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GET. Parliament HOW YOUR FEDERAL PARLIAMENT WORKS
- Dorthy Hoover
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1 GET Parliament HOW YOUR FEDERAL PARLIAMENT WORKS $
2 Commonwealth of Australia 2015 This publication is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means or process whatsoever without the prior written permission of the author. First published February 2010 Revised reprint June 2010 Revised reprint January 2011 Revised reprint October 2011 Revised reprint August 2012 Revised reprint February 2014 Revised reprint May 2015 ISBN
3 Contents Federation 2 The Australian Constitution 4 Three levels of law-making 6 Electing members of parliament 8 The houses of Parliament 10 Parliament at work 12 > Representation 12 > Forming government 13 > Making laws 14 > Accountability 16 Get involved 18 Get more! 20
4 Federation Australia unites Australia became a nation on 1 January 1901 when the six colonies (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania) united to form the Commonwealth of Australia. This historical process is known as federation. Before 1901 Australia did not exist as a nation. It was a collection of six British colonies which were partly self-governing, but under the lawmaking power of the British Parliament. The colonies were like six separate countries. Each had its own government and laws, its own defence force, issued its own stamps and collected tariffs (taxes) on goods that crossed its borders. The colonies even had different railway systems. Before 1901, Australia was a collection of British colonies. It did not exist as a nation Federation fever In the 1880s and 1890s popular support for federation grew as people realised the colonies would be stronger and more efficient if they united. It was felt a national government was needed to deal with issues such as trade, foreign policy, immigration and defence. Although most colonists were of British descent and looked to Britain as the mother country, they had started to see themselves as belonging to one separate nation. GET THIS... Western Australia was the last colony to join the federation. Its government was concerned that federation would give New South Wales and Victoria an advantage over less powerful states. Western Australia agreed to federate in a referendum held on 31 July 1900, two weeks after the Constitution became law in Britain. A cartoon published in The Argus newspaper in 1898 urged colonists to federate 2 GET PARLIAMENT
5 Path to federation Before the colonies could join together they needed a constitution to set out the rules for how Australia would be run. The Australian Constitution was written at a series of conventions (meetings) attended by representatives from the colonies. The first convention met in Sydney in It produced a draft that became the basis for the Constitution. The final draft was completed at three meetings held in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne in 1897 and early The Constitution was then approved by a vote of the people in referendums held in each colony between June 1899 and July The Constitution had to be agreed to by the British Parliament before federation could proceed. A delegation that included Sir Edmund Barton (who became Australia s first Prime Minister) travelled to London to present the Constitution to the British Parliament. The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act was passed by the British Parliament in July It allowed the six colonies to become Australian states and created the federal, or Commonwealth, Parliament. One people, one destiny This cartoon from British magazine Punch shows that even in Britain federation had popular support. The umpire tells the Australian cricket team: You ve done jolly well by combination in the cricket field, and now you re going to federate at home. Bravo, boys! Children celebrating federation, Melbourne 1901 The Commonwealth of Australia was declared on 1 January 1901 at a ceremony held in Centennial Park in Sydney. During the ceremony the Governor-General, Lord Hopetoun, was sworn in. Australia s first Prime Minister and federal ministers took the oath of office. Australians welcomed nationhood. Up to people lined the route of the federation parade that travelled from the Domain to Centennial Park. About spectators witnessed the ceremony that followed. Australians were ready to unite under the slogan one people, one flag, one destiny. Nationhood, Centennial Park, Sydney FEDERATION 3
6 The Australian Constitution Birth certificate of a nation The Australian Constitution provides the rules for the governance of Australia. Described as the birth certificate of the nation, the Constitution is made up of eight chapters and 128 sections. It united the six self-governing British colonies as separate states, within the Commonwealth of Australia. While each state kept its own parliament, the Constitution also created a Commonwealth (federal) Parliament. This sharing of responsibilities between the federal Parliament and state parliaments gave Australia a federal system of government. The Constitution also describes what the federal Parliament can make laws about and how it shares power with the states. Under the Constitution, the states kept many of their existing powers. The federal Parliament was given responsibility for areas that affected the whole nation. Sections 51 and 52 of the Constitution outline most of the law-making powers of the federal Parliament. Separation of powers The Constitution established three groups the Parliament, the Executive and the Judiciary and described the roles that they play in governing Australia. Constitution Act. An Act of the British Parliament was needed to create the Commonwealth of Australia The power to make and manage federal law is divided, or shared, between these three groups. This division is based on the principle of the separation of powers. It allows each group to keep a check on the actions of the others and so prevent the misuse of power. Australia does not have a complete separation of powers because some of the roles of the Parliament and the Executive overlap. For example, the Executive is chosen from among government members of the Parliament, and members of the Judiciary (High Court judges) are appointed by the Governor-General. THE PARLIAMENT is made up of: the Queen (represented by the Governor-General) the Senate the House of Representatives. The Parliament has legislative power, which means it can make and change laws. THE EXECUTIVE (also known as the executive government) includes: the Prime Minister ministers. The Executive puts laws into action and carries out the business of government. The Constitution gives the Queen executive power; in reality, it is the Prime Minister and ministers who perform the work of the executive. However, they regularly inform the Governor-General (the Queen s representative) about this work. THE JUDICIARY is made up of all federal courts, including the High Court. The High Court acts like an umpire. It interprets the Constitution and existing laws. It also resolves disagreements between the federal and state governments about their law-making powers. Since federation, rulings made by the High Court have strengthened the law-making role of the federal Parliament. 4 GET PARLIAMENT
7 Changing the Constitution The Constitution can only be changed if the Australian people agree. A proposed change must be approved by the federal Parliament. It then has to be put to the Australian people in a special vote called a referendum. For the change to be agreed to, it must gain a double majority. This means that the referendum has to be approved by: a majority of voters in a majority of states (at least four of the six states) a national majority of voters (more than half the voters in Australia must vote YES). Territory voters are counted in the national majority. Australia became a nation after people voted in referendums VOTING YES TO CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE Nineteen referendums proposing 44 changes to the Constitution have been held since federation. However, only eight changes have been agreed to by the Australian people. The Australian people have agreed to eight changes to the Constitution. For example, they agreed to: GET THIS... fill casual vacancies in the Senate with a person from the same political party as the senator being replaced (1977). When deciding on Australia s system of government, the colonial leaders looked to other countries. Many features of Australia s parliamentary democracy mirror those of Britain, while several of the federal elements were inspired by the United States. give the federal Parliament power to provide social services such as maternity allowances, widows pensions, child endowment, unemployment and sickness benefits (1946) give the federal Parliament power to make laws for Aboriginal people and to include all Aboriginal people in the national population count (1967) Constitution Alteration (Aboriginals) 1967 DIRECTIONS. Mark your vote on this ballot-paper as follows: If you APPROVE the proposed law, write the word YES in the space provided opposite the question. If you DO NOT APPROVE the proposed law, write the word NO in the space provided opposite the question. DO YOU APPROVE the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled An Act to alter the Constitution so as to omit certain words relating to the People of the Aboriginal Race in any State and so that Aboriginals are to be counted in reckoning the Population? Nearly 91% of Australians voted YES in the 1967 referendum the largest ever YES vote THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION 5
8 Three levels of law-making Governing Australia There are three levels of law-making in Australia often referred to as the three levels of government that work together to provide Australians with the services they need. Representatives are elected to federal and state/territory parliaments and local councils in separate elections. FEDERAL STATE/TERRITORY LOCAL Different responsibilities Generally, each level of government provides different services to the people of Australia. The federal government has power over issues that affect the whole nation. These are listed in section 51 of the Australian Constitution. Among other things, the federal government can make laws about defence, immigration, trade, foreign affairs, industrial relations, transport, social security and family support, postal and telephone services and taxation. State and territory governments make decisions about areas that are not looked after by the federal government. For example, they are responsible for matters such as hospitals, schools, public transport, police and forests. Local councils were established by state governments to look after the needs of a city or local community. Local government responsibilities include town planning, pet control, rubbish collection and recycling, and recreation facilities such as parks and swimming pools. GET THIS... Australia has one federal government, six state and two territory governments, and over 560 local councils. This means most Australians are governed by three sets of laws. There are times when these different responsibilities overlap. For example, local roads are provided through the cooperation of federal, state/ territory and local governments. Each level of government contributes money towards building and maintaining roads. Because of its small geographical size the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) does not have local councils. The ACT government takes care of territory and local government matters. The powers of the federal government are listed in section 51 of the Constitution 6 GET PARLIAMENT
9 Who is responsible for what? The FEDERAL GOVERNMENT raises money to run the country by collecting taxes on incomes (wages), goods and services and company profits $ $ and spends it on national matters, for example: trade, defence, immigration and the environment. LOCAL COUNCILS STATE/TERRITORY GOVERNMENTS also raise money from taxes but receive more than half their money from the federal government and spend it on state/ territory matters, for example: schools, housing and hospitals, roads and railways, police and ambulance services. $ collect taxes (rates) from all local property owners and receive grants from federal and state/territory governments $ and spend this on local matters, for example: town planning, rubbish collection, water and sewerage, local roads and pet control. Which law? Under section 109 of the Constitution, if a state Parliament and the federal Parliament pass conflicting laws on the same subject, then the federal law overrides the state law. Section 122 of the Constitution allows the federal Parliament to override a territory law at any time. The federal Parliament has only used its power under section 122 on a few occasions and usually only when the territory law is controversial. For example, in 1997 the federal Parliament passed a law to overturn the Northern Territory s Rights of the Terminally Ill Act which had made euthanasia legal in the territory. Parliament House the federal Parliament meets in Canberra THREE LEVELS OF LAW-MAKING 7
10 Electing members of parliament Representative democracy Australia is a representative democracy which means that Australians elect members of parliament to make laws and decisions on their behalf. At a federal election, Australians elect members of parliament to represent them in federal Parliament. All Australians aged 18 years and over must enrol to vote. The federal Parliament is bicameral which means that it consists of two houses the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 150 members in the House of Representatives. Each member represents an electorate in Australia. Electorates are based on population on average, voters live in each electorate. This means that states with larger populations have more electorates and therefore more members in the House. How preferential voting works To be elected, a candidate must have an absolute majority of votes (more than 50% of the total votes). In the example below using 100 votes, the absolute majority is 51 or more. The Senate has 76 senators. Each Australian state is represented by 12 senators. The states were given equal representation in the Senate so that states with larger populations did not dominate the Parliament. Since 1975, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory have each been represented by two senators. 1st count 2nd count MARIA ARI LAUREN MARIA MARIA ARI JOE No one has 51 or more votes, so Lauren s votes are transferred (distributed) according to second preferences. JOE No one has 51 or more votes, so Joe s votes are transferred (distributed) according to the next preferences. 3rd count Ari is elected with 54 votes. ARI JOE LAUREN 6 Ballot PaPer House of representatives state ELECTORAL DIVISION OF Division name OFFICIAL USE ONLY Number the boxes from 1 to 8 in the order of your choice SUrNAmE, INdEPENdENt SUrNAmE, PArtY SUrNAmE, PArtY SUrNAmE, PArtY SUrNAmE, PArtY SUrNAmE, PArtY SUrNAmE, PArtY SUrNAmE, PArtY Elections Remember...number every box to make your vote count. House of Representatives Elections for the House of Representatives use a preferential voting system to elect one member for each electorate. A candidate must get an absolute majority (more than 50% of the votes) to be elected. Voters write a number beside the name of every candidate on the ballot paper: 1 for their first preference (or choice), 2 for their second preference and so on. S a m p l e If a candidate gets an absolute majority of first preference votes, that candidate wins. If no candidate has enough first preference votes for an absolute majority, then the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded and their votes are transferred to the remaining candidates, according to voters second preferences. This process of excluding candidates and redistributing votes continues until one candidate achieves an absolute majority. 8 GET PARLIAMENT
11 OFFICIAL USE ONLY OFFICIAL USE ONLY Senate In Senate elections, Australians are voting to fill more than one vacancy. Elections for the Senate use a more complex voting system known as proportional representation. This means senators must get a quota (set number) of votes. You may vote in one of two ways Either: Above the line By placing the single figure 1 in one and only one of these squares to indicate the voting ticket you wish to adopt as your vote Or: Below the line By placing the numbers 1 to 17 in the order of your preference The number of votes required is obtained by dividing the total number of votes (in each state or territory) by one more than the number of candidates and then adding one to the result. Under this system, Independents and smaller parties have a greater chance of being elected to the Senate. Senate ballot papers list all the names of the candidates and the political parties to which they belong, followed by ungrouped or individual candidates. Senate ballot papers are divided into two sections because voters have a choice of voting above-the-line or below-the-line. Above-the-line voting means that voters only have to put a number 1 in the box above the party or group they choose. The party or group has told the Australian Electoral Commission how it wants its preferences shared out. These preferences are then distributed for the voter. Below-the-line voting requires voters to write a number in the box beside every name on the ballot-paper; 1 for their first preference, 2 for their second preference and so on, until all the boxes are numbered. A A or B B or C 1 C or D D Senate Ballot Paper state Election of 6 Senators or E E You may vote in one of two ways Either: Above the line By placing the single figure 1 in one and only one of these squares to indicate the voting ticket you wish to adopt as your vote Or: Below the line By placing the numbers 1 to 17 in the order of your preference Ungrouped A Independent Independent A S a m p l e or B B Calculating the quota For electing six state senators SENATORS REQUIRED: 6 TOTAL VOTES: (for simplicity) or C C Senate Ballot Paper state Election of 6 Senators + 1 = quota = = QUOTA = or D D or E E 16 1 Ungrouped 11 8 Independent Independent S a m p l e GET THIS... Women were given the right to vote in federal elections in 1902, making Australia one of the first countries to give women the vote. In 1962 all Aboriginal Australians were granted the right to vote in federal elections. When are federal elections held? Under section 28 of the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives are elected for a maximum term of three years, although elections may be called earlier. State senators are elected for a period of six years. The Senate is elected on a rotating basis, with half the Senate elected every three years. Newly-elected state senators begin their six-year term on 1 July following an election. When an election for the House of Representatives is called, a half-senate election is usually held at the same time. The six-year term and system of rotation in the Senate means that it has a continuing membership and reflects the views of Australian voters at different times. The Senate s six-year term strengthens its role as a house of review. It gives senators more time to become expert at examining important issues, proposed laws and the work of the government. The terms of territory senators are the same as the members of the House of Representatives. ELECTING MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT 9
12 The houses of Parliament HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The Speaker Government advisors Opposition advisors Clerk Deputy Clerk Ministers Prime Minister Leader of the Opposition Shadow Ministers GOVERNMENT OPPOSITION Hansard Backbenchers Backbenchers INDEPENDENTS AND MINOR PARTIES Serjeant-at-Arms The Speaker is a member of the House of Representatives and, among other things, is responsible for the orderly running of the chamber. The President is a senator and, among other things, is responsible for the orderly running of the chamber. The Chairman of Committees, who is also Deputy President of the Senate, runs the chamber during committee of the whole. At this time, the Senate can consider a bill in more detail, including amendments, or changes, to the bill. A minister is in charge of a government department that puts law into action. 10 GET PARLIAMENT
13 Government advisors SENATE The President Opposition advisors Chairman of Committees Usher of the Black Rod Clerk Deputy Clerk Leader of the Government in the Senate Leader of the Opposition in the Senate Ministers Shadow Ministers GOVERNMENT Hansard OPPOSITION Backbenchers Backbenchers INDEPENDENTS AND MINOR PARTIES Shadow ministers shadow, or look closely at, the actions of government ministers. Backbenchers are members of parliament who are not ministers or shadow ministers. The Clerk is the top level non-elected officer in each chamber. The Clerk and Deputy Clerk record chamber decisions and advise members of parliament about chamber rules. The Serjeant-at-Arms is a non-elected officer who assists the Speaker to maintain order and helps to run the chamber. The Usher of the Black Rod is a non-elected officer who assists the President to maintain order and helps to run the chamber. Government advisors give advice to ministers. Opposition advisors give advice to shadow ministers. HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT 11
14 Parliament at work Representation Federal Parliament represents all Australians. Each member of parliament represents, or speaks up about, the concerns and views of their constituents (the people in their electorate or state/territory). They do this in a number of different ways. For example, they might argue for or against a bill (proposed law), or make statements and ask questions in the Parliament. They present signed petitions (requests) to the Parliament on behalf of their constituents. As well, they can speak to ministers and government departments about issues affecting their constituents. Members of parliament also represent Australians by making decisions on their behalf. Decisions are made in Parliament by voting on bills and proposals put forward by ministers and other members of parliament. Members of parliament can speak freely on your behalf in the Parliament because they are protected by parliamentary privilege. This means that legal action can t be taken against them for anything they say or do in Parliament. Freedom of speech allows the Parliament to debate and inquire into any matters in a detailed and open way. GET THIS... Members of parliament can cross the floor, which means voting against the decisions of their party. This is rare because of strong party loyalty. In the past, crossing the floor was more common. Senator Reg Wright, who served in Parliament from 1950 until 1978, crossed the floor a record 150 times! The Prime Minister, the Hon Tony Abbott MP Members of parliament speak on behalf of Australians Political parties Most members of parliament belong to a political party and are elected to Parliament as a member of that party. A political party is a group of people who share similar ideas about what they believe are the best policies and actions needed to run the country. members will then work together to gain the support of the public and Parliament for these policies. Political parties aim to have enough of their members elected to Parliament to form government. At present the majority of members of parliament come from two major political party groups. Minor parties and Independents are also represented in the Parliament. To see the current composition of the Australian Parliament, go to Parliament NOW: 12 GET PARLIAMENT
15 Forming government After a federal election, the government is formed by the political party or coalition of parties with the support of the majority of members in the House of Representatives. To stay in power, the government must keep the support of more than half of the 150 members (that is, at least 76). The government does not need a majority in the Senate to form government. The Prime Minister is a member of parliament and the leader of the government. The Australian people do not vote directly for the Prime Minister. Rather, the Prime Minister is chosen as leader by members of the government and sits in the House of Representatives. Some members of the government are selected to be ministers. Usually, about 20 ministers are members of the House of Representatives and about 10 are senators. Executive government The Prime Minister and ministers make up a group called the ministry or the executive government. The executive makes decisions about how the country should be run and administers (carries out) laws made by the Parliament. The executive also suggests ideas for new laws and proposes changes to current laws which it introduces into the Parliament as bills. Ministers are given an area of responsibility known as a portfolio. They are usually in charge of a government department, which looks after areas such as foreign affairs or health. Opposition The opposition is the largest party (or coalition) that is not in government. The opposition wants voters to see it as the alternative government. It sets out ideas and plans for how it would govern the country and explains why it would do a better job than the current government. The opposition must be ready to form government if it gains the support of the majority of members in the House of Representatives following a federal election. Crossbench The crossbench is made up of minor parties and Independents. They play a role in decision-making and in scrutinising the work of the government. To be passed by the Parliament, a bill or proposal needs the support of the majority in each chamber. Crossbench votes can be important in deciding an issue. A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT Parliament sits for about 70 days a year. Members of parliament spend some of the sitting period in the chambers, but have many other demands on their time. For example, they participate in parliamentary committees (which investigate proposed laws and other issues), assist people from their electorate or state/territory, attend party meetings and keep up-to-date with current issues. Business is conducted in each chamber for an average of eleven hours a day, four days a week. However, it is not unusual for members of parliament to begin their day with a breakfast meeting at 7am and to end their day at 10pm or later. Members of parliament work similar hours in their electorate or state/territory when Parliament is not sitting. For example, they meet with community organisations, visit schools, make presentations, attend local party meetings, handle enquiries from their constituents and speak to the media. Sample diary of an MP Tuesday 14 March 7am BREAKFAST MEETING with schools about junk food in school canteens 8am MEET WITH ADVISORS to review the day s schedule 9am PARTY MEETING to discuss policies and prepare for Question Time 10am OFFICE to read notes and prepare questions for committee hearing into cyber crime 10.30am SPEECH IN CHAMBER on the government s bill to ban junk food in school canteens 11am COMMITTEE HEARING into pressures faced by secondary school students 12pm WORKING LUNCH with Year 10 students from my electorate to hear about how they juggle study and part-time work 1PM MEETING with media advisor to prepare for radio interview this afternoon 2pm QUESTION TIME IN THE HOUSE ask the government about its policy on junk food advertising 3.30pm MEETING with a constituent from my electorate about an immigration issue 4pm MEETING with a lobby group from the food industry to hear its views on the junk food bill 4.30pm COMMITTEE HEARING question witness groups about cyber crime 6pm RADIO INTERVIEW about banning junk food advertising on television 6pm SPEAK AT DINNER FUNCTION hosted by the Australian Film and Television School 8pm PRESENT PETITION TO THE HOUSE on behalf of constituents calling on the government to ban junk food advertising during children s programs on television PARLIAMENT AT WORK 13
16 Making laws One of the main roles of the Parliament is to consider and make new laws and change old ones. Laws are rules that help manage our society. Some laws tell us how to play our part as responsible citizens, for example laws about voting and taxation. Other laws are made to look after people, such as laws providing money for health or education. Laws are often made in response to an issue, such as tackling cyberbullying. Examples of some bills Introducing bills A proposal for a new law is called a bill. Most bills are introduced into the Parliament by the government, although any member of parliament can propose a bill. Bills introduced by non-government members of parliament are known as private members or private senators bills. Approximately 180 government and 20 private bills are introduced in Parliament each year. Of these, about 90 per cent become law. Bills may begin in either the House of Representatives or the Senate, except for some money and taxation bills which must be introduced in the House of Representatives. About 90 per cent of bills begin in the House of Representatives, where most ministers sit. Debating an issue in the Senate GET THIS... The Clerk reads the title of the bill aloud when it is introduced, and if it passes the second and third reading stages. This practice dates back to the early days of the British Parliament before printing and literacy were widespread. The Clerk would read not just the title but the entire contents of the bill. Passing bills A bill must go through several stages before it can become a law. After a bill is introduced into Parliament, members of parliament have the opportunity to debate and vote on it. A bill becomes a law if it is passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate in identical form (using exactly the same words) and has been assented to (signed) by the Governor-General. A bill can only be passed if a majority in each chamber agrees. The stages a bill goes through in each chamber are set out in the diagram to the right. Amending bills After examining a bill in detail, the Senate or the House of Representatives may decide to make amendments (changes) to a bill to improve it. These amendments are also debated and voted on. Any member of parliament can suggest amendments. If the government does not have a majority in either chamber, it may have to negotiate with Independents, minor parties or the opposition and make amendments to the bill so it will be passed. 14 GET PARLIAMENT
17 Usual stages of a bill HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1ST READING 2ND READING House committee* Consideration in detail* 3RD READING BILL IS PASSED 1st reading the bill is introduced to the House of Representatives. 2nd reading members debate and vote on the main idea of the bill. House committee* public inquiry into the bill and reporting back to the House. Consideration in detail* members discuss the bill in detail, including any changes to the bill. 3rd reading members vote on the bill in its final form. The bill is passed in the House of Representatives and sent to the Senate. SENATE 1ST READING 2ND READING Senate committee* Committee of the whole* 3RD READING BILL IS PASSED 1st reading the bill is introduced to the Senate. 2nd reading senators debate and vote on the main idea of the bill. Senate committee* public inquiry into the bill and reporting back to the Senate. Committee of the whole* senators discuss the bill in detail, including any changes to the bill. 3rd reading senators vote on the bill in its final form. The bill is passed in the Senate. GOVERNOR-GENERAL Royal Assent by the Governor-General BILL BECOMES AN ACT OF PARLIAMENT Royal Assent The Governor-General signs the bill. Bill becomes an Act of Parliament a law for Australia. * optional stage PARLIAMENT AT WORK 15
18 Accountability It is the job of the Parliament, and in particular the opposition, minor parties and Independents, to scrutinise (closely examine) the work of the government. The Parliament holds the government to account by checking that the government s decisions are in the best interests of the nation. There are several ways the Parliament can make sure the government explains what it is doing and why. Parliamentary committees Parliamentary committees are set up by the Senate and the House of Representatives to investigate bills (proposed laws) or issues in more detail than is possible in the chamber. This helps the Parliament make better informed decisions. Most members of parliament, except ministers and parliamentary secretaries, serve on committees. A parliamentary committee is usually made up of six to ten government and non-government members of parliament. The committee invites the public, experts and officials to make a written statement outlining their views about the bill or issue. It then might ask some of these people to appear before it to answer questions and provide further information. Next, the committee writes a formal report which is presented to the Parliament. The report may suggest changes to a bill or make other recommendations. Committees also check on the work of the government to make sure that it is doing its job properly. For example, Senate estimates hearings, also known as estimates, allow senators to scrutinise how the government is spending taxpayers money. They also focus on the government s future spending plans. Under detailed questioning from non-government senators, ministers and department officials may reveal details about government practice that have previously not been made public. Estimates hearings may lead to improvements in the way government departments are run. As well, they remind the government that it is accountable to Australians for its policies and actions. All estimates, and most committee hearings, are open to the media and the public and are broadcast live. A minister and senior public servants face questioning at a Senate estimates hearing The Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, Senator the Hon Penny Wong GET THIS... The media keeps the public informed about Parliament and in particular the performance of the government. The media can play an important part in scrutinising the government by investigating or questioning its decisions and actions. 16 GET PARLIAMENT
19 Question Time During Question Time, the Prime Minister and ministers are asked to explain government decisions and actions. Question Time takes place in both the House of Representatives and Senate at 2pm every Monday to Thursday when Parliament is sitting, and runs for about one hour. The opposition, minor parties and Independents use Question Time to raise important issues, and to make sure that the decisions made by the government are in the best interests of the nation. The opposition may also ask questions aimed at highlighting weaknesses in the government s performance and at presenting itself as an alternative government. In contrast, members of the government ask ministers questions that give them a chance to show that the government is doing a good job of running the country. Question Time also allows ministers to talk about urgent matters and to display their political skills. Question Time is often the liveliest part of the sitting day. It is broadcast on national television, radio and the internet and is widely reported in the media. This gives the public an opportunity to observe Parliament at work. A member of parliament questions the government Public records Hansard reporters in the House of Representatives Official records are kept of what is said and done in the Parliament. These records include Hansard, Journals of the Senate and Votes and Proceedings. Anyone can check these records to see what is being said about a bill or issue, and to find out about decisions made by the Parliament. These records are an important way of keeping Parliament open and accountable to the people. Hansard is an edited transcript (written record) of what is said in Parliament. It is named after the family who produced the record of British parliamentary debates from 1812 to Hansards for the Senate and House of Representatives are available on the internet on the morning following each sitting day. Hansards of committee hearings can also be accessed online. The Journals of the Senate and Votes and Proceedings are legal records and provide the most accurate information about the activities of the Senate and House of Representatives. Unlike Hansard, they record what is done by each chamber rather than what is said by individual members of parliament. For example, they list each vote that is held and how each member of parliament voted. The Journals of the Senate can be viewed online at: Votes and Proceedings are available to view online at: PARLIAMENT AT WORK 17
20 Get involved Parliament and you The laws made in Parliament affect Australians every day. For example, Parliament has made laws about: wearing seatbelts and bike helmets how much it costs to post a letter classifying films and TV shows listing ingredients on packaged food. Voting All Australians 18 years and over have the right to vote. You can enrol to vote once you turn 16 so you are ready to have your say. By voting, you choose who you want to be represented by in Parliament. With the right to vote comes the responsibility to make an informed decision. You can do that by: learning about our parliamentary system finding out about candidates and what they stand for deciding if you agree with your representatives. Committees and you If a committee investigates an issue you feel strongly about you can let them know what you think. Anyone who takes part in a committee is considered to be protected by parliamentary privilege. This means they can speak freely without any action being taken against them. Public input into committees is important. It is one way Parliament can learn about community attitudes and concerns, and work towards fixing problems. Committees invite people to send them a written submission (statement) or to attend a public hearing (meeting) to outline their views. For example, high school students sent submissions to a committee investigating the pressures of juggling school and casual work. The committee then invited the students to a public hearing to discuss their experiences. Committee hearings are held in towns and cities across Australia, as well as at Parliament House in Canberra. Bondi polling place every vote counts There are ways you can get involved in Parliament s decision-making Taking Parliament to the people: a Senate committee hearing at Balgo in the Kimberley, Western Australia 18 GET PARLIAMENT
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text:
5 Common Off-Road Myths BUSTED! June 27, 2015
Off-roading is insanely popular and as with anything that's popular, myths on what is better and what can/can't hurt your truck abound. Most of these come from old timers that had a certain way of doing things and argued against any other ideas, but some are newer and come from a simple lack of understanding about the sport.
There are hundreds of myths big and small out there regarding off-roading and while we don't have nearly enough time to cover them all, we can hit up five of the most common.
More Horsepower is Better
This is probably the biggest off-road myth that needs busting. More horsepower does not equal more off-road prowess, and higher horsepower can actually make off-roading more difficult and dangerous. Remember, horsepower is far less important when talking about off-roading but torque is your friend. The more torque the better, but even this can get ridiculous at a point.
Some of the best off-road trucks you can find will have smaller displacement diesel engines. These may not win any drag races, but they'll get you over anything that's in your path.
Four-Wheel Drive Is Always Better
Four-wheel drive is pretty amazing, and each new model and version seems to get better and more reliable. While this is true, four-wheel drive doesn't always make for a better ride.
Take for example ice. IF you're out on the roads or even the trail on an icy day the only thing 4WD will do for you is make four wheels spin. Having your truck in four-wheel drive can also give you a false sense of security, making you take risks you may not otherwise take.
Just like everything else, 4WD is only as good as the driver, so don't assume that it's always better and remember that true driving skill always wins.
Lift Kits Improve Performance
Lift kits are made to give you ground clearance to drive over bigger things and to allow you to install larger tires. Past these two things, there are no additional performance gains. In fact, a lift kit raises the center of gravity of your truck, making it generally handle worse and more prone to rollover.
A good lift is a necessary tool that's meant to add room for larger tires and more ground clearance for overcoming larger obstacles, plain and simple. Just because a truck is higher doesn't mean it's better.
Manual is Better than Automatic
This is an age-old battle fought by those truck drivers that love their having that third pedal. There's nothing wrong with manual transmissions, but an automatic transmission is basically just a big torque converter that smoothly and automatically converts engine torque into wheel movement. With today's technology inside of automatics, they shift faster, offer more control, and dare I say it, are all around better.
This means an automatic transmission will give better control and smoother acceleration off-road, making it better than a manual. This fact is sure to anger a few stick shift lifers, but it's the truth. This doesn't take the fun out of driving a manual transmission; it just means there's no actual advantage. In short, drive the way you want, just don't expect to be better with a manual.
Leaf Springs are Better than Coil
One of the biggest suspension myths is all about springs. It's widely believed that leaf springs are necessary for heavy hauling or big trucks. With the way coil springs area built today this just isn't the case. To prove this just check out the Unimog, which uses coil springs all around and is a pretty badass off-road truck.
Leaf springs are cheaper to produce, which is why they are seen on a lot of utility vehicles. Strength has nothing to do with it. This doesn't mean you should go do a leaf spring conversion today, but it's good to know these old-time springs are still pretty great.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
HOW-TO: Mechanical CEL Fix for a Header
Well, there's always threads on how a newly-installed header has caused the check engine light to come on. Here's a tutorial to circumvent this problem. A tune can disable your rear o2 sensors, but in States whose smog stations plug into the OBD-II port, a disabled o2 sensor will instantly fail you for smog. This is a mechanical fix; it does not turn off or disable any of your o2 sensors.
Tools required:
Strong drill
1/2" drill bit
Vise (preferably)
Crescent wrench
Anti-seize copper sealant
Jack and jack stands
1) First off, you need to check how many o2 sensors you have.
2) If you have THREE like in the picture, you will need to buy TWO packages of these:
There should be two anti-foulers in each package. Get these exact ones. You can find them at Pep Boys, Kragen and most auto parts stores. If you only have TWO o2 sensors in your exhaust manifold, then you will only need one package.
3) Now, you'll need a 1/2" drill bit, a vise and a fairly strong drill. Make sure your drill bit is sharp. You will need to drill a 1/2" hole using the drill bit through the anti-fouler, essentially opening up the hole that already present. For people that have THREE o2 sensors on their header, you will need to drill two of these anti-foulers. YOU NEED TO DRILL ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE ANTI-FOULER, OTHERWISE THE o2 SENSOR WILL NOT SCREW ONTO IT.
4) Ok, so now you will want to disconnect and unscrew the #2 and #3 o2 sensors from the car. For those that only have two o2 sensors, you only need to disconnect the last sensor. You'll need to jack up your car to access the #3 o2 sensor, so take car doing that. Put it under a jack stand or two.
5) Take one drilled anti-fouler and screw it on top of an un-drilled anti-fouler. Use some anti-seize on the threads. Now screw the #3 o2 sensor on top of the the drilled anti-fouler. Use some anti-seize on these threads as well, but don't overdo it and slop it all over the sensor. Screw this double anti-fouler assembly into the header bung, using anti-seize on the threads again. (For those of you that just have two o2 sensors, do this step for the #2 sensor; you are done)
It should look like this:
6) Now take the other anti-fouler you drilled and install that on the #2 o2 sensor, using anti-seize. Here's how it should look:
And just for clarification, do NOT put any anti-foulers on your primary o2 sensor. That one monitors your engine and has nothing to do with emissions. LEAVE IT ALONE!!
7) Make sure everything is tightened down. Unplug the battery for 10 mins. Plug it back in, lower the car from the jacks and take it for a spin. Hopefully you have the same luck as me and your CEL should not come on again.
this works too...ive seen it in person. sick ass set up
very nice write up syz, good pics,easy to understand, perfect.
Nice write up man! looks pretty simple! [thumb]
But it could be that you make it look easier than it is too! lol
Good write up might have to do it. so a tune wont get me past the emissions?
It depends on which State you live in and the smog station.
cool! i was thinking bout doing this but didnt know how i would do it
thanks for the how to!
really good write up, may have to do that when i get a header, dont plan on tuning for a while
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Havana Ginger
Born: February 27th 1984 / Pisces
Birth Place: Los Angeles, CA
Gender: Female
Ethnicity: Black
Submit/Correct Star Bio
Havana Ginger Porn Star Biography
A mixture of Cuban, Black and American Indian, Havana has performed for some of the biggest studios in the business, and is a staple when it comes to sultry and seductive scenes with a variety of co-stars.
Early Career
Havana was born in L.A., but she moved around to different places in California while growing up. She has a non-identical twin sister, and they were best friends growing up. They are still good friends, and her sister is a an adult performer too. After high school, Havana worked in a porn store selling toys and renting videos. She met a customer there who kept trying to convince her to do adult work herself. Havana was skeptical, but eventually filmed her first scene in 2004 when she was 20 years old. She has said that experience was not great, and she did not film again for another eight months. When she did film again she had a much better experience, and realized she could make a career of performing. She performed early in her career with her natural A cup breasts as Mika Brown. Havana originally wanted to have a 550 cc breast augmentation, but woke up after surgery to find her breasts much larger with a 600 cc augmentation.
Personal Life
Havana grew up in East L.A., and dated mostly Latin men and Caucasians growing up. She loves Latin men, and has a preference for men with shaved heads.
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I Kissed A Woman And I Liked It!
Release Year: 2017
Devil's Film presents I Kissed A Woman And I Liked It, featuring some . . .
Stars: Stevie Lix, Bobbi Dylan, Quinn Quest , Havana Ginger, Miss Raquel, More...Studio: Devil's Film
Mommy-Teen BJ Lessons 2
Release Year: 2017
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text:
When we look back to recall the worst natural calamities of the year 2011, Japan tsunami will be the first that slings to our mind. A massive earthquake measuring 9.0 magnitude on the Richter scale struck Japan on Mar 11, 2011, unleashing a deadly 23-foot tsunami, killing thousands of people in the north Japan.
The earthquake was the largest in Japan's history, though, the country was not strange to tremors, that ripped about 230 miles northeast of Tokyo. According to the official toll, the disasters left 15,839 dead and 3,647 missing.
But the tragedy didn't end there, the earthquake also triggered global concerns of possible leaking of radiation to the air following the explosion in two nuclear reactors in Fukushima, Japan. The calamity torn country bore the brunt of three subsequent disasters in 2011.


text:
As global citizens its our
responsibility at Individual, Collective, Government or Corporate
level to help "Save Earth" before its too late
Change Is Real
Welcome to "iSaveEarth.org",
a portal dedicated to
Save the
Earth. Our goal at iSaveEarth.org
is to create environmental consciousness
in every individual so that every one of
us can understand what
environmental issues are and how
each one of us can
contribute individually to help save
this planet before its
too late. We at iSaveEarth.org are
striving to generate public awareness
through campaigns, seminars, advertising
etc. and trying our best to spread
the message across that how each
one of us can take conscious green
decisions in our every day life and help
save this planet. We believe that
climate change is real and is happening
right now.
What "iSaveEarth.org" is all
about ? iSaveEarth.org's main objective is to
educate and create environmental
consciousness based on scientific facts,
amongst millions of people around the
globe. You don't have to be a scientist
to have basic understanding about the
environmental issues which
earth is facing toady. Keeping this in
mind, while
writing various pages on iSaveEarth.org
an attempt has been made to briefly
describe these issues in a very easy to
understand language so that every one
can learn what main environmental
concerns are and how each
one of us can participate to
resolve them. iSaveEarth.org is all
about generating mass environmental
consciousness and action plan at grass
root individual level to save our
fascinating living planet "Earth".
In order to tackle these problems, we need to act and act
right now, both individually as well as collectively,
locally and as well as globally. We
encourage very one to get involved, be
responsible, start the action at home, spread
the message and say proudly " I
Save Earth" every day. How to Save Earth right from
your home? Tips from Dr. Abhinandan Bhardwaj
Environmental Problems
believe that this trend is dangerous. Experts say that
unless we do something about reducing the greenhouse
emissions, average temperatures of earth could be 3 to 9
degrees higher by the turn of century.
Climate change is any
long-term significant change in the "average
weather" which a particular region may experience.
Continuous man made fossil fuel emissions has
caused global warming, which in turn in lading to
climate change..
Ozone is a natural gas in stratosphere, which
protects us from sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. But
due to human's use of ozone depleting chemicals such
as CFC's and aerosols etc., had lead to destruction
of ozone in stratosphere.
of air pollution on human health have
been observed , studied and reported in
research all over the world for the past
50 years. These effects include
respiratory diseases such as asthma,
cardiovascular diseases, changes in lung
function, and death.
As the world has industrialized and its
population has grown, the problem of
water pollution has intensified. For
many years, we have been dumping
untreated sewage, domestic and
industrial waster without any concern.
The universe of
hazardous wastes is large and diverse.
Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids,
contained gases, or sludge's. They can
be the by-products of manufacturing
processes or simply discarded commercial
products, like cleaning fluids or
Although the dire effects
of deforestation are well known and
documented by researches around the world,
deforestation still persists by those
who break the law for illegal
industrialization and urbanization often
vance uncontrolled way,
they often have destructive effects on
the environment, particularly on basic
ecosystems, wildlife habitat, and global
Hurricanes are violent tropical
storms with winds minimum speed of
at least 74 mph. They form over warm
ocean waters, usually starting as
storms. As they drift slowly and are
fueled by the warm waters of the
Tornadoes are violent
windstorms characterized by a twisting,
funnel-shaped cloud. Tornado is a
small-diameter column of violently
rotating air developed within a
convective cloud and in contact with the
An earthquake is used to
describe any seismic event which
generates seismic waves. An earthquake
occurs as a result of a sudden release
of energy in the Earth's crust which
creates seismic waves.
reality, volcanoes are vents in the
Earth's surface from which molten rock
called lava is released. There are
around 1900 active volcanoes around the
world, including those that have been
active in historical times.
are ocean waves caused by large
earthquakes and landslides that occur
near or under the ocean. Scientists do
not use the term "tidal wave" because
these waves are not caused by tides.
are a serious geologic hazard common to
almost every state in the United States.
It is estimated that nationally they
cause up to $2 billion in damages and
from 25 to 50 deaths annually.
They can be caused by various
natural phenomena's...
Global Warming
Ozone Depletion
Air Pollution
Water pollution
Hazardous waste
Kyoto Protocol
Montreal Protocol
3 R's
Copyright © 2008
"Save Earth international" A Non Profit Organization, all rights reserved.
Privacy Policy


text: In Canada, we don't shy away from the cold weather, we find ways to embrace it! There's nothing more cozy than warming up to an outdoor fire pit at a great venue with good company. Whether you have hot coffee or hot chocolate, a glass of wine or a pint, or even a hot toddy, there's no question that if you spot an outdoor fire pit with a few people gathered around it, you're more than likely going to join them.


text:
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|Wed, 06 Oct 2010 04:27:40 GMT
Dear Wiki user, You have subscribed to a wiki page or wiki category on "Incubator Wiki" for change notification. The "October2010" page has been changed by lresende. http://wiki.apache.org/incubator/October2010?action=diff&rev1=8&rev2=9 -------------------------------------------------- Signed off by mentor: - = Nuvem = + = Nuvem = + Apache Nuvem will define an open application programming interface for common cloud application services, allowing applications to be easily ported across the most popular cloud platforms. - (project add text here) + Nuvem was accepted for Incubation on June, 2010. + + The Nuvem Project is slowly getting started. + We presented at JavaOne 2010 and had a completely full room. We showed couple demos using Apache Nuvem and we are already seeing couple people from the session showing up on the mailing lists. + + Top things to resolve prior to graduation: Increase the number of active committers. Signed off by mentor: --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
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text:
The Conspiracy
When filmmakers Aaron and Jim decide to make a documentary about conspiracy theorists, they turn their lens on Terrance, a crazed street preacher. After Terrance inexplicably disappears, Aaron becomes obsessed with uncovering the truth.
Rent DVDs for only $4.99 a month.
Movie Details
- Director
- Christopher MacBride
- Genres
- Thrillers, Indie Suspense & Thriller, Mystery, Suspense
- This movie is
- Suspenseful
- Format
- Ratings
NRNot rated. This movie has not been rated by the MPAA.
Widescreen 1.78:1Subtitles
NoClosed captioned
NoLanguage and sound
English: Dolby Digital 5.1Other features
Color; interactive menus; scene access.
The ConspiracyClose
For Parents
Common Sense Note
- Age appropriate
- Not an issue
- Depends on your kid and your family
- Not appropriate for kids of the age most likely to want to see it


text:
OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 1994-1995
OECD's annual survey of the Turkish economy. Chapter I reviews recent economic developments and presents the economic outlook for the coming two years. Chapter II discusses salient features of the policies leading up to the early 1994 currency crisis, and the measures taken to restore financial market stability. It then examines the challenge of establishing fiscal accountability and lowering inflation in both the short and medium term. Medium-term fiscal stabilization will require vigorous structural reform of large loss-making State economic enterprises, and the tax and social security systems. Progress in these and other areas of reform is sketched out in Chapter III. Conclusions of the Survey are presented in Chapter IV.
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text:
Drag racing isn`t as easy as some may think.
To get the best 1/4 mile time possible, taking off from a stand still requires precision and skill to launch the car with minimal wheel spin.
You don`t just hammer the pedal to the floor and go. In a powerful rear wheel car, your ass is gonna slide all over the place.
Even professionals, sometimes, don`t get the launch quite right and something like this happens:
The driver of the Chevy Bel Air get a better launch, but loses traction shortly after. He struggles to regain control of the car but doesn't, resulting in the crash and rollover which is very intense.
Somehow the driver ends up through the windshield when the Bel Air stops rolling.
The driver later admitted the seat belts were not anchored correctly. Lucky dude!
– Q New Media Editor / Chris Bundas –


text:
The 29-year-old Russian was the only athlete still eligible to win the prize. Lebedeva still must participate in the Sept. 9-10 final in Monaco to ensure she collects her money.
The jackpot goes to athletes who sweep their events at all six Golden League meets. The prize was open to 12 events this season.
Lebedeva did it alone this year and became only the second athlete to claim the full jackpot, after 800-meter runner Maria Mutola in 2003.
"It's a great moment, I am overwhelmed," Lebedeva said.
A mother of a three-year-old daughter, Lebedeva said before the meet she would donate 10 percent of the prize to her old school in Volgograd.
Wearing a starting bib with the number 1,000,000, Lebedeva cleared only 13.95 meters in her first leap to begin the competition in fourth place. But her second effort of 14.85 put her into the lead for good.
In the sixth and final series, Yamile Aldama of Sudan soared 14.82 to come close - but not enough to threaten Lebedeva's sweep. Yargelis Savigne of Cuba, silver medalist at last month's world championship in Helsinki, was third at 14.57.
Lebedeva's task was made easier by the late withdrawal of world champion Trecia Smith of Jamaica because of injury.
Nursing a tender Achilles' tendon, Lebedeva pulled out of the Helsinki final in a bid to avoid aggravating the injury. In doing so, she missed the chance of a third straight world title.
Lebedeva, the Olympic long jump champion, and Smith have both jumped 15.11 meters this season, the best in the world. Lebedeva had won the previous Golden League meets in Paris, Rome, Oslo, Zurich and Brussels.
"I feel I am dreaming," Lebedeva said Sunday. "Today is the lucky day for me. The fortune is smiling. I think I made a good decision to save my energy and not jump in the Helsinki final. It was not easy, but I did it. Now I do not need to worry about my family, my daughter, our future."
Christine Arron of France saw her hopes of a share of the jackpot ruined by her defeat in Zurich, the fourth stop of the Golden League tour.
She won Sunday's 100-meter sprint in 11.01 seconds, coming one victory short of being eligible for the jackpot.
"My form seems to be peaking at the end of the season, it's a little bit late," said Arron, who was world bronze medalist.
World champion Lauryn Williams of the United States, who won the Zurich race, finished fourth this time.
Chandra Sturrup of Bahamas was second in 11.02, while Melisa Barber of the United States came third in 11.16. Williams clocked 11.17.
After an often cool and rainy summer in Europe, the final Golden League meet took place in warm and sunny weather in Berlin's Olympic stadium, which will stage next year's soccer World Cup final.
Jamaicans dominated the men's sprints.
Dwight Thomas won the 100 in 10.01 seconds, with Ronald Pognon of France second in 10.08. Jason Gardener of Britain was third in 10.09. Olympic and world champion Justin Gatlin of the United States skipped the meet.
Christopher Williams beat second-placed Tyree Washington of the United States to win the 200 in 20.33. Washington clocked 20.43.
"It was a good race. I came here with the intention to win - so I won," Williams said.
Dominique Arnold of the United States won the 110 hurdles in 13.20, while world champion Ladji Doucoure was sixth. Thomas Blaschek of Germany was second in 13.33 and Robert Kronberg of Sweden took third in 13.55.
Several other world champions also had a bad day.
Rachid Ramzi, the Moroccan now running for Bahrain who swept the 800 and 1,500 titles in Helsinki, finished fourth in the 800. Mbulaeni Mulaudzi of South Africa won in 1:44.26.
In the men's high jump, world champion Yuriy Krymarinko cleared 2.27 meters to finish fourth. Yaroslav Rybakov of Russia, world bronze medalist, won the event at 2.32.
Daniel Kipchirchir Komen of Kenya won his fourth 1,500-meter race in six Golden League meets this year, clocking 3:29.72, the second fastest time this season.
Bernard Lagat of the United States won the 5,000 in a personal best 12:59.29.
Sandra Glover of the United States, the bronze medalist in Helsinki, won the 400 hurdles in 54.17.
- More about:
- 800m Race
- Athletics, Track And Field
- Monaco
- Russia


text:
At least eighty people are dead in Nice, France after someone plowed a truck through a crowd of Bastille Day celebrants yesterday (for the French night had already fallen).
You already know what religion this human refuse practiced. You already know he was not a son of Gauls and Franks.
You also already know exactly how the response from the lying press is going to go without even turning on your TV or checking one of their websites.
Let's point out to all who lend their ears to hear that it is the xenophobic, Islamophobic nationalists who have consistently predicted that such horrors would result from making European and post-European peoples the subjects of cruel experiments in demographic replacement and ethical manipulation.
If reality consistently confirms your narrative, and consistently demolishes that of your opponent, and your opponent still insists that you are the one at fault; that you are the one who ought to be ashamed; that you are to blame for stoking hatred and fear--you can be sure that you are dealing with a morally bankrupt golem.
Never argue defensively with a golem, but offensively. Make it abundantly clear to your audience that not an inch of the moral high ground belongs to such a slave to ideological fashion. We already know how they will frame things; we're more than familiar with their righteous indignation, their utter gall in accusing those who tell the truth and defend their civilization, their complete lack of shame. When talking to them, hold up a mirror. Use the same sort of indignation, the same sort of rhetorical flame.
If some journalist or ideologue should even imply that you are in the wrong for "politicizing" the act of civilizational war that has just been committed against France and against the whole of Western civilization, be unsparing in your moral condemnation. Tell them confidently and collectedly that they should be ashamed of themselves and that people like them are playing good cop to the bad one who drove that truck into those poor people and took them away from their families.
Pray for the victims and their families and for the whole of France. Pray also for the courage to speak the truth.


text:
Crop Nutrition
Farmers use fertilizers to replace the nutrients lost at each harvest and restore soil balance. If the supply of nutrients in the soil is insufficient, crops aren't able to withstand harsh weather or disease, and the lack of nutrients in the soil will negatively affect crop health.
Urea is a colorless, odorless, crystalline substan...
Urea is a colorless, odorless, crystalline substance with 46% nitrogen content, the highest of any dry nitrogen fertilizer on the market. Urea's high nitrogen content makes it highly water soluble, which increases its effectiveness as a fertilizer. This high nitrogen content also translates to lower application costs.
The main crop nutrients are nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potassium (K) all of which are typically found in fertilizer blends with varying percentages of N, P and K. The main nitrogen products are ammonia (A), ammonium nitrate (AN), UAN and Urea.
Urea can be applied in many different ways, including sophisticated aerial distribution, spreader machinery and by hand. For aerial distribution, urea is considered the best nitrogen fertilizer option because of its high nitrogen content and uniform granules. These characteristics support accurate calibration and even spread across a field.
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text:
$4.00Lentil, organic spinach and potatoes with a hint of garlic, lemon and a dash of pepper makeup this wholesome filling dish, a perfect way to get your iron, fibre protein and vegetables in one easy meal. This meal is Vegan and gluten free. ** contains lemon juice.
We know sometimes it's hard to find a healthy meal for lunch. Now we introduce our 8 oz/227g containers, great for school age children or even someone who would like to take a healthy lunch to work. Our food has no additives, no added salt or sugar. It's full of healthy ingredients - beans for iron and fibre, fresh tomatoes, organic carrots, organic spinach, organic broccoli -- plus lots of flavour as we add: garlic, herbs and dijon mustard.
This package includes: * contact us if you want to adjust the numbers of the various products. ** this may affect the price.
You will find 9 meals in this package
As of May 2017, we have stopped delivery. You can email us at email@example.com if you want to pick up food at Wychwood Barns Farmers' Market on Saturday or Dufferin Grove Farmers' Market on Thursday.
You can always find our products at Jill and the Beanstock on College at Ossington or at Baby on the Hip on Queen St. E in Leslieville.
Email us if you have any questions - email@example.com
These delightful cakes are made from pasta, local cheddar cheese, parmesan cheese, Greek yogurt, eggs and organic broccoli. They make a great savoury snack or a meal-on-the-go—warm or cold. A perfect lunchbox addition. ** we do not add any salt.
Net weight 80 grams per cake (package includes two mac and cheese cakes) ** includes dijon mustard.