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Make a romantic episode with your love today. This fascinating beauty will perfectly demonstrate your heartfelt feelings.
Feel the radiance of your love with this pretty arrangement of red roses designed to enhance the love meter. This arrangement can fit every occasion.
Add Fervor and happiness by gifting this beautiful combo of 18 Mix gerbera with 6 inch Teddy & 5 ferrororocher chocolate
This beauty of a gift will be the focal point of any setting, with an arrangement of six soft colored roses, gum leaves, million star flowering plants and ruscus, arranged in a stunning clear hurricane vase. Send now and make a lasting impression!
Roses and Million Star
3 Stem of lilies.
pg-lily bouquet
Bunch of 10 Roses and a cadbury celebration chocolate .It is suitable for every occasion be it a birthday ,anniversary or a gift to your love
A rose gift in the Victorian era was known as a botanical gift. They express the unsaid words, feelings and emotions that apart from you two, no one else will understand. If you want to win the heart of your loved one, then this pleasant, lovely and designer bunch of of 12 pink roses artistically arranged and adorned with seasonal fillers and fresh green leaves along with a Half Kg Black forest cake & 6inch teddy bear
Bunch Of 12 Red and yellow Roses and 5 asiatic lilies nicely wrapped in a yellow cray paper with Fillers
Wish to make someone smile - Load your cart with Phoolwala's Happy Day. This enticing Basket arrangement of gerberas are the perfect way to blow the essence of happiness.
Make the Nightingale sing a beautiful song for your loved ones. This alluring combo is good to go with every occasion like Birthday, Anniversary etc.
Every day is a lovely day with Phoolwala's charming amalgamation of yellow roses along with the glittery chocolate delight. This combo is good to go for every occasion.
Give your loved ones a reason to smile with the enchanting mix roses. This beautiful arrangement can be given on every joyous fiesta like Birthdays, Anniversary, Congratulations or Just because.
Bunch of 12 Mix Roses along with 6 inch Teddy Bear.
Greet your mates and buddies with an elegant combination of flowers and dry fruits. This whimsical combo can be gifted on occasions like festivals, Anniversary, Birthday etc.
Bunch of 10 red dutch roses packed with cellophane with 0.5kg Black Forest cake
Flowers bouquet-bouquet of 12 Purple Orchids are adorned with fresh green leaves . Delivered along with your personalised card message by florist.
Wanna say I love you - Go with our romancing gift hamper including a bunch of blooming red roses along with a Choc� truffle cake that would make the occasion turn memorable forever.
4 Reviews
20 Mix roses Bouquet for your love once .
Every day is a lovely day with Phoolwala's charming amalgamation of yellow roses along with the glittery chocolate delight. This combo is good to go for every occasion.
Heart Shape arrangement of 22 Red roses with L shape 14 white Or pink Roses Celebrate your love, affection and care with this expressive bunch of red roses and bring a beautiful smile on your loved ones face..
pw-heart -22rr-14wr
Bunch of 12 Pink Roses along with 6 Inches Teddy Bear
Send beautiful bunch of 18 red roses with 2 small teddies of 6 inches on Hug Day.
Basket of 15 yellow Gerbaras with 500 gms Soan papdi.
Bunch of 5 Orange Asiatic Lilies in white paper packing.
3 Reviews
12 red roses bouquet with greens and fillers in a paper packaging with ribbon and 4 dairy milk chocolates.
When it comes to the matter of heart, nothing but True Love is what you need. Speak out your heartfelt feelings with Phoolwala's True love.
If you are looking for the perfect ways to express your heartfelt emotions to your loved ones, then this beautiful bunch of red Roses symbolizing love and admiration makes for a perfect gift to touch the heart of your loved ones.
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Heart shape basket arrangement of 100 white roses decorated with green fillers.
Bunch of 12 Mixed Roses with 1 kg Rasgulla.
Send this perfect, pink arrangement of 4 pink lilies and cerise 5 red roses in a vase to your friend or colleague as a thoughtful gesture of thanks or a just because gift. This arrangement is a sure fire way to make anyone's day that much brighter. Vase's may vary. Photo depicts Medium
Pretty In Pink Lilies
Sort out the enigma of happiness with the romantic fusion of blissful roses adorned in a keepsake glass vase. This romantic beauty can sparkle up the glory of any occasion.
A beautiful bouquet of Bold Roses to express your feelings to your loved ones is right here. This bunch of 10 Mix Roses, wrapped in Cellophane Paper, is sure to bring a smile on the faces of your loved ones. So, charm your loved ones with this splendid bouquet of Mix Roses.
Flower Arrangement 4 Red Roses , 2 Orange Lilies and 4 Yellow Gerbera in Vase.(vase will be different as per the availability )
Roses Lilies
Beautiful basket arrangement of 75 pink roses in the center and 25 red roses around those pink roses nicely decorated with green fillers.
Flowers Bunch of 15 mix colour roses tied with a ribbon online delivery in India. Here is a bouquet of mixed color of roses which would help you to depict your shades of love beautifully.
Bouquet of 10 pink roses with green fillers for your loved ones.
Send 10 white lilies in glass vase with 1 kg heart shaped chocolate cake to your loved ones.


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Pondless Waterfall Construction San Diego
September 28
Thinking of adding a waterfall to your yard or property? You should consider adding a pondless waterfall! Adding a pondless waterfall to your yard or property greatly enhances the scenery and ambiance of your setting, and unlike a Koi pond requires far less maintenance. Where to begin with a Pondless Waterfall Pondless Waterfall construction begins…
Wood Patio Covers – Making Your San Diego Patio A Beautiful Place
August 16
Besides mowing the grass and some light landscaping, when is the last time you spent some time making the outside of your home look better and more functional? If you're like most homeowners in San Diego County, most of your beautification efforts are aimed at improving the inside – or mowing the lawn! Let's concentrate on…
Using Xeriscaping to Save Time and Water
August 8
While having a full fledged garden is rewarding and enjoyable, lots of people simply don't have the time that is required to maintain it. Whether you have too much going on at work or too many kids to take care of, you should never try to operate a garden if you don't think you can handle it –…
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Mumbai Indians defeated Kolkata Knight Riders by 13 runs in the IPL match played at the Kolkata Knight Riders in Mumbai yesterday.Chasing the target of 182, Kolkata Knight Riders' were able to score 168 runs for the loss of six wickets.Batting first, Robin Afzola scored 54 off 35 balls with six sixes and three sixes.Robin Utappa and Nietistu Ravana scored 84 runs for the third wicket in 56 balls, but failed to take the team to victory.Niethan Ratna scored 31 runs while Dinis Karthik made 36 not out.Hurdik Pandya took 2 wickets in 19 overs as Sri Lanka lost their 4 wickets for 19 runs.Mumbai Indians scored 181 runs for the loss of all wickets at the end of 20 overs.Yuvraj scored a half-century for New Zealand with a partnership of 91 runs with Lewis and Mumbai Indians.He hit 59 off 39 balls including two sixes and seven fours in his 39-ball innings, while Yvonne Leavis scored 43 runs in 28 balls with two sixes and five fours.Hiddink Pandya scored 35 runs in 20 balls with 35 fours in 20 balls, while Mumbai Indians posted an unbeaten innings.Andrul Russel and Sunil Narain picked 02 wickets each.
The Mumbai Indians team did not make any changes to the squad, but the two teams made changes to the Kolkata Knight Riders team and removed Santhi Mendis and Sinha Mavya to replace Nishith Rana and Prishid Krishna.
Kolkata Knight Riders' team captain Dinis Karthik chose to field first.Video


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Solid numbers about blogging incomes are hard to come by. For example, in the US, the Bureau of Labor Statistics lump bloggers in the very broad category of "Writers and Authors" which has a median income of $61,240 per year. That's not an accurate measure since there are vastly different occupations included in that category. Information from small surveys and anecdotal evidence can also be found online, but much of it is outdated or taken from tiny sample sizes.
Jon, thanks for this awesome post. My question is, what do you think of blogs who ask for donations or claim to sustain themselves by them? (Also books and products). But what do you think about the donation itself and if you´re pro-donation, when is a good time to start asking for it in a blog? Thanks a lot for your time. Hope some day I can meet you Im from and live in Mexico
Post your article links on social media and blog directories. Get traffic to your site with frequent updates on Twitter, Facebook, and other social media sites. Find blogging communities that match your readership and post links to relevant articles on their comments or forums. This helps in getting traffic to your site as well as raising your search engine rankings.
You are man of kind. I do blogging since 7 years ago. I didn't earn much like others. The reason behind i didn't gave readers value. I pushed them to click my advertising. That's silly. But, now, i understand that readers need something useful for their life. I called it human to human approach. Not human to machine, like the way i did. E Since months ago, i read your blog everyday. Just like a breakfast at Tiffany.
Thanks for the tips! I just started by blog last month and am deciding the route I want to go for monetizing. I have a few affiliates setup, but I've been going back and forth on adsense. I appreciate your opinion against using it, my feelings are similar. I also really like your infographic. Did you create that yourself or pay someone else to? I would be interested in how to go about making something like that. Thanks!!
If you're passionate about something, it will show in your content. Readers will be able to see your genuineness and will be attracted to that. This is probably the most important thing you will learn about blogging. You can try everything in the world and use every tool known to man to be successful, but if you're not genuine, people will see right through it.
Some blogs are focused on getting paid to provide links to news articles, company stores, or other third party websites. The most financially successful of these range from the Drudge, a blog composed almost entirely of conservative-leaning news links, to Smashing Magazine, a site that provides advice and product reviews to help software developers.[5][6]
To all the bloggers out there…STOP sucking up to the very small, elite and narcissistic group of self-proclaimed influencers out there. If you all stop treating them like they're special, they will not longer by special and therefore some of us who aren't in there secret society will be seen as knowing what we're talking about too! This isn't High School, grow up and read someone else's blog already!


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DATE: Thursday, February 7, 2019
5710 MacCorkle Avenue SE
Charleston, WV 25304
PURPOSE: To consider and act upon all matters that may properly come before a meeting of the Parkways Authority Board. These matters may include discussion of and possible Board action on the following: Approval of the minutes of the Authority's Regular Monthly Board Meeting held on January 10, 2019 and Emergency Board Meetings held on December 28, 2018 and December 31, 2018; Approval of Design Funds for Project BSR-1-20 (shotcrete repairs of bridge piers) and Project 1-C-20 (culvert repairs at various locations along the Turnpike; Ratification of purchase of 100,000 E-ZPass transponders; To discuss, act upon and award one of the bids received for purchase of 1 - Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Street Sweeper. The Maintenance Department is recommending the purchase of the Tymco Sweeper from Golden Equipment Co. Inc. of Mars, PA for a price of $257,880.00. The low bidder's bid from West Virginia Tractor Company of Charleston, WV of $248,000.00 for an Elgin Sweeper was determined not to meet Parkways bid requirements and was not deemed to be a best value purchase; Approval of funds necessary and essential to repair and to secure the site of a slide at Milepost 66 Northbound; Other items which may become apparent or need attention and may be added to the business agenda of the meeting; attention is called to the fact that the agenda of the meeting will be available three days in advance by calling 304-926-1900 or at the website www.wvturnpike.com; items of business may be added to the agenda up to 48 hours prior to the date of the meeting.
February Agenda


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Review Addiction Cheek Polish In 39tadzio39 Midori Kitty
When choosing your kids room furniture it is important to think about resilience, functionality, size and color. You will want to also think about style and price. With a little piece of planning you should be able to find an ideal furniture to fit your child's wants and your budget. Start with the right size - As individuals, we often forget what really like to be small. Nevertheless , children need furniture absolutely just their size, in order that they may sit and enjoy comfortably, as well as do homework, chart, and so on.
Image Editor
Yamsixteen - The anti fleek highlighter addiction cheek polish. The anti fleek highlighter addiction cheek polish reflection i put a small amount on the back of my hand just like pictured above then use my ring or middle finger as the application tool the usual highlight hot spots are on top of cheekbones, cupid's bow, and just a touch on the bridge of the nose. Addiction cheek polish review laura loukola. Swatching my addiction by ayako stash continues! today i have quite a fun and unique blush product to show you: addiction cheek polishes they've been out for a while, and at the time i'm typing this there are six shades available on the web shop, but there are descriptions for a total of 10 shades. Review: addiction cheek polish in 'tadzio' midori kitty. The backstory: addiction by ayako is one japanese makeup brand that i've wanted to try out for the longest time their cheek products, in particular, caught my eye this winter, i decided to bite the bullet and just order one of their cheek products. Addiction cheek polish in 06 tadzio. Read my review of addiction's cheek polish in 06 tadzio i have been exploring addiction's various blusher products with different textures i have written about the cream based cheek stick in 14 damask rose and the powder based blush in 04 amazing, and today i will be focusing on the liquid based cheek polish in 06 tadzio. My beauty hoard: addiction cheek polish revenge. Addiction cheek polish revenge today i am showing you the addiction cheek polish in revenge i initially wanted to get fresh lol but after reading lunaface's the flintstone loves pretty post on fresh i decided not to for fear that it would not show up on my cheeks at all labels: addiction, beauty review. Addiction cheek polish ~ 2017 summer new colors www. Addiction cheek polish ~ summer 2015 new colors added $ $ add to cart addiction cheek polish ~ 2017 summer new colors $ $ you save $ product description this product hasn't received any reviews yet be the first to review this product!. Beauty box korea addiction cheek polish 12ml best. Product details addiction cheek polish 12ml hot on the heels of the cheek stick, color for your cheeks that is uniquely ayako cheek polish! apply the liquid lightly with the brush, for a fresh and natural color. Addiction cheek polish everglow cosmetics. Buy addiction cheek polish online worldwide shipping from japan customer reviews based on 1 review write a review you may also like addiction the blush regular price �3,600 addiction blush trinity regular price �3,600 addiction lip gloss pure regular price �3,200 addiction the eyeshadow regular price �2,700. Addiction cheek polish in 09 sensually glam love. The only addiction item i have at the moment as i want to get more in the future is the cheek polish in 09 sensually it comes in a bottle similar to a nail polish's not only that, there's a ball inside the bottle that rattles when you shake it. Addiction cheek polish 01 chic the fruit compote. Without further adieu, addiction by ayako cheek polish 01 chic, the ambiguous design on the product will lead most people think that this is a nail polish it is not, i can assure you that.
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Property Location With a stay at Al Rawda Hotel Residence - Al Darraja in Jeddah, you'll be close to Saudi Center for Fine Art and King Faisal Specialist Hospital. This aparthotel is within the vicinity of Jeddah Mall and Sultan Mall.Rooms Make yourself at home in one of the 76 air-conditioned rooms featuring LED televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and separate sitting areas.Dining A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily from 7 AM to 11 AM.Business, Other Amenities Featured amenities include a 24-hour front desk, multilingual staff, and an elevator (lift). Free self parking is available onsite.
- Parking
- 24 hours Front Desk Service


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While storage area is key, you do not want bulky furniture pieces disrupting the stream of the room so try choosing wall-hung shelving. It's an possibility to showcase collectables, fine china and retro pieces, that will supply the room somewhat of character. If you are dining area is within an open-plan space, a room divider by means of a floor-to-ceiling bookshelf can help create a feeling of initmacy while also providing a space to decoratively display books and things.
A dining area is a location where company can gather and enjoy a meal together. Unlike kitchen areas, eating out rooms are a place to relax and relax with those you love. The d?cor of the area can also impact the discussions around the table. That is why it's so important to add items you like in your dining room.
If you're buying traditional look but want still want a decorative factor that pops, a lantern chandelier is a great choice. While it hangs vertically such as a traditional chandelier, the light is usually surrounded by a metal frame. They also come in a variety of sizes, so a lantern chandelier could possibly be the perfect addition to a little dining room.
The answer to the first may be versatile furniture look for slimline or extendable tables. Circular and oval designs might be an improved option than rectangular or rectangular as possible squeeze more folks in. Hinged wall-hung desks are also worth considering: just lift up and secure the desk top when you take in and lower again if you are finished so you can use the space all the time. Stackable seats are a good option, too. Or think about bench seats, which can cater to more diners. Element in dining room storage area. Benches that can house concealed cupboards may make them a better option than chair.
As general guideline, the more robust the red the less of it you need, so get one of these shot of stunning cerise with dark and white to make a superior look that's oozing with energy. Use white as the base as it sets off any pink to its best gain. Introduce the explosion of color with sumptuous velvet seating and vivid drapes. Team with black accents to use the appearance from girly to glam. An opulent orb pendant light will lean the look towards opulent 1950s Hollywood.


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Cisco Asa 5515x Serial Number Lookup
DOWNLOAD: http://urllio.com/rglkb
Cisco Asa 5515-x Serial Number Lookup
DOWNLOAD: http://urllio.com/rglkb
NPM collects service tags, and I guess that's also serial numbers for Cisco equipments, but how can I search for a specific service tag?. This chapter discusses license mechanisms for the Cisco ASA's advanced security features that add additional layers of protection or accommodate more complex network designs. .
They also provide Cisco ASA CX series next-generation firewall services, which include Cisc . Close search. Home Buy Back Warranty What is Refurbished? .. You can find Cisco serial numbers from the IOS command line by using the show inventory command. . 6 Responses to Find Cisco Serial Numbers with the IOS Command Line .. Cisco ASA stands for Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance. Cisco ASA acts as both firewall and VPN device. This article explains how to setup and configure hi.. Search similar: [HELP] Cisco ASA 5520 Setup and Management Port Setup; . Cisco A peek into ASA 5515X firewall. . This platform has an ASA 5515 Security Plus license.. Cisco Coverage Checker. Are you sure you want to log-off? Logout Close. Contacts & Feedback Help Site Map 1992-2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Rights reserved. Terms & Conditions .
Cisco ASA 5510 Firewall Edition . Part Number: ASA5510-BUN-K9 4 Related Models Cisco ASA 5510 Firewall Edition - security . serial Interface auxiliary .
Search. Cisco Security. Home / Cisco Security. ASA Integrity Assurance Contents. .. Search. Browse Home > CCNP R&S Study Group > Discussions. 9 .. Hi, Serial numbers of devices could only be validated by Cisco TAC Engineers provided that it had been enrolled already under the contract.. How to locate the serial number on Cisco products . Serial numbers on Cisco products are usually placed in different locations on the box. .. How to upgrade an ASA 5506-X to the new Firepower Threat Defense software. . ASA 5515-X; ASA 5516-X; ASA 5525-X; .. Search Cancel. Browse. Home; News; People More discussions in . ASA SERIAL NUMBER. rschroeder Aug 1, 2018 2:17 PM .. Cisco Firewall :: Serial Number On ASA5555X Do Not Match Show Version Jan 22, 2013 This is the second one of the new ASA 55.5X series appliances where I have seen this issue:When I SHOW. Hi all, I have a Cisco ASA 5510 device it has a serial number on the back (sticker) The one on the motherboard.. Cisco ASA Serial Number Generator? - posted in IOS and related Cisco files: Does anyone know of a serial number generator or anything like that for a Cisco ASA? I would like to unlock all. MidwayUSA is a privately held American retailer of various hunting and outdoor-related products.
Cisco :: OID Used By ASA 55XX Series To Get Serial Number Mar 1, 2012 What is the equivalent oid as chassisid - .126.96.36.199.184.108.40.206.6.3.0, which gets the serial number for most cisco. You may select the alternative button and search by Product Family. Warranty Descriptions Cisco provides the information contained on this page officially in English only.. If the port number is anything other than 443, you may need to specify that with the asdm.. Cisco ASA Firepower Threat Defense (FTD): Download and Installation/Setup ASA 5500-X. FTD Management Options - 5.0 out of 5 based on 9 votes Tweet One Appliance One Image is what Cisco is. On newer routers such as the Cisco 2800 Series and 3800 Series, the serial number on the outside of the router, the processor ID, and the hardware chassis serial number are all the same.
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Find the biggest selection of Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed wide selection of best-beds-low-price and Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed. Enjoy fast, FREE shipping* and easy returns on all best-beds-low-price...The Look for Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed Best Buy Is a quality product, beautiful and cheap.You should be confident in the this product because we have selected of goods from the store, quality and reliability.If you are thinking to buy this products you should Check Rates & items descriptions before buying.
Best article for Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed tip & article,..Patio furniture adds a special touch to every house. Whether it is a garden set on the yard, a golf swing on the patio or perhaps a swaying chair in the backyard, it possesses a nice casual atmosphere for relaxing with friends and family. There are more pieces of furniture for the outdoors that can serve a particular purpose. These include firewood self storage units, potting benches or perhaps dog homes.read more Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed
Outdoor furniture comes in different materials for example steel, plastic material and wood. These furthermore come in different style choices. Therefore, a person who visits a furniture store or website might be baffled of the items to purchase. Should he get the cheaper choice or even the costly choice that is stronger? Ought to he get the well-designed steel furnishings or the sturdy wood 1? Here are a few tips that will serve like a manual for purchasing furniture for the outdoors.read more Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed
Mobility - Outdoor furniture will have to be moved about and put away during wintertime so they don't rot with the constant moisture in the snow and rain. Therefore, acquire the best at options you need to consider lightweight furnishings that is simple to maneuver. Alternatively, if you are obtaining furnishings that will be kept in a partly protected region such as a outdoor patio exactly where it need not be relocated, mobility may not be a vital factor.read more Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed
Storage space - In case your outdoor furniture needs to be put while it is not being used, then you must have sufficient storage space for it inside a storage or shed. For those who have an area restriction then getting furnishings that can be collapsed or collapsed for storage space will be a more sensible choice.read more Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed
Sturdiness - This is one of the key factors to consider while purchasing patio furniture. Because the furniture is going to be subjected to the weather, obtaining tables and chairs that withstand the continual sun exposure and rainfall is important. On the other hand, you can get long lasting furniture that you want but spend additionally on obtaining outside covers for them.read more Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed
Design - Design is an important element in any kind of furnishings and patio furniture should be no various. Obtain a style that goes with the general theme of your house or garden. Ensure that you try sitting on the chairs before you buy them, as design should not be at the expense of comfort and ease simply because following all you want to sit outside to unwind.read more Cortez Upholstered Platform Bed


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Comments (30)
I'm curious to know where the plumbing begins and ends in the case of the under stairs "utility zone" laundry cupboard.
I'd love to see examples of an under stairs cupboard that has to also house a fuse box and various other pipes and hardware. I really want to make more use of ours but am yet to see ideas that incorporate the above.
Debra Manton
We have pop out drawers under our stairs and they make our hall look so tidy and streamlined. I love them


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This paper reports on its use in a very sensitive, highly specific spectrophotometric method for the trace determination of copper. This method is far more selective, non extractive, simple and rapid than all of the existing spectrophotometric methods .
method of mining petroleum Method Of Mining Petroleum . separation method of gold mining. . method used for mining copper in uga . Online Service; Click to chat. Sulfide Mining, Mining Methods, The method of sulfide mining is broken down into five steps Exploration, Development, Mining, Smelting and refining, Reclamation.
Geometallurgical model of a copper sulphide mine for long term planning A methodology based on a systemic approach and an adequate selection of variables was used to adjust a
This flowchart made of machinery icons explains or expresses in simple but clear terms the step of the Copper Mining and Copper Extraction Process. Starting from either open pit or underground mining and using a different relevant treatment method for oxide or sulphide copper mineral (ore).
Copper extraction refers to the methods used to obtaining copper from its ores. The conversion of copper consists of a series of chemical, physical, and electrochemical processes. Methods have evolved and vary with country depending on the ore source, local
In general, mining techniques are divided into two primary types surface mining (including pit, strip, and mountain top removal) and underground mining (shaft). A single mine may employ both methods. Prior to 1900, underground mining was the most common method in the United States.
Copper mining There are a number of steps to get nearly pure copper from copper ore. Roll your cursor over the steps in the diagram to see a summary of each one.
Open pit mining is a technique used to extract copper ore near the earth's surface. Open pit mining is the most widely used technique of mining copper today. It is accomplished by creating and using benches or terraces to gradually reach deeper under the earth's surface. Underground mining is used when the copper ore is not near the earth's
Copper processing is a complicated process that begins with mining of the ore (less than 1% copper) and ends with sheets of 99.99% pure copper called cathodes, which will ultimately be made into products for everyday use.
There are a variety of concentration methods. Selection of a method (or methods) to use for a particular ore is based on the ore mineralogy and mineral liberation size. Froth flotation is the standard method of concentration used in the copper industry. About 75 percent of all copper is produced by this method.
method of making copper mining and crushing Copper interactiveOresome Resources The decision to use the underground or opencut method of mining is anbeautiful colour there is ample evidence of it being used to make jewellery and ornaments.Mining.
From primitive, cumbersome mining methods to compact, efficient modern day equipment, copper mining has become a cost effective, efficient process. Additionally, todays mining equipment makes it possible to reduce waste and decrease chemical exposure during all phases of the copper mining
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The copper containing particles are then removed by a process called flotation. The product of this process is dry, gray powder called copper concentrate, which contains about 30 percent copper. The concentrated copper is sent by rail to a smelter where extreme heat is used to purify the copper.
Compared to tin mining, the history of zinc mining is relatively short. In the 18th century, it was discovered that sphalerite, or zinc sulfide, could be smelted into brass, resulting in the first patented techniques. Since then, the zinc industry has progressed to the current zinc mining process and production methods used today.
Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31.It is in group 13 of theBromine (diatomic nonmetal) Gallium is produced exclusively as a by product during the processing of the ores of other metals.(such as copper indium gallium selenium sulfide Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2) used
Underground Mining Auxiliary to Steam Shovel Operations. As is generally known the Utah Copper mine is primarily a steam shovel operation, and it will perhaps surprise many that up to April, 1914, a considerable tonnage of ore was obtained by underground mining methods.
2 Recovery of Copper by Solution Mining Methods Solution mining replicates the natural process of oxidation and reduction, described above. Dilute acidic solutions are introduced to the copper bearing ores, causing dissolution of soluble copper minerals (Table 1) remaining in the leached cap and underlying enrichment blanket.
Mining opporations could be year round, intermittent, or seasonal. A surface operation is at this site or proposed for it. The most important method or feature used in the discovery of economic minerals at this site was ore mineral in place. Open Pit was the predominant mining method used at
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Ferrous (iron) mining permitting process Metallic mining involves the extraction of minerals bearing iron, copper, gold, lead, silver and zinc. For ferrous (iron) and other metallic mining, the DNR is the state agency with primary responsibility for regulating environmental aspects of mining.
Jul 12, 20180183;32;New Detection Method for Copper Mining AZoMining . Apr 11, 2017 . Copper is typically found deep within the crust of the earth, and both underground mining and open pit mining techniques are used in order to.
Mining copper About 200 years ago the UK was an important world source of copper and tin and there were mines in Cornwall and Devon. These mines have now closed and today the biggest copper mines are in Chile (Escondida mine) and Indonesia (Grasberg mine).
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method used 5.8 N HCl as described by Schroeder and Pruett (1996). Subsequent to Fe extraction, Fe analysis was determined by atomic absorption. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was carried out at the University of Georgia Center for Advanced Ultrastructural Research. Samples were prepared by applying dilute slurries to Formvar coated
MANAGEMENT OF COPPER PYROMETALLURGICAL SLAGS 543 Introduction During the last years, due to world wide economic recession and a large inventory of stock, copper reached a historical value of 0.59 US$/pound in 2001. This fact meant closing down many important mining companies in the world, mainly in USA. On the other hand, strong
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with Amy Lemons
Molly Stahl says
Your Robert Munsch unit and his website got me through the end of the year with my wild, crazy 2nd graders and no AC last year. He is just the BEST!
Mrs. Ibarra says
These are so cute!!! You are so creative 🙂
I used your RM unit last year and it was great! I love that you have such creative ideas, but also that you are willing to offer tons of them for free. It is why you are one of my first stops at TpT!
graciegirl says
I LOVE Robert Munsch, maybe because I'm slightly partial {as he's a fellow Torontonian}…. :). I'm putting your Munsch unit on my TpT wishlist. Looks like a lot of fun! Thanks!
Sharon Dudley says
Amy, there's so much I love about this post, even as a kindergarten teacher! Paper Bag Princess has always been a big hit with my students. I also love giving my students creative opportunities to write, especially writing letters to characters like you did – that's so motivating for them! I just discovered your blog today and can't wait to read more.
Your latest follower,
Sharon Dudley, NBCT
Teaching with Sight
Pixie Anne says
Loads of great ideas here – thank you! Love the Paper Bag Princesses especially. Think the girls in my class would love to make these and get writing!
Allison says
The Paper Bag Princess is certainly one of the most stand out books for boys and girls! The craft is so clever and just makes sense! It always makes me smile to see what you and your class are up to! Keep going! You'll make it before you know it!
Allison says
The Paper Bag Princess is certainly one of the most stand out books for boys and girls! The craft is so clever and just makes sense! It always makes me smile to see what you and your class are up to! Keep going! You'll make it before you know it!
Beth says
I adore the paperback princess. Two things: 1. Robert Munsch reads it aloud on his site 2. PBS had a cartoon of it on you tube. It's great to compare/contrast.
Martin Legault says
Hi, I thought that this new teacher-seller website might interest you. They are based in Canada and offer features that are not found on similar sites. They also have a lot of new features coming. Here is a link: Created by Teachers, Exclusively for Teachers
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BERLIN -- Although former East German leader Erich Honecker probably will arrive in Germany shortly to stand trial, officials and experts say it is doubtful that he or any other top Communists will sit very long in prison.
Mr. Honecker, 79, was smuggled to Moscow in March by hard-line Soviet military friends who wanted to help him avoid prosecution. Their defeat in the unsuccessful Soviet coup last month ended their protection of him.
German Justice Minister Klaus Kinkel said Friday that he expected German extradition requests to be honored and that he expected Mr. Honecker to arrive in Germany perhaps as early as this week.
The arrival of Mr. Honecker, who built the Berlin Wall and ruled East Germany for 18 years, until 1989, is eagerly anticipated.
"We can't just prosecute the little fish. The big fish have to be brought to justice, too," said Jutta Limbach, who heads Berlin's Justice Ministry.
But recent cases against other top leaders indicate that if Mr. Honecker is brought to trial, he probably will not be convicted of any significant crime and could even escape prosecution because of his bad health.
"Thus far, no one else has been convicted, and anyway, Honecker is old, sick and didn't do anything illegal under East German law," said his former attorney, Friedrich Wolf.
That view is shared privately by attorneys in the Berlin Justice Ministry, who have been trying to prosecute Mr. Honecker and other East German leaders since last year.
"There's an unwillingness to tackle this problem. People in this office see it as a waste of time -- something that has to be done but that won't be successful in the end," one ministry official said.
Officially, ministry representatives still say they are eager to prosecute Mr. Honecker, but the history of his case and those of other top leaders suggests it will be difficult to pin a charge on him that will stick.
Mr. Honecker faces a life sentence for his order requiring East German border guards to shoot citizens trying to leave the country. More than 200 deaths are said to have resulted from the order.
However, Mr. Wolf said Mr. Honecker violated no East German laws in endorsing the shoot-to-kill policy. He said the former leaders were protected by the legal principle that they could be judged only by the laws that applied at the time the act was committed.
"There was no secret law passed. It was a part of the country's security policy and, as a member of the Warsaw Pact [military alliance], part of its legal obligation," Mr. Wolf said.
That such a defense can succeed was demonstrated in the recent trial of Harry Tisch, who ran East Germany's all-powerful and pervasive unions. Mr. Tisch's job gave him control over the fates of millions of workers, and many people think he ruined the careers of opponents of the government. In addition, he was charged with misappropriating millions of dollars from the unions' pension fund.
However, because none of the actions he was charged with was illegal under East German law, the judge threw the charges out. In the end, Mr. Tisch was sentenced to 18 months in prison but, because he had already spent that long in pretrial detention, was released immediately.
An even more hated figure than Mr. Tisch was Erich Mielke, 83, former chief of the Stasi secret police. He was to have been charged with incitement to perversion of justice, breach of trust and various minor corruption charges. The first two charges, which had to do with his work as Stasi boss, were thrown out for lack of evidence.
Later, Mr. Mielke was found to be medically incompetent to stand trial.
Whatever the outcome in Mr. Honecker's case, it will be a humiliating end for a man who showed courage as a resistance fighter against the Nazis during World War II but went on to build the Berlin Wall and preside over his country's economic and political ruin.


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deepakbharti 11 months ago own
hello guys we there is a change in our domain.
Its changed from hohos.in to hohos.tech
Login to interact with Deepak Bharti
hello guys we there is a change in our domain.
Its changed from hohos.in to hohos.tech
Happy new year guys!
Enjoy the time..
Have fun!
Happy new year 2018
Happy bhai dooj to everyone :)
Hope you all had lots of fun today and still enjoying the day!
Nice work..
A lot has happened, since I came last time.. hahha
my alltime fav-Dheere Dheere se meri,,, https://m.starmakerstudios.com/share?recording_id=6755399451644650&app=sm&share_type=messenger&fb_action_ids=935697683246340&fb_action_types=starmakerapp%3Apublish&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map=%5B2494
musafir atif aslam,,, my fav https://m.starmakerstudios.com/share?recording_id=6755399451644501&app=sm&share_type=messenger&fb_action_ids=935697516579690&fb_action_types=starmakerapp%3Apublish&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map=%5B20052192048281
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All You Need To Know About Pellet Stoves
Many homeowners in Washington DC are considering fireplace installation. Pellet stove fireplaces offer a home heating option that provides not only heat but also another place to cook. Knowing more about what they are, how they are installed, and the pros and cons will make it easier to decide if installing a pellet stove is an investment you want to make in your home.
What is a pellet stove fireplace?
A pellet stove fireplace is both a stove and a fireplace. It can burn a variety of materials, including biomass pellets and compressed wood. A source of heat is then created for your residential space. The fire is fed fuel from a hopper that goes into a burn pot area. By doing so, a constant flame is produced, reducing the physical adjustments that have to be made.
A variety of makes and models are available on the market. This ensures that homeowners can find a design that works with their overall décor.
A pellet stove fireplace is considered a renewable energy source. Depending on how it is operated, it can reach an efficiency factor of 90 percent or above.
The earliest concept of the pellet stove fireplace as in 1930, which included the Presto-Log made from scrap sawdust. In the 1980s, a miniaturized pellet stove emerged. Over the past 30 years, it has gone from being a box-shaped workhouse design to a modern appliance. They are often made from cast-iron or steel and then encased in stainless steel for exhaust and circuitry purposes.
How do pellet stoves operate?
There are various models of the wood pellet fireplace. Some will only burn pellets that are made from wood, bark, sawdust, and wood byproducts. Other models will allow you to use an array of biofuels, ranging from nutshells and barley to beet pulp and sunflowers.
Many of the units are electric. This means that you will be able to find some sophisticated units, many with control panels and thermostats that are wall-mounted. It will allow you to control the temperature more efficiently.
The pellet stove operates with the use of pellets. The pellets are compressed and may only measure about half an inch in length and diameter. They're commonly available in bags that weigh 40 pounds. They could be made of any number of materials. The higher the quality pellet, the better the stove burns clean and hot. On average, a home will go through two tons of pellets in a heating season, which comes out to be approximately 50 bags at 40 pounds each.
The pellets are poured into a storage hopper located at the top of the stove. There is then an auger that sends the fuel from the hopper into a burn chamber. A sensor in the unit will monitor the fuel supply. If the amount is low, a signal will be sent to the auger to send more pellets down. The system is smart enough only to drop enough pellets to keep the fire hot, while still relatively small.
The stove contains a combustion blower that pulls air from the outside and through the stove. The smoke and fumes are then blown out through an exhaust vent. A convection blower also takes air from the room into the stove and blows out the heated air into the room. This is done through several heat-exchange tubes. The heat is delivered automatically based on the setting of the thermostat.
The only thing that you need to do is keep the hopper loaded with pellets.
A pellet stove has the potential to produce around 40,000 to 50,000 BTUs per hour, which can heat a living space of roughly 2,000 square feet.
Your maintenance on the pellet stove fireplace will depend on the model as well as the quality of pellets. Often, it will involve light daily maintenance and cleaning out the ash pan on a weekly basis. Be sure to read this article with maintenance tips for pellet stoves.
How are pellet stoves installed?
There are many options for pellet stoves. It is best to consult with a professional installer to review options and select what works best for your home and budget.
One popular option is a free-standing unit. The unit will be brought into the area where it is to be installed. Freestanding units can even be installed in homes that currently do not have a fireplace. It should have the necessary clearance from all combustible surfaces. The vent pipe is then attached to the stove. Ventilation pipes will need to go from the inside to the outside, which involves cutting and caulking. The power cord is then plugged in, and the hopper is filled.
Knowing a few things about a free-standing pellet fireplace will guide you:
- You will likely need a hearth pad
- The fire can be adjusted to burn hotter
- You can place a fireplace in virtually any room of the house
- You will save energy in comparison to running central heat
The other option is to install a pellet stove inside of a pre-existing fireplace. This is known as an insert. It might be more decorative and include a metal chimney liner so that all of the gases and smoke go up through the chimney. If you have an existing fireplace, this is likely to be the best option. Fireplace inserts have a reasonably simple installation process because the ventilation aspects are already done for you.
There are a few things you need to know about an insert:
- Uses existing ventilation system
- You must have an existing fireplace.
- Tends to have more style options
Regardless of whether it's free-standing or going inside of a fireplace, it's important to note that the average unit is around 400 pounds. This means that it's best to get professional assistance with the installation. The stove also needs to go on a fire-resistant surface, such as stone or tile. If the room has hardwood or carpeting, a hearth pad will need to be installed first
The venting required will also vary based on where it's being placed in conjunction with windows and doors. If the stove isn't given the proper ventilation, it can lead to a lot of smoke and fumes lingering inside the home.
By working with an experienced fireplace installer, you can rely on them to design a system that is designed to work within your specific home.
Additionally, some thermostats will need to be installed. Many are hard-wired, but it's also possible to invest a little bit more to get a wireless remote thermostat, which provides a lot of conveniences.
Advantages & Disadvantages of pellet stoves
It's important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of pellet stove fireplaces. It will make it easier to decide if it's going to save money and provide the desired benefits inside the home.
There are quite a few advantages to installing such a fireplace:
- It is an eco-friendly option
- Lower heating costs in comparison to central heat
- It uses a renewable source of energy
- You reduce carbon emissions
You might not realize some of the advantages until after the fireplace is installed. For example, when you buy pellets from a local fireplace installer, you're probably supporting a local business by purchasing their materials. This means you're also giving your local economy a boost.
The cost of pellets has also been relatively low and has been stable over the past ten years. If you install the fireplace in a room where you spend a lot of time, you can lower your thermostat and watch the cost savings on your thermostat.
You will also want to explore tax credits that are available. You may qualify for credit up to 10 percent of the cost of the fireplace.
Just as there are advantages, there are also disadvantages:
- The feeder needs to be kept full, which means loading daily
- The fireplace needs frequent cleaning
- Lower quality pellets will produce a higher amount of ash
- The cost of the unit is relatively high
- If your power goes out, you lose your heat as well
Most units recommend that the fireplace is cleaned lightly on a daily basis and more thoroughly at least once a month. This is done for safety as well as efficiency. You will have to decide if you want to do the cleaning on your own or hire a professional company to come in and do it for you.
Overall, it's important to look at the various makes and models available to see what would work for within your home. If you use the heat a lot within your home, you can save a lot of money over time by installing a pellet stove fireplace. It's a chance to be energy-efficient at the same time, thus allowing you to reduce carbon emissions and help the environment.
Tips to get your fireplace & chimney ready for the cold
Many people use the changing seasons as an opportunity to create new decoration ideas for their fireplace hearths. It is also important to make sure that any Washington DC chimney repairs are completed before the cold weather arrives. Chimneys, along with fireplaces and wood stoves are involved in close to half (42%) of fires related to home-heating systems. Before you begin to use your fireplace. You can follow some basic safety steps to get your chimney and fireplace ready for the cold weather in Washington DC.
Here are some key steps to take to prepare your chimney and fireplace for the cold weather:
Chimneys Maintenance Tips
Hire a Professional Chimney Sweep: As emphasized in the beginning, proper maintenance prevents chimney fires. Hiring a professional chimney sweep it the first and most important step. The National Fire Protection Association advises that you have your chimney swept once per year by a professional chimney repair company. Not only will a professional chimney sweep get rid of soot and debris, which could potentially catch fire, they will also check for damage to your chimney. The chimney liners and other structures will be checked for cracks, leaks, missing mortar, loose bricks and other hazards.
Cap Your Chimney: If your chimney does not have a chimney cap, then you need to have one installed. Chimney caps which will protect your structure from unwanted animals, such as birds and squirrels, and will also keep out rain and debris. A cap with wire-mesh sides covering the chimney's top will keep these things out. If your cap is missing, replace it. If your cap has suffered any damage, be sure to make all the necessary repairs.
Tips for Wood Burning Fireplace
Cleaning: If you have a wood burning fireplace, you need to make sure that you properly clean it before the heating season. In particular, be sure to clean the firebox using a vacuum. You should also remove soot that has accumulated on the fireplace's walls or the chimney's opening.
Using Your Wood Burning Fireplace: There are also some basic tips to follow when it comes to choosing the right firewood, preparing the firewood, building a fire, and ensuring safety.
Choose Seasoned Hardwood: It is best to burn wood that is dense and seasoned, for example, oak. This wood should have been split and have been stored in a place that is dry and high for no less than six months. By contrast, green wood and softwoods, including pine, produce greater amounts of creosote, a byproduct of combustion that is flammable. If allowed to build-up and the internal flue temperature reaches a certain level, there is a high risk of a chimney fire, according to the Chimney Safety Institute of America.
Preparing the Hardwood: If you choose to cut your hardwood yourself, you want to adhere to some core principles. First, the wood needs to be split so that the pieces will fit into your fireplace. As well, keep your pieces to no larger than six inches in diameter, in turn helping them to burn correctly. Regarding stacking the wood, the split-side should be positioned downward and not directly on the ground. Also, the wood should be kept covered, so as not to suffer damage from rain or snow. It is also important that you store the softwood for a minimum duration of six months, and hardwood for at least 12 months.
Testing the Moisture: Make sure that you buy a wood moisture meter. Aim for a moisture reading no higher than 20%, which means the wood is dried enough. Too much moisture will result in the wood not burning properly.
Consider Buying Local Wood: If you decide not to cut your wood, or realize it's not feasible for you to store it for an extended period, you may want to consider buying local wood. Be sure to find out whether your state or city has any special ordinances relating to firewood.
Avoid Overloading Your Chimney: As we mentioned before, creosote is a highly flammable byproduct of combustion. Large fires produce higher amounts of smoke, and in turn, greater amounts of creosote buildup. By comparison, smaller fires produce less smoke and less creosote. For this reason, you want to avoid overloading your chimney. The risk of cracking your chimney lining also increases with a larger fire that's higher in heat.
Building Your Fire: Logs should always be placed close to the rear of the fireplace and should be put on a metal grate. Additionally, make sure to use kindling to start a fire as opposed to flammable liquids. Also, make sure that the fire has air and that you keep ample space between the logs.
Practice Safety with a Spark Guard: Another important measure is to use a spark guard, which serves as a buffer preventing embers from coming out of the firebox. Typically this is mesh metal screen or sometimes glass doors.
Move Flammable Objects Away from the Area: It is critical that you move any flammable objects far away from either your wood stove or fireplace.
Use a Fan to Circulate the Air in Your House: You may want to consider running your ceiling fans on low speed to circulate the warm air in your home generated by your fireplace.
Tips for Gas Fireplaces
If you have a gas fireplace, you don't have to worry about removing and cleaning up ash. While there is typically less maintenance involved with gas fireplaces, there are still some basic steps you should take with your gas fireplace in preparation for the colder weather and the heating season:
Clean the glass: Consult your owners manual, and make sure you are using a cloth that is soft and the right type of cleaner. You do not want to scratch the glass, which increases the risk that the high heat could result in it shattering.
Use a Vacuum to Clean the Inside of Your Fireplace
Inspect Your Fireplace Thoroughly: Any damage, including cracks or rust, should be appropriately dealt with, and the parts that are affected should be replaced.
You can find additional gas fireplace safety tips here.
Tips for Pellet Stoves
Pellet stoves offer many advantages. In general, they are cleaner than wood. Also, they provide greater efficiency than electric wall heaters and gas furnaces. However, just like your other home heating solutions, they require cleaning before their use during the cooler months.
Consult Your Owner's Manual: The manual provides instructions regarding how to remove the particular parts of your pellet stove. Once you have done this, you will be ready to clean and vacuum your pellet stove. Be sure to take the following steps:
Cleaning the Exhaust Piping and Venting: The vent cap should be removed to clean it. Since ash can build-up in the T pipe, it is important to open it and thoroughly vacuum it.
Take Out the Combustion and Distribution Fans: After vacuuming out soot and ash, you should use a brush to get rid of anything that remains stuck. Before putting the fans back in, be sure to replace gasket seals that are worn and have cracks.
Clean Behind All Panels.
Carefully Check the Gasket on your Firebox Door: Issues with the gasket can result in decreased efficiency. A simple way to check your seal is to put a dollar bill on the seal, close the door, and then check if you can pull the dollar out from the door. If you can do this relatively quickly, that's a sign that the gasket might need to be replaced. Be sure to check a few, as opposed to just one area around the door.
Finally, Clean the Firepot and the Hopper: Remove ash, any pellets in the hopper and pellet dust.
Whether you have a wood burning fireplace, gas fireplace or pellet stove, it is critical that you take the right steps to prepare your structure for the cooler months. By practicing these tips, you can help ensure that your fireplace and chimney will work toward heating your home efficiently and safely as we head into Autumn and Winter.
Common Fireplace Terms
Many homeowners the Washington DC Metro area want to enjoy the increased value and comfort from having a fireplace installed. Unfortunately, the wide selection of fireplace options available today, can make this a confusing process. One of the sources of this confusion is understanding fireplace terms. It is hard to make the right fireplace decision if you do not know understand the terms that are being used by your fireplace supplier and installer.
Local fireplace and chimney installation companies like ours will help you select the best products for your particular installation. This guide will help you find a quick definition to many of the terms that are frequently used by installers. This guide will give you a clear understanding of common fireplace terms but will not cover chimney repair terms that were covered in our previous article concerning chimney repair terms.
Fireplace Terms from A to Z
AFUE — Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency, a measurement used for rating wall heaters and furnaces as an official heat source.
Ash Pan — A metal tray designed to catch and hold ashes falling from solid fuel fires for easier cleaning of the fireplace.
Air Vent — A small vent in the wall sometimes needed for gas fireplaces.
Agean Limestone — limestone from the Agean region of the Mediterranean, highly valued for its density and often used in fireplaces and surrounds.
Andiron/Bars/Dogs/Firedogs — decorative iron bars that hold logs or coal and help air flow to the fire.
B Vent/Natural Draft Appliance — a system without a sealed combustion chamber that uses a single wall flue to vent.
Bellows — a device for blowing a controlled blast of air to stoke a fire.
Blue Flame Rectification — safety shut-off controlling and maintaining gas flow.
BTU — British Thermal Unit, used to measure heat.
Builders Opening — the precisely measured hole in the wall or chimney breast where the fireplace will go.
Burner — device containing orifice, mixing tube, and burner head where gas and air can safely combust.
Burner Ports — holes in a gas burner where gas/air comes out.
Carbon Dioxide — gas produced by complete combustion.
Catalytic Combuster — a device used to reduce the temperature at which smoke is ignited.
Casting/Cast Iron/Brass/Steel — the process where molten iron, brass, or steel is poured into a mold to produce solid pieces.
Chenet — one-piece unit to hold logs similar to an andiron, connected by a fender across the front, commonly just inside the firebox.
Clearview — fireplace with glass doors for viewing flames.
Combination Fireplace — unit with attached shelf needing no separate surround.
Carrara Marble — popular marble prized for its natural veining.
Carbon Monoxide — the poisonous gas product of incompletely burning fuels that should be safely vented in all installations by a certified professional.
Clearance — the measured space required by law to keep combustible surfaces a safe distance from fireplaces and other heat-producing units.
Ceramic Fiber Back — lightweight fireback used in tiled gas fireplaces to reflect heat into the room.
Decorative Gas Fire — appliance with living flame used for decorative purposes rather than heating.
Electric Insert — used where there is no chimney to simulate a heat-producing fire of coal or wood.
Electronic Ignition — installed electronic device for lighting a fire.
Emissions — by-products of combustion.
EPA Regulations — federal rules mandating emissions from wood burning appliances.
Fender — the low metal guard at the front of an open fireplace that keeps the burning logs or coal from falling into the room.
Fire Back/Fireback — the panel at the back of the fireplace designed to reflect heat into the room and protect the firebrick in the chimney.
Fireplace Insert — a unit designed to fit behind pre-built surround used with solid fuel, gas, or electric.
Fire Basket — a free standing device holding burning solid fuel.
Fire Box/Firebox — space where the fire actually burns.
Fire Stops — noncombustible devices sealing openings between floors to stop smoke & fire from spreading.
Fireguard/Firescreen — device preventing sparks from escaping fireplace and young children from reaching fire.
Fireplace Surround — decorative material (wood, brick, stone, tile, etc.) on the wall around the fireplace opening.
Free Standing Fireplace/Stove — compact appliance that sits away from the wall, normally on legs or a pedestal.
Front-view Fireplace — traditional fireplace built into the wall.
Gas Cock Assembly/Valve Control — combination valve controlling supply of gas to the fireplace.
Gas Insert — a gas-burning unit installed into an existing fireplace. This is a popular option for gas fireplace installation.
Gas Log — simulated logs and frame creating an open gas flame in a fireplace.
Glass Doors — a device used to close the opening of the hearth and keep heat from escaping through the chimney.
Grate — cast iron or steel frame holding the burning fuel.
Grate Polish/Black Lead/Zebo — traditional polish used on cast iron stoves and fireplaces.
Hearth — traditionally refers to the floor of the fireplace and non-combustible shelf in front of it but now also refers to all devices and equipment connected to the fireplace/stove industry.
Kindling — small pieces of dry wood that easily ignite to start a fire.
LP/LPG — Liquified Petroleum Gas, separated from wet natural gas, light crude oil, and oil-refinery gas into a colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas.
Manifold Pressure — amount of wc inches supported by various types of gas.
Mantel — Shelf above the fireplace or ornamental facing surrounding the opening. Many people like to decorate their mantels.
Multi-fuel — appliances designed to burn a variety of fuels.
Multi-view — fireplace offering multiple sides for viewing the fire.
NG/Natural Gas — colorless, highly flammable gas with high energy value.
Oxygen Depletion Sensors — safety devices detecting dangerous lack of oxygen, triggering shut off of appliance.
Pellets — man-made solid fuel designed for specific appliances. Pellets are ofen used in pellet stoves.
Piezo Starter — red button placing pressure on the crystal of a standing pilot system.
Pilot — small flame used to ignite gas at the burner.
Propane — a type of petroleum gas (LPG) in liquid form, also can be found in gas or vapor form.
PSI — pounds per square inch
Safety Pilot/Standing Pilot System — a safety device stopping the flow of gas to the appliance until needed and providing a small flame to ignite the main burner.
Seasoned Wood — fuel wood that has dried 6-12 months for optimum use.
Simulated Embers — a non-combustible decorative feature that looks like burning coals.
Solid Fuel — wood, coal, or pellet fuel that must be used in a unit designed for the particular fuel.
Spark Arrestor — a screen in front of the fireplace opening that keeps sparks inside, also the mesh placed on top of the chimney for the same purpose.
Spillage — dangerous backup of flue gasses into the building.
Spill Switch — a device used to detect spillage of flue gas.
Therm — a unit of heating value equal to 100,000 BTUs.
Thermo Sensor — automatic control of blower based on temperature.
Unvented/Vent Free — an appliance theoretically designed to burn so efficiently it needs no venting.
Wall Thermostat — electrical switch with sensors to maintain temperature by turning heat sources on or off.
WC/Water Column — unit of measurement of gas pressure: 28 wcs are in one pound of PSI..
When you are selecting a new fireplace for your home, be sure you understand what the salesman and installers are talking about. This list should help, but when in doubt, ask for an explanation of any term that is confusing. A professional in the fireplace industry should be able to answer all your questions before you decide which fireplace is best for you and your family.
11 Signs That You Need Chimney Repairs
As a homeowner, you do everything you can to protect your home from needing costly repairs, including regular maintenance. However, if your home has a chimney and you're not scheduling professional chimney inspections at least once a year, you could be setting yourself up for expensive repairs down the road. Fortunately, homeowners can get chimney repairs in Washington DC fairly easily. It's not too late to begin scheduling chimney inspections and cleanings. In between professional inspections, it's always a good idea to keep an eye out for some common signs of chimney problems. The earlier a chimney problem is discovered, the easier and more affordable the repair will be.
Chimney Fire
Perhaps the most serious and obvious sign that your chimney needs some work is that of a chimney fire, which can be a scary situation for any homeowner to encounter. Specifically, chimney fires occur when creosote along the interior of the chimney is ignited by a flame. This highly flammable material builds up over time and can be easily removed with a professional chimney cleaning. Unfortunately, many homeowners fail to have this basic maintenance done each year, drastically increasing the chances of a chimney fire. When a chimney fire ignites, you may notice a very loud cracking or popping sound coming from the chimney, as well as thick smoke. It is important to evacuate your home immediately and call 9-1-1 to have the fire put out safely.
Excessive Smoke
Even if you're not experiencing an actual chimney fire, you may still notice large amounts of smoke when you use your fireplace. Excessive smoke coming from your chimney could be a sign of a liner that's in need of repair or replacement. Check to make sure that your chimney vent is open; if it is and you're still experiencing a lot of smoke, then you will need to call a chimney repair company as soon as possible. In the meantime, stop using your fireplace, as smoke can be damaging to your lungs and other aspects of your health.
Ceiling and/or Wall Stains
If you notice any staining or discoloration on the walls or ceiling around your fireplace/chimney, this will also need to be investigated by a chimney repair specialist like us. There's a good chance that the discoloration you're seeing is due to moisture getting into your chimney and gradually seeping into your home. Over time, this can be very damaging, especially if the water damage reaches the framing of your home and begins to rot it out. Moisture getting into your home through the chimney can also lead to mold and mildew problems that can hide behind walls, so be sure to have your home checked for these issues. It's always better to be safe than sorry.
Flaking Chimney Liner
Another relatively common chimney problem that you'll want to address is that of shards or flakes of your chimney liner falling down into your fireplace. This is known as "shaling" and occurs when the liner of your chimney deteriorates over time. In some cases, this is simply as a result of wear and tear, meaning that your liner will need to be replaced or repaired by a professional. In other cases, an underlying problem with your chimney could be to blame. Either way, your chimney's liner plays an important role in protecting your home and your health, so this is not a problem that you'll want to ignore.
Chimney Crown Cracks
The "crown" that surrounds the exterior of your home's chimney is made of cement and is designed to help keep out moisture and debris. Over time, exposure to the elements (especially precipitation and fluctuating temperatures) can cause small cracks to form along the chimney crown. Eventually, these cracks will allow water and other debris to enter your home, which you definitely don't want. Unfortunately, the chimney crown can be difficult (and sometimes impossible) to see from ground level, which is why scheduling annual inspections on your chimney is so important. Small cracks can be easily patched and repaired by a specialist before the problem worsens. You will find it helpful to read our recent article about a chimney crown repair project.
Missing or Damaged Chimney Cap
All chimneys should have a metal or aluminum cover that is designed to prevent rain, debris, pests, and other unwanted items from entering your home through the chimney itself. These caps are designed with ventilation holes or flaps to allow smoke to exit the home effectively while keeping unwanted items out. Over time, however, these covers can become damaged by the elements and will need to be replaced. Rust and corrosion are common problems in chimney covers, especially in areas with high rainfall. Fortunately, these are easy to replace by an experienced chimney professional.
Pests Getting Into Your Home
While a pest infestation in your home isn't always necessarily caused by a chimney issue, it's a possibility you'll want to consider if you're experiencing insects or rodents getting into your home. Sometimes, this can occur when a damaged or missing chimney cover allows access through your chimney. This could especially be the case if you're noticing that the pests getting into your home tend to be found mostly in the room where your fireplace is located. Of course, pets can also be getting in through your garage, attic, or other areas of the home, so it may also be a good idea to call a pest control specialist if you're having trouble figuring out where the pests in your home are coming from.
Visible Settling of Chimney
From the outside of your home, take a look at your chimney. Does it appear straight and sturdy? If not, then it may be time to call a repair specialist. Over time, the brick and mortar joints that make up the exterior of your home's chimney can become damaged by the elements, especially when moisture is present. This can cause cracking and crumbling of the chimney itself, which can become dangerous if it becomes too progressed and compromises the structural integrity of the chimney. This is another scenario where it's wise to have a chimney inspection every year, as an inspector will be able to notice cracks and other damage to your chimney that you may not be able to see yourself.
White Stains on Chimney Exterior
You may not think much of white staining on the exterior of your chimney, but this is actually something that indicates the need for repair. This staining often has a chalk-like appearance and is known as "efflorescence." It usually occurs in chimneys where there is excessive moisture beginning to affect the brick and mortar joints themselves and is not uncommon in chimneys that have begun to lean or crumble. If you see any white staining on your chimney, be sure to call a professional as soon as possible.
A Rusted Damper
Your chimney relies on a firebox or damper to protect itself (and your home) from moisture. Therefore, if you notice that your damper has become difficult to operate or if you can see visible rust beginning to form on it, this needs to be addressed by a chimney repair specialist right away. Specifically, rust and/or corrosion of the damper is a sign of a moisture problem that will not go away on its own and can lead to serious water damage inside your home if not repaired quickly.
Framing Rot in Your Home
Finally, always keep an eye on the ceilings and walls around your chimney and fireplace. If you begin to notice any bowing inwards or outwards of the drywall, this could be a sign of water getting into your home and rotting out the wooden framing on the affected wall. As the rot takes over the wood framing, it will begin to buckle and the wall or ceiling will begin to lose some of its structural integrity. A chimney repair specialist will be able to pinpoint not only where the water is getting in from the chimney, but how to repair it as well. However, you will most likely need to have a general contractor come out and rebuild the damaged wall framing as well as install new drywall to complete the repair.
As you can see, there are a number of possible "red flags" to watch out for when it comes to your home's chimney. The good news is that many of these signs are early warnings of underlying issues, meaning they can be addressed and repaired relatively easily. Still, when you notice any potential signs of a chimney problem, it's important to make calling a repair specialist a top priority. Otherwise, you could be setting yourself up for more costly repairs down the road in addition to potential damage to your home from moisture seepage, smoke build-up, and other issues.
Common causes of chimney leaks..and what to do about it
Many homeowners don't realize that their chimney requires regular maintenance in the form of inspections and cleanings. Usually, these homeowners are blissfully unaware of the importance of chimney maintenance until they end up with a chimney leak. Periodic heavy rains often result in the need for chimney repairs in Washington DC homes. These leaks can be quite damaging and costly if not caught early, which is why it's good for all homeowners to be aware of the most common causes of chimney leaks, how to avoid them, and what to do in the event of a leak.
Common Causes of Chimney Leaks
A chimney leak occurs when water is allowed to bypass the liner of the chimney and find its way into your home. The resulting water damage can be expensive to repair, especially if it has been going on for a long time and has reached the wood framing of your home's walls. Take a moment to become familiar with these common causes of chimney leaks. From there, you can take steps to avoid them in your own home.
Cracked Chimney Crown
A chimney crown refers to the cement part that runs along the top of a chimney and wraps around the vent. Crowns are very effective at keeping moisture away until they begin to chip and crack, which is inevitable over time. When cracks form in the chimney crown, water can gradually begin to make its way down the chimney flue and directly into your home.
Not all chimneys have crowns (some has covers, as will be explained in the next section). However, if your chimney has a crown, it's a good idea to inspect it at least once a year for cracks and chips. If you live in an area that sees all four seasons, the best time to inspect is during the spring, as water freezes and thaws in even tiny cracks during the winter months.
Small cracks can occasionally be caulked and patched, though more extensive damage may call for a total replacement of the crown by an experienced chimney repair company. The best chimney repair companies use floating cast crowns.
Lack of Chimney Cover
For chimneys that don't have a cement crown, there should be a chimney cover in place. These covers are usually made of metal or aluminum and are placed directly on top of the chimney vent with a tight fit around the vent itself. These covers prevent rain and other precipitation (not to mention pests) from traveling straight down into your chimney but have ventilation built into the sides to allow proper ventilation (especially while you're using your fireplace).
Unfortunately, chimney covers can go missing or deteriorate over time. This is especially common in older covers that are made of metal, which can rust and corrode. The good news is that replacing a missing cover is relatively simple and inexpensive when done by a reputable chimney repair company.
Cracks in Brick and Mortar
Chimneys are usually constructed of brick that is held together by mortar, and these are very durable materials. Still, over time, the cement holding the brick and mortar together can crack and crumble (just as it can on chimney crowns). When this occurs on the chimney structure itself, water can penetrate the chimney and gradually, the structural integrity of the chimney can even be lost. If you can see cracks or "wavy" areas of your home's chimney, there's a good chance that this type of leak is already happening. Because brick is a naturally porous material, it's not a matter of "if" brick will eventually give way to cracking and crumbling, but "when."
Applying a special brick sealant to the chimney is a temporary way to stop water from entering your home, but eventually, a long-term solution will need to be done by a chimney repair service.
Bad Roof Flashing
Finally, perhaps the most common cause of chimney leaks in residential buildings is that of bad roof flashing. When roofing is installed on a home with a chimney, a waterproof material known as flashing is installed around the chimney before the roofing shingles are put on top. Unfortunately, poor installation or even deterioration over time can render flashing ineffective. There are several things that can cause chimney flashing to leak. Find out more here.
When this occurs, water can seep into the chimney flue right around the base of the chimney where it meets the roof of the home. This is a repair that can be completed by a roofing or chimney company, as new flashing will need to be installed.
Telltale Signs of Chimney Leaks
The best way to avoid chimney leaks is to have your chimney inspected at least once a year for the most common causes. Still, in between inspections, there are some "red flags" homeowners should watch out for that could indicate the start of a leak in the home.
Peeling Paint or Wallpaper
One of the most common signs of a chimney leak is that of peeling paint or wallpaper inside the home near the chimney flue itself. Homeowners may notice peeling or bubbling paint around a home's fireplace, which is likely caused by moisture inside the flue. If you have wallpaper on the walls near your fireplace, you may also notice it beginning to bubble or peel, especially at points where two pieces of wallpaper come together.
Spots of Discoloration
Before the paint starts to peel, you may also notice odd, discolored spots on ceilings or walls near a chimney flue in the home. On a white ceiling or wall, these spots will appear yellow or tan. They will darken over time as water damage becomes more widespread and serious.
Chimney Settlement or Collapse
While getting up on top of your roof and inspecting your chimney yourself may not be advised, you can conduct a quick visual inspection of your chimney from the ground in most cases. If your chimney appears to be tilting to one side, warped, or visibly settling, you're most likely going to have water leaking into your home.
Wood and Framing Rot
When water damage inside the home progresses, you could even end up with more serious structural issues, including rotting out of the wood that makes up your home's framing. The most obvious sign of rotted framing will be bulging or warped drywall, but only ripping out the drywall and inspecting the framing underneath will determine the extent of the damage. In some cases, mold or mildew will also become an issue in the home when this occurs.
While these are the most common signs of a leaking chimney, some other possible signs to be on the lookout for include:
- rusted fireplace components
- corrosion of damper assemblies
- stains on chimney exterior
It is important to act quickly when you see signs of a chimney leak, as water damage can spread in the blink of an eye.
What to Do if You Have a Chimney Leak
If you notice any signs of a chimney leak, the only course of action is to contact a professional chimney repair company. Chimney leaks are not something you can repair on your own, and of course, climbing onto your roof can be dangerous. When you call a professional chimney repair company that meets professional standards like these, you can have the peace of mind that the problem will be fixed. The water leaks will stop and future water damage will be prevented.
A chimney repair specialist will be able to determine the cause of your leak and advise you on how any water damage inside your home should be repaired. Some repairs that a chimney repair company may be able to assist with include:
- chimney crown repair or replacement
- chimney cover repair or replacement
- repair of brick and mortar cracks
- replacement of chimney liners
- replacement of flashing around the chimney
Furthermore, a professional chimney service will be able to advise you on additional services to protect your home, chimney, and fireplace. For example, many companies offer chimney fireproofing, which involves the sealing of the chimney structure itself to make it less susceptible to damage from water, such as cracking and crumbling. A special sealant must be used to fireproof the chimney, as it is necessary for the sealant not only to keep water from getting in but for continuing to allow gasses to escape. In other words, the sealant must allow the brick to retain its porous structure to gasses but not to water. Waterproofing a chimney is a complex task that should only be done by an experienced professional.
There are so many different problems that can lead to a disastrous water leak in your chimney, but the good news is that they're all 100% preventative with just a little maintenance and care. Be sure to have your chimney and fireplace inspected by a professional at least once a year, and you'll be able to avoid many of these issues. Furthermore, if you ever spot signs of a chimney leak, don't hesitate to call a chimney repair service to get things under control before the leak causes widespread and costly damage to your home.
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Tommy Kirchhoff
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