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Your driver-guide will pick-you up from your central London hotel or place of residence at the specified time. We recommend 8am. After a fast-route from London, our Private Cambridge-Duxford Tour takes us first to the famous university town, then to a vast air and military museum which features many United States connections.
Centre of academic excellence, this famous university town is referred to by arch-rivals Oxford as the 'Other Place'! Unlike Oxford, however, the academic communities sit comfortably with the locals, and there is a more symbiotic relationship between 'Town & Gown', so the whole atmosphere is much more relaxed. Visit one of the colleges, in all their Gothic glory: among the most famous, Magdalen, Corpus Christi, King's, Queens', Jesus, Trinity and Gonville & Caius. Cambridge is a market town and the main square often bustles with traders' stalls and carts. Visit some of its famous pubs, including the Eagle, a former coaching inn much used during WWII by air force pilots who burned their names onto the ceiling with cigarette lighters. A decade later, leading lights from the science community, Francis Crick and James Watson came here to celebrate their discovery of DNA. Other highlights include the Fitzwilliam Museum, famous for 18th & 19th century art and classical antiquities, and the puzzling Mathematical Bridge… how on earth was it put together? Students earn extra pocket-money punting boats along the River Cam, known as the 'Backs', so as an alternative to walking, why not turn off your mind, relax, and float downstream?
Your driver-guide will suggest appropriate lunch options on the day. Perhaps a village tea-room, riverside restaurant or traditional pub. Alternatively, you may want to bring a pre-packed lunch or just grab a sandwich. It's your tour, it's your choice. (Note: Private Cambridge-Duxford Tour price does not include food or refreshments).
Duxford is based on an aerodrome which was built during the First World War and was one of the earliest Royal Air Force stations. During World War II it served as a fighter station. There are a number of exhibitions in different hangars around the site including 'Land Warfare', 'Air & Sea', '1940 Operations Room' and 'Battle of Britain'. There is an incredibly vast aero-hangar dedicated to civil aircraft which includes an original Concorde. You can actually go on board too. Most impressive is the American Air Museum which contains the finest collection of American combat aircraft outside of the United States including the awesome B52 bomber.
● Description: day tour by private vehicle from London
conducted by accredited driver-guide.
● Number of passengers: up to 7.
● Typical timings: 8am-5pm.
● Pick-up/drop-off: any central London hotel/residence.
● Price (based on number of passengers):
1-2 = £640.00*; 3-4 = £680.00*; 5-7 = £720.00*.
*Not including entry fees. For some attractions it may be necessary for us to book standard tickets in advance.


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If you have a Japan related question or know the answer to a question listed in this forum, please post it. Thank you!
If you have a Japan related question or know the answer to a question listed in this forum, please post it. Thank you!
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subset: commoncrawl


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(608) 241-0848
New Madison Offices
664 W Washington Ave. Madison, WI
Regent St and W. Washington Ave
4901 Cottage Grove Rd, Madison, WI
At the WIldwood Family Clinic
Stoughton Office
225 Church St, Stoughton WI
Adjacent to the Stoughton Hospital
My Blog
Posts for tag: Achilles Tendonitis
Heel pain is one of the most common complaints a podiatrist hears about from patients. If you are dealing with heel pain above the heel bone then you could be dealing with Achilles Tendonitis, a result of overuse. The Achilles tendon is the longest tendon in the body and it serves to connect the muscles of the calf with the lower leg and heel bone.
While Achilles Tendonitis tends to occur most often in runners, this condition can still occur in athletes that play certain sports such as soccer or tennis. Unfortunately, this tendon does weaken as we get older, which makes at an increased risk for developing this overuse injury as we age.
What are the symptoms of Achilles Tendonitis?
The most obvious symptom of Achilles Tendonitis is pain above the heel bone. When the pain first appears it's usually pretty mild and you may only notice it after running; however, over time you may notice that the pain gets worse after certain exercises. Along with pain you may also experience stiffness or tenderness in the heel, especially in the morning or after long periods of sitting.
When should I see a podiatrist?
If this is the first time that you've ever experienced heel pain then it's a good idea to turn to a foot doctor who can determine whether Achilles Tendonitis is causing your symptoms or whether it's something else. If you're experiencing chronic heel pain around the Achilles tendon it's also a good time to see a doctor. If the pain is severe or you are unable to put weight on your foot it's possible that you might be dealing with a ruptured tendon, which requires immediate attention.
How do you treat Achilles Tendonitis?
In most cases, Achilles Tendonitis can be treated with simple self-care options. Unless symptoms are severe you may be able to treat your heel pain by:
- Taking over-the-counter pain medications
- Avoiding high-impact activities or activities that exacerbate symptoms
- Elevating the foot to reduce swelling
- Performing stretching exercises or undergoing physical therapy
- Icing the heel
- Wearing custom orthotics
- Replacing worn-out shoes, especially running shoes
Surgery is only necessary if your symptoms aren't responding to any other nonsurgical treatment options after several months or if the tendon is torn.
If you think your heel pain could be the result of Achilles Tendonitis then it's time to turn to a podiatrist as soon as possible. A podiatrist can provide you with a variety of treatment options, from simple lifestyle modifications to custom orthotics.
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I got it through auction. Value for money.
Very cheap but unfortunately the brand wasn't reliable - had purchased the 2m n 3m before. The 2m last several months but the 3m version failed after a month. The weakness is at the connectors
Ok ok ok lah hope can last thanks
auction❤Cheapest❤ Premium AAAAA grade iPhone X/8/7/6/5 iPad 4/Mini/Air iPod Touch/Nano IOS 11.2 TESTED


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Comprised of a core of some of the finest instrumental and vocal artists in Chicago, New Standard Music, Inc. is able to combine both artistic and professional integrity and mix it with decades of experience.
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In The Blue Jazz Ensemble provides exciting live music with an elegant atmosphere.
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Panama City Beach, FL 32413 View Profile & Reviews
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If you're looking to help yourself or someone you love struggling with drug addiction in Cottondale, FL, Rehabs.com provides a massive Internet database of luxury executive facilities, as well as a wealth of alternatives. We can assist you in finding addiction treatment clinics for a dependencies to Adderall, marijuana, alcohol or any addictive substance. Search for a highly-rated rehabilitation facility in Cottondale now, and set out on the road to clean living.
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30, 60, 90-Day Inpatient Vs. Outpatient Rehabilitation in Cottondale, Florida
Becoming sober from Diazepam, Meperidine, alcohol or any other drug you or your loved one is addicted to takes an individualized treatment strategy. Two options of addiction treatment facilities in Cottondale can help you succeed: either In-patient or Outpatient Rehab. Inpatient therapy offers lasting gains with an extended stay in an excellent rehab program. Outpatient treatments may be convenient, but lack the support and resources of three-month programs to get over your addiction. Ultimately, the decision is yours, and we are here to help you choose the one that'll be best for you.
Dr. De Filippo is triple board certified in Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Addiction Medicine and is currently practicing in Broward County, Florida. He is active in many areas of the medical industry and is experienced in both treatment and management. He has extensive experience in the ph...
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Detaching yourself from the location of the substance addiction can help separate distractions and tempting things that prevent complete recovery. When viewing rehabilitation as a therapeutic hideaway, addicts will find luxury executive clinics in cities outside of Cottondale, Florida. Offering high-end hotel-like amenities, the top-rated programs help achieve a physical, mental and emotional improvement. However, those looking for treatments outside of the facility may find a center nearer to home is a simpler decision.
Dual diagnosis refers to people who are simultaneously struggling with substance abuse issues and a behavioral or mental issue. For instance, an addiction to Ambien, narcotics or alcohol combined with bipolar disorder or anger management issues. For these cases, a residential treatment center becomes even more desirable, incorporating quality inpatient therapy with support group aid, such as one might experience in Narcotics Anonymous. Luxury drug rehabs in Cottondale, Florida will provide excellent rehab services with upscale amenities for anyone requiring the very best drug rehab, just as Cottondale alcohol rehab centers will help those battling alcohol to get sober.
Note About Insurance for Addiction Treatment: AmeriHealth, EmblemHealth and LifeSynch frequently offer at least some coverage for your inpatient treatment, and you can find out more about your own carrier's policy or benefits here.
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When you are renting a 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 40 yard dumpster, you want a company you can trust with prices that make you smile. Give us a call today and see the difference we can make in your next construction or clean out project.
Simply give us a call and we will help you figure out your dumpster rental needs.
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Most cities or municipalities do not have many regulations regarding dumpster rental as long as you keep the dumpster entirely on your own property during the rental period. If you need to place your container on the street in any way, you will likely have to obtain a permit from the appropriate building permit office in your town. You can check with your local public works department to be sure.
Most Hawkins dumpster rental companies will take care of securing this permit for you if you rent from them. Make sure that if you're planning to put the dumpster on the street, the company has made the appropriate arrangements. You should also ensure that you get the permit in a timely manner and at the correct cost. If you thought the dumpster company was getting a permit and they did not, you will be the one who will have to pay the fine that is issued by the authorities.
Sorting through an entire house, building, or even storage unit signifies sifting by means of items to determine what's salvageable and what's waste. Some things can be retained or re-packaged; others get straight to the recycling core or the regional dump. You will need somewhere to set junk when it's from the building-and chances are, you don't have the time or even energy drive an automobile back and forth to your landfill each hour. This is why a professional crap removal group comes in, for getting that waste off the property or home and from a life. If you're dealing with the loss of a loved one, you need the estate cleanout to be because smooth and painless as it can be. A crap hauling firm will attempt to make that happen.
These facts are just some of the guidelines that can surely allow you to hire by far the most qualified non commercial Rent a Waste Management Dumpster in Hawkins, TX company. Most of these will definitely help you in choosing that will company which will not only supply you with the best price, but also the best service.
Fresh carpeting, base board, doors, vainness, toilet, shower, etc. could possibly be brought in in the event the old will be thrown to the dumpster that was rental. All of the brand new items have got boxes and plastic and some sort of providing material. Doing this can be chucked right into the rented dumpster.
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For big condo renovating jobs you should have multiple significant dumpsters. The large dumpster will hold up to several tons of dust. Four tons is about 12 pickup truck tons of debris.
Incidentally: if you haven't used it in at least a year, it's waste and you have no need for it in your daily life.
Some people may well say that the Rent a Waste Management Dumpster in Hawkins, TX services industry is known for all types of additional or even add-on fees. Consequently be a sensible consumer and enquire of the following inquiries.
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Exactly what is the daily rental charge? Some organizations will charge an every day rental fee and so be sure to find out the rental charge is included or not.
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Renting spin off dumpsters could not be easier, but there are a few things you need to take into consideration before placing an order: You may not fit wet color into the dumpster however you are able to fit dry color cans within it.
Will be your den not big enough? Do you expend a lot of time with your den? In case you answered indeed to either of those questions, maybe it is time to redesign your living area. If you have an additional bedroom of which connects using your den, perhaps you should think about knocking out the wall membrane in between the 2 rooms. This will open up your den location and make the item much more ample and comfortable for you personally.
There are many reasons you may need a Rent a Waste Management Dumpster in Hawkins in M . d .. You could be wearing a new top on your home or office Maryland. You might need the Rent a Waste Management Dumpster in Hawkins throughout Maryland for the construction crew coming to perform new top or you could need it for you personally and your family to receive the roofing career completed.
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Spin off dumpsters tend to be large junk cans enclosed with tires at the bottom and therefore are usually recommended for junk disposal inside large tasks like house renovation, design projects commercial clean federal express and environment friendly yard cleanse ups. These kind of roll offs tend to be enclosed having two entrance ways, one at the back side to dump inside heavy loads, one on the top to throw the little trash leftover at the task location. The wheels enclosed with the roll off help in easy rolling of the dumpster on to the truck. Spin off dumpsters can be found in different sizes starting from 10 yard to 40 yard.
Once you have all of your objects needed, you can obtain started with the construction that's being finished on your home. Make sure you possess rented the dumpster for all of your requires. Make it simple on by yourself and choose the dumpster that can be moved about. A dumpster having wheels could make everyone's task super uncomplicated.
Some nearby authorities requires people to apply for a permit just before they have almost any rent a dumpster items placed on their home. Most of the time this will only apply if the dumpster is going to be put on or near the street, however you should always consult with the local creating permit business office regarding the prerequisites in your particular instance, while failing to get a permit may result in hefty charges.
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Please use the form below to contact us. We look forward to working with you and will get back to you as soon as possible. All fields are required


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New Research In
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A coherent neurobiological framework for functional neuroimaging provided by a model integrating compartmentalized energy metabolism
Edited by Marcus E. Raichle, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, and approved December 28, 2006 (received for review July 13, 2006)
Functional neuroimaging has undergone spectacular developments in recent years. Paradoxically, its neurobiological bases have remained elusive, resulting in an intense debate around the cellular mechanisms taking place upon activation that could contribute to the signals measured. Taking advantage of a modeling approach, we propose here a coherent neurobiological framework that not only explains several in vitro and in vivo observations but also provides a physiological basis to interpret imaging signals. First, based on a model of compartmentalized energy metabolism, we show that complex kinetics of NADH changes observed in vitro can be accounted for by distinct metabolic responses in two cell populations reminiscent of neurons and astrocytes. Second, extended application of the model to an in vivo situation allowed us to reproduce the evolution of intraparenchymal oxygen levels upon activation as measured experimentally without substantially altering the initial parameter values. Finally, applying the same model to functional neuroimaging in humans, we were able to determine that the early negative component of the blood oxygenation level-dependent response recorded with functional MRI, known as the initial dip, critically depends on the oxidative response of neurons, whereas the late aspects of the signal correspond to a combination of responses from cell types with two distinct metabolic profiles that could be neurons and astrocytes. In summary, our results, obtained with such a modeling approach, support the concept that both neuronal and glial metabolic responses form essential components of neuroimaging signals.
Functional imaging methods that include functional MRI (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), positron emission tomography, and optical imaging are widely used to explore brain activity (1). Signals recorded with these techniques originate from hemodynamic and metabolic changes occurring upon activation. Understanding the precise nature of these changes has led to renewed interest in cellular and molecular investigations in the regulation of brain energy metabolism and blood flow. Presently, a major challenge is to propose a coherent framework to link (i) cellular data obtained in vitro, e.g., in slices or cell cultures; (ii) data obtained in animal in vivo using, for instance, electrophysiological methods, biosensors, or fluorescence microscopy; and (iii) functional neuroimaging data obtained in humans.
In this context, several experimental data have challenged the classical view of brain energy metabolism, that complete oxidation of glucose in neurons is the sole process relevant to brain function. Fox and Raichle (2) reported, on the basis of their positron emission tomography data, that during a stimulation, the increased fraction of glucose consumption can be greater than the concomitant increase fraction of oxygen consumption. This observation is supported by MRS recordings that showed an increase in tissue lactate (LAC) concentration upon activation (3–5). On the other hand, Pellerin and Magistretti (6) demonstrated that astrocytes in cell cultures produce LAC in response to glutamate uptake. On this basis, Pellerin and Magistretti proposed that LAC released by astrocytes can be an additional energy fuel for neurons, a process referred to as the astrocyte–neuron LAC shuttle (ANLS). More recently, it was shown either in vitro or in vivo that several metabolic components, in response to a stimulation, display complex time courses, sometimes involving distinct cellular elements. First, an initial transient decrease in brain LAC concentration was observed in rat by using biosensors (7) and in human by using 1H-MRS (8). Second, an initial increase in deoxyhemoglobin concentration was observed by Malonek and Grinvald (9) using optical imaging in cat and an early negative phase of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in fMRI, referred to as an initial dip, was reported by Kim et al. (10), whereas it was already known that BOLD signal displays a poststimulus undershoot (11). Third, Ances et al. (12), using an oxygen microelectrode in vivo in rat, highlighted an initial decrease and poststimulus undershoot in tissue oxygen concentration upon activation, which are not present in concomitantly measured cerebral blood flow (CBF). Finally, Kasischke et al. (13), who used two-photon fluorescence imaging of NADH in rat hippocampal slices, showed that, in response to an activation, dendritic mitochondria undergo an early oxidation (early transient decrease in NADH), followed by a significant reduction in astrocytic cytosol (overshoot of NADH).
These data not only prompt a reevaluation of our understanding of metabolic events taking place upon activation; they also indicate that to propose a coherent view of processes underlying neuroimaging techniques, one should further consider two particular points: (i) energetics can significantly differ between cell types and (ii) LAC, oxygen, and NADH concentrations display complex transient kinetics upon activation, notably an early and transient decrease. In the present study, on the basis of previous models (14–16), we propose a more comprehensive mathematical model that takes into account both the compartmentalization of energy metabolism between two populations of cells with distinct metabolic behaviors and subcellular compartmentalization of energy metabolism between cytosol and mitochondria. We distinguish two kinds of cells with different levels of aerobic metabolism (previously identified as red and white cells, respectively; refs. 17–19) that we assimilate here to neurons and astrocytes. Using this model, we can account now for several crucial in vitro and in vivo experimental data. Moreover, on the basis of physiological mechanisms suggested by this modeling, we propose a unified cellular and metabolic interpretation of some aspects of BOLD signal transients in fMRI.
We present typical results of the model schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. This versatile model is designed to describe in vitro situations, taking into account neuronal cytosol (index n), neuronal mitochondria (nm), astrocytic cytosol (g), astrocytic mitochondria (gm), and extracellular (interstitial) space (e), all of which are displayed in solid lines in Fig. 1. The model can also account for in vivo situations, by adding capillaries (c) and small veins or venous balloons (v), which are represented in dashed lines. The input functions are J ATPases n and J ATPases g, the ATP consumption rates by neurons and astrocytes respectively, in the in vitro case, plus the CBF, in the in vivo case. Because possible differences between J ATPases n and J ATPases g are not well documented in the literature, we simply assumed that the kinetics of J ATPases are similar between neurons and astrocytes, with equal time constants and equal increase fractions (peak of 134% of the baseline value). A study of the effect of varying these input terms can be found in supporting information (SI). The baseline level of glucose consumption (per unit tissue volume) is divided between neurons (J Glyco n = 3.1 μM·s−1) and astrocytes (J Glyco g = 8.9 μM·s−1) according to the MRS data collected by Hyder et al. (20). This results in an ANLS at resting state; however, the main results yielded by the model remains unchanged if we assume there is no ANLS at rest. Furthermore, we assume that metabolic regulations are the same in neurons and astrocytes, except that mitochondrial shuttles for NADH are less active in astrocytes (see SI).
Model in Vitro: Comparison with NADH Data in Slices.
Typical results from the model applied in vitro are displayed in Fig. 2. The stimulation time was 20 s, to compare our results with the temporal evolution of the kinetics of NADH published by Kasischke et al. (13). Neuronal glycolysis, J Glyco n, undergoes an early increase with a fast decay toward baseline. In contrast, astrocytic glycolysis, J Glyco g returns to baseline with a longer time constant (Fig. 2 A). Furthermore, the extra glucose consumption in neurons (0.55 μM·s−1 at t = 8 s) corresponds to an extra oxygen consumption of 6 × 0.55 = 3.3 μM·s−1, whereas the increase in neuronal oxygen consumption is 8 μM·s−1 at t = 8 s (Fig. 2 A Inset). The difference requires an extra substrate supply, which is provided by extracellular LAC to neurons; the change in the rate of the LAC dehydrogenase (LDH)-catalyzed reaction in neurons is ΔJ LDH n = −1.5 μM·s−1 at t = 8 s (Fig. 2 B), which indicates an extra pyruvate (PYR) production from LAC and corresponds to an extra oxygen consumption of 3 × 1.5 = 4.5 μM·s−1. On the contrary, ΔJ LDH g equals 1.3 μM·s−1 at t = 10 s, meaning that astrocytes produce more LAC from PYR (Fig. 2 B). The maximal changes in fluxes of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are ΔJ MCT n = −1.0 μM·s−1 at t = 14 s, ΔJ MCT g = 0.9 μM·s−1 at t = 21 s for neurons and astrocytes, respectively. This clearly indicates that an extra ANLS occurs both at the MCT and LDH levels. More precisely, neurons consume LAC from the extracellular space, and extracellular LAC is partially replenished by the astrocytic production. This results in a decrease in extracellular LAC concentration (Fig. 2 D), which is followed by a reincrease in LAC level. The neuronal mitochondrial NADH first decreases, then increases, with a minimum at t = 10 s, namely before the end of the stimulation. The amplitude of this minimum is 9.1% of the baseline value (Fig. 2 C), which is fully consistent with the kinetics of dendritic mitochondrial NADH of Kasischke et al. (13), showing a minimum of ≈10% at t = 10 s. Astrocytic cytosolic NADH begins to increase slowly, then more rapidly, and is increased by 12% above its baseline value at about t = 40 s, which is close to the 7–9% increase reported experimentally. Astrocytic mitochondrial NADH modifications are much less prominent than in neurons, whereas neuronal cytosolic NADH changes are moderate, results that are fully consistent again with the data of Kasischke et al. (13) (see SI, which also displays other simulations where different J ATPases in neurons and in astrocytes can result in an even better fit with experimental data, especially for extracellular LAC and astrocytic NADH).
Model in Vivo.
Comparison with oxygen and LAC recordings in animal.
Typical results from the model applied in vivo are displayed in Fig. 3. Parameter values are nearly the same as in Fig. 2. The stimulation time is 60 s, to compare the temporal evolution of intraparenchymal oxygen (O2i) with the P O2 measurements of Ances et al. (12). As in the in vitro case, we obtained an early stimulation of J O2 n (Fig. 3 A Inset), followed by a slightly delayed increase of J Glyco g (Fig. 3 A). This is accompanied by a significant oxidation of neuronal mitochondria and a slower reduction of astrocytic cytosol (Fig. 3 C). Furthermore, changes in ANLS level and the biphasic behavior of LAC kinetics still occur as in vitro (Fig. 3 B and D). The resulting cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), combined with a CBF time course (Fig. 3 E) based on the data recorded by Ances et al. (12), results in a temporal evolution of O2i that is consistent with the measurements of Ances et al. (12). Notably, O2i displays an initial transient decrease followed by a peak, and a significant poststimulus undershoot; most interestingly, during the stimulation, O2i reaches a minimum around the middle of the stimulation time, then further increases (Fig. 3 E). It can be noted that such a behavior is due to the persistence of a relatively high oxygen consumption (Fig. 3 A Inset) with respect to CBF and can be observed whether the input term J ATPases has a similar time course in both cell types, as shown in Fig. 3, or has slower kinetics in astrocytes than in neurons (as shown in SI). Finally, the calculated BOLD signal also displays a significant poststimulus undershoot but, because of the CBF time course, the initial dip of the BOLD signal is very slight (Fig. 3 F). The positive part of the BOLD signal tends to increase again at the end of the stimulation, so there is an overshoot at both the beginning and end of the stimulation. This aspect is not present for CBF but is correlated to the intraparenchymal oxygen time course. This peculiar time course of the simulated BOLD signal has some common features with the BOLD signal recorded in human by Nakai et al. (21), who also found two overshoots but with almost equal amplitude.
Effect of stimulus features on the BOLD signal in human.
We further studied possible links between compartmentalized energy metabolism and BOLD signal features, as displayed in Fig. 4. The parameters are the same as in Fig. 3, except that the CBF time course is modeled by using a trapezoidal function, which is commonly used to account for fMRI data in humans (22). Our results show that separate components of the BOLD response depend, in a specific manner, on to what extent each cell type is stimulated. Increasing neuronal stimulation enhances the initial dip amplitude (Fig. 4 A). On the other hand, stimulation of astrocytes has no effect on the initial dip (Fig. 4 B). Increasing neuronal or astrocytic stimulation tends to decrease the BOLD value at the end of the stimulation, but neuronal stimulation has a dramatic effect on the beginning of the positive part of the BOLD signal, which is less modified by astrocytic stimulation. The amplitude of the poststimulus undershoot increases both for an activation of neurons and astrocytes, a neuronal stimulation being more efficient than an astrocytic stimulation. In summary, increasing either neuronal or astrocytic stimulation affects the BOLD signal for the most part of the stimulation and during the poststimulus undershoot, but only a neuronal stimulation is responsible for the initial dip.
Previous modeling efforts to provide a physiological interpretation of neuroimaging data were intended to resolve either hemodynamic aspects (22, 23), oxygen exchanges (18), or relationships between brain electrical activity, metabolism, and hemodynamics (14). Recently, we developed models to investigate compartmentalized energy metabolism between astrocytes and neurons (15) and identify mechanisms necessary to explain brain LAC kinetics (16). Using these models, we showed that current experimental data on LAC and NADH kinetics upon various kinds of activation are compatible with the ANLS hypothesis. Recent experimental data, while confirming the main conclusions of our models, emphasized the importance of the subcellular compartmentalization of energy metabolism between the cytosol and mitochondria (13). Meanwhile, advances in neuroimaging underlined that changes of the metabolic state of the brain strongly affect the fMRI signal (24), whereas recent in vivo MRS data on glucose fluxes (20) gave insights on the astrocyte–neuron interactions. In an attempt to integrate these experimental data, obtained at the cellular and regional levels, as well as identify specific cellular mechanisms underlying functional neuroimaging, we developed a versatile model designed to account for both in vitro and in vivo experimental data. This model takes into account (i) the compartmentalization between neurons and astrocytes; (ii) the compartmentalization between the cytosol and mitochondria; and (iii) in the in vivo version of the model, the exchanges through the blood–brain barrier, hemodynamics, and the relationship to the BOLD signal.
Distinct Metabolic Responses of Neurons and Astrocytes Support the LAC Shuttle Concept.
Application of the model in vitro can satisfactorily account for NADH fluorescence data obtained in rat hippocampal slices by using two-photon microscopy by Kasischke et al. (13), as shown in Fig. 2. To obtain this concordance, it was necessary to assume that (i) in astrocytes, cytosolic NADH at resting state is higher than in neurons, this latter point being fully consistent with fluorescence data (13); (ii) mitochondrial shuttles for NADH are less active in astrocytes than in neurons (25); and (iii) stimulation is high at the beginning of the activation period (26). It must be emphasized that we assumed no difference between neurons and astrocytes for the regulation of glycolysis, phosphocreatine buffer, PYR dehydrogenase (PDH), and oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, to reduce the number of free parameters, we assumed the time courses of the increase fractions of ATP consumption are the same in neurons and astrocytes. In these conditions, the increase of oxygen consumption is much greater in neurons that in astrocytes. Glycolysis increases both in astrocytes and in neurons, but the increase in glycolysis is more prolonged in astrocytes. These time evolutions result in conditions favorable to the ANLS. However, as suggested (15, 27), ANLS does not require to be a time-invariant phenomenon. More precisely, our results suggest the following sequence of events: (i) an early onset of neuronal oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in the rapid decrease in mitochondrial NADH; and (ii) stimulation of neuronal PDH and Krebs cycle, resulting in a decrease in neuronal PYR and LAC, which induces thermodynamical conditions favorable to a conversion of LAC into PYR and LAC uptake by neurons, which can be reinforced by the favorable kinetic properties of neuronal MCTs (16). Thus, at the beginning of a stimulation, extracellular LAC is taken up by neurons and only partly replenished by astrocytes, which results in a decrease in extracellular LAC concentration, as was reported in vivo by Hu and Wilson (7). This is consistent with our previous analysis of in vivo LAC kinetics, which shows that the LAC initial dip has mainly a metabolic origin and is due to a consumption of LAC by neurons at the very start of a stimulation (16). Later, NADH and PYR production by astrocytic glycolysis is markedly enhanced, which results in a greater conversion of PYR into LAC and an increased secretion of LAC by these cells, such that extracellular LAC increases again. All these modifications favor the use of LAC produced by astrocytes in neuronal mitochondria via the ANLS. In addition, it can be noted that in our model, an even higher stimulation of neurons results in a marked overshoot of neuronal mitochondrial NADH following the initial decrease. In this case, neuronal NADH contributes to the tissue NADH increase together with astrocytic cytoplasmic NADH (data not shown), which can contribute to explain the results obtained by Brennan et al. (28) by using pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis in slices. Furthermore, our model does not address directly the question of which physiological processes contribute to the energetic demands in each cell type upon stimulation. The main contributor to J ATPases in both cell types is assumed to be Na+ entry. Considering that glutamatergic activity accounts for the majority of energy expenditures in the central nervous system (29), it is likely that glutamate, by both activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors on neurons and its Na+-dependent uptake in astrocytes, is the main contributor of Na+ influx and enhanced J ATPases in both cell types. It can be emphasized that we used identical time courses for J ATPases n or J ATPases g increase fractions. A somewhat better fit between simulations and experimental data was obtained when we assumed that ATP consumption kinetics is slower in astrocytes than in neurons (see SI). This prediction of the model that J ATPases g is slower than J ATPases n remains to be confirmed experimentally. It is noteworthy, however, that some data reporting changes in ATP levels in astrocytes upon exposure to glutamate indicate ATP consumption must be a relatively slow process in these cells (≈120 s to reach maximal effect for a stimulus of the same duration), which would be consistent with the model prediction (30). Nevertheless, our model emphasizes that comparative experimental measurements of astrocytic and neuronal ATP consumption kinetics would be of crucial importance for a more precise description of the system.
Consequences of the Cellular Metabolic Compartmentalization for Oxygen Concentration Changes in Vivo.
Our versatile model enabled us to address the possible consequences of cellular metabolic compartmentalization on the intraparenchymal oxygen time course in vivo, taking into account the effect of CBF variations and transport of oxygen between capillaries and parenchyma. We also simulated the BOLD signal, whose main determinants are CBF, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), and cerebral blood volume, whereas intraparenchymal oxygen variations depend both on CMRO2 and CBF. It is well known that viscoelastic venous properties tend to enhance the first overshoot of the positive component of the BOLD signal and to increase the poststimulus undershoot, as demonstrated by Buxton et al. (22). We could reproduce intraparenchymal oxygen variations consistent with experimental in vivo data, for instance, those obtained by Ances et al. (12), displaying an initial transient decrease, an increase above the baseline value with overshoots of intraparenchymal oxygen at both the beginning and end of the stimulation, and a poststimulus undershoot. It can be noted that Offenhauser et al. (31) reported a decrease in oxygen concentration upon activation, but this result is not contradictory with our results, because in our model, higher neuronal stimulation implies a marked and longer decrease in oxygen concentration (data not shown). Our simulation results were obtained with parameter values nearly the same as in the in vitro case, this choice being validated by the simulated oxygen kinetics. The initial transient decrease in oxygen concentration is mainly due to the rapid oxygen consumption by neuronal mitochondria, but this phenomenon can be hindered by the oxygen supply because of the high level of CBF in rat; this can be a cause of the elusive character of the reported initial dip of the BOLD signal (32, 33). A second cause of the elusive character of the initial dip is the venous viscoelastic properties (22), as confirmed by Fig. 3 (compare intraparenchymal oxygen and BOLD time courses). According to our simulations, oxygen consumption decreases relatively more slowly than CBF, resulting in a decrease in tissue oxygen concentration occurring around the middle of the stimulation, as observed by Ances et al. (12). This result suggests a possible metabolic mechanism to explain the existence of two peaks within the positive component of the BOLD signal (21, 23). In the poststimulus period, the undershoot of intraparenchymal oxygen is caused by the oxygen debt created during the stimulation, which results in a continuation of oxygen consumption, notably by neurons but also by astrocytes. Thus, the model suggests that the initial transient decrease of intraparenchymal oxygen is almost exclusively due to neuronal stimulation of oxygen consumption, whereas later aspects of oxygen transients depend both on neuronal and astrocytic metabolism.
Contribution of Each Cellular Metabolic Phenotype to the Different Components of the BOLD Signal.
To make clearer the contribution of each cellular metabolic phenotype to the BOLD signal, we studied the effect of either predominant astrocytic or neuronal stimulation, which has been referred to as white or red activities (17, 19), on the BOLD signal time course (Fig. 4). Our results unambiguously show that, whereas the initial dip originates only from a neuronal stimulation, both the decrease of the positive part of the BOLD signal and the poststimulus undershoot can be caused by a neuronal as well as an astrocytic stimulation, although their contribution somewhat differs because of their distinct oxygen consumption kinetics. It can be noted that the contribution of astrocytes to the change in the positive part of the BOLD and poststimulus undershoot is enhanced if we assume that ATP consumption kinetics is slower in astrocytes than in neurons. These statements remain qualitatively valid whatever the venous viscoelastic properties may be, even if a high venous hysteresis tends to mask the initial dip and to increase the amplitude of the poststimulus undershoot (see SI). Hence, the model can account to some extent for the variety of BOLD signal time courses, especially the elusive character of the initial dip (10, 32), and the various aspects of the positive component (21, 22). Most interestingly, our results strongly suggest that a careful analysis of the shape of the BOLD signal could give new insights about the involvement of various cellular components, namely astrocytes or weakly oxidative neurons and highly oxidative neurons (17, 18). On the one hand, one can wonder whether interregional variations in BOLD signal could in part be explained by the ratio between highly and weakly oxidative neurons (or the number of astrocytes) within the voxel (34, 35). On the other hand, a stimulation for which presynaptic afferents and astrocytes are significantly stimulated but the stimulation of postsynaptic neurons remains relatively low, a situation that correlates with relatively low information treatment (17, 19), would affect the poststimulus undershoot and the positive component of the BOLD signal. Conversely, a stimulus for which postsynaptic activity is greatly enhanced, corresponding to a high degree of information processing within the voxel (17, 19), would result not only in an increase of the poststimulus undershoot and a decrease of the positive component but also in a marked increase in the amplitude of the initial dip. It should be noted that these putative rules can be modulated by the hemodynamic features of the explored brain region, for instance the venous viscoelastic properties. As a note of caution when interpreting functional imaging experiments, our modeling highlights the fact that metabolic time constants may be very long (up to tens of minutes), which means that if not enough time is allowed between two activations, the two situations may not be entirely comparable. Finally, a major advantage of the present model is that it should be possible to assess the validity of the proposed rules in the near future by comparing ATP consumption kinetics in neurons and astrocytes, and by recording in vivo the transients of NADH, LAC and oxygen in animals.
Materials and Methods
The structure of the model has been outlined at the beginning of Results. As already mentioned, the input functions of the model in vitro are J ATPases(t) n and J ATPases(t) g, which are the ATP consumption by neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Plausible time evolutions of these functions were based on our previous models (14, 15), characterized by a peak followed by a plateau, which took into account literature data on neural stimulation (26). For in vivo stimulations, we took as a supplementary input function the regional CBF(t), based on the data of Ances et al. (12) in rat (Fig. 3) and Buxton et al. (22) in human (Fig. 4).
In neuronal and astrocytic cytosol, the model describes ATP, NADH, PYR, and LAC balance (see SI). ATP balance takes into account, for x = n or x = g, (i) ATP consumption J ATPases x, ATP net production by glycolysis (2 × J Glyco x), ATP production by mitochondria, which is assumed to be equal to 5 × J O2 x, J O2 x being the oxygen consumption by mitochondria, which is related to oxidative phosphorylation processes. Moreover, ATP balance takes into account the reaction catalyzed by adenylate kinase, as previously described (14, 36, 37), and the effect of phosphocreatine buffering. For simplicity, we did not include the possible effects of a rise of intracellular calcium on ATP production. PYR balance is the result of J Glyco x, J LDH x, the rate of the reaction catalyzed by LDH, and J PDH-Krebs x, the PYR consumption by mitochondria, which is assumed to be nearly equal to both the PDH rate, J PDH x, and the Krebs cycle rate, J Krebs x. In a similar way, NADH balance depends on J Glyco x, J LDH x, and the rate of transfer of reducing equivalents from cytosol to mitochondria, J Shuttle x. Note that, in our model, these shuttle rates need not be related to J PDH-Krebs x. LAC balance depends both on J LDH x and LAC transport toward the extracellular space by the MCTs, namely J MCT x. Variation in extracellular LAC concentration (LAC e) depends on J MCT x. To relate theoretical results to subcellular NADH measurements, we took the intramitochondrial NADH concentration, namely NADH xm, as a state variable. Its balance is determined by J Shuttle x, J PDH-Krebs x, and J O2 x. The rate equation for J O2 x is based on the model of Holzhütter et al. (38).
In the in vivo model, changes in J O2 n and J O2 g notably depend on the variations of intraparenchymal oxygen concentration, O2i, and conversely are determinants of O2i balance. Furthermore, we took into account the CBF(t), as an input term, and four more state variables were added, namely the mean concentrations of capillary LAC (LAC c) and capillary oxygen (O2c), venous deoxyhemoglobin (dHb), and the venous balloon volume (V v). O2c balance depends on the blood flow contribution, J O2Cap, and exchanges between capillary and parenchyma (J O2m), as described by Vafaee and Gjedde (39), and some of us (14, 15). LAC c balance depends on the blood flow contribution J LACCap and the LAC efflux through the blood–brain barrier J LACm, which is determined by MCT1 properties, as described (16). The O2c value directly determines the deoxyhemoglobin concentration at the end of the capillary. Finally, using the balloon model of Buxton et al. (22), we can calculate both the dHb (per unit tissue volume) and Vv , which are the main determinants of the BOLD signal.
This work was supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (A.A.), the Action Concertée Incitative "Neurosciences Intégratives et Computationnelles" (French Ministry of Research) (R.C.), and the Swiss Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique [Grants 3100A0-100679 (to L.P.) and 31-56930-99 (to P.J.M.)].
- §To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: robert.costalat{at}snv.jussieu.fr
Author contributions: A.A., L.P., P.J.M., and R.C. designed research; A.A. and R.C. performed research; A.A. and R.C. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; A.A., L.P., and R.C. analyzed data; and A.A., L.P., P.J.M., and R.C. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS direct submission.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0605864104/DC1.
- Abbreviations:
- fMRI,
- functional MRI;
- magnetic resonance spectroscopy;
- lactate;
- astrocyte–neuron LAC shuttle;
- blood oxygenation level-dependent;
- cerebral blood flow;
- monocarboxylate transporter;
- pyruvate;
- PYR dehydrogenase;
- LAC dehydrogenase.
- © 2007 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA
- Raichle ME ,
- Edvinsson L
- Edvinsson L ,
- Krause DN
- Fox PT ,
- Raichle ME
- Prichard J ,
- Rothman D ,
- Novotny E ,
- Petroff O ,
- Kuwabara T ,
- Avison M ,
- Howseman A ,
- Hanstock C ,
- Shulman R
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- Pellerin L ,
- Magistretti PJ
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- Ogawa S ,
- Tank DW ,
- Menon R ,
- Ellermann JM ,
- Kim S-G ,
- Merkle H ,
- Ugurbil K
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- Kasischke KA ,
- Vishwasrao HD ,
- Fisher PJ ,
- Zipfel WR ,
- Webb WW
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- Aubert A ,
- Costalat R ,
- Magistretti PJ ,
- Pellerin L
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- Gjedde A
- Batjer HH
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- Offenhauser N ,
- Thomsen K ,
- Caesar K ,
- Lauritzen M
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- Livingstone MS ,
- Hubel DH
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- Heinrich R ,
- Schuster S
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text:
Adelaide Crows acquire Legacy
The Adelaide Crows Football Club have come to an agreement and purchased one of Australia's biggest esports organisations, Legacy Esports.
According to a report earlier this month, Australia's largest sports league - Australian Football League (AFL) - has expressed their interest in entering into the esports industry including hosting an esports tournament at the Etihad Stadium in Melbourne. This was inspired by other well-known overseas traditional sports teams and individuals investing into the growing esports industry during the past two years.
In addition to increasing the exposure of their own brand and a potential boost of sponsorship revenues, they want the AFL clubs to sponsor or form their own esports divisions. Therefore, the Adelaide Crows have made the first move and acquired Legacy Esports, featuring some of Australia's best teams in League of Legends, CS:GO, Rocket League and SMITE.
In another report by The Age, it was "understood" that the deal reached a sum of six-digits and that Legacy will be keeping its "identity and branding" at the moment. It has not been decided whether or not Legacy will pick up the Adelaide Crow's name in the future.
With this investment and support, Legacy's CS:GO team will be attending the ESL AU&NZ Championship S3 Finals this weekend (with Chris "CHRiSOAOW" Forman standing in for Michael "Lightstep" Hall due to roster restrictions) and next season of CGPL and ESEA Premier to follow afterwards.
Legacy's roster will be:
Michael "Lightstep" Hall
Kyran "dizzyLife" Crombie
Dale "deoxiDE" Carta
Matthew "mattcd" Lenard
Joshua "spiKez" Qualischefski


text:
Sticking around when there is at least a 50% chance of a disaster occurring (hurricane, flood, landslides, tsunami, wildfire) is just plain silly. Part of your planning should be to determine the trigger point for evacuation as well as identification of an evacuation site and a route to get there. Better yet, plan multiple alternate routes as well.
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The preparation you make for a hurricane, earthquake or other short-term disaster will not keep you alive in the event of widespread social collapse caused by pandemic, failure of the grid or other long-term crises. Government pamphlets and other prepping books tell you how to hold out through an emergency until services are restored. This book teaches you how to survive when nothing returns to normal for weeks, months or even years, including:
When I started putting together my first survival kit, I just collected whatever weird stuff I could find—like tablets that would protect my thyroid from nuclear fallout. My mindset changed when my first daughter was born. I realized I needed a more practical end-of-the-world plan, with equipment that would be useful for things that might actually happen. Nuclear war is probably not in store for 2018, and if it is, I'll just open a window. I don't want to live through that.
Followers of James Wesley Rawles[44] often prepare for multiple scenarios with fortified and well-equipped rural survival retreats.[45] This group anticipates a near-term crisis and seek to be well-armed as well as ready to dispense charity in the event of a disaster.[42] Most take a "deep larder" approach and store food to last years, and a central tenet is geographic seclusion in the northern US intermountain region.[46] They emphasize practical self-sufficiency and homesteading skills.[46]
"The BOR (Bug Out Roll) is incredibly well made, it exceeded my expectations by a huge margin, its one thing to hear you talk about #10 YKK zippers & industrial strength velcro, quite another thing to handle them in the flesh. These zippers are huge, & the velcro adheres like nothing Ive dealt with before. Youve got one excellent product and its worth every penny"
"Why stock this Mountain House meal? If the electric grid went down due to a solar flare, people would attack our stores and you would be out of food in several days. If you don't carry cash, it would be impossible to purchase things with a credit card. In short, I believe this could be a lifesaver and the best thing is that the food is delicious!"
Nygaard is a busy woman: In addition to working a full-time job, raising chickens, and growing sweet corn, potatoes, and peppers, she runs a blog called Living Life in Rural Iowa, where she shares bits of wisdom that she's learned on her prepping journey. Looking back, Nygaard says becoming a prepper encouraged her to develop new skills, including the sorts of home repairs and outdoor work she once counted on her husband to tackle. "Before you get divorced, you're like, 'Oh, that's outside. My husband can take care of that.' And then when you become a single parent, you're like, 'Wow, I have to do outdoors and indoors — why did I think he should take care of all that?' You have that sense that you can do just about anything you set your mind to."
Most preppers, Huddleston found, are male, white, and between the ages of 25 and 45. The reason for the racial divide might be self-reinforcing, he notes. "If you see a bunch of white guys in tactical clothing jump out of an armored van, a young black man or woman is not going to be like, 'Hey, that looks cool. I want to go over there.' They're going to run the other way," he says.
To remove solids such as dirt that are suspended in the water, strain the fluid through a T-shirt or a coffee filter. Portable water filters, like those offered by the camping gear company Katadyn, are also good to have in a pinch, said Rawles, and go at the top of his list because they are useful in "umpteen" different TEOTWAWKI breakdowns. [End of the World? Top Doomsday Fears]


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Yemeni activist wants Jews to return after Houthi conflict ends
Limmud first-timer Bara'a Shaiban helped to draft new constitution for war-torn country that will allow Jews and other minorities to run for parliament
Joe Millis is a journalist
A Yemeni human rights campaigner hopes the country's Jews return once the bloody conflict between the government and Iranian-backed Houthi rebels ends.
London-based Bara'a Shaiban was at Limmud this week giving a session on "A Dummies Guide to Yemen: Past, Present and Future."
He told Jewish News: "Jews in Yemen have never been seen as anything other than Yemeni. They are part of the country's culture. Almost every house in Yemen has something designed or made by Yemeni Jews – from artefacts to jewellery."
Indeed, Yemeni Jews have a rich and long history, having arrived in the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula after the destruction of the Second Temple and setting up a kingdom there before the rise of Islam.
The kingdom, Khaibar, was destroyed when the Prophet Muhammed's armies started to expand out of the areas of Mecca and Medina to the north.
Shaiban, an adviser to human rights group Reprieve as well as the UK government and NGOs, said the plight of Yemeni Jews "triggered thoughts of how we treat minorities during difficult times."
The Houthis, he said, tried conspiracy theories against the Jews and other, but the "general Yemeni population didn't buy it. And now we hope that the Jews who fled or were forced out of the country will come back."
Shaiban, who was part of the Yemeni youth council, was working on a new constitution when there was a coup in 2014 and the draft was put on hold.
Now, when the conflict between the Saudi- and Emirati-backed government and the Houthis, who get their inspiration from Tehran, is over, Shaiban hopes to put the constitution into practise.
He noted that it differed from previous constitutions inasmuch as it guarantees more freedoms, more rights, more progressive policies and a multi-party system.
"There will be press and religious freedom and rights for women, as well as minorities such as the Jews and the Bahais, he told JN. "Under the former constitution, Jews couldn't stand for parliament, but under the new one, they will be able to," Shaiban said.
However, the conflict "complicates the situation. The Houthis are presenting themselves as the champions of the oppressed and anyone else is a supporter of Western imperialism. But the youth is still there, and they want to revive the [constitutional] process. So, there's hope."
This was Shaiban's first Limmud and he said he "wished he had more time to go to other sessions. Next year, I'll make time."


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It's their special day! From wild jeep adventures to spending the day out in the sun, see how your favorite Teen Mom OG, Teen Mom 2, and Teen Mom 2 ladies celebrated Mother's Day!
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Inflatable race this morning! #TEAMLosingRandy @coledeboer @paparandlicious
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Happy Mother's Day to my perfect beautiful amazing wife!! Our family would be lost without you! Thank you for all that you do and for always being so damn amazing every single day. We love you so much @chelseahouska!! Happy Mother's Day to my amazing mother also who raised me to be the best I could be and be lucky enough to marry @chelseahouska 😍
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when Taylor asked me what I wanted to do for Mother's Day, I told him I wanted to be wild and free! Took the top off the jeep, strapped the babies in and went to the mountains 💜 Hoping that one day my children will appreciate being healthy, wild and free! #bluffview #prenticecooper #jeeprubicon | Thank you Taylor for encouraging me to do what keeps my soul happy, and for putting this video together 😘 #thingsthatmatter | Also thank you to my big brother @bookoutm for sending tips and maps for this day to go smooth for us and babies in tow. #bestmothersday #happymothersday 🎵 Wild As You by @codyjohnsonband
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Behind every great man is not a woman, she is beside him, she is with him, not behind him. I want to send some love to my amazing wife, Maci. You are my partner in crime, favorite drinking buddy, best friend, business partner, wife and the best mother I could ever ask for to our three beautiful children. Thank you for everything you do! Join me in honoring the Mother's in your life! TTM is giving away free totes on all orders over $50. This week only, while supplies last, no promo code needed. Order before midnight on 5/8 and choose expedited shipping at checkout to guarantee delivery by Mother's Day. #thingsthatmatter
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#HappyMothersDay ☀🌷 Couldn't have asked for a better day with my babies!
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Memories made ☺💖 🖤 #mothersday #momofgirls #momof3 #hope #faith #grace
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Happy Mothers Day to all you gorgeous Mommas out there! ☺😘
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New Moon - 12th New Moon (Projected date) evenings of the 6/7th of February
If sighted on the 6/7th of February in the land of Israel, then our online New Moon service will begin at 8pm on the 8th.
Discipleship & Baptism in the name of Yeshua - In accordance to the command and commission that Yeshua gave to his disciples, House of Israel UK will be discipling and baptising those who desire to live for Messiah and for Messiah to live through them.
On 17th of March, if you desire to be baptised, join Marcus Da Costa at the saints at Seasalter Beach (Kent) for baptisms, fellowship and the word.
For those who desire to be baptised contact Marcus Da Costa for more information and arrangements.
Projected potential dates for the feasts are subject to change based on:
- The sighting of the new moons from the land of Israel
- If the Barley is Aviv at the end of the 12th or 13th month
Passover - 20th/21st of March or 19/20th of April - (2019 TBC)
Feast of Unleavened Bread - 21st/22nd of March or 20th/21st of April - (first day Sabbath 2019 TBC)
Feast of Unleavened Bread - 27/28th of March or 26/27th of April - (seventh day Sabbath 2019 TBC)
Day of First Fruits - 24th of March or 21st of April - (when Messiah presented the "first fruits" to the Almighty 2019 TBC)
Feast of weeks/harvest - To be confirmed - (when Messiah baptized his disciples with fire [Pentecost]) (High Sabbath 2019 TBC)
Yom Teruah - To be confirmed (2019)
Yom Kippur - To be confirmed (2019)
Sukkot - To be confirmed (2019)
8th Day - To be confirmed (2019)


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80 20 principle examples pdf - Twenty Unique Ways to Use the 80/20 Rule Today Scott H Young
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Saffron - Wikipedia
Saffron (pronounced / ˈ s æ f r ə n / or / ˈ s æ f r ɒ n /) is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the "saffron crocus".The vivid crimson stigmas and styles, called threads, are collected and dried to be used mainly as a seasoning and colouring agent in food. Saffron was long among the world's most costly spices by weight. Although some doubts remain on ...
Saffron: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning
Overview Information Saffron is a plant. The dried stigmas (thread-like parts of the flower) are used to make saffron spice. It can take 75,000 saffron blossoms to produce a single pound of ...
What is Saffron Good For? - Mercola.com
Splendid Saffron Botanical name: Crocus sativus Saffron belongs to the iris family, and has had a plethora of uses throughout millennia. As far back as the writings of Galen and Hippocrates, saffron was mentioned as a medical treatment for coughs, colds, stomach ailments, insomnia, uterine bleeding, scarlet fever, heart trouble, and flatulence.
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Botany. True saffron is native to Asia Minor (Anatolia) and southern Europe, with the majority of the world's saffron production based in Iran. Its blue-violet, lily-shaped flowers contain the orange stigmas (part of the pistil) and red style branches used to produce saffron spice.
11 Amazing Benefits of Saffron | Organic Facts
Saffron can function as an effective energy booster and can increase your metabolism by increasing your blood circulation. A study, which was conducted and later published in the Phytomedicine Journal, had a group of healthy volunteers evaluate the short-term safety and tolerability of saffron ...
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