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Declaratory and constitutive theories of state
Declaratory And Constitutive Theories Of State Recognition In International Law
Introduction In international law, the two most common schools of thought for the creation of statehood are the constitutive and declaratory theories of state creation. The constitutive theory was the standard nineteenth-century model of statehood, and the declaratory theory was developed in the twentieth century to address shortcomings of the constitutive theory. In the constitutive theory, a state exists exclusively via recognition by other states. The theory splits on whether this recognition requires "diplomatic recognition" or merely "recognition of existence". No other state grants Sealand official recognition, but it has been argued by Bates that negotiations carried out by Germany constituted "recognition of existence". In the declaratory theory of statehood, an entity becomes a state as soon as it meets the minimal criteria for statehood. Therefore recognition by other states is purely "declaratory". Neither theory of recognition satisfactorily explains modern practice. The declaratory theory assumes that territorial entities can readily, by virtue of their mere existence, be classified as having one particular legal status: it thus, in a way, confuses 'fact' with 'law'. For, even if effectiveness is the dominant principle, it must nonetheless be a legal principle. A State is not a fact in the sense that a chair is a fact; it is a fact in the sense in which it may be said a treaty is a fact: that is, a legal status attaching to a certain state of affairs by virtue of certain rules or practices. And the declaratory theorist's equation of fact with law also obscures the possibility that the creation of States might be regulated by rules predicated on other fundamental principles—a possibility that, as we shall see, now exists as a matter of international law. On the other hand, the constitutive theory, although it draws attention to the need for cognition, or identification, of the subjects of international law, and leaves open the possibility of taking into account relevant legal principles not based on 'fact', incorrectly identifies that cognition with diplomatic recognition, and fails to consider the possibility that identification of new subjects may be achieved in accordance with general rules or principles rather than on an ad hoc, discretionary basis.
Background Recognition constitutes acceptance of a particular situation by the recognising state both in terms of the relevant factual criteria and in terms of the consequential legal repercussions, so that, for example, recognition of an entity as the government of a state implies not merely that this government is deemed to have satisfied the required considerations, but also that the recognising state will deal with the government as the governing authority of the state and accept the usual legal consequences of such status in terms of privileges and immunities within the domestic legal order. Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1970 held that the test employed was whether or not the new government enjoyed: 'with a reasonable prospect of permanence, the obedience of the mass of the population … effective control of much of the greater part of the territory concerned'. There is ample authority for the proposition that there is no difference for the present purposes between a recognition of a State de facto as opposed to de jure. The non-belligerent State which recognizes two Governments, one de jure and one de facto, will not allow them to transfer their quarrels to the area of the jurisdiction of its municipal Courts. As in Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Rayner and Keeler Ltd (No 2) [1967] 1 AC 853 HL Lord Reid, while referring to the case of Luther v Sagor, held: 'But the present case is essentially different.
The German Democratic Republic was set up by the USSR and it derived its authority and status from the Government of the USSR. So the only question could be whether or not it was set up as a sovereign state. … If the Democratic Republic did not become a sovereign state at its inception, there is no suggestion that it has at any subsequent time attempted to deprive the USSR of rights which were not granted to it at its inception. … we must regard the acts of the German Democratic Republic, its government organs and officers as acts done with the consent of the Government of the USSR as the government entitled to exercise governing authority. (Brownlie, Ian, 2003 85-101) It appears to me to be impossible for any de jure sovereign governing authority to disclaim responsibility for acts done by subordinate bodies which it has set up and which have not attempted to usurp its sovereignty. So, in my opinion, the courts of this country cannot treat as nullities acts done by or on behalf of the German Democratic Republic. … [were they to do so] the result would be far-reaching.' Lord Wilberforce: '… In the United States some glimmerings can be found for the idea that non-recognition cannot be pressed to its ultimate logical limit, and that where private rights, or acts of everyday occurrence, or perfunctory acts of administration are concerned the courts may, in the interests of justice and common sense, where no consideration of public policy to the contrary has to prevail, give recognition to the actual facts or realities found to exist in the territory in question.' Gur Corporation v Trust Bank of Africa Ltd [1987] QB 599 [Sir John Donaldson MR held: 'We … know the constitutional history of the territory of the Ciskei, … and we can take judicial notice of the fact that the Republic of South Africa is a sovereign state, … and that it was entitled to exercise sovereignty over the territory of the Ciskei until the passing of the Status of Ciskei Act 1981. … the certified fact that "Her Majesty's Government has made representation to the South African Government in relation to certain matters occurring in Ciskei and other of the Homelands to which South Africa has purported to grant independence" gives rise to a clear inference that Her Majesty's Government regards the Republic of South Africa as continuing to be entitled to exercise sovereign authority over the territory.
The Government of the Republic of Ciskei has locus standi in the courts of this country as being a subordinate body set up by the Republic of South Africa to act on its behalf.' Fundamentally the question is whether international law is itself, in one of its most important aspects, a coherent or complete system of According to predominant nineteenth-century doctrine there were no rules determining what were 'States' for the purposes of international law; the matter was within the discretion of existing recognized States." Recognition (1) The early view of recognition Although the early writers occasionally dealt with problems of recognition, it had no separate place in the law of nations before the middle of the eighteenth century. The reason for this was clear: sovereignty; in its origin merely the location of supreme power within a particular territorial unit (suprema potestas), necessarily came from within and did not require the recognition of other States or princes. As Pufendorf stated: 'just as a king owes his sovereignty and majesty to no one outside his realm, so he need not obtain the consent and approval of other kings or states, before he may carry himself like a king and be regarded as such… [lit would entail an injury for the sovereignty of such a king to be called in question by a foreigner.' (Harris, D.J., 1998 144-189)
The doubtful point was whether recognition by the parent State of a new State formed by revolution from it was necessary, and that doubt related to the obligation of loyalty to a superior, which, it was thought, might require release: the problem bore no relation to constitutive theory in general. The position of recognition towards the end of the eighteenth century was as stated by Alexandrowicz: 'In the absence of any precise and formulated theory, recognition had not found a separate place in the works of the classic writers whether of the naturalist or early positivist period. When recognition did begin to attract more detailed consideration, about the middle of the eighteenth century, it was in the context of recognition of monarchs, especially elective monarchs: that is, in the context of recognition of governments. leaders that they are, or should be, free to recognize or not to recognize on grounds of their own choosing.
If this is the case, the international status and rights of whole peoples and territories will seem to depend on arbitrary decisions and political contingencies. (1) Recognition: the great debate Before examining State practice on the matter, it is necessary to refer again to the underlying conflict over the nature of recognition. A further effect of nineteenth-century practice has been to focus attention more or less exclusively on the act of recognition itself, and its legal effects, rather than on the problem of the elaboration of rules determining the status, competence and so on of the various territorial governmental units. To some extent this was inevitable, as long as the constitutive position retained its influence, for a corollary of that position was that there could be no such rules. Examination of the constitutive theory is, therefore, first of all necessary. Legal and Political Dimensions of Recognition Policy: Constitutive, Declaratory, and Syncretistic Theories of State Creation Recognition is defined as, "The free act by which one or more States acknowledge the existence on a definite territory of a human society politically organized, independent of any other existing State, and capable of observing the obligations of international law, and by which they manifest therefore their intention to consider it a member of the international Community. In its first opinion, handed down on November 29th 1991, the EC Arbitration Commission (ECAC) clearly stipulated that its own approach to recognition was to be guided by the notion that the "existence or disappearance of a State is a question of fact; that the effects of recognition by other States is purely declaratory." This "declaratory" interpretation of recognition must be examined more closely given the fact that the EC's own recognition policy effectively went a long way towards creating such "facts" by redefining the terms of statehood.
The way in which narrow political, economic, and strategic interests served to structure the recognition process casts doubt on the legitimacy of the EC's recognition process as a precedent guiding public international law in the future (especially in terms of its contravention of UN policy towards Yugoslavia at the time, which emphasized an arms embargo, the unity of the State, mediation, and the avoidance of any unilateral moves that may destabilize the situation by both internal and external actors involved in the crisis). Constitutive Theories According to Thomas Grant, this theory is in tune with the 19th century conception of international law as ius gentium voluntarium, which essentially posits that international law is nothing more than the voluntary and consensual behavior of states within the international system. Thus according to constitutive theory, recognition and by extension statehood are, both in theory and in practice, the sovereign prerogative of those states that are already recognized within the international system. If recognition is constitutive of statehood then, critics have asked, what exactly is the status of an entity that meets the objective criteria of statehood but that goes unrecognized by the international community (Do any laws regulate the relations between the state in question and those that do not recognize its legitimacy (consider Israel/Palestine)? Such serious conceptual and practical difficulties with constitutive theories of recognition have given rise to alternative interpretations of such acts. Traditionally two theories of recognition were developed: constitutive and declaratory. The constitutive theory perceives recognition as "a necessary act before the recognized entity can enjoy an international personality," while the declaratory theory perceives it as "'merely' a political act recognizing a preexisting state of affairs." In regard to the constitutive theory of recognition, the question of "whether or not an entity has become a state depends on the actions [i.e., recognitions] of existing states.
However, the situation in which one state may be recognized by some states, but not by others, is an evident problem and thus a great deficiency of the constitutive theory. In the absence of a central international authority for granting of recognition, this would mean that such an entity at the same time has and does not have an international personality. Most writers have adopted a view that recognition is declaratory. This means that a "state may exist without being recognized, and if it does exist, in fact, then whether or not it has been formally recognized by other states, it has a right to be treated by them as a state. According to this view, when recognition actually follows, other states merely recognize a preexisting situation. However, this answer is not entirely satisfactory, as it is not evident why the act of recognition is still important. Indeed: It is only by recognition that the new state acquires the status of a sovereign state under international law in its relations with the third states recognising it as such. If it were to acquire this legal status before and independently of recognition by the existing states … this legal consequence under international law would occur automatically and could no longer be prevented by withholding recognition of the entity as a state.
Declaratory Theories Declaratory theory emerged as a reaction to the unprincipled implications and conceptual difficulties inherent in a strictly constitutive approach to recognition. Declaratory theory argues instead that statehood is independent of recognition; that the act of recognition by other states in the international system is purely declaratory. In terms of international public law, therefore, it argues that a state becomes a subject of international law the moment it meets the conditions of statehood notwithstanding its recognition by the international community. Such an evolution of recognition theory was inspired by attempts to ensure that international law would be universal in application to all entities that meet the objective criteria of statehood within the system by insulating the objective achievement of statehood, from the subjective criteria of recognition. In light of these motivations, it is natural that a key component of declaratory theory is the establishment of objective criteria for statehood. However, as skeptics like Grant have argued, this interpretation of recognition also runs into problems for two important reasons.
First of all, the Montevideo criteria of statehood are rather minimal in scope and even then substantial controversy surrounds their application and interpretation. Suggestions for raising the bar for statehood and infusing the concept with additional normative criteria along these lines have in recent years included a widening range of requirements. These include the suggestions — which have drawn varying degrees of support in terms of international law — that a new state be: self-determining; democratic; established through peaceful means, legally, and by a negotiated settlement; independent; an observer of minority rights; be willing and able to observe international law; and "effective" with respect to the governance of the populations it contains. Grant argues that current projects for the elaboration of "Montevideo Plus" criteria for statehood are — while legitimately attempting to infuse statehood with considerations that better reflect changing normative standards (such as the right to self-determination and independence for colonial peoples and those suffering alien occupation) — inherently suspect in that they again reinsert ambiguity into the processes of establishing and confirming the juridical personality of states within the current system.
Bibliography Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law (6th edn., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 85-101 Evans, Malcolm D. (ed.), International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 205-267 Jennings, Robert/Watts, Arhtur (eds.), Oppenheim's International Law (9th edn., Harlow:Longman, 1992), 126-203 Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 367-408. Harris, D.J., Cases and Materials on International Law (5th edn., London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998), 144-189.
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The object of this short tract is to show that the confident claims of Ido to be in all respects an improvement on Esperanto are, from the linguistic point of view, at least open to question, and, in the writer's opinion, in several important particulars absolutely devoid of foundation.
The reluctance of Esperantists to throw open their periodicals to linguistic controversies, and thus give a gratuitous advertisement to their detractors, has frequently been misinterpreted as due to timidity or to a feeling of misgiving as to the adequacy of the language they advocate. A sufficient answer to this criticism is to be found in the detailed comparisons of Esperanto and Ido made by prominent Esperantists like Kotzin with his Geschichte und Theorie des Ido (Ader & Borel, Dresden), Aymonier in Essai sur la dérivation comparée (Paris, 1921), Autour de l'Esperanto, and M. C. Butler in a succinct but informative pamphlet published by the British Esperanto Association; to all of these I acknowledge my indebtedness. It is true that Esperantists as a body have not taken much interest in these controversies, for experience has taught them the efficiency of Esperanto for the purposes of everyday life.
The history of Esperanto as compared with that of its competitors shows a faith in natural evolution as against forced growth by successive inoculations. The Idists, on the other hand, have profoundly modified their draft scheme as the result of a series of linguistic discussions in Progreso, and by reference to an academy which, in the course of a few years, promulgated over 800 separate decisions. The discussions are not without value, but the fiats of the academy are vitiated by its non-representative character, particularly in respect of philology; its one distinguished philologist, Professor Jespersen, was not infrequently out-voted, and finally the arbitrariness of many decisions led to secessions. It was then felt necessary to stereotype Ido for a time even in an admittedly imperfect form, and so a period of stability was instituted. This is important, for it shows Ido forced by the logic of events into the position of setting up a canon -- here the Ido of 1913 -- a case almost precisely analogous to the voluntary acceptance by Esperantists of the much maligned Fundamento. This Fundamento, the firm bond of union of the Esperantists, is in the strictest sense the base or foundation, not the whole edifice. Upon it already a considerable superstructure has been reared, and gradual alterations have been effected to meet varying conditions. New affixes like -aĉo, -ismo, (scientific) -oza, -iva, have come into use, some like mis- and -enda are struggling for recognition; or again it has been found necessary to make more precise distinctions (prononci as against elparoli) or to eliminate national peculiarities (aspekti for elrigardi). Even in the phonology we find that the relatively difficult sound ¶ (German sound in ach) is to a certain extent finding a competitor in k. Several lists of new words have been published officially by the Linguistic Committee -- but only after they have become truly international in usage and shown to supply a strongly felt need. Some might quarrel with the rate at which this registration work is accomplished, though it may be said that great circumspection is essential; but evolution in actual international practice would surely seem to be preferable to constant interference with the works from without.
De Beaufront, the originator of Ido and leader of that movement, has not followed up this peaceful and constant evolution, and so the comparative lists of Esperanto and Ido words in his virulent pamphlets are very misleading. In not a few cases Esperantists already make full use of the international root or form given in the Ido column, and in many other cases the addition of an extra root (from one or more of the Romance languages) is avoided so as not to add new burdens to the nations of Eastern Europe and Asia. Lorenz holds up to ridicule a sentence embodying an assertion on some technical matter, stated to have been composed by an Esperantist (in the early days) entirely out of the roots contained in the Fundamental Dictionary. But Esperantists have long ago ceased to indulge seriously in such tours de force and now adopt whole-heartedly the neatest international stems available. And here I would add that Esperanto is prepared to utilise the experience gained by the other projects -- Ido, Esperantida, Occidental, etc. Why not? No International Language has sprung fully armed from the head of Zeus -- it is more like the infant Herakles, and should be well fed to enable it to perform its manifold labours.
The most insidious danger to the early progress of an International Language is dissipation of energy and disintegration into dialects. The crew must work together until the ship is brought safely to port -- then, and not until then, the thorough overhauling and repainting can begin.
In the following paragraphs certain disruptive criticisms of Esperanto will be examined. An endeavour will be made to present the facts and principles dispassionately and objectively. Such a pamphlet as De Beaufront's Facilité respective de l'Esperanto et de l'Ido cannot serve as a model in this respect, for its heated presentment, its all too tendentious collection of isolated facts, and its deliberate glossing over the existence in Ido itself of certain forms and functions which it sharply attacks in Esperanto, put it out of court as an instrument of scientific inquiry.
The chief point of attack is here the use of circumflexed letters in Esperanto. Ido has no supersigns; Esperanto and Occidental have a few. The punctum saliens is the value to be given to j. Esperanto, like the alphabet of the Société Phonetique Internationale and all the languages of Central and Eastern Europe, employs j with the value of consonantal or semi-consonantal i. The drawback of not having supersigns is that it leads Ido to perpetrate forms like yuro, yusta; kajo, sonjo, jemar, which are less transparent than juro, justa; kaĝo, sonĝo, ĝemi. A Neither Esperanto nor Ido deem it necessary to sacrifice in every case practical convenience to phonetic rigour -- both, for instance, use the single symbol c to represent the phonetic combination ts. B But Ido goes much further: having already given a precise phonetic connotation to s and to h, it has chosen to represent the phonetically simple consonant [S] by sh and the group [tS] by ch. C Ido thus infringes an important principle, that of maintaining unimpaired the phonetic value of a symbol once definitely chosen. Esperanto's choice of ŝ for [S] is justified on the analogy of s, and the choice of ĉ for [tS] on the analogy of c for [ts]. Of course this same argument might be applied to justify the Ido use of x for [ks] and [kz], D and Esperantists might well consider the possibility of tolerating the use of this international symbol side by side with its present digraphs. However, the Idist objection to ks and kz on the score of the difficulty of keeping them apart is not borne out in actual experience, and the differentiation between a voiceless element [s] and a voiced element [z] in this combination corresponds to a distinction observable in "natural" languages (English exertcompared with exercise). Against the Ido sh it may be urged specifically that this is not an international letter-group (German sch, French ch). Moreover, ch also has variant values in English, French, and German. The Esperanto supersigns no longer offer any serious difficulty to the printer, if we may judge from the large and increasing number of printed publications (over 4000 to date), and they confer a certain individuality upon the written form of the language and save no small amount of valuable space. If there were a widespread and insistent desire for their supersession, the orthographic reforms, though considerable, should not involve much more recasting than the comparatively recent reforms in German and Welsh. De Saussure's Esperantida would appear to point to a better way of reforming the alphabet than the Idist manipulations.
De Beaufront says that ojn, ajn cannot be pronounced without dislocating the jaw. The truth of the matter is that the digraphs aj, oj, and uj are pronounced as diphthongs, i.e. combinations of two vowels, or of a vowel and semi-vowel, whereas in the French -aille quoted by him we have a combination of vowel and open consonant. Aj is pronounced as in English "die" and oj as in "boy." At the beginning of a syllable j may be pronounced either as a semi-vowel like English y in "yes," or with rather stronger friction as in German "ja."
The "sc" group is kept in Esperanto for the sake of the written form scienco, sceptro, etc. Its pronunciation (s- ts) is familiar to Russians and Germans (latter not mentioned by De Beaufront); it is quite readily learnt by English students, for it occurs in beasts, rusts, etc. If assimilation sometimes occurs in rapid conversation, no bones will be broken. But it is not easy to get to like the Ido forms cienco, ceptro, ecitar (to excite), konciar (to be conscious).
Esperanto invariably stresses the penultimate syllable (like Polish and, in most cases, Welsh). No monotony results, for, as the words contain a varying number of syllables, the intervals between two consecutive stresses vary also. It is mere bluff on De Beaufront's part to suggest that Esperanto breaks this rule when it permits the elision of the final "o," as in famili' for familío (replaced by an apostrophe), in poetry. E
Almost from the start, Ido showed one exception to this rule of penultimate stress, viz. in the infinitive of the verb. After much fumbling it has introduced further complications: thus we find muzéo but ménuo, omnadía but lúndia, and we get very unfamiliar stressing in révuo, rendévuo, egóismo (apparently pronounced with oy), enérgio, avénuo -- surely an effective "tu quoque" argument to meet the Idist criticism of the Esperanto familio, sekretario, pronounced with the regular penultimate stress. In De Beaufront's Manual of Ido the English word vein is translated veino, but no indication is given in the alphabet that ei is to be pronounced as a diphthong and not as two separate syllables.
It is hard to convince Idists that Esperantists do not spend most of their spare time twittering phrases like ĉiuj tiuj kiuj, but I have never yet met an unbiased listener who found a speech or song or recitation in Esperanto other than very euphonious. The prevalence of the Greek finals oj and aj, 1 the easy rhythm produced by the penultimate stress, and the profusion of full-toned vowels contribute to this favourable acoustic impression. Esperantists are fully justified in adducing the testimony of Italian speakers of Esperanto as to its phonetic richness and sonority. Still more striking is the skilful adaptation of the intricate Welsh "cynghanedd" metre to Esperanto verse by no less an authority than Professor T. Gwynn Jones in the March number of Literaturo (1923), the effect being achieved with great success.
Ido, on the other hand, has a stressed infinitive ending, which makes it somewhat jerky, and throws the emphasis on to the relatively unimportant part of the word. A more serious defect is the superabundance of sibilants in such words as exkuzez, desavantajizata, rekonstitucesez, limitizesir, desespereskis. Neither Esperanto nor Esperantida show these monstrosities.
Neither Esperanto nor Ido employ an indefinite article. Esperanto has only one invariable definite article, la, whereas Ido has, in addition to la, the forms lo (as in lo bona = the good, in contradistinction to la bono = the good man, q.v. infra) and le to express the plural before an adjective unaccompanied by a noun (Ido having gradually "reformed away" the adjective inflexion). This multiplication of the Ido article is a striking example of the process of "robbing Peter to pay Paul." Simplification of grammatical inflection has very definite limits, and it is always well to count the cost.
It is quite true that the use of the accusative requires some study on the part of the English, Scandinavians, Romance nations, and the Chinese, and that the ending is sometimes inadvertently dropped in conversation. But the issue between Esperanto and Ido is not as to the absolute desirability of having the case, but simply as to whether it is better to lay down a rule of universal application (Esperanto standpoint) and tacitly condone minor breaches in colloquial speech, or provide for the use of the inflection only in a specified contingency (Ido). It is not fair of De Beaufront to claim that the accusative makes Esperanto harder than Ido, while he still retains the case at all -- at any rate it is just as hard for an Englishman to grasp the use of the accusative before the noun as after. On the whole -- for the written form at any rate -- the balance of advantage would seem to be with the regular employment of the accusative. In Esperanto it forms a most convenient general oblique case, applied like the Latin, Greek, and German accusatives to define periods or points and more especially direction in space. Esperantisms like domen, "homewards," anglen, "into English," are very neat and concise, like the Latin Romam ire, etc. Its use does away with the necessity for clumsy compound prepositions like the Ido aden. F
The general question of the use of the accusative is closely bound up with that of word-order. Experience has shown what a precious boon to the speaker and writer an elastic word-order is. A certain irreducible minimum of inflection is not too heavy a price for a privilege which enables a writer to give more relief to his leading ideas and to attain more satisfactory rhythmic effects.
In one pamphlet De Beaufront twits Esperanto because its personal pronouns mi, vi, li, etc., have the same ending i as the infinitive. This is a mere quibble, for mi is itself a " root," not a root + ending. The Esperanto pronouns have the great advantage of uniformity of character -- a boon to the speaker. Ido may possess a certain advantage (with its variety me, vu, ni, etc.) to the listener if his interlocutor is an indistinct speaker. Esperanto, while possessing a 2nd person singular ci,commonly employs (like English, French, German) the plural pronoun vi even to denote a single individual. Ido definitely employs vu for the singular and vi for the plural, making use of the circumstance that i is its common plural mark. Experience shows that the employment of a single form like vi for both numbers leads to no more ambiguity in Esperanto than the use of you in English -- and Esperanto has, in addition, the safeguard of a plural inflection to be added to any noun or adjective referring to the pronoun. Ido has a convenient form for the notion which is expressed in English by he or she, i.e. a sexless personal pronoun -- possibly Esperanto might some time evolve a form should the need become acute. G Some speakers of Romance languages seem to miss in Esperanto any equivalent to their 3rd person plural feminine pronouns, like elles, etc. This is a gender distinction foreign to the Germanic, Celtic, and Finno-Ugrian languages, but no doubt such a form could, if desired, be added to the Esperanto system. De Saussure's suggestion for using iŝi (as a feminine) is worth considering.
The Ido rule concerning the use of the accusative ending with the pronoun (lin me vokis but me il vokis, both in the sense of "I called him") is too finicking for an International Language, which should rather proceed on broad and sweeping lines.
Esperanto, in common with most of the European languages (Latin, Greek, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Rumanian, German, Dutch, Danish, Russian, Polish, Celtic, Finnish, and Magyar), requires concord of the adjective with the substantive qualified. While it is perfectly true that, from the point of view of strict logic, there would not seem to be any necessity to repeat in the adjective the expression of grammatical function already embodied in the noun, cases may easily arise where adjectival inflection is the best means of avoiding ambiguity. The English phrase, "The French (sing. or plural) and German (sing. or plural) handbooks, approved by the Academy," may be taken as typical of such ambiguities, which in Esperanto are removed by the use of a singular or plural adjective to express the idea intended. In spite of its vaunted precision Ido is helpless here, and in other cases has either to adhere to a strict word-order or use a specific form of the definite article. H
The Ido habit of intercalating the conjunction e (=and) between the units and tens, hundreds, etc., does not appeal to Esperantists, especially when it results in the perpetration of such objectionable conglomerates as mil-e-oka-cent-e-dua-dek-e-tri. 2 Presumably the use of e in dek-e-tri, "thirteen," is due to a desire to knit the two numerals closer together. But Esperanto need not fear any ambiguity by preserving its simpler form dek tri for "thirteen," for this would be differentiated from "ten, three" in writing by the omission of any mark of punctuation, and in speech either the dek or the tri would be given a preponderating "unifying" stress when the combination denotes "thirteen," whereas both dek and tri would be pronounced with equal or level stress if they were simply co-ordinated.
Esperanto has but one ending, -i; Ido has three (according to tense), -ar, -or, -ir. Ido has the advantage of a certain conciseness in its expression of the future and past infinitive, but it is questionable whether this complication is worth while. The future infinitive is mostly superfluous -- when used after verbs of hoping, expecting, etc., it is particularly so, for the idea of futurity is already contained in the verb, and in other cases (not frequent) the Esperanto use of the auxiliary verb with participle (like English, French, German, etc.) is more natural to the majority. Esperanto might perhaps with advantage permit the use of the infinitive after such prepositions as post, sen, antaŭ, per I -- a tolerance which would not offend any principle of the Fundamento.
The short Ido forms amabis, "I had loved," amabos, "I shall have loved" -- passive amesas, etc. -- are innovations worth consideration for use side by side with the periphrastic (and more exact) forms. A synthetic passive form in ati, iti, has been advocated by some Esperantists, but not adopted. J It is significant, however, that De Beaufront himself warns Idists against using -ab and -es together, e.g. amesabos, "shall have been loved."
The classification of the correlative particles (like where, there, everywhere, nowhere, etc.) into a regular system, by virtue of which the learner of Esperanto can, by combining five initial syllables, ki-, ti-, i-, ĉi-, neni-, with nine final syllables, -a, -e, -o, -u; -al, -am, -et, -es, -om, rapidly acquire a precise knowledge of forty-five words, once called forth the unstinted praise of the French philosopher Couturat in his unregenerate pre-Ido days. The attacks made by the Idists upon this system have been concentrated mainly on the following points: -- (1) That such a system is essentially artificial and does not conform to international usage, wherefore Ido has recourse to forms like kande and ube for when and where; (2) that the outward resemblances of the systematised forms would lead to confusion in practice, and that greater acoustic differentiation is necessary; (3) that in any case -e, being the generalised adverbial ending, should stand for the notion of "manner" and not "place." Taking these points seriatim, Esperantists could reply: (1) That Dr. Zamenhof is merely -- as in the selection of the endings -o and -a for the substantive and adjective (a procedure adopted by Ido as well) -- generalising and standardising tendencies already at work in "natural" languages (Lat. quum, tuum; ubi, ibi; Engl. when, then; where, there, etc.), and that after all neither kande nor ube exist in those actual forms in any language outside Ido; K (2) that in practice confusions are practically unknown, and the forms are easily assimilated and properly classified by the memory; (3) that it is true that in kie, etc., Esperanto has limited the general adverbial significance of -e to one particular adverbial relation, viz. place, just as Ido (in common with Esperanto) would not hesitate to use a form like hejme for "at home." On the positive side Esperantists have abundant evidence of the facilitation of study by these regular series, which are stated to appeal especially to students in the Far East. L
Perhaps a word might be apposite here in criticism of the argument of "artificiality," which is frequently raised like a smoke-screen to keep at a distance all advocates of neutral languages. Words are essentially conventional marks -- their connection with the thing designated is indirect, in so far as what they symbolise is the thought or idea of the thing. In the "natural" languages no difference in treatment is accorded to words (like gas) which we can trace to a single originator and to those whose origins are lost in antiquity. Thus we form gasefy, gaseous, the German vergasen, entgasen, etc. To the vast majority of Esperanto students it does not matter at all whether the syllable ĉi- in the correlative series is artificial or not -- it is at any rate shorter and neater than omni. All that can be legitimately demanded of an International Language in this connection is that it should make use of such mnemonic aids as it finds will help a considerable number of its students.
In English we sometimes speak of the -isms and -ologies; Esperanto generalises this usage to include all affixes. But it is quite beside the mark when De Beaufront, in his very disingenuously compiled comparative lists, tries to make it appear that Esperantists are obliged to use these highly generalised and often make-shift words in lieu of international roots. Esperanto can say both eco (suffix of quality used independently) and kvalito, inda and digna, etc. M Why the Idists should go out of their way expressly to forbid the independent use of the affixes is not clear, for they are ready to hand and easily remembered.
De Saussure and Aymonier have demonstrated the groundlessness and practical inconvenience of the fundamental postulate of word-building in Ido, viz. the principle of reversibility. Esperanto forms from the root kron, "a crown," the verb kroni, just as English forms "to crown," French "couronner," and German "krönen." Ido will not permit the direct derivation of a verb kronar; on the ground that, if one reconverts the verb into a substantive, the latter must bear the meaning of the action expressed by the verb, viz. "coronation." In consequence of this "logical" demand, which has no warrant in the facts of the living languages, Ido is driven to such clumsy expedients as kronizar, adresizar, sudorifar, martelagar, as against the simple and more eloquent kroni, marteli, etc. Esperanto quite legitimately expresses "coronation," "hammering," by kronado, martelado,using for the purpose a suffix indicating action. 1
Ido has further raised gratuitous difficulties for itself by its refusal to accept the easy Esperanto mode of forming adjectives direct from substantive roots by the simple addition of a. In Esperanto one need never hesitate as to which suffix to employ: thus "theatrical" is "teatra," "harmonious" is "harmonia," "rocky" is "roka." Ido insists upon tacking on -ala, -oza-, or -iva to derivative adjectives, providing subordinate rules for special cases. While one may readily admit the value of such suffixes for scientific purposes (Esperanto has already widely adopted -oza and -iva in technical terminology), the continual and compulsory use of these elements renders Ido intolerably stilted and pedantic as a medium of everyday conversation, and the precise connotation of these suffixes is a matter of such extreme delicacy that Idists make frequent mistakes in their employment, and on one occasion at any rate even Couturat was at a loss. Moreover, Ido is not consistent in itself, for if ruina = "that which is a ruin," then mea ought to be "that which is I." But mea is used, as a matter of fact, for the possessive adjective "my," which by the rules of Ido, if logically applied, should certainly be rendered by the ludicrous form meala.
The one case in which Ido dispenses with a suffix and Esperanto uses one is to the disadvantage of Ido. In Esperanto la bono means "the good," a meaning logically deducible from the combination of the adjective root bon and the substantive ending -o (which in its general meaning denotes any "entity" or "fact"). To Ido la bono means "the good man" -- an altogether arbitrary restriction of the function of the ending -o to the sense of "person." N
The gibe that Esperantists appeal to the context when challenged as to the precise meaning of a term is beside the point, when it is realised that no language (Ido included) could possibly express every component of an idea without becoming intolerably clumsy. A "steamship" in both Esperanto and Ido is a combination between "steam" and "ship," leaving to the hearer the task of establishing the exact relation of "steam" to "ship"; it would be foolish to insist upon vapormovŝipo. Economy of means is surely laudable if the effect is satisfactory. In the spoken language especially the "context of situation" is a very relevant factor.
Ido certainly possesses a bigger stock of root-words than Esperanto, O but in many cases is swollen rather than enriched by its additions. Kotzin instances a number of hardly distinguishable synonyms employed, e.g. docar, instruktar; silencar, tacar; lular, bersar ; rivero, fluvio, and many more. Esperanto prefers on the whole to express its nuances by judicious combinations of its elements, in a manner analogous to Greek and German. The Oriental in particular appreciates a language in which from knowing, say, the root for "good," he can form "bad," "evil," "to improve," etc. The "contrary " words (Esp. mal) may not be inviting at first sight, but they are a good labour-saving device. Ido looks easier to read for the Western European with some knowledge of more than one language, but we must not forget that the International Language must help the non-linguist and non-European as well.
According to Rule 15 of Zamenhof's Grammar, any demonstrably international 4 word can be admitted into Esperanto, provided that it is assimilated to Esperanto orthography, so that no objection need be raised on principle to a number of Ido neologisms which are not yet in current use among Esperantists. Such Ido roots as ariv-, important, asembl-, etc., might well be considered for use concurrently with the ordinary Esperanto derivatives and new shades of meaning distinguished. But in view of the frequency of "overlapping" of synonymous renderings in different languages and the comparative rarity of actual equivalence of definition, great caution is required in expanding the present very handy vocabulary. P
Esperanto has the advantage over Ido in so far as its grammar consists of clear-cut rules of universal application. Its retention of an accusative or oblique case and of adjectival concord give it a freedom of movement paralleled only in the classical languages. Ido, while professing to simplify its grammar by the elimination of inflections, lets these in by the back door by legislating for particular cases.
Ido would seem at first sight to have a more convenient though by no means perfect alphabet, and wears a more familiar look -- to the Western European, especially if he knows Latin. But Esperanto imposes a far lighter burden on the non-linguist in Central and Eastern Europe and the races of the Far East. That the Ido vocabulary is 91 per cent French is of little aid here -- far better the Esperanto principle of efficiency with economy, or of multem in parvo, i.e. the fullest employment for ordinary purposes of a comparatively small stock of easily memorised and easily managed elements. Ido has certainly been far too apt to forget the man in the street while catering for the scholar.
That Esperanto may be further refined and enriched no thoughtful Esperantist would deny. In the preface to his Fundamento Dr Zamenhof pointed the way when he said: "If any authoritative central institution finds that this or the other word or rule in our language is too inconvenient, it must not remove or change the said form, but may propose a new form which it will recommend to be used parallel with the old form (until usage decides)." That is the way of sanity and sound evolution. To attempt to impose the Ido reform scheme upon the thousands of people who in their daily lives use Esperanto easily and fluently and find it answers all the purposes for which they require it would be a patent absurdity. What Esperanto can learn from Ido it will learn and assimilate for its own purposes; but in the writer's view such adjustment is not likely to touch the bases of the language at all. Q In important particulars Ido is retrograde, and careful examination of both languages does not lend support to the view that, as a whole, Ido represents an advance upon Esperanto. From the point of view of the International Language movement generally the launching of Ido and the manner of its presentment to the public have been a psychological blunder of the first magnitude. Until something much better than Ido comes their way, Esperantists will not be tempted to desert a language for which they have conceived a real affection and which they have learned to handle with skill, grace, and power.
Original paper by W E Collinson, sometime professor of German at Liverpool University, England
1 It has been remarked that from a musical point of view this compares very favorably with the Ido i.
2 In Esperanto: mil okcent dudek tri.
3 De Saussure has pointed out that ad is used in two ways: (a) With a verbal root to express duration: skribi, skribadi; (b) with a substantival root to express the verbal idea: krono"crown"; kroni, "to crown"; kronado,"coronation." Perhaps its function may best be grasped if formulated in a negative way; according to this view, ad expresses rather the imperfective "aspect of verbal action, whereas the "inchoative" affix is -iĝ, the "ingressive" is ek-, the "effective" is el-, or is inherent in the verbal root itself (cf. dormadi, dormiĝi, ekdormi, eldormi).
4 The criterion of internationality should be applied with greater caution than is sometimes the case in the word-lists of Ido and Occidental. In the first place, a distinction should be made between Latin, Greek, and other derivatives which are in daily use in most European languages (telephone, menu, etc.), and those which are familiar to a small group only (concinnity, syncretism, etc.). Obviously there is a place for both classes of words in an International Language, but the second class had better be adopted in their technical senses and not used as a basis for the roots in everyday use. Secondly, the same basic word may occur in a number of different languages, but in such widely variant phonetic forms as to deprive its internationality of any particular mnemonic value. Thirdly, where the same word has acquired widely different senses in different languages, its adoption as a root in an International Language may create new difficulties. Esperanto has the advantage of being in the main the product of an individual mind which, while taking full advantage of the international roots available, did not proceed on rigid mechanical lines, but selected and assimilated those elements which were susceptible of combination into an artistic and harmonious whole.
Comments by Don Harlow
A In my personal opinion, the absolute value of this criticism is suspect, and it is deserving of use only at those times that your friendly neighborhood Idist chooses to criticize Esperanto's vocabulary on such grounds as that of "crippling" (i.e., losing an unnecessary vowel or syllable) -- a "tu quoque", as the author later classifies such arguments.
B It is necessary to point out here that in both Esperanto and Ido c represents a single phoneme, not a combination of two separate phonemes.
C Again, the sound represented in Esperanto by ĉ and in Ido by the digraph ch is a single phoneme, not a combination of two separate phonemes.
D Note, however, that [ks] and [kz], unlike [ts] and [tS], are in fact in each case two phonemes pronounced sequentially.
E The elided final -o may be considered a "silent" vowel.
F It is worth noting that doubled prepositions are not uncommon in Esperanto, where the use of the final -N is inappropriate; e.g. elinter. In Esperanto, the -N of movement after a preposition of location (e.g. en) can also legitimately be replaced by a compound preposition (alen), but this, perhaps for reasons of economy or efficiency, is never done.
G Collinson here overlooks the fact that the third person neuter pronoun ĝi also fulfills this purpose, possibly because there is no similar custom for using it in English.
H Collinson wrote this pamphlet long before Claude Shannon's Information Theory had made the term redundancy popular. The Esperanto adjective agreement restores redundancy lost because of the invariability of the verb form in each tense (cp. English is vs. are); Ido suffers a similar loss of redundancy in its verbs, but makes no effort to restore it elsewhere.
I Such usage is not unusual in the year 2001.
J The forms mentioned by Collinson (sometimes referred to as "synthetic verb forms") have not been advocated but are inherent in the structure of Esperanto. That they are rarely used is primarily due to a lack of perceived need for them.
K Dr. Zamenhof did not, after all, invent the correlative table, but simply completed it; similar tables exist, usually in incomplete form, in most ethnic languages. I was surprised to find, in YAMASAKI Seikô's Enkonduko en la japanan, that the first appendix consisted of ... the Japanese table of correlatives ...
L Worth mentioning here is Thorndyke's experiment at Columbia, under the auspices of the International Auxiliary Language Association, which demonstrated that, at least for active use, Esperanto's tabular system was significantly easier to learn than Ido's more "natural" system.
M For the record, given these choices eco is used at least as much as kvalito, and digna is very rare indeed compared to inda. Given the option, actual speakers of the language seem to prefer the shorter, affix-based terms.
N These and similar considerations lead me to the conclusion that, where the terms "noun, adjective, verb root" in Esperanto simply describe the semantics of the root, the same terms with respect to Ido describe the intended function of the root -- a much more restrictive and less flexible system, overall.
O Whether this remains true in 2001 is open to question; see e.g. the Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto. The number of official roots and particles in Esperanto, however, remains relatively small, at about a quarter the content of the named volume.
P Of the three possible borrowings mentioned by Collinson, neither ariv- nor important- is used, even at this late date; asembl- does find some use, but in a context that Collinson could not have foreseen, i.e. among programmers of computer "assembly language".
Q As of 2001, Ido's influence on Esperanto appears to consist of a small number of words adopted officially in the 1960s or 1970s, a perhaps somewhat larger number of neologisms proposed by certain authors but not used by anyone else, and the now-official suffix -end. The influence of Ido, as Collinson predicts, does not appear to have affected the basic structure of Esperanto.
Article originally published on the net by Don Harlow (1942-2008)


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The 17-year-old substitute, Max Clayton, scored a late goal which sent Crewe to Wembley for the League Two play-off final. Clayton had been on the field 10 minutes when he tucked the ball home to put his side 3-1 ahead on aggregate in the 86th minute.
Ajay Leitch-Smith had opened the scoring for the visitors before Neil Harris levelled in the second half for Southend, who were looking to reach Wembley for the first time. Chris Barker ensured a nervy final few minutes for the visitors when he headed Southend level on 88 minutes.
But Crewe, who won the first leg courtesy of Adam Dugdale's goal, held out to book a place in next weekend's final against Cheltenham or Torquay.
Southend threatened in the early stages but Crewe stunned the home crowd in the 24th minute thanks to a superb strike from Leitch-Smith.
Ashley Westwood won the ball in midfield and fed Leitch-Smith, and the 22-year-old striker turned back inside Sean Clohessy, shifting the ball on to his right foot before sending a shot arrowing inside the far post.
Southend must have known their luck was out when they were denied by the woodwork twice in as many minutes.
First Michael Timlin's shot from outside the box clipped the upright, and moments later Freddy Eastwood's low drive thumped the inside of the opposite post and rolled agonisingly along the goal-line to safety.
The hosts did haul themselves back into the tie just after the hour mark, when the substitute Harris profited from an error by the Crewe goalkeeper, Steve Phillips, to slide the ball home.
But as Southend poured forward they were undone on the counter-attack, with Clayton holding the ball up before rolling it inside Steve Phillips' near post.
Barker headed Southend level again three minutes from time but Crewe, who finished 11 points behind their opponents in seventh place, are now just 90 minutes from promotion.


text: hi, i'm new to macs from pc. have g4 powermac 450x2 gigabite ethernet according to apple-history.com and of course my mac says so. i recently bought a new powermac thinking i could use my old pc monitor -NOPE! i tried 3 and only the newest (which isn't mine workd) so it isn't the video card. i had also bought a dvi to vga adaptor ahead of time just in case (not knowing anything about macs) which DIDN't even fit to what i suspect is the dvi port. 1)what do i need to buy to send a signal to my tv? 2)what do i need to buy to have it work w/ my old PC monitor? thanx! -Toby


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Chennai: The Tamil Nadu government can enact an ordinance to permit Jallikattu during Pongal festival and New Delhi will back it, Minister of State for Commerce Nirmala Sitharaman said on Wednesday.
An apex court bench comprising Justice Dipak Misra and Justice N.V. Ramana declined to lift an earlier order that put on hold a central government notification allowing Jallikattu and bull races.
Speaking to reporters at Mamallapuram near here, Sitharaman said the central government cannot promulgate an ordinance in this connection as a case was pending in the court.
But the Tamil Nadu government could issue an ordinance and the central government would support it, she added.
Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa and political parties in Tamil Nadu had urged the central government to issue an ordinance to allow Jallikattu, an ancient sport held in rural parts of Tamil Nadu during Pongal festival. It involves young men clinging on to the hump of bulls to win prize money.
Meanwhile, Jallikattu supporters held demonstrations while parading their bulls. A hunger strike began in Alanganallur and Palemedu, the two places known for the sport in Madurai district.
Protests were also held in support of the sport in Chennai, Madurai, Salem, Pudukottai and Trichy.
P. Rajasekaran, president of the Jallikattu Paddukappu Peravai, told IANS that there cannot be any cruelty inflicted on the animals as they were subjected to medical examination before and after the event.


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What's A Superdelegate To Do? Betray Barack? And Be Labeled As A Judas For The Rest Of Their Lives?
"Unable once again to score a knockout, Sen. Barack Obama is likely to make his new negative tone even more negative — with a sharp eye on trying to end the Democratic presidential nomination fight after the May 6 primaries in Indiana and North Carolina."
That's how the Washington Post opened an account of Hillary's pummeling of Obama in PA.
If Jonathan Weisman covered boxing, how would he have led an account of Ali-Liston? "Unable to score a knockout in his battle with Muhammad Ali last night, Sonny Liston is likely to throw more punches in any rematch."
This is a huge part of Obama's advantage: The MSM has attached an "inevitability" tag to Obama that protects him against the realities of his awful month of political ineptitude combined with the results of the slightest bit of vetting.
This sense of entitlement is so large among the Obama backers that it has created a gravitational force pulling in the media, which in turn reinforces the anger among Obama voters at the Clintons. "We have already won," they are thinking. "Why is she doing this?"
As John Podhoretz and I discussed on last night's show, the superdelegates must know the score, but they also see this MSM-constructed, enormous sense of entitlement among the Obama supporters. These supporters will be outraged if the nomination is "stolen" from Obama, even though Hillary is beating him again and again and his underlying numbers show a very weak candidate in the fall.
Each superdelegate has his or her own self-interest to look to, and for many –most?– of them, betraying Barack is not an option. Their decision on the choice of Clinton or Obama will follow them the rest of their political lives. 20 years from now it will still be a tag, and the idea of having that tag be marked Judas just isn't going to fly for them.
Hillary could win in Indiana. She could keep it close in North Carolina, and win in Oregon and West Virginia and Kentucky, but even then the Obama will be furious at any superdelegate who betrays Obama.
The only way Hillary can overcome the force of self-preservation that is operating among the superdelegates is to argue to them that Obama will lead to down ticket disaster, taking many of the superdelegates who are electeds with him, and losing a rare chance at significant pick-ups in the Senate. She hasn't made that argument yet, at least in public, but watch that space. The superdelegates she needs need more than an argument that she matches up better with McCain, or that Obama will surely lose.
They need protection from the blowback.


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Jan 3, 2013
Maybelline Colorsensational Vivids Lipstick
17 comments:
"On Fire Red" *.* <3ReplyDelete
They look awesome! Can't wait to pick up the orange colour.ReplyDelete
Boo! I dont think they sell them in the UK but that Brazen Berry looks gorgeous!ReplyDelete
I totally wasn't expecting them to be so pigmented! Absolutely gorgeous!ReplyDelete
This is probably something we won't get in the UK :(
Wow, these look SO pigmented! Really fun shades as well :)ReplyDelete
They are so bright - love them. They look super creamy. The colours are so cute. I cant wait to get my hands on them.ReplyDelete
I'm from fuelmyblog.com :). But those lipsticks look really great! I usually shy away from lipsticks but these look exactly the same on your arm as they do in the previous picture. My favorite color is the bright pink, might have to try it!
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WOW! These are so pigmented! I'll have to keep an eye out for them when they come to the UK!ReplyDelete
Leanne @ Leanne-Marie | Beauty, fashion & lifestyle. x x
Those are so bright and so pretty. I could never have pulled these off.ReplyDelete
- Erin O'BrienFebruary 23, 2013 at 3:33 PM
Okay, so maybe now THIS is next on my must-buy list! Again, in search of that vibrant Mad Men pink... I'll have to check these out... (PRONTO).ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 24, 2013 at 2:14 PM
I have brazen berry, and I love it. Which is your favorite?ReplyDeleteReplies
I really like Infra-Red from the new limited edition Vivids (which I also have a review on)!Delete
- Carla N.April 29, 2013 at 9:37 AM
I LOVE bright lips, and these colors look great, but I won't buy Maybelline because the company tests on animals.Delete
Is there another company that offers a good selection of bright lipsticks?
Milani Colorstatement lipsticks are super bright, and come in many finishes. They're a cruelty free brand, so it would be perfect for you! I have a review on all of the purple shades which you can find here: http://eatinglipstick.blogspot.com/2013/03/milani-colorstatement-lipsticks-plums.htmlDelete
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After Friday night's 7-3 win over Clover, Rock Hill head coach Dell Corley said his team needed to get better at finishing. Monday night the Bearcats again had a little trouble landing the knockout punch after being up 5-0 early, but they did not allow a run after the fourth inning to record a 7-4 decision over rival South Pointe at home.
"None of them are easy," Corley said. "I told them we've got to learn to continue. South Pointe is young but they are going to come play hard. We better correct some things before we go around this region a second time or it will cost us."
Rock Hill seemed to be trying to land the kill shot in the first inning. The Bearcats batted around and the top five men in the order scored. Caleb Hamilton and Cody Edkins both had solid base hits up the middle and Hamilton scored on Edkins' hit after stealing second base. The throw home was high, and Edkins went to second.
Zach Carter walked and Chase Watts lined a double to right-centerfield that got just over the second baseman's glove to score Edkins. A wild pitch plated Carter, Will Reid walked and another wild pitch brought Watts home.
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Reid came home on Brandon Banks' sacrifice fly to right, and the Bearcats looked to be in for smooth sailing up 5-0 against the young Stallions.
Isaac Rodgers started and pitched a complete game for Rock Hill. He sat down the first six batters he faced, including striking out the side in the second. However, his defense would fail him a little and open the door for South Pointe.
In the third, Kyle Dills led off with an infield single to short. The throw was a little high and he beat it as the first baseman had to come off the bag to get it. One out later, another infield hit by freshman Bo Taylor was followed by a walk to Josh Massey.
With the bases loaded, Chris Beamguard popped foul to first, but Conner Edkins fell making the catch and his throw home to get the tagging Dills one-hopped the catcher and got away. With runners on second and third, Rodgers got Wade Hopper to ground to second but the ball went between Wes Bostic's legs to allow two runs to score and make it 5-3.
With two outs in the fourth, three straight singles, the last by Taylor that hit second base and scored Dills, cut the lead to 5-4.
In the bottom of the inning, Rock Hill hit with two outs. Reid's long double to the left field corner scored Watts, who had singled, to make it 6-4. Conner Edkins and Bryon Foust had base hits in the fifth, and Carter's single to right scored Edkins for what would be the final 7-4 margin. Rodgers got out of two-out, two-on trouble in both the sixth and seventh to finish things off. He only allowed two earned runs and struck out five with two walks. Chris Beamguard came on in the second for the Stallions and pitched five innings, only allowing two runs.
Watts was 3-for-4 for the Bearcats with an RBI and Cody Edkins was 2-for-3 with a walk and an RBI. Reid walked twice in addition to his RBI double and Conner Edkins had a base hit, a sacrifice bunt and a walk. Dills was 3-for-3 for South Pointe and Taylor was 2-for-3 with an RBI.
Rock Hill 7 South Pointe 4
Isaac Rodgers. Austin Harrigan and Chris Beamguard. WP - Rodgers 3-0. LP - Harrigan. 2B - Chase Watts, Will Reid (RH). Leading hitters: RH - Watts 3-4, 2B, RBI; Cody Edkins 2-3, BB, RBI; Reid 1-2, 2B, 2 BB, RBI, Conner Edkins 1-1, BB; Bryon Foust 1-2, BB. SP - Kyle Dills 3-3; Bo Taylor 2-3, RBI. Records: Rock Hill 8-2, 4-1 Region 3-AAAA; South Pointe 1-3 Region 3-AAAA.


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The members of Maroon 5 take plenty of responsibility for what they say went wrong on "Hands All Over," the 2010 album that temporarily stalled the ascent of this L.A.-based pop-rock group.
"I don't think we knew what kind of record we were making," singer Adam Levine recalled this month at Conway Recording Studios, his combat boots propped on an enormous mixing console. He and guitarist James Valentine were at Conway to record a track-by-track commentary on their new album for Spotify. "It was such a hodgepodge — all these disparate ideas and songs that didn't make any sense together."
Still, Levine added with a laugh, Maroon 5 can't be blamed entirely for the trouble with "Hands All Over," which according to Nielsen SoundScan has sold 1.1 million copies — half as many as 2007's "It Won't Be Soon Before Long." There was also the matter of the Swiss castle the band occupied while working with producer Robert "Mutt" Lange.
"We were in this idyllic paradise, which is a horrible place to make a record," the frontman said. "Switzerland'sneutrality is very famous, and I feel like that neutrality infected Maroon 5's third album."


text: Wanted to show you my kind of beach outfits. Crochet is essential for me, just love the boho beachy vibe of it, and black is my favorite color even when i'm at the beach. In the first photos i'm wearing my favorite beach dress, is from Style Moi and i always feel so pretty and put together when i wear it, i like to wear ou of the beach too, with a skirt or dress underneath, but this is my favorite way to wear it. Find the dress here. High waisted bikini bottoms are my fav, this are from Asos. Wanted to show you this bikini top too, because i'm maddly in love with it! It's crochet and i love the high neck and i just need a pair of shorts to walk in the streets that's no need to add a top because it works so well as a crop. I was wearing my black Levi's shorts but the light got too dark and the photos are just too bad to show you guys. Also i'm completely in love with this gold tattoos from Style Moi, they are perfect to wear at the beach, in a summer party or festival and they look awesome with crochet. Go to Style Moi and have this amazing tattoos for free, you have only to pay the shipping 3.99$. Amazing giveaway here. Hope you like this post :)


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If Humanae Vitae was a 20th Century watershed moment in the Catholic laity's response towards unchanging Church teaching on contraception, the sex abuse scandals which have battered the institution in recent decades have been an occasion for painful self-examination within it. They have brought about heart-searching, shame and humiliation. News that Cardinal George Pell, the most senior member of the hierarchy in Australia, is to stand trial for alleged sex abuse or that the entire Chilean episcopacy has offered its resignation to the Pope over scandals involving the church in Chile indicates that cover-ups and accusations still continue in this long-running explosive area.
I have just been reading The Burden of Betrayal: Non-Offending Priests and the Clergy Child Sexual Abuse Scandals by Barry O'Sullivan, published by Gracewing, a book that reveals another aspect to this painful saga: how the fall-out from the scandals has affected innocent members of the clergy. Ever since the news first broke of criminality and concealment in the Church, my thoughts and sympathy have gone not only to the young victims but to those affected by the collateral damage: all those conscientious, loyal, faithful men who have given their lives to their vocation only to see the priesthood torn to shreds by the media and in the eyes of the public.
Fr O'Sullivan, a priest in the Salford diocese, with long experience as the Salford diocesan child protection coordinator as well as ministering to priests in prison for sexual offences, has tried to address this aspect. Starting in 2012 he conducted lengthy interviews with six randomly selected priests, asking questions such as "Can you tell me about the experience of being a priest in the shadow of the child abuse scandal? And "How do you think the hierarchy dealt with this issue?"
The six priests, to whom O'Sullivan gives pseudonyms to protect their identity, spoke candidly about their feelings. They all said that one of the most difficult things "was what they perceived to be other people's perception of them". They also spoke of feeling horrified, initially incredulous, and overwhelmed by the news. One of them described it as a "holocaust". They experienced grief and loss of their core identity, a lack of confidence in the Church, a fear of false allegations being made against them and a sense of betrayal, both by the perpetrators and by the Church authorities.
Yet despite talking honestly about the anguish they have experienced, none of the six priests wanted to abandon their vocations. After reflection, they also spoke of the need of forgiveness, the importance for the perpetrators of having treatment and their own on-going commitment to the Church, especially as it "had finally begun to react appropriately."
My only caveat is the author's use of sociological language throughout, which sometimes obscured the sense of what he was saying and made his book sound like a doctoral thesis, e.g. "I opted for a qualitative research tool to capture "in-depth portraits" of the individual experiences of six randomly selected priests whom I would interview. I chose interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) as my qualitative method and hermeneutic phenomenological methodology as the most appropriate and effective way to elicit the data which I wished to investigate…" One reminds oneself that behind this language lie the lives and sanctifying labours of six good priests – and countless others.


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Several years ago a mother lost her daughter, Rene. She was killed in a drunken driving accident. After some time the mother found it within her soul to forgive the person who had killed her daughter. Although it took some time, she was able to express forgiveness. She said it was the only option to move forward with her life.
Recently at All Saints Catholic School, a diocesan-run school sponsored by St. Mary's Parish in New Bedford, they were having their mid-day prayer. The teacher in charge of the prayer for that day had prepared the video from YouTube entitled "Forgiveness" by Matthew West.
In the video he sings of the need for and the importance of forgiveness. He also relates how hard it is to forgive.
I took the occasion to explain to the students that we are fortunate as Catholics to have a Sacrament which allows us to be forgiven and helps us to forgive others — the Sacrament of Penance or Reconciliation.
There are many "firsts" I remember as a priest. The first Mass is prime recollection. But I also remember going to Our Lady of Fatima Church in Swansea — now St. Francis of Assisi — to hear Confessions for the first time.
The pastor was ill and being the third priest (remember when parishes had two or three priests?) close by at St. John of God in Somerset, I was missioned to go.
I entered the church and found the confessional. There was a note pinned on the priest's door welcoming me and telling me where the lights were for the confessional. Eventually a penitent came in and confessed their sins. I can recall thinking, "Why are they telling me this?" Of course I was a priest and they sought Christ's forgiveness.
I was acting in the Person of Christ as I prayed "I absolve you from your sins" not "Christ absolves you from your sins." It was an overwhelming moment reconfirming my priesthood.
In the 48 years of priesthood I have heard many Confessions. Some say it is the forgotten Sacrament, and perhaps it is. For those who know what it means, Confession will never be forgotten.
Lately I have adopted the practice of having an evening of Confessions before Christmas and Easter. I try to find another priest to join me. Meditative music plays in the background and people come in at their convenience from 7-8 p.m. Whenever I have done this, Confessions have lasted for more than an hour for both priests. Of course I mention it on the weekend as a perfect preparation for Christmas or Easter.
In all my years as a priest, I have been humbled and inspired by so many penitents who are striving to love and follow God. They are aware of their own weaknesses but also of the love of God for them. So many are trying very sincerely to follow what God asks of them, some in very difficult circumstances.
While forgiveness may be difficult for us, it is easy for God. He sent His Son to die for us that we might have forgiveness in His name.
Confession gives us an opportunity to examine our life in relationship with God and how we live out this relationship with our brothers and sisters; with each other.
God is merciful and His mercy is unending.
It is appropriate that our Holy Father, Pope Francis, has called for a Jubilee Year of Mercy. It gives us an opportunity to be aware of God's mercy and to practice it.
It is doubtful that many Catholics can recite from memory the corporal and Spiritual works of mercy.
Part of the Year of Mercy should be the practice of the Spiritual works of mercy: to convert sinners, to instruct the ignorant, to advise the doubtful, to comfort the sorrowful, to bear wrongs patiently, to forgive injuries, and to pray for the living and the dead. All of these deal with the Spiritual nature of things.
The corporal works of mercy deal with the physical works of mercy toward others which should be practiced as well. They are: to feed the hungry, to give drink to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, to shelter the homeless, to care for the sick, to visit the imprisoned and to bury the dead.
Please try to live this year as a Year of Mercy as you practice the Spiritual and corporal works of mercy. May you also find and experience God's mercy in the Sacrament of Reconciliation, at least at Christmas and Easter.
Let us join Pope Francis in his prayer for the Jubilee Year of Mercy: Send your Spirit and consecrate every one of us with its anointing so that the jubilee of Mercy may be a year of grace from the Lord, and Your Church, with renewed enthusiasm, may bring the Good News to the poor, proclaim liberty to captives and the oppressed and restore sight to the blind.
God bless you and Happy Advent!
Dear readers at this point in my life I think it is time to start letting go of different projects. One of them is this column. I thank Father Wilson and Mr. Jolivet for their invitation to write for The Anchor for the past few years. They have always been most supportive and encouraging. I thank so many of you who have read my columns and took the time to mention it. Your thoughtfulness is much appreciated. Be assured of my prayers for you and perhaps I might make a guest appearance in some future edition of The Anchor.
Anchor columnist Msgr. Oliveira is pastor of St. Mary's Parish in New Bedford and director of the diocesan Propagation of the Faith and Permanent Diaconate offices.


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Alkane's Strategic Relationship with Rare Earth Magnet Giant Shin-Etsu Key to Financing
May 9, 2013 — Ian Chalmers, Managing Director, Alkane Resources Ltd. (ASX: ALK | OTCQX: ANLKY) in an interview with Dave Glover for ProEdgeWire (ProEdgeWire.com) discusses Alkane's recently completed Feasibility study (FS) for it's Dubbo Zirconia rare earth project. Alkane is strategically positioned with end user agreements in place and financial commitments secured thru Credit Suisse, Sumitoma Mitsui banks; as well as a gold producing project, capable of providing ongoing project financing.
The Feasibility Study revealed that Alkane's rare earth project "…will generate AUD$285-290 million per year in operating cash flow." Chalmers was very enthusiastic about the results, saying that it is "A very positive…(and) a very robust project."
With financial commitments in place, Alkane's Board can focus on growth and production by year end 2015 with full processing output anticipated by year end 2016-2017.
Disclaimer: Alkane Resources Ltd. (www.alkane.com.au) is an advertorial member of ProEdgeWire.
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Reinstalling ZENworks for Desktops 3 Inventory Database
Novell Cool Solutions: Feature
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Posted: 8 Jan 2002
Versions: ZENworks for Desktops 3, 3.2
If you ever need to install the Inventory database again, either because of database corruption, or to start fresh, just follow the steps below.
Important: Make sure you have your Site ID, Site Name, and <Volume> location of where the original database was installed. This information will be re-used during the re-install of the database. To obtain the Site ID, get the file ZfD3SITE.EXE available in TID 2957773.
- Remove the database by deleting the ZENWORKS\DATABASE and ZENWORKS\SCANDIR directories and all subdirectories from the <volume> where the database is installed. Then in ConsoleOne, delete the ZfD3InventoryDatabase object and the <SERVERNAME>_ZenInvService object, These objects will automatically be re-created once the database has been re-installed. And finally delete the Service Location Package.
- Run the ZENworks installation program. Choose the following options to install the components on the server:
- Select the Custom Install option.
- Select the ZENworks Inventory and Sybase options to reinstall the inventory part of ZfD3.
- Select Files and Objects.
- Select the NDS tree where you want to install.
- Click the server from the displayed list of servers you have logged into while installing.
The installation program installs the Inventory database on the server you specify. This database is maintained in Sybase. ZfD Inventory database files should not be installed on an NFS-mounted volume of a NetWare server. At the time of installation, you must choose to install the Sybase component.
To install the database, you must:
- Select the database server from the displayed list of servers connected to the tree you have logged into. The database (MGMTDB.DB) and related database files will be installed on the server you specify.
- Specify the volume on the database server. (Preferably the same volume and location as the original database install.) (Tip: Because the database file can grow large with every success or failure logged by ZfD, you should consider placing it on a volume other than SYS.) The installation program copies the Sybase database only.
- Install the latest support pack for the version of ZENworks you are running, before configuring any objects in eDirectory. (Check here for the Minimum Patch List.
- Re-configure the Server Package, ZfD3InventoryDatabase, and Service Location Package Objects using ConsoleOne 1.2D.1, (or greater) that was installed in a previous step. (After the installations, this version of ConsoleOne can be copied down to the workstation for faster performance.)
- Restart the server, or run ZfDSTART.NCF from the server console.
Novell Cool Solutions (corporate web communities) are produced by WebWise Solutions. www.webwiseone.com


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"It's hard convincing yourself that where you are at the moment is your home, and it's not always where your heart is. Sometimes I win and sometimes not." -- Jonathan Carroll
08 August 2013
16 comments:
- Anne Marie said...
Beautiful summer!
- August 8, 2013 at 10:46 PM
- tanïa said...
I want to jump into the blue wet and swim a little. Leave with a salty taste on my lips. Dry on the boat. Close my eyes and listen to the sea and breeze and the far away church bell.
Wonderful. Thanks for taking me there.
- August 9, 2013 at 10:26 AM
- likeschocolate said...
Total Eye Candy! The first picture make makes me think of the old man and the sea!
- August 9, 2013 at 2:08 PM
- ibb said...
Surviving fiestas....ready to take some days or sun and doing nothing!
- August 9, 2013 at 3:31 PM
- ♥ w o o l f ♥ said...
to say the blue is emanating.
- August 10, 2013 at 7:34 AM
- Kari said...
Oh my favorite color! I love love love your photos.
- August 10, 2013 at 4:32 PM
- Ritva said...
just love!
hugs my friend!
i wash my eyes with your photos :)
- August 10, 2013 at 7:30 PM
- la ninja said...
woo hoo...
- August 14, 2013 at 10:29 PM
- Ignacio Santana said...
Hola, Jane!!!...no me suelo perder tus estupendas series fotográficas, esta me encanta...el azul es mi color preferido!!!
Un gran abrazo, amiga!!! ;)
- August 16, 2013 at 1:45 AM
- Joanna Jenkins said...
Blue is my favorite color and these photos are fantastic... although I think I see a little red on someone's back! Ouch.
xo jj
- August 16, 2013 at 6:40 AM
- Don said...
Your blues are delicious.
- August 18, 2013 at 9:53 PM
- Theresa said...
Very nice!!
- August 25, 2013 at 8:56 PM
- Laura Sánchez said...
Hola Jane, felicidades por tu blog, me ha gustado mucho tu manera de mirar. He sentido mucha afinidad con tus fotografías. Te dejo mi blog de fotografía por si te apetece pasarte: http://ellaboratoriodelau.blogspot.com.es/
- August 28, 2013 at 2:31 PM
- Cobalt Violet said...
Stunning photos ... as always!!!
I've never been and it looks amazing. The buildings .. the church against the sea ... the water!!!
Maybe I will hawk my jewelry and antiques and just bail!
- August 28, 2013 at 8:40 PM
- Cobalt Violet said...
ps hope you are enjoying summer Jane! :)
- August 28, 2013 at 8:40 PM
- KathyA said...
Oh Jane!!!! You are so freakin talented!!!!! These are gorgeous!
We won't be able to meet for coffee, but email me; we'll schmooze. Kath
- August 31, 2013 at 4:56 PM
I knew a girl who was blue. So she painted her world pink. xoxo
Hiiii! Just got back from a short trip to London. Brought back a few bits for you. :) Hope all is well in your corners of th...
Sending you big hugs. :)


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Do you ever feel like you can't do it all?
Divorced Mom, teacher, ex husband lives 2 hours away. I'm doing great. But sometimes, I feel overwhelmed and that I can't do it all. My messy basement and garage, disorganized...
Started by JESS on 12/20/2012 in Divorced Working Mom
Last update on 12/20/2012 by JESS


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I'm going to risk a bit of blogging honesty. I never really write about me so coming out of my comfort zone. I have to confess I have sometimes used photos from a couple of years ago and claimed it was now. Wishful thinking on my part. I've done this when not well after all blogs are places we go to to see the nice bits, the tidy corners of our homes the happy holiday trips etc. but In doing that we may risk thinking everyone's has the perfect life, home etc..
So here goes this is me not so very perfect. I'm 43and 4FT 11, I have two adopted children who I love to the moon and back. ( It is however off road parenting.) and a very patient husband, the best mum and mum in law a girl could have and a brother that blows my mind, in the best possible way. I just wish they were not 5 hours away. That's the up side now, the not so good - I am in pain most days of varying degrees .After a few ops the last being a hysterectomy a year ago this week. But not worked as one had hoped. I had hoped i'd ride a bike again drive a car and skip and jump. but sadly scar tissue has stuck bits down inside. I now live on soups and smoothies, pain surprises me and stabs you out of the blue throughout the day .I'm grumpy and horrid sometimes .I know there are people worst off, but just for this week I'm going to feel sorry for myself then pic my self up painkillers and lip stick and get on with it and adapt my life like raise beds on legs for gardening etc... I lost my job, but thank heavens I can make so I have to make a success of it now.
I'm not moaning just thought if I wrote it down it would be cathartic in some way and friends may understand why I break appointments so often and can always be found sobbing at knit club in the kitchen .Constant pain is very tiring ,I was trying to find a positive in all this and apart from the friendships that take on a new level and how when you are not in pain every things is so colourful and you are immensely grateful. I've tried reiki and it works - so my life is rich and I will not give in or moan again until this time next year. Accepting they may not be able to do anything is hard. So I will drug up and do my workshops on Wednesday and enjoy every minute and person I meet. my friends and family are my scaffolding who without I would fall down. oops I gone on a bit sorry.


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Well I don't have enough space in the house to have a craft room so Welcome to my craft kitchen. So pull put a chair grab a coffee and lets have a good old natter and a giggle maybe even make a card or two.
Saturday, 7 January 2017
Emarrassing Moment Tee hee
6 comments:
- pst said...
Beautiful card, I love the sentiment and image. Your friend will have a good laugh when she gets this. Thanks for sharing your creation with us at Crafty Friends.
- 8 January 2017 at 12:55
- Snowflakes and Lilies said...
Super fun card. Love the quote, too! Thanks for sharing at Crafting With An Attitude and hope to see you again. Good luck.
- Khushboo Gandhi, DT
- 10 January 2017 at 12:30
- Diane Louise J said...
Hello... Thanks for joining our 'Anything Goes' Challenge with your gorgeous card. Fab stamp and great sentiment which matches perfectly with the image... Good luck in the draw and hope you will come back for our next challenge. Happy New Year.
[Diane Louise, Team Leader for Crafty Friends Challenge Blog]
- 10 January 2017 at 23:54
- Jules said...
Hi Jacki
What a great fun card .. .. I don't "think" I have done that embarrassing thing yet .. .. or if I have no-one ever told me LOL!!!
I hope you had a good Christmas and wish you all the best for 2017.
Love Jules xx
- 11 January 2017 at 08:24
- Therese Engström said...
Lovely card <3
Thanks for joining us at Creative Corner Challenges!
Therese - DT
- 18 January 2017 at 21:34
- Beverley said...
Fab card. The image if great and I love the sentiment. Thanks for joining in this months Something New challenge over at Crafty Calendar. Don't forget to become a follower of our blog if you're not already.
Bev x
- 28 January 2017 at 16:24


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CELT Brown Bag: Beyond the Selfie: Image Crafting & Community in Online Teaching - Alisia Chase
Join us Thursday, February 1, 12:30-1:30 pm, Edwards Hall (100B).
In this workshop, Dr. Alisia Chase will share her strategies for creating community in online classes via selfies and image crafting. Be prepared to email your own selfie and have it analyzed by your peers! Please email your selfie to email@example.com before the session begins.
posted by kdrake [2018-01-30]
Dale Hartnett, x5664
Faculty/Staff News


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Wednesday, August 17, 2011
Patricia Heaton on acting
Last month I was driving to rehearsal and listening to the radio. Our local NPR station, WCPN, has an interview show called "Around Noon" devoted to arts and entertainment that was on.
The show I listened to was a re-broadcast of a television interview with a local Cleveland audience by NPR host, Scott Simon with actress Patricia Heaton. I knew she was a television actress ("Everybody Loves Raymond", "The Middle"), but I had never seen either of these shows. She's from Bay Village (on the west side of Cleveland), so I thought she might tell some good stories with local interest so I listened.
In fact, much of the interview is devoted to her talking about the tough early days of her career before she hit it big on television. She has lots of wise observations about acting, auditioning, and life that a young musician taking auditions can learn from.
Here is a link to the mp3 of the show.
You can listen to the whole thing (about 53 minutes long) or start in about 10 minutes where she begins to talk about her career.
I found it very trenchant and filled with good advice for young artists.
If you listen, let me know what you think! It's informative and entertaining.
1 comment:
Here's a comment by a friend of mine, Stan who emailed, saying:ReplyDelete
"The blog picture is VERY flattering. Makes her look a lot younger than her 53 years.
I have served on the jury of probably about 100 auditions in the Weiner Staatsoper. I have a pretty good idea of how these things work and how a jury thinks (at least in the Staatsoper). I think it's important for candidates to understand the detachment of a jury. As Heaton suggests, a jury is not terribly interested in you as a person, they just want to know if you can be a really, really good member of the orchestra.
I liked the part about being true to yourself. No need to try to make yourself different, to find a unique way to sell yourself. It's playing really well, stupid. No more, no less. A synthesis of all those things your teachers and — just as important — your friends have been telling you since you decided to take music seriously.
And in the same vein: performing is all about established and reliable technique. It's about the kind of rock solid professionalism that is not affected by how well you've slept, whether you have a headache, you've had a fight with your wife, your best friend is having a crisis, etc. (Remember the story about David McGill who performed the Mahler 10th in Vienna after having had an emergency wisdom tooth extraction in Berlin the day before? He could hardly open his mouth.) I was very much impressed by the incident of the young actor who had to play a role in which his girlfriend didn't know he was gay, much less him knowing it himself. Heaton points out how the young actor playing the role played it EXACTLY the same way matter how often the scenes were repeated. Acting is far more about the CRAFT of acting rather than feeling. There's that famous, but likely apocryphal, story about Laurence Olivier and Dustin Hoffman when they were working together on Marathon Man. To prepare for a scene, Hoffman had gone for a few days without sleep and looked pretty rough. Olivier asked him why he was putting himself through such an ordeal and Hoffman replied that he was trying to be convincing in the role. Olivier replied, "Try acting dear boy". (I understand that particularly well because part of my professional activity as a member of the stage orchestra was performing incidental music at the Austrian National Theater, where I was present at several hundred rehearsals of, literally, some of the best [German language] actors in the world. The predictability of the rehearsals — and performances — was awesome. The length of even 3 or 4 hr performances would vary by less than a minute whereby the difference depended more on audience reaction [laughing or applause] rather than the actors' individual performances.)
Interesting that she said that performances (takes) were often not rewarded with applause. The only indication that she was doing well was occasional snickering by the crew. Just like in the stage orchestra!
The lessons about not losing faith (in the literal sense) and believing in yourself are pretty important, too. Also about relying on friends when you don't have a good job yet — and afterwards particularly when you're on your probation year(s).