text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 20, 2011
|Filing date
|Nov 24, 2008
|Priority date
|Nov 24, 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David K. Fork, Andre Kalio, Ranjeet Rao
|Original Assignee
|Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (211), Non-Patent Citations (59), Referenced by (2), Classifications (6), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is related to integrated circuit (IC) devices, and more particularly to IC devices that include bus bars, such as solar cells.
Conventional methods for producing the front contact pattern of solar cell 40 typically involve screen-printing both gridlines 44 and bus bars 45 using a metal-bearing ink in a single pass through a mesh with an emulsion pattern. Conventional screen printing techniques typically produce gridlines having a rectangular cross-section with a width W of approximately 100 μm and a height H of approximately 15 μm, producing an aspect ratio of approximately 0.15. There is no buildup of ink at the vertex of the bus bar and the gridline because the entire print has uniform thickness. However, the resulting structure is not necessarily optimal from a cell performance perspective however because the relatively low aspect ratio causes gridlines 44 to generate an undesirably large shadowed surface area (i.e., gridlines 44 prevent a significant amount of sunlight from passing through a large area of upper surface 22 into substrate 21, as depicted in
Although extrusion printing provides advantages over screen printing (e.g., higher aspect ratio gridlines), these advantages are partially offset by the peaked topography of each vertex 44-1B, i.e., where each gridline 44-1 crosses bus bar 45-1, which can make soldering the stringing metallization (i.e., the metal ribbon) difficult or unreliable. Each vertex 44-1B, as shown in
What is needed is a micro extrusion printing method and associated apparatus for producing solar cells (and other IC devices that include similar bus bar/gridline arrangements) that facilitates the formation of extruded gridlines and bus bars at a low cost and addresses the problems described above. In particular, what is needed is a method for producing solar cells (and similar devices) that utilizes the benefits of extrusion printing, yet avoids the poor soldering problems caused by the peaked topography where the gridlines cross the bus bars.
The present invention is directed to solar cells (and other electric electronic and devices) having bus bars and high aspect-ratio gridlines printed on a substrate, wherein localized melting is performed to slump or flatten the gridline "vertex" portions that are disposed on the bus bars, while maintaining the high aspect-ratio of gridlines portions disposed on the substrate between the bus bars. The localized melting thus planarizes the bus bars in order to facilitate reliable connection of metal ribbon (string metallization) without additional processing, thereby avoiding the peaked topography problem associated with the prior art. In addition, critical portions of the metallization structure, namely the gridlines, can remain in the form of highly conductive elemental metals. Further, no mechanical treatment for the fragile wafers is needed, and in some embodiments standard processing techniques can be utilized, thereby minimizing production costs.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a solar cell includes one or more bus bars that extend in a first direction across the upper surface of a substrate, and parallel gridlines that extend in an orthogonal direction across the upper surface such that each of the gridlines intersects and overlaps the bus bars (i.e., lower (first) gridline portions of each gridline are disposed directly on the upper surface of the substrate, and elevated (second) gridline portions are disposed on the bus bars). The solar cell is characterized in that the bus bars are printed using a first ink having a first chemical composition and a first melting point, and the gridlines are printed using a second ink having a second composition and a second melting point, wherein the first and second chemical compositions are selected such that contact between the elevated gridline portions and the bus bars produces a third chemical composition having a third melting point that is lower that said first and second melting points, thereby facilitating localized melting of the raised gridline portions while allowing the lower sections to maintain their originally-printed cross section. In one specific embodiment, the bus bar (first) ink contains silver alloy (e.g., silver-copper alloy or silver-germanium alloy), and the gridline (second) ink contains either pure silver or a higher silver content alloy than the bus bar. In another specific embodiment, the first and second inks are formed as a colloidal gel that liquefies when combined. In another specific embodiment, each of the first and second inks has an associated unique pH level that changes to a third (different) pH level when the inks are combined.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method for producing solar cells includes disposing (e.g., printing, depositing, stamping, or spraying) a first ink to form elongated bus bars on a substrate, printing a second ink to form parallel elongated gridlines that are orthogonal to and overlap the bus bars, and then inducing localized melting of portions of the gridlines that overlap the bus bars without altering the cross-section of portions of the gridlines that is disposed on the substrate. In one embodiment, the printing process is performed by extrusion printing bus bar material (first ink) onto the substrate such that the bus bar material forms elongated, relatively low aspect ratio parallel bus bars in a first (Y-axis) direction, and then turning the printhead (or substrate) and printing the gridline material (second ink) such that the gridline material forms elongated, relatively high aspect ratio parallel gridlines. Each of the elongated gridlines is printed such that it includes lower (first) gridline portions that are formed directly on the substrate surface, and elevated (second) gridline portions that extend between corresponding lower gridline portions and are supported by an associated bus bar. When initially printed, both the lower and elevated gridline portions have an initial cross-section including a first aspect ratio. According to an aspect of the invention, the localized melting process is performed such that the elevated gridline portion slumps (i.e., assumes a melted cross-section having a lower (second) aspect ratio), but the lower gridline portions retain the initial cross-section (i.e., maintain the initial aspect ratio) cross-section.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, localized melting is induced by rheological melting, whereby combining a relatively solid bus bar (first) ink and a relatively solid gridline (second) ink includes localized melting by producing a compound that is relatively liquid (i.e., one of the viscosity and the finite yield stress of the combined material is less than viscosities/finite yield stresses of the bus bar and gridline inks). For example, the first and second inks may be formed as colloidal gels that liquefy when combined due, for example, to a change in pH level in the combined material. In accordance with a specific embodiment, the rheological melting process is induced or enhanced the application of ultraviolet (UV) rays and heat. In one embodiment, drying of the bus bar and gridline inks is performed after the localized melting is completed.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, localized melting is enhanced by applying a deliquescing material (e.g., a flux or a solvent film) to the bus bar or gridline inks. In one specific embodiment, the deliquescing material is applied to the bus bar prior to printing the gridlines (i.e., such that the deliquescing material is disposed between the bus bars and elevated portions of the gridlines). In another specific embodiment, the deliquescing material is printed with the bus bar ink, for example, using a co-extrusion process). In yet another specific embodiment, the deliquescing material is printed onto the gridline ink (i.e., after both the bus bar and gridline printing is completed).
According to another embodiment of the present invention, localized eutectic melting of the elevated gridline portions is induced by printing the bus bars using a first material having a first melting point and printing the gridlines using a second material having a second melting point, where the first and second materials are selected such that, when combined (e.g., at least at the locations where the elevated gridline portions overlap an associated bus bar), the resulting composition has a third melting point that is lower than the first and second melting points. Subsequent to printing the gridlines and bus bars, localized melting is induced by heating the substrate to a processing temperature that is between the third melting point temperature and the first and second melting point temperatures (i.e., greater than the melting point of the combined material, but less than the melting point of the individual gridline and bus bar ink material). In a specific embodiment, Eutectic melting is achieved by printing the bus bar using a silver-copper alloy (first) ink, and printing the gridline using silver (second) ink, with eutectic melting being included by placing the substrate in an oven maintained between 780� C. and 960� C. In another specific embodiment, a silver-germanium alloy is used in place of silver-copper bus bar ink.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, localized melting is achieved using one of a laser-based and a mechanical melting process that targets only the elevated gridline portions. In one embodiment, a high energy laser beam is directed onto the elevated gridline portions and includes sufficient energy to produce ablation and/or melting of the elevated gridline portions.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, localized melting is achieved by printing the gridlines using a gel-based gridline ink containing a copolymer in a non-aqueous suspension, and then inducing localized melting by heating the elevated gridline portions such that the copolymer causes the gel to liquefy and flow over the underlying bus bar.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, where:
The present invention relates to an improvement in micro-extrusion systems. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention as provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. As used herein, directional terms such as "upper", "top", "lower", "bottom", "front", "rear", and "lateral" are intended to provide relative positions for purposes of description, and are not intended to designate an absolute frame of reference. Various modifications to the preferred embodiment will be apparent to those with skill in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments. Therefore, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments shown and described, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features herein disclosed.
According to an aspect of the invention, gridlines 44A-1 to 44A-3 are printed such that they assume an initial, high aspect ratio cross-section along their entire length, and are then subjected to localized melting during which only the elevated gridline portions 44A-2B are slumped or otherwise deformed to assume a melted cross-section having a second lower aspect ratio. For example, as depicted in
As set forth by the specific examples discussed below, various approaches are presented to achieve the desired localized melting.
According to various embodiments of the present invention set forth below, the gridline ink and bus bar ink that are respectively used to print the gridlines and bus bars are designed such that, in the region where the lines cross (i.e., the "vertex" or elevated gridline portion), the material is design to flow in order to planarize the local area of and around the vertex without compromising the shape and structure of the remainder (i.e., the lower gridline portions) of the printed metallization. That is, referring again to
According to a first specific embodiment, localized melting is induced rheologically by printing bus bar ink and gridline ink having first, relatively high viscosities (e.g., greater than 10,000 cP) or a first finite yield stress (e.g., greater than 10 Pascals) such that both inks (alone) are prevented from flowing after being deposited onto the substrate. Once the inks are dried, they are further prevented from flowing. However, a novel feature of these two dissimilar inks is that they are designed to interact (i.e., to form a third chemical composition) that induced localized rheological melting (i.e., forming a low viscosity liquid that is able to flow) at the vertex where the two inks come into contact with each other (e.g., where elevated gridline portions 44A-12, 44A-22 and 44A-32 contact bus bar 45A; see
In accordance with one specific embodiment, rheological melting is realized by forming both inks from colloidal gels in which the gel network is highly sensitive to a parameter such as the pH of the ink. This is achieved for example by using a particle-solvent system that leaves the particles in a charged state and adjusting the pH of the ink to vary the zeta potential of the particles. When the zeta potential of the particles is driven to zero, (the isoelectronic point) the pH adjustment overcomes the mutual electrostatic repulsion of the particles, enabling them to gel. It has been demonstrated that using this method, the viscosity can be varied by orders of magnitude as a function of pH. By extension of this concept, if two inks gel at two different pH levels, when they come into contact, the mutual pH change will cause the interface to un-gel or melt (an additional material added to the gel mixture may be needed to initiate the melting process). This melting will enable faster diffusion, and hence accelerate the melting behavior around the vertex.
In accordance with another specific embodiment, the rheological melting process may be realized by utilizing ink formulas that chemically interact on the vertex to produce a sensistive material (e.g., to UV energy or heat) in order to lower the gridline viscosity. One aspect of this embodiment is that the melting process is induced before the inks are dried. After the inks have been dried, the above described melting would not occur because the solvent is gone.
In another specific embodiment of this invention, localized melting at the gridline-bus bar vertex is induced by introducing an additional chemical (deliquescing material) such as a solvent (e.g., Texanol ester alcohol, available from Eastman Chemical Company), a flux or another material that wets the vertex and helps it to deliquesce. As set forth below, the deliquescing material is applied to either to the elevated gridline portions comprises applying one of a solvent film and a flux onto said one or more bus bars prior to printing said second ink. This embodiment has the advantage of possibly requiring fewer changes to the ink chemistry, allowing the use of conventional techniques to produce gridline and bus bar inks. In the case of mono-extrusion printing (described below), this can be done by diluting any conductive ink (e.g., silver), or in co-extrusion printing (also described below) diluting the metal ink and the stabilizing secondary ink of the gridline material (i.e., the elevated "vertex" gridline portion). The deliquescing material (chemical) should evaporate during the firing step, and be activated only on the vertex, e.g., by adding UV or heat sensitive material, or solvent which is applied only on the bus bar.
Although the present invention is described above with reference to rheologic melting and the use of deliquescing materials, other melting techniques may be utilized as well. In one alternative embodiment, eutectic melting is induced using a bus bar ink having a first melting point temperature and a gridline ink having a second melting point temperature. The bus bar and gridline inks are selected such that contact/intermixing between the elevated gridline portions (e.g., 44A-2; see
During the sintering of conventional pure silver screen printed gridlines, the furnace temperature is kept below the 962� C. melting point of silver. Typically, peak temperatures in the range of 700� C. to 900� C. are used. It is notable from the phase diagram of silver and copper (see FIG. 4(A)), that there are alloys of silver and copper ranging from pure copper through approximately a 50-50 weight percent alloy that will remain solid during the same firing profile that is used to sinter the silver used in the solar cell gridlines.
In accordance with a specific embodiment of this invention, the bus bars are printed with a silver-copper alloy ink and the gridlines are printed using substantially pure silver ink. A higher weight percentage alloy of silver in copper can form at the vertices where the gridlines and the bus bars cross. This mixing of silver from the gridlines into the copper-silver bus bar enables the metal at the vertex to melt due to the 780� C. eutectic melting point, with the preferred processing temperature being in the range of 800 and 900� C. The melting thereby can induce planarization due to the very high surface tension of liquid metals. Silver and copper both have surface tensions on the order of 1 N/m. The process will also be self-limiting to a local region around the vertex because as the eutectic melt composition dissolves more of either metal, its melting point will rise causing it to freeze.
A desired feature of this invention is to have both the non-vertex portions of the bus bars and the gridlines remain in the solid phase and for the metal particles therein to undergo a solid state sintering reaction while the vertices undergo a liquid phase reaction. Referring to FIG. 4., this can be achieved by making the gridlines silver rich relative to the eutectic composition and making the bus bars copper rich relative to the eutectic composition. This is a more general embodiment of the case described above in which the gridline ink contains particles of pure silver. Alternately, the gridlines can be copper rich relative to the eutectic composition and the bus bars can be copper rich relative to the eutectic composition. This compositional arrangement will also result in a lower melting point at the vertices relative to both gridlines and bus bars. It is worth noting that in some types of solar cells, including silicon solar cells, copper can degrade cell performance, so in some applications, a buffer layer of some type may be necessary under the bus bars and or gridlines.
In an alternative embodiment, the eutectic melting method is utilized with silver-germanium ink in place of silver-copper. The phase diagram for silver-germanium is provided in
As mentioned above, according to an embodiment of the present invention, one or both of the bus bar ink and the gridline ink are printed using a micro-extrusion system onto substrate 41. The exemplary micro-extrusion system set forth below with reference to
Referring to
Back plate structure 110 and front plate structure 130 serve to guide the extrusion material from corresponding inlet ports 116-1 and 116-2 to layered nozzle structure 150, and to rigidly support layered nozzle structure 150 such that extrusion nozzles 162 defined in layered nozzle structure 150 are pointed toward substrate 51 at a predetermined tilted angle (e.g., 45�), whereby extruded material traveling down each extrusion nozzle 162 toward its corresponding nozzle orifice 169 is directed toward a target substrate.
Referring to the upper portion of
Referring to the lower portion of
Layered nozzle structure 150 includes a top nozzle plate 153, a bottom nozzle plate 156, and a nozzle outlet plate 160 sandwiched between top nozzle plate 153 and bottom nozzle plate 156. As described in additional detail below, top nozzle plate 153 defines a row of substantially circular inlet ports (through holes) 155-1 and a corresponding series of elongated inlet ports 155-2 that are aligned adjacent to a (first) front edge 158-1. Bottom nozzle plate 156 is a substantially solid (i.e., continuous) plate having a (third) front edge 158-2, and defines several through holes 159-6. Nozzle outlet plate 160 includes a (second) front edge 168, and defines a row of three-part nozzle channels 162, and several through holes 159-7 that are aligned with through holes 159-6. When operably assembled, nozzle outlet plate 160 is sandwiched between top nozzle plate 153 and bottom nozzle plate 156 to form a series of nozzles in which each three-part nozzle channel 162 is enclosed by corresponding portions of top nozzle plate 153 and bottom nozzle plate 156, with each part of three-part nozzle channel 162 aligned to receive material from two inlet ports 155-1 and one elongated inlet port 155-2. This arrangement produces parallel high-aspect ratio gridline structures (beads) in which a primary material is pressed between two secondary material sections.
In addition to top nozzle plate 153, bottom nozzle plate 156 and nozzle outlet plate 160, layered nozzle structure 150 also includes a first feed layer plate 151 and a second feed layer plate 152 that are stacked over top nozzle plate 153 and served to facilitate the transfer of the two extrusion materials to nozzle outlet plate 160. First feed layer plate 151 is a substantially solid (i.e., continuous) plate having a (fourth) front edge 158-4, and defines several Y-shaped through holes 155-3 located adjacent to front edge 158-4, and several feed holes 159-1. Second feed layer plate 152 is disposed immediately below first feel layer plate 151, includes a (fifth) front edge 158-5, and defines several substantially circular through holes 155-4 located adjacent to front edge 158-5, and several feed holes 159-2.
As indicated by the dashed arrows in
Referring to the upper portion of
Referring again to the upper portion of
Referring to
As shown in
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, co-printhead assembly 100 and system 50 are utilized to produce bus bar structure 45D (see
Although the present invention has been described with respect to certain specific embodiments, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the inventive features of the present invention are applicable to other embodiments as well, all of which are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention. For example, although the present invention is described herein with specific reference to extrusion printing, other printing methods (e.g., ink jet printing, screen printing) may be utilized to print one or both of the bus bar and gridline structures described herein. Further, other methods for planarizing the gridlines may be use, such as by directing a laser beam onto each elevated gridline portion with sufficient energy to induce the desired localized melting, or by applying a mechanical force onto elevated gridline portions. In yet another alternative method, the gridline ink is printed in the form of a gel including a copolymer in a non-aqueous suspension, and localized melting is induced by heating the elevated gridline portions (e.g., by selectively heating the vertices using laser pulses) such that the copolymer causes the gel to liquefy and flow over the bus bar.
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 6, 2012
|Aug 20, 2015
|Grenzebach Maschinenbau Gmbh
|Method and device for the industrial wiring and final testing of photovoltaic concentrator modules
|Aug 2, 2013
|Nov 20, 2013
|Solar cell, electrode pattern design thereof and solar cell assembly
|U.S. Classification
|136/256, 136/252
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 24, 2008
Owner name: PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER INCORPORATED, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FORK, DAVID K.;KALIO, ANDRE;RAO, RANJEET;REEL/FRAME:021884/0558
Effective date: 20081119
|May 18, 2015
|Fee payment
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A thousand people die every day from gunshot wounds, and 3,000 more are severely injured. Surprisingly, those targeted are not troops. Nearly three quarters of guns are in the hands of civilians not armies; and three quarters of people who die are citizens, not soldiers. If a 1,000 people were dying each day from bird flu, it'd be treated as a global emergency. So why don't Governments just pass laws to outlaw them? It's just one of many conundrums targeted by the International Action Network on Small Arms - a global movement of 800 civil society organizations working in 120 countries to get rid of small arms and light weapons. It's Director, Rebecca Peters, joins today's guests to take aim at gun traders, and shoot down the old idea that the more guns we have, the safer we'll be.
- Yukiko Murasaki arrived in Cambodia to find that guns were part of the household furniture. But by the end of last year, she and her colleagues from Japan's Assistance Team for Small Arms Management in Cambodia had collected around 28,000 guns. She tells us how.
- John Rodsted - part of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines that won the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize - was firing on all cylinders again in Dublin this year when over 100 countries committed to a ban on cluster munitions. He swaps strategies on negotiating international conventions.
- Author Alasdair Soussi is researching the first US invasion of Lebanon, which took place 50 years ago this month. Ally takes us to the beaches of Beirut on 15 July 1958 to introduce us to the unusual 'enemies' confronting US troops as they landed.
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- Volume 20L (size M/L), 18L (size S), 22L (size XL)
- Weight 1300g (Size M/L)
- Size: 27cm x 56cm x 14cm (Size M/L)
- Nylon 210/D Ripstop PU coated, P600/D PU coated, air mesh, neoprene
- Back part can be worn separately as protector
- Technical day-backpack and back protector all in one
- CE-certified according to EN 1621-2
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- Accommodates hydration systems up to 3L
- Available in 3 sizes S, M/L, XL according to body height
Hydration bladder sold separately


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Féte String Of Ornaments Card
playful sprinklings of fun and little bits of happiness, hand-illustrated and printed in our workshop!
each card is 4 1/2 by 6 1/4 inches, made from creamy white 130 lb. cardstock
set of 8 cards, accompanied by latte colored envelopes
this a made-to-order item. orders will ship within 3 business days. please email firstname.lastname@example.com to inquire about rush production.


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Jammu, Dec 18 (UNI) The police today arrested the absconding accused, who assigted his girlfriend in murdering her ex-boyfriend in Kathua district of Jammu and Kashmir, police here said.
Police said accused, Tejinder Singh, was equally involved in executing the plan of Arti, who murdered her ex-boyfriend Vikrant Sharma near Sawan Chak in the outskirts of Kathua district on December 8.
''On specific information, we launched a hunt to arrest Tejinder Singh and this afternoon while the accused was on his way from Jammu to Kathua in a bus, he was arrested,'' Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Kathua, J P Singh told UNI.
Mr Singh said during the interrogation, the accused also revealed more names, who were present at the time of the incident and were involved in the murder.
''Besides, Tejinder Singh and Arti, three more people are involved in the crime while the hunt is on to nab them as they are absconding at present,'' the SSP said.
Vikrant Sharma, who had an affair with Arti, was murdered on December 8 after when he was invited by the girl to an isolated place. The girl was arrested on December 11 after police traced phone calls received by the deceased while the absconding Tejinder Singh was arrested today.
However, Arti also jumped from the third floor yesterday when she tried to escape from the police net at District Police Lines. Her backbone and limb bone got fractured and at present she is being treated at Government Medical College Hospital, Jammu.


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Kaci SteeleModel Female Los Angeles, California, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/ShananGoldsmith
Mayhem # 1692580
About MeI am hard working and dedicated to the art of modeling and acting. I've been in Los Angeles for about four years and have decided to follow my heart and start making myself available to be apart of the industry I love. I want to build my portfolio and am open to all different photo shoots and artistic mediums.
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Probably you are waiting for this BHEL Recruitment 2017-2018 Notification You can apply online and offline for BHELHWR Recruitment posts Executive
BHEL Recruitment 2017-2018 Bharat heavy electrical limited (BHEL), Bangalore, Karnataka is notification to 2017-2018 executive positions. here are invites eligible and interested candidates prior to the last date of application form can be filled through notification of this post. candidate your are required to check eligibility.
India heavy electricals Ltd. (BHEL) details of vacancies:
Organization name: India heavy electrical Ltd. (BHEL)
Job location: Bangalore, Karnataka
Total number of posts: 18 vacancies
Name of the post:
Executive (civil) – 12
Executive (mechanical)-06
Educational qualification:
Eligible and interested candidates should have a Bachelor's degree in engineering/technology through advanced or equivalent qualification from a recognized Board/University.
Pay scale:
The selected candidates will get pay scale:-Rs.46920/-P.M.
Age limit:
Should the candidate did not exceed 30 years. the upper age limit of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, other backward classes, physical disabilities and other special rules from time to time categories. the Central Government according to the order issued by the applicants is to pa9rasho.
Application fee:
Candidates have to pay any application fees.
Selection process:
Interested candidates to the written exam and interview will be selected based on their performance.
How to apply:
Qualify and complete the application form and any interested candidates are required to apply online.
Important dates:
Last date for submission of application: 16-09-2017-2018


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The BBC's 57-year-old world affairs editor said he had flown out weeks after his second wife, South African-born TV producer Dee, 37, suffered her second miscarriage in months.
He said: "We were both devastated. It was shattering on both occasions and not an easy time."
But he told The Mirror newspaper: "We have come to terms with what happened and, God willing, maybe it will be third time lucky for us."
More media news
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It means City must keep their foot on the pedal as they are six points adrift of seventh in the Barclays Premier League with only six games remaining, three of which are at home.
He said: "We will try to get in to Europe by virtue of our league position. If we can continue our good home form we have a chance of being in the mix for seventh place."
Hughes, however, has taken great heart from their performance against the Bundesliga high-flyers, despite losing the quarter-final tie 4-3 on aggregate.
Goals from Elano - with a penalty - and Felipe Caicedo gave them a 2-1 victory on the night, but it was not enough after losing the first leg 3-1.
Hughes is calling for a similar spirit on Sunday when they face bottom side West Brom at Eastlands.
He added: "The players were very low in the dressing room, it was an emotional night. But we have another big game at the weekend.
"We have got to pick ourselves up. It is a case of making sure we recover, clear our heads and go again.
"It will be difficult to re-focus and get back to Premier League action but we will take encouragement from this performance against Hamburg.
"It is important now we have a really strong finish. One of the things we have to do is address our away form, which has not been good enough."
- More about:
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There are so many places to advertise it's hard to keep up. Sometimes it's hard to figure out what works and what doesn't. If you are just starting out in marketing it can be difficult to know which way to start. You can use solo advertising to get yourself started and you don't have to pay an arm and leg to do it. However, solo advertising can be pretty expensive if you don't shop around. There are a few sites to go to that have cost effective packages and have pretty good results.
Solo ad Networks
There are a few solo ad networks out there that can be pretty steep in price. What is a solo ad network? A solo ad network is a Text Ad Exchange site that hosts a partner network of other Text Ad Exchanges. For example, Joe's TAE is the site you join and they say they have a network of over 106 websites (that would be other Text Ad exchanges and Ad Exchanges). Now, Joe's TAE would be the main Text Ad Exchange, the host as you will. The ad you buy from the main Text Ad Exchange (Joe's TAE), Will not only send your ad to main website members but, to the network of the 106 websites Joe's TAE is partnered with. How can you benefit? The more you utilize this service the more traffic your website receives.
Take a look a few Solo ad networks I recommend.
Promotion Magnet – Attached to 73 websites with a collective membership of 42,457. The prices are very decent. You get a steady flow of traffic. This website has a very good feature for busy marketers. You can set up your solo ad to auto-send when the next posting is available. Your promotion would be fully automated.
Superb solo networks-Great site that has 3 major networks with a collective membership of 329,964. This site has multiple packages and banner ads services. Very high average click rate. Solo ad mailings start at just under eight dollars.
Super Network Ads Super Solo Network–Attached to 5 Partner networks with a collective membership of 181,126. You can start out free and if you need more traffic you can just buy the special offers they have. Most offers start at five dollars. I have a few members sign up from this site.
Solo ad advertising can be pretty inexpensive if you shop around. You can advertise in solo ad networks and Text Ad Exchanges to start your marketing efforts. You don't have to give an arm a leg or a tooth for your advertising. What about Ezine Ad Co-ops? I'll explain those in the next part of this article.


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Our Queen for the Day
Posted on October 26 2015
Over the last four years since the conception of HipKnoTies I have learned more than I could have imagined.
However, last Thursday was by far the most magical and humbling experience for me and taught me one of the most valuable lessons in life.
To quote my husband, Brad, "A small act of kindness- and a well planned surprise- can create memories for a lifetime.
Social media as you all know allows the world to become smaller and allows us to share with family and friends near and far.
A very special lady named Jeanette caught my eye over one year ago on our Facebook page. Whether it was a result of her being the first "like" or her thoughtful comments on a post or the "selfies" she shared with the page, proudly wearing her HipKnoTies and feeling "adorable", she stood out.
Jeanette simply embodied everything we has ever wanted for the brand and for the community formed around the brand. Then, when we decided we wanted to give back and create our surprise, it all seemed to be confirmed when we met her husband, Steve. It all appeared to be happening for reasons beyond our original plan. What we had planned on, as a simple day of fun and surprises, became so much more.
When you live your life the right way, and you work hard to put good out there in the world - selflessly and for all the right reasons, you are bound to receive back when you least expect it. We were so overwhelmed to have been small instruments in that.Jeanette has so much style, class and charisma and we just had the best time ever!
I even had her make some videos of her favorite HipKnoTies ways- you can see them for yourself right here!
Thank you to each of you for being the best supporters of{store_name}.
I am forever grateful to you all.
Special thanks go out to my husband, Brad, Jeanette's husband, Steve, Joey Plewa, Scott Condit, Jen Wilbur Blue Stitch Photography, Eric Jimenez, Camp Crocker, and our family and friends!


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6 Tracks
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Powerpop / Pop Punk
Bogor, Indonesia
Rock / Pop Punk / Alternative
Chicago, IL
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Los Angeles, CA
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check out the masks we wear listen to our songs, become a fan and tell us what we can improve on. http://www.purevolume.com/TheMasksWeWear Thanks from the masks we wear Aug 29
waw Aug 24
at first i saw youi was afraidyour smile just like an angeli never feellike this beforei think i'm in love with you..yes you gave me,you gave me the lightyou brought me…
Aug 24, 2011


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The Healing Monsters Benefit Anthology Releases its Cover/
Something very radical has been brewing for a while to help someone in need and preserve another's memory. Horror author/metalhead Dustin LaValley has been suffering from life-threatening Crohn's/IBD issues while Metal Maniacs cofounder/former editor Katherine Ludwig lost her battle with non-hodgkin's lymphoma earlier this year, leaving an irreplaceable void in the community.
This inspired the benefit poem/short story anthology The Healing Monsters. It will be released by Despumation Press, and man oh man, look at the muscle they got to make it worth your while:
"Edited by Despumation Editor-in-Chief Kriscinda Lee Everitt and journalist/author Shawn Macomber, [it] includes stories and poems from JR Hayes (Pig Destroyer), Jessica Pimentel (Orange is the New Black/Alekhine's Gun), James Newman (The Wicked/Ugly as Sin), Mike IX Williams (EYEHATEGOD), Stephanie Wytovich (Hysteria: A Collection of Madness), Jeremy Wagner (Broken Hope/The Armageddon Chord), Ryan McKenney (Trap Them), Adam Cesare (Video Night/Tribesmen), Karyn Crisis, Billups Allen (Corn on Macabre/The League), K. Allen Wood (Shock Totem), Andrew Bonazelli (Disposed of/DTV) Matthew Widener (Cretin/The Liberteer), Tim Deal (Shroud), John Edward Lawson (The Troublesome Amputee/Truth in Ruins), Brian Serven (Backstabbers, Inc) and others."
And the cover of this very radical thing has been done by none other than Decibel's own Sean Frasier who, according to the co-editors, created, "a transcendent image that exceeded our expectations." From the press release:
"'My first pitches for the cover of The Healing Monsters were all sketches of assorted monsters assisting a corpse-painted fellow in need—lots of tentacles, lots of claws and fangs,' Fraiser says. 'It wasn't until Shawn suggested a heavy metal take on the caduceus—the recognizable Greek symbol often used in the medical field—that it really clicked. 'Gateways are a prevalent image in metal, and they almost always lead to somewhere sinister,' he continues. 'But here I wanted a gateway leading somewhere calm—a blue sky hiding behind the smoke and fog; a sanctuary from the doom and gloom.'"
The book will be out officially in April, and if you were wondering if that handsome devil on the cover has a name, he does: Cornelius Darski.


text: SEATTLE, March 6, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Omeros Corporation (NASDAQ: OMER) today announced additional positive results from a Phase 2a clinical trial of OMS824, the company's phosphodiesterase 10 (PDE10) inhibitor. Patients with schizophrenia were administered a higher dose than had been evaluated in any OMS824 trial, which resulted in approximately 50 percent higher plasma concentrations than did the previously reported highest dose and had a similar side-effect profile to those of the lower doses. OMS824 selectively inhibits PDE10, an enzyme expressed in areas of the brain linked to a wide range of diseases that affect cognition, including schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. The results reported today were in psychiatrically stable patients who continued their usual antipsychotic regimen and received OMS824 or placebo for 14 days. Despite achieving approximately 50 percent higher plasma concentrations of OMS824 than previously reached at the next-highest dose in the Phase 2a trial, OMS824 was tolerated with mild or moderate adverse events that were consistent with those seen in previous cohorts, were self-limited and did not result in any discontinuation of the drug. The drug concentrations in these schizophrenia patients were also approximately 50 percent higher than levels that corresponded to an average of 66 percent target interaction (a high of approximately 70 percent) at PDE10 in a Phase 1 positron emission tomography (PET) trial in healthy subjects. To date, the OMS824 PET trial has demonstrated significantly higher target interaction at PDE10 without extrapyramidal symptoms (loss of muscle control, e.g., muscle rigidity, tremors, or involuntary muscle movements) than has been reported for any other PDE10 inhibitor in development. An additional PET trial cohort is planned in the coming weeks. The positive results across all doses tested in this Phase 2a trial indicate that OMS824 can be administered in combination with standard antipsychotic medications and that, at tolerated doses, yields plasma concentrations that are predicted to achieve a high degree of PDE10 target interaction in the striatum. Future Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials in Omeros' schizophrenia program may evaluate OMS824 both as a single agent and as adjunctive treatment for cognitive impairment, acute exacerbation of symptoms, and/or inadequate response to antipsychotic medications.


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Mr. Ron de Ruiter
Amstelveen, Noord Holland - Netherlands
No approved endorsements
About Mr. Ron de Ruiter
Telecommunications professional with exceptional marketing and product development skills demonstrated in some of the leading European telcos including Tele2, AT&T, KPN, Infonet (BT) and KPNQwest. Proven and demonstrable ability to implement and successfully deliver telecommunications products into the business market. Technical and business understanding of all telecommunication technologies and market drivers. Extensive network of contacts in the industry.
Professional History
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29 Jun Ask God for the Holy Spirit
"If you then, who are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will the heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him!" Luke 11:13
Fathers know how to give good gifts to their children. Even if fathers aren't good to their children, they know that they're doing wrong.
Unlike our earthly fathers, God is good all the time and he gives good gifts to his children. God is so good he gives more and better gifts than the best earthly father thought possible. These are gifts like pure grace, total forgiveness, a new nature, and eternal life!
Many of us have a laundry list of gifts we would ask from God the Father, a list that doesn't include the Holy Spirit. Our lists typically include money, things, promotion, and favor with others. The greatest gift that we could ever receive, however, is the gift of the Holy Spirit.
Everything that Jesus has done for us is applied to our life by the Holy Spirit (Eph. 1:13). Jesus' sinless life, his righteousness, his substitutionary death, his payment for the penalty of our sin, his resurrection to conquer enemies of Satan, sin, and death—all of that is applied to us by the Holy Spirit.
The Holy Spirit not only applies the work of Jesus to our life, he also takes up personal residence within us. If you have trusted in Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, then you are indwelt by the Holy Spirit (1 Cor. 12:13).
He will help you. He will guide you. He will convict you of sin. He will direct you to Jesus (John 14; 16).
God is not far off and aloof of your life. He is not a distant judge sitting on a throne critiquing our every move. He is personally and intimately involved in every detail of our life.
The same God that rules and reigns over all of creation indwells the child of God to help us live the life he has called us to live with the same power that Jesus lived with, the power of the Holy Spirit.
Today ask God the Father, through Jesus Christ, to fill you with the gift of the Holy Spirit (Eph. 5:18).
Adapted from the 2010 sermon "Asking for the Holy Spirit," part 48 of the 100-part sermon series on the Gospel of Luke.


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Lemon Rice With Scallions
READY IN: 30mins
Recipe by Oolala
Delicious side dish with fish from a local church cookbook. I used 1 good shake of dried parsley since my kids don't like the flecks. Tastes great!
Top Review by NorthwestGal
We enjoyed this rice dish. I didn't particularly care for the paprika sprinkled on top, but everything else worked quite well in this dish. The green onions in particular added a fresh taste to the rice dish. Thanks for sharing your recipe, Ooolala.
See Discussion:2 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 1⁄2 cups chicken broth, canned
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1 garlic clove, slightly crushed
- 1 cup long grain rice, not instant
- 1 lemon, zest of, finely grated
- 2 tablespoons fresh parsley, chopped (or dill)
- 2 tablespoons unsalted butter
- ground pepper
- 1 bunch scallion, cut into 1 " pieces
- paprika
Directions See How It's Made
- Heat broth, salt, and garlic in a heavy saucepan to boiling.
- Stir in rice, cover, and simmer until liquid is gone; about 20 minutes.
- Remove from heat and mix in the zest of one whole lemon and let stand for 5 minutes.
- Gently stir in butter and parsley (or dill).
- Season with pepper to taste and place in a serving bowl.
- Sprinkle scallions over top of rice and sprinkle with paprika if desired.


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11 Harry Potter Halloween Costumes You Need To Try
These disguises are so good even Tonks would be jealous.
Most Popular
For most people Halloween is a time for candy and costume parties. For Potterheads Halloween is the one day (or week) a year you can dress up like your favorite HP character and not get weird looks on the street. Here are the most unique Harry Potter costume ideas for those of you who have dressed as Harry for the last three Halloweens in a row.
1. Moaning Myrtle
2. Magical Pets
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3. The Golden Snitch
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4. Rita Skeeter
5. A Patronus
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6. Nymphadora Tonks
7. Professor Trelawney
8. The Gryffindor Lion
9. Luna Lovegood
10. Fawks the Phoenix
11. Dobby and Harry Potter
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Yacolt Burn Cheddar Style
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This beautifully marbled, subtle smoky flavored hand-crafted stirred curd cheddar style cheese is cave-aged a minimum of 6 months for the richest flavor. The cheese-crystals (Calcium Lactate crystals) provide a delightful texture variation and are evidence of the complex flavor profile of this artisan cheese.
Certifications: Grade A Raw Dairy
Practices: Rotationally Grazed
Shipping to:
Costs: $5
Conway Family Farm, LLC will process and ship this offer within 1-2 business days via USPS.


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a substance that has no physical effects, given to patients who do not need medicine but think that they do, or used when testing new drugs the placebo effect (= the effect of taking a placebo and feeling better) Half of the people taking part in the experiment were given a placebo. The placebo effect means that any treatment will improve patients merely because they want to recover. Wordfinderadminister, capsule, dispense, dose, ill, inhaler, medicine, medication, pharmacy, placebo See related entries: Medication Word Originlate 18th cent.: from Latin, literally 'I shall be acceptable or pleasing', from placere 'to please'.nounjump to other results
BrE BrE//pləˈsiːbəʊ//; NAmE NAmE//pləˈsiːboʊ//(pl. placebos) Medication
Check pronunciation: placebo


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clutter up(redirected from clutter)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Related to clutter: Declutter
clutter something up
to mess something up; to fill something or some place up with too many things. Heaps of newspapers cluttered the room up and made it a fire hazard. Who cluttered up this house?
See also: up


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Hush Puppies Women's Ritual Wedge Sandal - Brown
Hush Puppies Women's Ritual Wedge Sandal
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- Hush Puppies footwear
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- Colour: Brown
- Women's sizing
- Leather upper
- Easy slip-on sandal
- Adjustable buckle at heel
- Soft cushioned footbed
- 8.5cm wedge height


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Icon 4.5'' Coil Spring Kit for 05-Up Ford F-250/F-350 Super Duty
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Commonwealth of NationsUniversity of Minnesota Press 1973; US$ 30.00
The author, a professor of history at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, presents a comprehensive survey of Commonwealth history from the time of soul-searching about the future of the British Empire, which marked the middle years of Queen Victoria's reign, to the year when Britain decided to enter the European Community. The... more...
The Shadow of The White Rose -- Edward Courtenay Earl of Devon 1526-1556Algora Publishing 2007; US$ 29.95
The last of the Plantagenets, Courtenay spent half of his life in the Tower of London. Released by Mary Tudor, he might have married her. Instead, he ended his days wandering the Continent. His literary remains leave important gaps but show he was no bum more...
Radical Lord RadnorUniversity of Minnesota Press 1977; US$ 67.50
The third Earl of Radnor, born William Pleydell-Bouverie, served in the British House of Commons for twenty-seven years (1801–1828) as Viscount Folkestone and in the House of Lords for twenty years (1828–1848). Although he was a great hereditary landowner, Lord Radnor was the most radical nobleman to serve in Parliament in the first half of the nineteenth... more...
Queen Elizabeth and England's Golden AgeInfobase Publishing 2005; US$ 30.00
Under Queen Elizabeth's rule, literature, fashion, and education came to the forefront. more...
Thomas More and His Struggles of ConscienceInfobase Publishing 2005; US$ 30.00
Best known for Utopia, describing communal ownership of land, the education of men and women alike, and religious toleration. more...
The Absent-Minded ImperialistsOUP Oxford 2004; US$ 52.99
Kipling, Elgar, Mafeking Night . . . all these conjure up an image of a British society besotted with imperial pride in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In fact the true picture was more complex than this and people reacted to their empire in different ways. Many were hardly aware of it at all. This lively book is the first study of the... more...
Letters from LondonKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2010; US$ 16.95
With brilliant wit, idiosyncratic intelligence, and a bold grasp of intricate political realities, the celebrated author of Flaubert's Parrot turns his satiric glance homeward to England, in a sparkling collection of essays that illustrates the infinite variety of contemporary London life. From the Trade Paperback edition. more...
Daily Life in Victorian England, 2nd EditionABC-CLIO 2008; US$ 75.00
What was life really like in Victorian England during its transition from provincial society into modern urban power? Discover the effects of increased women's rights, technological advances, and Charles Darwin's discoveries on everyday life. This volume offers a fascinating glimpse into Victorian daily living, including women's roles; Victorian Morality;... more...
Diana, Princess of WalesAladdin 2010; US$ 9.99
Diana Spencer grew up to be the princess of Wales. But when she was a little girl, she did not dream she would become a princess. When she was still quite young, her older sisters went off to boarding school and her parents decided to live apart. This was very difficult for sensitive Diana, and her self-esteem began to suffer. Things were not helped... more...
Travel Manchester, England, UKMobileReference.com 2010; US$ 4.99
This illustrated Travel Guide is designed for optimal navigation on Kindle and other electronic devices. It is indexed alphabetically and by category, making it easier to access individual articles. Articles feature information about attractions, landmarks, districts, transportation, cultural venues, dining, history and much more. Addresses, telephones,... more...


text: Bloomington is well known as one of the top food towns in the Midwest, and even throughout America! During your visit, we hope you can explore the many diverse dining options available, but we understand that sometimes dining with a large group can be complicated, so we've compiled this short list of local Bloomington restaurants that are equipped to handle large groups. Please call ahead or make advanced arrangements with our group travel expert as part of a customized group travel itinerary.


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Most people will experience a change in their emotions and moods at a point in their lives. This is usually a transition in which they live their lives or adjustments within aspects of their lives. There are many feelings behind a person experiencing a midlife crisis. These can include unhappiness or boredom with their lifestyle. We may feel that there is a need for change or some form of adventure within our lives to help us to overcome this midlife crisis. Confusion about our lives and questioning any decisions that are made is another aspect.
Another factor that may be involved in a midlife crisis is the feeling of anger towards a loved one.
It is difficult going through a midlife crisis as sometimes it is not a simple and easy fix. Experiencing stress in other parts of your life will be more likely to affect the way you think about other aspects of your life and may be more likely to lead to a midlife crisis. For example, if someone is in debt or they have just gone through a significant loss.
Most people are able to come out of their midlife crisis smoothly without finding any major changes within their lives. However, sometimes it can be more complicated and there is more of a need for help within their lives. This is where help from a professional will be supportive and will be likely to benefit the individual.
Types of help available for a Midlife Crisis
Drug therapies are not recommended as the first-line treatment for a midlife crisis.
Psychological therapy is recommended, especially if the symptoms are severe. Therapy or counselling can help you to develop healthier coping strategies, and to transition into the next stage of life with greater self-awareness and self-compassion. This usually involves identifying your values and learning to accept events to commit to change.
Types of therapy that may help with a midlife crisis include:
The Hope Street Centre in Sandbach provides help for midlife crises in Cheshire, Sandbach, Alsager, Crewe, Stoke-on-Trent, Northwich, Nantwich and Warrington.
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June 16, 2007
Danny Devito Becomes Limoncello, Restaurant Brand Name
Danny DeVito claims to put his name on "every single thing I do," so it is no surprise that his new restaurant is called DeVito South Beach. This just opened following his decision to launch a new Limoncello drink in August called Danny DeVito's Premium Limoncello after a very embarrassing episode on the View where he was still a bit tipsy from the night before. Talk about turning lemons into, well, limoncello!
The opening looks like it was typical Hollywood A-list fare in the trendy SoFi (South of Fifth) neighborhood. If you want to drop in, smart money says the Global Steak Flight is the thing to order: it offers cuts from Japanese Kobe Beef, Australian Wagyu Rollatini and American Kobe Flat Iron. An interesting name indeed for what must be a very expensive dish.
The LA Times notes that there is certainly a long list of celebrities who have tried to "become a brand name" — Jennifer Lopez, Paris Hilton, Paul Newman and Elizabeth Taylor, to name a few.
But one word of warning seems to be that stars like Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Bruce Willis failed to make a go of it with Planet Hollywood despite their brand name clout.
Britney Spears's restaurant NYLA seems to be going strong — interesting she turned down the name "Pinky" for her own restaurant (the nickname ex-boyfriend Justin Timberlake gave her) and avoided putting her own name over the door.
On that note, my favorite name for a celebrity restaurant is Angus McIndoe, a Broadway eatery that is partially owned by Nathan Lane, Matthew Broderick, Mel Brooks, Harvey and Bob Weinstein, as well as writer Frank McCourt.
Technorati Tags: Danny DeVito, Celebrities, Restaurants, Liqueur, Limoncello
Posted by William Lozito at June 16, 2007 1:44 PM
Posted to Brand Naming | Food | Media and Entertainment | Spirits
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Money Matters: What are the costs of 6 days backpacking in Chile?
Chile was the third country in the 'South America Backpacking Trip' of 28-year-old Floris from the Netherlands. Chilean scenery is amazing, but the country can be quite expensive for backpackers. In the post below he shows how much money he needed for his short 6-day backpacking adventure in Chile.
This article is part of the Money Matters series in which we ask travelers to keep their expenses for Bunch of Backpackers. Real travelers, real expenses.
*These daily travel expenses are per one person per day. Including all tours, domestic flights, souvenirs, lodging, food, drinks, entrance fees, tips etc. Excluding international flights.
These prices are per person unless stated otherwise.
Standard Chile expenses
One night in a hostel dormitory: 10,85 euro (13,04 USD)
A double room in a guesthouse: N/A
A short 10-minute taxi ride: N/A
A bottle of water (0,5L) at the store: 0,70 euro (0,84 USD)
Lunch in a restaurant: 3,90 euro (4,40 USD)
Dinner at a local restaurant: 4,70 euro (5,64 USD)
Notable Chile expenses
Valle de la Luna half day tour: 13,56 euro (16,29 USD)
Full day bicycle hire: 4,07 euro (4,88 USD) (Tip Floris: check your bike. Getting a flat tire in the middle of the desert is no joke)
Stargazing in San Pedro: 20,34 euro (24,44 USD)
About the backpackers: Floris, the Netherlands, 28 years
Destination and travel period: Chile in October 2014 for 6 days
Visited places: San Pedro de Atacama
Type of trip: Solo, independently
Accommodation*: budget (mainly hostels and guesthouses)
Transportation*: budget (cheapest available mode of transportation)
Food*: basic (cheap local places, streetfood and snacks)
Currency rate: 1 euro = 771 Chilean Peso
*4 options: basic, budget, standard and luxury
CHILE TIP BY FLORIS: San Pedro de Atacama is fun place, but quite touristy and relatively expensive. The best option is to cook in your hostel.
Floris also kept his expenses for Peru, Bolivia and Argentina on his backpacking trip. Find the costs of his total 58-day South America trip here.
Obviously 6 days in Chile is too short to give a complete overview. So, if you're traveling to Chile, please contact me (bunchofbackpackers[at]gmail[dot]com) and help future Chile travelers out by noting down your expenses. Thanks, Manouk!
Thanks for sharing that. I though Chili is expensive, but this shows clearly you can travel around it also low budget. I might just put this on to do list :)
Hey Nina! My pleasure :)! Yes, Floris did relatively many activities in a short period of time, so I think the average costs per day are even a bit lower for the 'average' backpacker!
Thanks for this post! We are planning a 3 or 4-month trip around SA and articles like this are really important. Some people say 1000EUR / month including transport in SA is not enough, some say 2000 EUR is not enough, etc. Really hard to figure out!
Hey Illia! That sounds awesome! Next week there will be a post up about the total costs of a 2-month SA trip. However, I think it all depends on where you go and what you would like to do (e.g. Patagonia). If you go overlanding I'd say (judging by my own Peru/Bolivia experience and the other Money Matters articles) 40 euro's a day would give you to easily backpack the countries without minding your budget too much :)
The daily travel expenses aren't dreadfully high, I see…
I'd love to take a mountain bike ride in the Atacama Desert!
Me too Escape Hunter!
Hi! Chile can be expensive BUT it is the easiest country in South America for hitchiking, you can camp basically everywhere and they have good bread so you can make the travel pretty cheap (I have cross from Punta Arenas to Arica almost everything with autostop).