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The homology of the tridactyl hand of birds is a still debated subject, with both paleontological and developmental evidence used in support of alternative identity patterns in the avian fingers. With its simplified phalangeal morphology, the Late Jurassic ceratosaurian
Although most of the skeletal features differentiating birds from other extant vertebrates can be tracked back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs (
Here, we report a new ceratosaurian theropod,
Skeletal remains of theropod dinosaurs are extremely rare in the Lower Jurassic and most reports are of only fragmentary remains (
In Europe, theropod remains are reported from Hettangian times and are mostly non-diagnostic at generic level: Scotland (
In the rest of the world, the most famous Early Jurassic theropod is certainly
In this context, the discovery of a new specimen from the Sinemurian of Italy is extremely relevant as it is among the oldest Jurassic theropods, it is larger than all other pre-Aalenian theropods (see Skeletal reconstruction and body size section, below) and it improves our knowledge on some of the macroevolutionary patterns that would have characterized the evolution of Theropoda during the Jurassic. It also represents the first dinosaur skeleton from the Italian Alps, the first of Jurassic age, and the second theropod skeleton found in Italy after
The discovery of the specimen here described was accidental (for a more detailed account, see
In 1999, after 1,800 h of chemical preparation in the Laboratory of the MSNM, 132 remains were extracted from three main blocks. Although fragmentary, jaw fragments, one tooth, rib remains, pectoral and limb bones were resulted to be part of a large theropod dinosaur. The Saltrio theropod (MSNM V3664) became popular by the name "saltriosauro" and so it was reported (
Removal of the fossil bones from the hard dolomitic matrix took more than 1 year (
A total number of 132 bone pieces were recovered in close association, all clearly belonging to a single individual (except for one tooth and one jaw fragment, pertaining to a bony fish). The material consists of: 35 determinable bones, representing the holotypic material and belonging to the right lower jaw, pectoral girdle, rib cage and forelimbs, right manus, right ankle, and metapodium; 29 partially determinable bone pieces (five cranio-mandibular fragments, four rib fragments; five coracoidal, five scapular, and three sternal fragments; four appendicular skeletal fragments, including three possibly ungual fragments); 68 totally indeterminate bone pieces, including 16 small fragments surfaced in situ and 52 very small fragments recovered during preparation.
Measurements of the bones were taken with a digital caliper and a goniometer. In the present paper, if not differently specified, length of a given fragmentary element indicates its maximum length, and its height or width or diameter were taken perpendicular to the maximum length.
Thin sections of the embedding sediment were made, in order to observe microfossils and study the sedimentology and the depositional environment; microfossils were also collected by sieving the residual fraction of the acid preparation process.
Two bone samples were obtained from selected skeletal elements, for paleohistological analysis. The samples were mounted on glass slides, polished down to obtain thin sections with a thickness of ∼50 μm, and analyzed under a Nikon Eclipse E600 POL mineralogical microscope. Photographs were taken with the gypsum plate inserted. Definition and terminology of lines of arrested growth (LAGs), external fundamental system (EFS), and vascular categorization follow
X-ray computed tomography (CT) of selected appendicular elements was performed at the Radiology Department of the Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, with a Siemens Somatom Definition Dual Source CT Scanner. The best CT imaging was obtained with a bone algorithm on transverse (axial) slices, with scan parameters 120 kV, 120 mA, and slice thickness of 0.3 mm. Data was exported in DICOM format using eFilm (v. 1.5.3; Merge eFilm, Toronto, Canada). Analysis and post-processing were performed at Siemens Milano, Italy, with SyngoVia post-processing system using Region Growing Algorithm to segment volumes and see internal anatomical structures and vacuities.
We used photogrammetry to better show and study the mobility of the manus. 3D models of the bones were obtained with Agisoft PhotoScan, by processing 60 shots for each bone element. The photos were taken with a Nikon D90 camera, using a light box. The models were animated and rendered with Maxon Cinema 4D.
For the anatomical nomenclature, following
In this study, we adopted the following clade name definitions.
The phylogenetic data set used for investigating the affinities of the new Italian theropod includes 87 operational taxonomic units scored for 1,781 morphological character statements (
The electronic version of this article in portable document format will represent a published work according to the ICZN, and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix
LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DBF732EB-6D24-48D2-294 8E5E-1C83EB380FD2.
The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PeerJ, PubMed Central, and CLOCKSS.
The recovery of terrestrial vertebrates in the marine Jurassic beds of Europe is not rare, to the point that most of the fragmentary theropod remains from the Hettangian of Europe have been obtained from marine or marginal marine strata (
The Saltrio Fm. makes the lower portion of the Calcari Selciferi Lombardi Unit, which is part of the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic succession cropping out in the western Lombard Prealps (Varese province) (
(A–C) Outline maps of Italy, Lombardy, Varese Province, and Saltrio Municipality; (D) satellite view of the Saltrio area, with map marker indicating the Saltrio quarry; (E) map marker indicating the stratigraphic log in the Saltrio quarry; (F) the ammonite
The Simenurian age of the Saltrio Fm. is well-supported by a hundred species of marine invertebrates, among which 19 ammonites are index fossils of that time (
In the Saltrio quarry, the sedimentary succession shows a deepening-upward trend, but it lacks frankly shallow-marine sedimentary structures (e.g., shoreface facies) at the base. In facts, the stratigraphic transition is from the unconformity on Upper Triassic deposits to dolomitic breccias with green marly matrix, which represent debris flow deposits, thus already subtidal conditions (
Specimen MSNM V3664 comes from the lower banks of the Saltrio Fm., which are characterized by abundant inclusions of glauconite (
The blocks embedding the dinosaur, photographed during the acid preparation stages (
Bones of
Selected macroborings (A–G) on bones from blocks A and B, and bones of
Long bones from both fore- and hindlimb show "coherent" anatomical proportions, which are consistent with the skeletal composition of one single individual, without any homologous overlapping element. No other vertebrate remains were found associated to this bone assemblage, except for one tooth and one jaw fragment pertaining to a bony fish. Likely, the Saltrio theropod fossilized almost in its entirety, but with some dispersal of body chunks in different clusters. This might explain why no vertebrae were found in blocks A and B, which contained mostly appendicular elements (about 85% of the total bone content). The complete lack of gastralia in the block that trapped the furcula, the pectoral girdle and the dorsal ribs, raises the suspect that the ventral dermal bones abandoned the carcass before it reached the sea bottom, when the decay gases caused the "explosion" of the abdomen and eventually its separation.
In block A—the largest and quantitatively most informative cluster of bones—the flattest bone (mostly scapular) fragments appear to be sorted as to floor the front side, and come to light contemporarily, during early preparation stages (
Furcula excluded, the bones of the pectoral girdle have suffered intense longitudinal and mosaic cracking (
A minimum of 30 certain macroborings (
Three types of borings have been recognized, differing in size, shape and position with respect to the bony substrate: (1) semicircular traces produced in sharp edges of bones, with depth half than width, and dimensions ranging 15–18 mm longitudinally and five to eight mm perpendicularly to the bone edge (a in
A map of the macroborings on the bones in situ (
The identification of the tracemakers is beyond the aims of this study; however, it is worth to note that this is likely the first record of marine bioerosions on dinosaur bones. In turn, it is well-documented that whale falls at the sea floor can nourish subsequent communities of scavengers for several years (
Similarly, necrophagy on the bones of the Saltrio theropod by a variety of taxa indicates that the dinosaur carcass remained exposed to the water-sediment interface for months, maybe years, long enough to being first defleshed by mobile scavengers, then colonized by a microbial community that spanned the bone–water interface, which in turn attracted slow-moving grazers and epibionts. The bones of the dinosaur were locally bioeroded by these opportunistic macroinvertebrates, furthermore fragmented, and partially abraded by the bottom currents and the sandblasting action of the calcarenites, which eventually covered them.
The fact that the main scavengers of the Saltrio theropod were benthic marine invertebrates is a further confirmation that the dinosaur carcass deposited on a well-oxygenated and well-illuminated sea bottom, in any case comprised within the photic zone, where the biotic activity was intense but, at the same time, the sedimentation rate was high enough to cover skeletal material before its complete destruction (
According to recent geological studies (
Unconformities with "terra rossa" paleosoils (
Detailed stratigraphic prospections in and around the Saltrio area (
With regards to the land extent, it is worth to note that a regressive trend, with large emerged areas and karstified surfaces since Hettangian times, has been proposed by
DINOSAURIA Owen, 1842
THEROPODA Marsh, 1881
NEOTHEROPODA Bakker, 1986
CERATOSAURIA Marsh, 1884
LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8C9F3B56-F622-4C39-8E8B-C2E890811E74 (
LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BDD366A7-6A9D-4A32-9841-F7273D8CA00B (
Right humerus in medial (A), frontal (B) and distal (C) views; (D) left scapula, medial view; (E) right scapular glenoid and coracoid, lateral view; (F) furcula, ventral view; tooth, labial (G) and apical (H) views; (I) left humerus, medial view; right second metacarpal in dorsal (J), lateral (L) and distal (N) views; first phalanx of the right second digit in dorsal (K), lateral (M) and proximal (O) views; (P–T) right third digit in proximal, dorsal and lateral views; (U) right distal tarsal IV, proximal view; third right metatarsal in proximal (V) and frontal (X) views; second right metatarsal, proximal (W) and frontal (Y) views; (Z) reconstructed skeleton showing identified elements (red). Abbreviations as in text, asterisks mark autapomorphic traits. Scale bars: 10 cm in (A)–(E), (I), and (U)–(Y); two cm in (F), and (J)–(T); one cm in (G). Photos by G. Bindellini, C. Dal Sasso and M. Zilioli; drawing by M. Auditore.
From a cranial element possibly comes a fragmentary bone with a very peculiar texture and high degree of vascularization (
Indeterminate cranial fragment (A–B); right splenial in lateral (C), rostral (D) and ventral (E) views; right prearticular in lateral (F) and rostral views (G); sketch of the right prearticular of MOR 693 (
Three fragments that can be referred to the lower jaw have been recovered closely associated from block B. Besides their thin bony wall and finely parallel ridged texture, oriented rostrocaudally, the three fragments share complex grooved surfaces, reminiscent of the vascular grooves that usually run along the medial and internal sides of the lower jaw bones.
The second jaw fragment is much narrower dorsoventrally but preserves a sharp ?ventral margin with an angle of 90°, just like the previous fragment, which suggests it might be the rostral continuation of the same bone. In facts, the splenial of coelophysoid-grade theropods (including
A single tooth (MSNM V3659) was found isolated within a small limestone block near block A. Considering the uniqueness of the find, we confidently refer this tooth to the same taxon represented by the assemblage of bones. The specimen, missing the root and the apex, is 43 mm long and 18 mm wide (thus the tooth crown height is 2.4 times the base length). The crown is typically ziphodont: elongate, pointed, distally recurved and laterally compressed, without basal constriction, and with denticulate carinae (
|Skeletal element
|Dimension measured
|Mediolateral width (at dentary suture)
|Dorsoventral width
|Mediolateral width
|Dorsoventral width
|Crown height (CH)
|Crown basal length (CBL)
|Crown basal width (CBW)
|Number of denticles per five mm (denticle density) on mesial carina
|Mesial carina, denticle basal length
|Number of denticles per five mm (denticle density) on distal carina
|Distal carina, denticle basal length (DBL)
|Crown base ratio (CBW/CBL)
|Crown height ratio (CH/CBL)
|Cervical rib*
|lcr midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|lcr midshaft mediolateral diameter
|Dorsal ribs*
|ldr4 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|ldr4 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|ldr3 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|ldr3 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|ldr2 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|ldr2 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|ldr1+5 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|ldr1+5 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|rdr3 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|rdr3 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|rdr1+2 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|rdr1+2 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|rdr6 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|rdr6 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|rdr4 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|rdr4 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|rdr5 midshaft craniocaudal diameter
|rdr5 midshaft mediolateral diameter
|Minimum width (at neck)
|Maximum width of the blade
|Mediolateral width (thickness) at neck
|Mediolateral width (thickness) of glenoid
|Dorsoventral width of glenoid
|Distance between bicipital tubercle and infraglenoid buttress (at centre top)
|Mediolateral width (thickness) near supracoracoid nerve foramen
|Mediolateral width (thickness) of the medial margin
|Mediolateral width of glenoid (thickness at infraglenoid buttress)
|Craniocaudal width of glenoid
|Glenoid angle between scapula and coracoid
|Width (arms span)
|Midshaft maximum transverse diameter
|Midshaft minimum transverse diameter
|Angle between the two arms
|Sternal plate
|Fragment length
|Fragment mediolateral width
|Fragment dorsoventral width (minimum thickness)
|Length, proximal condyle to lateral distal condyle
|Mediolateral width at level of deltopectoral crest
|Craniocaudal width at level of deltopectoral crest
|Midshaft width
|Distal mediolateral width
|Distal craniocaudal width
|Length of deltopectoral crest
|Carpal bone
|Maximum (?mediolateral) width
|Minimum (?craniocaudal) width
|Proximodistal lenght (thickness)
|Metacarpal II
|Proximal mediolateral width
|Proximal dorsoventral width
|Midshaft mediolateral width
|Distal mediolateral width
|Distal dorsoventral width
|Manual phalanx II-1
|Proximal mediolateral width
|Proximal dorsoventral width
|Midshaft mediolateral width
|Distal mediolateral width
|Distal dorsoventral width
|Manual phalanx III-1
|Proximal mediolateral width
|Proximal dorsoventral width
|Midshaft mediolateral width
|Distal mediolateral width
|Distal dorsoventral width
|Manual phalanx III-2
|Proximal mediolateral width
|Proximal dorsoventral width
|Midshaft mediolateral width
|Distal mediolateral width
|Distal dorsoventral width
|Manual phalanx III-3
|Proximal mediolateral width
|Proximal dorsoventral width
|Midshaft mediolateral width
|Distal mediolateral width
|Distal dorsoventral width
|Manual phalanx III-4
|Proximal mediolateral width
|Proximal dorsoventral width
|Dorsoventral width at flexor tubercle
|Midshaft mediolateral width
|Midshaft dorsoventral width
|Digit III
|Overall length
|Distal tarsal III
|Craniocaudal length
|Mediolateral length
|Maximum proximodistal width
|Minimum proximodistal width
|Distal tarsal IV
|Craniocaudal length
|Mediolateral length
|Maximum proximodistal width
|Minimum proximodistal width at "neck"
|Metatarsal II
|Mediolateral width at midshaft
|Mediolateral width at proximal end
|Craniocaudal width at proximal end
|Metatarsal III
|Mediolateral width at midshaft
|Mediolateral width at proximal end
|Craniocaudal width at proximal end
|Metatarsal IV
|Mediolateral width at midshaft
|Metatarsal V
|Length of proximal fragment
|Maximum (craniocaudal) width at proximal end
|Minimum (mediolateral) width at proximal end
Where not specified, height or width or diameter are taken perpendicular to the length.
Symbols and abbreviations: (), preserved; [], calculated; –, measurement not possible; *, see
The transverse cross-section of the crown is intermediate between lenticular and D-shaped types (
As in most basal theropods, the enamel surface texture is smooth without any wrinkles, also adjacent to the carinae, even at higher magnification (
The denticles are completely lost along the mesial carina, which is deformed, crushed, and eroded; small denticles (12 per 5 mm, i.e., 2.5 per mm) are preserved in a short medio-apical tract (7.3 mm long) along the less damaged distal carina (
The moderately compressed D-shaped cross-section and the lingually-sided carinae suggest a mesiolateral position for this tooth. In other words, it might be one of the first maxillary teeth from the upper right arcade, or one of the transitional dentary teeth from the lower left arcade. Comparison with the dentition of Early-Middle Jurassic theropod taxa allows to exclude affinity of the Saltrio tooth to known coelophysoids, which so far possess much smaller crowns (CH <15 mm) with minute denticles on the distal carina (>30 denticles per five mm;
Affinities with the Ceratosauridae cannot be excluded, as the eroded lingual side in our specimen does not allow to verify the presence of the "diagnostic longitudinal grooves" described by
The axial skeleton of
These fragments range from 28 to 18 mm in maximum diameter, and from 15 to 8 in minimum diameter, which is consistent with mid-distal shaft rib size in a theropod about 25% larger than the 6-m-long
A tiny fragment with similar cross-section, less than 10 mm in diameter and preserving a very sharp medial keel, emphasized by a deep groove running caudomedially along its base, likely belongs to the midshaft of a left cervical rib.
The preserved ribs do not show any pneumatic recess. Four very fragmentary rib pieces remain indeterminate.
This is the most represented portion of the appendicular skeleton of
Left scapula in lateral (A), caudal (B), medial (C), and cranial (D) views; right scapular glenoid and coracoid in medial (E), caudal (F), lateral (G), and cranial (H) views; right coracoid in ventral (I) and dorsal (J) views; furcula in cranial (K), caudal (L), right lateral (M), ventral (N, with selected craniocaudal cross-sections), and dorsal (O) views; caudolateral portion of the right sternal plate in dorsal (P), lateral (Q), and ventral (R) views. Each bone fragment is labeled on the side cropping out in
The distalmost portion of the left scapular blade is distinguished by its thinner cross-section, dorsally tapering in cranial and caudal view (
The costal (medial) surface of the scapular blade of
In the type specimen of
Using the best preserved holotypic right scapula of
The coracoid of
On the caudodorsal side of the bone, the coracoid glenoid is preserved as a smooth concave area, about 65 mm long (dorsoventrally) and 62 mm wide (mediolaterally). Laterally the glenoid is bordered by a rim, which extends in cranial direction from the infraglenoid buttress, and medially it becomes unclear because the bone cortex is missing. In facts, the nutrient foramen of the glenoid is widened by this lack of bone. The scapular face is deep and robust, remarkably similar to the "extremely thick contact with the scapula" described in
The main coracoid fragment of
Four smaller bone pieces are referred to the flattened, fan-like portion of the coracoid as they show similar texture (fine parallel ridges), cross-section (concavo-convex bone, with one rounded margin), thickness (10–15 mm), and structure (thin-walled and finely spongy bone). Two of these fragments (rco2 and rco3 in
Based on preserved parts, the reconstructed coracoid appears proportionally smaller than expected from the size of the scapula, if compared to
The caudoventral margin of the coracoid in
In the last two decades, furculae have been documented in nearly all but the most basal theropods (such as
The furcula of
As commonly observed (
With the method of measurement used by
This would be the fourth time that sternal plates have been described in a ceratosaurian theropod, after
Right humerus in (A) lateral, (B) cranial, (C) medial, (D) caudal, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views; left humerus in (G) proximal, (H) distal, (I) lateral, (J) cranial, (K) medial, and (L) caudal views. Abbreviations as in text. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Photos by G. Bindellini.
The shaft torsion of the humerus of
The deltopectoral crest is the largest process of the humerus of
The proximodistal length of the remaining humeral shaft, between the deltopectoral crest and the distal condyles, is about five times the minimal shaft diameter. In this portion, the shaft does not bear any distinct tuber along the craniolateral surface, whereas on the caudolateral margin, at level of the distal lamina, an elongate scar for the
In cranial view, the humerus of
In distal view, the partially eroded (or not completely ossified) condyles are only weakly convex (nor hemispherical, neither totally flattened) and subequal in size, the ectocondyle being slightly shorter in mediolateral direction, but deeper craniocaudally. The same condition is observed in
The preserved manual elements of
Right second metacarpal (II) in (A) dorsal, (B) medial, (C) palmar, (D) lateral, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views; first phalanx of the right second digit (II-1) in (G) proximal, (H) distal, (I) dorsal, (J) medial, (K) palmar, and (L) lateral views; second phalanx of the right second digit (II-2) in (M) dorsal, (N) medial, (O) palmar, (P) lateral, (Q) proximal, and (R) distal views;. Abbreviations as in text. Scale bar equals five cm. Photos by G. Bindellini.
Right first phalanx (III-1) in (A) dorsal, (B) medial, (C) palmar, (D) lateral, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views; right second phalanx (III-2) in (G) dorsal, (H) medial, (I) palmar, (J) lateral, (K) proximal, and (L) distal views; right third phalanx (III-3) in (M) dorsal, (N) medial, (O) palmar, (P) lateral, (Q) proximal, and (R) distal views; right fourth (ungual) phalanx (III-4) in (S) dorsal, (T) medial, (U) palmar, (V) lateral, (W) proximal, and (X) distal views. Abbreviations as in text. Scale bar equals two cm. Photos by G. Bindellini.
Composite right scapula and coracoid in ventral view (A), and composite right pectoral girdle, humerus and manus in lateral view (B–C). The scapular body and blade, and the proximal portion of the humerus are reversed left elements. Preserved elements in white, reconstructed bone in light gray, exposed inner bone in gray, hidden bone in dotted lines. Abbreviations as in text. Scale bar equals 10 cm in (A) and (B), five cm in (C). Drawings by M. Auditore.
The manual morphology of
In sum, none of the known ceratosaurians has more than one ossified carpal bone: this leads us to suspect that most ceratosaurians had non-ossified, cartilaginous carpals. The presence of a single ossified carpal in
The metacarpal II of
Although the dorsomedial process of the proximal articulation is missing, the original subtrapezoidal shape of the bone is still evident in proximal view, where the dorsal, palmar, and lateral sides are concave and three prominent bony processes, representing the contact limits for the adjacent metacarpals, mark the preserved articular apices. These processes continue in form of robust longitudinal ridges along the diaphysis, up to the midshaft. As in
The manual phalanges of
In lateral view, albeit the shaft of this phalanx is deeper than that of its metacarpal, the articular facets of the two bones result definitely complementary, making a perfect gynglimoid joint. On the contrary, in dorsal and palmar view phalanx II-1 seems too narrow for such stout metacarpal II, but this condition is not uncommon among ceratosaurian theropods. For instance, in
The incomplete distal condyles seem subequally developed and slightly rotated counterclockwise, but quite less than in the metacarpal (about 20–25°) relative to the long axis of the proximal epiphysis. A shallow and wide extensor ligament pit is present above the distal articulation and is reached by the intercondylar sulcus; an equally wide pit for collateral ligaments flanks the lateral condyle.
In dorsal and palmar view, the proximal articulation shows a sigmoid margin as in the homologous phalanx of
The strict morphological affinity with
Like phalanx III-1, III-2 of
This element is longer than each of the more proximal phalanges of the third manual digit, but shorter than the sum of the two, when articulated. This condition, previously unknown in neoceratosaurians due to the frequent lack of distal phalanges in the fossil record or because of secondary simplification of the phalangeal formula (
The original, regularly curved and pointed shape of the bone can be inferred from the preserved curvature of the dorsal margin. The dorsal extensor process is in continuity with it, as in the homologous unguals of
The flexor tubercle is well-distinct from the flattened shaft and it is placed distal to the proximal surface of the ungual. It protrudes ventrally with a dorsoventral diameter which is 1/4 the depth of the proximal articular surface, tubercle included, terminating with a rounded hemispherical end, only partially eroded, which is more reminiscent of
To the right side, the base of the flexor tubercle is marked by a ridge, and by a groove that arches dorsally becoming a simple unforked collateral furrow, as in
Distal tarsals are not often recovered with specimens because of delayed ossification and small size (
Right distal tarsal III in (A) proximal, (B) medial, (C) distal, (D) lateral, (E) caudal, (F) cranial views; right distal tarsal IV in (G) proximal, (H) medial, (I) distal, (J) lateral, (K) caudal, (L) cranial views; articulated right distal tarsals III + IV in proximal (M) and distal (N) views. Abbreviations as in text. Scale bar equals five cm. Photos by G. Bindellini.
Right metatarsal II in (A) cranial, (B) medial, (C) caudal), (D) lateral, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views; right metatarsal III in (G) cranial, (H) medial, (I) caudal), (J) lateral, (K) proximal, and (L) distal views. Abbreviations as in text. Scale bar equals five cm. Photos by G. Bindellini.
Right metatarsal IV in (A) cranial, (B) medial, (C) caudal), (D) lateral, (E) proximal, and (F) distal views; right metatarsal IV in (G) cranial, (H) medial, (I) caudal), (J) lateral, (K) proximal, and (L) distal views. Carpal bone in (M) ?cranial, (N) ?medial, (O) ?caudal), (P) ?lateral, (Q) ?proximal, and (R) ?distal views; distal portion of manual ungual phalanx (?II-3) in (S) dorsal, (T) palmar, (U) ?medial, (V) ?lateral, (W) proximal, and (X) distal views. Abbreviations as in text. Scale bar equals five cm. Photos by G. Bindellini.
Distal tarsals superimposed and articulated to metatarsals in proximal view (A), and to astragalus and calcaneum in distal view (B); metatarsals II–V in proximal view (C); close-up of the perfect contact between distal tarsal III and metatarsal III in lateral view (D); tarsal and metatarsal elements fully reconstructed and articulated in cranial (E), and caudal (F) view. Abbreviations as in text, preserved elements in white (except in D), reconstructed bone in light gray, exposed inner bone in gray, hidden bone in dotted lines. Scale bar equals five cm. Scale bar equals five cm in (A)–(F), three cm in (D). Drawings by M. Auditore.
Distal tarsals are well-preserved in the type specimen of
The distal tarsal III of
In distal view, the distal tarsal III of
Besides the features listed above, the distal tarsal III of
Interestingly, the convex cranial margin shown by the distal tarsal III of
In proximal and distal views, emphasized by the wing-like expansion, the tarsal IV of
Four pits open on the bone edges, three on the caudolateral side and one on the medial. The latter, and the two largest lateral pits, open at the bottom of notches that are homologous to the three pitted notches of
The preserved metatarsus of
The tarsal and metatarsal elements of
In size, the tarsals of the subadult
In proximal view the triangular proximal end shows a shallow central concavity oriented mediolaterally; the lateral flattened side is textured with thin vertical ridges and represents the contact with metatarsal III. The complete lateral overlap of metatarsal III over metatarsal II prevents any contact with metatarsal IV. The diaphysis is almost straight, gently bowed in craniomedial direction, and suboval in cross-section; distally it is broken transversely, showing a matrix-filled medullary cavity that occupies the 40–50% of the overall bone diameter.
The second metatarsal of
In proximal view, metatarsal III has the shape of a right-angled trapezoid, with the oblique side placed caudally, and lateral and medial contacts for the adjacent metatarsals paralleling each other; the caudal side has almost the same width of the cranial side, and the latter is as similarly developed as that of metatarsal II, and aligned at the same level. Taken together, these conditions are present in
If our interpretation of this element is correct, the metatarsal V of
Our phylogenetic analysis (see also
Reduced strict consensus of the shortest trees found by the phylogenetic analysis after pruning of
Unambiguous synapomorphies of the basal node of Ceratosauria (i.e., the least inclusive node containing
A single unambiguous synapomorphy supports the sister-group relationship between
Based on the phylogenetic framework of
The age and maturity of the holotypic specimen of
We sampled the broken diaphysis of the left humerus, as well as a fragment of the shaft of a right dorsal rib (
Mid-shaft thin section of a right dorsal rib. (A) Overall view; (B) close-up of the Haversian system in the compacta and of the microstructure of the outermost cortex showing the presence of an incipient EFS, interpreted on the basis of reduced vascular canals, presence of lamellar bone, and presence of closely spaced LAGs. The outer surface of the bone is at the top, red arrows point to the LAGs. Colors are emphasized due to photography under gypsum plate. (C) Skeletal reconstruction of
The sectioned bones do not differ in bone architecture to those of the other land-dwelling theropods (
Haversian systems are present and abundant in the inner cortex in both humerus and rib sections, and secondary osteons are visible closer to the outer surface. The latter elements are more abundant in the rib section. The amount of remodelling of the primary cortex clearly indicates that the animal was not juvenile. In the rib section, some LAGs are sometimes interrupted by secondary osteons but can be traced circumferentially. They are regularly spaced, except for the last (external, toward the outer cortex) LAGs, which are more closely spaced than the others. Due to the resorption of primary bone tissue caused by the expansion of the medullary cavity, only five LAGs are preserved in the cortical bone of the rib. As the rib section is not from the proximal third, this number of LAGs cannot be used to estimate its age at the time of death. Nonetheless, we performed a retrocalculation of the number of zones obscured from remodeling. For a consistent count of LAGs we followed
Thus, we estimate that the age of the holotype of
Despite the incompleteness of our material, we attempted to reconstruct the skeleton of
The scapula and humerus of
The metacarpus-humerus ratio in
Prior to the discovery of
We also estimated the size of the femur of
A skeletal reconstruction of
The outline of the flesh body in
Given the fragmentary nature of the skeleton, and acknowledging the intrinsic uncertainties in any body reconstruction method, it is noteworthy that all estimations suggest the body mass of
The holotypic skeleton of
Using the strict consensus of the shortest trees found, we infer the ancestral state of the manual phalangeal formula along the internodes of the avian stem lineage leading to Tetanurae (
The analysis supports a step-wise lateral reduction trend along the avian stem, leading to a tetrametacarpal and tridactyl condition at the root of Tetanurae. The presence of a complete formula for finger I in
The phalangeal formula of
Phylogenetic analysis places
The sister-taxon relationships between
The phalangeal formula inferred for
According to
A second important similarity with some medium and large-bodied neotheropods is the asymmetry and rotation of the metacarpal condyles. In
The phylogenetic framework integrated with the new combination of features present in
'In the second finger of the Italian ceratosaurian, the strongly asymmetrical and deeply gynglimoid metacarpo-phalangeal joint allows the first phalanx to hyperextend as much as it flexes. Note that the tip of the claw would have rotated medially during flexion and laterally during hyperextension. In addition, the pit- and-lip complex of
'Data matrix in Nexus format (raw data) including character scores and character statements of the phylogenetic analysis used in this study'.
first to fourth manual digit
first to fourth manual phalanx
concave contact with astragalus
bicipital tubercle
contact surface for calcaneum
humeral head
convex articular surface
fossa for the
collateral furrow
collateral ligament pit
coracoid glenoid
cervical rib
contact surface for surangular
distal carina
tooth denticles
dorsal extensor process
distal fossa
dorsal extensor fossa
dorsal groove
distal lamina of the deltopectoral crest
dorsolateral groove
deltopectoral crest
dorsopalmar ridge
dorsal rib
distal tarsal III
concave contact with distal tarsal III
notch for distal tarsal III
distal tarsal IV
pointed contact with distal tarsal IV
ectepicondylar crest
extensor ligament lip
extensor ligament pit
entepicondylar crest
extensor crest
flexor ligament fossa
flexor tubercle
glenoid fossa
histological sampling section
infraglenoid buttress
intercondylar sulcus
interdenticular slit
interdenticular space
labial side
lateral condyle
scar for
lingual side
lateral flexor process
lip-like projection
lateral sulcus
lateral tuberosity
metacarpal I–IV
contact surface for metacarpal I
contact surface for metacarpal III
mesial carina
medial condyle
medial flexor process
metatarsal I–V
contact surface for metatatarsal II
contact with metatatarsal III
ridged contact with metatarsal III
contact with metatarsal IV
contact crest with distal half of metatarsal V
notch for metatarsal V
nutrient foramen of the glenoid
proximal palmar flexor fossa
palmar flexor groove
contact surface for scapula
scapular glenoid
fossa for the
supracoracoid nerve foramen
sternal plate
ventrolateral groove.
American Museum of Natural History, New York
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
Museo Paleontológico de Galve, Teruel
Museum of the Rockies, Bozeman
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, Milano
Museum of Western Colorado, Grand Junction, Colorado
National Museum of Wales, Cardiff
University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley
Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City
National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC
University of Utah Vertebrate Paleontology, Salt Lake City.
We are grateful to A. Zanella for his discovery. We thank M. Auditore for drawings (
Cristiano Dal Sasso is an employee of the Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, Italy.
The following information was supplied regarding data availability:
The phylogenetic data matrix is available as a
The fossil material described in the manuscript is stored in the Paleontological Collection of the Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano (MSNM), with the following accession numbers:
The following information was supplied regarding the registration of a newly described species:
Publication LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DBF732EB-6D24-48D2- 8E5E-1C83EB380FD2.
Genus name Saltriovenator Dal Sasso, Maganuco & Cau LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8C9F3B56-F622-4C39-8E8B-C2E890811E74.
Species name, Saltriovenator zanellai LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BDD366A7-6A9D-4A32-9841-F7273D8CA00B.


text:
Hurrah! At last a senior industry professional speaks out against the HS2 design specification (News 22 May). Like many engineers who are in favour of a new spine to our national rail network, I have serious reservations when I look at the alignment locally resulting from a blanket application of a single design speed. This is not France. Has anyone from HS2 actually walked the proposed route?
In South Yorkshire the alignment results in a new station half an hour from the existing city centre, perched 30m up in the air, serving a shopping centre. At least two communities will be destroyed. A revised line speed locally using disused lines would result in no disruption, improved connectivity directly to the existing network at Sheffield station, higher economic benefits, and all at a significantly lower cost. A reduced line speed would add only a few minutes between Sheffield and Leeds. As the current "express" service takes an hour to travel the 59km, any improvement will be judged as high speed.
Like Rob Holden, I find the route we've ended up with seriously flawed, but there is a bigger question. What kind of project governance is in place that led to such decision making?
l Adrian Millward (M), email@example.com
What a relief to read Rob Holden, a heavyweight coming from HS1, pointing out that the concept of the new main line having to be high speed is flawed. That presumption, driven partly by the misconception that we need a "Grand Projet" to compete with France and Japan, is ruining the potential for really effective improved capacity and connectivity for the country as a whole. Readers may recall I made this point as a lone voice last year, to a deafening silence. Can we not, as a profession, steer the development of the scheme away from promises to put ever more of the line into tunnel, increasing the costs and progressively reducing the attractiveness of the journey, towards more flexibility and connections?
- Mark Nevard (M Retd), The Bath House, 71 Flask Walk, Hampstead.
Book your seat on the train of common sense
At last a breath of rail common sense. High Speed 2 might suit France, Germany or Spain but not the UK. Intercity time savings are not the same as on the Continent with their longer distances between cities.
New construction yes, because it produces more capacity per pound spent than expenditure on existing rail, and while the new roads programmes are very necessary their limited capacity increase means rail must take a bigger share of travel need.
Connectivity and integration yes. That there are no intermediate stops between Birmingham and London, bypassing Coventry and Aylesbury is a nonsense. More important is economic growth.
A massive unfulfilled housing demand has to be met across regions and with it will go economic growth. Rail stories of the past, growth at intersections on the motorway network tell us that. And, of course, through running to the Continent with a rolling stock capable of acceptable UK intercity speeds with lower environmental costs but also capable of operating on the European network isn't a big ask.
- Paul Smith (M), firstname.lastname@example.com
Timetable to lose UK tens of billions
The headline to Jim Steer's letter reads "A cut in HS2's speed would cut profitability". That misleads since, instead of a profit, the scheme will make a loss in the tens of billions.
Table 18 of the October 2013 Economic Case for HS2 document published by HS2 Ltd shows the net costs to government of building the full network (after accruing fares out to the remote year of 2096) as £31.5bn, at the 2012 base. Rolling that up at the Treasury discount rate of 3.5% to the opening year of 2036 provides £72bn, representing the actuarial loss, at 2012 prices, faced by those then standing.
Dividing the £72bn by the 100,000 jobs said to be generated by the scheme provides a subsidy of £720,000 per job, doubtless destroying a far greater number in that part of the economy which makes a profit. Despite that, the proposers claim (vast) transformational effects for the better.
HS2 may very well be transformational, but in precisely the reverse direction to that portrayed by its proposers.
- Paul Withrington (M), Transport Watch, 12 Redland Drive, Northampton NN2 8QE
HS2 cursed by diminishing returns
The readers' poll on High Speed 2 (HS2) could be dismissed as too small to be representative but does reflect the opinion of the general public (News last week). In terms of opportunity costs, HS2 could build more than 200 general hospitals. And when most people drive most places, with under 3% of all UK trips by rail, of which 70% are in or to/from London, HS2 is an irrelevance to much of the public. In his letter in the same issue Jim Steer has tried to show a financial aspect by reference to HS1, which cost £6.1bn to build.
However, £2.1bn was the price paid by the Ontario Teachers fund to buy HS1, representing a loss of £4bn. To make a 33% return, HS1 would have to have been sold for over £8bn. No-one has yet answered the National Audit Office criticisms of HS2, nor why it should cost eight times as much as a French high speed line. A case can be made for high speed railways but at about £25M/km, not £170M.
- Professor LJS Lesley, 30 Moss Lane, Liverpool L9 8AJ
Delays on the line reek of incompetence
Another major flaw of HS2 is taking 11 years to build phase one, compared with the five to six years it is taking the French to build 300km of high speed line from Tours to Bordeaux (NCE 15 May). Or, for that matter, the Great Northern Railway building 350km of double track route, by hand, including a dozen tunnels, between 1846 and 1852.
I asked about this at a public consultation and was told Euston station must be completely rebuilt before any HS2 trains could run. Yet Network Rail is rebuilding and expanding Reading station while operations continue. Perhaps it should be put in charge of the project.
This makes the country and particularly the planners of this project appear incompetent.
- David Smith , 25 Grange Rd, Shrewsbury SY3 9DG
Flooding bigger threat than nuclear
Darren McClure has provided a refreshing piece of sanity that is bizarrely almost never present in today's discourse (Letters, 15 May).
It is the most dangerous scandal of the age that nuclear power has been judged and condemned by those who refuse to face facts - and who are so frightened of the Bogie Man under the bed that they fail to react to the floodwater coming up the stairs.
Nuclear power plants have so far failed to kill more than a handful of people in their entire history - no matter how badly designed and operated some of the older plants were.
Even when a tsunami hit Fukushima it still refused to kill people anywhere nearly as effectively as countless others of life's hazards. Chernobyl killed about 50 heroic people yet the Greens told us it would kill 50,000. Three Mile Island killed three men and that condemned an industry.
Long term damage from those incidents has been, and will be, trivial compared with the damage from CO2 emissions.
The long-term health issues from nuclear plants are theoretical extrapolations of the effects of low levels of radiation on vast numbers of people.
On that basis we should evacuate radioactive Cornwall even though there is no evidence of any harm. Indeed, some years ago NCE reported negative correlation between radon gas sites in the UK and lung cancers.
The worst conceivable nuclear power plant accident would not extinguish a single species of animal. It might conceivably seriously dent property values nearby. But it would not displace billions of people as rising sea levels (we are told) will do. We can afford low property values. We cannot afford the real and present hazard of a biblical flood.
- David Cooper (F), email@example.com
Easy way to justify nuclear power
The simplest way to demonstrate that we need nuclear power stations would be to turn them all off for a day. The country would come to a standstill.
- Robert Freer, firstname.lastname@example.com
Spanish lessons in new rail lines
I am a Spanish civil engineer specialising in construction, maintenance and track supervision and have worked in Spain as project manager on several high speed rail projects. I am writing with regards to the article "Need for Speed" (NCE 15 May).
I found your article most interesting. I would like to make some points regarding the track construction method used in the project mentioned.
The article states that the French contractor has developed a new system to lay down the track without using an auxiliary track, by pulling the rails out from the rail supply train with a special machine.
This system was previously developed in Spain and it has been used as the preferred track construction method for high speed rail lines for the past five years.
This method was first implemented in 2009 during the construction of the track on one section of the Madrid-Valencia high speed line for the Spanish contractor TECSA, and after its success, it was adopted by the Rail
Spanish Administrator (ADIF) as the preferred track construction method for this line, and for all other high speed rail projects under construction.
The method reduces the cost of track construction projects by increasing performance of an operation, which until this date, was slow, and eliminating the cost of supplying auxiliary track, as well as the cost of moving it as construction advances.
As a result the Spanish companies involved in the construction of high speed rail developed small variances from the original method, improving daily the quality of the process and automating it.
The method has been successfully implemented by the Spanish contractors from 2009 to date, applying different variations from the original method.
However, the principle is similar in all of them - the use of a "pusher wagon" to extract the first section of the rails, the use of a special machine (an adapted bulldozer, a modified digger or a machine designed for the sole purpose of gripping the rails with two lateral arms and pull them out of the rail supply train), to place them smoothly within the sleepers, previously placed on site.
The special wagon or adapted machine moves along the definitive position of the track, while the train storing the rails remains stationary.
The system permits 4.05km of track to be laid within two days. A maximum rail length of 1.08km (four connected sections of 270m long welded rails) have been pushed out of the train by this method.
- Luis Gonzalez, firstname.lastname@example.com
Making the case for Boston flood barrier
The Thames Barrier was built as a result of lessons learned from the 1953 Flood Disaster on the East Coast. However, I am curious why the Boston Barrier was also not a result of lessons learned from this event and 60 years on is still not built. As a result of the recent flooding in the centre of Boston, including the 14th century Boston Stump (St Botolph's Church tower), there is now more of a political sense of urgency to get the barrier built.
While there have been undoubted improvements in flood protection since 1953, the town and many square kilometres of the surrounding area has remained at high risk of flooding. Therefore, the lack of a barrier has seriously affected investment and prosperity in this region over many decades.
The proposed location of the barrier is very close to the centre of Boston instead of several kilometres downstream nearer to the mouth of the Wash. This allows a tidal bore to travel up the River Witham. It seems to be the equivalent of locating the Thames Barrier at the Houses of Parliament. The Boston Barrier at the proposed location will regulate water levels in local rivers and drains to allow more leisure traffic. This is of course an admirable objective. However, the primary consideration must surely be flood protection. I believe Boston and the UK deserves both.
- Martin Bellamy (M), Boston, Lincolnshire
A 'prejudice' to promote
I refer to the interesting recent correspondence in NCE during regarding gender and ethnic representation in engineering.
We should ensure that there are equal opportunities for all to enter the profession, but any move towards imposing, or even suggesting, quotas would be dangerous - entry should be on merit only.
While the stereotyping does still exist (dolls as toys for girls; cranes, trucks, etcetera, for boys) - I believe that this is diminishing.
The local authority for which I work is very proactive in engaging with the local schools on our civil engineering projects.
- Paul Cobley (M), email@example.com
Why the fear factor makes the difference in civil engineering
I am not one of those that usually sends letters to magazines (even less so in English), but the special report on flooding was quite special for me (News last week). I worked some years in this field in Spain and my conclusion is that it is just fear that brings the people to do the correct things.
Unfortunately, I think that this fear only applies to massive reconstruction costs and, even more, to human losses caused by natural disasters. We have some examples in the world about this: the Netherlands, as the report explains, is one of those.
Another example is Chile, a country with renowned expertise in structural design against earthquakes (it is quite amazing to be on a fourth floor seeing how everything is moving around during a quake).
In the case of Chile the disaster was the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. In the case of Netherlands, it was the 1953 flood, which also affected the UK.
Last June in the Pyrenees in Spain there were important floods with important evacuations and economic losses. No one can deny that the episode was caused by some of the problems described in your report, but nobody wants to change anything. Instead of this, everything has been reconstructed as it was before the floods: only when the floods take human lives we will see the government act in the correct way.
I think that the problem of this matter is, as the report pinpoints, that "…everyone has an opinion". I hope that one day all of these people that have an opinion will show us how to solve gradually varied flow equations without all the current limitations.
- Isaac Quintas, email@example.com
Readers' comments (1)
HS2 - why are we trying to get it to do everything? The benefit of the high speed link is surely in the fact that it will take considerably less time to get from A to B, obviously; however when considering the route it appears to have been forced to join the dots between population centres, which again may seem obvious since that's what the system is trying to move. However the train is good at moving large volumes of people fast over long distance, it isn't particulary good crawling through suburbs where it has to join into the existing network to reach each of these popluation centres, not to mention the aggravation that these new services will cause to the existing non-high speed lines that can't help but be affected by additional services being shoe-horned into congested track space.
If we wish to persist with this folly, why is Highspeed 2 not used for what it is good at, namely getting from A to B quickly where A and B are regional hubs and not the city centres themselves. Surely instead of trying to hack their way into London Euston or Manchester Picadilly, with the last 30-minutes of each journey in either direction being on local rail network fitted in between existing services, the train would be better off connecting to an outlying location say Warrington for Manchester/ Liverpool and North West London for Heathrow / London / South West / Wales even. From these regional hubs the shuttle trains could then link to the main population centres / destinations, being more suited to integration with the local network and maybe in the case of Manchester linking into the East West link with Leeds.
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Honeywell International Inc. (NYSE:HON) 14-day RSI (relative strength index) score is 70.25, which shows that its stock has been overbought. The 20-day historical volatility for the company shares stand at 12.32 percent, which is low when compared to that of the 50-day's 23.04 percent. The first technical resistance point for the stock will likely come at $149.18, marking a 0.47% premium to the current level. The second resistance point is at $149.89, about 0.94% premium to its current market price. On the other hand, inability to breach the immediate hurdles can drag it down to $147.35, the lower end of the range. HON's 14-day MACD is 3.54 and this positive figure indicates an upward trading trend.
Honeywell International Inc. (HON) trade volume has decreased by -14.16% as around 2,908,813 shares were sold when compared with its 50-day average volume of traded shares which is 3,388,786. At the moment, HON is witnessing a uptrend, as it is trading 4.12% above its 20-day SMA, 6.91% above its 50-day SMA, and 2.32% above its 200-day SMA. The company runs an ROE of roughly 8.8%, with financial analysts predicting that their earnings per share growth will be around 5.12% per annum for the next five year. This will be compared to the 13.8% increase witnessed over the past five years.
The last few days have been good for Honeywell International Inc. (NYSE:HON), as its price has grew by 0.37% during the week. It has also performed poorly over the past three months, as it lost around -1.15% while it has so far climbed around 6.2% during the course of a year. The price of the stock went down by -$0.13 now trading at $148.48. Their shares witnessed a 20.25% increase from the 52-week low price of $123.48 they recorded on 2018-12-26. Even though it is still -12.96% behind the $167.72 high touched on 2018-10-01. The stock of HON recorded 12.38% uptrend from the beginning of this year till date. The 12-month potential price target for Honeywell International Inc. is set at $163.45. This target means that the stock has an upside potential to increase by 10.08% from the current trading price.
When giving their opinion, around 82.61% of Wall Street analysts, which represents 19 out of 23 rated the stock as a Buy. 4 brokerage firms of the remaining 17.39% rated the stock as a Hold with 0 analyst rating it as a sell. Overall, the number of aggregate HON shares held by institutional investors represents 72.5% of total shares. 109 institutions entered new Honeywell International Inc. (NYSE:HON) positions, 759 added to their existing positions in these shares, 814 lowered their positions, and 104 exited their positions entirely.
The shares of Kosmos Energy Ltd. (NYSE:KOS) has increased by 3.13%, and now trading at $5.27 on the Wall Street in the intra-day deal, with their shares traded now around 2,480,472. This is a decline of -1,852,402 shares over the average 4,332,874 shares that were traded daily over the last three months. The stock that is trading at $5.27 went higher by 49.29% from its 52-week low of $3.53 that it attained back on 2018-12-26. The stock recorded a 52-week high of $9.75 nearly 132 days ago on 2018-10-03.
KOS stock has performed well over the past 30 days, as it added 3.13% while its price climbed by 29.48% year-to-date (YTD). Looking at the last few days, it has been tough for the stock, as it tumbled -0.75% over the last week. The stock's 12-month potential target price is now at $8.14. This means that the stock price might likely increase by 54.46% from its current trading price.13 out of 13 Wall Street analysts which represents 100% rated the stock as a buy while the remaining 0 rated it as a hold, with 0 of analysts rating it as a sell.
Kosmos Energy Ltd. (NYSE:KOS) has been utilizing an ROE that is roughly -47%, with stock analysts predicting that the company's EPS for the next five years will go up by 23.8% per year, following the -24.1% drop that was witnessed during the past five years. The stock at the moment is on a uptrend, trading 4.11% above its 20-day SMA, 10.19% above its 50-day SMA, and -25.36% below its 200-day SMA. In percentage terms, the aggregate Kosmos Energy Ltd. shares held by institutional investors is 94.7%. 24 institutions jumped in to acquire Kosmos Energy Ltd. (KOS) fresh stake, 81 added to their current holdings in these shares, 80 lowered their positions, and 27 left no stake in the company.
The stock's 9-day MACD is -0.03 and this negative figure indicates a downward trading trend. The company's 9-day RSI score is 63.48, which shows that its stock has been neutral. The 20-day historical volatility for the shares stand at 25.81 percent, which is less when compared to that of the 50-day's 65.77 percent. On the daily chart, we see that the stock could reach the first level of resistance at $5.39, sporting a 2.23% premium to the current level. The next resistance point is at $5.51, representing nearly 4.36% premium to the current market price of Kosmos Energy Ltd. (KOS). On the other hand, failure to breach the immediate hurdles can drag it down to $4.87, the lower end of the range.


text:
William Dennis Klaus
August 27, 2018
January 10, 1939 ~ August 25, 2018
William Dennis Klaus passed away due to injuries he sustained in a vehicle accident on August 25, 2018.
Bill was born and raised in Everett, Washington. He was born January 10, 1939 to William and Clara Klaus.
He worked construction at the Puget Sound Naval shipyards for 10 years.
Bill loved the outdoors, he was an avid fisherman and hunter, and a collector of guns.
He was preceded in death by his parents, sister, Pat Bassen; brother, Jerry Klaus.
He is survived by his wife of 57 years, Carol Klaus; daughters, Joy Lohrengel, Carol Denise Klaus; 4 grandchildren and 9 great-grandchildren.
Services will be private.
Arrangements are under the directions of The Gardens Funeral Home 2949 Austin Highway, Fallon, Nevada 89406, 775- 423-8928.
Trending In: Obituaries
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- Public Utilities Commission: Nevada doesn't get advance notice of plutonium shipments
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The conference will focus on what it will take to achieve the U.N.'s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It will offer opportunities to learn, network, collaborate and exhibit amongst development professionals from across Oregon. It will consist of multiple networking opportunities (including an evening reception), workshops, panel discussions, facilitated knowledge sharing and a forum focused on fostering partnership and collaboration. The SDGs, in short, are […]
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2017 annual State of New York Sustainability Conference
The 2017 annual State of New York Sustainability Conference provides a platform for empowering and inspiring change, facilitating action, and for sharing, networking, and collaboration related to sustainability within the New York state's higher education institutions.
Energy Efficiency & Water Savings Webinar
Bring Your Own Problem (BYOP): a green campus co-laboratory
Join GreenerU for the very first campus sustainability "co-laboratory." This Bring Your Own Problem (BYOP) approach provides campus representatives an opportunity to present their own distinct energy and climate-related challenges in a group format. Attendees work as a team to problem-solve the pressing issues of campus sustainability today.
2017 AASHE Conference & Expo
Expected to draw over 2,000 participants, AASHE's annual conference is the largest stage to share effective models, policies, research, collaborations and transformative actions which advance sustainability in higher education and surrounding communities.
California Higher Education Sustainability Conference (CHESC)
The California Higher Education Sustainability Conference (CHESC) highlights cutting-edge research, as well as case studies with proven successes in curriculum development, operational programs, and community partnerships.


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What Do the Occupiers Want? An Op-Ed Column by Christopher Bernard
[Article by Christopher Bernard] What Do the Occupiers Want? The news media seem confused about what the Occupiers of Wall Street, San Francisco and other cities around America, and now the world, have been demanding. The Occupiers are mad – they're mad at Wall Street, and mad at the rich, and mad at Republicans and […]Read More


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The official Grove Rugby Football Club app
24 Nov 2012
A great win for the 2nds.
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Grove end Newbury's long unbeaten run
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Sleeping seven to nine hours a night for five days straight may stave off bags under your eyes as well as saddlebags on your thighs. When women get enough sleep, they don't take in extra, unnecessary calories to stay awake, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Read: Adequate beauty rest can help you pass up pick-me-up snacks and head off added pounds.
Both your nutritional needs (the food and water) and your metabolism (how fast your body converts food to energy) change at this age. Your metabolism gets slower. Women lose about half a pound of muscle per year starting around the age of 40. That makes losing weight even more difficult. Some of the changes women experience are due to decreased hormones, reduced activity level, and medical conditions.
Women need more of this mineral because they lose an average of 15 to 20 milligrams of iron each month during menstruation. Without enough iron, iron deficiency anemia can develop and cause symptoms that include fatigue and headaches. After menopause, body iron generally increases. Therefore, iron deficiency in women older than 50 years of age may indicate blood loss from another source and should be checked by a physician.
Calcium: Although some bone loss is inevitable with age, women can slow the process by getting enough calcium and vitamin D. Women between the ages of 50 and 70 need 1200 mg of calcium and 600 IU of Vitamin D a day. Women older than 70 require 1200 mg of calcium and 800 IU of Vitamin D a day. Because the skin becomes less efficient at converting sunlight to vitamin D as we age, older women may need more vitamin D in the form of supplements. Talk to your doctor.
For healthy bones and teeth, women need to eat a variety of calcium-rich foods every day. Calcium keeps bones strong and helps to reduce the risk for osteoporosis, a bone disease in which the bones become weak and break easily. Some calcium-rich foods include low-fat or fat-free milk, yogurt and cheese, sardines, tofu (if made with calcium sulfate) and calcium-fortified foods including juices and cereals. Adequate amounts of vitamin D also are important, and the need for both calcium and vitamin D increases as women get older. Good sources of vitamin D include fatty fish, such as salmon, eggs and fortified foods and beverages, such as some yogurts and juices.
It's full of health, diet, fitness, and inspiring articles. My first issue was 142 pages of wonderfully educational and motivating articles with clear pictures. It's easy to highlight the articles to read. This magazine is ideal for people that are interested in women's health covering all kinds of topics ranging from nutrition to working out and from meditating to parenting. It also includes ads for the latest in skincare products, makeup, gear, and food, which I like so that I know what to shop for. When I need motivated and inspired or need to refocus, this is the magazine I choose!
Even if you are the most independent exerciser around, give a group fitness class a shot at least once a week—you may find that you enjoy it more than sweating solo. "Happiness and health are shared through social connectedness and closeness," says Greg Chertok, director of sport psychology at the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center in New Jersey. "Geography and proximity are predictors of how contagious emotions can be, and this may translate into an athletic environment too." Sign up for Bikram, CrossFit, spin, or Zumba, and you could find yourself—gasp!—smiling at the gym thanks to your classmates.
Grains, vegetables and fruits are essential to getting the vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates (starch and dietary fiber) and other nutrients you need to sustain good health. Some of these nutrients may even reduce your risk of certain kinds of cancer. But experts say we rarely eat enough of these foods. To make matters worse, we also eat too much of unhealthy types of food, including fat (and cholesterol), sugar and salt.
Native to East Asia, soybeans have been a major source of protein for people in Asia for more than 5,000 years. Soybeans are high in protein (more than any other legume) and fiber, low in carbohydrates and are nutrient-dense. Soybeans contain substances called phytoestrogens, which can significantly lower your "bad" LDL cholesterol and raise your "good" HDL cholesterol.
Use MyPlate (PDF – 281 KB) as a guide to build a healthy diet. Think about filling your plate with foods from the five food groups — fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins, and dairy — at each meal. Snacks can be a good way to fill in fruits and whole grains you might have missed at meals. Most of us don't need complicated calorie counting programs or special recipes for healthy eating.
Sugar is a source of calories, not nutrients. Consuming too much sugar can lead to weight gain and tooth decay. Contrary to what many people think, there is no evidence linking high-sugar diets to hyperactivity or diabetes. However, high-fructose corn syrup, found in most processed foods, is linked with obesity, and obesity increases your risk for developing diabetes and other conditions.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) food pyramid system (www.mypyramid.gov) provides a good start by recommending that the bulk of your diet come from the grain group—this includes bread, cereal, rice and pasta— the vegetable group; and the fruit group. Select smaller amounts of foods from the milk group and the meat and beans group. Eat few—if any—foods that are high in fat and sugars and low in nutrients. The amount of food you should consume depends on your sex, age and level of activity.
Although growing bodies need plenty of energy in the form of calories, many children and teenagers consume way too many, says Ruth Frechman, RD, a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association. The latest findings from federal surveys show that 18% of adolescents and teenagers are fatter than they should be. Kids who are obese are 16 times more likely than healthy weight children to become obese as adults, other findings show.
It's a cliché, to be sure, but a balanced diet is the key to good nutrition and good health. Following that diet, however, isn't always that easy. One challenge is that women often feel too busy to eat healthfully, and it's often easier to pick up fast food than to prepare a healthy meal at home. But fast food is usually high in fat and calories and low in other nutrients, which can seriously affect your health. At the other extreme, a multimillion dollar industry is focused on telling women that being fit means being thin and that dieting is part of good nutrition.
You don't have to spend a lot of money, follow a very strict diet, or eat only specific types of food to eat healthy. Healthy eating is not about skipping meals or certain nutrients. Healthy eating is not limited to certain types of food, like organic, gluten-free, or enriched food. It is not limited to certain patterns of eating, such as high protein.
Marina Rae Parker grew up in College Station, TX and has been pursuing her love of dance since she was three through competitive dance in a variety of styles. Marina has always loved teaching and has been assisting dance classes since she was eleven. She decided to continue her dancing career at Sam Houston State University and graduated with honors in May 2015 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Dance and a minor in General Business. While in college, Marina had the opportunity to learn Creative Movement and has taught at Gibbs Elementary Preschool, Sam Houston State University and now teaches at Holy Cross Learning Center. Marina was also a member and officer of Chi Tau Epsilon Dance Honor Society and had the opportunity to take numerous master classes from a number of distinguished guests. Marina wanted to continue to use her dance training in some form after graduating and had the opportunity to do so through Barre Fitness. She wanted to learn and teach Barre because of the one-of-a-kind work out it gives each individual, while also using some ballet technique and dance related terms and movement. MPOWER provided the chance to fulfill the need of teaching, while also providing a friendly, supportive environment to do so. Marina looks forward to teaching and growing in Barre Fitness with the full support of everyone at MPOWER Fitness. In her spare time Marina enjoys reading many books, going to the movies, playing board games with the family and hanging out with friends.
The trick to biking uphill is to look ahead and anticipate. "Try to plan for what's coming," says Georgia Gould, a LUNA pro athlete and 2012 Olympic bronze medalist in women's mountain biking. "Start shifting down one gear at a time for a smooth, energy-saving transition. Ideally your cadence should stay the same as you transition from harder to easier gears."
In the past, women have often tried to make up deficits in their diet though the use of vitamins and supplements. However, while supplements can be a useful safeguard against occasional nutrient shortfalls, they can't compensate for an unbalanced or unhealthy diet. To ensure you get all the nutrients you need from the food you eat, try to aim for a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, quality protein, healthy fats, and low in processed, fried, and sugary foods.
Women have many unique health concerns — menstrual cycles, pregnancy, birth control, menopause — and that's just the beginning. A number of health issues affect only women and others are more common in women. What's more, men and women may have the same condition, but different symptoms. Many diseases affect women differently and may even require distinct treatment.
Lorelei had wanted to try yoga for years but had been making excuses until one morning she woke up and decided to work on doing more of the things she wanted to do. Eventually she started watching short YouTube yoga videos-one day she missed, and that day was when she realized how much yoga affected her not only on a physical level but a mental as well. She began to research, went to a week long intensive festival attending classes and workshops from instructors and physicians, took a college course on yoga, attended more festivals and then accomplished her 60hr Hot teacher training, and then her 200hr Yoga Teacher Certification. She looks forward to sharing what she has learned and excited to continue learning, smiling, and practicing with anyone willing to come play!
While women tend to need fewer calories than men, our requirements for certain vitamins and minerals are much higher. Hormonal changes associated with menstruation, child-bearing, and menopause mean that women have a higher risk of anemia, weakened bones, and osteoporosis, requiring a higher intake of nutrients such as iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin B9 (folate).
Dairy. Women should get 3 cups of dairy each day, but most women get only half that amount.6 If you can't drink milk, try to eat low-fat plain yogurt or low-fat cheese. Dairy products are among the best food sources of the mineral calcium, but some vegetables such as kale and broccoli also have calcium, as do some fortified foods such as fortified soymilk, fortified cereals, and many fruit juices. Most girls ages 9 to 18 and women older than 50 need more calcium for good bone health.
For once we're not talking about breakfast but rather the recovery meal after your workout. "So many women skip post-exercise nutrition because they don't want to 'undo the calories they just burned,'" says Amanda Carlson-Phillips, vice president of nutrition and research for Athletes' Performance and Core Performance. "But getting a combination of 10 to 15 grams of protein and 20 to 30 grams of carbohydrates within 30 minutes of your workout will help to refuel your body, promote muscle recovery, amp up your energy, and build a leaner physique."
Iron: Essential for healthy blood cells, iron becomes especially important when girls begin to menstruate. With each period, a woman loses small amounts of iron. "About 10% of American women are iron deficient," says Dorothy Klimis-Zacas, PhD, a professor of nutrition at the University of Maine and co-editor of Nutritional Concerns of Women (CRC Press, 2003). "About 5% have iron deficiency anemia." Symptoms of low iron include fatigue, impaired immunity, and poor performance at school or work.
The best training tool you're not using: a jump rope. "It may seem a little juvenile until you think of all the hot-bodied boxing pros who jump rope every single day," says Landon LaRue, a CrossFit level-one trainer at Reebok CrossFit LAB in L.A. Not only is it inexpensive, portable, and easy to use almost anywhere, you'll burn about 200 calories in 20 minutes and boost your cardiovascular health while toning, he adds.
Lorelei had wanted to try yoga for years but had been making excuses until one morning she woke up and decided to work on doing more of the things she wanted to do. Eventually she started watching short YouTube yoga videos-one day she missed, and that day was when she realized how much yoga affected her not only on a physical level but a mental as well. She began to research, went to a week long intensive festival attending classes and workshops from instructors and physicians, took a college course on yoga, attended more festivals and then accomplished her 60hr Hot teacher training, and then her 200hr Yoga Teacher Certification. She looks forward to sharing what she has learned and excited to continue learning, smiling, and practicing with anyone willing to come play!


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Embedded projects are one of the best choices for ECE and EEE engineering students where most of the students prefer to solve embedded systems based IEEE projects. A few of the most innovative embedded system projects for engineering students are given below. EDGEFX TECHNOLOGIES provides most innovative project solutions to engineering students in different categories.
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This project is a very interesting robotics project in which the robot operated by wirelessly. This project is developed based on this concept to transfer power to a robotic vehicle or electric train or electric car wirelessly. Here, develop a robotic vehicle that operates wireless to run it in a specified path by inductive resonance coupling from the ground level fixed coil developing a 40 KHz power from the mains AC source 230Hz. This project is one of the good B.Tech projects in final year projects for eee engineering students.
An electronic voting machine is an extraordinary electronic project that is used for voting at polling stations. This project provides a push-button switch for different contestants. A powerful embedded c programming is written in assembly language. This program is burnt onto the PIC 16f series microcontroller to accept votes and to keep counting the total votes polling on it.
This project is designed to convert the solar energy (DC) to alternating current (AC) for operating the household applications. The solar panel converts the sun's energy to DC power using PV cells that is sent to the solar inverter. The solar inverter converts the direct current to alternate current for use in your home electrical loads. In this project the solar energy stored in the batteries.
This project is designed to control electrical by a personal computer. It is very help full for the industries wherein the lights are controlled by PC for better management. The proposed system integrated with electrical loads and also connected to the PC. The "DAQ" software is loaded in the PC which presents the on/off buttons. By using on/off buttons to control electrical loads in the home based on relays. This is a very interesting project for ece and eee engineering students as you can do mini projects or main project.
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The project is designed to control industrial loads in three modes such as automatic, manual and pre-set modes sequentially by using relays with programmed Raspberry Pi development board. Sequential switching is possible by the programmable logic controllers but it is used in industrial operations and it is expensive for simple switching operations. This is one of the beautiful project topics for eee and ece engineering students. The raspberry pi is a new technology which is used to developed many latest electronic projects.
The underground cable system is a common in many urban areas which is followed by many kilometers wherein any fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is designed to determine the distance of underground cable fault from the base station in kilometers through an Arduino development board. This is very interesting B. Tech project for ece and eee students.


text: Back to school means back to early mornings, homework time, and lunch packing. The school year is a busy time for parents and kids, which can lead to stress and feeling short on time. While it may be easier to have your kids grab a slice of pizza in the school cafeteria, it's important to… Read more »