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Capital punishment by country
The following is a summary of the use of capital punishment by country.
Global overview
Historically, capital punishment has been used in almost every part of the world. Currently, the large majority of countries have either abolished or discontinued the practice. The U.S. is the only Western country to use the death penalty.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The use of capital punishment is usually divided into the four categories set out below. As of 1 December 2016, of the 195 independent states that are UN members or have UN observer status:[8]
- 56 retain it in both law and practice.
- 30 have abolished it de facto, namely, according to Amnesty International standards, that they have not executed anyone during the last 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions.[8]
- 6 have abolished it, but retain it for exceptional or special circumstances (such as crimes committed in wartime).
- 103 have abolished it for all crimes.
Recent complete abolition of capital punishment
- Gabon (2010), Latvia (2012), Madagascar (2012), Fiji (2015), Suriname (2015), Congo (2015), Nauru (2016), Guinea (2016) and Mongolia (2016).
- Execution of minors
- Since 2009, Iran and Saudi Arabia have executed offenders who were under the age of 18 (or 21) at the time the crime was committed.[9]
- Public execution
- In 2013, public executions were carried out by the governments of Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Somalia.[10]
- Extrajudicial execution
- In some countries the practice of extrajudicial execution outside their own formal legal frameworks occurs sporadically or systematically. Information on this is not covered in this article.
Industrialized world
Of the countries considered to be industrialized, just four countries continue to perform capital punishment: the United States, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan. (In South Korea, there is a moratorium.)
The European Union holds a strong position against the death penalty; its abolition is a key objective for the Union's human rights policy. Abolition is also a pre-condition for entry into the Union. In Europe, only Belarus continues capital punishment.[11]
Russia and former Soviet republics
Russia retains the death penalty, but the regulations of the Council of Europe prohibit it from carrying out executions. Of the other former Soviet republics, only Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan have the death penalty even in theory, and only Belarus uses it in practice. In Kazakhstan, it may only be used in exceptional/special circumstances such as for crimes committed in wartime.
Most executions worldwide take place in Asia. China is the world's most active death penalty country. North Korea often uses capital punishment. In Islamic countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia, the numbers of executions are also very high. Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan belong to the few industrialized democracies that have the death penalty (South Korea has a moratorium). In 2016, Nauru & Mongolia repealed the death penalty, while in the Philippines, the newly elected President, Rodrigo Duterte, wants to bring it back.
In Africa, there are several countries that use the death penalty. Chad repealed the death penalty in 2014, but restored it for terrorism in 2015. Botswana and Equatorial Guinea are examples of countries that still execute people. Guinea repealed the death penalty in 2016.
Caribbean, Central and South America
In the Caribbean countries, the death penalty exists at least de jure (except in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, which abolished it in 1966 and 1987, respectively; in 2008, St. Kitts & Nevis hanged a murderer and became the only American country other than the United States to use the death penalty in practice). In Central and South America, the death penalty exists in Belize, Guatemala, and Guyana. In Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, and Peru, the death penalty is used only in exceptional/special circumstances such as for crimes committed in wartime and was abolished for other crimes. The latest American country to abolish the death penalty is Suriname (in 2015).
Numbers executed in 2015
According to Amnesty International, 25 countries performed a combined total of more than 1,630 executions in 2015—the highest number of executions since 1989:
- Nineteen Asian countries: Afghanistan (1), Bangladesh (4), China (+), India (1), Indonesia (14), Iran (977+), Iraq (26+), Japan (3), Jordan (2), Malaysia (+), North Korea (+), Oman (2), Pakistan (326), Saudi Arabia (158+), Singapore (4), Taiwan (6), UAE (1), Vietnam (+), and Yemen (8+).
- Five African countries: Chad (10), Egypt (22+), Somalia (25+), South Sudan (5+), Sudan (3),
- One American country: United States (28),
For China, Malaysia, North Korea, and Vietnam, there are no exact numbers available.
Belarus performed no executions, so that 2015 and 2009 were the only two years in recorded history when Europe was completely free of executions.
Capital punishment by continents
Of the 54 independent states in Africa that are UN members:
- 16 (30%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
- 19 (35%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.
- 19 (35%) have abolished it.
The information above is accurate as of 2016, when Guinea abolished capital punishment. Chad abolished the death penalty in 2014, but restored it for terrorism in 2015.
- In 2014, Sudan was Africa's leading executioner. This century the following African countries have abolished capital punishment; Ivory Coast (2000), Senegal (2004), Rwanda (2007), Burundi (2009), Togo (2009), Gabon (2010), Congo (2015), and Guinea (2016).
Executions in Africa in 2014: Egypt (16+), Equatorial Guinea (9), Somalia (14+), Sudan (23+)[12]
Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.
|Year of last execution
|Executions 2014[13]
|Year abolished
|Death penalty for treason; espionage; attempts to change the regime or actions aimed at incitement; destruction of territory; sabotage to public and economic utilities; massacres and slaughters; participation in armed bands or in insurrectionary movements; counterfeiting; terrorism; acts of torture or cruelty; kidnapping; aggravated theft. Currently under a moratorium. On 20 December 2012, Algeria co-sponsored and voted in favour of the Resolution on a Moratorium on the Use of the Death Penalty at the UN General Assembly.[14]
|*None since independence in 1975
|Abolished in 1992 by Constitution
|On 6 July 2012, Benin acceded to the Second Additional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which makes Benin abolitionist.[15] The death penalty is still present in statutes.[8]
|Hanging. Death penalty for murder; treason; attempt on the life of the head of state; mutiny; desertion in the face of the enemy
|Burkina Faso
|Death penalty for treason.[17] In 2015, Burkina Faso was considering abolishing the death penalty.[18]
|Death penalty for secession; espionage; incitement to war.[22] In February 2014, the President of the Republic, Paul Biya, commuted all persons condemned to the death penalty to life in prison. The decree commuted their sentences to 25 years incarceration.[23]
|Cape Verde
|*None since independence in 1975
|Last execution when a colony of Portugal was 1835. Abolished in 1981 by Constitution.
|Central African Republic
|Death penalty for treason; espionage; charlatanism; witchcraft; assassination; murder[24]
|Death penalty abolished 2014.[27] Reintroduced for terrorism in 2015 [28]
|Democratic Republic of the Congo
|Death penalty abolished November 2015 by constitution.
|Ivory Coast
|*None since independence in 1960[32]
|*None since independence in 1977
|Hanging or firing squad. Death penalty for rape (if the victim is also kidnapped); murder; treason; organized drug trafficking
|Equatorial Guinea
|*None since independence in 1993
|Last execution when part of Ethiopia was 1989.
|Death penalty for murder, treason, armed conspiracy, genocide, outrages against the constitution
|Abolished in February 2010
|Death penalty for treason. Abolished 1993 but was reinstated by Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council in August 1995[32]
|Death penalty for murder; treason; armed robbery[32] In 2014, it was agreed that a referendum would be held on several constitutional amendments including the abolition of capital punishment.[39]
|Abolished 1993 by Constitution.
|Abolished in 2016.
|Death penalty for terrorism; terrorism acts; high treason; murder, armed robbery,[42] treason. On 3 August 2009, the death sentences of all 4,000 death row inmates were commuted to life imprisonment, and government studies were ordered to determine if the death penalty has any impact on crime.
|Death penalty for armed robbery, terrorism, hijacking. On 16 September 2005, Liberia acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, abolishing the death penalty, but re-introduced elements of it in July 2008.[43][44]
|Libya executed more people (18) in 2010, than any other African state. Current laws allow capital punishment for high treason; attempt to forcibly change the form of government; premeditated murder[46]
|Abolished 10 December 2014[47] Earlier, on 24 September 2012, Madagascar had signed the Second Additional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[48]
|Death penalty for sodomy,[50] apostasy[51] (no recorded executions).
|Death penalty for terrorism[42] In December 2013 a parliamentary opposition group filed a bill to abolish the death penalty in Morocco. The MP who introduced the bill said he was "optimistic" about the bill passing "in view of the current reform movement in Morocco".[52]
|Abolished November 1990 by Constitution
|*None since independence in 1990
|Last execution when occupied by South Africa was in 1988. Abolished March 1990 by Constitution.
|Death penalty for murder; terrorism; terrorism acts; sodomy,[54] kidnapping. Each of the 36 states has its own laws. In the north of the country, Sharia (Islamic law) is used. In Imo State, a bill that provided capital punishment for kidnapping was signed into law. Southern states of Nigeria have imposed a moratorium on the death penalty since 2004.[55]
|Since some of the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide fled to countries that refuse to extradite suspects to countries that use capital punishment, the Rwandan parliament voted to abolish capital punishment in 2007.
|São Tomé and Príncipe
|*None since independence in 1975
|Abolished September 1990 by Constitution
|*None since independence in 1976
|Abolished June 1993 by Constitution
|Sierra Leone
|Death penalty for treason;[57] murder; aggravated robbery. Under the Special Court for Sierra Leone the death penalty is not a punishment for war crimes
|Hanging, firing squad or stoning. Somalia is the only African state that carries out public executions. The Transitional Federal Government laws allowed for execution (in the limited area of the country it used to control) for murder and adultery.
|South Africa
|The last execution by the South African government was on 14 November 1989. An execution occurred in the internationally unrecognised "homeland" of Venda in 1991.[21] Capital punishment was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court on 6 June 1995 in the case of S v Makwanyane and Another. In 1997 the Criminal Law Amendment Act formally removed the invalidated provisions from the statute-book, and made provision for the resentencing of prisoners previously sentenced to death.[59] On 25 May 2005 the Constitutional Court ordered that all remaining death sentences in the country be set aside and the prisoners resentenced as soon as possible.[60]
|South Sudan
|Death penalty for treason; insurgency, banditry, sabotage or terrorism resulting in death; perjury in a capital case leading to wrongful execution; murder; attempted murder causing injury by a person sentenced to life for a previous murder; brigandage with murder; and drug dealing under aggravated circumstances.[62]
|Death penalty for sodomy,[64] waging war against the state,[65] apostasy,[51] prostitution, treason, acts that may endanger the independence or unity of the state, murder, armed robbery, weapon possession and smuggling
|Death penalty for murder;[67] treason
|Death penalty for murder; treason
|Death penalty for murder; terrorism; terrorism acts; violence and aggression; attacks against the external security of the state. On 6 January 2014 the National Constituent Assembly (NCA) voted for maintaining capital punishment in the upcoming constitution in Tunisia. The votes were by 135 yes out of a total of 174.[70] Since 2015, it has been possible to give the death penalty for terrorism.
|Death penalty for murder.[72] In 2009, the Supreme Court upheld a 2005 Constitutional Court ruling that although the death penalty was constitutional, its use as a mandatory punishment for certain crimes was not.[73]
|Death penalty for murder; aggravated robbery; high treason. President Levy Mwanawasa stated in 2004 that "For as long as I remain President, I will not execute a death warrant."
|Death penalty for murder; high treason; terrorism; drug trafficking; aggravated robbery.
Of the 35 independent states in the Americas that are UN members:
- 14 (40%), maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
- 4 (11%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
- 1 (3%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.
- 16 (46%) have abolished capital punishment.
Many Caribbean countries have carried out no executions for over 10 years, but are not believed to have an abolitionist policy.
The United States was the only country in the Americas to carry out executions in 2015. It performs the most executions of any First World country and performs the fifth most worldwide, after China, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. (North Korea is thought to execute a large but unknown number of persons each year). The countries in the Americas that most recently abolished the death penalty are Suriname (2015), Argentina (2009) and Bolivia (2007).
Executions in the Americas in 2015: United States (28).[74]
Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.
|Year of last execution
|Executions 2014
|Year abolished
|Antigua and Barbuda
|Death penalty for murder
|2009 (military)
1853 (civilian)[75]
|Constitution states "The penalty of death for political offences, all kinds of torture, and flogging, are forever abolished."[76] The Military Code of Justice (including the death penalty) was abolished on 6 August 2008 taking effect the following year.[77]
|Death penalty for treason; piracy; murder
|Death penalty for murder; treason. Presently under review before the IACHR despite strong national support.[78][79]
|Death penalty for murder, except where extenuating circumstances can be proved[80]
|Abolished for ordinary crimes 1997. "The death penalty does not exist" (Article 15).
Brazil has always maintained the death penalty as part of its military code but capital punishment for civil offenses was abolished after Brazil became a republic in 1889, then reinstated and abolished again twice (1938–53 and 1969–78).[81][82][83][84] Only one person was ever sentenced to death during the Republican period, in 1969, and the execution was not carried out. The current Constitution of Brazil (1988) expressly forbids the use of capital punishment by the civil penal justice system.[85] For more information see Capital punishment in Brazil.
|1962 (military c.1945)
|Abolished in 1976 for ordinary crimes; abolished 1998 for military offences (last used in 1945). For more information see Capital punishment in Canada
|Abolished from civil justice in 2001
|Abolished in 1910 by Constitutional reform. Prohibited by the Colombian Constitution of 1991: "The right to life is inviolable. There will be no death penalty."
|Costa Rica
|Abolished 1877 by Constitution
|Firing squad. Death penalty for murder, attempted murder, hijacking, acts of terrorism, treason, political offenses, child rape, molestation of a child under 12 years of age with aggravating factors, rape of an adult with aggravating factors, rape of an adult that results in death, illness or grievous bodily harm, robbery with aggravating factors, drug offenses, production of child pornography, child trafficking, child prostitution, child corruption, piracy. De facto abolitionist as the last execution took place on 11 April 2003. The last death sentences were commuted in 2010.[88] See also Capital punishment in Cuba
|Dominican Republic
|Abolished in 1966 by Constitution.
|Abolished 1906 by Constitution. See Capital punishment in Ecuador.
|El Salvador
|May be imposed only in cases provided by military laws during a state of international war.[89] Abolished for other crimes 1983.
|Lethal injection
|Abolished 1987 by Constitution.
|Death penalty for terrorist acts;[91] murder; mass murder; rape; willful murder; treason; torture. The constitution states that it must not be a mandatory punishment.
|Abolished 1956 by Constitution.
|Death penalty for murder[93]
|1961 – Military
1937 – Civilian
|Abolished for all crimes in 2005.[94] See also Capital punishment in Mexico.
|Abolished 1979 by Constitution
|*None since independence in 1903
|Abolished 1903 by Constitution.
|Abolished 1992 by Constitution
|Death penalty for treason; terrorism; espionage; genocide; mutiny; desertion in times of war.[89] Abolished for other crimes 1979.
|Saint Kitts and Nevis
|Death penalty for murder
|Saint Lucia
|Death penalty for murder; treason
|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|Death penalty for murder; treason
|In March 2015, the National Assembly approved legislation formally abolishing the death penalty in Suriname. But the legislators raised the highest prison term limits from 30 to 50 years in what is seen as a compromise to amending the Criminal code. See Capital punishment in Suriname
|Trinidad and Tobago
|Death penalty for murder; treason[97]
|United States
|Methods vary by state, federal, and military policy, but include lethal injection, hanging, firing squad, the electric chair, and the gas chamber. Federal law provides the death penalty for many homicide-related crimes, espionage, treason, terrorism, murder, robbery, and drug trafficking.[99][100] 31 of the 50 states currently have the death penalty. Of the non-state territories, American Samoa still has capital punishment as a local statute,[101] and the others have abolished it. The Supreme Court has severely limited the crimes that the death penalty can be a punishment for, the only two being murder and treason. It has also abolished the death penalty for crimes committed by a person under the age of 18. Sentences of death may be handed down by a jury or a judge (upon a bench trial or a guilty plea). See Capital punishment in the United States.
|Abolished 1907 by Constitution
|*None since independence in 1830
|Abolished 1863 by Constitution
Of the 57 independent countries in the Asia-Pacific region that are UN member or observer states:
- 25 (44%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
- 9 (16%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.
- 2 (4%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
- 21 (37%) have abolished it.
The information above is accurate as of 2016, when Nauru & Mongolia abolished the death penalty, and does not include Taiwan which is not currently a UN member. Hong Kong and Macau are also listed below but not included in the figures above as they do not have UN membership separate from China.
- In 2014, Asia had the worlds four leading practitioners of capital punishment – China, Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. China continues to execute more people than the rest of the world put together. The most recent countries to abolish capital punishment in the Asia-Pacific region are; Timor-Leste (2002), Bhutan (2004), Samoa (2004), Philippines (2006), Kyrgyzstan (2007), Uzbekistan (2008), Fiji (2015), Nauru (2016) and Mongolia (2016).
Executions in 2014: China (1000+), North Korea (+), Iran (743+),[102] Iraq (61+), Saudi Arabia (90+), Yemen (23+), Jordan (11), Afghanistan (6), Vietnam (3+), Japan (3), Palestine (26+), Malaysia (2+), Singapore (2), UAE (1).[12]
Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.
|Year of last execution
|Executions 2014[13]
|Year abolished
|Hanging; shooting. Current laws allow capital punishment for apostasy,[104] homosexuality, and murder.
|Capital punishment was abolished in Queensland in 1922, Tasmania in 1968, The Northern Territory; Australian Capital Territory and the Commonwealth in 1973, Victoria in 1975, South Australia in 1976, Western Australia in 1984 and New South Wales in 1985. See also capital punishment in Australia.
|Death penalty for premeditated murder; plotting to topple the regime; collaborating with a foreign hostile country; threatening the life of the Emir; defiance of military orders in time of war or martial law
|Hanging. Death penalty for murder;[108] drug offences;[109] sodomy, trafficking in children for immoral or illegal purposes; trafficking in women for purposes of prostitution, terrorism, rape, armed robbery, perjury causing wrongful execution, treason[110] and war crimes.
|*None since independence in 1984
|Last execution when a protectorate of Britain was in 1957. Death penalty for murder; unlawful possession of firearms and explosives; possession of heroin or morphine of more than 15 grams, cocaine of more than 30 grams, cannabis of more than 500 grams, syabu or methamphetamine of more than 50 grams, or opium of more than 1.2 kg[111] A new penal code was introduced in April 2014 and introduced the death penalty for male same-sex acts if one of the parties is Muslim (by stoning); rape; adultery; sodomy; extramarital sexual relations for Muslims; insulting any verse of the Quran and Hadith; blasphemy; declaring oneself a prophet or non-Muslim; and murder.[111][112]
|Abolished in 1989 by Constitution.
|Shooting (firing squad); lethal injection. China carries out far more executions than all of the rest of the world combined, and is the only country in the world that routinely executes thousands of people every year.[114] On 25 February 2011 China's newly revised Criminal Law reduced the number of crimes punishable by death by 13, from 68 to 55.[115] Among these are embezzlement, rape (particularly of children), fraud, bombing, people trafficking, piracy, corruption, arson, murder, poaching, endangerment of national security and terrorism. Even the higher sections of Chinese society are not exempt from the death penalty, as a billionaire was recently put to death.[116][117] See also capital punishment in the People's Republic of China.
Hong Kong and Macau are under different jurisdiction from China and have abolished the death penalty. See corresponding entries.
|*None since independence in 1970
|Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1964. The death penalty for crimes under the Republic of Fiji Military Forces Act was abolished in Feb 2015. Abolished for other crimes 1979.
|Hong Kong
Main article: Capital punishment in Hong KongIt was last used in 1966 and abolished in 1993 by the then British colonial government.
Main article: Capital punishment in IndiaDeath penalty for murder; instigating a minor's or an idiot's suicide; treason; acts of terrorism; a second conviction for drug trafficking, aircraft hijacking, aggravated robbery, treason, aggravated rape and drug smuggling under aggravated circumstances; abetting sati, mutiny and its abetting; causing explosions which can endanger life or property and a few military offences like desertion. Military offences may be punished with a firing squad. See also capital punishment in India
|Firing squad. Death penalty for murder; high treason; kidnapping; rape; terrorism acts; drug trafficking;[49] terrorism. 8 people including overseas nationals executed on 29 April 2015[120]
|Hanging, shooting. Iran is second only to China in the number of executions it carries out—executing hundreds every year.[114][102] Death penalty for murder; armed robbery; drug trafficking; kidnapping; rape; child molestation; sodomy; espionage; terrorism; apostasy, "enmity against God" and "corruption on earth." See also capital punishment in Iran.
|Hanging. Death penalty for murder; endangering national security; distributing drugs; rape; attacks on transport convoys; financing and execution of terrorism.[123] Suspended in June 2003 after 2003 invasion; reinstated August 2004.[124][125] A total of 447 people were executed between then and the end of March 2013, with 129 in 2012 alone.[126]
|Hanging; firing squad. Death penalty for crimes against humanity,[127] high treason, genocide, and crimes against the Jewish people during wartime. Only two executions since independence in 1948: accused traitor Meir Tobiansky (posthumously acquitted) and Holocaust architect Adolf Eichmann. Abolished for other crimes 1954.
|Hanging. Murder; crimes against the state. Judges usually impose death penalty in case of multiple homicides; death sentence for a single murder is extraordinary. Between 1946 and 2003 766 people were sentenced to death, 608 of whom were executed. For 40 months from 1989 to 1993 successive ministers of justice refused to authorise executions, which amounted to an informal moratorium. See also capital punishment in Japan.
|Death penalty for some cases of terrorism, murder, rape and human trafficking. Jordan has a de facto moratorium on capital punishment since 2006, however, some executions were carried out in 2014 and 2015.[130]
|Currently capital punishment for terrorism and crimes in wartime.[132] Moratorium since 17 December 2003. Abolished on 30 July 2009 for other crimes.[133] On 28 March 2011 the Presidential Commission for Human Rights in Astana asked the government to abolish capital punishment.[134]
|North Korea
|Firing squad, Hanging or Decapitation. North Korea performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for prostitution;[136] "drug transactions"; plots against national sovereignty; terrorism; treason against the Motherland by citizens; treason against the people; murder, Attempted murder, Arson, Kidnapping, rape, insubordination, burglary, illegal entry, assault, hostile acts, smuggling drugs, inappropriate words, armed robbery, grand theft, making illegal international calls without a phone card, illegal pornography, showing disrespectful to Kim Il-Sung, Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-Un or even the Kim Family, unauthorized religious activity, producing anti-propaganda materials against the state, joining the Islamic State or Al-Qaeda in Syria or Iraq.[137]
|South Korea
|Death penalty for murder, rebellion, conspiracy with foreign countries, robbery-homicide and other crimes.[139] There has been an unofficial moratorium on executions since President Kim Dae-jung took office in February 1998.[140]
|*None since independence in 1979
|Death penalty for drug trafficking; rape; murder; national security crimes[142]
|*None since independence in 1991
|Kyrgyz authorities had extended a moratorium on executions each year since 1998. Abolished by constitution in 2007[143][144]
|Death penalty for murder, terrorism, treason[145]
|Hanging; firing squad. Death penalty for murder[147]
|19th century
Main article: Capital punishment in MacauIt was last used in the 19th century and abolished in 1976 when Portugal abolished the death penalty on all its territories
|Hanging. Death penalty mandatory for trafficking in dangerous drugs; discharging a firearm in the commission of a scheduled offense; accomplices in case of discharge of firearm; offenses against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's person; murder. Discretionary for kidnapping; consorting with a person carrying or having possession of arms or explosives; waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri[149]
|*None since independence in 1965
|Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1952. Death penalty for murder[150]
|Marshall Islands
|*None since independence in 1986
|Abolished in 1986 by Constitution
|After two years under an official moratorium, the State Great Khural had in 2012 formally acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The death penalty was abolished by a law passed in December 2015 & effective September 2016[151][152]
|F.S. Micronesia
|*None since independence in 1986
|Abolished in 1986 by Constitution
|Death penalty for murder, terrorism, high treason[153]
|*None since independence in 1968
|Death penalty abolished May 2016[154]
|Abolished 1997 by Constitution.
|New Zealand
|2007 (Cook Is.)
|Abolished in New Zealand in 1989. In 2007 the Cook Islands became the last of New Zealand`s overseas territories to abolish capital punishment. See also capital punishment in New Zealand
|Death penalty for murder; drug trafficking[155]
Main article: Capital punishment in PakistanHanging. Death penalty for murder, drug smuggling, terrorism, rape, unlawful assembly and blasphemy. Six-year moratorium lifted in 2014 after the Peshawar school massacre.
|*None since independence in 1994
|Suspected political dissidents, such as accused Israel collaborators, are frequently executed, often in the street, without trial.[158]
|Papua New Guinea
|*None since independence in 1975[159]
|Last execution when under Australian administration in November 1954. Treason; piracy; attempted piracy; willful murder. Papua New Guinea voted in 2013 to introduce the death penalty for crimes such as rape, robbery and sorcery-related murder.[160] See also capital punishment in Papua New Guinea.
|Abolished in 1987 under the present Constitution, re-introduced in 1993, re-abolished on 24 June 2006 under Republic Act No. 9346. Currently (2016), newly elected President, Rodrigo Duterte, wants to bring back capital punishment.
|Death penalty for espionage;[163] threat to national security;[164] apostasy(no recorded executions)
|*None since independence in 1962
|Saudi Arabia
|Decapitation. Saudi Arabia performs public executions. Current laws allow the use of capital punishment for many violent and nonviolent offenses, robbery, treason, kidnapping, including homosexuality, pedophilia, adultery, murder; apostasy;[167] drug trafficking; rape and armed robbery;[168] drug offenses; witchcraft; sexual misconduct. Method most often used is beheading with a scimitar, although the firing squad is sometimes used. Bodies may be put on public display.
|Hanging. Death penalty for murder; kidnapping; treason; certain firearm offenses; trafficking in more than 15 grams of heroin or morphine, 30 grams of cocaine or 500 grams of cannabis[170] See also capital punishment in Singapore
|Solomon Islands
|*None since independence in 1978
|Sri Lanka
|Death penalty for murder; perjury causing an innocent person to be executed; rape; drug trafficking. Moratorium since 1976.
|Hanging is used. Syria performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for treason; murder; theft; political acts such as bearing arms against Syria in the ranks of the enemy, desertion of the armed forces to the enemy and acts of incitement under martial law or in wartime; violent robbery; rape; membership in the Muslim Brotherhood; drug trafficking
|Shooting. Prior to the execution, the prisoner is injected with strong anaesthetic to leave them completely senseless. See also Capital punishment in Taiwan.
|Death penalty for murder with aggravating circumstances; rape with aggravating circumstances; terrorism; biocide; genocide.[172] Moratorium introduced 30 April 2004 by President Emomalii Rahmon
|Death penalty for 35 crimes including regicide; sedition or rebellion; offenses committed against the external security of Thailand; murder or attempted murder of a foreign head of state; bribery; high treason; terrorism acts; terrorism; arson; rape; murder; kidnapping; robbery resulting in death. For a full list see here (PDF)
|*None since independence in 2002
|Death penalty suspended following UN administration in 1999 when still a province of Indonesia. Abolished by constitution 2002.[174]
|Hanging. Death penalty for treason, murder. See capital punishment in Tonga
|Abolished 1999 by Constitution.
|*None since independence in 1978
|United Arab Emirates
|Death penalty by firing squad for murder; drug offenses;[176] rape; treason; apostasy; aggravated robbery; terrorism; homosexuality; joining the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Syria or Iraq; blasphemy;
|President Islam Karimov signed a decree on 1 August 2005 that replaced the death penalty with life imprisonment on 1 January 2008[178]
|*None since independence in 1980
|Lethal injection. Death penalty for treason; taking action to overthrow the government; espionage; rebellion; banditry; terrorism; sabotage; hijacking; destruction of national security projects; undermining peace; war crimes; crimes against humanity; manufacturing, concealing and trafficking in narcotic substances; murder; rape; robbery; embezzlement; fraud[180]
|Shooting. Yemen performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for murder;[182] adultery;[183] homosexuality;[50][184] apostasy[51] (no recorded executions)
Of the 49 independent states in Europe that are UN members or have UN Observer status:
- 1 (2%), Belarus, maintains the death penalty.
- 1 (2%), Russia, is abolitionist in practice.
- 47 (96%) have abolished it (the most recent in 2012 when Latvia abolished capital punishment in all circumstances).
Abolition of death penalty is a pre-condition for entry into the European Union, considered a "cruel and inhuman" practice and "not been shown in any way to act as a deterrent to crime".[185]
Since 1997 to 2015, Belarus has been the only country in Europe to carry out executions. 2009 and 2015 were the first two years in recorded history when Europe was completely free of executions. This century the following European countries have abolished capital punishment; Ukraine (2000), Malta (2000), Cyprus (2002), Turkey (2004), Moldova (2005), Albania (2007), and Latvia (2012).
Executions in Europe in 2014: Belarus (3)[186][187]
Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.
|Year of last execution
|Executions 2014[13]
|Year abolished
|Ratification of Protocol No. 13 of ECHR took place on 6 February 2007, in effect by 1 June 2007.[189]
|Abolished 1990 by Constitution
|*None since independence in 1991
|Abolished in 1998 by Constitution. The last execution when Armenia was a part of the USSR was on 30 August 1991.
|Abolished in peacetime 1950. Completely abolished in 1968 by Constitution.
|Belarus is the only country in Europe to practice the death penalty. Laws allow capital punishment for acts of aggression; murder of a representative of a foreign state or international organization with the intention to provoke international tension or war; international terrorism; genocide; crimes against the security of humanity; murder with aggravating circumstances; terrorism; terrorist acts; treason that results in loss of life; conspiracy to seize power; sabotage; murder of a police officer; murder of a border patrol; use of weapons of mass destruction; and violations of the laws and customs of war.[191] See Capital punishment in Belarus.
|Last execution for common law crimes was in 1863. Last execution for war crimes was in 1950. Abolished 1996 by Penal Code; since 2005 in Constitution.
|Bosnia and Herzegovina
|*None since independence in 1992
|Last execution when part of Yugoslavia was in 1975. Abolished 1998 by Constitution, although the capital punishment is still present in Republika Srpska entity Constitution, Article 11.[192]
|Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1983.
|*None since independence in 1991
|Last capital punishment was performed on January 29, 1987 by the state firing squad while Croatia was still part of SFR Yugoslavia. Last executed convict was Dušan Kosić who killed Čedomir Matijević, his wife Slavica and their two daughters, Dragana and Snježana.[193][194] Capital punishment was abolished in 1990 according to the provision of the new Croatian constitution enected for the SR Croatia. Upon declaring independence in June 1991 newly formed Republic of Croatia declared Constitution from 1990 official and left the jurisdiction of the Yugoslav Federation consequently completely abolishing capital punishment. Death penalty is prohibited by the article 21 of the Croatian Constitution.[195]
|Czech Republic
|*None since independence in 1993
|Last execution when part of Czechoslovakia was in June 1989. Abolished after the Velvet Revolution 1990 by the amendment to Constitution of Czechoslovakia. Upon independence on 1 January 1993 the Czech Republic became a new abolitionist state. For more info see Capital punishment in the Czech Republic.
|Last execution for common law crimes 1892. Last execution for war crimes 1950. Capital punishment was retroactively carried out 1945–50 for crimes related to the German occupation in World War II, repealed in 1951 and confirmed in 1993. A similar rule was active 1952–1978 in the civil penalty law for war crimes committed under extreme circumstances. See Capital punishment in Denmark.
|In Estonia the last execution took place on 11 September 1991 when Rein Oruste was shot with a bullet to the back of the head for the crime of murder.
|Last peacetime execution 1825. Last wartime execution 1944. Capital punishment was abolished for civilian crimes in 1949 (all existing sentences commuted to life imprisonment) and for all crimes 1972. In 1984 the death penalty was explicitly outlawed in the Finnish Constitution. See Capital punishment in Finland.
|The death penalty was initially abolished by the Directory in 1795 but re-introduced by Napoleon in 1810. It was re-abolished in law in 1981 and by Constitution in 2007. See Capital punishment in France.
|The death penalty was abolished for most offenses in 1997, but the constitution stated that the Supreme Court had the power to impose the death penalty in exceptionally serious cases of "crimes against life". On 27 December 2006, President Mikheil Saakashvili signed into a law a new constitutional amendment totally abolishing the death penalty in all circumstances
|1949 (West Germany)
1981 (East Germany)
|1949 (West Germany)
1987 (East Germany)
|Prohibited in West Germany by the Basic Law since 1949. US military authorities carried out an execution on West German territory in 1956. The now defunct GDR abolished the death penalty in 1987, the last execution was held in 1981.
|Abolished in 1994 (Law 2207/1994) except for high treason in time of war; abolished completely with the Constitutional amendment of 2001
|Capital punishment was abolished in 1990 and the last execution was of Vadász Ernő on 14 July 1988 for murder.
|*None since independence in 1944[196]
|Last execution in 1830 when a colony of Denmark.[196] Abolished in 1928;[197] reintroduction made unconstitutional in 1995 by unanimous vote of Parliament.[198]
|See Capital punishment in Ireland. Abolished for most murders in 1964, and for remaining offences in 1990. Last death sentences passed in 1985; all since 1954 commuted to imprisonment. 2001 constitutional referendum prohibits reintroduction, even during state of emergency.
|On 30 November 1786 the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (then independent, now a part of Italy) became the first state in the modern era to completely abolish the death penalty. The short lived Roman Republic of Feb–July 1849 abolished the death penalty before being overthrown by French troops. When the Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861 all the constituent states except Tuscany allowed capital punishment until it was abolished from the penal code in 1889 – although it was maintained under military and colonial law. In 1926 Mussolini reintroduced the death penalty into Italian law. It was re-abolished from the penal code in 1944. Art. 27 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic (1948) completely abolished it for all common military and civil crimes during peacetime. The death penalty was still, formally, in force in Italy in the military penal code, only for high treachery against the Republic or only in war theatre perpetrated crimes (though no execution ever took place) until it was abolished completely from there as well, in 1994. Article 27 of Italian Constitution was changed, in 2007, to impede the reintroduction of death penalty in time of war too. See Capital punishment in Italy.
|Death penalty abolished for peacetime offenses 1999. Abolished for all crimes 2012.[199]
|Abolished by Constitution 1979
|*None since independence in 1991
|Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1988.[188] Abolished by Constitution 1991.
|*None since independence in 1964
|Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1943. Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1971; part of the military code until 2000.
|*None since independence in 1991
|Last execution when a part of the USSR was in 1985.[188] On 23 September 2005 the Moldovan Constitutional Court approved constitutional amendments that abolished the death penalty.[200]
|Abolished by Constitution 1962
|*None since independence in 2006
|Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1992. Capital punishment abolished by Yugoslavia Federal Republic in 1995. When Montenegro declared independence in 2006 it became an abolitionist state.
|2010 (Neth Antilles)
1982 (Neth)
|Last execution for peacetime offences 1860. Abolished for peacetime offences in 1870. Abolished in Netherlands by Constitution 1982. Last Netherlands overseas territory to abolish was Netherlands Antilles in 2010.[201]
|Abolished for peacetime offences in 1902, last execution for peacetime offences 1876. Last executions of wartime offenders conducted on 37 men convicted of treason or war crimes in WWII in 1945–48.
|A criminal law reform including reintroduction of death penalty was proposed in 2004 by Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, but lost its first reading vote in the Sejm by 198 to 194 with 14 abstentions. It is said that this was only populism, as Poland was in the European Union and so this initiative hardly had a chance.[49]
|Capital Punishment was abolished for political crimes in 1852, civil crimes in 1867 and war crimes in 1911.[202] In 1916, capital punishment was reinstated only for military offenses that occurred in a war against a foreign country and in the theater of war.[203] Capital punishment was completely abolished again in 1976.[204] See Capital punishment in Portugal.
|The last people to be convicted and executed in Romania were the former dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena Ceaușescu, following the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Their accusations ranged from crimes against humanity to high-treason. Abolished in 1990 and banned by Constitution in 1991.
|1999 (Chechnya)
|Russia retains the death penalty, but the regulations of the Council of Europe prohibit it from carrying out executions. There have been 4 brief periods when Russia has completely abolished the death penalty, in the 18th century Russian empress Yelizaveta Petrovna abolished it, but it was restored by the Next emperor, Peter III of Russia; then, on 12 March 1917 to 12 July 1917 following the overthrow of the Tsar, 27 October 1917 to 16 June 1918 following the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, and 1947–1950 after the end of the Second World War (Joseph Stalin abolished it in 1947, but he had restored it back in 1950, and for this short period, the strictest punishment in USSR was penal servitude in GULAG for 25 years). Currently the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation envisages the death penalty for five crimes: murder with aggravating circumstances, assassination attempt against a state or public figure, attempt on the life of a person administering justice or preliminary investigations, attempt on the life of a law-enforcement officer, and genocide.[206] On 16 April 1997 Russia signed the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, but has yet to ratify it. There has been a moratorium on executions since 1996; no executions in the Russian Federation since August 1996 (except one in 1999 in the Chechen Republic, a former limited recognition state). In November 2009, the Constitutional Court extended the moratorium indefinitely pending ratification of the Sixth Protocol. The death penalty is still present in statutes.[8] See Capital punishment in Russia.
|San Marino
|Capital Punishment was abolished for civil crimes in 1848. The Death penalty was completely abolished for all crimes in 1865.
|*None since independence in 2006
|Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1992. Capital punishment abolished by Yugoslavia Federal Republic in 1995. When Serbia became independent in 2006 it became an abolitionist state.
|*None since independence in 1993
|Last execution when a part of Czechoslovakia was in 1989. Abolished 1990 by Constitution when still a constituent part of Czechoslovakia. Upon independence on 1 January 1993 Slovakia became a new abolitionist state.
|*None since independence in 1991
|Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1959. Abolished in Slovenian Yugoslav Republic 1989 by Constitution. Upon declaration of independence in 1991 Slovenia removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Federal Yugoslav capital punishment statutes effectively achieving complete abolition.
|Abolished in 1978 by constitution except for military laws during wartime. Abolished from the military penal code in 1995.[207]
|Peacetime offences 1921, Wartime offences 1973. Constitutionally prohibited since 1975. See also capital punishment in Sweden.
|Capital Punishment was abolished in 1874, but reinstated in 1879. It was practiced by a few cantons (nine executions up to 1940). Abolished by popular vote in 1938, except for wartime military crimes, for which it was abolished in 1992. Banned by the 1999 constitution.
|Abolished in 2004 by Constitution. On October 29, 2016, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan says his government would ask parliament to consider reintroducing the death penalty as a punishment for the plotters behind the July coup bid.[208]
|Abolished February 2000 after the Constitutional Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional in December 1999.[210][211] New criminal code passed in April 2000.[210][211][212]
|United Kingdom
|1977 (Bermuda)
|2006 (Jersey)
|Last execution in the UK was in 1964. The last execution on British Overseas Territory occurred in Bermuda in 1977. Abolished for murder in 1969 in Great Britain and 1973 in Northern Ireland. Abolished for all remaining offences (high treason, piracy with violence and offences under military jurisdiction) in UK in 1998. European Convention, Thirteenth Protocol ratified in 2003 confirming total abolition. See Capital punishment in the United Kingdom. The last British Territory or Crown Dependency to completely abolish capital punishment was Jersey on 10 December 2006 (see Capital punishment in Jersey).
|Vatican City
|1870 (as Papal States)[213]
|Never used within the Vatican and only carried out in the Papal States by local authorities where the sentences were handed out.
Abolition chronology
The table below lists in chronological order the 103 independent states, that are either UN members or have UN observer status, that have completely abolished the death penalty. In the hundred years following the abolition of capital punishment by Venezuela in 1863 only 10 more countries were able to maintain abolition – although more tried but failed to prevent re-instatement after an initial abolition. From the 1960s there has been a growing momentum towards abolition worldwide. In the 1960s 4 countries abolished (a record up to that time for any decade), in the 1970s a limited momentum was achieved when 11 countries abolished, the 1980s saw a further 10 countries abolish, but it was the fall of Communism in 1989 which turned the trickle into a torrent – no fewer than 35 countries abolished in the 1990s, the individual years 1990 and 1998 are especially notable because 9 and 7 countries respectively abolished in those single years. This momentum is continuing as a further 23 countries abolished in the first decade of this century. Since 1985, there have been only five years when no country has abolished the death penalty: 1988, 2003, 2011, 2013 and 2014.
Note: Where a country has abolished, re-instated, and abolished again (e.g. Philippines, Switzerland, Portugal) only the later abolition date is included. Countries who have abolished and since reinstated (e.g. Liberia) are not included. Non-independent territories are considered to be under the jurisdiction of their parent country – which leads to unexpectedly late abolition dates for the UK, New Zealand and the Netherlands, where Jersey (UK), the Cook Is (NZ), and the Netherlands Antilles, were the last territories of those states to abolish capital punishment, and all were rather later than the more well known abolitions on the respective mainlands. Defunct countries such as the GDR (East Germany), which abolished capital punishment in 1987 but was dissolved in 1990, are also not included. References are in the continental tables above and not repeated here.
Capital punishment by offence
Drug trafficking
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, China (not in Hong Kong and Macau), Cuba, Egypt, India (option when second conviction for drug trafficking in quantities specified), Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Qatar, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Somalia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Sudan, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United States (only under certain conditions), Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe.
Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Mauritania, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan (for three-times offenders; punishment for the first and second times is flogging), United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Mauritania, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen.
In Iran, Mauritania, Qatar, and Yemen, there have been no recorded executions so far.
Perjury and treason
Perjury causing the execution of an innocent person: Bangladesh, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, some US States (e.g. California).
Treason: Algeria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, Israel (high treason), Japan, Kenya, Laos, Libya, Myanmar (high treason), North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, United States (Federal and in some individual States; Vermont keeps death penalty for treason, but has abolished it for murder), Vietnam, Zambia.
Algeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Iran, Peru, Qatar, United States, Vietnam, Syria.
China (not in Hong Kong or Macao), Cuba, Iran ("corruption on Earth").
China (not in Hong Kong and Macao), Vietnam.
Algeria (aggravated theft), North Korea (grand theft), Saudi Arabia (fourth conviction).
Brunei, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Yemen.
Saudi Arabia, Central African Republic
Sudan, North Korea
In the Central African Republic, one can be executed for charlatanism.
See also
- Capital punishment for drug trafficking
- List of most recent executions by jurisdiction
- American Convention on Human Rights
- European Convention on Human Rights
- Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- Life imprisonment
- Corporal punishment
- ↑ Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Leigh B. Bienen (2011). Murder and Its Consequences: Essays on Capital Punishment in America (2 ed.). Northwestern University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-8101-2697-8.
- ↑ Michael H. Tonry (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-514060-6.
- ↑ Elisabeth Reichert (2011). Social Work and Human Rights: A Foundation for Policy and Practice. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-231-52070-6.
- ↑ Russil Durrant (2013). An Introduction to Criminal Psychology. Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-136-23434-7.
- ↑ Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). Encyclopedia of Death & Human Experience:. Sage Publications. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-4129-5178-4.
- ↑ Cliff Roberson (2015). Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4987-2120-2.
- 1 2 3 4 "DEATH SENTENCES AND EXECUTIONS REPORT 2015". Amnesty International. April 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ "Executions of juveniles since 1990". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012.
- ↑ "Death Sentences and Executions 2013" (PDF). Amnesty International. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- ↑ European External Action Service (2008-09-30). "European Union - EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU Policy on Death Penalty". Eeas.europa.eu. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- 1 2 "Document - Amnesty International". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- 1 2 3 "2013 DP Report Map". amnestyusa.org.
- ↑ "HANDS OFF CAIN against death penalty in the world". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Benin: Accession to the Second Optional Protocol Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty". Hands Off Cain. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201605.php?iddocumento=20312986&mover=0
- ↑ "Burkina Faso Coup Plotter Admits Receiving Aid from Ivory Coast Military". PolitInfo. 8 April 2004. Archived from the original on 14 August 2004.
- ↑ "Burkina Faso: Opportunity to abolish the death penalty must be seized". Amnesty International. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
- ↑ "Burundi: Imminent resumption of executions or summary trials and executions". Amnesty International. 22 November 2004. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality". Amnesty International. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Capital punishment in the Commonwealth". Capital Punishment UK. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee, Cameroon, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.116 (1999).". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Cameroun: Paul Biya signe un décret conduisant à la libération de Michel Thierry Atangana". Jeune Afrique. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ↑ "Human Rights Committee Considers The Situation In The Central African Republic". The United Nations Office at Geneva. 22 July 2004. Archived from the original on 30 July 2004.
- ↑ "Death Penalty | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. 2014-03-15. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ↑ "Chad executes 10 Boko Haram members by firing squad". Reuters.com. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
- ↑ "Le Tchad a un nouveau code péna" (in French). 15 September 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ↑ "Chad reintroduces death penalty for acts of terror - BBC News". Bbc.com. 2015-07-31. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ↑ "The death penalty: List of abolitionist and retentionist countries (October 1996)". Amnesty International. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Congo death verdict prompts worry". BBC News. 6 May 2010.
- ↑ "Congo's Presidential Election Strengthens the Controversial New Constitution that Abolished Capital Punishment". 20 April 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 "West Africa: Time to abolish the death penalty". Amnesty International. 9 October 2003. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Egypt carries out first execution over Morsi clashes". BBC News. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Eq Guinea executes four coup convicts: Amnesty". Reuters. 24 August 2010.
- ↑ "Ethiopia executes spy boss killer". BBC News. 6 August 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ↑ "Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee, Gabon, U.N. Doc. CCPR/CO/70/GAB (2000)". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Death Penalty: Hands Off Cain Announces Abolition in Gabon". Hands Off Cain. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ Williams, Carol J. (31 August 2012). "Gambia, Iraq executions buck worldwide abolitionist trend". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Death Penalty News: Ghana referendum will abolish death sentence, weaken President's war powers". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Guinea: Death Penalty/Fear of Imminent Execution". Amnesty International. 14 October 2001. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Abolition of the death penalty in Guinea". 5 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
- 1 2 "The Death Penalty Worldwide: Developments in 2003". Amnesty International. 5 April 2004. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Armed Robbery, Hijacking and Terrorism Now Capitol Offenses in Liberia". New Liberian. 26 July 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Liberia: Death Penalty Under Fire". AllAfrica. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Libya: 18 People Executed By Firing Squad". Hands Off Cain. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Libyan Court System And Criminal Justice". Bulgarian News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 January 2007.
- ↑ "MADAGASCAR: MPS ABOLISH THE DEATH PENALTY". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 "The death penalty worldwide: developments in 2004". Amnesty International. 4 April 2005. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- 1 2 "Laws around the World". Sodomy Laws. Archived from the original on 4 February 2005.
- 1 2 3 Sookhdeo, Patrick (3 July 2006). "Islamic Teaching on the Consequences of Apostasy from Islam". Barnabas Fund. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "MOROCCO: NEW MOVES TO ABOLISH DEATH PENALTY". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "NIGERIA: FOUR CONVICTS HANGED IN EDO FOR FIRST TIME SINCE 2006". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Nigeria". Sodomy Laws. Archived from the original on 11 January 2006.
- ↑ "World Day". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty.
- ↑ "Rwanda's ban on executions helps bring genocide justice". CNN. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ↑ "Sierra Leone: Amnesty International expresses dismay at 10 death sentences for treason". Amnesty International. 21 December 2004. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201604.php?iddocumento=20311611&mover=2
- ↑ "Government Gazette". 390 (18519). Republic of South Africa. 19 December 1997.
- ↑ Sibiya and Others v Director of Public Prosecutions: Johannesburg High Court and Others [2005] ZACC 6, 2005 (5) SA 315 (CC)
- ↑ http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59721
- ↑ "Acts Supplement" (PDF). The Southern Sudan Gazette. Ministry Legal Affairs and Constitutional Development. 1 (1). 10 February 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2013.
- ↑ "SUDAN: FOUR HANGED IN EL-OBEID PRISON FOR FARMER'S MURDER". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Sudan". Sodomy Laws. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007.
- ↑ Ramani, Ken (28 March 2005). "Sudan: Attorney General expects death penalty for islamist coup plotters". The East African Standard. Kenya.
- ↑ "Swaziland Moves Toward Execution By Lethal Injection; Hangman Unavailable". The Clarion Issue. 3 (2). February–March 2002. Archived from the original on 18 April 2003.
- ↑ "IRIN-SA Weekly Round-up 21". Center for International Disaster Information. Archived from the original on 30 April 2005.
- ↑ "Death Penalty News: September 2002". Amnesty International. 31 August 2002. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "Togo abolishes the death penalty". BBC News. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "TUNISIA TO MAINTAIN CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN FUTURE CONSTITUTION". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ Kiapi, Evelyn (14 November 2006). "Death Penalty: Uganda's Laws Favour Execution". Inter Press Service News Agency. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- ↑ "DEATH PENALTY: Uganda's Laws Favour Execution". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Uganda: Amnesty International calls on the Ugandan government to abolish the death penalty". 22 January 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
- 1 2 "Execution List 2015". Retrieved 2 January 2016.
- ↑ "Sitios de Interés". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Constitution of the Argentine Nation (Section 18)". Argentine Senate. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ Valente, Marcela (8 August 2008). "Last Vestiges of Capital Punishment Abolished". Inter Press Service News Agency. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "Hang them!". Nation Newspaper. 10 October 2010. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012.
- ↑ Guyson Mayers, R.E. (19 September 2010). "A Guy's View: To hang or not to hang". The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ↑ "Belize: Death Penalty, Gilroy "Hooty" Wade, Oscar "Negro" Catzim Mendez, Glenford Baptist". Amnesty International. 20 November 2001. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "Law 6620, 17 December 1978" (in Portuguese). Presidency of Brazil. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008.
- ↑ "Law Decree 431, 18 May 1938" (in Portuguese). Presidency of Brazil. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ↑ "Law 1802, 5 January 1953" (in Portuguese). Presidency of Brazil. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ↑ "Law Decree 898, 29 September 1969" (in Portuguese). Presidency of Brazil. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009.
- ↑ "Death penalty in Brazil". Brazilian Embassy in London. 2002. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ↑ "Tourist information". Best Western. Archived from the original on 14 June 2004.
- ↑ "Cuba ferry hijackers executed". BBC News. 11 April 2003.
- ↑ Frank, Marc (28 April 2008). "Cuba's Raul Castro commutes most death sentences". Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- 1 2 "Constitutional prohibitions of the death penalty". Amnesty International. 31 May 1996. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "Guatemala: Death Penalty/imminent execution". Amnesty International. 19 June 2000. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "Annual Report 2004 – Guyana". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 15 August 2004.
- ↑ "Annual Report 2004 – Jamaica". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 15 August 2004.
- ↑ "No to the Death Penalty". Community of Sant'Egidio. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ Kennedy, Duncan (11 August 2008). "Mexican fury grows at kidnappings". BBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ↑ "St Kitts and Nevis: Execution is a shameless act". Amnesty International. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "SURINAME: DEATH PENALTY ABOLISHED". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Capital punishment and implementation of the safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council. 9 March 2005. p. 9.
- ↑ "Serial Killer Oscar Ray Bolin Jr., Who Married His Defense Attorney, Is Executed in Florida". Retrieved 2 April 2016.
- ↑ "Federal Laws Providing for the Death Penalty". Death Penalty Information Center.
- ↑ Pinkard, Eric (Fall 1999). "The death penalty for drug kingpins: constitutional and international implications". Vermont Law Review.
In 1994 Congress enacted the Federal Death Penalty Act (FDPA) with provisions permitting the imposition of the death penalty on Drug Kingpins. The FDPA is unprecedented in American legal history in that the death penalty can be imposed in cases where the Drug Kingpin does not take a human life.
- ↑ "American Samoa: Governor moves to repeal death penalty". Hands Off Cain. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- 1 2 3 "Iran executions see 'unprecedented spike' - Amnesty". BBC News Middle East. British Broadcasting Corporation. 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015. Amnesty International said there is credible information that at least 743 people were executed in Iran in 2014. Officqlly 239 people were executed in Iran in 2014.
- ↑ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/in-unusual-move-afghanistan-executes-6-militants/
- ↑ "One-legged Afghan Red Cross worker set to be hanged after converting to Christianity". Daily Mail. London. 7 February 2011.
- ↑ "Death penalty in Australia". New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties.
- ↑ "Bahrain: Bangladeshi man executed in Bahrain". Amnesty International. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36261197
- ↑ "MP murder case: Bangla court awards death penalty to 22". Zee News.
- ↑ "Bangladesh – Laws". Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Bangladesh". United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 25 February 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- 1 2 "Brunei – Country Specific Information". United States Bureau of Consular Affairs. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "Brunei Law To Allow Death By Stoning For Gay Sex". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201601.php?iddocumento=20300684&mover=0
- 1 2 "Executions in 2009". Hands Off Cain. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Man beheaded after 30 yrs on death row". Hands Off Cain. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ Ben Blanchard (2015-02-09). "Chinese billionaire mining tycoon Liu Han is executed over his links to a 'mafia-style' gang". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ↑ "People's Republic of China: Executed "according to law"? The death penalty in China". Amnesty International. 22 March 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "Fiji abolishes death penalty for all crimes through amendment to military law". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36920293
- ↑ "Executions spark Indonesia unrest". BBC News. 22 September 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201601.php?iddocumento=20300455&mover=0
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201603.php?iddocumento=20310813&mover=2
- ↑ Baker, Luke (8 August 2004). "Iraq reimposes death penalty". IOL News. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ Shumway, Chris (10 August 2004). "Human rights groups condemn Iraq's death penalty decision". The New Standard. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "Iraq to restore death penalty". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 June 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
- ↑ "4 Al Qaeda Leaders Executed in Iraq". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Should those who assist suicide bombers be given the death penalty?". The Jerusalem Report. 18 November 2002. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201603.php?iddocumento=20311121&mover=0
- ↑ "Jordan executes convicted jihadists after pilot's death". BBC News. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "'Panel to examine whether to reinstate executions'". Jordan Times. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ↑ "The Death Penalty Worldwide: Developments in 2003". Amnesty International. 5 April 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Kazakhstan Set To "Virtually" Abolish Death Penalty". Hands Off Cain. 16 May 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ Delaney, Greg (20 July 2009). "Death Penalty is Abolished in Kazakhstan". Kazakhstan Live. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Kazakhstan: Towards definitive abolition". Hands Off Cain. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201602.php?iddocumento=20309810&mover=2
- ↑ "Executions in October 2008". Capital Punishment U.K. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "The Judiciary". North Korea: A Country Study. The Library of Congress. 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Death Penalty News: December 2002". Amnesty International. 1 January 2003. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ Capital punishment in South Korea
- ↑ "South Korea: Death penalty abolition – historic opportunity". Amnesty International. 19 April 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "KUWAIT: THREE HANGED IN THE FIRST EXECUTIONS SINCE 2007". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ Ahmed, Fajer (3 April 2013). "Capital Punishment". 248am. Mark. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- ↑ "Kyrgyzstan Abolishes Death Penalty". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Abolition of the death penalty by Kyrgyzstan". France Diplomatie. 28 June 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ↑ "Annual Report 2003 – Laos". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 5 July 2003.
- ↑ "Lebanon resumes executions after 5-year lull". Sunday Observer. Sri Lanka. 18 January 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Lebanon: Further Information on Death penalty/imminent execution". Amnesty International. 15 January 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201603.php?iddocumento=20311126&mover=0
- ↑ Devaraj, Prema (2003). "Is Capital Punishment Justified?". Aliran Monthly. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ Haleem, Adam (27 January 2002). "Family demands death penalty". Maldives Culture. Archived from the original on 27 April 2002.
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ http://www.ambafrance-fj.org/Nauru-updates-its-Criminal-Code-abolishes-Death-Penalty-and-Decriminalize
- ↑ "Annual Report 2002 – Oman". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 13 November 2002.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201605.php?iddocumento=20312326&mover=0
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201603.php?iddocumento=20310472&mover=3
- ↑ "Gaza: Hamas must end summary executions as 'informers' face firing squad". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "PNG urged to abandon death penalty". AM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 November 2007.
- ↑ "PNG death penalty 'horrific' - Amnesty". 3 News NZ. 29 May 2013.
- ↑ Gluckman, Ron (23 July 1999). "Waiting to Go". Asiaweek. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Indian executed in Qatar". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 12 March 2003.
- ↑ "Qatar: Death Penalty, Firas Nassuh Salim Al-Majali". Amnesty International. 28 October 2002. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ Kiss, Jemima (6 April 2005). "Crusading journalist wins case against Al-Jazeera". Journalism.co.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Crimes (Abolition of Death Penalty) Amendment Act 2004". Samoa Sessional Legislation. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Protest in Tehran after Saudis execute Shiite cleric Nimr al-Nimr, 46 others". Retrieved 2 January 2016.
- ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Five beheaded and 'crucified' amid 'disturbing' rise in executionsa". Amnesty. 21 May 2013.
- ↑ "Women executed by sword in Saudi Arabia". AFP. Agence France-Presse. 13 October 2011.
- ↑ http://www.handsoffcain.info/archivio_news/201605.php?iddocumento=20312706&mover=0
- ↑ Tan, Amy (12 April 2002). "Singapore death penalty shrouded in silence". Reuters. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ Ian Black. "Syrian regime document trove shows evidence of 'industrial scale' killing of detainees". the Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Tajikistan: Death Penalty". Legislationline. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Thailand carries out first executions in six years". Amnesty International. 26 August 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- 1 2 "Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste" (PDF). Government of Timor-Leste. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "UAE: WOMAN EXECUTED FOR KILLING AMERICAN TEACHER". Reuters. 13 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
- ↑ "United Arab Emirates (UAE):". Amnesty International. 2 April 2002. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Uzbekistan: Further information on: Fear of imminent execution/torture and ill-treatment". Amnesty International. 7 April 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Presidential Decree on the abolition of the death penalty". Legislationline. 19 August 2005. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
- ↑ "VIETNAM: THREE PRISONERS EXECUTED". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ↑ "Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: The death penalty – inhumane and ineffective". Amnesty International. 27 August 2003. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Yemen: Minor put to death for murder". Hands Off Cain. 9 March 2013.
- ↑ "Yemen: Further information on Imminent execution, Fuad 'Ali Mohsin al-Shahari". Amnesty International. 6 April 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Yemen: Further Information on: Death by stoning and flogging". Amnesty International. 6 September 2004. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ Signorile, Michelangelo. "Hate Crimes: Like the Taliban, America's Middle East Allies Tyrannize Gays and Women". Gay and Lesbian Arabic Society. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ http://eeas.europa.eu/human_rights/adp/index_en.htm
- 1 2 Luke Harding. "EU outraged after Belarus executes two men accused of Metro bombing". the Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- 1 2 "Execution of Pavel Selyun". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 "The end of capital punishment in Europe". Capital Punishment U.K. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008.
- ↑ "Death penalty: Ratification of international treaties". Amnesty International. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ http://uatoday.tv/politics/rfe-rl-e-u-condemns-belarus-after-latest-execution-644961.html
- ↑ "Belarus: Death Penalty". Legislationline. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ http://www.vijecenarodars.net/materijali/constitution.pdf
- ↑ Tomislav Mamić, Mario Pušić (2013-07-28). "'Karlovački monstrum nije imao milosti. Nismo imali izbora, morali smo ga osuditi na strijeljanje'". Jutarnji.hr. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
- ↑ "Deveterostruko ubojstvo najteži zločin". Glas Slavonije (in Croatian). 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011.
- ↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia". Constitution Society. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- 1 2 Bragadottir, Ragnheidur. "Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi" [Death penalties in Iceland] (in Icelandic). Akureyri, Iceland: Akureyri Art Museum. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Síðan liðu 40 ár þar til síðasta aftakan fór fram, en það var 12. janúar 1830 þegar Agnes Magnúsdóttir og Friðrik Sigurðsson voru tekin af lífi í Vatnsdalshólum í Húnavatnssýslu fyrir morðið á Natani Ketilssyni.
- 1 2 Bragadottir, Ragnheidur. "Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi" [Death penalties in Iceland] (in Icelandic). Akureyri, Iceland: Akureyri Art Museum. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Árið 1928 var til meðferðar á Alþingi frumvarp til breytinga á almennum hegningarlögum. Þingmaður Dalamanna, Sigurður Eggerz, setti þá fram tillögu um afnám líflátsrefsinga. Var hún samþykkt án teljandi umræðna og var dauðarefsing þar með afnumin á Íslandi.
- ↑ Bragadottir, Ragnheidur. "Dauðarefsingar á Íslandi" [Death penalties in Iceland] (in Icelandic). Akureyri, Iceland: Akureyri Art Museum. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Mannréttindasáttmáli Evrópu var lögfestur á Íslandi árið 1995 og eru ákvæði hans þar með orðin hluti af íslenskum rétti. Ári síðar var mannréttindaákvæðum stjórnarskrárinnar mikið breytt og þau aukin. Var þá m.a. sett í stjórnarskrána bann við dauðarefsingu, en þar segir nú að aldrei megi mæla fyrir um slíka refsingu í lögum.
- ↑ "Notification of Ratification". Council of Europe. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑
- ↑ "Antilles to abolish capital punishment". The Daily Herald. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Portuguese Constitution of 1933 - Part I, Title II, Article 8º, Nº11: [Translation]: There is no perpetual body feathers, nor death, except, on this, the case of belligerency with a foreign country, and to be applied in the war theater" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 11 April 1933. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
- ↑ "Article 3 of Law 635 - Amendment to the Portuguese Constitution of 1911 - The exception on the article of the death penalty: [Translation] The Death Penalty (...) cannot be reestablished in any case (...) # with the exception, about the Death Penalty, only in case of war with a foreign country (...) and only in the theater of war." (PDF). Diário do Governo (in Portuguese). Diário do Governo da República Portuguesa. 28 September 1916. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ↑ "Abolition of the death penalty". European Heritage Label. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Decree-Law No. 6" (in Romanian). National Salvation Front Council. 7 January 1990. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Russian Federation: Death Penalty". Legislationline. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Ley Orgánica 11/1995, de 27 de noviembre, de abolición de la pena de muerte en tiempo de guerra". Government of Spain. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ↑ "Turkey's parliament 'to consider reintroducing death penalty'". The New Arab. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ↑ "Annual Report 1999 – Ukraine". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 9 November 1999.
- 1 2 3 International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law: Anchoring Democracy?, Routledge, 2008, ISBN 0415492955 (page 196 a.f.)
- 1 2 3 The Death Penalty: Beyond Abolition, Council of Europe, 2004, ISBN 9287153337 (page 74)
- ↑ Serial killer Onopriyenko dies in Zhytomyr prison, Interfax-Ukraine (28 August 2013)
- ↑ Allen, John R. (14 September 2001). "He executed justice". National Catholic Reporter.
- ↑ "A history of capital punishment in NZ". TVNZ. 17 December 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
External links
- Amnesty International
- The Death Penalty Worldwide
- Countries retaining death penalty fail to give details of executions – United Nations, 14 July 2005
- Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- European Convention on Human Rights - Protocol 13
- American Convention on Human Rights - Protocol to Abolish the Death Penalty
- Death Penalty in Asia-Pacific
- Monthly updates of world-wide executions
- Hands Off Cain (results may vary)
- Abolition UK
- Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.


text:
The deafening silence
While the scientific Nobel prizes certainly have a value, the peace and literature prizes are rather ridiculous. The peace prize is awarded by a committee elected by the Norwegian parliament, and is consequently unabashedly politicized (also see here), while the literature prize, as recently noted by Christopher Hitchens in the Wall Street Journal (requires subs., see here for an exerpt) tends to reward mediocrities:
The Nobel committee allowed Borges and Nabokov to go to their graves unrecognized, while choosing writers who it is difficult to remember without wincing. Last year's selection, of a mediocre Austrian Stalinist named Elfriede Jellinek, caused a few winces even in Stockholm. And Dario Fo? What can one possibly say -- except that the theater of the absurd is apparently always on the road. Jose Saramago can certainly write -- just as Frau Jellinek can certainly not -- but one is compelled to suspect that without his staunch post-1989 membership of the unusually degenerated Portuguese Communist Party he would not have been considered. As with the Peace Prize, the award of the laureateship for literature has come to approximate the value of a resolution of the U.N. Special Committee on Human Rights. The occasional exceptions -- I would want to instance Sir Vidia Naipaul in spite of his own toxic political views -- only throw the general sinister mediocrity into sharper relief.As Jean-François Revel sarcastically says in his excellent book Anti-Americanism (my translation, from page 121 of this French edition):
[The idea that poverty justifies anti-American terrorism] is also held by Nobel laureate Dario Fo who writes (Corriere della Sera, 15 September 2001): "What are the 20,000 dead in New York (sic) compared to the millions of people who every year are victims of the great speculators?" The attribution of the Nobel prize in literature to a literary nonentity such as Dario Fo had raised doubts about the competence of the Swedish Academy. The misunderstanding is finally cleared up: they must have intended to award him the prize in economics.Having said this, receiving such prizes should not result in automatic condemnation: at times, almost by accident, it is actually awarded to worthy individuals. An example is José Ramos Horta, East Timor's minister of foreign affairs, who received (via Normblog) the peace prize in 1996. Last week he had an excellent editorial in the Asian Wall Street Journal (requires subs., excerpted in The Australian, via Tim Blair):
Time and again as I watch the barbarity inflicted on innocent Iraqi civilians, often women and children, pass with seeming silence and indifference from the rest of the world, I ask where are those who are so quick to take to the streets to protest every alleged U.S. sin -- be it real or imaginary? If they are so appalled at the graphic photos showing the depraved acts committed by a small number of American servicemen -- photos that, never let it be forgotten, were unearthed as a result of the U.S. Army's own investigation -- surely they should be even more appalled by the daily carnage inflicted on the Shia majority in Iraq. Instead, those who hate the U.S. seem to believe that every wrong committed by an American serviceman must not only be loudly condemned but portrayed as a deliberate act by the U.S. government, while the systematic and daily barbarities perpetrated predominantly by Sunni Muslims upon their fellow Muslims pass without comment.Do read the whole thing.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
1000 Decatur St.,
New Orleans, LA 70116
Property DescriptionWith live jazz music playing outside almost daily, visitors are always drawn to this both indoor and outdoor cafe. It offers salads and local seafood favorites. The full-service bar also attracts any number of people seeking to sip on frozen drinks and cold beers while listening to the local jazz acts.
From Canal St turn into the French Quarter at Decatur St (next to the river) and go ten blocks. From Esplanade Ave turn into the French Quarter at Decatur St and go four blocks.
Cuisine Served
- Cajun/Creole
Meals Served
- Breakfast
- Dinner
- Lunch


text:
Spelunky is a unique platformer with randomized levels that offer a challenging new experience each time you play. Journey deep underground and explore fantastic places filled with all manner of monsters, traps, and treasure. Go solo or bring up to three friends to join you in cooperative play or frantic deathmatch!
Purchasing this content entitles you to both the PS3™, PS4™, and "PS Vita" versions!
1-4 players
115KB minimum save size
HDTV screen resolution: 720p
Network Features
Software subject to license (us.playstation.com/softwarelicense). Online activity subject to Terms of Services and User Agreement (www.playstationnetwork.com/terms-of-service). One time license fee entitles play on up to 2 PlayStation® 3 systems activated by this account.
Copyright © 2013 Mossmouth, LLC


text:
H.R.699 - Military Voting Rights Act of 1997105th Congress (1997-1998)
BillHide Overview
|Rep. Bonilla, Henry [R-TX-23] (Introduced 02/12/1997)
|House - House Oversight; Veterans' Affairs; Judiciary
|Committee Reports:
|H. Rept. 105-183
|Latest Action:
|House - 07/15/1997 Reported by the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H. Rept. 105-183, Part I. (All Actions)
This bill has the status Introduced
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
- Introduced
Subject — Policy Area:
- Government Operations and Politics
- View subjects
Summary: H.R.699 — 105th Congress (1997-1998)All Information (Except Text)
There is one summary for H.R.699. Bill summaries are authored by CRS.
Shown Here:
Introduced in House (02/12/1997)
Military Voting Rights Act of 1997 - Amends the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940 to require that a person who is absent from a State in compliance with military or naval orders shall not, solely by reason of that absence, for purposes of voting for an office of the United States or of a State, be deemed to have: (1) lost a residence or domicile in that State; (2) acquired a residence or domicile in any other State; or (3) become resident in or a resident of any other State.
Amends the Uniformed and Overseas Absentee Voting Act to require States, with respect to elections for State and local offices, to permit absentee voting by uniformed services members.


text:
Resources // Blog // Technology
What will energy and sustainability mean now?
Rob McAtee, Director of Energy and Sustainability Services at Mason & Hanger.
In the face of a new administration following the U.S. Presidential election, I've seen letters and posts from many organizations lamenting the end of sustainability and renewable ...Read more »
Category: Design, Innovation, Technology
Saving Water Saves Energy (and Vice-Versa)
Despite the recent, much-needed rains in the western part of our country, many areas have yet to fully recover from historic multi-year droughts. Partly as a result of these droughts, and also because of the growing awareness of sustainability, there ...Read more »
Category: Design, Innovation, Technology
Microgrids Boost Renewable Energy Roll-Out
It seems every journal I open gives at least a mention to microgrids. Whether in the context of renewable energy, resiliency, or infrastructure, microgrids are hailed as being the solution to our energy concerns. You see promises to implement them ...Read more »
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Data Centers
Since we're in the digital mood today, here's a less-than-140-character introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD): CFD takes a very complex fluid dynamics problem and breaks it up into tiny chunks that computers can solve.
We don't ...Read more »
Data Center Energy Consumption
The digital revolution is here, and data is taking over. Human existence is being condensed, chronicled, and calculated, one bit at a time, in our servers and tapes. From several perspectives this is a good thing, as it allows us ...Read more »
The Decreasing Cost of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
It's a common belief in some corners that photovoltaic (PV) systems are "incredibly expensive" and "have a payback of more than 25 years." While in many regions of the country, the cost of power produced by PV may still ...Read more »
Category: Industry, Innovation, Technology
Three Questions You Might Have About Building Sciences
What is computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling?
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling uses numerical methods to model almost any phenomena related to fluid flow and heat and mass transfer. In the building industry, CFD analyses can be used to analyze ...Read more »
Category: Industry, Innovation, Technology


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Pictures of scabies skin rashes are available on WebMD.com. Scabies skin rashes and itching are caused by an infestation of mites called Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrow under the outer layers of human skin and lay eggs, according to WebMD.
Symptoms typically take between four to six weeks to manifest after initial infestation, explains WebMD. Symptoms include intense itching, particularly at night, rashes, blisters, scales and potential sores caused by scratching. Early stages of scabies may be mistaken for other skin conditions, but scabies tends to itch much more. Another way to distinguish scabies are distinct tracks on the skin, caused by female mites burrowing under the surface of the skin to lay eggs.


text:
- Product Description
- Product Specifications
- Product Features
- Product Applications
Our high CRI LEDs provide the best color rendering ability on the market.
LED ribbons are extremely versatile and easy to install. For many applications, however, selecting an LED product with sufficient color rendering is crucial. While most LED strips on the market have about 80 CRI, we offer LEDs with up to 98 CRI so that objects appear more vibrant, real, and visually appealing.
Available in 5 m units - price reflects $ / 5m(reel)
Up to 18 W / m
Available in both 12V and 24V(Customization)
60 LED pcs / meter, cuttable every three (12V) or six (24V) LEDs
Adhesive backing for easy installation
Width: 10 mm
Available for matching Yuji Flicker Free Dimmable Power Supply.
One reel needs 2pcs power supply.
Please choose the correct voltage(12V / 24V) version PSU.
-High CRI (up to 98 Ra) to illuminate objects' true colors
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-Warm white and normal white available
-RoHS Compliant
High CRI LED ribbons are perfect for:
- Retail lighting
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Optoelectronic Parameters (Ta=25℃)
|Part No.
|Color Temp.
|Luminous flux (lm/m)
|LED Ribbon Violet chip, 60 LEDs/m
|Ra: 98
|All >90
Important Notice
- Product optoelectronic parameters and performance level calibrations are based on Yuji's measurement standards; customer must confirm that the products are suitable for their application.
- All tests were conducted on Beijing Yuji's core optical standard equipment, and the data are transient test data.
**7-Day Money Back Guarantee after receiving the parcel.
- To receive the full refund, all products must be in original condition (undamaged in exact packing).
- Shipping charges and customs duty on returned items are the customer's responsibility.
- All prices listed on our site are in US dollars. Refunds will be made in US Dollars and using the same payment rate as your original order received.
- If you receive a damaged, defective, or wrong item and want to replace it with the same item; if your order missing an item or part and you want a refund or replacement, please contact us directly. We will arrange the exchange or replacement for you as soon as possible.
- For returns within the valid return period, items must be in new and unused condition with all original packaging and accessories. After our inspection of the received item, a deduction may be applied if the item has been used or if any packaging and/or accessories are not included. All shipping charges are the customer's responsibility.
**International orders are shipped from China or the USA. We normally will send the parcel as "LED SAMPLES", and import duties, taxes, and other charges might be applied and they are NOT included in the item price or shipping charges. These charges are the buyer's responsibility.
- It normally takes approximately 5-12 working days for arrival to International destinations. Some countries like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Greece, Peru, Portugal, Romania may take longer due to delays with your local customs service.
- Customers will receive an order status update via email containing their tracking number once their order has been shipped.
- If, for some reasons, a customer's package is returned back to us due to non-delivery, we will contact the customer as soon as it is received by us.
- If the customer would like the package reshipped, there will be an additional shipping fee unless the non-delivery is due to a mistake on our part.
- If a package is undeliverable due to an error with the carrier, the customer will need to contact their local carrier customer service representative to file a claim.
- If a customer does not want their package reshipped, they will be charged a restocking fee and we will issue a refund in the form of the original payment minus the restocking fee.


text:
See our Frequently Asked Questions below to help you out. If you are still stuck you can contact us here.
Q: How do I pay for parking?
When you register, you agree to pay by credit card using our secure payments site. Payments are posted the same day, so you can login to your Parkmobile account and see your parking transactions on your personal Parkmobile page.
Q: What is the difference in price compared to using coin/credit card meter?
Pricing will vary by car park, but the parking rate using Parkmobile will be the same or less than the rate for using other methods of payment, e.g. using the pay and display machine.
As with all credit card and text-to-pay transactions made via the pay and display machine, Parkmobile also attracts a transaction fee of up to 50 cents.
Q: What happens if I forgot to deactivate my parking transaction?
Not surprisingly, this is one of the most common questions we get. Funny thing is, millions of people use Parkmobile around the world and this rarely happens.
In any case, the parking charges stop accruing automatically; either when you reach the maximum time that you are permitted to park (never more than 16 hours), or once you have reached the maximum payment level (i.e. the daily rate or the night rate).
Q: Can I still get a parking fine?
In a word, yes! We can't stop you from parking in the wrong place or taking up two spaces or any number of other parking adventures you might have. But we can make paying for parking fast and easy so your life won't revolve around feeding a meter.
Parkmobile's Pay-By-Phone solutions help you to avoid tickets and towing by quickly and easily permitting you to activate your parking session. Our experience is that our system is so easy that people no longer run the risk of not paying for not having coins in their pockets.
Finally, don't overstay the posted time limit for the area. If you park your car in a limited time zone and don't return to your car in time you are risking a ticket.
Q: Can I see a record of where and when I have parked?
Your parking history is available 24/7 on your personal page. Just login to your Parkmobile account. You can print a report or view it online.
Q: I can't access my Personal Page,what do I do?
If you haven't the foggiest idea what your username or password is, no worries. Click on the 'forgot my password' button. We'll get you to your personal page quickly.
Q: What does it cost to call Parkmobile?
Using the mobile app is free, quick and easy. If you call us on our 0800 70 40 40 number it takes less than 30 seconds to start parking and about 15 seconds to stop it. Using our mobile app is even faster.
Breach Notices and Enforcement
Q: Are breach notices valid in law?
The short answer is yes. By parking a vehicle in a private car park you have entered into a contract with the car park operator and have accepted the terms and conditions displayed clearly on the notice board at the car park. A driver who uses the car park in breach of these terms and conditions, e.g. without purchasing and/or clearly displaying a valid ticket, or parking in an unauthorised bay, has also accepted the risk of being issued a notice of breach, towed or clamped, as outlined in the terms and conditions.
In contract law, parties are not entitled to impose penalties or fines for breach of contract. However, they can seek "liquidated damages".
Liquidated damages are defined as a reasonable estimate of the damage suffered as a result of the contract being breached.
The use of liquidated damages allows the parties to agree in advance on the damages that will be payable by the driver if they breach the obligations owed to the carpark operator under the parking contract.
We have estimated the liquidated damages arising from the breach to be up to $65. This is made up of $25 for average loss of revenue due to non-purchase/display of valid ticket, plus a $40 administration charge for the cost of monitoring the car park, issuing and processing the breach notice and dealing with any subsequent correspondence, debt collection and write-offs. We believe this amount to be fair and reasonable as it has been supported by the Disputes Tribunal. Again, these charges are stated in our terms and conditions.
The Breach Notice (or payment notice) is simply a demand for the payment of liquidated damages arising from a breach of the contract, which under contract law we are entitled to request.
This approach has been tested in court and at Disputes Tribunals and has stood up to scrutiny because it meets with the intention of the law. The law seeks to allow private parties to enter into contracts without having to rely on the law for the specifics of the contract.
Q: I have evidence that I purchased a valid ticket and I believe it was on display when I left the vehicle.
Therefore it must have blown onto the floor or slipped off the dashboard. Can I appeal?
If you are able to send us the original ticket you purchased we would gladly waive the revenue-loss component of the breach notice which is $25. However, we will insist that you pay the administration component of $40 for not ensuring that the ticket was clearly displayed as per the terms and conditions.
Q: I used a different vehicle on this occasion and forgot to display my parking pass. Can I appeal?
Unfortunately, the swapping of id cards between customers and vehicles is a major source of fraud in the parking industry. Therefore we have to be very strict about sticking with the Terms and Conditions of Parking at the car park, which state: "You must display a valid Parking Ticket or ID Card clearly on the dashboard of your vehicle." In this instance your appeal will not be valid. Please ensure that you keep your ID card in the vehicle that you are driving to avoid this unnecessary breach.
Q: I got held up at work, I park here every day, I could not do anything to get back to my vehicle before my
ticket expired, and it will not happen again, can I appeal?
The problem for car park operators is how much time to allow customers to overstay. By not upholding breach notices for parking over the purchased time, is that it inevitably results in customers underpaying on a regular basis; so there has to be a deterrent.
The Terms and Conditions of Parking at the car park, clearly state: "You must not park over the time stipulated on the Parking Ticket displayed in your vehicle or the time stipulated on the signage of the bay you are parked in." So, in this instance your appeal will not be upheld. If you are not sure how long you are going to be parked in a car park, then you should purchase an all-day ticket and park in an area where time is not restricted.
The good news is that a new product called Parkmobile is now available in most car parks. By paying for your parking using the Parkmobile phone application, you control when your parking session ends. No more having to guess how long you're going to park. Go to parkmobile.co.nz for details.


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Spa cuisine is well balanced, light, healthy, and nutritious dishes to be easily digested while giving the body more energy, and it is a refreshing way to complete your spa experience at the Seven Eden Spa. Spa cuisines designed by the Seven Eden Spa are carefully chosen with rich nutrition and optimum health in mind.
These healthful, low-fat, low-calorie, and full flavored meals are served at the Siri Sathorn Liquid Bar and Cafe.
The spa cuisine menu: