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I recently finished a project I've been working on. Due to juggling various responsibilities it took me a few months to pound out a little over 18k. I've sent it off to some volunteer readers to get some input and I'm doing my best to wait patiently.
The problem came the day after I sent it off: I had nothing to work on. My brain felt like jello so I took a day off. The next day I couldn't really bring myself to do much beyond stare at the screen so I took another day to relax. Today was day three and I started to get worried.
Yes, I had just finished a project I'd been writing for three months but I needed to do some writing. If not writing I needed to do something creative to keep the gears from locking up.
When I need something mindlessly creative I work on my digital dudes:
That's my version of Peter Rabbit. I have dreams of being a comic book artist. There are a lot of ideas that I have that would work in a more visual media. Problem being that I'm about six years of hard practice from doing anything half-way decent. I've considered working out a sprite sheet for the pixel guys but that's beyond my skill currently. It's still something I'm trying to figure out.
Tangent, sorry.
Well, today after looking at the blank Word page for a while I started cycling through my 'Cool Pictures' folder for inspiration. I was thinking of doing an exercise for writing. Pull up a picture, write the scene or story that comes to mind. After going through three or four of them I deleted the drivel I had forced on the page and just started writing.
It worked 🙂
I've got almost 1600 words in the first chapter and it feels good.
Lesson of the day: When all else fails, get to writing.


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Fractured Space is offering a special deal this weekend on Steam, offering a free trial to anyone who wants to give it a go. What makes this different from most Steam free trial weekends is that when the weekend is over, players who took part will be able to keep the game — for free.
The game will also receive an update bringing performance and gameplay enhancements intended to prepare it for final release. As part of the final preparations, the game's Tech Tree will be reset to its final version and all ships, experience, and credits unlocked from here on out will carry over to the final game.
Fractured Space can be downloaded for free on Steam starting today.
6 Readers CommentedJoin discussion
The game is really fun and well put together considering it's an early acces game.
The Devs are very .. VERY.. community driven. Jump into a livestream and see for yourself.
The gameplay is easy to pick up but a challenge to master, which is good because it caters to the casual gamer and the hardcore. The game looks nice and plays really smooth.
Progression is based on a 'tech-tree' for (currently) 3 different industries. In order to earn access to more advanced ships you earn credits through playing any ship, but you also earn 'industry' experience that can only be spent in that specific tech tree, for example:
I have a spaceship in industry 1 and want to advance to the nezt, so I play that ship until I have enough credits and experience to buy it, however I cannot use that experience to buy a ship from industry 2. I can use the credits however, because they can be spent across all tech trees.
To the idiots above saying the game is 'one-map pvp'… It actually has two game modes, but you obviously didn't spend enough time in game to realise that. And yes, if you get it this weekend it is yours to keep !
This games looks very promising. The Devs listen and have great plans for the future. I urge you to give it a go and watch a livestream, you will learn a lot ! 🙂
P.S, no mindless carrying in this game, people actually work together ! Know your ship, how to play to its strengths and how to compliment your teammates abilites !
I finally got to try this game and its not as good as I wanted it to be… Its not bad, but its not there quite yet and for as long as this game has been out I am noticing it will be a lot longer till it does get to that point.
Brainless one map pvp over and over, boredom
Trials in 2015 dont get a go … get posted on steam only to be abandoned later….
Did you even attempt to read? It's free until Monday, as in the whole game. It's no trial -_-
They have a thing where they make it free for a while and you keep the game forever….

subset: commoncrawl


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Pay Dues Online
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Space Fund
Your donation helps maintain an office that provides meeting space and educational materials for members. A regular donation of any size helps us keep our finances predictable and stable. The more we can count on money coming in the less time we spend fundraising and the more time organizing.
J20 Defendants
UNA CLASE, UNA LUCHA! CONTRA FRONTERAS! Support J20 arrestees facing decades of prison time for resisting Trump's inauguration. We will not allow his racist, anti-labor policies to roll back the rights of immigrants, refugees, women, queer folk, and all working class people without a struggle. We will stand with comrades facing stiff repression for making the Trump presidency ungovernable.


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While children do not always worship in the same way that adults do, they hear and see things within the service that will lead them to a greater understanding of what an awesome God we have.
Worship includes a special children's bulletin and activity pages to help your child follow along with the order of worship. During all Sunday worship services we offer Children's Church to children age 4 (by September 1 of the current school year) through 2nd grade. After the Doxology, the children are invited to follow the Children's Ministry Team to their respective worship rooms–one for 4-year-olds and one for K through 2nd grade. Once there, they learn a Bible lesson and participate in small group learning activities. The children should be picked up by parents immediately following the end of the worship service. 4-year-olds will be in Room 209; K-2nd grade will be in Room 214.
Children are always included for baptisms. Communion is served during Children's Church on Communion Sundays.
Our children are also worship leaders! They serve in worship as Acolytes, Bible Bearers and Torch Bearers every Sunday and throughout the year at special services. It is wonderful to have them participate in such a meaningful way. To sign up for training click here.


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Athletic Performance and Fitness Training
Starting this week I will be offering a Two Week Intro to Kettlebells to Friends and Co-Workers of ATC Members. This offer will expire Feb 14 2011. Elizabeth Upchurch,CPT, KBC Kettlebell Instructor will be instructing the intro classes…Continue
Added by Cyrus Peterson on January 23, 2011 at 10:00pm — No Comments
© 2019 Created by Cyrus Peterson. Powered by


text: We absolutely LOVED Los Troncos. Unfortunately we only had one night. But we have to come back. The staff are the sweetest and it was really sad to say goodbye even after this short time. So helpful & wonderful all of them. The cabins are very spacious, and we had a total of 5 beds, and we were only two... More


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The poll ended with Peter Wingfield in first place with 293 votes, and Adrian Paul in second with 137 votes. Kevin Sorbo wasn't far behahind with 119 votes, and David James Elliot got 101. Below is the final list. A new poll is starting, because there were so many write-in votes. So vote now if you want to keep AP and PW at top, or usurp them with someone such as Trevor Goddard!
1. Peter Wingfield 2. Adrian Paul 3. Kevin Sorbo 4. David James Elliot 5. Richard Dean Anderson 6. Zoltan Nickols 7. Trevor Goddard 8. David Boreanaz 9. David Duchovony TIED FOR 10th: Patrick Stewart Dougray Scott Christopher Lambert Jim Byrnes Tied for 11th: Liam Neeson Ricky Martin Antonio Sabato, Jr. Richard Burgi Mel Gibson Dolph Lundren Richard Gere Kevin Tighe Tied for 12th Harrison Ford Sea Connery Brad Pitt Jude Law Dermot Mulroney Ewan McGregor Kevin Smith John M. Jackson


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More Locations + More Courses = More Choices
Did you know that Global Knowledge now offers the largest schedule of Authorized Citrix training in North America?
We've expanded our schedule of XenApp, XenDesktop, XenServer and Netscaler courses to more than 20 convenient locations including: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, New York, Ottawa, Raleigh, San Jose, Toronto, Washington and more!
We also accept Citrix Training Passes as a form of payment for these courses.
Authorized Citrix Training Now Available at these Locations
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A teenager was shot to death on the South Side by a Chicago police officer on Friday night after a confrontation, police said.
Martinez Winford, 16, was shot about 7:45 p.m., police said, and taken to Advocate Christ Hospital in Oak Lawn, where he was pronounced dead at 8:34 p.m., according to the Cook County medical examiner's office.
Police would not describe the circumstances in which Winford was shot. As with all shootings that involve police, the Independent Police Review Authority is investigating, a spokesman said.
Officers responded to a call Friday night of a man with a gun in the 600 block of East 89th Street. Police said a gun was found near the scene, but they would not describe the weapon or say whether it had been fired.
On Saturday, neighborhood residents gathered and prayed near where Winford was shot.
Although Winford's address is in the 800 block of East 84th Street, about a mile from the shooting, a resident in the building at that address said the family had moved away recently. Residents on East 89th Street said the boy didn't live in the community but was with a group of teenagers who had wandered through the block early Friday evening.
Winford was a student at Bloom Trail High School in Chicago Heights and was father of an infant, said his cousin, Frederick Arnold.
"He was a good kid ... he just needed a little guidance," Arnold said. "He fell behind the wrong crowd and he just did some wrong things. But we all make mistakes, and he didn't deserve for the Chicago police to take his life. He didn't deserve it ... he was just a regular kid."
Arnold drove to the scene of the shooting on Saturday to see it for himself.
Although police said they found a gun nearby, Arnold said Winford was not known to carry a weapon.
Police sources said Winford had a juvenile record that included drug, reckless conduct and assault offenses.
Independent Police Review Authority investigators were at the scene shortly after the shooting and interviewed witnesses, said Mark Payne, a spokesman for the agency.
"We're into the preliminary stages," he said.The shooting was the 30th involving police this year. Of those, 11 have been fatal, according to the review authority.


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When it comes to New Zealand-born actress Melanie Lynskey, it seems that audiences have never quite grasped the thread of her career, starting with her big-screen debut as a murderously besotted teenager in Peter Jackson's 1994 film "Heavenly Creatures" -- Lynskey was plucked straight from her high school classroom for the part -- up to her recurring role as a kooky neighbor on the hit CBS sitcom "Two and a Half Men."
"People don't even connect them all really, like, 'Oh, that's you? And that's you too?' " she said.
But that all could change this fall. At this year's Toronto International Film Festival she has roles in three of the festival's most talked-about movies: Jason Reitman's "Up in the Air," Tim Blake Nelson's "Leaves of Grass" and Steven Soderbergh's "The Informant!"
The roles are small but pivotal. In "The Informant!" she plays the incredulous, loving wife who stands by her corporate whistle-blowing husband (Matt Damon) even as it becomes increasingly clear that he's in over his head. For "Up in the Air," she plays the sister of George Clooney's troubled corporate hatchet man, her upcoming wedding (to a character played by Danny McBride) causing him to reevaluate his priorities. Her character in "Leaves of Grass" is married to one of two brothers (both played by Edward Norton) and she persuades her husband to try to stop dealing drugs and go straight.


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CELP Home l Donate for your Water Future
Free Flowing Waters for the West
Weber Siphon - overview
"Although the Bureau took steps to preserve the salmon, had its measures failed, it was ready to see the salmon disappear, . . ."
- Paul Pitzer, "Grand Coulee - Harnessing a Dream"
On February 17, 2009, President Obama signed the America Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), Title IV of which appropriates $1 billion in funds to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for developing water projects. P.L. 111-5, 123 Stat. 137.
In April 2009, the Bureau allocated $50 million (5 percent of its ARRA appropriation) to expand a large, Columbia Basin water pipe called the Weber Siphon. The Weber Siphon expansion will double the capacity of the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project to transport Columbia River water underneath the Interstate 90 freeway for irrigation. (See map)
Losses to Taxpayers and Ratepayers
This $50 million water pipe is part of the story of the Columbia Basin Project (CBP) -- the largest all-federal irrigation project in the United States. Massive public subsidies are expended to pump water to CBP irrigators, including taxpayer support for the cost of the project and Bonneville Power ratepayer subsidies for the energy it takes to pump water uphill from Lake Roosevelt into Banks Lake.
In the early 1990s, the Bureau shelved proposals to expand the Columbia Basin Project when independent economic analyses revealed huge losses to taxpayers and ratepayers. (see "Water Project Subsidies: How They Develop and Grow" and GAO Review). In 2006, however, the Bureau dusted off its old CBP expansion plans , and is aggressively moving forward. The Weber Siphon is part of the Bureau's overall plan to expand the CBP.
The Bureau's water pipe sleight-of-hand continues a strategy begun under the Bush Administration: expand the CBP by planning and building a series of individual projects, but never revealing the connected whole. Thus the public remains uninformed about the total costs to taxpayers and ratepayers, and the impacts to the Columbia River and salmon.
Nearly 10 times the water needed
The Weber Siphon was originally designed to include two large pipelines or "barrels" but only the first barrel was built. The Weber Siphon expansion would add 1,950 cubic feet per second (cfs) in water capacity to the East Low Canal, more than doubling capacity to 3,650 cfs. For flow comparison, summertime low-flows for the Spokane River (at the Monroe Street gage in downtown Spokane) range from 500-900 cfs.
The Bureau's announcement of stimulus funding for the Weber Siphon Project describes the project as connected only to the Lake Roosevelt Drawdown. The Lake Roosevelt Drawdown requires about 200 cfs of additional water to be moved underneath Interstate 90 freeway to serve 10,000 acres south of I-90 and east of the current CBP service area.
Importantly, the Bureau's announcements regarding the Weber Siphon Project fail to acknowledge that the water pipe is also connected to and necessary for the Odessa Subarea Special Study. The Odessa Subarea Study is examining the potential for bringing water to 140,000 acres east and southeast of Moses Lake - a major expansion of the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project.
While the Bureau's Stimulus Funding documents deny any connection to the Odessa Subarea Study, other documents clearly do make the link. Of greatest significance, the Bureau's April 2008 Odessa Subarea Appraisal Report acknowledges that the two cheapest water delivery alternatives would require expansion of the Weber Siphon.
The fundamental question is: where is the water coming from that will fill the Weber Siphon? The answer: the Columbia River. But, water is not available for more water withdrawals from the Columbia River. NOAA Fisheries requires "bucket for bucket" mitigation for water taken from the Columbia River. The National Academies of Science (Managing the Columbia River: Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival, 2004) recommended that the Department of Ecology not authorize new water diversions from the Columbia River.
Existing water diversions, dams, habitat loss, and water quality problems are already contributing to the decline in salmon. Climate change looms large as a threat to what remains of the salmon ecosystem of the Columbia River. Yet despite the warnings from the NAS, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and Washington Department of Ecology continue to plan more water withdrawals from the Columbia River.
The Bureau and Columbia River Salmon
The Columbia River was once home to the greatest salmon runs on earth. Dams transformed the Columbia River into a series of slack-water reservoirs. The Grand Coulee Dam/Columbia Basin Project devastated the salmon ecosystem of the upper Columbia River. The Bureau fits prominently into this history of salmon destruction. Columbia Basin Project historian, Paul Pitzer, noted:
Although the Bureau took steps to preserve the salmon, had its measures failed, it was ready to see the salmon disappear, deeming the economic contribution of the dam as far more important than the fish. This attitude showed from the start. The Bureau of Reclamation took control of Grand Coulee late in 1933, but squabbled for over three years with the U.S. Department of Fisheries and the State of Washington over the preservation of fish runs before taking any action. The delay was almost too long, and overcoming the difficulties it created required experimental, expensive measures. (Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream, WSU Press, 1994, p. 223-224, reprinted with permission of the author.)
In the 1930's, the Bureau decided to "mitigate" the CBP's devastating impact on Columbia River salmon runs by constructing fish hatcheries. These hatcheries have created a whole new set of problems, especially at the Leavenworth National Fish Hatchery, where the hatchery de-waters a reach of Icicle Creek, preventing passage of ESA-listed bull trout and steelhead.
Need for Political Leadership
CELP, Sierra Club, and Columbia Riverkeeper have alerted key members of Congress and the Obama Administration to the Bureau's problematic management of the Columbia Basin Project (Letter, May 4, 2009).
East Low Canal & Interstate 90. The canal carries water roughly parallel to I-90. The Weber Siphon moves water underneath the interstate freeway. (John Osborn photo)
Pipe under construction to move more Columbia River water under Interstate 90: Weber Siphon. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has long sought to expand federal irrigation in the Columbia Basin Project. USBR has evaded the required cost-benefit analysis. (John Osborn photo, October 24, 2010)
Grand Coulee Dam diverting water from the Columbia River - at huge costs to taxpayers and ratepayers. Using energy from dam powerhouses, the Bureau pumps water uphill to Banks Lake (right upper image) and to the canals of the Columbia Basin Project. (US Bureau of Reclamation photo)
Columbia Basin Project. The CBP is the largest all-federal irrigation project in the United States. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has long sought to expand the Project - at a substantial cost to taxpayers and electricity ratepayers, while further endangering salmon of the Columbia River. (John Osborn photo)
Columbia Basin Project (CBP) & Weber Siphon (click here to enlarge map). The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation diverts water from the Columbia River at Grand Coulee Dam, pumps it uphill, and delivers water through canals to the Columbia Plateau. The East Low Canal (shown in blue) crosses Interstate-90 through the Weber Siphon.
Columbia River, Hanford Reach


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Frequent Links
British Agricultural Revolution
The British Agricultural Revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in England due to increases in labour and land productivity that took place between 1750 and 1880, although it had its beginnings in the 17th century.
One factor was the move in crop mixing to turnips and clover in place of fallow in the late eighteenth century. Turnips can be grown in winter and are deep rooted, allowing them to gather minerals unavailable to shallow rooted crops. Clover fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form of fertiliser. This permitted the intensive arable cultivation of light soils on enclosed farms. By 1750, agricultural output grew faster than the population. This increase in the food supply allowed the population of England and Wales to increase from 5.5 million in 1700 to over 9 million by 1801.[1] Because the Agricultural Revolution freed up labour, providing an escape from the Malthusian trap, it is often cited as one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.[2]
- 1 Major developments and innovations
- 2 British Agricultural Revolution in perspective
- 3 British agriculture 1800–1900
- 4 Significance
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 Further reading
Major developments and innovations
The British Agricultural Revolution was the result of the complex interaction of social, economic and farming technology changes. Major developments and innovations include:
- Norfolk four-course crop rotation: Fodder crops, particularly turnips and clover, replaced leaving the land fallow.[3]
- The Dutch improved the Chinese plough so that it could be pulled with fewer oxen or horses.
- Enclosure: the removal of common rights to establish exclusive ownership of land
- Higher output of livestock due to more intensive farming with higher labour inputs
- Development of a national market free of tariffs, tolls and customs barriers
- Transportation infrastructures, such as improved roads, canals and, later, railways
- Land conversion, land drains and reclamation
- Increase in farm size
- Selective breeding
Crop rotation
|Crop Yield net of Seed
|Growth rate
One of the most important innovations of the British Agricultural Revolution was the development of the Norfolk four-course rotation, which greatly increased crop and livestock yields by improving soil fertility and reducing fallow.[5]
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons to help restore plant nutrients and mitigate the build-up of pathogens and pests that often occurs when one plant species is continuously cropped. Rotation can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Turnip roots, for example, can recover nutrients from deep under the soil. The Norfolk System, as it is now known, rotates crops so that different crops are planted with the result that different kinds and quantities of nutrients are taken from the soil as the plants grow.
During the Middle Ages, the open field system had initially used a two-field crop rotation system where one field was left fallow or turned into pasture for a time to try to recover some of its plant nutrients. Later they employed a three-year, three field crop rotation routine, with a different crop in each of two fields, e.g. oats, rye, wheat, and barley with the second field growing a legume like peas or beans, and the third field fallow. Normally from 10–30% of the arable land in a three crop rotation system is fallow. Each field was rotated into a different crop nearly every year. Over the following two centuries, the regular planting of legumes such as peas and beans in the fields that were previously fallow slowly restored the fertility of some croplands. The planting of legumes helped to increase plant growth in the empty field due to the bacteria on legume roots' ability to fix nitrogen (N2) from the air into the soil in a form that plants could use. Other crops that were occasionally grown were flax and members of the mustard family.
Convertible husbandry was the alternation of a field between pasture and grain. Because nitrogen builds up slowly over time in pasture, ploughing up pasture and planting grains resulted in high yields for a few years. A big disadvantage of convertible husbandry was the hard work in breaking up pastures and difficulty in establishing them. The significance of convertible husbandry is that it introduced pasture into the rotation.[6]
The farmers in Flanders (in parts of France and current day Belgium) discovered a still more effective four-field crop rotation system, using turnips and clover (a legume) as forage crops to replace the three-year crop rotation fallow year.
The four-field rotation system allowed farmers to restore soil fertility and restore some of the plant nutrients removed with the crops. Turnips first show up in the probate records in England as early as 1638 but were not widely used till about 1750. Fallow land was about 20% of the arable area in England in 1700 before turnips and clover were extensively grown. Guano and nitrates from South America were introduced in the mid-19th century and fallow steadily declined to reach only about 4% in 1900.[7] Ideally, wheat, barley, turnips and clover would be planted in that order in each field in successive years. The turnips helped keep the weeds down and were an excellent forage crop—ruminant animals could eat their tops and roots through a large part of the summer and winters. There was no need to let the soil lie fallow as clover would re-add nitrates (nitrogen-containing salts) back to the soil. The clover made excellent pasture and hay fields as well as green manure when it was ploughed under after one or two years. The addition of clover and turnips allowed more animals to be kept through the winter, which in turn produced more milk, cheese, meat and manure, which maintained soil fertility.
The mix of crops also changed, replacing some low-yielding types, such as rye, with higher-yielding types such as wheat or barley. Grain yields also increased as new and better seed was introduced. Wheat yields increased by about 25% between 1700 and 1800, and then by about another 50% between 1800 and 1850.[8]
The Dutch and Rotherham swing (wheel-less) plough
The Dutch acquired the iron tipped, curved mouldboard, adjustable depth plough from the Chinese in the early 17th century. It had the advantage of being able to be pulled by one or two oxen compared to the six or eight needed by the heavy wheeled northern European plough. The Dutch plough was brought to Britain by Dutch contractors who were hired to drain East Anglican fens and Somerset moors. The plough was extremely successful on wet, boggy soil, but soon was used on ordinary land.[9][10]
British improvements included Joseph Foljambe's cast iron plough (patented 1730), which combined an earlier Dutch design with a number of innovations. Its fittings and coulter were made of iron and the mouldboard and share were covered with an iron plate, making it easier to pull and more controllable than previous ploughs. By the 1760s Foljambe was making large numbers of these ploughs in a factory outside of Rotherham, England, using standard patterns with interchangeable parts. The plough was easy for a blacksmith to make, but by the end of the 18th century it was being made in rural foundries.[10][11][12] By 1770 it was the cheapest and best plough available. It spread to Scotland, America, and France.[10]
In Europe, agriculture was feudal since the Middle Ages. In the traditional open field system, many subsistence farmers cropped strips of land in large fields held in common, and divided the produce. They typically worked under the auspices of the aristocracy or the Catholic Church, which owned much of the land.
As early as the 12th century, some fields in England tilled under the open field system were enclosed into individually owned fields. The Black Death in 1349 and on sparked the break-up of the feudal system in England. Many farms were bought by yeomen who enclosed their property and improved the use of their land. More secure control of the land allowed the owner to make innovations that improved yields. Other husbandmen rented property they "share cropped" with the land owners. Many of these enclosures were accomplished by acts of Parliament in the 16th and 17th centuries.
The process of enclosing property accelerated in the 15th and 16th centuries. The more productive enclosed farms meant that fewer farmers were needed to work the same land, leaving many villagers without land and grazing rights. Many of them moved to the cities in search of work in the emerging factories of the Industrial Revolution. Others settled in the English colonies. English Poor Laws were enacted to help these newly poor.
Some practices of enclosure were denounced by the Church, and legislation was drawn up against it; but the large, enclosed fields was needed for the gains in agricultural productivity from the 16th to 18th centuries. This controversy led to a series of government acts, culminating in the General Enclosure Act of 1801 which sanctioned large-scale land reform.
The process of enclosure was largely complete by the end of the 18th century.
Development of a national market
Markets were widespread by 1500 with about 800 locations in Britain. These were regulated and not free. The most important development between the 16th century and the mid-19th century was the development of private marketing. By the 19th century, marketing was nationwide and the vast majority of agricultural production was for market rather than for the farmer and his family. The 16th-century market radius was about 10 miles, which could support a town of 10,000.[13]
The next stage of development was trading between markets, requiring merchants, credit and forward sales, knowledge of markets and pricing and of supply and demand in different markets. Eventually the market evolved into a national one driven by London and other growing cities. By 1700, there was a national market for wheat.
Legislation regulating middlemen required registration, addressed weights and measures, fixing of prices and collection of tolls by the government. Market regulations were eased in 1663, when people were allowed some self-regulation to hold inventory, but it was forbidden to withhold commodities from the market in an effort to increase prices. In the late 18th century, the idea of "self regulation" was gaining acceptance.[14]
The lack of internal tariffs, customs barriers and feudal tolls made Britain "the largest coherent market in Europe".[15]
Transportation infrastructures
High wagon transportation costs made it uneconomical to ship commodities very far outside the market radius by road, generally limiting shipment to less than 20 or 30 miles to market or to a navigable waterway. Water transport was, and in some cases still is, much more efficient than land transport. In the early 19th century it cost as much to transport a ton of freight 32 miles by wagon over an unimproved road as it did to ship it 3000 miles across the Atlantic.[16] A horse could pull at most one ton of freight on a Macadam road, which was multi-layer stone covered and crowned, with side drainage. But a single horse could pull a barge weighing over 30 tons.
Commerce was aided by the expansion of roads and inland waterways. Road transport capacity grew from threefold to fourfold from 1500 to 1700.[17][18]
Railroads would eventually reduce the cost of land transport by over 95%; however they did not become important until after 1850.
Land conversion, drainage and reclamation
Another way to get more land was to convert some pasture land into arable land and recover fen land and some pastures. It is estimated that the amount of arable land in Britain grew by 10–30% through these land conversions.
The British Agricultural Revolution was aided by land maintenance advancements in Flanders, and the Netherlands. Due to the large and dense population of Flanders and Holland, farmers there were forced to take maximum advantage of every inch of usable land; the country had become a pioneer in canal building, soil restoration and maintenance, soil drainage, and land reclamation technology. Dutch experts like Cornelius Vermuyden brought some of this technology to Britain.
Water-meadows were utilised in the late 16th to the 20th centuries and allowed earlier pasturing of livestock after they were wintered on hay. This increased livestock yields, giving more hides, meat, milk, and manure as well as better hay crops.
Rise in capitalist farmers
With the development of regional markets and eventually a national market, aided by improved transportation infrastructures, farmers were no longer dependent on their local market and were less subject to having to sell at low prices into an oversupplied local market and not being able to sell their surpluses to distant localities that were experiencing shortages. They also became less subject to price fixing regulations. Farming became a business rather than solely a means of subsistence.[19]
Under free market capitalism, farmers had to remain competitive. To be successful, farmers had to become effective managers who incorporated the latest farming innovations in order to be low cost producers.
Selective breeding
In England, Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke introduced selective breeding as a scientific practice, mating together two animals with particularly desirable characteristics, and also using inbreeding or the mating of close relatives, such as father and daughter, or brother and sister, to stabilise certain qualities in order to reduce genetic diversity in desirable animals programmes from the mid-18th century. Arguably, Bakewell's most important breeding programme was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.[20] Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef. Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen or for dairy uses, with beef from surplus males as an additional bonus, but he crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. In 1700, the average weight of a bull sold for slaughter was 370 pounds (168 kg). By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg).[21][22]
British Agricultural Revolution in perspective
Despite its name, the Agricultural Revolution in Britain did not result in crop yields nearly as high as in China, where intensive cultivation had been practiced for many centuries.[23][24] The British Agricultural Revolution's significance is the rate of increase in food supply compared to population growth, and the market conditions and technological changes that were happening when it occurred.
British agriculture 1800–1900
(in millions)[25][26]
|Pop. Change
% per Yr.
New fertilisers, besides the organic fertilisers in manure, were slowly found as massive sodium nitrate (NaNO3) deposits found in the Atacama Desert, Chile, were brought under British financiers like John Thomas North and imports were started. Chile was happy to allow the exports of these sodium nitrates by allowing the British to use their capital to develop the mining and imposing a hefty export tax to enrich their treasury. Massive deposits of sea bird guano (11–16% N, 8–12% phosphate, and 2–3% potash), were found and started to be imported after about 1830. Significant imports of potash obtained from the ashes of trees burned in opening new agricultural lands were imported. By-products of the British meat industry like bones from the knacker's yards were ground up or crushed and sold as fertiliser. By about 1840 about 30,000 tons of bones were being processed (worth about £150,000). An unusual alternative to bones was found to be the millions of tons of fossils called coprolites found in South East England. When these were dissolved in sulphuric acid they yielded a high phosphate mixture (called "super phosphate") that plants could absorb readily and increased crop yields. Mining coprolite and processing it for fertiliser soon developed into a major industry—the first commercial fertiliser.[28] Higher yield per acre crops were also planted as potatoes went from about 300,000 acres in 1800 to about 400,000 acres in 1850 with a further increase to about 500,000 in 1900.[29] Labour productivity slowly increased at about 0.6% per year. With more capital invested, more organic and inorganic fertilisers, and better crop yields increased the food grown at about 0.5%/year—not enough to keep up with population growth.
The British population in 1800 was about 8.7 million increasing to 16.7 million in 1851 and 41.6 million by 1901. This corresponds to a rate of population increase from 1801 to 1851 of 1.84% per year and a rate of population increase of 3.00% per year from 1851 to 1901. Not only did the need for more food increase but the need for more shoes, clothes, carriages, horses, homes, and furniture increased at the same or a greater rate as more products became available. The fast-growing coal mining industry could provide plentiful coal for heating. Burning all this coal gave London a severe smog problem during nearly all winter months. Canals, macadam roads, and after about 1832 railroads helped lower the cost of transportation of people, coal, agricultural, and industrial products. The rate of population increase was much faster than the rate of increased agricultural yield per acre (hectare), which increased at about a rate of 0.5% per year from 1800 to 1850 and 0.2% per year from 1850 to 1900.[30]
In addition to needing more land for cultivation there was also needed more pasture land to grow more poultry, livestock, and draft horses and other agricultural products. The British Agricultural Statistics for this period show this competition for more land for cultivation and more land for pasturage in Britain was won by the need for more pasture as the arable land actually decreased from about 7.5 million hectares in 1800 to about 6.0 million hectares in 1900. The number of acres under wheat cultivation decreased from about 1.5 million hectares in 1800 to about 0.6 million hectares in 1900.[31]
So many cheap agricultural imports were coming into Britain after the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) and the resumption of American trade after the War of 1812 (1812–1815) that the Corn Laws (protective tariffs) were passed to protect cereal grain producers in Britain against competition from less expensive imports. These laws were in force between 1815 and 1846. The Corn Laws were removed in 1846 at the onset of the potato blight hitting much of Europe. The Irish Potato blight that ruined most of the Irish potato crop and brought devastation to the Irish people in 1846–50 also occurred in England, Wales, and Scotland, and the rest of Europe. The effect of the potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) infestation[32] on the potatoes common to Ireland, known today as Irish Potatoes, was much less in other countries since a much smaller percentage of the diet of the people of England, Wales, Scotland, and the rest of Europe was centred on potatoes. In addition the citizens of Britain had the capital to buy and import more food from other countries—most of the Irish were too poor to do this. Several hundred thousand Irish died in the Irish potato famine and several hundred thousand more emigrated to England, Wales, Scotland, Canada, Australia, Europe, and the United States. This massive Irish emigration continued till about 1921 when the population had been reduced from about 8.3 million in 1840 to 4.3 million by 1921.
Between 1873 and 1879 British agriculture had wet summers that damaged grain crops. Cattle farmers were hit by foot-and-mouth disease, and sheep farmers by sheep liver rot. The poor harvests, however, masked a greater threat to British agriculture: growing imports of foodstuffs from abroad. The development of the steam ship and the development of extensive railway networks in Britain and the USA allowed US farmers with much larger and more productive farms to export hard grain to Britain at a price that undercut the British farmers. At the same time, large amounts of cheap corned beef started to arrive from Argentina, and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the development of refrigerator ships (reefers) in about 1880 opened the British market to cheap meat and wool from Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. The Long Depression was a worldwide economic recession that began in 1873 and ended around 1896. It hit the agricultural sector hard and was the most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fuelled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War. By 1900 half the meat eaten in Britain came from abroad and tropical fruits such as bananas were also being imported on the new refrigerator ships.
Seed planting
Before the introduction of the seed drill, the common practice was to plant seeds by broadcasting (evenly throwing) them across the ground by hand on the prepared soil and then lightly harrowing the soil to cover the seed. Seeds left on top of the ground were eaten by birds, insects, and mice. There was no control over spacing and seeds were planted too close together and too far apart. Alternately seeds could be laboriously planted one by one using a hoe and/or a shovel. Cutting down on wasted seed was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five.
The seed drill was introduced from China to Italy in the mid-16th century where it was patented by the Venetian Senate. Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and at the correct depth. Tull's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact. Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid-18th century.[33]
Sound advice on farming began to appear in England in the mid-17th century, from writers such as Samuel Hartlib, Walter Blith and others,[34] but the overall agricultural productivity of Britain started to grow significantly only in the period of the Agricultural Revolution. It is estimated that the productivity of wheat was about 19 bushels per acre in 1720 and that it had grown to 21–22 bushels in the middle of the 18th century. It declined slightly in the decades of 1780 and 1790 but it began to grow again by the end of the century and reached a peak in the 1840s around 30 bushels per acre, stabilising thereafter.[35]
The Agricultural Revolution in Britain proved to be a major turning point in history. The population in 1750 reached the level of 5.7 million. This had happened before: in around 1350 and again in 1650. Each time, either the appropriate agricultural infrastructure to support a population this high was not present or plague or war occurred (which may have been related), a Malthusian catastrophe occurred, and the population fell. However, by 1750, when the population reached this level again, an onset in agricultural technology and new methods without outside disruption, and also the effects of sugar imports, allowed the population growth to be sustained.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the substantial gains in British agricultural productivity were rapidly offset by competition from cheaper imports, made possible by advances in transportation, refrigeration, and many other technologies.
See also
- ↑ Richards, Denis; Hunt, J.W. (1983). An Illustrated History of Modern Britain: 1783-1980 (3rd ed.). Hong Kong: Longman Group UK LTD. p. 7. ISBN 0-582-33130-7.
- ↑ Overton, Mark (1996). Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation of the agrarian economy 1500-1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-521-56859-3.
- ↑ R. W. Sturgess, "The Agricultural Revolution on the English Clays." Agricultural History Review (1966): 104-121. in JSTOIR
- ↑ Apostolides , Alexander; "English Agricultural Output And Labour Productivity, 1250–1850: Some Preliminary Estimates" [1] Accessed 21 Mar 2012
- ↑ Overton 1996, pp. 1
- ↑ Overton 1996, pp. 116,7
- ↑ Fallow Land [2] Accessed 20 March 2012
- ↑ Overton, 1996, p. 77.
- ↑ Overton 1996
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Temple 1986, pp. 18, 20
- ↑ "The Rotherham Plough". Rotherham: The Unofficial Website.
- ↑ "The Rotherham Plough". Rotherham.co.uk.
- ↑ Overton 1996, pp. 134–6
- ↑ Overton 1996, pp. 135, 145
- ↑ Landes, David. S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 46. ISBN 0-521-09418-6.
- ↑ Taylor year-1969, pp. 132
- ↑ Overton 1996, pp. 137–40
- ↑ Grubler, Arnulf (1990). The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in transport (PDF). Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag.
- ↑ Overton 1996, pp. 205–6
- ↑ "Robert Bakewell (1725 - 1795)". BBC History. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
- ↑ John R. Walton, "The diffusion of the improved Shorthorn breed of cattle in Britain during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (1984): 22-36. in JSTOR
- ↑ John R. Walton, "Pedigree and the national cattle herd circa 1750–1950." Agricultural History Review (1986): 149-170. in JSTOR
- ↑ Merson, John (1990). The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. pp. 23–6. ISBN 0-87951-397-7A companion to the PBS Series "The Genius That Was China"
- ↑ Temple, Robert; Joseph Needham (1986). The Genius of China: 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 26Temple estimates Chinese crop were between 10 and twenty times higher in China than in the West; however, this is questionable.
- ↑ Overton, 1996[page needed]
- ↑ Data after 1850 taken from British censuses
- ↑ http://www.londononline.co.uk/factfile/historical/ population list on London online
- ↑ Coprolite Fertilizer Industry in Britain. Accessed 3 April 2012.
- ↑ British food puzzle. Accessed 6 April 2012.
- ↑ Apostolides, Alexander; "English Agricultural Output and Labour Productivity, 1250–1850: Some Preliminary Estimates". Accessed 21 March 2012.
- ↑ British Agricultural Statistics. Accessed 6 April 2011.
- ↑ Potato late blight. Accessed 6 April 2012.
- ↑ Temple 1986, pp. 26
- ↑ Thirsk. 'Walter Blith' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online edn, Jan 2008
- ↑ Snell. Annals of the Labouring Poor. Ch. 4.
Further reading
- Ang, James B., Rajabrata Banerjee, and Jakob B. Madsen. "Innovation and Productivity Advances in British Agriculture: 1620-1850." Southern Economic Journal 80.1 (2013): 162-186.
- Campbell, Bruce MS, and Mark Overton. "A new perspective on medieval and early modern agriculture: six centuries of Norfolk farming c. 1250-c. 1850." Past and Present (1993): 38-105. in JSTOR
- Clark, Gregory. "Too much revolution: Agriculture in the industrial revolution, 1700–1860." in The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective (2nd ed. 1999) pp: 206-240.
- Dodd, William (1847). The Laboring Classes of England : especially those engaged in agriculture and manufactures; in a series of letters. Boston: John Putnam.
- Fletcher, T. W. "The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873–1896." Economic History Review (1961) 13#3 pp: 417-432. online
- Harrison, L F C (1989). The Common People, a History from the Norman Conquest to the Present. Glasgow: Fontana. ISBN 978-0-00-686163-8.
- Hoyle, Richard W., ed. The Farmer in England, 1650–1980 (Ashgate Publishing, 2013)
- Kerridge, Eric. The Agricultural Revolution (Routledge, 2013)
- Mingay, Gordon E. "The" Agricultural Revolution" in English History: A Reconsideration." Agricultural History (1963): 123-133. in JSTOR
- Overton, Mark (2002). Agricultural Revolution in England 1500 - 1850. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56859-5. focus on 1750 to 1850.
- Snell, K.D.M (1985). Annals of the Labouring Poor, Social Change and Agrarian England 1660–1900. Cambridge University Presslocation=Cambridge, UK. ISBN 0-521-24548-6.
- Thirsk, Joan. "'Blith, Walter (bap. 1605, d. 1654)'". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2011.


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Here's a quick wrap-up of some hot deals that you should know about. And don't forget: Mother's Day is right around the corner!
- Tarte and Mario Badescu sales are live (started at 1PM Pacific on 4/19). Check out all current beauty sales HERE (L.A. Girl, City Color and more).
- Thanks to reader @khysme for the tip that the Anastasia Beverly Hills Lipglosses are on sale at Macy's for $8 each (reg $16) and as always, free shipping on all beauty orders.
- Thanks to reader L. Lopez for the tip that there are a ton of other beauty products currently on the Macy's Sale Page HERE (Tarte, Lancome, Clinique, Foreo, bareMinerals, NYX and more) and there may be GWPs depending on what you buy! Again, free shipping on all beauty orders.
- JUST IN: thanks to reader Lilly n' Rose for the tip that if you spend $50+ on beauty you'll receive a FREE Mystery Bag (will be automatically added to your cart).
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WEDNESDAY BEAUTY BREAK: 4pc IT Cosmetics Set here, free with any $50 online purchase while supplies last (don't wait on this one if you're interested because it will sell out)
- FREE WITH ANY ONLINE ORDER: add this deluxe IT Cosmetics Bye Bye Pores sample to your cart. Once you add anything else to your cart it will go from $10 to FREE. (Thanks to reader ChiChi20 for the tip!)
- I highly recommend checking out my weekly wrap-up HERE before you place an Ulta order today!
- Also worth a look: there are some nice deals on the Nordstrom Sale Page here. Free shipping on all orders and your choice of 3 free samples with all beauty orders.
- There are some nice deals on the KVD website right now (just go to "Shop" on the main menu and select "Sale" to view all). Free shipping on orders $50+. PS: the Pastel Goth palette is back in stock, in case you haven't heard.
- MAC sent out an email today saying that it's your "last chance" to snag the items on the Goodbyes page (40% off) so I'm not sure if they're removing them or if they're just about to sell out. Either way, worth a look. Free shipping and samples on all orders.
- Thanks to reader Kimmy D. for the tip that the Friends & Family sale started today. Use code VIPFF for 20% off all items HERE (ABH, DHC, Beautyblender, Peter Thomas Roth, First Aid Beauty, Stila and much more). Free shipping on orders $49+. Plus, receive a FREE Soap and Glory rejuvenating night cream when you spend $89.
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- (Repeat from yesterday's blog post): Thanks to several of you for letting me know that over on the Clinique website for a limited time, all of the items on THIS PAGE are 50% off. If you are a Smart Rewards member (free to sign up HERE) you will receive free shipping on all orders. Spend $40+ and you can enter code BIGDAY to receive this kit for free. Or, spend $55+ and you can enter code JOLLY at checkout to receive a FREE 5pc Jolly Pops Set ($45.50 value; includes 4 full-size Jolly Pops + case). You can see a better pic of this set HERE.


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basically.. non existent br–sts…..
sorry tina but you have amalies b–bs :/
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Ahoy, squirts! Quint here with today's Behind the Scenes Pic!
I'm finally back home after along day of travel which means I finally have access to that Crow BTS pic I promised a couple days ago.
And it's a good one, featuring one Mr. Michael Berryman (aka the creepy bald dude from every horror movie made between 1977 and 1993) being made up as the Skull Cowboy, a supernatural character that was to be a sort of guide for Eric Draven until Alex Proyas cut his scenes out of the movie. You can a rough cut of it on YouTube.
The picture features Berryman, Brandon Lee and Proyas (far left) in the make up room. Thanks to Derek Smith for sending it along! Click to enlargen!
If you have a behind the scenes shot you'd like to submit to this column, you can email me at email@example.com.
Tomorrow's pic is appropriate considering the day of the week it's posting.
-Eric Vespe
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Click here to visit the complete compilation of previous Behind the Scenes images, Page One
(warning: there are some broken links that will be fixed as soon as I can get around to it)
Click here to visit the complete compilation of previous Behind the Scenes images, Page Two


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All Tomorrows
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It is a band that has complete control over the creative and execution processes, from the idea inception to the achievement of a complete and accomplished artwork. There is no place for loose ends, no time for "filler" songs; All Tomorrows' filter allows passage only to the creative energy of highest quality and condenses it into a unique, impersonal and infinite
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An individual who thinks he/she knows everything about anything but is often wrong. This type of person usually turns into an assnitz.
Matthew thought he knew best when he was at work, but he quickly found out that it does not pay to be a nitznut when he wouldn't help customers.
by Kaptn Train of the Toy Land May 19, 2005
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It's been over seventeen years since the very first Forgotten NY post (which concerned a repurposed trolley depot on Northern Boulevard and Woodside Avenue) and while I've covered a lot of aspects of the NYC subways, including signage, standard and nonstandard; old methods of station design and new methods; abandoned subway stations; and retired subway identification letters… heretofore I've resisted talking about the many and varied types of elevated and open-air subway lighting on freestanding lampposts. When I first began FNY, there were still some very old examples to be found, and during those years, the Metropolitan Transit Authority has begun installing new station lights, some designed to resemble lamps fro previous eras, some all-new. I don't have a lot of samples yet (as I usually see them riding past on my way somewhere else) but, I think I've made a good start here– see if you agree.
A number of the images on this page are old enough that I scanned them quite small, as people were still using dial-up modems, and I was keeping the images to a total of 30K or less. With dial-ups pretty much extinct, I've been freer to use larger images now, but still "save for web" — and they still get to over 100K. This one was taken on the 125th Street platform of the #1 train, the only elevated station in the area.
In this case the MTA chose to retain original, or at least quite old, lighting stanchions; this was the very first elevated station built as part of a subway line in 1904 (els as a whole had been around since the first 9th Avenue El structure was opened for passenger service in 1868).
Older photos show a simple cover with incandescent bulbs, some protected with mesh wire. The current yellow sodium box lamps were probably placed here in the late 1970s or early 1980s.
When I first encountered the 9th Avenue BMT station platform on the West End Line in 1999 or 2000, currently serving the D train, it still had its original set of platform lamps with bunches of small incandescent bulbs that no doubt went all the way back to the station's opening day, September 15, 1916. However, a station renovation about a decade ago (as of 2016) left it with a set of replica stanchions…
… that closely resemble the originals in design, but shine with bright-yellow sodium bulbs.
This is a photo I took very early on in FNY in about 1999 or 2000. At the time the MTA was planning to close, and then demolish, this particular platform for the Atlantic Avenue station. The Canarsie el split into a north and southbound branch. The section going over Snediker Avenue was torn down and this platform went with it. The el was originally constructed in 1906, replacing a steam link to Canarsie that ran at grade. These are very simple luminaires with clusters of incandescent bulbs.
The Flushing El is pretty much divided into two sections, as far as station lighting goes. As it runs over Roosevelt Avenue between Sunnyside and Flushing, station lighting is quite basic and prosaic, with sodium vapor bulbs on squarish stanchions.
However, the 33rd (Rawson), 40th (Lowery) 46th (Bliss) and Woodside stations, the latter shown here, had a considerable renovation in the 1990s that installed the "Q is For Queens" stained glass series showing a Queens scene for each letter of the alphabet and also saw the installation of these huge looped lamps with massive luminaires. They have sodium vapor bulbs, shining bright yellow.
Not strictly a subway, but mass transit just the same, is the Port Washington branch of the Long Island Rail Road, the line I ride most frequently. Likely installed in the 1970s or 80s are these just-the-basics poles with sodium vapor lamps…
…while on the passenger overpass crossing the tracks are sets of what appears to be severely truncated park lamps, with just the base and the lamp set in concrete. The Great Neck stationhouse from the 1920s is in the background; this was the original terminal of the line when it was constructed in 1866. In 1892 it was extended further to Port Washington.
Wild talk of including the line in the NYC subway system surfaces now and then (it's a de facto extension of the #7 subway line in all but an actual physical connection) but the suburbanites of Bayside and beyond shoot down the notion each time.
There are only two IND stations above ground; 4th Avenue, which has no platform lighting stanchions, and Smith-9th Street, which replaced what remained of its original stanchions in a complete gut reno a few years ago.
However, the 190th Street station entrance from Fort Washington Avenue in uptown Manhattan is set back from the street, and there are a few of these 1930s original lamps illuminating the walkway. This gives you an idea what elevated station lamps might have looked like on IND lines had any elevated lines been included. Actually, the IND Second System, which was eliminated by the Depression and WWII, was slated to indeed include some els in western Queens in neighborhoods like Maspeth — which today remains subway-free (blissfully, to some residents).
Several elevated stations have cylindrical aluminum posts bearing "bunches" of incandescent bulbs on their mastarms. This was taken at the Dyre Avenue station, the last stop on the #5 train a few blocks away from Westchester County. I do not know if the incandescents light up, or are replaced when the burn out.
*I'm informed that a recent station renovation claimed these posts.
These lamps also crop up on some BMT elevated platforms as well.
An interesting style decision was to include the station name on raised letters on the cylindrical stanchion.
Illuminated examples at the elevated Parkchester station on the #6 train.
A couple of years ago, stations on the Brighton Line (serving the B and Q trains in Midwood and Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn) underwent a complete renovation of their own, and new LED (light emitting diode) station platform lighting was introduced, which predated the street lighting switcheroo that is currently ongoing in 2016. These lamps shine bright white.
In the early 2010s, elevated stations on the #2 line between Jackson Avenue and East 180th Street, serving Melrose, Longwood, Crotona Park and East Tremont, were give these retro, crook-necked platform lampposts that originally included yellow sodium vapor lamps. The shafts resemble the ones from the elevated stations on the #1 line, and these elevated stations may have had those as well, but at the top, practicality leaves off and Fantasy takes over.
Throughout most of its existence, platform lighting on the Staten Island railway (né Staten Island Rapid transit) consisted of thin, crook-necked stanchions bearing a single incandescent bulb on most stations. In the early 1980s, the stations were given renovations that simply added overhangs and glass-blocked partitions onto the older station infrastructure from 1930s-1960s stations.
Station lighting was replaced by these ultra-streamlined, L-shaped stanchions with sodium vapor showing through glass cyclops rectangular eyelets.
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2009 Woop Woop Shiraz
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- Cellar Drink Now - 3 years (2010-2013)
- Closure: Screw Cap
Opaque black crimson colour with deep dark crimson red hue. Lifted aromas of black cherry, ink and spice – quite youthful as expected. The palate boasts excellent weight with rich opulent flavours of black plum, liquorice, confectionary and toast followed by a peppery back palate. Excellent length with long aftertaste of blackberry, liquorice and blackpepper. The wines fine grained soft tannin structure makes the wine imminently drinkable now but it can also be cellared for a further 2-3 years. Great Value.
Drink over the next 2-3 years (2010-2013).
Alc 14.5%