text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jun 28, 1971
|Filing date
|Jun 15, 1970
|Priority date
|Aug 30, 1956
|Publication number
|Robert M Milton
|Original Assignee
|Union Carbide Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (70), Classifications (23), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent [72] lnventor Robert M. Milton Chappaqua, NY. [21] Appl. No. 46,291 [22] Filed June 15, 1970 Division of Ser. No. 717,691, April 1, 1968, Patent No. 3,523,577, which is a Division of Ser. No. 366,853, May 12, 1964. Patent No. 3,384,154, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 849,608, Oct. 29, 1959, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 607,233, Aug. 30, 1956, abandoned; said Ser. No. 366,853 is a continuation-in-part of Ser. 190.849.665, Oct. 29, 1959. abandoned, which is a division of said Ser. No. 607,233 [45] Patented June 28, 1971 [73] Assignee Union Carbide Corporation [54] HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEM WITH POROUS BOILING LAYER 3 Claims, 10 Drawing Figs.
[52] U.S.C1 165/110, 62/527, 165/133, 165/166, 165/181 [51] Int. Cl F281'3/02, F28b 1/02 Condensate Primary Examiner-Albert W. Davis, Jr. Attorneys-Paul A. Rose, l-larrie M. l-lumphreys, Leo A. Plum and John C. Le Fever ABSTRACT: A tube-type heat exchanger having a porous layer bonded to one wall and constructed of thermally conductive particles integrally bonded together to form interconnected pores of capillary size. I
" sum 1 OF 5 9 W smuvu Ewod umvmnoa \i HYVItKWU/L gs ROBERT M.MILTON PATENTED JUH28 |sn SHEET 3 OF 5 &
nfi xix PATENTED JUH28|971 sum u or 5 ROBE PATENTEUJUHZSIHYI 3,587,730
sum 5 OF 5 ROBERT M.MILTON a continuation of application Ser. No. 607,233 filed Aug. 30,
1956. Application Ser. No. 366,853 is also a continuationinpart of application Ser. No. 849,665 filed Oct. 29, 1959. which in turn is a division of the previously referenced application Ser. No. 607,233. The remaining applications with the exception of Ser. Nos. 366,853 and 717,691 are now abandoned. 1
This invention relates to the art of improving heat transfer from heated surfaces to boiling liquids.
The transfer of heat at effective rates from a heated surface to a boiling liquid in contact therewith ordinarily requires a substantial temperature difference between the surface and the liquid which greatly affects the efficiency of heat transfer. One important factor controlling this efficiency is the nature of the heated surface in contact with the liquid; it being known, for example, that smooth boiling surfaces produce low heat transfer coefficients on the boiling side. Low boiling heat transfer coefficients often severely restrict the heat transfer capacity of boiling apparatus. For example, when the heat for boiling is supplied by a vapor condensing on a smooth-Walled heat transfer surface, the condensing heat transfer coefficient may easily be on the order of 2,000 B.t.u./hr. sq. ft. F., while the boiling heat transfer coefficient against the opposite of the heat transfer surface may be only 100 to 200 B.t.u./hr. sq. ft. F. According to the familiar method of summing heat transfer resistances when the boiling and condensing heat transfer surfaces are of equal area, the overall heat transfer coefficient U is obtained approximately as follows:-
obtained with conventional smooth or roughened surfaces; to-
provide a porous boiling surface layer of a character that is able to transfer to a boiling liquid large quantities of heat at much lower temperature differences than required in conventional heat exchange apparatus; to provide a method of boiling a liquid which has substantially higher heat transfer coefficients at low temperatu're differences; and to provide a method of producing such a porous layer boiling surface on a heat exchange unit.
These and other objects and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following description and accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. I is a curve which compares the properties of the porous boiling surface layers of this invention with the surfaces of the prior art.
FIG. 2 is a series of curves comparing the pool boiling performance of the porous boiling surface layers of this invention with the surfaces of the prior art.
FIGS. 3-4 are sectional views in elevation of an exemplary plate-and-fin type heat exchanger illustrating embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view in elevation of an exemplary condensing surface embodying the invention.
FIG. 6 is a view partly in elevation and partly in section of an exemplary boiling surface and condensing surface element in the form of a condenser-evaporator tube member embodying the invention.
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary enlarged view in section of a portion of the tube unit.
FIG. 8 is a view showing a preferred inclined arrangement of a condenser-evaporator tube according to the invention.
FIG. 9 is a fragmentary end view of a preferred arrangement of such tubes when mounted in groups.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an alternative construction of evaporator-condenser units embodying the invention.
According to the invention, there is provided a porous boiling surface layer having a multitude of small pores bonded on a thermally conductive wall of a heat exchange apparatus for transferring heat to a liquid. The porous boiling surface layer is formed of thermally conductive particles integrally and. thermally bonded together to provide interconnected pores of capillary size within the porous boiling surface layer. The pores are provided in great number per unit area with little nonporous material between them. The porous boiling surface layer is characterized by pronounced capillarity which is described in detail subsequently.
Because of the high boiling heat transfer coefficients produced by the porous boiling surface layer, the temperature difference between a boiling liquid and its source of heat may be substantially reduced while nevertheless achieving a remarkably high rate of heat transfer. Porous boiling surface layers of this invention have been found particularly advantageous in systems requiring elevated pressures to achieve a necessary temperature difference; for example in the reboiler-condenser tubes of a low temperature air separation plant wherein the more volatile normally lower temperature boiling nitrogen gas is condensed by boiling less volatile oxygen liquid, the nitrogen being sufficiently pressurized to raise its condensing temperature above the oxygen boiling temperature. By using a porous boiling surface layer of the present invention, the necessary pressure differential between the fluids may be reduced and power costs minimized.
The preferred procedure for producing a satisfactory porous boiling surface layer comprises sintering, soldering, brazing, or otherwise thermally bonding a layer of fine particles to the base heat transfer surface to form interconnected pores therein having an equivalent pore radius less than about 6.0 mils. As used in this context, the equivalent pore radius" empirically defines a porous boiling surface layer having varied pore sizes and nonuniform pore configurations in terms of an average uniform pore dimension.
An important function of the porous boiling surface layer of this invention is to increase the boiling heat transfer coefficient. In the well-known heat transfer equation Q/A==hAT, the porous boiling surface layer markedly increases the value of the coefficient h. The effect of the increase in this coefficient can be utilized in several ways. The total quantity of heat transferred Q may be increased, the area A may be decreased, the AT may be reduced, or various combinations of these benefits may be realized. I
Since the invention improves the coefficient h, it is distinct from prior art uses of porous elements and devices known as ebullators" which are commonly suspended or immersed in the boiling liquid to reduce superheat and to bring the bulk liquid temperature more nearly in equilibrium with the liquids vapor pressure. Ebullators are often nonmetallic materials such as pumice which contain relatively large random-size pores, only a few of which need be active. The task of the ebullator is relatively easy and simple because the sensible heat represented by a few degrees superheat in the liquid is comparatively small and can be dissipated effectively by a modest degree of boiling. The suspended ebullator material need not be thermally conductive since it does not transfer heat to the liquid. The heat required for boiling on an ebullator surface is transported to that point by the liquid itself in the form of superheat. Thus, while a suspended ebullator may reduce the bulk superheat of the liquid substantially, some degree of liquid superheat must exist in order for boiling to take place on the ebullator.
In contrast to the ebullator art. the porous boiling surface layer of this invention is disposed on the hot wall of the boiling device between the hot wall and the liquid to be boiled and its material must be thermally conductive. lts task is the more difficult one of transferring a very large quantity of heat with a greatly reduced heat flow resistance, i.e. with a reduced temperature difference between the warm wall and the liquid. This temperature difference between the warm wall and the saturated liquid, which is a measure of the heat flow resistance, is the AT which appears in the standard heat transfer equation. lts reduction is achieved herein by the increased heat transfer coefficient ofthe porous boiling surface layer.
Even if materials constructed according to accepted ebullator practice are disposed against the warm wall, they will not achieve the superior results of this invention. To be effective, the porous surface must meet special limitations on the equivalent pore radius as defined hereinafter.
The extreme thinness of the liquid film within the pores is thought to account in large part for the striking improvement in heat transfercoefficient achieved with this invention. It has been discovered that this is an effect which assumes significant proportions only in very small pores, and it is not significant in ebullators designed primarily to reduce superheat. The performance of ebullators is both described and predicted by the combination of the well-known Gibbs and Clapeyron equations which relate the thermal potential required for growth of a bubble (in terms of the superheat of the liquid surrounding the bubble) to the size ofthe bubble:
where r, cavity radius (interchangeable with the equivalent pore radius r of the porous boiling surface layers ofthe present invention, ft.
Also the approximate radius of a bubble emerging from a cavity of radius r a Surface tension, lbs. force/ft.
T =Temperature of liquid surrounding a bubble, "R.
T; Saturation temperature of boiling liquid corresponding to the vapor pressure of the liquid, "R.
Density ofliquid, lbs. mass/ft.
p Density of vapor, lbs. mass/Ft.
It Latent heat of boiling liquid, B.t.u./lb.
The value ofT must be greater than T by an amount sufficient to cause a bubble of radius r, to grow against surface tension. Hence TT is the minimum superheat required to sustain the boiling process. According to the Gibbs-Clapeyron equation, the superheat necessary for bubble growth is reduced, i.e. TT is minimized, by increasing r, and hence an ebullator should be constructed with a porous surface having pores as large as possible which can still retain the entrapped gas or vapor needed to activate the nucleation cites. In FIG. 1, Curve A plots r, vs. the superheat AT necessary to sustain bubble growth, i.e. TT according to the Gibbs-Clapeyron equation for fluorotrichloromethane boiling in contact with surfaces of various pore size with a heat flux of 1,000 B.t.u./hr. sq. ft. In keeping with the objective of ebullators to reduce the required superheat, the performance of a good ebullator would'fall on the portion of Curve A corresponding to low values of AT and high values of r, Tests show that this is in deed true since the values of r, measured for materials con structed as ebullators are between about 8 and I5 mils. The superheat AT corresponds to such pore radii is below 0. 1 F.
However, if one wishes to take a step beyond the phenomenon of the ebullator and to improve overall boiling performance, it will not be sufficient merely to reduce the superheat required to sustain bubble growth. When boiling proceeds by the formation of bubbles within pores or cavities ofa surface which comprises a heat source, the superheat AT, TT correlated by the Gibbs-Clapeyron equation has been discovered to be only one of the resistances to the overall boiling process. A second AT exists across the liquid film between the wall temperature T and the superheated vapor-liquid interface temperature T, and in effect this film AT is in series with the superheat AT of the Gibbs-Clapeyron equation. This film AT, i.e. T rT, has been unexpectedly found to increase as r increases, an effect opposite to that observed for the superheat AT TT The difference between Curves A and B of FIG. 1 depicts this film AT.
Neglecting the thermal resistance of the material of which the surface is composed, the overall boiling process is dependent upon the total AT, T -T which is approximately the sum of the film and superheat ATs. Thus, the sum of the two yields Curve B corresponding to the experimental data of Table I. It is seen that a regime exists at the minimum of Curve B where very low total AT is required to sustain the rate of boiling and where values of r are distinct from the pore dimension of common ebullators. If common ebullators (having a pore radius of 8-10 mils) were coated on the heat transfer wall their performance would not be predicted by Curve A (the Gibbs-Clapeyron curve) because that curve does not take into account the thermal potential required to transfer heat to the liquid-vapor interface surrounding the bubbles. FIG. 1 shows that whereas ebullator coatings might reduce the required superheat AT (Curve A) to a very low value, the coincident filmAT is very high and exerts an overwhelming influence.
The porous boiling surface layers of this invention are unique in that they effectively reduce the film AT and are therefore characterized by performance at the minimum'portion of the curve where the film AT begins to lose its dominant influence and where values ofr are below 6 mils. In preferred practice, the equivalent pore radius, r should be below about 4.5 mils.
Curves A and B of FIG. 1 represent the results obtained with fluorotrichloromethane as described above. Other liquids will provide similar curves, which due to the individual pro-- perties of each liquid will be, in general, displaced along the abscissa. For all such liquids, however, a porous boiling surface layer constructed according to the present invention will have an equivalent pore radius of less than about 6.0 mils and preferably less than about 4.5 mils.
FIG. 2 shows in an even more striking manner the distinctive groupingof the porous boiling surfaces apart from conventional surfaces. The surfaces tested correspond to those listed in Table I and the curves are numbered accordingly. Prior art boiling surfaces have not approached the extremely high coefficients (heat flux per unit AT) which are obtained in this invention as exemplified by FIG. 2.
The equivalent pore radius of a porous boiling surface layer is most conveniently and accurately determined by vertically immersing one end of the porous boiling surface layer in a freely wetting liquid and measuring the capillary rise of the liquid along the surface of the porous boiling surface layer. When determined in this manner, the equivalent pore radius, r, is equal to 2cr/ph where: p is the density (in lbs. mass/cu. ft.) of the liquid in which an end of the porous boiling surface layer is vertically immersed: ois the surface tension (in lbs.
force/ft.) of the liquid in which an end of the porous boiling surface layer is vertically immersed; and h is the vertical capillary rise (in ft.) of the liquid along the surface of the porous boiling surface layer.
The advantage in choosing a freely wetting liquid to determine the equivalent pore radius is that the liquid phase contact angle (0), which the liquid surface makes with the materials of which the porous boiling surface layer is composed, will be very small and, therefore, will not effect the determination. If a freely wetting liquid is not chosen, the expression 2o'lph must be equated to r/cos 0 and the contact angle (6) will have to be accounted for in determining the value of the equivalent pore radius (r). Since the exact measurement of the contact angle is difficult and unnecessarily introduces risk of error, it is preferable to use a freely wetting liquid to determine the equivalent pore radius. Liquids exhibiting a contact angle of less than 20 with the material of which the porous boiling surface layer is composed are defined as "freely wetting" for this purpose and may be used without having to account for the effect of the contact angle since cos 20 is 0.95 and the error resulting from neglecting the contact angle will be less than 5 percent.
Examples of suitable liquids which freely wet aluminum and copper surfaces (two of the preferred materials for constructing porous boiling surface layers) are methanol, fluorotrichloromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane. acetone, ethyl chloride, liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen. The particular liquid chosen for determination of the equivalent pore radius should preferably be a good solvent for oil and grease so that the effect of the presence of these common surface contaminants will be minimized. Pure water is not considered to be a freely wetting liquid inasmuch as its contact angle (0) with an aluminum surface, for example, is about 66.
The equivalent pore radius is independent of the properties of the material used to construct the porous boiling surface layer. It defines qualitatively the geometrical and dimensional characteristics of the porous boiling surface layer itself. The equivalent pore radius should not be employed to predict the quantitative performance of any particular porous boiling surface layer inasmuch as such performance will depend, inter alia, on the material of which the porous boiling surface layer is constructed and the liquid which is to be boiled.
Table I, column 2, summarizes the values of the effective pore radius determined experimentally for a number of surfaces including prior art ebullators as well as porous boiling surface layers of the present invention in freely wetting liquidsspecifically methanol, fluorotrichloromethane, and dichlorotetrafluoroethane. Column 3, of Table I, shows the values of temperature differences required by the several surfaces to transfer 1,000 B.t.u./hr. sq. ft. while boiling fluorotrichloromethane. Since Q/A is held constant at l,000, the only variable in the heat transfer equations are AT and h, and these variables are inversely proportional. Consequently, a decrease in the required AT by a factor of will increase the heat transfer coefficient h by a factor of l0. Thus, column 3 of Table l provides a means of comparing the heat transfer capabilities ofthe various surfaces in a common fluid.
TABLE I AT F.) Equivalent required for pore radius, Q/A=1,000 Surface in mils B.t.u./hr.sq.ft
Porous Boiling Surface Layers:
1. Copper, 325 mesh spherical. fiat p te 1. 65 0.83 2. Copper, 325 mesh granular,
cylinder 1. 67 1.10 3. Aluminium, 40-100 mesh granular,
flat plate 3. 44 1. 20 4. Copper, 35-60 mesh spherical flat plate-... 3. 41 1. 5. Aluminum, 80- ar,
flat plate 3. 0 1. 33 Metallic Ebullators:
6. Mossy Zinc Ebullator 10. 0-15. 0 5. 0 7. Antimony cbullator, granular 8.0 5.1 Smooth Surfaces:
8. Smooth copper plate 8. 8 9. Smooth aluminum plate 14. 0 Non-metallic Ebullator:
10. Sodium Silicate cbullators 16. 6 16.6
1 Exhibits no capillarity.
1 Non-porous.
A porous boiling surface layer, as described above, in operation provides a multitude of interconnecting partially liquid filled capillaries which act as nuclei for the growth of many bubbles of the boiling liquid lf the pores were not interconnected, their continued performance as nuclei for bubble growth would be critically dependent upon retaining entrapped air or vapor within the pores. However, with interconnected pores, vapor formed in one pore can activate one or several adjacent pores, so that the process continues without interruption and without dependence upon air or vapor entrapment. At least some of the pores in the interconnected matrix are also believed to supply liquid to adjacent pores. As the bubbles grow, they finally emerge from the interconnected capillaries, due to continued generation of vapor within the capillaries, break away from the surface, and rise through the liquid film covering the porous boiling layer. The liquid continues its flow into the capillaries and maintains the capillary walls wet, thus giving increased surface evaporation. The high boiling coefficient results from the fact that the heat leaving the base metal surface does not have to travel through an appreciable liquid layer before meeting a vapor-liquid surface producing evaporation.
Within the porous boiling surface layer, a multitude of bubbles are grown so that the heat, in order to reach a vaporliquid boundary, need travel only through an extremely thin liquid layer having a thickness considerably less than the minute diameter of the confining pore. vaporization of liquid takes place entirely within the pores and substantially no superheating of the bulk liquid is requiredorcan occur.
With a smooth metal surface, however, only a few bubble points exist and the initiation of bubble growth requires a large degree of superheat due to the compressive force of liquid surface tension on a very small bubble. The heat for bubble growth must be transferred by convection and conduction form the smooth base metal to the distant vapor-liquid interface of a bubble which is almost completely surrounded by bulk liquid.
The above-described performance of a porous boiling surface layer is not merely the result of increasing the surface area by, for example, mechanically roughening the surface.
This fact was shown by a test comprising immersing a porous boiling surface layer bonded to a copper block containing embedded heating coils to boil liquid oxygen. At very low .heat fluxes insufficient to activate the pores with vapor, the boiling heat transfer coefficient and the visual phenomena of bubble points were quite similar to those obtained with a smooth surface copper block. However, at higher heat fluxes producing vapor activation of the pores, extremely high boiling coefficients were obtained which are impossible to achieve with the smooth block or with a block having thoroughly mechanically roughened surfaces. The following test results in boiling liquid oxygen illustrate the effect of porous boiling surfaces at three temperature differences, and at heat fluxes sufficiently large to produce vapor activation of the pores.
TABLE II.COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER Tempera- Heat Transfer ture Difier- Coeflicient ence Cal./ C. B.t.u./hr Type Surface C. F. em. sec. sq. ft-
Smooth copper 0 5 0.9 0.01 74 Mechanically roughened coppen. 0.02 148 Sintei'ed nickel 1 0. 18 1, 330 Sintered copper 1 0. 50 3, 690
Smooth copper 1. O 1.8 0. 013 96 Mechanically roughened copper 0. 034 251 Sintered nickel l 0. 28 2. 060 Slntered copper 1 2.83 6,
Smooth copper 1. 5 2. 7 0. 046 340 Mechanically roughened copper 0. 046 340 Sinteted nickel l O. 32 2, 360 Sintered copper exceeded 1. 0 7, 400
1 Porous boiling surface layer of present invention.
,Value too large to be measured in test equipment.
Table 11 indicates that by using a porous boiling surface of this invention, even a metal such as nickel exhibits boiling coefficients far greater than those obtained with conventional surfaces of highly conductive copper, despite the fact that the conductivity of nickel is only one-sixth that of copper.
To illustrate the method of determining the equivalent pore radius, consider the following data and computation for item 1 of Table l and of FIG. 2. A small strip of copper sheet with the porous surface applied thereon was suspended vertically with one end immersed in fluorotrichloromethane. The liquid wetted the surface by capillary action to a height h above the liquid surface of0.2l ft. Fluorotrichloromethane has a surface tension of l.30 l' lbs/ft. and a density of 91.4 lb./cu. ft. Substituting these values into the equivalent pore radius equation gives a value for r ofO. l 38X l0 ft. or 1.65 mils.
The powder particles used in preparing the porous boiling surface are preferably either granular or spherical. Geometrical considerations suggest that granular or spherical particles are more effective than flakes in producing a large number of approximately uniform sized pores. Very thin flakes are less desirable since they are difficult to bond as discrete particles, and because their extremely large surface area complicates the task of cleaning the powder thoroughly A comparison of items 1 and 4 (spherical) with items 2, 3 and 5 (granular) in Table I and FIG. 2 shows that both granular and spherical particles produce excellent surfaces. with spherical particles showing some advantage.
In general, any metallic material is suitable for preparing the porous boiling surface, provided it has good thermal conductivity, is available as a fine powder, is bondable to itself and to the base metal, and is easily wetted by the liquid to be boiled.
The particle material should preferably have high thermal conductivity as stated previously. Among others, nickel and copper porous boiling surface layer materials on copper base metal have been tested under identical conditions; the copperon-copper heat transfer coefficient being about three times as large as the nickel-on-copper combination which is to be ex pected because of the higher thermal conductivity of copper. Further evidence of the desirability of high thermal conductivity is seen in FIG. 2 where the performance of fine-mesh copper surfaces (curves 1 and 2) is better than fine-mesh aluminum surface (curve 3). The conductivities of copper and aluminum are 224 and 117 B.t.u./hr. sq. ft. F./ft., respective ly. ln corrosive service, alloys, such as stainless steel, resistent to chemical attacks may be used.
The optimum thickness of the porous boiling surface is only slightly affected by the physical properties of the boiling liquid. This is indicated by tests wherein high boiling heat transfer coefficients are obtainable in stream-water service from a porous boiling surface having a thickness previously determined as optimum for oxygen service. The thickness of the porous boiling surface layer may vary by at least a factor of 10 without severe detriment. The thickness should be greater than the average particle diameter and preferably should be at least twice the average particle diameter. With fine particles such as 323 mesh, uniformity and complete continuity of the coating will usually govern the minimum thickness which is applied. A practical minimum thickness is about 0.1 mm.
Functionally, the maximum thickness which can be used without detriment is controlled only by the capillarity of the surface and by the ability of the surface to discharge the vapor produced in boiling. in operation, the surface should be capable of drawing the liquid all the way through the thickness to the base metal so that the surface is completely wetted, while at the same time discharging and disengaging the vapor from the pores. Excellent results have been obtained with relatively thick surfaces; for example, the porous boiling surface layer of item 1 ofTable l and ofFlG. 2 is 0.25 mm. thick.
The relationship between particle size and performance of a porous boiling surface layer is not exact. Tests show that excellent porous boiling surfaces can be formed of powder having very fine granular or spherical particles l50 microns in size. Such porous boiling surfaces have exhibited very high boiling heat transfer coefficients in tests with liquid oxygen and with water. However, other tests indicate that there is very little performance difference in boiling liquid oxygen between porous boiling surfaces produced from fine powder, e.g. screen analysis showing a major portion (98 percent) passing through 325 mesh (98 percent 44 microns), and coarse powder, e.g. 50-60 percent passing through 100 mesh (50- 60 percent 150 microns). If present in sufficient number, the smaller particles determine the pore dimensions since they will fill the voids between the large particles.
A suitable porous surface according to the invention may be produced by sintering l to 50 micron-size particles of a heat conductive metal such as copper to the hot wall supplying heat to the boiling liquid. The particles are applied in such quantity to provide a porous layer thickness between about 0.l mm. and 1.0 mm. The interstices or voids between the particles should be essentially free of solid material and should be interconnected within the depth of the layer. The interconnected pores thus formed will be between about 1 micron and microns in size and there will be a great number per unit area of surface.
In selecting the powder for surface preparation, one should be guided by the fact that the equivalent radius of the pores of the porous boiling surface layer is the critical factor and that particle size alone is not necessarily determinative. As indicated above, the particle size distribution within the range of sizes present in the sample will also influence the pore size. Particle shape will have an effect since spheres, for example, will stack more compactly than irregular shapes and will produce smaller voids. The innumerable variations which these factors permit makes it impractical to bracket all suitable powders within a single specification. For this reason, the equivalent pore radius determined by routine testing on specimens of the finished porous boiling surface layer as described previously is technically a more accurate method of identification.
Various methods for producing a sintered metal porous boiling surface on a base metal may be employed. One preferred method is to use a temporary binder such as a plastic material to establish and maintain a uniform coating on the base metal surface, the binder being such that it decomposes and vaporizes during the heating and sintering process. One such plastic is an isobutylene polymer having a molecular weight of about 140,000 and known commercially as The plastic binder is dissolved in an appropriate solvent such as kerosene or carbon tetrachloride and sufficient metal powder is added to give a uniform viscous slurry with a metalplastic weight ratio of about 92 to 1. The base metal surface must be free of grease, oil and oxide coating to obtain proper bonding of the porous coating. Just before applying the slurry, the surface may be flushed with the plastic solution to facilitate wetting by the slurry, thereby obtaining more even distribution.
A number of methods may be used for applying a slurry coating to the base metal. The object is to achieve a uniform coating, and the selection of the method will depend upon the geometry and orientation of the surface. Spraying and dipping are two procedures which have been used successfully.
The coating is air dried either during or after the application procedure. The bulk of the solvent is thus removed by evaporation leaving a solid, self-supporting layer which is held in place by the binder. Then the base metal and the coating are blanketed with a mildly reducing atmosphere and the temperature is raised for a sufficient time to sinter the particles together and to the base metal. The circulating reducing gas removes the thin oxide film and also purges the decomposition products from the surface materials. In the case of copper, the coating is sintered at about F. below its melting point, or about 1,760 F.
Another successfully employed binder is a methyl cellulose polymer having a viscosity of 4,000 c.p.s. and known commercially as Methocel. A preferred slurry comprises 32 grams of copper powder in l00 cc. of a 2 percent water solution of such polymer. After application of a coating of the slurry on the base metal, it is air dried at ordinary temperatures (below the boiling point of water), and then furnace dried at about 750 F. in an atmosphere of water saturated annealing gas. The coating is then sintered at appropriate sintering temperatures.
Still another plastic binder which is successfully used in polystyrene which has a molecular weight of about 90,000 and is soluble in toluene or xylene.
As stated above, binders and slurries are used to facilitate distribution and to hold the powder temporarily in place until a permanent thermal bond can be achieved. When surface arrangement permits the powder may be applied and sintered in dry form; for example, the surface reported as item 1 in Table land FIG. 2 was prepared in this manner.
One arrangement consists of applying the porous boiling surface on the inner wall of heat exchanger tubes. For such arrangement, an excellent procedure is to preliminarily distribute the slurry within the length of the tube, and then place the tube in a machine capable of rotating the tube about its own axis at a rate sufficient to produce a smooth coating, about 200 r.p.m. The coating is air dried during the spinning operation and is then furnace sintered under the conditions previously described.
Another application procedure lends itself particularly to flat, corrugated or outside-cylindrical surfaces. According to this method, a slurry of metal powder and plastic binder is fed from a hopper'onto the outer surface of a polished roll in a uniform layer. As the roll slowly rotates, the evaporation of the vehicle sets the plastic film and the latter is continuously stripped off the roll as a sheet of the plastic material containing the embedded metal powder. The composite film is then placed in contact with the surface of a metal sheet which is conducted into the furnace wherein the plastic is vaporized and the metal powder sintered to the sheet. This process lends itself very readily to quantity production methods.
One preferred construction of a heat exchange apparatus employing a porous boiling surface layer is shown in FIG. 3. This apparatus is a plate-type heat exchanger comprising a plurality of fluid passes defined by parallel, spaced parting sheets housed in a core section with appropriate headers and manifolds for the fluid streams. As shown in FIG. 3, thermally conductive metal walls in the form of parting sheets 1 and 2, which define the fluid pass 3 for the boiling liquid are'coated with a porous boiling surface layer 4, the fluid passes on either side offluid pass 3 being provided for the warm fluid supplying heat to vaporize the liquid within the pores of the porous boiling surface layer. Protrusions 9 and from the parting sheets are in registry and abut with one another to form stays between the passage walls.
FIG. 4 shows another preferred construction for boiling condensing service using a flat plate type heat exchanger with corrugated fins in the passages. The boiling passage is formed between parting sheets 1 and 2 and contains fin material 5 with corrugations widely spaced, e.g. 6 per inch. All exposed surfaces in the boiling passage are shown coated with porous boiling surface layer 4. The condensing passage is formed between parting sheets 2 and 3 and contains fin material 6 with corrugations closely spaced, e.g. 25 per inch. The closely spaced fins provide high surface area and distribute the condensate in a thinner layer of lower heat flow resistance. This increase h A with respect to h A, and brings these factors into balance.
To take maximum advantage of the increased boiling heat transfer coefficient achieved by use of porous boiling surface layers in apparatus utilizing a condensing fluid as a heat source, it is desirable to provide special condensing surfaces which permit achieving a high condensing heat transfer coefficient. FIG. 3 also shows such a condensing surface constructed in the form of very fine corrugations 6 which permit condensed liquid to be drawn by surface tension to the valleys 7 of the corrugations leaving the crests 8 stripped of all but a thin layer of liquid as shown in FIG. 5. The utility of a condensing surface such as shown in FIG. 5 is not limited to plateand-fin type heat exchangers such as shown in FIG. 3. For example, such a surface may be applied to the exterior surfaces of tubes in shell-and-tube type heat exchangers where a porous boiling surface layer is bonded to the interior surface of the tubes.
Referring to FIG. 5, a condensable vapor contacts the corrugated surface 6 and forms a condensate film thereon. The film, or more precisely the vapor liquid interface, acts as a membrane which is stretched elastically by surface tension over the crests of the corrugations. Therefore, the pressure in the liquid under the interface in the arc of each crest is greater than the pressure of the vapor above the interface. In the valleys 7, the curvature of the liquid-vapor interface is reversed and the tension therein produces the opposite efiect; the pressure in the liquid is less than the pressure of the vapor. Because the pressure exerted by the interfacial membrane is greater in the crest area than in the valley area, the condensate flows into the valley leaving a very thin film over the crest. Once in the valleys, the condensate flows parallel to the valleys (normal to the plane of FIG. 5) under the force of gravity to a suitable manifold means where it is withdrawn from the condensing surface.
If the crests and valleys are too wide, the radius of curvature of the interfacial membrane will be large and the surface tension effect small. If the corrugations are too shallow, the valleys will have insufficient liquid-holding capacity and the crest area will flood. If the corrugations are too deep, the effectiveness of the interfacial membrane tension in the crest area will be reduced. Satisfactory dimensions must be designed with consideration of the condensing-liquid density, viscosity, surface tension, and the like. Usually, the valley 7 and crest 8 of the corrugations would have semicircular cross sections with radii between about 0.005 and 0.015 inches.
FIGS. 6 and 7 of the drawings show another embodiment of the present invention comprising a thermally conductive metal tube 10 which is provided on its internal boiling surface 11 with a porous boiling surface layer 12 formed of metal powder particles sintered to each other and to the inside surface of the tube 10. The outer surface of the tube is preferably provided with fins or flanges 13 metallically bonded or molecularly integral with the tube 10 for most efficient heat conduction. In one organization, a plurality of such finned tubes is mounted between headers in areboilengopdenser portion of an apparatus for air separation by low-temperature rectification into its primary constituents oxygen and nitrogen wherein gaseous nitrogen at approximately 60-l00 p.s.i. is condensed on the finned outer side of the reboiler tubes, and liquid oxygen at approximately 0--l5 p.s.i. is boiled in the porous surface coated inside of the tubes. The heat required to boil the liquid oxygen is transferred from condensing nitrogen and radially inward across the fins and through the metal wall to the boiling oxygen. The ends of the tube unit may be constructed for mounting in openings, tube headers being preferably expanded to a larger diameter as shown at 14 and 15.
In FIG. 8, for clearness of illustration, only one tube unit 10 is shown mounted between headers 16 and 17 which seal off lower and upper portions of a condenser casing 18, the tube ends 14 and 15 being secured gas-tightly in corresponding openings of the headers. The casing ends are capped at 19 and 20 to form inlet and outlet chambers for liquid to be boiled, such as oxygen supplied through a conduit 21 and for collection of the resulting vapor which is led off by a conduit 22. The vapor, such as cold nitrogen to be condensed is conducted to an upper part of the casing 18 through a connection 23, and the resulting condensate, liquid nitrogen, may be led off through a lower connection 24. In practice, as many tubes 10 as are required are mounted between headers of suitable size.
Some geometric similarity may be noticed between FIGS. 5 and 7, but functionally they are quite different. As stated above condensate collects by surface tension in the very narrow valleys of FIG. 5 and runs off normal to the view of FIG. 5. In contrast, the fins of FIG. 7 are spaced wider apart so that condensate, tending to flow longitudinally of the tube, is instead diverted or stripped away from the tube and flows off the tips of the fins.
Referring again to FIG. 7 a is the root diameter at the base of the fins, b is the radial height of the fins, c is the fin spacing or length of tube between fins. In condensing service, these dimensions all have an important effect on the condensing heat transfer coefficient, and the following discusses the optimum values which we have found for nitrogen condensation.
It was found experimentally that beyond a certain upper limit of fin height, the condensing coefficient does not increase proportionately with increasing fin area. This may be explained on the basis that the high but finite thermal conductivity of the metal fins imposes relatively an appreciable resistance to the flow of heat, so that there is a temperature gradient radially through the fins and fin areas further removed from the tube cannot be as effective as fin areas closer to the tube. Although in most heat transfer problems, the fins can be assumed to be perfect conductors, in this spe cial case of condensing nitrogen at low temperature differentials it was found that the thermal gradient in the fin becomes a large enough part of the total condensing resistance to limit the effectiveness of fins higher than about 0.5 cm. for dimension b. Furthermore, an important factor not included in Nusselt's Law has been discovered to be the ratio of the fin height to its average thickness. For nitrogen, we have found the optimum range of such ratio to be between 3 and 4 and a useful range between 3 and 5.
A finned tube may be considered as a series of short tubes with the condensate stripped off by each fin. Thus, the spacing between the fins at their base may be taken as the tube length L of Nusselt's Law.
Theoretically it is desirable to use as many fins per unit tube length as possible, but we-have found experimentally that when the fins become too close to each other, surface tension causes the liquid to hold up between fins and prevent further condensation on either fins or tubes.
If this occurs, heat transfer is substantially reduced because of the smaller available surface area for condensing and the increased film resistance. Thus, a balance exists between fin plugging from too closely spaced fins and a decrease of heat transfer values due to excessive fin spacing, and we have found than an optimum range for nitrogen is between 1.5 and 2.2 mm. for dimen sion c although spacings up to 3 mm. are efficient.
It was also found that the condensing coefficient improves when the finned tube is tipped from the vertical to an inclined position which promotes draining of the condensate away from the tube and off the fins. Although a condenser with 45 inclined tube is shown in FIG. 3 and may be preferred for fabrication, any appreciable angle of inclination down to horizontal will give'higher efficiencies than the vertical position. Thin baffle sheets may be inserted between tube rows to prevent drainage from higher to lower fins in adjacent rows or the lower tubes may be offset or staggered in relation to the upper tubes as illustrated in end view in FIG. 9. Another means for improving drainage is to cut small longitudinal notches or slots through the fins.
The fins may be molecularly integral with the tube or thermally metallically bonded thereto and formed by extrusion, rolling, casting, or machining, and the profile can be rectangular or tapered. The rectangular profile is preferred because of slightly higher heat transfer efficiency; however, this form cannot easily be rolled, and hence is less economical for quantity production. FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a fin with a included angle between the fin surfaces which is approximately the minimum angle that can be readily rolled. This slight departure from a rectangular profile approaches the latter in efficiency. For example, we obtained an overall coefficient as high as 3,000 B.t.u./hr./sq. ft./F. on a laboratory scale model using specially machined rectangular profile finned tubes. A coefficient of approximately 2,000 B.t.u./hr./sq. ft./F. was obtained on a large commercial scale test using the tapered profile type finned tubes manufactured in a manner suitable for quantity production.
The above-described finned tube with optimum dimensions is thus seen to provide an effective means for increasing the nitrogen condensing coefficient of an air separation plant reboiler-condenser. When combined with the porous surface which increases the oxygen boiling coefficient, the apparatus produces an overall heat transfer coefficient which is at least 13 times that obtained by the reboiler-condenser customarily in use.
The most widely used air separation plant reboiler is known as the Kestner-type condenser. In a large oxygen plant, this may comprise 25,000 individually installed 5-ft. long tubes with nitrogen condensing on the outside of the tubes and oxygen boiling on the inside with a percolating effect. Overall heat transfer coefficients for the Kestner condenser are in the range of l00l50 B.t.u./hr./sq. ft./F. at overall temperature differences of 4-10 F. As previously mentioned, our tests show that with the porous boiling surface-finned condensing surface tube according to this invention, an overall coefficient of approximately 2,000 B.t.u./hr./sq. ft./F. is obtainable, and the optimum temperature difference is only 0.6-l.0 F. This means that in addition to increased efficiency, a substantial reduction in both cost and size of an important part of the apparatus can be realized. For example, based on an overall coefficient of 2,000 and a AT of 3.4 F., the diameter of the reboiler may be reduced at least 50 percent and the number of tubes reduced to about 5 percent of the number required for the Kestner unit. The overall cost of a reboiler may thus be reduced to about 64 percent of the cost of a conventional Kestner apparatus. Furthermore, a very important substantial power saving may be realized by virtue of the smaller overall temperature differential.
As previously mentioned in the case ofcondensing nitrogen, a temperature gradient in the fins was found to limit the amount of added condensing surface that can be employed on tubes by increasing the length b of the fins. An alternative construction which avoids such fin temperature drop employs corrugated surfaces as shown in FIG. 10 where ample condensing surface is made available, yet only a thin thickness of metal separates the extended area condensing surface from the boiling surface. Only two heat exchange units are shown in FIG. 10 and these are of the plate ty e each including a flat lower plate 30 above which is a eeply corrugated heat exchange plate 31 having corrugations with relatively sharp angled lower edges 32 that depend close to but preferably do not touch the plate 30. The plates are sealed by members 33 joining their edges to form a passage between plates 30 and 31 for the condensing vapor such as nitrogen. The upper surface of the corrugations of plate 30 is provided with the porous surface layer 34 according to the invention over which the boiling liquid flows such as oxygen. To provide separate passages for the two fluids, a plurality of such units are assembled as shown; and for convenience of providing flow connections, the nitrogen may be flowed lengthwise of the corrugations while the oxygen may be flowed crosswise as indicated by the arrows. The oxygen passes are provided by the space between the porous surface coated corrugations and the lower plate 30 of the next higher unit and for the upper unit by a flat plate 36 thereabove. The nitrogen condensate draining from the corrugations flows along the top surface of the flat sheet and off at one side due to a preferred slight inclination of the apparatus.
Although the low-temperature uses of the porous boiling surface and heat exchange unit according to the invention have been emphasized, experiments show that the improvements' are also advantageous at room temperature and elevate temperature operations. For example, one such porous boiling surface layer was used to boil fluorotrichloromethane (boiling point of 73.8" F.) and was found very efficient. In boiling water tests, overall coefficients on the order of 2,000 B.t.u./hr./sq. ft./F. were obtained, which can be compared with conventional design evaporator coefficients of about 300 B.t.u./hr./sq, ft./F. On the basis of heat transferred per unit volume occupied by tubes, the unfinned porous surface unit represents a fivefold advantage.
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending applications Ser. No. 849,665, filed Oct. 29, 1959 and Ser. No. 849,608, filed Oct. 29, 1959.
I claim:
1. In an exchanger for transferring heat from a warmer fluid to a colder liquid to be boiled having a first passageway adapted to receive said colder liquid and discharge vapor 2. An exchanger according to claim 1 wherein said thin corrugated metal wall is a plate.
3. An exchanger according to claim 1 wherein said thin corrugated metal wall is a plate and said exchanger comprises a multiplicityof superimposed first and second passageways in alternating sequence with each pair of adjacent plate-type thin corrugated metal walls being separated by an intervening flat plate.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 31, 1975
|Nov 9, 1976
|The Gates Rubber Company
|Liquid heat exchanger interface and method
|May 21, 1976
|Sep 6, 1977
|Regenerable device for scrubbing breathable air of CO2 and moisture without special heat exchanger equipment
|Jul 23, 1976
|Feb 21, 1978
|Borg-Warner Corporation
|Heat transfer in pool boiling
|Jul 26, 1976
|Jun 6, 1978
|The Gates Rubber Company
|Method for making a liquid heat exchanger coating
|Sep 9, 1976
|Jul 18, 1978
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Enhanced heat transfer device manufacture
|Feb 16, 1977
|Dec 12, 1978
|Uop Inc.
|Heat transfer surface
|Apr 6, 1981
|Sep 21, 1982
|Nissan Motor Company, Limited
|Refrigerant evaporator
|Mar 26, 1981
|Oct 12, 1982
|Nippondenso Co., Ltd.
|Mar 26, 1980
|May 3, 1983
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Porous film heat transfer
|Oct 3, 1985
|Oct 6, 1987
|Sirdan Research Limited
|Desalinating drip-irrigation system
|Aug 12, 1988
|May 14, 1991
|The Boc Group Plc
|Liquefied gas boilers
|Jan 16, 1997
|May 19, 1998
|Ford Motor Company
|High capacity condenser
|Jul 3, 1997
|May 26, 1998
|Ford Motor Company
|Heat exchanger with receiver dryer
|Aug 20, 1997
|Jul 4, 2000
|Tocalo Co., Ltd.
|Heating tube for boilers and method of manufacturing the same
|Jul 16, 1998
|Feb 13, 2001
|The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd
|Aluminum alloy tube and heat exchanger, and method of metal-spraying a filler alloy
|Apr 14, 2000
|Sep 11, 2001
|Haruo Uehara
|Apr 14, 2000
|Jan 22, 2002
|Haruo Uehara
|Heat exchanger
|Jun 6, 2000
|Dec 23, 2003
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Microsystem capillary separations
|Apr 23, 2003
|May 30, 2006
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Methods for fluid separations, and devices capable of separating fluids
|Nov 10, 2003
|Jun 13, 2006
|Ship & Ocean Foundation
|Heat exchanger applicable to fuel-reforming system and turbo-generator system
|Sep 27, 2005
|Sep 25, 2007
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Methods for fluid separations, and devices capable of separating fluids
|Mar 1, 2005
|Mar 18, 2008
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Conditions for fluid separations in microchannels, capillary-driven fluid separations, and laminated devices capable of separating fluids
|Nov 7, 2005
|Apr 22, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Structured thermal transfer article
|Sep 16, 2005
|Jun 2, 2009
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Mixing in wicking structures and the use of enhanced mixing within wicks in microchannel devices
|Jun 29, 2007
|Mar 16, 2010
|Uop Llc
|Method for making brazed heat exchanger and apparatus
|Nov 7, 2005
|Apr 13, 2010
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Thermal transfer coating
|Apr 25, 2009
|Apr 19, 2011
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Mixing in wicking structures and the use of enhanced mixing within wicks in microchannel devices
|Jul 27, 2006
|Jan 22, 2013
|General Electric Company
|Heat transfer enhancing system and method for fabricating heat transfer device
|Aug 18, 2009
|Nov 12, 2013
|Richard W. Kauppila
|Cooling arrangement for conveyors and other applications
|Jun 5, 2008
|Dec 3, 2013
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Enhanced two phase flow in heat transfer systems
|Mar 2, 2007
|Aug 11, 2015
|Micro Delta T Ab
|Porous layer
|Jan 23, 2012
|Mar 8, 2016
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Plate-fin heat exchanger with a porous blocker bar
|Aug 1, 2013
|May 30, 2017
|Audi Ag
|Heat exchanger with a porous metal structure having manifolds and tubes
|Jan 22, 2002
|May 16, 2002
|York International Corporation
|Plate heat exchanger assembly with enhanced heat transfer characteristics
|Nov 10, 2003
|Jun 3, 2004
|Ship & Ocean Foundation
|Heat exchanger applicable to fuel-reforming system and turbo-generator system
|Mar 1, 2005
|Oct 20, 2005
|Tegrotenhuis Ward E
|Conditions for fluid separations in microchannels, capillary-driven fluid separations, and laminated devices capable of separating fluids
|Apr 23, 2003
|Feb 16, 2006
|Tegrotenhuis Ward E
|Methods for fluid separations, and devices capable of separating fluids
|Nov 7, 2005
|May 10, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Thermal transfer coating
|Nov 7, 2005
|May 10, 2007
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Structured thermal transfer article
|Sep 27, 2005
|Aug 23, 2007
|Tegrotenhuis Ward E
|Methods for fluid separations, and devices capable of separating fluids
|Jul 27, 2006
|Jan 31, 2008
|General Electric Company
|Heat transfer enhancing system and method for fabricating heat transfer device
|Jun 29, 2007
|Feb 21, 2008
|Uop Llc
|Method for making brazed heat exchanger and apparatus
|Dec 29, 2005
|May 1, 2008
|Carrier Corporation
|Parallel Flow Heat Exchangers Incorporating Porous Inserts
|Mar 7, 2008
|Jun 26, 2008
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Structured thermal transfer article
|Dec 17, 2004
|Sep 25, 2008
|Frederic Crayssac
|Fin for Heat Exchanger and Heat Exchanger Equipped with Such Fins
|Apr 25, 2009
|Aug 27, 2009
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Mixing in Wicking Structures and the Use of Enhanced Mixing Within Wicks in Microchannel Devices
|Jun 5, 2008
|Dec 31, 2009
|Battelle Memorial Institute
|Enhanced Two Phase Flow in Heat Transfer Systems
|Aug 18, 2009
|Mar 11, 2010
|Kauppila Richard W
|Cooling arrangement for conveyors and other applications
|Aug 19, 2010
|Dec 16, 2010
|L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude
|Fin For Heat Exchanger And Heat Exchange Equipped With Such Fins
|Aug 26, 2011
|Feb 28, 2013
|Hs Marston Aerospace Ltd.
|Heat exhanger
|Oct 14, 2011
|Aug 15, 2013
|Nec Corporation
|Cooling device and method for producing the same
|Aug 1, 2013
|Oct 15, 2015
|Audi Ag
|Heat exchanger
|Jun 29, 2015
|Dec 29, 2016
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Optimized plate fin heat exchanger for improved compliance to improve thermal life
|Jun 2, 2011
|Apr 3, 2013
|Trichlorosilane vaporization system
|Jun 2, 2011
|Feb 10, 2016
|Nov 19, 1981
|Jun 9, 1982
|Marston Palmer Ltd.
|Heat exchanger
|Nov 19, 1981
|Dec 22, 1982
|Imi Marston Limited
|Heat exchanger
|Mar 3, 1987
|Sep 16, 1987
|Air Products And Chemicals, Inc.
|Heat exchanger for boiling liquids
|Aug 11, 1988
|Feb 15, 1989
|The BOC Group plc
|Liquefied gas boilers
|Aug 11, 1988
|Aug 9, 1989
|The BOC Group plc
|Liquefied gas boilers
|Apr 6, 2000
|Nov 2, 2000
|Haruo Uehara
|Apr 6, 2000
|Mar 27, 2002
|Haruo Uehara
|May 21, 2002
|Dec 4, 2002
|Praxair Technology, Inc.
|Cryogenic condensation and vaporization system
|May 21, 2002
|Jan 8, 2003
|Praxair Technology, Inc.
|Cryogenic condensation and vaporization system
|Apr 13, 2009
|Mar 9, 2011
|Uop LLC
|Methods of manufacturing brazed aluminum heat exchangers
|Apr 13, 2009
|Dec 24, 2014
|Uop Llc
|Methods of manufacturing brazed aluminum heat exchangers
|Jun 2, 2011
|Dec 2, 2015
|Memc Electronic Materials
|Trichlorosilane vaporization system
|Jun 14, 1985
|Jan 3, 1986
|Total Energy Conservation & Management Company Lim
|Improvements in earth heat recovery systems
|Dec 6, 2007
|Jul 3, 2008
|Turk Demir Dokum Fabrikalari Anonim Sirketi
|A heat exchanger
|Jun 2, 2011
|Mar 15, 2012
|Memc Electronic Materials, Inc.
|Trichlorosilane vaporization system
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 8, 1986
Owner name: UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION,
Free format text: RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:MORGAN BANK (DELAWARE) AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:004665/0131
Effective date: 19860925
|Jan 9, 1986
Owner name: MORGAN GUARANTY TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK, AND MOR
Free format text: MORTGAGE;ASSIGNORS:UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, A CORP.,;STP CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.,;UNION CARBIDE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS CO., INC., A CORP. OF PA.,;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:004547/0001
Effective date: 19860106


text:
More coming soon – Stay tuned!
Updated November 27, 2016: Ending their Black Friday deals with a bang, Starbucks is saving their best offers for Cyber Monday this year!
From Sunday November 27th through Cyber Monday November 28th, 2016 you'll be able to get 25% off your total purchase at starbucks.com as well as free shipping if you spend $60.00 or more. So regardless if you need whole and ground beans or pods for your Keurig or Verismo brewer, this is the perfect time to stock on on all of their traditional coffee blends as well their limited edition Christmas and Holiday flavors.
If you need a new coffee brewer, Starbucks is slashing prices on their redesigned Verismo V brewers to better compete with all the Keurig deals that are out there this year. Between now and December 25, 2016, all participating Starbucks retail stores will offer Verismo V System for $129 (normally $179). The package includes a Verismo V Brewer, Milk Frother and free 12-count box of Verismo pods of your choice. You can also save a few bucks and just get the Verismo V Brewer without the milk frother for $99 (regularly $149) which also comes with the free 12-count box of Verismo pods of your choice.
To shop and for offer details, visit starbucks.com.
Find any other good coffee deals this holiday season? Or maybe you saw some killer prices on some new expresso machines. Let us know what you've come across in the comments below!
There's nothing worse than coming back to work after a long holiday weekend (especially if you took the entire week off). Well we all know that there's nothing better than a good 'ol cup of Joe to get you back into the rhythm of things. And to help you get your caffeine fix, Starbucks is giving you $25.00 off your order of $60.00 or more when shopping at starbucks.com. They are also offering free standard ground shipping as well. Just hurry because the deal ends Monday at midnight, 11/30.
It's important to note that Starbucks' Cyber Monday sale is for shoppers in the United States only. So for those of you Canada, Mexico, or across the pond in U.K or elsewhere in Europe, it unfortunately doesn't apply to you. For the rest of us here in the U.S., certain exclusions will apply. That includes but is not limited to gift card purchases, subscriptions, Verismo systems, electronic brewing equipment, and products from the Gifts for Home category. Basically, it covers mostly their coffee beans and pods. We've posted more information below, including all of the fine details, so just take a look at it before buying up what you need.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bengaluru, April 24: Rain lashed the IT capital late on Friday night, causing power outage in many areas. Roads were also flooded in some low-lying areas. On Thursday, the city was affected by a big thunderstorm which caused extensive damages all across.
See in pics: Heavy rain lashes Bangalore
Oneindia News


text:
Welding Bachelor Programs in New Hampshire
Searching ...
Matching School Ads
Welding Technology
Lincoln Tech , East Windsor
- Automotive programs include Automotive Technology, Collision Repair and Refinishing, Diesel Technology, and Heavy Equipment.
- ASE-Certified Instructors with professional experience help students prepare for a career as an Auto Technician.
- Students get hands-on training, work under the hood, and learn how to diagnose and fix problems using the proper tools.
- Lincoln's Career Services department can help connect graduating students to industry contacts.
- Flexible Scheduling
- Financial Aid
Automotive Technology
Universal Technical Institute , Sacramento
- Universal Tech Institute
- Jumpstart your Auto Tech Career! Call to Enroll at a UTI School.
Commercial Drivers License
NETTTS , North Andover
- Offers commercial truck driving and HVAC service training courses.
- Features 4 training locations in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island.
- Has been training students in the New England area since 1965.
- Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC).
- Flexible Scheduling
- Financial Aid
National Aviation Academy , Bedford
Show more [+]
- Aviation Maintenance Management Technology
Read less [-]
- Training aviation professionals since 1932, it is one of the few aviation schools to offer both aviation maintenance and professional pilot training programs.
- Offers programs like Aviation Maintenance Professional, Aviation Maintenance Technology, and more.
- Approved for Veteran's training for Veterans utilizing their educational benefits.
- The New England campus at Hanscom Air Field in Bedford, MA and is awarded accreditation through the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges (ACCSC).
- Accredited
- Flexible Scheduling
- Financial Aid


text:
As much as I advocate the use of crates as a sanctuary for your pup during travel and when home alone, I am not sure that I could spring for this one. Called the eCrate, this designer egg shaped model comes in at a whopping $580! Made from 60 welded wires and collapsible for easy storage, it's couture for your pet! North is worth every penny, of course, but would springing for this make him Spoiled Sweet, or Spoiled Rotten?
Join The Conversation
Exactly, tawvry. Half the point of a crate is for the feeling of security for you dog. They are den animals.
I might spend the money on a genuinely attractive crate. This thing looks more appropriate for chickens.
This would be so impracticable for my dogs. I love them, but that is way too much money for something that looks a bit like a rabbit cage. I don't have a door on their crate anyway.
I think it's ugly, too industrial and where would I store it, it would stand out, blah
I don't think it looks den-like enough to make the dog feel secure - and isn't that the point of crate training?
I said "other" because if I could afford this crate, I would spring for it...when I get a dog!!
It's beautiful.. Yes it's expensive but it is beautifully designed and made.. It's not tacky at all and it does look great. I'd be happy to spend that much not that I would ever get one.. My life seems to function better in chaos...
I suppose if I was very rich I would be buying uber luxury items for my pets. (Well, I know I would.) However, that egg thing is ugly for one thing. For two, I would have expected it to gleam and shine for that price. For three, my parents have lovely crates for the dogs that have never looked out of place in their palatial home. I believe they are partially metal and partially wicker or rattan.
It's great! But it would really burn a hole in the pocket. Wouldn't mind buying it for my own pet though.
I think it looks cool but the price is ridiculous
I voted "spoiled rotten," but I LOVE this thing!!
I don't live with dogs so I don't know about the whole crating thing. I hear it's necessary for puppies to keep them feeling safe when they're alone. I think this would either help or hinder that purpose. He would feel less caged because of the round structure and airy feel, but that might make miss the point of crating in the first place. I don't know. Basically what I'm saying is that if it HELPS him, it's totally worth it. If it doesn't, then it's a waste of money. :) Gee, there's a concept! lol...
I dont like the price of it, but I think its fairly attractive as most crates are ugly. The only question I really have would be with regards to the room that the dog would have in there. I cant really tell from the pic.
i spent $120 on my crate that comfortably fits my basset hound. I could spend the money this crate costs on so many other useful things.
I really like the look of the crate, but $500 is too much! I'd try to DIY my own crate before shelling out that much money for a dog crate.
I wouldn't mind spending a lot on something safe and attractive... but I think this is weird looking and I would be worried about my puppy getting stuck between the wires.
Actually....i think this is pretty cool. Most crates are so UGLY. I can't afford it but hey a girl can dream right.
I can't believe I'm going to write this, but I think I may spring for this crate. I appreciate it's design, and it would look good in my home. Personally, I don't like most of the crates out there. They are eyesores, but this one I really like, and it's functional.
I dunno, for a GOOD crate you can end up spending a lot anyways.
Like us on Facebook
Related Posts


text:
Bonanza (Eight Discs Box Set)
Release Date: 23 October 2006 | Certificate: Parental Guidance
Featuring: Lorne Greene, Pernell Roberts and Dan Blocker
£11.89 includes FREE UK Postage (other delivery options available)
Shipping Destinations for this item
UK - Shipping Included
United Kingdom
Europe Zone 1 - £2.19
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Switzerland
Europe Zone 2 - £2.99
Andorra, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Sweden
Europe Zone 3 - £2.99
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Vatican City
North America - £3.99
Canada, USA
Australia and Far East Asia - £3.99
Australia, Israel, New Zealand, Taiwan
Japan - £4.99
Others - £6.99
Falkland Islands
Sorry, this product is currently unavailable.
Originally broadcast on NBC in 1959, Bonanza is a television classic that defined the Western genre for 14 years. Comprising eight discs, this box set features 31 episodes, taking viewers back to the Ponderosa ranch in the heart of the Sierra Nevadas to revisit Ben Cartwright (Lorne Greene) and his three sons Adam (Pernell Roberts), Hoss (Dan Blocker) and Joe (Michael Landon).
Release Date: 23 October 2006
Certificate: PG - Parental Guidance
Actors: Lorne Greene, Pernell Roberts, Dan Blocker and Michael Landon Jr.
Directed by: Lee H. Katzin and Don Daves
Region 2
Screen Fullscreen 4:3
Languages English - Dolby Digital (1.0) Mono
Duration 25 hours (approx)
For more information and our Delivery Policy see here.
For more information and our Returns Policy see here.
Catalogue No: 86194


text:
News By Tag
Industry News
News By Place
Industry News
Announcement of Laurie Steinberg of Keller Williams for The Local Real Expert in Bridgewater MA
Laurie Steinberg practices Real Estate in the Plymouth and Bristol Counties. She specializes in listing resale homes in the towns of Bridgewater and East Bridgewater to homeowners looking to up size. Laurie decided to specialize in these towns as she has been an area resendet for over 35 years, and is eager to help the up sizing consumers with their needs. Laurie explained that when you have a homeowner that needs to sell a home to purchase the next home, there is often a lot of negotiating, organizing, and lots of patients and attention to detail. " If one little thing goes wrong on the first home being sold, this could cause a huge domino effect for all the homes that follow."
Laurie Steinberg has worked diligently to become a specialist in real estate over the past 15 years and has proven so by receiving past wards with Re/Max as a two time awardee in the 100% club and two time awardee in the Presidents clubs, Laurie was also the awarded Rookie of the Year with Realty Executives.
Mrs. Steinberg has chosen to specialize in the field of "Up Sizing or Moving Up" properties so that she can continuously be immersed in the full real estate market. Keeping her eyes focused on market allows her to gain a true understanding of market values, and the needs of community homeowners.
"I have chosen this specialty as I have lived and worked in these areas for many years. I have a passion for making people happy and watching their family's grow, knowing I helped with their dreams is just an unbelievable feeling. I want to help my customers and all of their friends and family have the most relaxed and smooth real estate transactions, things can get tricky and if I have make it better for them I will." Says Laurie
Laurie Steinnberg
Account Email Address Account Phone Number Disclaimer Report Abuse


text:
Representative Brad Ellsworth (1958 - )In Congress 2007 - 2011
MemberHide Overview icon-hide
Congressional Pictorial Directory
|In Congress
|House: 110th-111th (2007-2011)
Legislation Sponsored or Cosponsored by Brad Ellsworth
1-2 of 2
- BILL1. H.R.6258 — 110th Congress (2007-2008) Carbon Capture and Storage Early Deployment Act Sponsor: Rep. Boucher, Rick [D-VA-9] (Introduced 06/12/2008) Cosponsors: (30) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce, Science and Technology Latest Action: 07/10/2008 Subcommittee Hearings Held. (All Actions) Tracker:
This bill has the status Introduced
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
- Introduced
- LAW2. H.R.365 — 110th Congress (2007-2008) Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007 Sponsor: Rep. Gordon, Bart [D-TN-6] (Introduced 01/10/2007) Cosponsors: (122) Committees: House - Science and Technology | Senate - Environment and Public Works Committee Reports: H. Rept. 110-8 Latest Action: 12/21/2007 Became Public Law No: 110-143. (TXT | PDF) (All Actions) Tracker:
This bill has the status Became Law
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
- Introduced
- Passed House
- Passed Senate
- To President
- Became Law


text:
Hello Wonderful Womb Dwellers.
Wondering if anyone else has received letters from Music Reports requesting a W9 for tax purposes.
My licensing and royalty earnings are meager, and I am not terribly sure about some of these documents.
I just want to make sure I am not doing something that flies in the face of my ascap writing and publishing royalties.
Perhaps I should be reaching out to ASCAP directly.
Any thoughts or advise?


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Robert Muir (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] [Commented] (LUCENE-4019) Parsing Hunspell affix rules without regexp condition
|Tue, 24 Apr 2012 14:01:36 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-4019?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=13260566#comment-13260566 ] Robert Muir commented on LUCENE-4019: ------------------------------------- I dont know if there is a real spec, more just what hunspell allows. Furthermore i think some of these dictionaries are actually in ispell/myspell format and hunspell is actually backwards compatible with them? as far as a "spec" for all of these, good luck :) when i was looking at this I looked at stuff like: * http://pwet.fr/man/linux/fichiers_speciaux/hunspell * http://www.openoffice.org/lingucomponent/affix.readme > Parsing Hunspell affix rules without regexp condition > ----------------------------------------------------- > > Key: LUCENE-4019 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-4019 > Project: Lucene - Java > Issue Type: Improvement > Components: modules/analysis > Affects Versions: 3.6 > Reporter: Luca Cavanna > > We found out that some recent Dutch hunspell dictionaries contain suffix or prefix rules like the following: > {code} > SFX Na N 1 > SFX Na 0 ste > {code} > The rule on the second line doesn't contain the 5th parameter, which should be the condition (a regexp usually). You can usually see a '.' as condition, meaning always (for every character). As explained in LUCENE-3976 the readAffix method throws error. I wonder if we should treat the missing value as a kind of default value, like '.'. On the other hand I haven't found any information about this within the spec. Any thoughts? -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. If you think it was sent incorrectly, please contact your JIRA administrators: https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/ContactAdministrators!default.jspa For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
|View raw message


text:
Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Straight Ahead
Features of This Trackelectronica roots
four-on-the-floor beats
disco influences
danceable beats
straight drum beats
romantic lyrics
a repetitive chorus
subtle buildup/breakdown
a repetitive verse
the use of chordal patterning
use of tonal harmonies
a tight kick sound
a synth bass riff
synth swoops
effected synths
a highly synthetic sonority
prevalent use of groove
and many other similarities identified in the Music Genome Project
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
Similar Tracks
Don't have a Pandora account? Sign up
Already have a Pandora account? Log In


text:
WebEmailProtector | email address spam protection
Stop your website email addresses from being scraped and harvested by spammers with the best email obfuscator protection available.
Welcome to the WebEmailProtector module for Drupal. With 100% satisfaction amongst its users so far we hope you like it too - but please review and leave your comments!
Cleaning the site from unwanted users and spam.
This module provides integration with Google reCAPTCHA service for protection site forms.
Read more: http://www.google.com/recaptcha
This new service from Google opens new epoch in spam protection technology.
Even if the site has no comment (or similar) form - it is still necessary to protect!
Why? Because CAPTCHA protects login form (Your site has it, right?) and not allow bad guys to brute-force and use vulnerability like this: https://www.drupal.org/node/2378367
This module is an add-on for the CAPTCHA module to provide a mathematical equation challenge as a CAPTCHA. The question presented is an image instead of text to prevent auto-crawling and parsing via robots. Images are created on the fly much like the Image CAPTCHA module that comes with CAPTCHA.
** This module used Image CAPTCHA as a foundation and was modified from that. So all due credit to the creators of CAPTCHA for providing that starting point **
This is a simple module that uses the simplicity of www.mail-tester.com to help you improve the quality of your email system.
If you want to know more about Mail Tester, please check their FAQ.
Drupal is a registered trademark of Dries Buytaert.


text:
Announcement of this year's vacancies
There are opportunities in 2015 for members to put themselves forward for a number of vacancies on our Board and Committees – and the help of our existing volunteer network is sought to communicate this information and help to encourage member interest in standing.
There will be two elected vacancies on the Board of Trustees. The closing date for Board nominations is Wednesday 20 May 2015, with the contested election taking place during August and September. The successful candidates will serve a three year term on the Board and will also be appointed, during that time period, to chair one of our Board Committees.
We are keen to ensure diversity within our candidate lists for the Board and Committees, to reflect our own membership profile, as well as the protected characteristics published by the Equalities and Human Rights Commission.
We will have vacancies on our Advisory Committees. If you know of anyone who would have an interest in serving on one of the advisory Committee, please contact email@example.com. Further information on these vacancies will be available in the next edition of the Digest.
For more information on Board and Committee structures and the elections process, please refer to www.managers.org.uk/elections or contact Kath Coldwell, Committee Secretary, on 020 7421 2712 or firstname.lastname@example.com. The first stage in the process is for members to express an interest in standing and provide a copy of their CV. There will then be follow up contact to consider the experience and expertise that candidates would.
Gain recognition for enhancing your knowledge, understanding and practice of management. Display your post nominal as a commitment to continuous professional development and accomplishment as a manager.
For managers who want to sharpen their professional edge and enhance their effectiveness, membership offers access to qualifications, courses, mentoring and unrivalled support resources. You can also achieve the ultimate management accolade, Chartered Manager status.
Independent research proves that individuals with professional qualifications and membership stand to earn an additional £152,000 throughout their career. You'll also be part of an extensive management community, opening doors for career progression.
Membership equips you to meet daily management challenges in a professional, proficient way. Improving performance and effectiveness at managing people and projects will raise your confidence and ultimately, status in your organisation.
You will receive both the weekly Insights and monthly Membership Matters newsletters, keeping you updated on key management issues.
You can manage your communication preferences in the My Account section.


text:
Sign up FAST!
Create Page
Illusion of Choice
Adam Rifkin
Change this image
Press the Follow Stash button to follow this Stash
How Marketers Get You to Buy New Stuff
Psychological Facts That Make People Click:
A decent breakdown of all things real and fake news...
You become like the 5 people you spend the most time with. Choose carefully. Choose wisely.
Pricing Experiments You Might Not Know, But Can Learn From
Perdue Farms to buy Chipotle pork supplier Niman Ranch
The Abridged History Of Disney, 2015–2040 AD
Nicki Minaj Anaconda tune is being used to expose the crimes of Unilever, a corporation that's been dumping waste in an Indian town.
Are GMOs safe? Yes. The case against them is full of fraud, lies, and errors.
George Carlin on the American Dream
BPA Messes With Your Hormones — and It's in These Canned Foods
7 reasons why TV shows get canceled
Soda industry sponsored studies are 5 times more likely to conclude soft drink consumption is unrelated to obesity.
How To Find Happiness In Today's Hectic World
The Next Internet Is TV - The Awl
How The Restaurant Game is Played: 1. Everyone Knows Everyone
How cultures around the world make decisions | TED
ESPN is now worth $40 billion.
Television rights to most major sports properties are locked up well into the next decade
AT&T x DirecTV | NYTimes.com
What Bill Simmons Showed About ESPN - The New Yorker
What Bill Simmons' suspension tells us about the changing world of journalism
Time Warner In Talks To Invest in Vice at $2.2 Billion Valuation
Living with less is only for the rich
George Carlin on The Owners: Best 3 Minutes of His Career
Think You Have A Real Choice When Grocery Shopping? Think Again.
Facebook's Mike Hudack rants about the media: Why won't anybody do something about these shallow viral stories?
Making Sense of AT&T's $48.5 Billion Bid to Buy DirecTV
Of the 600,000 food items in the American grocery store, 80% have been spiked with added sugar; the industry uses 56 other names for sugar.
chart history of bank merges
Here's a chart of the most overrated and underrated movies of all time · Great Job, Internet! · A.V. Club
NBC 'bans celebs from The Tonight Show if they appear on CBS or ABC talk shows'
Why Twitter, Facebook, Google and Amazon Want to be Each Other
41% Of Harvard Computer Science majors are women.
Supernormal Stimuli and Our Lizard Brains: Are Humans Truly Ready for Junk Food, TV, Video Games, Porn, or the Internet?
Stephanie Miller Bay Area radio gone: Clear Channel replaced LA and San Francisco's Only Commercial Progressive Talk Radio w Rightwing Talk
Why Disney keeps buying all your favorite childhood icons
Now Disney Owns Indiana Jones, Too
Upworthy = What Happens When a Growth Hacker Launches a Media Company
10 Corporations control almost everything you buy... I have wanted to see this for the longest time
Clash of the Titans [Infographic]
Why Hollywood Is Caught in the Blockbuster Trap
10 companies own almost everything in an American grocery store.
hero's journey
The Founder's Journey
All music is the same four chords. ~Axis of Awesome
Highest Grossing Movie Franchises Infographic
Infographic of which movie studios own which franchise movie rights.
With Star Wars and Princesses, Disney now has six of the top 10 licensed franchises, according to Variety.
Illusion of Choice in Processed Food Brands
Log In
Browser Extensions
| © PandaWhale, Inc. 2017. All rights reserved.


text:
5 acre buildable lot with 150??? of Twin Lake frontage. Great location on a quite lake with great fishing yet just minutes from multiple area lakes; Big Green Lake, Little Green, Lake Puckaway to name a few.
Features Lots and Acreage
|Total Acres: 5.1
|Zoning: GenRes
|Present Zoning: Single family
|Lot Size:
|Lot Description: Rural - not in subdivisn
|Taxes: $1,237
|Elementary School: Markesan
|Middle School: Markesan
|High School: Markesan
|School District: Markesan
|Body of Water: Big Twin
Estimate your monthly mortgage payment
How much can I borrow?
Speak with a mortgage consultant: 866-531-0904


text:
Job Outlook
An Australian Government Initiative
Tourism and Travel Advisers plan and organise travel and accommodation for clients, and provide travel and accommodation information to tourists. The links below provide quick access to basic information for this occupation. Greater detail can be found using any of the page tabs above. A one page printable summary of the key statistics for this occupation can also be found under the Reports and Links tab above. Just click on the tab and follow the link for Occupational Bulletin.
This occupation may include associated occupations with varying tasks.
Back to Top


text:
- Product Name: Automatic Bobbin Winder
- Model NO.: FX-ZS5
- Origin: Zhejiang, China
- Packing: Cartons
- Brand Name: FOXSEW
Product Details: Automatic Bobbin Winder
FOXSEW Automatic Bobbin Winding Machine
Features: It is easy to operate and wind automatically. In the process of winding,it is not locking bobbin and break the yarn. It can save labor force and reduce cost. It is the ideal supporting product of the quilting embroidery machines and embroidery sewing machines.
Product Images: Automatic Bobbin Winder


text:
Les Orres rankings
Difficulty ranking world: 4447 (all)
Ranking France: 1042 (all)
Ranking Alps : 1427(all)
Difficulty score: 57.26 what?
Les Orres ratings
(rate it)
The Les Orres is situated in Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur. This climb belongs to the Alps .
Starting from Embrun,
the Les Orres ascent is 9.02 km long. Over this distance, you climb 541 heightmeters.
The average percentage thus is 5.9 %.
Look for other sides to climb the Les Orres.
Find climbs close to the Les Orres: within 10 km - within 20 km - within 50 km
Find all climbs and cols in Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur on a map.
Find all climbs in the Alps in France on a map.
No stories submitted yet. Did you climb this mountain?
Did you climb the Les Orres? Please send your cycling story, description or comments. You can also send us video's or send us pictures on the Les Orres.
© climbbybike™ All rights reserved 2005 -


text:
If you thought your Year 8 science project on volcanoes was pretty hot, well think again!
New Zealand, Australia and South Africa are set to co-host the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), a $3.1 billion radio telescope dubbed "the biggest science project in the world" – or perhaps even the universe – that will banish the murky cosmic dust and reveal areas of space the humble optical telescope cannot.
It is hoped the SKA will give us the best chance of detecting extra-terrestrial life in the far reaches of the universe, but until then our New Zealand correspondent, Will Pollard, will have to satisfy our dark matter cravings and keep us up to date with the latest news from across the Tasman.
Producer: Lisa Burns


text:
There has been a great deal of recent discussion and strong advertising claims concerning the extent of the quality gap between American and Japanese auto manufacturers. This article explores developments over the last decade, providing an assessment of the size and nature of the remaining gap. In particular, the author shows how consideration of new product development practices changes the way we should assess measures of quality performance.
- Copyright © 1990 The Regents of the University of California
Log in using your username and password
Log in through your institution
You may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution. Contact your library if you do not have a username and password.
If your organization uses OpenAthens, you can log in using your OpenAthens username and password. To check if your institution is supported, please see this list. Contact your library for more details.


text:
Venezuela's PDVSA calls ratings agencies 'professional speculators'
CARACAS, Sept 20 (Reuters) - The president of Venezuelan state oil company PDVSA on Tuesday slammed ratings agencies as "professional speculators" who were contributing to a negative reception of a $7.1 billion bond swap proposal meant to improve the company's finances.
Standard & Poor's on Monday said PDVSA's swap plan was "tantamount to default" if carried out, while Fitch Ratings said PDVSA's 2020 bond to be issued as part of the swap had a "real possibility of default."
"Speculators are trying to generate a climate of tension so that (bondholders) will get rid of their bonds at a lower price," said Del Pino in a radio interview. "These ratings agencies are always playing this game, they always have, they're professional speculators."
S&P and Fitch did not immediately respond to emails seeking comment.
PDVSA is offering investors a new 2020 bond in exchange for the 2017N bond maturing in November 2017 and the 2017 bond maturing in April, with shares of its Citgo Holding Inc, the owner of PDVSA's U.S. refining unit Citgo, serving as collateral on the new bond.
Wall Street analysts have expressed concern that the operation is not sufficiently attractive to convince bondholders to join a swap operation.
Del Pino said the plan had been subjected to a "smear campaign"
Socialist-led Venezuela frequently accuses Wall Street and businesses of seeking to sabotage its leftist administration.
"What we're seeing is a political war against our country, against our operation, trying to grind our operation into the ground," said Del Pino, urging bondholders to "carefully evaluate what we are offering you." Continuación...


text: The community is coming together for a family in Eastbrook, working to move into a new home built by Habitat for Humanity.Construction stopped when someone stole copper pipes from the unfinished home.The Rumill family discovered the theft on Mother's Day.The stolen copper is worth about $200.Now some students in Hancock County have started a "Copper for Copper" penny drive and area contractors are helping out, too. Kids at Mountain View school in Sullivan, Sumner Memorial High School in Sullivan, Peninsula School in Winter Harbor and Connors-Emerson school in Bar Harbor are collecting the coins. So are three local businesses – Tideway in Hancock, The Trading Post in Franklin and Chester Pike's Galley in Sullivan. Paul Hanna Plumbing of Belgrade Lakes and Broughman Builders in Ellsworth have offered to donate the copper pipes to finish the home.And No Frills Oil in Hancock is giving the family 250-gallons of fuel oil.


text: Whoosh has done a great job in introducing a very important part, comedy and humor, in a Forum that could be very numb and dumb, merely dealing with dull technical issues... Don't shoot the messenger, please. Psychologists and psychiatrists and philosophers and ones who know the human existence, all agree that laughter may be incredibly healing. To be too serious, may be fatal - not to forget there is the serious part. Not making a big philosophical issue of it, I think we could have a joint effort in trying, in midst of BSODs and bloody failed updates and things not going the way they should, there could be a point in pure human support. It might give a positive kick in the butt? Or, it could simply be fun? I start with , a Norwegian do-it-a-little. Since this is a highly Universal Forum, ones who want might bring very various aspects of what can be considered fun. I know that Finns have many funny stories about Swedes, Norwegians and Danes, not to forget Britons... and so on. These fun ones can, however, be used to get together. Just get aloud? I'll stop before I get too serious.


text:
Turn Your MOTIF into an Audio Interface!
When you install a Yamaha FW16E into your MOTIF workstation synthesizer, you instantly give it the power and flexibility of a 24-bit/96kHz FireWire audio interface capable of transmitting multichannel audio. The FW16E allows you to both send 16 channels of digital audio and receive three stereo pairs of audio input to and from your MOTIF XF or XS series device via FireWire 400. You also get full multi-port MIDI connectivity. With a FW16E, you get all the power of your favorite music production software and the flexibility of your MOTIF in one powerful system!Yamaha FW16E Firewire Interface Card for MOTIF XF/XS Features at a Glance:
- 24-bit/96kHz multichannel FireWire audio I/O
- 16 channels of digital outputs and 6 channels (3 stereo pairs) of inputs
- Multi-port MIDI interface
- Windows XP/Vista/7, MAC OS X (UB) compatible


text:
Kelly Ripa hobbled into Live! with Regis and Kelly this morning using crutches as she made her way to her seat.
'It looks much worse than it is," she said, launching into the story of what happened.
The condensed version: She had been having pain for several weeks and thought she had a torn muscle. So she went to see a doctor. An X-ray showed there was nothing wrong. "I was just there for the painkillers, let's face it!" she joked.
Then the doctor sent her for an MRI at the hospital. "There was a receiving line of Regis' former surgeons shaking my hand."
"It turns out I have a stress fracture in the femural neck of my right hip."
The doctor told her no exercise for 3 to 6 weeks. Ripa, who loves to run, take classes and work out, said, "Right away, I was like what? There must be a mistake!"
But, she added, "I don't need any surgery, I don't need anyting special done. I just have to sit down."
Regis then said he had a "medical tragedy" this weekend, too. He explained he was opening a package with a box cutter and "sliced" into his hand.
Ripa accused him of trying to one-up her. "You saw my crutches and you cut yourself backstage, didn't you!?"
He explained that he's on Plavix and aspirin and so the blood was "pouring out." He wound up at the hospital on Saturday night where he got "four, maybe five" stitches.
Sign up for Lifeline Live e-mail alerts


text:
Sermon Illustrations
Sermon Illustrations > Self-Deception > Deceptions
Our Daily Bread, October 22, 1998
Our Daily Bread, October 22, 1998
Pastor and author Bob Smith lists some of our self-deceptions: "Others have prejudices, but we have convictions. Others are conceited, but in me it's self-respect. When you spend time on your personal appearance, it's vanity; in me, it's just making the most of my God-given assets. In you, it's touchiness; but in me, it's sensitivity. In you, it's worry; in me, concern."


text:
Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
SESSION TYPE: Respiratory Infections Posters II
PRESENTED ON: Wednesday, October 24, 2012 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PM
PURPOSE: Tuberculosis is a disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pakistan being a developing country has a very high incidence of tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to find the pattern of the post obstructive lung disease in our community presenting to our tertiary care setup with previous history of tuberculosis.
METHODS: This was a prospective study carried out in the year 2012. Patients with the diagnosis of obstructive lung diseases were enrolled. Patient demographic details, previous history of tuberculosis were reviewed and their pattern of obstructive lung diseases was assessed.
RESULTS: There were 14 patients who were diagnosed with obstructive lung disease. There were n=6 males and n=8 females with mean age of 40.4 years. We found that n=10 patients had previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis out of which 9 patients had previous BCG vaccination. out of them n=7 were completely treated and 3 were partially treated. Post tuberculous lung diseases were chronic bronchitis n=7, ILD n=1, Asthma n=2 and bronchiectesis n=1. Pulmonary artery hypertension was noted in n=3 patients. Patients who did not had tuberculosis n=2 had chronic bronchitis, n=1 had bronchiectesis and n=1 had asthma.
CONCLUSIONS: It was noted that patients with previous history of tuberculosis had higher incidence of chronic bronchitis, asthma and pulmonary artery hypertension.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Tuberculosis is a diseases with very high incidence in Pakistan and the developing world. It had higher incidence of chronic bronchitis, asthma and pulmonary artery hypertension. This will result in increase patients morbidity and mortality .
DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Muhammad Furqan, Aneel Bhagwani, Syed Ali Arsalan, Sheeba Mahjabeen, Tauseef Kamran, Sanjana Bhimani, Imroz Farhan, Syed Husain
No Product/Research Disclosure Information
Become a CHEST member and receive a FREE subscription as a benefit of membership.
Individuals can purchase this article on ScienceDirect.
Individuals can purchase a subscription to the journal.
Individuals can purchase a subscription to the journal or buy individual articles.
Learn more about membership or Purchase a Full Subscription.
Institutional access is now available through ScienceDirect and can be purchased at myelsevier.com.
Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.
Download citation file:
Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.
Enter your username and email address. We'll send you a reminder to the email address on record.
Athens and Shibboleth are access management services that provide single sign-on to protected resources. They replace the multiple user names and passwords necessary to access subscription-based content with a single user name and password that can be entered once per session. It operates independently of a user's location or IP address. If your institution uses Athens or Shibboleth authentication, please contact your site administrator to receive your user name and password.