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Vinyl Replacement Windows The Woodlands Texas
Polished concrete makes a wonderful fashionable surface for the terrace. Resin bound gravel is not just great for driveways, but creates an excellent contribution to the patio and garden paving when combined with other materials for textural contrast. Get the best quality stone you can manage then the patio will last longer and stay looking good for many years. A patio should never be designed in isolation without considering the rest of the yard. A well designed garden just where all the elements are in scale with each other and the residence will connect the house and garden. A balanced design that includes a patio or multiple patios will give the garden coherence and be sure that it is a pleasant, comfortable space in which to spend time.
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If you're looking for inspiration, my friend Michelle Schroeder-Gardner of the website Making Sense of Sense has become the expert on all things affiliate marketing. Michelle earns more than $100,000 per month from her blog and the bulk of her income comes from affiliate sales. Michelle has had so much success with affiliate marketing that she even has her own course called Making Sense of Affiliate Marketing.
Walk around your neighborhood or town and I'm sure you'll see tons of great local businesses with terrible design. However, with increasingly easy-to-use tools like Adobe Illustrator, Venngage, Stencil, and Visme, just about anyone with a creative mindset and a good amount of motivation can start making money online by being a graphic designer for local companies.
First off, I'm a blogger so it seems wrong not to mention it, but more importantly, it's a legitimate way to make money. It's quite possibly the least straight-forward way on this list, but it's very doable and it's also quite possibly the funnest way on this list. I love blogging and I know hundreds of bloggers who feel the same. So let's talk about making money blogging and what it really means.
This can either be done locally or through an online service like Fiverr. Resumes are something that people can be very insecure and self-conscious about, which means there is always a demand for services that will help spruce them up. Holly Hanna from The Work at Home Woman wrote a really useful article on How to Make Money from Home with Resume Writing.
Ever since the idea of online auctions came into existence, the online selling market has been on the rise. Many are interested, but don't know how to get started. There are still all kinds of ways to make money by selling online, whether you're selling what you already have or buying and selling like a store. Before we get started, here are a few general tips when selling anything online:
Another option that isn't quite cash back but is along the same lines of "make money by saving money" — the Honey Chrome extension. Whenever you head to your cart to check out, Honey searches for online coupon codes or better deals from different retailers. That means no more wasted time Googling "[insert store name] coupon code" just to come up empty-handed. Honey does all the legwork for you!
There are quite literally hundreds of clever ways to make money online. From taking online surveys, to renting or selling your old clothes, flipping your iPhone to someone in a different country, and even buying low-cost products locally, just to resell them for a higher price on Amazon. There's truly no shortage of unique ways to make money online.
Many new users prefer to start off with the 100% Free Offers, which is what we usually recommend. These offers are great for beginners because nothing is required other than several minutes of your time. The payouts on these offers are lower, but you're not paying a dime to complete them and they'll get you use to the CashCrate system. After you've started making money online with our free offers, you can always move on to trial offers and increase your earnings.
Fiverr: Israeli-based Fivver was started in 2010 by Shal Wininger and Micha Kaufam. It's a great resource for selling just about any service online. You can offer gigs as low as $5 but also get paid much more for upgrades and add-ons. There are plenty of providers earning 6 figures on Fiverr so it's definitely a worthwhile cause for generating a healthy income. Just ensure that you provide some serious value.
Many new users prefer to start off with the 100% Free Offers, which is what we usually recommend. These offers are great for beginners because nothing is required other than several minutes of your time. The payouts on these offers are lower, but you're not paying a dime to complete them and they'll get you use to the CashCrate system. After you've started making money online with our free offers, you can always move on to trial offers and increase your earnings.
It can take time to build up your personal freelance business. Yet, there is more demand than ever for freelancers. So, if you want to kick start making money online through freelancing you can join one of the top freelance networks, such as Flexjobs, SolidGigs, Upwork, Fiverr, or PeoplePerHour. Sign up, build your profile, upload some samples of your work and start making extra money by doing small freelance jobs.
Drive for Uber or Lyft: If you're in a locale where you can find Uber or Lyft (or even one of the many competitors around the world such as China's Didi), you could easily make a respectable income. The hours are flexible and you can work as you see fit, making it perfect even if you currently have full-time employment but are looking to make some money on the side.
Web development is an easy way to make quick money on the internet and you don't have to go spamming people like a lot of idiots do. One quick way to get new business is to use a scraper or a program like Scrapebox to scrape websites that contain malware. Once you get your list of websites, you can contact the owners of each of the websites offering to repair the website or build one from scratch.
Even if it's a mundane task like walking dogs, you could start the next (or only) full-service dog walking and grooming service in your town, where dog owners rave over your business and always refer you to others. You can hire other dog walkers as you grow, and turn your side hustle into a sustainable enterprise. You just have to do the work, and do it well.
My name is Jamie Spencer and I have spent the past 5 years building money making blogs. After growing tired of the 9-5, commuting and never seeing my family I decided that I wanted to make some changes and launched my first blog. Since then I have launched lots of successful niche blogs and after selling my survivalist blog I decided to teach other people how to do the same.
Just be sure to put a lot of care into your product listings. Everything from the titles you use, to how effective the description is at convincing potential buyers your product is better than the rest, and even taking care to shoot high quality product photos can have a dramatic impact on your sales. I recommend using photo editing tools like Fotor, which gives you the ability to edit your images, create captivating graphic designs and more.
With personal finance software you can schedule automatic payments and transfers between all of your imported accounts. Automatic transfers will help to make sure you have the necessary funds in the right account to ensure all bills are paid on the appropriate date. Late fees are annoying and do nothing but cost you money. It's time that you said goodbye to them once and for all.
Start by taking other courses you're interested in: Not only is this important competitor and opportunity analysis, but it also gives you an idea of how a course could or should look and feel. What's the pacing like? Is it via email, video, in-person chats? Once you understand how you want your course to look, it's time to decide what it should include. Those same courses are a great starting place. How can you make your course better or more interesting? Do you have experience others don't?
To get started with Amazon affiliate marketing you will need to sign up with Amazon Affiliates. Then subtly market products on your site that are relevant to your niche and will be of interest to your audience. Make sure you only endorse high-quality products. If your visitors make a purchase on your recommendation but are not impressed with the item, you could quickly lose followers.
Where Indeed excels at finding job postings across the web and acting as a search crawler for employment, maybe a full-fledged career is too big of a commitment at this point in your life. Elance is a site to find freelance work of all types. I've used it for quick writing, editing, copywriting, resume building, and other odd jobs and temp gigs. The experience has been great.
If you have a fondness and talent for taking pictures you can make extra money online by becoming a stock photographer and selling your images to a stock photo company like ShutterStock or iStockPhoto. You'll get royalties every time someone licenses an image you've submitted. To really be successful, build your own photography website to be able to showcase your portfolio and start getting higher-paid private corporate work.
You can sell your ebooks through Amazon's Kindle program or Apple's iTunes Connect, which gives you access to a large majority of the digital-book reading market and the barriers for entry are incredibly low. You don't need to invest lots of money to make this happen, but you do need to invest lots of time, not only in writing the ebooks, but in marketing them as well.
A website called AchieveMint gives you points for engaging in healthy activities, like exercise, tracking your eating habits, or even taking health related surveys. Points can be redeemed either for cash (10,000 points are worth $10) or for Amazon Gift Cards. The app actually connects with other health apps, like Fitbit and MyFitnessPal, to track your progress.
The money is most certainly in the list. If you're at all interested in online marketing, setup email software and create a lead magnet that you can use in your sales funnel. Then, build up that list. It's often said that you can expect to earn about $1 per subscriber per month. If you have a list of 10,000 subscribers, that means you can earn roughly around $10,000 per month. You will need to deliver value and not pitch them on every email, but it is a very achievable goal in a short period.
Writing an eBook and selling it on your blog can be a great money maker. Your eBook should be directly relevant to your blog's content so you can sell your book to your existing audience. Creating a recipe eBook for a food blog or an eBook full of training plans to complement your fitness site are just a couple of examples that have the potential to sell.
If this is the first time you are hearing about this, though, then we actually do not recommend trying it. The average skill level of players on the Internet has improved so much over the past few years that it's virtually guaranteed that a new player will lose money over the medium to long-term. But hey, Ben made upwards of 6 figures playing online in poker in college, so we had to list it. 🙂
Creating a video series and selling it as a digital download on your blog, much like an eBook, can be another great seller. A video course, teaching viewers a specific skill or how to achieve a particular activity, may well resonate with your audience. If you are going to go down this route then your videos need to be as professional as possible so you should consider investing in some video and lighting equipment, as well as editing software.
A site called User Testing will actually pay you a fee to evaluate websites. It typically pays you $10 for each video that you review – which typically takes about 20 minutes. If the work is there, and you are particularly good at it, you could earn up to $30 per hour. That's a pretty solid pay rate for a work-at-home job. You wouldn't have to work a whole lot of hours to generate a decent part-time monthly income.
One of the cool things about Google AdSense is that it's so easy to get set up. If you have a blog or website, you can sign up for a free Google AdSense Account. From there, Google will give you a unique code that you will paste onto your website. Google takes it from there, tracking your page views, traffic, and earnings on your behalf. There is no upkeep or maintenance to get this thing going, which makes it a no-brainer if you have a website already.

subset: commoncrawl


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Our desire is to help you get involved here at CCCM! Check our teams below and serve!
The Welcome Kiosk is Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa's hub of information. Team members will interact with new and returning guests to help them get connected through groups, events and teams.
Greeters will stand at the entrances to the campus and welcome new and returning guests to Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa."
Ushers are vital for helping the services run smoothly. They welcome people at the doors, help guide guests to the perfect seats, and collect the offering.
Coffee team members do the great work of keeping the church caffeinated! Some will work at the coffee cart and others will prepare and serve the complimentary coffee.
Team members will help with cooking and serving breakfast to the behind the scenes people who plan our Sunday services.
Team members will be available following each Sunday morning service to pray for people in need and be equipped to lead people to Christ. They will also be asked to help at outreach events throughout the year.
This is a team that helps with the various special events that CCCM hosts during the year. Tasks include helping with setup, teardown, registration, greeters, and hospitality.
This is a team that is available to pray every night of the week from 10 PM - 8 AM. Each night has three shifts, 3 1/2 hours in length each.
This team helps with various tasks and crafts for the women's ministry as well as other church events. They typically meet once a month as needed. No special skills needed!
This team is geared toward ministering to the body and evangelizing those in need. Our focus is to assist our widows, orphans, elderly, single parents, disabled, and those in our local community.
Our production team covers all technical aspects of our live services, including audio, video, technical setup, screen graphics, and more. We have two key areas: audio and video, led by staff members.
Ready to get involved at church? Use your gifts, meet new people and be transformed through service by serving on Sundays! We are now recruiting for six of our Sunday teams: Ushers, Greeters, Kiosk, Breakfast, Coffee and Prayer. Join us in the Family Room following both services February 17th and 24th to learn about each team and where we need YOU.
You can get a head start and apply to serve today! Fill out the form below and get involved!
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18. CraigsList – Some things don't ship very well. Other things may make you feel uncomfortable to sell to someone across the country. Anytime you're selling a large item or something you just don't want to ship, Craigslist is a great place to go. It's simple to list your item (again, take good pictures!). If you don't like the idea of putting your phone number out there, the interested individual can send you a message to your inbox without even getting your email address.
Consider some other ways you could make money online or elsewhere. You could start a website, try your hand at creating videos or build your own products to sell on the Internet. Unfortunately, you're going to need a fair amount of expertise to make it in any of these areas, and if you don't have the know-how yet, you'll almost certainly need some intense training in Web design, editing or the like.
It's scalable: Today, you're probably thinking about making enough money to pay rent or put food on the table. But why live paycheck to paycheck when you can create a sustainable business that allows you to make money from home while you potentially make more than you do at your 9 to 5 job. Since you don't trade time for money, you can earn money online while you sleep. As you start creating better ads and marketing more popular products, you can spend more on ads to make more money. If you hate how much money you make and want to dream big again, this is one of the best money making ideas around. And the best part is, you'll end up learning how to make money from home.
If you're running on fumes, financially speaking, but you have some money coming your way soon, consider pawning something of value to borrow fast cash. Of course, to get those items back you'll need to pay back the loan with interest. If you don't pay it back in time, that you'll lose the item. If it's really something that has a lot of intrinsic value to you, don't do it. But if it's something that doesn't, you can certainly consider it depending on your situation.
Sell blood or donate plasma. Plasma is a component of blood, and the process of extracting it is similar to donating blood: your blood is drawn, the plasma is separated, and the red blood cells are returned to your body. Laws may not technically permit you to sell your plasma, but you can be compensated for your time spent donating. In the United States, you can make about $200 a month by registering with a plasma center near you.[10][11]
To do this job, you need a pleasant voice and personality, and really thick skin—you're bound to encounter some hostility. Still, it's a good way to earn income. Many large companies now outsource their cold-calling campaigns to third parties who hire home-based workers to place the calls. Telemarketers are typically paid by the hour, and they may earn incentives and commission based on performance.
The cash back industry is ruthlessly competitive, isn't it!? All these apps want new users, which means you can load up on welcome bonuses. The Ibotta app is another opportunity to get a bonus: they are giving people $10 when they sign up. Unlike the other apps mentioned in this article, Ibotta specializes in getting you cash back at grocery stores.
Make and sell crafts. If you are even a little bit crafty, consider selling your goods on a site like Etsy. Though you can make more money on intricate projects (ex. an exquisitely woodburned gourd), even labor-light projects can bring in good money if you're willing to produce them in high quantities. Who knows – if you do well, you might even be inspired to start a crafts business.
This is an example of passive income that isn't quite as passive as it may seem. Yes, if you own one or more homes or apartments you can collect regular rent checks from your tenants. But in exchange for that, you need to keep the properties in good working order, along with insuring and paying taxes on them. You may need to chase down rent checks from some tenants, too, and you may have several months without rent checks when you're between tenants.
If you have more internet bandwidth than you know what to do with offer to share with your neighbor for a small fee. Label your SSID (the name of your WiFi network) something like "Visit apartment 207 for internet." If you have fiber optic internet at 50 to 100 mbps you could possibly rent up to 15 people easily and still have lots of bandwidth. This is a great way to earn money fast.
One Cent at a Time is published by SB. The opinions expressed herein by him are his own and not those of his employer or anyone else. All content on One Cent at a Time is for entertainment purposes only. By reading this blog, you agree that SB and/or One Cent at a Time is not responsible for any actions taken after reading this blog. For the full disclaimer, click here .
Sign up with focus groups in your area. Studies that you are eligible to participate in pop up sporadically but pay quite well – often more than $50 for an hour of your time. You can also look for focus groups online but will have to sort through a lot of bogus "opportunities" and sites that ask you to pay up-front for the privilege of participating before you find anything worthwhile.
Hmmm… my 12 yr old daughter has gone through almost 4 different sizes in the last couple of years. I have jeans and tops, some with the tags still on them, some only worn by her once or twice. I bet I have at least 50 or more pairs of just jeans … mostly very expensive jeans!! Is there another kind,lol ? I hate to have a lot of ppl come to our home. Would I lose a lot of money by selling them online as opposed to a yard sale? I also have quite a few other items I really need to get rid of, they're just sitting in my shed. Taking up space. Any advice on how to get the maximum $$ for these items, mainly the girl's clothing? Thanks !!
If you actually enjoy putting together Ikea furniture or standing in long lines, you may be cut out for doing tasks for others. Websites like TaskRabbit can connect you with people who need help with a variety of things. Moving, cleaning, delivery and being a handyman have the "highest earning potential," according to the company. Read about how to get started on TaskRabbit.
One of the best things about working online is that you get to choose your own work schedule. You can work at night, during the day or even weekends. It is really up to you. This means that you will get to spend more time with your family, go for vacations, plan holiday activities, tour the world and much more. In addition, you get to live anywhere around the globe without the worry of job transfers.
Ebates is another cash back app, similar to DOSH, and right now they are offering a $10 signup bonus. There's no rule saying you can't have multiple cash back apps, so why not sign up for a couple just so you get the bonuses? Once you get your bonuses, then just use whichever app gets you the best deal on your upcoming purchases. Easiest money ever!


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Macamar Organic Maca
Maca: the Andean tough cookie
Energy, vitality and sexual desire in women with Maca from Organic Farming.
Energy, vitality and sexual desire in women with Maca from Organic Farming.
MARNYS® MACAMAR ORGANIC MACA is a food supplement derived from organic Maca root extract (Lepidium meyenii).
Andean maca grows in the mineral-rich Andes and it is considered a 'superfood' especially beneficial for the energy, vitality, good mood and sexual desire in women.
MARNYS® MACAMAR contains 4:1 extract of red and black Maca root (Lepidium meyenii).
Red Andean maca and black Andean maca combination in MARNYS® MACAMAR contribute to
The combination of red and black Andean maca in MARNYS® MACAMAR provides benefits for women both physically and mentally as well as sexually. It is especially recommended for the health and vitality of women from the age of 40 when hormonal changes develop as well as changes in mood and libido.
Organic Maca root* extract (Lepidium meyenii)
Take two capsules a day.
PRESENTATION60 capsules
Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) is native to the Central Andes of Peru and is cultivated in regions with exceptional altitudes ranging from 3,800 to 4,800 m, under extreme environmental conditions due to low temperatures, frost, hailstorms, and droughts. It belongs to the family of the Brasicaceae (Cruciferae) and is considered the only species of the genus Lepidium domesticated in the Andes, whose first crops began around 3,800 BC.
Maca is an annual herbaceous plant, its tuberous root is the edible part and varies considerably from plant to plant in terms of size and color. As far as color is concerned, there are several varieties of maca root: white, yellow, red and black. MARNYS® uses the red and black maca varieties for MACAMAR.
Since 1960, several bromatological maca analyses have been carried out proving its high nutritional value by the presence of high concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients. These analyses reveal the high nutritional value of maca compared to other everyday foods such as potatoes and carrots. Therefore, maca is widely used as a natural energizing and revitalizing supplement, and has been traditionally used for physical and mental fatigue and sexual inappetence.
Andean maca, energy and women's healthA number of characteristics make Andean Maca a powerful ally of women's health, both mentally and physically, as well as sexually.Read more
Detox Plan: how to remove toxins from your bodyEspecially after periods of copious meals, we need a 'body cleanse'. Learn how the body eliminates toxins and the importance of detoxification, also known as detox.
Weight loss: Glucomannan benefitsIs weight loss one of your goals? Hunger is the biggest enemy of those diets to lose weight. How can we revert it? One of the answers is supported by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and is called glucomannan.
Hyaluronic Acid to rejuvenate your skin and joints
Hyaluronic Acid is increasingly popular in beauty and wellness treatments. It is a component naturally present in our body, essential to maintain hydration in organs such as the skin and lubrication in joints, bones and cartilages. However, the passage of time and external factors like Ultraviolet radiation and environmental pollutants reduce the percentage of Hyaluronic Acid in our organism.


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8th January, 2019
23rd October, 2009
Professor Orlando Figes of Birkbeck, University of London will conduct a debate on contemporary attitudes to the Holocaust.
In the West, by comparison with our attitudes towards the Holocaust, we are really quite insensitive to the repressions of the Stalinist regime. We are ignorant as well – we know about Auschwitz but who knows about Magadan or Kolyma? Perhaps it is a problem of who speaks for the victims? There is no Spielberg for the Soviet Holocaust.
Who cares about the millions of peasants murdered by Stalin when there are Jews (like us) to care about instead? Or perhaps it is because we still harbour left-wing sympathies for the Marxist tradition.
Renowned Historian of Russia Professor Orlando Figes will debate with Dr Daniel Beer, European historian, of Royal Holloway, University of London; Professor Robert Eaglestone, Deputy Director of the Research Centre for the Holocaust and Twentieth Century History at Royal Holloway, Dr Stephen Lovell, Reader in Modern European History, King's College London and Geraldine van Beuren, Professor Of International Human Rights Law, Queen Mary, UoL.
8th January, 2019
30th November, 2016
6th June, 2016
1st April, 2016
24th October, 2012
9th November, 2011
Want to share experiences and learn best practices around entrepreneurial approaches to higher education? Our Creative Entrepreneurship Forum is for you! bit.ly/2F3QQj2 pic.twitter.com/Q5RZ4KXys6


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22 February 2019
Here's how it works: The Recent Releases chart brings together critical reaction to new albums from more than 50 sources worldwide. It's updated daily. Albums qualify with 5 reviews, and drop out after 6 weeks into the longer timespan charts.
Browse specific styles
Do you have a top 5, 10, or 20 or 50 you've painstakingly fine-tuned to sum up your personal musical journey throughout 2015? Don't keep them to yourself - let everybody see them, disagree with them, laud them to the high heavens, whatever ... Just add them to the comments below.
And you can also vote for your own favourite albums on
the ADM Readers' Poll.
Mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com
Put your Top 5 in order with artist name then album name (they
can be albums or EPs).
Put Readers' Poll as the subject and we'll do the rest.
Voting is open until December 31 and we will post the results
soon after.
And in case you were wondering, here's our own Top
1. Haiku Salut Etch And Etch Deep
2. Max Richter From Sleep
3. Young Fathers White Men Are Black Men
4. Errors Lease Of Life
5. Jamie xx In Colour
1. Titus Andronicus The Most Lamentable
2. Lady Lamb After
3. Hop Along Painted Shut
4. Idlewild Everything Ever Written
5. Protomartyr The Agent Intellect
1. Gengahr A Deam Outside
2. Julio Bashmore Knockin Boots
3. Romare Projections
4. Kendrick Lamar To Pimp A Butterfly
5. Vessels Dilate
1. Donnie Trumpet And The Social Experiment
2. Jamie xx In Colour
3. Four Tet Morning/Evening
4. Wale Album About Nothing
5. Panda Bear Panda Bear Meets The Grim
1. Jason Isbell Something More Than Free
2. Laura Marling Short Movie
3. Josh Ritter Sermon On The Rocks
4. Sufjan Stevens Carrie & Lowell
5. Bill Ryder-Jones West Kirby County Primary
1. Florian Meindl Collide
2. Gary Beck Hentzi
3. Sherwood & Pinch Late Night Endless
4. Vessels Dilate
5. Jamie xx In Colour
Adia Victoria
Victoria twists the themes of the blues into new shapes, asserting her protagonist's need for agency
The Guardian
An artist hitting her stride
Combative, defiant, and teeming with Victoria's distinctive mix of streetwise poeticism and literary depth, Silences is a strong and inventive follow-up
All Music
Adia Victoria
Victoria depicts an intricate narrative of a protagonist journeying through hell and back to find herself, woven together with a quintessentially Southern gothic-blues sound
Loud And Quiet
Du Blonde
Lung Bread for Daddy
Continues to be one of UK guitar music's best kept secrets
Has more than enough fire and soul in its grooves to banish any idea that she might be spreading herself too thin
The Arts Desk
Less of a wholesale reinvention than a bedding down of self-sufficiency
Loud And Quiet
Her second LP as Du Blonde plays it two ways: first with unremarkable, lunging dynamics and fuzz-caked riffs, then in a leaner and more soulful style, wit nods to prog and '70s folk-pop songcraft. Tha latter is more convincing and a better fit for her great voice and brutally honest lyrics. Print edition only
It resets her musical dial by abandoning the borderline Nick Cave-isms of Welcome... to amp up the rock dynamism which first won her attention. Print edition only
An album full of sadness, mediated by Houghton's sweet instrumentation and voice, heightened by a sense of solitude that permutes the entire record
Under The Radar
"The doctor said I've passed my peak/All my eggs are dying/In my 20s I'm antique," she groans on Holiday resort. her Verve and wit protest otherwise. Print edition only
Another outstanding record
The Line Of Best Fit
Teeth Of The Sea
The best the band have sounded since their debut; full of creativity and chemistry that appears to grow more refined with each album
Loud And Quiet
If they could bring a little more of their noise-based disruption into the mix, their prophetic horns would be worth heeding
The Guardian
Wraith is Teeth of the Sea's best, but also subtlest, album to date
Drowned In Sound
As we're sure you are aware this is a really tough time for websites like ours. So we are asking you to help support us in any way you can via Patreon. Whether it's a small amount each month or a one-off payment, everything we receive will be put back into making ADM as good as it can possibly be.
"It's gorgeous" - The Guardian's verdict on the second album from the former Talk Talk bassist Paul Webb while PopMatters say it's "mesmeric in its idiosyncratic splendor"
Since we've been around, that is. So, the highest-rated albums from the past eight years or so. Rankings are calculated to two decimal places.
Kendrick Lamar
To Pimp A Butterfly
Kendrick Lamar
D'Angelo And The Vanguard
Black Messiah
Nick Cave And The Bad Seeds
Skeleton Tree
Frank Ocean
Channel Orange
Anaïs Mitchell
Kanye West
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
Leonard Cohen
You Want It Darker
Sufjan Stevens
Carrie & Lowell
Mount Eerie
A Crow Looked at Me


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Environmental Youth Project Officer – 3 days per week
Pearson Park Wildlife Garden, Hull
Salary: £25,700 p.a. pro rata plus up to 9% pension contribution
Would you like to be part of a major environmental programme to engage, inspire, develop and empower young people to take action for wildlife and the environment?
We are looking for an enthusiastic advocate for wildlife conservation to work with young people at the Trust's sites, based out of our Pearson Park office in Hull. This fantastic project is funded by the Big Lottery Fund as part of the Our Bright Future programme.
You will have experience of practical conservation techniques and the ability to inspire young people to develop their own youth led projects. Please note this post is subject to satisfactory DBS clearance at enhanced level.
See ywt.org.uk/jobs for more details or ring the office for an application pack: 01904 659570 or e-mail email@example.com
Please note we don't accept CVs
Closing date for receipt of completed application forms and accompanying equal opportunities monitoring form is 9 am Monday 11 February 2019 (Please note that applications received after the closing deadline will not be considered).
Interviews: 22 February 2019
Yorkshire Wildlife Trust is an equal opportunities employer
No agencies
YWT Company 409650; Charity no. 210807.
See More Jobs from: Yorkshire Wildlife Trust


text:
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home / about / contact / privacy and policy / cookie policy / terms / sitemap
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$WACC invested capital net operating profit after tax after-tax weighted average cost of capital in decimal terms
marginal tax rate dollar cost of capital net working capital + net fixed assets book value of long-term debt + book value of equity
Professor's Note: Notice the difference in calculation between residual income and EVA. Residual income is net income (after subtracting interest expense) minus a charge for equity capital based on the cost of equity. EVA is NOPAT (before subtracting interest expense minus a charge for debt and equity capital based on the WACC). Conceptually, however, they are both measuring economic income.
The analyst should make the following adjustments to the financial statements before calculating NOPAT and invested capital:
• Capitalize and amortize research and development charges (rather than expense them), and add them back to earnings to calculate NOPAT.
• Add back charges on strategic investments that will generate returns in the future.
• Capitalize (but do not amortize) goodwill, add amortization expense back to earnings to get NOPAT, and add accumulated amortization back to invested capital. These adjustments are imporrant if the financial statements are prepared using IAS. Under the new rules for U.S. GAAP, goodwill is nor amortized; instead, ir's subject to an annual impairment test.
• Eliminate deferred taxes and consider only cash taxes as an expense.
• Treat operating leases as capital leases and adjust nonrecurring items.
Market value added (MVA) is the difference between the market value of a firm's long-term debt and equity and the book value of invested capital supplied by investors. It measures the value created by management's decisions since the firm's inception. MVA is calculated as:
MVA = market value - invested capital
Example: Calculating EVA and MVA
VBM, Inc., reports NOPAT of $2,100, a WACC of 14.2%, and invested capital of $18,000. The market price of the firm's stock is $25 pet share, and VBM has 800 shares outstanding. The market value of the firm's long-term debt is $4,000. Calculate VBM s EVA and MVA.
First calculate EVA:
$WACC = 0.142 x $18,000 = $2,556 EVA = $2,100 - $2,556 = -$456
The market value of the company is the market value of the equity plus the market value of the debt:
The firm's MVA is:
Millionaire Mindset Affirmation
You already recognize that rich individuals think differently than middle class or poor individuals in every aspect of life. But particularly when it comes to money. That's why they're rich. Their selections and decisions just by nature bring about riches.


text:
Seeking Web Developers in Washington, DC, USA
Are you a creative professional looking for a dependable stream of interesting creative projects? If yes! Apply to be a part of the TomahWares Approved Vendor Pool Today!
As a result of the increase in our client workload, TomahWares, LLC is experiencing fast growth. We have a number of upcoming projects in our pipeline, and we are building our pool of vetted contractors to staff immediate and upcoming projects.
Specifically, we are looking for Web Developers with the at least five years of experience.
Ideal Vendor Qualifications:
- Have at least five years of demonstrable experience in your field of expertise
- Experience working on client-driven projects in a freelance or agency setting with strong project management skills
- Have a proven track record of project/client success
- Have an online portfolio and/or website available for review
- Strong software knowledge in Microsoft Suite, cloud-based project management systems; Willingness and flexibility to learn new systems as required
- Work well in a remote team setting
- Excellent writing skills and verbal communication skills
- Excellent interpersonal skills, teamwork skills and time management skills
- Exceptional attention to detail and accuracy; personal initiative; reliability, flexibility and follow-up- exhibit grace under pressure
- Be able to provide three professional references
- Hold business insurance and is able to provide certificates of insurance as needed
How Does It Work?
- If qualified, submit your credentials via the link below to be reviewed. If selected, you'll be invited to a video interview with the TomahWares team. If your credentials match our needs and your portfolio review and references check out, you will be invited to join the approved vendor pool. Once you are a member of the pool, you'll have the opportunity to be assigned projects that match your skill set.
What's In It For Approved Vendors?
(1) Consistent project-based work.
(2) Interesting projects for a variety of client types to grow your portfolio. (3) No middle man or platforms. Your entire check is yours (you pay your own taxes).
(4) Fair and prompt payments (as determined by agreement). Pay range for vendors $27-$75/hr (dependent on the project and qualifications).
(5) Opportunities for longer assignments (which means more consistent income over longer periods of time.)
(6) Respect, good communication and peace of mind.
Things of Note:
- Location: Remote work location OK. Vendors can be located anywhere in the world BUT vendors must be authorized to work in the United States and must be willing to attend planning meetings virtually during EST operating hours.
Are you looking to pay or is this a collaboration?
Pay to hire someone
Is this ongoing work or a one off job?
Ongoing work
How would you prefer to pay?
Hourly rate
What's your hourly rate budget range? (USD)
Do you have an estimate of the job or project length?
A few months
Are you a company or individual hiring?
Do you have internal sign off on the hire?
Do you need to hire for a specific city, country or place?
Yes, they need to be at a location (give location in job title)
When do you want to have the freelancer secured by?
2-3 weeks
What is most important for this job?
Twine can guarantee 3 relevant freelancers for an upfront fee of $650/£500. Would you like to know more?
How many freelancers do you want to contact you?
Do you have a job specification or creative brief?
Yes (please enter this in the description)
Does the freelancer need insurance?
Where did you find Twine?
You contacted me
- Public questions:
Show your interest:
Not sure what to write? Use a template:
Relevant projects:
When are you available to work on this project?
What's your rate for this job?
Enter your day rate if there's not enough information or it's an ongoing project. You can change this after speaking with the client.
How long will it take? (Optional)
If there's enough information, give an estimate of how long this job will take.
What's your usual day rate? (Optional)
Set your deposit rate:
If approved, the buyer will pay a deposit of 80%


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0208 468 7725
07872 018 545
0208 468 7725
07872 018 545
|Baby Massage
chair massage
|Deep tissue massage
|Swedish & holistic massage
|Hopi ear candles
|Hot stone
Pregnancy Massage
Benefits of Pregnancy Massage
Massage treatments are suitable throughout pregnancy from the second trimester onwards. A lot is changing in a woman's body during the first trimester and this is when all the intricate and delicate growth and development of the foetus is happening. Massage is of huge benefit from the second trimester onwards and can help to soothe the extra strains placed upon a woman's body during pregnancy.
Benefits of Pregnancy Massage
Pregnancy massage can also help with the emotional preparation for giving birth. As the skin is also the most developed receptor organ of the growing embryo inside the womb, the power of touch also enhances the ongoing connection between a mother and her growing baby.
Una Reynolds
"My daughter Gracie and I, met Elkie through her Baby Massage classes which we both absolutely loved. I quickly signed up for a monthly massage and in no time at all found out I was pregnant again....unrelated to the massages!!! I was distraught to have to wait until I was 12 weeks pregnant for my next massage, but was delighted to find that Elkie's pregnancy massages are amazing! I am now 38 weeks pregnant and have been having pregnancy massages every 4 weeks, including today, since I was 12 weeks. They are calm and relaxing, yet still firm enough to get rid of the inevitable tension and knots that result from being pregnant whilst having a one year old to look after. Elkie has a totally holistic approach and combines hot stone massage with her pregnancy massage techniques, a truly positive experience that I have not experienced anywhere else."
Jo & Eva
"Having a massage during pregnancy is a must in my opinion and Elkie's really is unique! She makes you feel welcome and comfortable as soon as you arrive as she massages at her home and is totally professional while remaining warm and friendly. I had regular massages on a monthly basis and feel it really aided relaxation which durning pregnancy can be difficult to acheive! Using hot stone therapy and essential oils (is this right?) within a 60 minute massage made me fall into sleep and not worry about the fact I couldnt lie on my stomach! I believe that partly due to these sessions I remained relaxed throughout pregnancy and had a quick, good birth."
Laura Boatright
"I first met Elkie when my daughter and I did the baby massage course and I was really taken with her warm, calm and friendly teaching style. I was also pleased to learn that she offered a wide range of massages, including pregnancy massage. When I became pregnant with my second baby I looked forward to having a pamper and booked myself in for some pregnancy massages. These were both relaxing and really beneficial in dealing with pregnancy aches and pains. The warmth and dedication that Elkie has in her baby massage classes extends to her massage as well. I really enjoyed my treatments as well as our post treatment chats!"
Post Treatment Advice
1 hour treatment £35
5 treatments £157 = one massage less than half price
If you know anyone else that is pregnant, why not treat them a gift of pregnancy massage. If you let me have their details I will send the voucher from ribbon wrapped.
Please respect your appointment time, as lateness may result in you missing some of your treatment.
Any appointments cancelled without 24 hour notice will be charged at the full rate.
Download and fill in the booking form then email or post to.....
Elkie Brooker, Bubs & Mama, Camden Cottage, 34 Mill Place, Chislehurst, Kent BR7 5ND
As soon as I have received your form I'll get in touch to confirm your booking.
Thank you.
Download Booking Form


text:
The ATF's National Integrated Ballistic Information Network is able to compare shell casings to link them to guns and crimes. ATF IBIS Chief Walter Dandridge shows how it works.
Tests Show How Well SUVs Automatically Brake for Pedestrians
Late Night
'Tonight': Kate Upton Gives Jimmy a Fitness Training Session
DC Council Member Received $75K Police Settlement After Taking Office in 2017
Placement of Convicted Kidnapper Near Victim Raises Questions


text:
This brand new Alex.Steinbach 'Elegance II' Baby Grand Piano features Cabriole legs and a gorgeous high-gloss Rosewood finish.
The Alex.Steinbach 'Elegance II' Baby Grand Piano is an ideal baby grand piano for the home. Its stylish European design separates it from the square appearance of other new brands and its compact size is designed to suit the décor of both modern and classic style homes.
Its patented Imperial German Scale, solid timber soundboard, German Roslau piano wire and traditional wooden response action produces a far more superior tone and touch compared to other baby grand pianos on the market.
Included with the piano is professional insured delivery and installation, concert piano bench, one free tuning within 2 months from delivery and a lifetime warranty system including premium care package.
Country and interstate enquiries are welcome, delivery & tuning packages interstate can be easily arranged.
Alex.Steinbach is Australia's largest selling German designed piano. They are manufactured in the world renowned Samick International Piano Factory in South East Asia and are, without doubt, the best value for money grand piano under $17,000.
Alex.Steinbach pianos boast a range of features that their rivals do not, these include:
• German Roseau strings as standard across all models.
• Patented German imperial scale with increased string length.
• Reinforced solid spruce soundboard specifically designed for the Australian climate.
• High quality traditional wooden mechanism with no plastic or carbon fibre parts at all.
• Lifetime warranty on the frame, strings, soundboard and mechanism.
• Mould and scratch resistant, hard wearing high gloss polyester cabinet.
• Soft close fallboard to protect little fingers.
• Premium care package including capped price scheduled tuning and maintenance.
Leaver & Son is South Australia's exclusive agent for new German designed Alex.Steinbach upright and grand pianos.
- 15-year warranty
For complete peace of mind
- Free professional delivery
Your piano delivered safe and sound
- A piano stool
To match your new piano
- Post-delivery tuning
For beautiful sound in your home


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It was a dinner party. While food was getting ready, the host entertained his guests by raising several topics for discussion and entertainment. It was mostly for entertainment, as such parties are seldom an occasion for serious intellectual discussion. If someone makes any political statement, or explains any scientific theory or shares some issues of personal life, it should be considered as such without giving too much importance to it. It is just a social gathering and communication is the only objective there. In other words, contacts, relationship, communication is the primary goal there and the subject of discussion is secondary, just serving as a foundation or medium for that discussion to take place. This is important to note because time and again we come across occasions when a dinner party was spoiled by some stupid discussion on politics and/or religion. That is why these two topics are in general 'prohibited' from after-dinner discussions. Continue reading
Author Archives: Pradyot
Three Takes On 'Superstitious India'
I usually say that we as a people are not a scientific community. I still maintain this opinion. I do not concern here with what might be the reason behind such a mindset of Indians. May be in a future post we would delve deeper into that issue. Today I restrict myself with what makes me form such a strong opinion against intellectual health of Indians. Continue reading
Three Takes On 'The Artist In You'
There are two parts of any artistic pursuit — one is skill and the other is art. As you might have guessed, art is the soul of the work whereas skill lends an aesthetic appeal to the piece of art. It is just like the body which lends a basis for the human soul to live in — without body the soul cannot stay; yet, without soul, the body has no value. Continue reading
The Song Lives On: Looking Back At The Gita
It is said that a classic is a book which has never finished saying what it has to say. Admirers and followers of the Gita say the same thing, i.e., even after years of study and analysis, every time someone reads the scripture, new meanings and messages come out of it. It is always fresh, always new. I do not oppose this assertion, and my only concern has always been that Indians have always considered Gita as a symbol or a label, to take oath in courts, as a token to prove their religious nature, truthfulness, attachment to duty and so on. Very few people ever take the trouble to open it and see what actually is written on those pages. Treatment of Gita is no different from that of Swami Vivekananda — the moment children or youth open their messages, their parents become afraid that they are going to become monks! And of course, parents' own desires and ambitions are attached to the children, so why would they allow that to happen? Continue reading
Reference: UP cabinet clears proposal to rename Allahabad as Prayagraj, The Indian Express, October 16, 2018.
For other Reflections, Click Here.
हम सब भारतवासी भाई-बहन हैं !
कितना आवश्यक है हिन्दी में अंग्रेजी शब्दों का बढता प्रयोग ?
हिन्दी दैनिक जनसत्ता में प्रकाशित एक पत्र में अभिषेक त्रिपाठी ने कुछ विद्वानों के इस प्रस्ताव पर टिप्पणी की है कि यदि हिन्दी भाषा में अंग्रेजी आदि भाषाओं से शब्द मिला लिए जाएँ, तो इसे अधिक समृद्ध बनाया जा सकता है । Continue reading


text:
Past Meetup
The Enterprise Service Bus – An Introduction - Paul Campbell
This Meetup is past
19 people went
An enterprise Service Bus may sound daunting... but what is it?
This talk aims to cover the basics of what a service bus is, how it works with simple analogies, why you would use it, and a live code demo using MassTransit and RabbitMQ.
Paul is a .Net developer who began his career as an embedded C developer in the telecoms industry, quickly getting onto the .NET track and is passionate about software design, best practices, and latest technologies.
Paul is currently working on a Pharmacy transformation project for a large international beauty and healthcare retailer.


text:
Show Menu
Watch TV Series
Watch Movies
Free TV Content
Paid TV sites
Watch Invaders from Space online
Where to watch Invaders from Space
A bunch of pernicious salamander men from the planet Kulimon in the Moffit Galaxy plan on taking over Earth by unleashing a lethal plague on mankind. It's up to valiant superhero Starman from the Emerald Planet to save the human race before it's too late. Written byWoodyanders
Ken Utsui,Minako Yamada,Junko Ikeuchi,Sachihiro Ohsawa,Shôji Nakayama,Hiroshi Hayashi,Minoru Takada,Utako Mitsuya,Chisako Hara,Reiko Seto,Akira Tamura,Tomohiko Ôtani,Fumiko Miyata,Jôji Ôhara,Kami Ashita
click here
"In 1965, American audiences were given the treat of seeing the Star Man trilogy in "Attack From Space", "Invaders From Space" and "Evil Brain From Outer Space""
Invaders from Space trailer
check internet connection.....
Watch TV Series
Watch Movies
Paid TV sites
Privacy Policy
watch Invaders from Space online


text:
A place for worldwide Luna-tics to discuss the scooters with the Year 2000 look!
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I.U., and I.T. based server. Look up to the sky, and you will see a grand Universe. Impressive Universe.
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Covering the newest iphone/ipod games with reviews, photos, and more. Get a look into todays hottest games and peek into the future games. Mingle with developers, get latest info, and conversate with fellow gamers.
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Look to the woods, there you will see a silvery female staring at you with silver grey eyes. If she comes to you, you will be able to meet the pack behind her.
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Welcome to our forum! There are several topics that you can look at, you do not need to sign up to post. Thank you!
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Free forum : This is Star Wars the Force Reborn. This takes place during the Force Unleashed. Please feel free to join and look around.
Looking for movies that you can watch on your iPhone for free? So was I. That's why I made this website, iPhoneMedia. 100% free full length movies that you can download with you iPhone, Android, or other Mobile Device.
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Forgotten Souls : An RP site for those who look to tell their stories in their own way
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A role playing community built on story-lining and character building. We accept characters from all walks of life and look forward to meeting you.
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Are you excited about Summer Camp? Do you need travel advice? Look no further as Summer Camp Chatter has it all
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Free forum : Usoft Free forum : ALL YOU LOOK FOR. FIND IT HERE
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Any discussion about the native Australian Sport you wish to discuss, well look no further, and join now!
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text:
Strategy & Management: International relations
The management of an international law firm is a delicate matter, particularly in a partnership structure. How can the management of multinational law firms retain control and provide strategic direction while remaining sensitive to local cultures and issues? Tony Williams explains
When looking at international law firms and in particular international mergers, two issues spring to mind: the management structure and the remuneration system. Although these are important issues in many respects they are a proxy for the wider issue: what do the partners expect to contribute to and get out of being part of an international firm?
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For enterprise-wide or corporate enquiries, please contact Paul Reeves on email@example.com or call on +44 (0) 203 875 0651


text:
Good point SassyMummy. He does breathe heavily in his sleep, when I check on him at night I can usually hear him from the doorway! He doesn't really snore though, I don't think.
DH has been spending a lot of time sleeping in his bed with him while we were away on holidays, will have to ask him!
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|Título :
|Age and growth of the amazonian migratory catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii in the Madeira River basin before the construction of dams
|Autor :
|Hauser, Marília
Doria, Carolina R. C.
Melo, Larissa R. C.
Santos, Ariel R.
Ayala, Daiana M.
Nogueira, Lorena D.
Amadio, Sidinéia
Fabré, Nídia
Torrente-Vilara, Gislene
García-Vásquez, Áurea
Renno, Jean-François
Carvajal-Vallejos, Fernando M.
Alonso, Juan C.
Nuñez, Jésus
Duponchelle, Fabrice.
|Palabras clave :
Anillos bianuales
Bagre Goliat
Ciclo vital
|Fecha de publicación :
|Editorial :
|Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana
|Resumen :
|The goliath catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii has crucial economical and ecological functions in the Amazon basin. Although its life history characteristics have been studied in the Amazon, there is little information in the Madeira River basin, which holds genetically distinct populations and where dams were recently built. Using fish collected in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru, this study provides a validation of growth rings deposition and details the growth patterns of B. rousseauxii in the Madeira before the dams' construction. Age structure and growth parameters were determined from 497 otolith readings. The species exhibits two growth rings per year and sampled fish were between 0 and 16 years old. In the Brazilian portion of the basin, mainly young individuals below 5 years old were found, whereas older fish (> 5 years) were caught only in the Bolivian and Peruvian stretches, indicating that after migrating upstream to reproduce, adults remain in the headwaters of the Madeira River. Comparing with previous publications, B. rousseauxii had a slower growth and 20 cm lower maximum standard length in the Madeira River than in the Amazon River. This study provides a baseline for future evaluation of changes in population dynamics of the species following dams closure. © 2018 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia.
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Effect of smoking and time on cognitive function in the elderly without dementia
Citation Manager Formats
Objective: To examine the association between smoking and changes in cognitive function over time in elderly persons without dementia.
Methods: The results of neuropsychological tests grouped into domains of memory, abstract-visuospatial, and language, from several intervals over a 5-year period in 791 elderly patients without dementia or cognitive impairment. Smoking history was categorized as never, current, or past smokers and related to the slope of performance in each cognitive domain using generalized estimating equations.
Results: Performance in all cognitive domains declined over time. Memory performance declined more rapidly among current smokers aged >75 years than in nonsmokers similar in age, including those who never smoked or had quit smoking. The effect was stronger among those without an APOE-ε4 allele. There was no association between smoking and performance in any cognitive domain in persons aged <75 years, and there was no association between past smoking and performance on any of the three cognitive factors at any time interval in either age group.
Conclusion: Current smokers aged >75 years perform more poorly on cognitive tests and appear to decline in memory more rapidly than their peers who do not smoke, especially if they lack the APOE-ε4 allele. Smoking does not affect cognitive performance in those persons aged <75 years.
About 1% of people aged 65 to 69 years have dementia, and this proportion increases with age to approximately 60% for people over age 95.1 There are inconclusive data relating smoking, a modifiable risk factor associated with many age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis or cerebrovascular disease,2,3 to cognitive decline and dementia.4–6 Although case-control studies suggest that smoking lowers the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD),6 prospective studies have shown an increased risk4,5,7 or no association with AD.8–10 The effects of nicotine-induced increases in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and protection against age-related nAChR decline are inconsistent because studies have also shown a reduction in nAChR in AD.11
Whether or not smoking affects cognitive function in elderly without dementia or cognitive impairment remains unclear. Most of the evidence derives from retrospective or cross-sectional studies using only a single time point for the analysis.12,13 Longitudinal studies have provided only global neuropsychological assessments, did not have the ability to detect early stages of cognitive decline,14–16 or provided only short follow-up periods.8,9,16 We sought to determine whether or not smoking is associated with decline in memory and other cognitive functions in elderly persons without dementia or cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) at baseline.
Participants were part of a longitudinal study of Medicare recipients aged 65 years or older residing in northern Manhattan (Washington Heights, Hamilton Heights, Inwood).17 Each participant underwent an in-person interview of general health and function at the time of study entry followed by a standard assessment including medical history, physical and neurologic examination, as well as a neuropsychological battery.18 Baseline data were collected from 1992 through 1994. Follow-up data were collected during evaluations at sequential intervals of approximately 18 months, performed from 1994 to 1996, 1996 to 1997, and 1997 to 1999. In this elderly population, some participants did not complete follow-up at all intervals due to refusal to participate further, relocation, or death. About one-half of participants were evaluated at the third follow-up visit. This study was approved by the institutional review board of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.
The participants selected for this study were without dementia or cognitive impairment, provided complete smoking information, and had at least three follow-up intervals.
Of the 2,126 individuals who underwent clinical assessment at baseline, 346 (16.3%) individuals were excluded due to dementia or CIND at baseline. Information on smoking habit was unavailable in 167 (7.9%) cases and 822 (38.7%) subjects had less than three follow-up visits with neuropsychological evaluation (figure). The study focused on 791 individuals without dementia or cognitive impairment followed over a 5-year interval.
Clinical assessments.
Data included medical, neurologic, and neuropsychological evaluations.18,19 All participants underwent a standardized neuropsychological test battery in either English or Spanish.18 Orientation was evaluated using parts of the modified Mini-Mental State Examination.20 Language was assessed using the Boston Naming Test,21 the Controlled Word Association Test,22 category naming, and the Complex Ideational Material and Phrase Repetition subtests from the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Evaluation.23 Abstract reasoning was evaluated using WAIS-R Similarities subtest24 and the nonverbal Identities and Oddities subtest of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale.25 Visuospatial ability was examined using the Rosen Drawing Test26 and a matching version of the Benton Visual Retention Test.27 Memory was evaluated using the multiple-choice version of the Benton Visual Retention Test27 and the seven subtests of the Selective Reminding Test:28 total recall, long-term recall, long-term storage, continuous long-term storage, words recalled on last trial, delayed recall, and delayed recognition. This neuropsychological test battery has established norms for the same community.29
Definition of dementia and cognitive impairment.
Results from the neurologic, psychiatric, and neuropsychological examinations were reviewed in a consensus conference comprised of physicians, neurologists, neuropsychologists, and psychiatrists. Based on this review, all participants were assigned to one of three categories: normal cognitive function, CIND, or dementia. A diagnosis of CIND required: 1) memory complaint; 2) objective impairment in at least one cognitive domain based on the average of the scores on the neuropsychological measures within that domain and a 1.5 SD cutoff using normative corrections for age, years of education, ethnicity and sex; 3) essentially preserved activities of daily living; and 4) no evidence for dementia. Dementia was defined as the presence of abnormalities in several cognitive domains in neuropsychiatric testing accompanied by significant functional impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] ≥ 1).
A structured risk-factor questionnaire, given in English or Spanish, was developed for the assessment of exposures to putative risk factors related to dementia.30 A trigger question asked whether or not the individual ever smoked at least one cigarette per day for a period of 1 year or more. If the answer to the trigger question was no, the subject was classified as nonsmoker and no further questions were asked. Participants who answered the question affirmatively were classified as current smokers if they were still smoking or past smokers if they had quit smoking. Current and past smokers were additionally asked at what age they began smoking and how many cigarettes on average they had smoked or still smoked per day. Past smokers were also asked at what age they had stopped smoking.
APOE genotyping.
APOE genotypes were determined as described by Hixson and Vernier31 with slight modification.32 We classified persons as homozygeous or heterozygeous for the APOE-ε4 allele or not having any ε4 allele.
Other covariates.
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were defined by self-report at baseline and at each follow-up interval or by the use of disease-specific medications. Blood pressure measurements were also considered in the definition of hypertension. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by the formula BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)2.
Statistical methods.
A factor analysis was performed using data from the entire cohort with the 15 neuropsychological measures using a principal component analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization.33 This analysis resulted in three factors: 1) a memory factor, in which the seven subtests of the Selective Reminding Test28 were the main contributors; 2) an abstract/visuospatial factor, where visuospatial26,27 and tests of reasoning24 were the main contributors; and 3) a language factor, in which language measures from the Boston Naming Test,21 Controlled Oral Word Association Test,22 and the WAIS-R Similarities24 were the main contributors. We calculated cognitive scores for each participant at each visit by adding the scores of the measures that contributed most to each factor (tests with correlations of ≥0.5). Each factor score was normally distributed.
Generalized estimating equations (GEEs)34 were used to examine changes in each cognitive domain over time. The dependent variables were the factor scores, and the independent variables were current smoking, past smoking, time (included as a continuous variable), and the interaction of smoking and time. Sex, age, education, ethnic group, APOE-ε4 allele, hypertension, and heart disease were included as covariates in subsequent analyses.
The GEE analysis yielded coefficient values that represent the associations between a factor score and variables included in the model. There were three main coefficients of interest in each model: one comparing the smoking groups at baseline, one relating the change in cognitive scores with time, and an interaction term for current or past smoking and time. A significant p value for the coefficient comparing smoking groups at baseline indicates a difference between two groups at baseline. A significant p value for the coefficient of time indicates a change in a cognitive score over the total duration of follow-up. A significant p value for the interaction coefficient indicates a difference in the rate of change in a factor score depending on the smoking group; this is the main variable of interest for the interpretation of the analyses. All analyses were repeated after stratifying for median of age.
The mean age of the sample was 75.6 ± 5.4 years, 70.5% were women, 48.6% were Hispanic, 19.2% were white, and 31.6% were black (table 1). The mean of years of education was 8.7 ± 4.6, and 29.4% were homozygous or heterozygous for the APOE-ε4 allele. The mean BMI was 27.1 ± 5.1, and 16.9% of the subjects reported having diabetes, 56.8% hypertension, and 14.6% heart disease. In all, 48.9% were never smokers, 35.1% were past smokers, and 15.9% were current smokers.
Men were more often current or past smokers than women (table 2). Blacks were less often never smokers but more often current smokers than whites and Hispanics.
In the GEE analysis memory, abstract/visuospatial and language performance declined over time. Increased age at baseline was related to lower scores in all three cognitive domains at each interval, whereas higher education and white ethnicity were associated with higher scores in all domains at each interval. Current or past smoking was not associated with more rapid cognitive decline in analyses for the whole sample (p for interaction of smoking and time = 0.2).
These analyses were repeated stratifying by median of age (75.6 years). Current smokers aged >75 years showed significantly lower scores in abstract/visuospatial performance at baseline than never or past smokers (table 3) and they showed a decline over the follow-up in memory (p = 0.05). Thus, memory performance declined at a faster rate among current smokers aged >75 years than in subjects of similar age who never smoked or quit smoking (table 4). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, ethnic group, education, APOE-ε4 allele and potential vascular risk factors such as hypertension and heart disease. In participants without the APOE-ε4 allele who were aged >75 years, smoking substantially increased the risk of cognitive and memory decline, whereas carriers of APOE-ε4 showed no relation between smoking and memory or abstract/visuospatial performance (table 5).
There was no association between smoking and decline in language or abstract-visuospatial test (tables 3 and 6). Scores of both factors were normally distributed at each time interval indicating that the lack of a total current smoking × time interaction was not the result of a ceiling or floor effect.
In this study, the performance in memory, abstract-visuospatial, and language domains over time declined in individuals free of dementia or cognitive impairment at baseline, and increased age was associated with lower scores in all cognitive domains. Current smoking was associated with faster cognitive decline only in memory among subjects aged >75 years without the APOE-ε4 allele.
Past smoking was not associated with poor performance in any cognitive domain at any specific time interval, or decline in any domain over time.
The mechanisms by which smoking affects cognitive performance remain unclear. It has been proposed that smoking may increase the risk of dementia through cerebrovascular disease,35 or that it augments cholinergic metabolism by upregulation of cholinergic nicotinic receptors in the brain.36 Cholinergic deficits, characterized by reduced levels of acetylcholine and nicotinic receptors, are found in AD.37 However, nicotine increases acetylcholine release, elevates the number of nicotinic receptors, and improves attention and information processing.38 These actions may be opposed by high oxidative stress caused by smoking, which is a putative mechanism in AD,39,40 through generation of free radicals and affecting inflammatory-immune systems, which activate phagocytes that generate further oxidative damage.41 There is also evidence that smokers have a lower dietary intake of antioxidants compared with nonsmokers.42
Studies examining the role of smoking in cognitive function reported inconsistent results. Several case-control studies suggested that smoking might be related to a lower risk of AD,6 but prospective studies reported an increased risk of AD4,5,7 or no association.8–10
Our results are consistent with studies showing an increased risk of AD in current smokers. The main cognitive domain affected in AD is memory43,44 and it seems reasonable to postulate that if smoking is related to a higher risk of AD, it must be related to decline in memory.
We found that the association between current smoking and AD was restricted to persons older than 75 years of age. The risk of AD increases with age43 and our finding may indicate that smoking increases the risk of memory decline in those who are more likely to develop memory decline. We also found that the association between current smoking and faster cognitive decline was confined to subjects without the APOE-ε4 allele. This is in agreement with a previous study reporting an increased risk of AD in participants without the APOE-ε4 allele.7 The presence of the APOE-ε4 allele increases the risk of AD.45 Older individuals with the APOE-ε4 may have an increased risk of memory decline46 in a such a way that other risk factors may not increase the risk further. Another potential explanation for the lack of association of smoking to memory decline in APOE-ε4 carriers is that smoking may be harmful through vascular mechanisms, but also partly beneficial in APOE-ε4 carriers. This hypothesis is supported by previous findings that persons with AD who are APOE-ε4 carriers have fewer nicotinic receptor binding sites and lower activity of choline acetyltransferase than noncarriers.47 Smoking could counterbalance the APOE-ε4-associated impairment by facilitating the release of acetylcholine or increasing the density of nicotine receptors.
There are several potential alternative explanations for our findings. One is chance, particularly in the context of multiple comparisons. However, our findings were not unexpected, are consistent with our previous findings relating current smoking to a higher risk of AD,5 and consistent with other studies as described in the previous paragraph; these facts make chance due to multiple comparisons an unlikely explanation for our findings.48 Another potential explanation is bias. For example, only subjects with preclinical AD reported smoking, whereas subjects that would not develop AD did not. This type of reporting bias seems unlikely and we excluded cases of incipient dementia or cognitive impairment that could have influenced our results. Another potential explanation is confounding. For example, if lower education is related to current smoking, and persons with lower education are more likely to be diagnosed with AD, then it is possible that a relation between smoking and cognitive decline could be due to confounding by socioeconomic factors. We adjusted for years of education and ethnicity as markers of socioeconomic status to account for this possibility. Finally, another explanation is genetic confounding. It may be that smoking propensity is associated with a gene or combination of genes (but not APOE), which in turn is associated with the risk of AD. Therefore, it is possible that smoking is related to other behaviors related to poor health or genetic factors that may increase the risk of AD, but that we could not adjust for; therefore, we cannot eliminate the possibility of lack of control for unknown confounders as a potential explanation for our findings.
This study has several strengths. We had a comprehensive and sensitive neuropsychological battery validated for use in the communities of northern Manhattan.18 We also excluded from our analyses persons with dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia at baseline that may have biased the analyses, and had several evaluation time points that allowed prospective analyses.
The main limitation of this study is the ascertainment of smoking status. We relied on self-report by participants and did not have information on quantity or duration of smoking. Assuming random misclassification of smoking, this would have resulted in the underestimation of the association between smoking and cognitive impairment. Given that we excluded subjects with dementia and with cognitive impairment without dementia at baseline from the analyses, it seems unlikely that the report of smoking status was influenced by cognitive status.
It is important to point out that this study was conducted in an elderly multiethnic community in an urban setting with a high prevalence of risk factors for morbidity and mortality, such as diabetes and hypertension. Persons who dropped out of the study before completing at least three follow-up visits were at baseline older, less educated, and had a higher prevalence of vascular risk factors than those who remained in the study. Also, smoking is related to higher mortality from various causes, and it is possible that many smokers would have demonstrated cognitive decline had they not died prior to inclusion in this cohort. Thus, there are important biases related to the sample of this study that should be taken into account in the interpretation and generalization of these findings.
Supported by grants PO1 AG07232 and AG07702 from the National Institute on Aging, Washington, DC; the Charles S. Robertson Memorial Gift for Research in Alzheimer's disease; the Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller Foundation; and the New York City Council Speaker's Fund for Public Health Research.
Disclosure: The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Received February 15, 2005. Accepted in final form June 14, 2005.
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Preventing Freezer Burned Reef Foods
Wingy replied to Beer's topic in General DiscussionFill a zip lock back half full of water and freeze standing up. Divide your foods into 1 month portions, seal in a zip lock getting out as much air as possible. Place the food ziplock into the bad of frozen water, top with more water, remove all air possible and freeze. Every month thaw out a bag to use. The zip locks can be reused. This is how I store things long term.
Did it ship with spares? Can you swap the left and right side pieces?
How much merit is there to a great diet?
Wingy replied to Fisker's topic in General DiscussionIf your going the route of grating frozen seafood purchase it boat processed and frozen. "Fresh" seafood is often weeks old and has been scrubbed with bleach or soap where as boat processed and frozen usually happens within minutes or hours of catch and it is cleaned with sea water.
2 Gallon Pico Reef Jar - Amphipod Kingdom 💧
Wingy replied to Christopher Marks's topic in Pico ReefsFor gentle filling during water changes use a funnel with a piece of airline tubing attached to the end. I used a plastic take out soup container, cut a hole in the lid for the funnel, 2 holes in the side and one in the bottom for the airline tubing, attached the airline tubing to the funnel, threaded the airline tubing out through the side back in and through the bottom of the container so that I could pull the tubing up as needed. When I am done everything is air dried and stores in the container.
Are there any updates on the mystery critter? Any new pictures?
With the pieces in the corners like that.
How is the flow into the sump?
Another minicompletetank
Wingy replied to hayseed777's topic in Pico ReefsWhite liquid electrical tape or plastidip.
Wingy replied to DaKoDa.DaVId's topic in Beginners DiscussionPut it somewhere safe like your other piece, then leave it be and see what happens. It will either grow or it won't.
My guess is a juvenile anchovy. It looks very similar to the broad striped anchovy.
2 Gallon Pico Reef Jar - Amphipod Kingdom 💧
Wingy replied to Christopher Marks's topic in Pico ReefsWould the airline tubing into an acrylic drinking straw eliminate the need for suction cups? You could use a little rock on the bottom as a weight.
New Zoa Garden design is inbound - NEW POLL Created!! Go VOTE
Wingy replied to NanoRox's topic in NanoRox Magnetic Frag RocksGettin Ziggy With It or The Ziggy for short. It will be remembered if you use the description zoa island/garden.
Yes, I am doing a Opae Ula jar for my desk at work. I think the maintenance supervisor will overlook it since it doesn't have any equipment plugged in. I will start a journal once it gets closer to critter time. For now it is a jar o water and I am willing algae to grow.
My jar holds 2 cups of water and has no filter or pump. It has a neck so getting in there is a pain but if I attach a hollow plastic lollypop stick to an infant oral medication syringe I might be able to get close to the bottom. I have a cork top but haven't used it. Suprisingly in 2 weeks there has been almost no evaporation.
WV Reefer's Teeny, Tiny and Dirty
Wingy replied to WV Reefer's topic in Pico ReefsYou could remove all the filter media, keep it topped off with dirty tank water and put a piece of pulsing xenia in there. An entire tank of moving and waving would look very cool.


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Play Game Arena > Arcade > Mega Jump
Mega Jump
Launch the frog with catapult as far as possible. Try to use the wind to your advantage.
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