full Price:
- $36.00 - $52.00
- Our Price:
- $18.00 - $26.00
Declared "ferociously funny," Aaron Posner's irreverent remix of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull flies… More
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Featured review from Arnold S.Red Velvet
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Very interesting show. Probably would have been a better play without the music. The music did not add to the show. There are certainly no tunes that I can recall the next day. Still, the topic of the show and presentation was most thought provoking. I do recommend seeing it.
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Didn't really care for the story but the cast was excellent and the music was good.
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As usual, the Cygnet does a wonderful job with whatever it chooses to undertake. It's a Sondheim show, interesting and clever as they all are. And it's an interesting lesson in history with a couple of moments that completely stop the show dead...continued
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Seats were great and show was well done.
About the Ticket Supplier: Cygnet Theatre Company
Founded in 2003, Cygnet Theatre is a leading regional company and one of San Diego's cultural icons. Each year, Cygnet Theatre creates an eclectic mix of 6 or 7 mainstage productions, from classics to Broadway-style musicals. On stage and off, Cygnet Theatre is dedicated to bringing the best performances to San Diego.


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Indianapolis Star Top Workplaces 2013
Decatur County Memorial Hospital
- Employees in region:
- 485
- Sector:
- Healthcare
- HQ location:
- Greensburg, IN
'11, '12, '13
Decatur County Memorial Hospital was opened in Greensburg in 1922 and serves the area with a broad range of inpatient and outpatient services including hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a patient simulation lab, 128 slice low-dose CT scanner, OB Physician Smart Phone Monitoring, 24/7 emergency services and others. The Hospital is a member of the Indiana Telehealth Network and is a Spirit of Women Hospital serving women's health needs. The facility is accredited by both the Joint Commission and DNV. DCMH has a mission of advancing the health and wellness of the community by providing high value, patient centered care, leadership and education.
More information on the facility and its offerings may be obtained at www.dcmh.net.
"I get to help and talk to people. I get to work with great people who care about me and my family."
"The staff at DCMH is like a second family. No one ever looks down to you for asking questions, staff and supervisors are always ready and willing to assist with patient care."
"They are always around and eager to answer questions and assist when needed. "
"Unit director and supervisors often thank you and say you are doing a good job."
"We seem to be fiscally responsible and managing things in an unstable economic society, trying to keep staff employed, when other hospitals are laying off."
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Contact us today for all your safari holidays in Africa. We are currently covering 26 different destinations in Africa, the original home of safari.
myAfrica is an open resource. Most listings, such as this one, are editable by logged in users. Help build on the value of this resource by expanding existing listings.


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« The Hills: Audrina Patridge Models For Bongo Jeans | Home | The Bachelorette: What Should Jillian Harris Do With Her $60K Engagement Ring? »
Real Housewives of New York City: Kelly Bensimon "Not Crazy" Just "Unpredictable"
July 14, 2010 11:00 AM by Nancy Floyd
Despite the fact that it's been months since Bravo's The Real Housewives of New York City aired an episode featuring Kelly Bensimon behaving erratically towards her cast mates, the 42-year old model and single mother is still attempting to defend her behavior. She's claimed to have had a "breakthrough" instead of a breakdown, took up the cause against "systematic bullying," and deemed herself the victim in the situation. Not she's trying (yet again) to set the record straight in a new interview with Harper's Bazaar, explaining that she's not crazy, just unpredictable…
If you're hoping that Kelly Bensimon, star of Bravo's The Real Housewives of New York City, is in therapy for her unusual, eccentric, and borderline scary behavior, you're out of luck. The 42-year old model and single mother still doesn't think the problem lies with her. "I am not crazy," she says. "I am unpredictable. I'm not in therapy."
Kelly Bensimon blames her co-stars on The Real Housewives of New York City for the constant feuding and monumental blowup this season. She thinks their behavior is rooted in jealousy. "Whether it's my nail color, my hair color, or the shoes I'm wearing, everything about me bothers them," Kelly Bensimon says about her cast mates. "They want to go to the parties I go to, they want to hang out with me, they want to do the things that I'm doing."
Bravo's Andy Cohen has a different opinion about the feud. He thinks Kelly Bensimon's behavior wasn't right and that the problem may lie with her. "I think it was deeply disturbing. It seemed like she had a break of some kind, but I can't say exactly what it was," he says.
Despite the fact that she's a single mom, Kelly Bensimon isn't worried about the affect her behavior will have on her two young daughters. "I tell my girls, 'Your mom gets paid to engage in inappropriate behavior,'" she says. "It's an amazing opportunity for them to see that being mean is not okay. I tell them, 'If you're in a situation like this, walk out. Don't come back with jelly beans.'"
Regardless of the negative press and the tense situations, Kelly Bensimon is happy to be a part of a hit show. "I don't have any regrets. I'm glad I went on Housewives because the show has made me more known,†she says.
Want more? Follow our tweets on Twitter and "like" us on Facebook! For other great The Real Housewives of New York Citynews, please feel free to check out SirLinksAlot: The Real Housewives of New York City and then come and discuss the show on our reality TV message boards.
For more breaking news about celebrities and entertainment visit our sister site SheKnows.com!
Photo Courtesy of Harper's Bazaar
Topics: Bravo Reality TV Shows, The Real Housewives Of New York City |
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The finance ministry on Monday said it has chosen to stick to its borrowing target for 2013-14 and will raise Rs 2.35 lakh crore through dated securities in the second half of the fiscal. The statement is a signal that the government is intent on meeting the fiscal deficit target.
The borrowing plan, which has a net component of Rs 1.90 lakh crore, would also include inflation-indexed bonds. For retail investors, the Reserve Bank of India is likely to issue inflation-indexed savings certificates by next week.
The Centre had pegged its gross borrowing target at Rs 5.79 lakh crore with a net borrowing component of Rs 4.84 lakh crore for 2013-14.
Of this, it will raise 58 per cent or Rs 3.49 lakh crore between April and September 2013. This will be completed this week when the RBI sells bonds worth Rs 14,000 crore.
Announcing the governments borrowing programme for the second half of the fiscal, department of economic affairs secretary Arvind Mayaram said the government will reduce its spending if revenues fall short of target.
We are going to finance oil subsidies through budgetary resources. We believe that our revenues will be in line with what we have anticipated and in case there is any shortfall there will be reduction in government expenditure of the non-essential nature, Mayaram said, stressing that the fiscal deficit target of 4.8 per cent will be met.
Finance minister P Chidambaram had last week announced a fresh set of austerity measures including a 10 per cent cut in non-plan expenditure and a ban on purchases of new cars to bring down government spending.
Mayaram further said that Ways and Means Advances (WMA) limit for meeting unexpected expenditure has been fixed at Rs 20,000 crore. The finance ministry will also consider the bond buyback programme of Rs 50,000 crore in the second half of the fiscal but is yet to finalise a timeline for the plan.
For the second half, the government would on average raise Rs 15,000 crore every week through sale of bonds. These would include Rs 1,56,000 crore of treasury bills to be sold between October and December this year.
Analysts said the borrowing programme was largely in line with expectations.
Bond yields rose to a near four week high by 27 basis points to 8.85 per cent on Monday but this was attributed largely to poor demand following the repo rate hike by the RBI.
* The


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May 24, 2016
Anyone hoping to score a piece of Lansing comedic history should be up early and near a computer Tuesday.
The auction for thousands of items from the now-closed Connxtions Comedy Club starts at 8 a.m. That includes things like furniture and signed pictures of past performers, as well as intellectual property like the name, website, mailing list and comedian files with contact information.
Click the related link for auction items.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The World Beyond the Headlines
Speakers at past World Beyond the Headlines events include former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, 2004 Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai, journalists Neil MacFarquhar and James Fallows, economist Jeffrey Sachs, and NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen.
The current schedule is posted quarterly here on the CIS website. Registration is recommended to ensure seating. Questions, comments, or suggestions for future World Beyond the Headlines events can be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com.
May 21, 2015POSTPONED - Nepali Workers and the Promise and Peril of Migrant Labor
Journalist Anup Kaphle on economic migrants in the Gulf States.
May 7, 2015Sudden Justice: America's Secret Drone Wars - An Author Night with Chris Woods
Journalist Chris Woods examines the US military's secretive, controversial and expanded use of armed drones.
April 6, 2015Russia's Real Stake in Ukraine
Journalist and Russia expert David Satter discusses the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
March 1, 2015Ghosts of Amistad - Film Screening and Q&A with Marcus Rediker
A documentary on the legacies of the Amistad Rebellion and the slave trade in Sierra Leone
January 30, 2015Mental Health in the War on Terror: Culture, Science, and Statecraft
Psychiatrist Neil Aggarwal investigates how the War on Terror has generated new forms of mental health knowledge and practice.
January 15, 2015After the Revolution: Youth, Democracy and the Politics of Disappointment in Serbia
Anthropologist Jessica Greenberg sheds light on the challenges and experiences that follow revolutionary change.
October 28, 2014Meeting China's Environmental Crisis: Religion's Unlikely Role
Experts discussed environmental issues in China and the place of religion in responding to the nation's environmental challenges.
October 15, 2014India Votes: Making Free and Fair Elections in the World's Largest Democracy
A conversation with Navin B. Chawla, former Chief of the Election Commission of India.
May 14, 2014Alan Weisman on Population Growth's Challenge to Sustainability
Acclaimed author Alan Weisman spoke on his new book, "Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth."
May 7, 2014Masha Gessen & Bernardine Dohrn on Pussy Riot
Author Masha Gessen in conversation with Bernardine Dohrn about her acclaimed book on the Russian activist group Pussy Riot.


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FEB 06, 2013 - PCMag.com
A Must Read - Share
The online storage service Bitcasa, described as "your external hard drive in the cloud that never runs out of space," graduated out of beta today.
Editor's Picks
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Jack O (1995) Movie Review
Raised from the dead by evil wizard Walter Machen (horror legend John Carradine), scythe-wielding Jack-O, a pumpkin-headed Halloween Demon, returns in modern times to haunt an average American family and their babysitter, Linnea Quigley (Return of the Living Dead). On Halloween night, Jack-O begins hacking and slashing his way through a blood-spattered stack of drunk college students, clueless neighbors, terrified trick-or-treaters, motorcycle maniacs, and a witless cable TV installer played by the film's self-deprecating, Florida-based director, Steve Latshaw (Death Mask). Finally back on home video, this homegrown cult classic returns in its first special edition to terrify audiences all over again! Also starring terror favorites Brinke Stevens (Delta Delta Die!) and Cameron Mitchell (Blood and Black Lace)
About Jack O (1995)
Year: 1995
Starring: Linnea Quigley, Brinke Stevens, Bill Cross, John Carradine, Katy Maznicki, Steve Latshaw, Maddisen K. Krown, Ron Bernard, Gary Doles, Rick Riggs, Ryan Latshaw, Rhonda Riggs, Catherine Walsh, Tom Ferguson, Rachel Carter, Cameron Mitchell, Tom Ferda, Dawn Wildsmith, Helen Keeling, Heidi Kneisl, Thor Schweigerath, Kerrylynn Dekanski, Christina Connell, Joe Solari, Kelly Lacy, Patrick Moran, George Castells, Bernie Fidello, Michael Walsh, Mike Conner
Director: Steve Latshaw
MPAA Rating: R
Movies and TV Shows That Need Votes


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Recently, the news reported that lavender and tea tree oil may cause gynecomastia (breast growth) in young boys.
The underlying study described three young boys. One was exposed to lavender essential oil in a "compounded healing balm" "starting shortly before the visit to the doctor for gynecomastia. The condition resolved within 4 months of discontinuing use of the balm. The second boy used a styling gel on his hair and scalp every morning and regularly used a shampoo. Both the gel & the shampoo listed lavender oil and tea tree oil as ingredients. Nine months after discontinuing use, his gynecomastia was substantially reduced but still present. The third used a "lavender-scented soap" and intermittently a lavender-scented skin lotion. His gynecomastia resolved completely after discontinuing the products. His fraternal twin brother used the lotion but not the soap without any problems.
Based on the researchers' in vitro studies showing that lavender oil and tea tree oil "possess weak estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities" they "suspect" that these essential oils caused these cases of gynecomastia.
The problems with the study are obvious: There is no convincing correlation between the products and the resolution of gynecomastia, and a rechallenge was not done. The study completely ignored the other ingredients in the various products used. Many body care products, for instance, contain parabens that are strongly estrogenic. And some of the products may not have contained either lavender or tea tree oil. "Lavender scent" usually refers to a synthetic compound, not lavender oil. The news this little "study" generated shows a disturbing bias against natural products.
Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 356:479-485.


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This course builds on skills developed in SSI 1 by leading students through the process of researching and writing an extended piece of scholarly writing. The first part of the course is devoted to close examination of the Russian Revolution, a defining event of the twentieth century. In this section of the course, students examine the Tsarist old regime, the revolutionary movements that challenged it, the dramatic events of the 1917 revolutions, and the Civil War and new revolutionary order that followed. This historical work provides opportunities for selecting and evaluating sources, formulating questions, and presenting work in written and spoken form. The course then focuses on the different stages of undertaking an independent research project, including posing a research question, selecting sources, compiling research materials, drafting, revising, and executing a research presentation. Affiliate department: History.
Prerequisites: SSI2 enrollment requires completion of SSI1 seminar


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: [Discussion]
Building a Pokémon game from the ground up, worth it?
View Single Post
July 13th, 2012 (10:34 AM).
Mad Programmer
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: New York City
Gender: Male
Nature: Quiet
Posts: 239
It's only worth it if you're writing the engine in something other than RMXP, such as GameMaker or C++ (since those do not have engines already and offer speed increases and potentially more features). Yes, there are people who do not finish if they take this route, but if they do, they know more of the game internally which will allow more optimizations. It is still difficult though. I do not recommend anyone who has less than 3 years of programming experience to take this route.
If you do want to use RMXP, I agree. "Do not reinvent the wheel", as has been said to me multiple times when I decided to make something by myself rather than using an existing library (and possibly better optimized/written).
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External Web sites
Britannica Web sites
Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- beat generation - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
Alienated by what they saw as the conventionality and materialism of 1950s society, a loosely knit group of American writers known as the beat generation began a social and literary movement in New York City's Greenwich Village and San Francisco's North Beach. Coined by Jack Kerouac, one of the movement's foremost voices, the term beat signified "beaten down" or "weary" but also came to connote a "beatific" spirituality that adherents sought. Antiestablishment and antiliterary, the beats were also apolitical. Instead of urging social change, they advocated personal enlightenment through the heightened state of mind resulting from jazz, sex, hallucinogenic drugs, and Zen Buddhism. Although no political revolutions arose from the beat movement, a literary revolution did-the unconventional style and subject matter of the beat writers amounted to a new aesthetic in American literature.


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The race for the Democratic nomination for City Council is still up in the air, but it appears Bob Fenwick has an edge. Fenwick and Wes Bellamy tied for second place with 1088 votes apiece in Tuesday's Democratic primary. The Charlottesville Electoral Board spent Wednesday morning going over provisional ballots. They found six provisional ballots were certified, and Fenwick picked up three votes from those while Bellamy had none. However, there are three or four outstanding ballots where those who cast them need to present an ID by Friday. The Democratic ticket will be filled by Kristin Szakos, who got the most votes Tuesday, and the winner between Fenwick and Bellamy. They'll face Republicans Mike Farruggio and Buddy Weber on the November general election ballot.
Fenwick Picks Up 3 Votes – 2nd Place Finisher Won't Be Finalized Until Friday