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If you followed along with the last post in this series, you now have some bird vertebrae to play with. Here are some things to do with them.
1. Learn the parts of the vertebrae, and compare them with those of other animals
Why are we so excited about bird vertebrae around here? Mostly because birds are reasonably long-necked living dinosaurs, and although their vertebrae differ from those of sauropods in relative proportions, all of the same bits are present in roughly the same places. If you know the parts of a bird vertebra and what each one does, you have a solid foundation for inferring the functions of sauropod vertebrae. Here's a diagram I made for my SVP poster with Kent Sanders way back in 1999. I used an ostrich vertebra here but you should be able to find the same features in a cervical vertebra of just about any bird.
These are both middle cervical vertebrae in right lateral view. A middle cervical vertebra of a big ostrich will be between 3 and 4 inches long (7.5-10 cm), and one from a big brachiosaur like Giraffatitan will be about ten times longer.
I should do a whole post on neck muscles, but for now see this post and this paper.
2. Put the vertebrae in order, and rearticulate them
It is often useful to know where you are in the neck, and the only way to figure that out is to determine the serial position of the vertebrae. Here's an articulated cervical series of a turkey in left lateral view, from Harvey et al. (1968: pl. 65):
Harvey's "dorsal spine" is the neural spine or spinous process, and his "ventral spine" is the carotid process. The "alar process" is a sort of bridge of bone connecting the pre- and postzygapophyses; you can see a complete version in C3 in the photo below, and a partial version in C4.
Speaking of that photo, here's my best attempt at rearticulating the vertebrae from the smoked turkey neck I showed in the previous post, with all of the vertebrae in left dorsolateral view.
These things don't come with labels and it can take a bit of trial and error to get them all correctly in line. C2 is easy, with its odd articular surface for the atlas and narrow centrum with a ventral keel. Past that, C3 and C4 are usually pretty blocky, the mid-cervicals are long and lean, and then the posterior cervicals really bulk out. Because this neck section had been cut before I got it, some of the vertebrae look a little weird. Somehow I'm missing the front half of C6. The back half of C14 is also gone, presumably still stuck to the bird it went with, and C7 and C12 are both sectioned (this will come in handy later). I'm not 100% certain that I have C9 and C10 in the right order. One handy rule: although the length and neural spine height change in different ways along the column, the vertebrae almost always get wider monotonically from front to back.
And here's the duck cervical series, in right lateral view. You can see that although the specific form of each vertebra is different from the equivalent vert in a turkey, the same general rules apply regarding change along the column.
Pro tip: I said above that these things don't come with labels, but you can fix that. Once you have the vertebrae in a satisfactory order, paint a little dot of white-out or gesso on each one, and use a fine-point Sharpie or art pen to write the serial position (bone is porous and the white foundation will keep the ink from possibly making a mess). You may also want to put the vertebrae on a string or a wire to keep them in the correct order, but even so, it's useful to have the serial position written on each vertebra in case you need to unstring them later.
3. Look at the air spaces
One nice thing about birds is that all of the species that are readily commercially available have pneumatic traces on and in their vertebrae, which are broadly comparable to the pneumatic vertebrae of sauropods.
The dorsal vertebrae of birds are even more obviously similar to those of sauropods than are the cervicals. These dorsal vertebrae of a duck (in left lateral view) show a nice variety of pneumatic features: lateral fossae on the centrum (what in sauropods used to be called "pleurocoels"), both with and without foramina, and complexes of fossae and foramina on the neural arches. Several of the vertebrae have small foramina on the centra that I assume are neurovascular. One of the challenges in working with the skeletal material of small birds is that it becomes very difficult to distinguish small pneumatic foramina and spaces from vascular traces. Although these duck vertebrae have small foramina inside some of the lateral fossae, the centra are mostly filled with trabecular, marrow-filled bone. In this, they are pretty similar to the dorsal vertebrae of Haplocanthosaurus, which have fossae on the neural arches and the upper parts of the centra, but for which the ventral half of each centrum is a brick of non-pneumatic bone. For more on distinguishing pneumatic and vascular traces in vertebrae, see O'Connor (2006) and Wedel (2007).
This turkey cervical, in left posterolateral view, shows some pneumatic features to nice advantage. The lateral pneumatic foramina in bird cervicals are often tucked up inside the cervical rib loops where they can be hard to see and even harder to photograph, but this one is out in the open. Also, the cervicals of this particular turkey have a lot of foramina inside the neural canal. In life these foramina are associated with the supramedullary diverticula, a set of air-filled tubes that occupy part of the neural canal in many birds — see Atterholt and Wedel (2018) for more on this unusual anatomical system. The development of foramina inside the neural canal seems to be pretty variable among individuals. In ostriches I've seen individuals in which almost every cervical has foramina inside the canal, and many others with no foramina. For turkeys it's even more lopsided in my experience; this is the first turkey in which I've found really clear pneumatic foramina inside the neural canals. This illustrates one of the most important aspects of pneumaticity: pneumatic foramina and cavities in bones show that air-filled diverticula were present, but the absence of those holes and spaces does not mean that diverticula were absent. Mike and I coined the term "cryptic diverticula" for those that leave no diagnostic traces on the skeleton — for more on that, see the discussion section in Wedel and Taylor (2013b).
Finally, it's worth taking a look at the air spaces inside the vertebrae. Here's a view into C12 of the turkey cervical series shown above. The saw cut that sectioned this neck happened to go through the front end of this vertebra, and with a little clean-up the honeycomb of internal spaces is beautifully displayed. If you are working with an intact vertebra, the easiest way to see this for yourself is to get some sandpaper and sand off the front end of the vertebra. It only takes a few minutes and you'll be less likely to damage the vertebrae or your fingers than if you cut the vertebra with a saw. Similar complexes of small pneumatic cavities are present in the vertebrae of some derived diplodocoids, like Barosaurus (see the lateral view in the middle of this figure), and in most titanosauriforms (for example).
I have one more thing for you to look for in your bird vertebrae, and that will be the subject of the next installment in this series. Stay tuned!
- Atterholt, J., and Wedel, M. 2018. A CT-based survey of supramedullary diverticula in extant birds. 66th Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Programme and Abstracts, p. 30 / PeerJ Preprints 6:e27201v1
- Harvey, E.B., Kaiser, H.E. and Rosenberg, L., 1968. An atlas of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Myology and osteology. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Germantown, Maryland, 247 pp.
- O'Connor, P.M. 2006. Postcranial pneumaticity: an evaluation of soft-tissue influences on the postcranial skeleton and the reconstruction of pulmonary anatomy in archosaurs. Journal of Morphology 267:1199-1226.
- Wedel, M.J. 2007a. What pneumaticity tells us about 'prosauropods', and vice versa. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77:207-222.
- Wedel, Mathew J., and Michael P. Taylor. 2013. Caudal pneumaticity and pneumatic hiatuses in the sauropod dinosaurs Giraffatitan and Apatosaurus.PLOS ONE 8(10):e78213. 14 pages. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078213
Pelican cervico-dorsal transition, backlit
November 24, 2018
What it says on the tin. This is a specimen from the UCMP comparative collection.
I was just going to post this photo with zero commentary, but I can't help myself. Note that on the two vertebrae in the middle, the crista transverso-obliqua (what in non-avian dinos would be the spinopostzygapophyseal lamina or SPOL) rises higher than either the neural spine apex or the epipophyses. That's crazy. And it demonstrates something we also see in sauropods, which is that laminae are not merely the plates of bone left behind after pneumatization has scooped all of the unnecessary material out of a normal vertebra–sometimes they are additive structures, too.
If all of that sounded like gibberish, I can sympathize. I spent my first few months as a sauropodologist just learning the lingo (another thing I should blog about sometimes). Here's a labeled version:
As long as I'm yapping, note the light shining through the honeycombed internal structure of these highly pneumatic vertebrae. For more on the ridiculous pneumaticity of pelican bones, see this post and this one. For more on the homology of bird and sauropod vertebrae, see Wedel and Sanders (2002), and for more on laminae as additive versus reductive structures, see the discussion on pages 210-212 of Wedel (2007).
- Wedel, M.J. 2007a. What pneumaticity tells us about 'prosauropods', and vice versa. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77:207-222.
- Wedel, M.J., and Sanders, R.K. 2002. Osteological correlates of cervical musculature in Aves and Sauropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia), with comments on the cervical ribs of Apatosaurus. PaleoBios 22(3):1-6.
Lydekker's (1893) illustration of Xenoposeidon
November 19, 2018
Matt's drawn my attention to a bizarre fact: despite 17 separate posts about Xenoposeidon on this blog (linked from here and here), we've never shown a decent scan of Lydekker's (1893) original illustration of NHMUK PV R2095, the partial mid-to-posterior dorsal vertebra that since Taylor and Naish (2007) has been the holotype specimen of Xenoposeidon proneneukos — and since Taylor (2018) has been known to represent a rebbachisaurid.
Well, here it is at last!
That's Xeno on the left, of course. On the right, we have one of the various Wealden titanosauriform dorsal vertebrae that were constantly getting referred back and forth between taxa in the late 1800s. I think it might be one of the NPMUK PR R90 vertebrae, perhaps the one that, for disambiguation purposes, I've informally named R90a.
Lydekker — or, more likely, an uncredited illustrator — did rather a good job on this, as we can see by juxtaposing the illustration with the now well-known left-lateral photo that's launched a thousand blog-posts:
The main differences here seem to pertain to how Lydekker and I perceived "lateral". I think he has the vertebra rotated slightly away from us, so that it's leaning into the page, and that's why the centrum appears slightly taller and the arch slightly less tall than in my photo. He seems to have a bit more matrix stuck on the front of the centrum — perhaps because slightly more prep has been done since 1893 — but, worryingly, slightly less bone around the cotyle. I think that can only be illustration error, since that bone is definitely there.
- Lydekker, R. 1893. On a sauropodous dinosaurian vertebra from the Wealden of Hastings. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London 49:276-280.
- Taylor, Michael P. 2018. Xenoposeidon is the earliest known rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur. PeerJ 6:e5212. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5212
- Taylor, Michael P., and Darren Naish. 2007. An unusual new neosauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Beds Group of East Sussex, England. Palaeontology 50(6):1547-1564. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00728.x
What if Amphicoelias fragillimus was a rebbachisaurid?
October 21, 2018
An important paper is out today: Carpenter (2018) names Maraapunisaurus, a new genus to contain the species Amphicoelias fragillimus, on the basis that it's actually a rebbachisaurid rather than being closely related to the type species Amphicoelias altus.
And it's a compelling idea, as the illustration above shows. The specimen (AMNH FR 5777) has the distinctive dorsolaterally inclined lateral processes of a rebbachisaur, as implied by the inclined laminae meeting at the base of the SPOLs, and famously has the very excavated and highly laminar structure found in rebbachisaurs — hence the species name fragillimus.
Ken's paper gives us more historical detail than we've ever had before on this enigmatic and controversial specimen, including extensive background to the excavations. The basics of that history will be familiar to long-time readers, but in a nutshell, E. D. Cope excavated the partial neural arch of single stupendous dorsal vertebra, very briefly described it and illustrated it (Cope 1878), and then … somehow lost it. No-one knows how or where it went missing, though Carpenter offers some informed speculation. Most likely, given the primitive stabilisation methods of the day, it simply crumbled to dust on the journey east.
Cope himself referred the vertebra to his own existing sauropod genus Amphicoelias — basically because that was the only diplodocoid he'd named — and there it has stayed, more or less unchallenged ever since. Because everyone knows Amphicoelias (based on the type species A. altus) is sort of like Diplodocus(*), everyone who's tried to reconstruct the size of the AMNH FR 5777 animal has done so by analogy with Diplodocus — including Carpenter himself in 2006, Woodruff and Foster (2014) and of course my own blog-post (Taylor 2010).
(*) Actually, it's not; but that's been conventional wisdom.
Ken argues, convincingly to my mind, that Woodruff and Foster (2014) were mistaken in attributing the great size of the specimen to a typo in Cope's description, and that it really was as big as described. And he argues for a rebbachisaurid identity based on the fragility of the construction, the lamination of the neural spine, the extensive pneumaticity, the sheetlike SDL, the height of the postzygapophyses above the centrum, the dorsolateral orientation of the transverse processes, and other features of the laminae. Again, I find this persuasive (and said so in my peer-review of the manuscript).
If AMNH FR 5777 is indeed a rebbachisaur, then it can't be a species of Amphicoelias, whose type species is not part of that clade. Accordingly, Ken gives it a new generic name in this paper, Maraapunisaurus, meaning "huge reptile" based on Maraapuni, the Southern Ute for "huge" — a name arrived at in consultation with the Southern Ute Cultural Department, Ignacio, Colorado.
How surprising is this?
On one level, not very: Amphicoelias is generally thought to be a basal diplodocoid, and Rebbachisauridae was the first major clade to diverge within Diplodocoidae. In fact, if Maraapunisaurus is basal within Rebbachisauridae, it may be only a few nodes away from where everyone previously assumed it sat.
On the other hand, a Morrison Formation rebbachisaurid would be a big deal for two reasons. First, because it would be the only known North American rebbachisaur — all the others we know are from South America, Africa and Europe. And second, because it would be, by some ten million years, the oldest known rebbachisaur — irritatingly, knocking out my own baby Xenoposeidon (Taylor 2018), but that can't be helped.
Finally, what would this new identity mean for AMNH FR 5777's size?
Because dorsal vertebrae in rebbachisaurids are proportionally taller than in diplodocids, the length reconstructed from a given dorsal height is much less for rebbachisaurs: so much so that Ken brings in the new version, based on the well-represented rebbachisaur Limaysaurus tessonei, at a mere 30.3 m, only a little over half of the 58 m he previously calculated for a diplodocine version. That's disappointing for those of us who like our sauropods stupidly huge. But the good news is, it makes virtually no difference to the height of the animal, which remains prodigious — 8 m at the hips, twice the height of a giraffe's raised head. So not wholly contemptible.
Exciting times!
- Carpenter, Kenneth. 2006. Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus Cope, 1878. pp. 131-137 in J. Foster and S. G. Lucas (eds.), Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36.
- Carpenter, Kenneth. 2018. Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, n.g. (formerly Amphicoelias fragillimus), a basal rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado. Geology of the Intermountain West 5:227–244.
- Cope, Edward D. 1878. A new species of Amphicoelias. American Naturalist 12:563–565.
- Paul, Gregory S. 2016. The Princeton field guide to dinosaurs. Princeton, Princeton University Press. 360 pages.
- Taylor, Michael P. 2010. How big was Amphicoelias fragillimus? I mean, really? Sauropod Vertebra Picture of the Week, 19 February, 2010. https://svpow.com/2010/02/19/how-big-was-amphicoelias-fragillimus-i-mean-really/
- Taylor, Michael P. 2018. Xenoposeidon is the earliest known rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur. PeerJ 6:e5212. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5212
- Woodruff, D. Carey, and John R. Foster. 2014. The fragile legacy of Amphicoelias fragillimus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda; Morrison Formation — latest Jurassic). Volumina Jurassica 12(2):211-220. doi:10.5604/17313708.1130144
The Atterholt and Wedel (2018) SVPCA abstract and talk are now available on PeerJ Preprints
September 14, 2018
Here's the story of my fascination with supramedullary airways over the last 20 years, and how Jessie Atterholt and I ended up working on them together, culminating with her talk at SVPCA last week. (Just here for the preprint link? Here you go.)
Way back when I was working on my Master's thesis at the University of Oklahoma and getting into pneumaticity for the first time, Kent Sanders found Müller (1908) and gave me a photocopy. This would have been the spring or summer of 1998, because we used some of Müller's illustrations in our poster for SVP that year (Wedel and Sanders 1998). Müller's description of pneumatic diverticula in the pigeon formed part of my intellectual bedrock, and I've referenced it a lot in my pneumaticity papers (complete list here).
One of the systems that Müller described is the diverticulum supramedullare, a.k.a. supramedullary diverticula, or, informally, supramedullary airways (SMAs). Traditionally these are defined as pneumatic diverticula that enter the neural canal and lie dorsal (supra) to the spinal cord (medulla), although O'Connor (2006) noted that in some cases the diverticula could completely envelop the spinal cord in a tube of air. I yapped about SMAs a bit in this post, and they're flagged in almost every ostrich CT or dissection photo I've ever published, here on the blog or in a paper.
Fast forward to 2006, when Daniela Schwarz and Guido Fritsch documented pneumatic foramina in the roof of the neural canal in cervical vertebrae of Giraffatitan. As far as I know, this was the first published demonstration of SMAs in a non-bird, or in any extinct animal. Lemme repeat that: Daniela Schwarz found these first!
Shortly thereafter I independently found evidence of SMAs in a sauropod, in the form of multiple pneumatic foramina in the roof of the neural canal in an unfused neural arch of a basal titanosauriform (probably a brachiosaurid) from the Cloverly Formation of Montana. It's a pretty roadkilled specimen and I was busy with other things so I didn't get around to writing it up, but I didn't forget about it, either (I rarely forget about stuff like this).
Then in 2013 I went to the Perot Museum in Dallas to see the giant Alamosaurus cervical series, and I also visited the off-site research facility where juvenile Alamosaurus from Big Bend is housed. When Ron Tykoski let me into the collections room, I was literally walking through the door for the first time when I exclaimed, "Holy crap!" I had spotted an unfused neural arch of a juvenile Alamosaurus on a shelf across the room, with complex pneumatic sculpting all over the roof of the neural canal.
The Big Bend and Cloverly specimens were the basis for my talk on SMAs at SVPCA in 2014, coauthored with Anthony Fiorillo, Des Maxwell, and Ron Tykoski. As prep for that talk, I visited the ornithology collections at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, photographed a lot of bird vertebrae with foramina inside their neural canals, and shot this pelican video. That was four years ago – why no paper yet? It's because I wanted one more piece of smoking-gun evidence: a CT scan of a bird that would show a direct communication between the SMAs and the air spaces inside a vertebra, through one or more foramina in the roof, wall, or floor of the neural canal.
In 2017, Jessie Atterholt taught in our summer anatomy course at WesternU as an adjunct (her full-time employment was at the Webb Schools in Claremont, home of the Alf Museum). Jessie and I had been acquainted for a few years, but we'd never had the opportunity to really talk science. As we chatted between dissections, I learned that she had a huge warchest of CT scans of whole birds from her dissertation work at Berkeley (we'd missed each other by a few years). My antennae twitched: one nice thing about SMAs is that, being bounded by bone, they can't collapse after death, unlike more peripheral diverticula. And air is jet black on CT scans, so SMAs are easy to spot even on comparatively low-res scans. All you need is one or two black pixels. I proposed a collaboration: we could use her CT scans to survey the presence and distribution of SMAs in as many birds as possible.
You might think that such a survey would have been done ages ago, but it's not the case. A few authors have mentioned supramedullary airways, and O'Connor (2006) gave a good description of some of the variation in SMAs in extant birds as a whole. But the only detailed accounts to illustrate the morphology and extent of the SMAs in a single species are Müller (1908) on the common pigeon and Cover (1953) on the domestic turkey. I'd seen what I suspected were traces of SMAs in the vertebrae of many, mostly large-bodied birds, and I'd seen them in CTs of ostriches and hummingbirds, and in ostriches and turkeys in dissection. But Jessie was offering the chance to see both the SMAs and their osteological traces in dozens of species from across the avian tree.
Real life intervened: we were both so busy teaching last fall that we didn't get rolling until just before the holidays. But the project gradually built up steam over the course of 2018. One story that will require more unpacking later: everything I've written on this blog about neural canals, Haplocanthosaurus, or CT scanning in 2018 is something serendipitously spun out of the SMA survey with Jessie. Expect a lot more Atterholt and Wedel joints in the near future – and one Atterholt et al. (minus Wedel) even sooner, that is going to be big news. Watch this space.
It didn't hurt that in the meantime Jessie got a tenure-track job teaching human anatomy at WesternU, to run the same course she'd taught in as an adjunct last year, and started here at the beginning of June. By that time we had an abstract on our findings ready to go for this year's SVP meeting. Alas, it was not to be: we were out in the field this summer when we learned that our abstract had been rejected. (I have no idea why; we've increased the taxonomic sampling of SMAs in extant birds by a factor of six or so, most of our important findings are in the abstract, and we mentioned the relevance to fossils. But whatever.)
We were bummed for a day, and then Jessie decided that she'd submit the abstract to SVPCA, only slightly chopped for length, and go to Manchester to present if it was accepted – which it was. Unfortunately I'd already made other plans for the fall, so I missed the fun. Fortunately the SVPCA talks were livestreamed, so last Friday at 1:30 in the morning I got to watch Jessie give the talk. I wish the talks had been recorded, because she knocked it out of the park.
And now everything we're in a position to share is freely available at PeerJ. The SVPCA abstract is up as a PeerJ preprint (Atterholt and Wedel 2018), the longer, rejected SVP abstract is up as a supplementary file (because it has a crucial paragraph of results we had to cut to make the length requirement for SVPCA, and because why not), and our slideshow is up now, too. I say 'our' slideshow but it's really Jessie's – she built it and delivered it with minimal input from me, while I held down the sauropod side of our expanding empire of neural canal projects. She has the paper mostly written, too.
Oh, and we did get the smoking-gun images I wanted, of SMAs communicating with pneumatic spaces in the vertebrae via foramina in the neural canal. Often these foramina go up into the neural arch and spine, but in some cases – notably in pelicans and the occasional ratite – they go down into the centrum. So I now have no excuse for not getting back to the sauropod SMA paper (among many other things).
We're making this all available because not only are we not afraid of getting scooped, we're trying to get the word out. SMAs are phylogenetically widespread in birds and we know they were present in sauropods as well, so we should see some evidence of them in theropods and pterosaurs (because reasons). I made such a nuisance of myself at the recent Flugsaurier meeting, talking to everyone who would listen about SMAs, that Dave Hone went and found some pneumatic foramina in the neural canals of Pteranodon vertebrae during the conference – I suspect just to shut me up. That'll be some kind of Hone-Atterholt-Wedel-and-some-others joint before long, too.
Anyway, point is, SMAs are cool, and you now have everything you need to go find them in more critters. Jessie and I are happy to collaborate if you're interested – if nothing else, we have the background, lit review, and phylogenetic sampling down tight – but we don't own SMAs, and we'll be nothing but thrilled when your own reports start rolling in. Unexplored anatomical territory beckons, people. Let's do this.
- Atterholt, J., and Wedel, M. 2018. A CT-based survey of supramedullary diverticula in extant birds. 66th Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, Programme and Abstracts, p. 30 / PeerJ Preprints 6:e27201v1
- Cover, M.S. 1953. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system of the turkey. III. The air sacs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 14:239-245.
- Müller, B. 1908. The air-sacs of the pigeon. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 50:365-420.
- O'Connor, P.M. 2006. Postcranial pneumaticity: an evaluation of soft-tissue influences on the postcranial skeleton and the reconstruction of pulmonary anatomy in archosaurs. Journal of Morphology 267:1199-1226.
- Schwarz D, and Fritsch G. 2006. Pneumatic structures in the cervical vertebrae of the Late Jurassic Tendaguru sauropods Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 99:65–78.
- Wedel, M.J., and Sanders, R.K. 1998. Using computerized tomography to investigate sauropod cervical morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18, Supplement to Issue 3: 87A.
Xenoposeidon comes to California
September 5, 2018
No time right now for me to dig into the interesting and important discussion on how we should orient vertebrae (here and here so far) – that will be coming soon. In the meantime, here's something else.
As printed, in one of WesternU's 3D printers.
Coming off the tray.
Cleaned up and in my hand. This is a 70% scale print, so a little smaller than the original, but all the important morphology is clear enough. For one thing, I can finally make sense of the dorsal views of the vertebra.
I have been astonished at how useful a 3D print can be as an aid to thought. The caudals of the Snowmass Haplocanthosaurus are among the smallest sauropod vertebrae I've spent a lot of time with, and they're still heavy enough and fragile enough that I don't just whip them out and twirl them around in my fingers. But I can do that with the 3D prints, and it really helps ram the morphology home in my brain. There are a thousand subtle things I might not otherwise have noticed if I hadn't been able to turn those shapes over easily in my hand. Not to mention the other things you can do with prints, like physically sculpt on them without gooping up your fossils (we're midway through step #8 from that post, BTW).
Anyway, back to Xeno. Mike reminded me that I have seen the actual specimen in person exactly once, very briefly during our 2005 visit to the NHM collections when I was over there for SVPCA. But it wasn't Xeno yet, and we had other fish to fry, including a lot of pneumatic and possibly-pneumatic stuff for me to see and photograph for my dissertation. So I have to admit that it didn't register. Being able to handle it now, so much that Mike has written about it snaps into focus. Not that his writing isn't clear, there's just a huge gulf between the best written description and holding a thing in your hands.
Why do I have this thing? Partly to educate myself, partly because it's relevant to a current project, and partly because we may not be done with Xeno. Stay tuned.
Many thanks to Gary Wisser for setting up the print, and to Jeff Macalino for pulling it for me.
The camarasaur that was more than it seeemed
July 21, 2018
This is SUSA 515, a partial skeleton of Camarasaurus on display in the Museum of Moab. (SUSA stands for Southeastern Utah Society of Arts & Sciences.) It was described by John Foster in 2005.
I like this thing. The neural spines are blown off so you can see right down into the big pneumatic cavities in the dorsal vertebrae. And unlike the plastered, painted, and retouched-to-seeming-perfection mounted skeletons in most museums, this specimen reflects how most sauropod specimens look when they come out of the ground. With a few dorsal centra, a roadkilled sacrum, and some surprisingly interesting caudals, it puts me strongly in mind of MWC 8028, the Snowmass Haplocanthosaurus (another John Foster joint: see Foster and Wedel 2014).
Frankly, it doesn't look like much: 17 centra and some odd bits of pelvis. Surely, with so many good Camarasaurus specimens in the world, this one couldn't possibly have anything new to tell us about the anatomy of that genus. And yet, it has a couple of unusual features that make it worthy of attention. My colleagues and I are working on those things right now, and you'll be hearing more about this specimen in the very near future.
- Foster, J.R. 2005. New sauropod dinosaur specimens found near Moab, Utah, and the sauropod fauna of the Morrison Formation. Canyon Legacy: Journal of the Dan O'Laurie Museum of Moab 55:22-27.
- Foster, J.R., and Wedel, M.J. 2014. Haplocanthosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the lower Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) near Snowmass, Colorado. Volumina Jurassica 12(2): 197–210. DOI: 10.5604/17313708 .1130144

subset: commoncrawl


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Articles tagged with 'non-bank lenders'
How Australia's Royal Commission could affect NZ investors
7 February 2019 - Shockwaves are running through Australia's finance industry following the Royal Commission's damning report so how could the recommendations impact on New Zealand investors?
First Mortgage Trust confirms Capital Group deal
4 February 2019 - Non-bank lender First Mortgage Trust has confirmed its management company has been taken over by the private equity firm Capital Group. The announcement comes after TMM Online revealed the deal on Friday.
Non-bank mortgage lending soars in 2018
1 February 2019 - Non-bank mortgage lending volumes jumped by more than $500 million last year, according to newly-released data, which underlines the growing prominence of alternative lenders.
Resimac in senior reshuffle
29 January 2019 - Australia-headquartered non-bank lender Resimac has announced Scott McWilliam as its sole CEO, with long-serving joint CEO Mary Ploughman to leave the group.
Non-banks head to Hamilton and Christchurch
15 January 2019 - The popular "speed-dating" event for non-banks and mortgage advisers is set to roll into Hamilton and Christchurch early this year as non-traditional lenders look to build on a promising 2018.
Non-bank surge to continue: KPMG
17 December 2018 - Non-banks posted a 22.9% increase in net profit last year, according to KPMG's latest non-bank report. The advisory firm tips non-banks to grow further in 2019, as banks tighten up in the aftermath of the Royal Commission.
Resimac tweaks credit assessments
14 December 2018 - Non-bank lender Resimac is set to change the way it handles customer credit assessments, looking at "credit events", rather than individual listings. The move will make it easier for customers with previous credit issues to access financing.
Speed-dating to become regular non-bank event
21 November 2018 - Following a successful second speed dating event in Wellington, New Zealand's non-banks are set to hold more special events in the New Year as adviser interest grows.
Non-banks plan second "speed dating" event
31 October 2018 - New Zealand's non-bank lenders are to join together in Wellington for a second "speed dating" event with mortgage advisers, following the success of a first session in August.
Homeloans to rebrand as RESIMAC
24 October 2018 - Australian non-bank lender Homeloans Limited and subsidiary RESIMAC are to merge under a single brand as the company continues to build market share in New Zealand.
NZCU Baywide aims for first home buyers
18 October 2018 - NZCU Baywide has relaxed its requirements for first home buyers with a series of new features aimed at luring younger customers.
Basecorp latest non-bank to target prime customers
10 October 2018 - Non-bank lender Basecorp Finance has launched a new prime offering for mortgage borrowers, as alternative lenders continue to take market share from the big banks
Asset Finance agrees takeover
12 September 2018 - Whakatane-based non-bank lender Asset Finance has been acquired by British finance firm Blackstar Capital Group.
Cressida deploys $50 million capacity for premium product
30 August 2018 - Specialist mortgage lender Cressida Capital has rolled out a new premium mortgage product, and has $50 million of capacity to build market share.
RESIMAC builds non-bank market share
24 August 2018 - RESIMAC Home Loans took a bigger slice of the non-bank adviser market last year, as overall applications rose by 32%.
Non-bank lenders go dating advisers
22 August 2018 - Five non-bank lenders have clubbed together to run a speed dating event for mortgage advisers in Auckland.
Avanti makes major home loan changes
7 August 2018 - Avanti Finance, the non-bank lender backed by Westpac, has made a number of changes to its home loan offering as it seeks to gain market share from New Zealand's big banks.
General Finance stock market listing moves closer
1 August 2018 - The stock market listing of non-bank lender General Finance moved a step closer this week as a deal with a listed cash shell was approved by shareholders.


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Breakpoint: Gyarados Rages Through Deck Overview
The Dragon Rages on in red.
Welcome back poke fans, on this second deck overview, we will be focusing on the newly released Gyarados and Mega Gyarados EX cards. One of fan favorite finally got his EX and Mega evolution cards out in the new Breakpoint pack and we got just the deck for you to use in order to dominate your opponents.
Let's take a look at what this list looks like:
Pokemon – 17
3 x Gyarados EX (Breakpoint)
3 x Mega Gyarados (Breakpoint)
1x Manaphy EX (Breakpoint)
1 x Palkia EX (Breakpoint)
1 x Lapras (Breakpoint)
1 x Articuno
3 x Seismetoad EX
2 x Remoraid
2 x Octilery
Energy Cards – 14
3 x Double colorless
4 x Special Water (Breakpoint)
7 x Basic Water Energy
Trainer Cards – 29
3 x Gyarados Spirit Link
3 x VS Seeker
1 x Archie's Ace in the Hole
2 x Professor Birch's Observatory
2 x Lysander
1 x Level ball
3 x Dive ball
2 x Puzzle of time
2 x Professor's Letter
1 x Fury Belt
1 x Misty's Determination
3 x Tierno
1 x Fisherman
2 x Skyla
1 x Max Elixer
1 x Rough Sea
Lets get under the hood and talk about this card list. The main focus here is making sure Gyarados EX is ready to go and evolve it when ready. He brings in a devastating force that few can handle and as a Mega can steamroll many Pokemon out there. With the traininer supporters, itll ensure that our Gyarados is not only strong but can withstand a lot of damage. Also, just in case were not fast enough to set up our main damage dealer, we have Seismetoad who by himself can handle a lot of decks.
This deck runs a few support Pokemon and the Octellery engine. Making sure we have cards in our hands is really good. Palkia can make sure energy is being fueled to our bench and the new Manaphy EX card will make easy for retreating Pokemon with no cost since they will all have water energies attached to them.
Lastly, rough seas will give us some good healing to all of our Pokemon and the special water energy cards will help us keep all the Pokemon in the case they die (manaphy and Palkia).
Breakpoint launches this Wednesday. Let us know in the comments below if you like this deck or not and in the case you don't, what do you prefer to run with Gyarados, if run him at all.
I like the decklist, pretty solid. However, I would personally swap Archie and Articuno for 1x Shaymin EX and a third Puzzle. Shaymin will provide that amazing draw power in case you run low on cards, which with this deck you shouldn't have less than 2-3 at all times. As for the third puzzle, it will help with combos with Tierno and/or other puzzles. 3 Puzzles in my opinion is great for flexibility, especially since you are running 3x Tiernos. To a limit, I might even add a fourth by removing a spirit link.
you have 62 cards here


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Magic Bullet Baby Bullet Food System
$50.91 (as of February 19, 2019, 5:45 pm)
Product Description
The Baby Bullet allows you to make healthy, nutritional baby food in less than 5 minutes.
- Powerbase, batch bowl, baby blend blade, milling blade, easy pop silicone batch tray
- 6-date dial storage cups, spatula, 1 short cup, 1 stay fresh resealable lid and tip proof tray, user manual and recipe book, pocket nutritionist.
- Make and store baby food in batches with batch tools and the handy, dated storage system
- Product Built to North American Electrical Standards
BPA free. Non-toxic plastic. No phthalates
Additional information
Additional information
Brand Manufacturer


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Considering investing in a patio furniture set for your house? Here are a few important inquiries to think about when deciding which garden furniture set is right for you.
How big is your outdoor patio?
Top Beauregard Sleigh Bed & read article, Nothing is worse than buying a patio dining established that's too large for the area. Get some tape measure and take dimensions. Better still: produce a parrot's eye look at diagram of your patio to get a feel of where you can put your furniture and how it's going to fit. For example, in case your patio is only 10 feet long also it doesn't get that much sunlight, you won't need a 9-foot outdoor patio umbrella. An inferior one would be more ideal for an outdoor patio of that dimension. Understanding the size of your deck and table is tremendously important when shopping for outdoor patio furniture online.Read more Beauregard Sleigh Bed
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This pretty pink princess cupcake coin bank is simply adorable. Adorned with circle and heart shaped jewels and shimmering glitter, this little coin bank will charm even the most particular of princesses. Made from cold cast resin, the coin bank measures 6 inches tall and 5 inches in diameter. Hard-earned allowances enter a sizable slot on the reverse and may be retrieved via a twist-off cap on the under side. Add an adorable accent to your princess`s room with this royal cupcake and encourage her highness to save up for her own dreamy castle.
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View Things2Die4 Money Banks and find top Toys & Games products by Things2Die4 for Money Banks, and other baby Toys & Games products.
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Sparkling Blue Elephant Coin Bank Razzle Dazzle Rhinestone Piggy Bank
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Funny Basketball Pig Piggy Bank Sports
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Tiki God Coin Bank
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- Made of cold cast resin
- hand painted, may have minor color variations
- Rubber stopper on the bottom of bank for easy coin removal
- Sorry, money not included 😉


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Tokyo court rejects Ex-Nissan chairman Carlos Ghosn's bail plea
Mr Ghosn's lawyers had offered a series of conditions in a bid to secure bail, including a promise to stay in Japan . No decision for the denial was provided, but the court had previously rejected bail on grounds that Mr Ghosn was a flight risk and may hide evidence. Consulte Mais Informação


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Systems Analyst at Vantix Systems Inc.
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Please submit your resume in MS Word with the job title in the subject heading to the following: firstname.lastname@example.com also indicate your rate/salary expectations and availability.
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Following are some of our other IT contract and FTE opportunities:
- Web Developer
- Business Analyst
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Microsoft deems Apple's iPads kiddie tablets in hilarious new Surface Go adThe company is obviously taking shots at Apple's "what's a computer?" campaign for the iPad Pro, after all. Take, for example, a new Microsoft ad for the Surface Go , which takes a few nice jabs at the iPad.
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Kevin Hart announced as Host of 2019 OscarsCamera IconKevin Hart is the 2019 Oscars host!Picture: Getty Images, Phillip Faraone/Getty Images for The Wall Street Journal and WSJ.
George HW Bush begins final journey to Washington before burial in TexasCapitol on Monday as his family and Americans mourn the loss of the 41st U.S. president. President Donald Trump and first lady Melania Trump are scheduled to attend.
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Rudy Giuliani Goes Full Conspiracy Theory Because He Doesn't Understand The InternetSome social media users noted that it was refreshing to hear the "truth" from Giuliani for a change. So when Giuliani neglected to put a space when writing G-20.In, a hyperlink was generated.


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Peralta Community College District
The Peralta Community College District provides educational leadership for the East Bay, delivering programs and services that sustainably enhance the region's human, economic, environmental, and social development. It is comprised of four campuses serving Northern Alameda County namely College of Alameda, Berkeley City College, Laney College, and Merritt College. The Peralta Colleges' student population mirrors the ethnic diversity of the San Francisco Bay Area. Students come from all over the world and bring with them diverse cultural backgrounds, worldviews, learning and sharing their dreams and aspirations.
Berkeley City College has a variety of academic programs including Biotechnology, Multimedia, American Sign Language and Women's Studies. College of Alameda is an ideal location to study various high-quality programs, including Aviation Maintenance Technology, Apparel Design, Dental Assisting and Computer Information Systems. Laney College offers Associate degrees and certificate programs in more than thirty vocational, liberal arts and science fields, ranging from Architectural Engineering to Business Administration. Merritt College offers a beautiful and tranquil learning environment where students may pursue studies in many areas, including Administration of Justice, Nursing and Landscape Horticulture.
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- Photos are copyrighted by their owners
- All Destinations in Evia >
General Information on Oxylithos
Oxylithos is a Volcano in Kymi in Evia in the Central Greece Region of Greece.
Oxylithos is also a Mountain.
The postal code of Oxylithos is 34011 and its telephone access code is +3022220.
Oxylithos is at an altitude of 414 meters.
Locations near Oxylithos include the Settlement of Dendra and the Village of Vitala.
Other Names of Oxylithos include Stomio (known As:).
On our Oxylithos page you can see Oxylithos Photos, explore Oxylithos' Map and nearby Destinations, find Oxylithos Hotels and check Oxylithos' Weather by following the links below and to the left.
Current Weather in Oxylithos
The weather conditions recorded for Oxylithos on Monday, February 18 at 9:50 am are:
Few clouds with 20% clouds and the temperature is 11.0°.
The temperature today is expected to range between 9° and 13°.
The wind is blowing at a speed of 2 Bf (5.1 mph) from the North (350.0°) and the pressure is 1024 hPa.
Today's sunrise was at 07:10 and the sunset is at 18:04.
Weather Forecast for Oxylithos
|Mon 18/02
|6° - 18°
|1 Bf N
|Tue 19/02
|4° - 15°
|1 Bf NW
|Wed 20/02
|4° - 16°
|1 Bf NW
|Thu 21/02
|5° - 16°
|1 Bf NW
|Fri 22/02
|3° - 14°
|1 Bf NE
|Sat 23/02
|6° - 8°
|2 Bf NE
|Sun 24/02
|2° - 11°
|1 Bf NW
Hotels near Oxylithos include Archontiko Kymis Boutique Hotel, Corali Hotel Kymi, Kymi Palace, Hotel Stomio Beach Kymi and Villa Pasifai. See All Hotels in Oxylithos >
You can Rent a Car in Oxylithos through the Greece.com Oxylithos Car Rental Engine.
Restaurants Near Oxylithos
Restaurants near Oxylithos include To Figouli, To Aigaio Xap. Spanos (Greek) and I Skyros (Fish & Chips).
Businesses Near Oxylithos
Businesses near Oxylithos include Ioakeim Kytros (Building Tools & Materials) and Evia Carpet - Balampani Zygopoulou Sotiria G. (Carpet Cleaners).
Map of Oxylithos


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By the time you read this, there is a good chance I have already spent the money I made from this piece on a pair of Jordans. Maybe Virgil Abloh's Off-White x Air Jordan 1s, if I can even get my hands on a pair. Or the retro Air Jordan 5 camos that look perfect for the fall. I don't say this to boast, or with any sort of pride. People say the first step in fixing a problem is admitting you have one, and so I feel it's best to be honest here. I am becoming addicted to Jordan sneakers at an age when I'm far too old to care about such things.
I am 35-years-old, the same age I was when I recently walked into Stadium Goods, a well-known sneaker consignment store in New York City's Chinatown, to buy a pair of J's. An impulse visit this was not. For me, the purchase I was about to make was close to 25 years in the making, and even when I walked into the store, I still didn't know if I was ready to go through with it.
Over the last year, I developed a certain level of comfort with earning enough money to buy a pair of sneakers that were not Converse Chuck Taylors, which I'd been wearing since my teenage years. For years, classic Chucks were my preference, but I would be lying if I said it was because I thought they were a timeless, stylish sneaker. Chucks are both of those things, but they're also affordable, and like the man who prides himself on learning how to cook because he secretly doesn't have the money to always eat at restaurants, I always sported Chucks in hopes that my tastes would mask my net worth.
Then my career started picking up. The money I was making allowed me to be comfortable with the idea that occasionally I could afford a small luxury for myself such as a pair of designer sneakers. But this did not begin with Jordan sneakers partly because while I was financially ready to buy myself an expensive pair of kicks, I wasn't mentally ready for those kicks to be a pair of Jordans. I bought a pair of Flyknit Air Force 1s at Kith ($160), a pair of olive green Adidas Ultra Boost Uncaged ($180), a pair of New Balance 009s ($110), and even some classic Stan Smith Adidas, my way of staying humble.
All of these purchases were made for the reasons most of us buy any shoes: We need them and we like them. Although the Air Force 1s and Ultra Boosts both would be worthy of an occasional compliment from random strangers, I didn't place any value on them beyond what I paid. The fact that they were expensive was empowering in the sense that I could afford them, but it was nothing to be emotional about.
My Jordan purchase was different. It was all emotion to the point where, right before I stepped into the store, I took a deep breath.
Growing up there were three things that represented wealth to me: a nice house, a nice car, and Jordans.
My mother was able to provide our family with the first two items, but a pair of Jordans? My mom would have sooner sent me to school barefoot. Not Christmas, not my birthday, not a good report card—nothing would justify my mother spending the money to get me a pair of Jordans and the reason was simple: they were too expensive. So instead of Jordan sneakers, I settled on anything else I could find emblazoned with Jordan, from a box of Wheaties to his famously bad cologne.


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