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Please, read this document carefully. The same contains the terms and conditions for the acquisition of the Products of ERLE through the web site www.erlerobotics.com (hereinafter, the WebSite) The access, navigation and use of the WebSite implies the express and without any reserve the acceptance of all the terms of the Conditions of Use made available on the Website. We recommend you to read the Conditions of Use thoroughly.
ERLE ROBOTICS, S.L., (hereinafter, ERLE) is a Spanish private limited liability company domiciled in Álava (Spain), Calle Venta de la Estrella 6 Pab.130, Vitoria-Gasteiz with Tax Identification Number B-01518695, incorporated in the Mercantile Registry of Alava at Volume 1.555, book 0, Folio 200, Sheet VI-16929. Contact email firstname.lastname@example.com, telephone number 0034 945 30 68 20.
The WebSite is an online sale platform of technologic products such as autopilots, drones and drones' components designed and produced by ERLE. The present General Sale and Purchase Conditions (hereinafter, the Sale Conditions) regulates the selling conditions of ERLE's products on the WebSite. ERLE gives information about its own products and makes its acquisition possible through the WebSite. Anyone willing to acquire products on the WebSite must provide information by filing a form that will be made available at the time of the purchase. The information provided will be procesed according to the Privacy Policy available on the WebSite. These Sale Conditions are applicable to the acquisition of products on the WebSite and substitute any other conditions, unless otherwise agreed in writing between ERLE and the User. Consequently, the User that acquire any product through the WebSite (hereinafter, the Buyer) accepts to observe the Sale Conditions as these are drafted in the moment the Buyer completes the purchase, by the acceptance of the corresponding checkbox during the purchase process. ERLE points out that without the acceptance of such checkbox, it will not be possible to finalize the acquisition.
The terms in capitals not be expressly defined in these Conditions of Sale will have the meaning given by ERLE in the WebSite.
Descriptions, pictures, graphic or iconographic representation and videos of the products offered on the WebSite are displayed in order to give the User all the
information required to make the purchase. In case that, by force majeure or any other event attributable to ERLE, the product is not available after the purchase being made, ERLE will inform the User by email of the total or partial cancellation of the order. Likewise, ERLE can undertake during determined periods, promotional campaigns in order to increase the members on the WebSite. ERLE informs the Buyer that certain products available on the WebSite, are considered remote controlled civil airplanes and that the Buyer has the
obligation to know and observe the applicable regulation regarding the use of these products.
The prices of the products on the website do not include VAT or any other taxes applicable. Prices also will not include the delivery expenses of the products. These, will be detailed in the payment process and have to be accepted by the Buyer before placing an order.
The acquisition of the products by the Buyer through the Website will be accomplished, selecting the product and inserting it into the "shopping chart", providing the information to process the order and following the directions of ERLE. The order, and therefore the agreement will be formalized in the moment of the reception of the payment by ERLE. ERLE will send the User a confirmation email of the purchase, no longer than 24 hours after the reception of the payment of the price and the delivery expenses of the products acquired on the WebSite. In case of an unavailability of the product that derives in a total cancelation, ERLE will refund the total amount of the order. In case of partial cancellation, ERLE will refund only the price of the products unavailable. In the event of lack of delivery or of a cancellation of one or several products of a set of products or complementary products, the Buyer can return the rest of the products without any cost.
The Buyer can make the payment by means of Stripe and PayPal systems. Before the payment, the Buyer will have all the required information available to make the purchase decision and will have to accept the Purchase Conditions. ERLE points out that without the acceptance of the checkbox referring to the Purchase Conditions, it will not be possible to finalize the acquisition. The Buyer have to inform ERLE, as soon as possible, through the email firstname.lastname@example.com of any fraudulent or undue charge in the card used on the WebSite with the purpose that ERLE could undertake the actions considered appropriate. ERLE does not have access and does not keep information regarding the payment and the payment method used by the Buyer. Just the corresponding payment processing entity will have access to the payments. Once the purchase process is finishes, an electronic document, that the Buyer could print, will be generated containing the terms of the agreement. The Buyer agree with ERLE in the issuing of electronic invoices and its reception by email, without prejudice of revoking such consent at any time by contacting ERLE.
ERLE will deliver the product in perfect conditions in the address indicated by the Buyer. With the aim of optimizing the delivery process, the address provided by the User must be an address where the delivery can be made during regular working hours. ERLE will not be responsible for the mistakes in the delivery when the delivery address introduced by the Buyer does not correspond with the place the Buyer finally wants the products to be delivered to. The Buyer can choose between the most suitable delivery methods between those offered by ERLE, subjected to the payment of the amounts available to the Buyer previous to the purchase. ERLE also offers the possibility of picking up the products in ERLE's facilities (local pickup). ERLE will inform the Buyer, before the payment, of the delivery term that will be approximately between 1 and 15 days.
If the Buyer has the condition of consumer, according to article 3 of the Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2007, de 16 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley General para la Defensa de los Consumidores y Usuarios y otras leyes complementarias (hereinafter, LCU), the delivery is made in the moment the product is at the disposition of the consumer in the delivery place indicated by the Buyer. The risk of the products (loss, damage or theft) will be transmitted to the Buyer will be transmitted at the moment of the product has been at the disposition of the Buyer pursuant to the present Purchase Conditions. In the event that the purchaser has is not a consumer, the delivery will be made in the direction indicated by the Buyer in the purchase process and the risk of the products will be transmitted to the Buyer in the moment of the delivery.
1. (i) Right of withdrawal
In the event the Buyer is considered a consumer, he has a maximum term of 14 calendar days to total or partially exercise its right of withdrawal, according to the LCU.Once this 14 days' terms has elapsed, ERLE does not accept returns in the exercise of consumers' withdrawal right. The User will not have the right to withdraw the purchase agreement in the cases foreseen in Spanish consumer applicable regulation, and especially the following cases: (i) personalized products made under Buyer's specifications, (ii) informatics programs and any king of software unsealed by the Buyer after the delivery, (iii) digital content not delivered in a physically when the execution has started. We recommend the User to read article 103 of the LCU regarding the exception to the withdrawal right. The User must bear the cost and accomplishment of the returns made in the exercising of the withdrawal right. In such respect, the User will have to: (i) notify ERLE its will of withdraw the purchase before the day 14 since delivery, (the Buyer can use the form provided by ERLE at the end of these Conditions) as well as, (ii) send the product to the address indicated at the beginning of these Conditions, within the 14 calendar days after the communication of its will to withdraw the contract. In case the Buyer is interested in ERLE colleting the retunes he have to contact ERLE with the 14 days term, and ERLE will detract the cost of collecting of the return from the refund. ERLE will previously inform the Buyer the cost of the return. The User can also exercise its right of withdrawal directly by sending the product to the aforementioned address within 14 calendar days following to the delivery date. Once ERLE has received the product, ERLE will verify the conditions of the product and make the refund according to the Spanish applicable regulation. Those not having the status of consumer will not be able to exercise this right of withdrawal.
2. (ii) Refund to the consumer
In the event of the exercise of the right of withdrawal of the precedent section (i) the consumer will have the right to the refund of the price of the products returned, provided that the products returned were in the same conditions as they were on the delivery, had not been used (apart from the use required in order to verify its suitability), washed, damaged or the requirements of the Law and of these Sale Conditions had not been fulfilled. ERLE will not make any refund until the reception of the product, ERLE will also check the conditions of the product returned, reserving itself the faculty of not making the refund in case ERLE notices that the acquired an returned products were not the same or that the return has not been made according to the Law and to these Sale Conditions. The partial return of an order will imply a partial return of the delivery expenses, which will be refunded proportionately to the value of the product returned. In the event of a total cancellation of an order by ERLE, the total amount of the order will be refunded and in case of partial cancellation, ERLE will only refund the price of the products not available. In cases of sets of products or complimentary products, the consumer will be able to return the rest of the products of the order without any cost. ERLE will managed the refund order of the price and of the delivery costs by means of the same system used by the Buyer to make de acquisition of the products, in a term of 48 hours since the confirmation of reception of the returned product to the stated address and, in any case, in a term no longer than 14 calendar days since the Buyer communicated its withdrawal, unless ERLE would not have received within that term the returned product. The application of the refund of the price and of the cost of delivery in the account or in the card of the User, will depend of the card and of the issuing entity.
The Buyer will have the right to be refunded with the amount corresponding to the price of the faulty product, the delivery expenses and the cost of de transport, when the delivered product is a faulty product or when it does not correspond with the product ordered by the Buyer. In this cases, the return of the products to ERLE can be undertaken as established in section (i) above, or contacting with ERLE in the email or telephone number available on the WebSite. In the event of a faulty product's return or of a return of a product that does not correspond with the product requested in the order registered by the Buyer, ERLE will bear the cost of the transport of the return of the products, as stablished in section (ii) above, provided that the return is made from the same country where the delivery was made.
The products acquired by consumers have the legal guarantee for lack of conformity revealed during the 2 years after the delivery pursuant to what established in the applicable regulation. The Buyer must inform ERLE of this lack of conformity in the term of 2 months since he had knowledge of the same, according to the Royal Legislative Decree 1/2007 of November 16 for the User and Consumer Defence (Real Decreto 1/2007 de 16 de noviembre, para la Defensa de Consumidores y Usuarios). The sales to particulars or entities that are not considered consumers, will have 90 days guarantee, since the delivery. The guarantee does not include, in neither of both of the aforementioned cases, the deficiencies for negligence, hit, use, undue handling or any use not suitable for its purpose. The products modified and repaired by the Buyer will be excluded from the guarantee.
LiPo batteries are only guaranteed during the first day of use since product reception. Erle Robotics is not responsible of the damage caused by LiPo batteries bought in Erle Robotics.
Battery Limited Warranty Policy
Due to the complexity and delicate nature of Lipo Batteries, please note the following points prior to making a claim.
Erle warranties that the batteries purchased will be free from defects in materials and workmanship at the date of purchase by the Purchaser. LiPo batteries working condition is only guaranteed the first 24 hours after the receipt of the parcel.
Erle checks all battery pack voltages prior to shipping. It is a simple process and takes us 3 seconds per pack. Doing so assures us that the battery is fit for use, is within the voltage range and has no shorting. This process does not remove slightly unbalanced packs.
You can only make a claim for 'Under voltage' the same day the parcel arrives and prior to the lipo pack being charged or cycled. 'Under Voltage' means that 1 or more of the cells in you pack has a voltage lower than 3.33v per cell. After the battery has been cycled or used, no claim for 'under voltage' can be made.
Erle do not replace burnt batteries. All batteries are checked prior to shipping, if a short on the balance connector was to happen, it would happen prior to shipping. Burnt batteries are also impossible to examine, therefore they are not warranted.
Erle do not warrant crash damage, of any kind. If your pack shows any signs of an impact or trauma, Erle will not replace it.
Never disassemble your pack. Regardless of your skill level, expertise or qualifications. Erle will never replace a disassembled or 'inspected' pack.
Never ship damaged LiPo batteries to Erle. It's illegal to ship damaged LiPo Batteries.
The standard industry life expectancy of a lithium battery is 300 cycles. While this is considered "standard" this can be greatly affected by how batteries are used, charged and stored. These factors are outside our control and thus our warranty policy only applies to materials or workmanship defects. Erle will not be liable for warranty replacement of packs that are used outside of these standards.
When the Buyer undertakes an order of products on the WebSite for its delivery in a country outside the European Union, he may be obliged to pay import rights and duties, which will be charged in the moment the package arrives to destiny. Any additional amount due corresponding to the custom dispatch will be bear by the Buyer. ERLE has no control over these amounts. The custom policies vary significantly from a country to another, therefore, we recommend you contact your corresponding Custom Office. Please remind that when registering an order to ERLE, formally the Law considers the Buyer an importer and must comply with all the Laws and Regulations applicable in the receiving country. We also want to remind our international Buyers that the international shipping is subjected to inspection and opening by the Custom Authorities.
Without prejudice of what established in the applicable Law and Regulations, the liability of ERLE in relation with the acquired products through the WebSite will be limited to the price of acquisition of such products. ERLE will not assume any liability derived, among others, from:
a) The use that the Buyers could make of the products acquired on the WebSite, and of the damages that the Buyer could suffer or could cause to third parties, by the use of the products acquired on the Website;
b) Of any unavailability of the systems or of the network that gives access to the WebSite;
c) The absence of conformity, beyond the guarantee granted by virtue of the present Sale Conditions;
d) Of any event attributable to the Buyer;
e) The access of minors (under 16) to the material included in the WebSite, being its parents' or guardians' responsibility to make an adequate control over the activity of their minors in charge or even install any control tool, in order to avoid the access to the material as well as the sending of personal data without the previous consent of the adult in charge;
f) Mistakes and delays in the access to the WebSite by the User at the time of introducing information in any form the slowness or impossibility of reception by the recipients of the confirmation order or any anomaly that could arise when this events were due to the problems of Internet, unforeseen
circumstances or force majeure and any other contingency unforeseeable, outside of ERLE's good's faith;
g) The information, data or comments introduced in the WebSite by the Users in the sections provided to such aim, not being liable of the same and if those infringe the rights of third parties or are obscene, racists, pornographic or threaten the security or are offensive to third parties. Notwithstanding, ERLE ask the Users to inform of this kind of content, in order to be deleted immediately;
h) Defaults or incidences that could be produced in the communication, deletion or incomplete transmission, so that the operability of the WebSite is not constantly guarantee.
i) The mistakes and damages produced to the WebSite because of an inefficient use or bad faith of the User.
j) The no operability or problems in the email address provided by the User the sending of the confirmation order.
ERLE will sort out the problems that may arise and offer the User all the required help in order to reach a rapid and satisfactory solution of the incidences of the WebSite. The Buyer, will, compensate, defend and keep ERLE harmless of any claim or damage that may arise from the breach by the Buyer of the Law or of the present Sale Conditions.
In the case that any section of the present Sale Conditions will be declared void and null the rest of the sections will be in force and interpreted considering the will of the parties and the aim of the Sale Conditions. The non exercising by ERLE of any right derived from these Sale Conditions does not imply the waiving of such right, unless expressly declared in writing by ERLE or prescription.
ERLE can, at any time and without previous notice to the User, amend the layout and structure of the WebSite, as well as the Sale Conditions, the Conditions of Use and the Cookies' and Privacy Policy. The User will always have these texts available on the WebSite and must read them each time the access to the In any case, the acceptance of the Sale Conditions, in force at any time, will be a previous step required to be able to complete an acquisition of a product on the WebSite, therefore the amendments that ERLE could introduce, will not be applicable unless the User accept them.
The present Sale Conditions are governed by the Spanish Law, being the application of the United Nation Convention regarding the international sale of Goods not applicable. Both parties agree to summit themselves to the non- exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of Vitoria (Spain), which means that the User could claim its right as consumer in relation to these Sale Conditions not only in Spain but also in its Member State of residence, provided that the User has the status of "consumer" according to the 1999/44/CE Directive. The consumer can contact ERLE as demand any claim form, in the corporate address indicated above.


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During the past two years, Bland and I, along with Jim Barbieri and more recently Bob Luck, have been reviewing the modeling ideas that Bland first proposed in his intended dissertation. As near as any of us can tell, these ideas have not been superseded in the past quarter century. In fact, they may be more relevant today than ever.
Please read the Practical Model Building paper for detailed information on our code. First one needs to install the R system, however. See the R Project for instructions.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tool Carrier
This is our reproduction tool carrier. This carrier is an accurate recreation of the types of tool trays that many craftsmen would use (and still use) to carry some of their tools from the tool chest to the area that they were working in. It's a simple object that represents the hard work many of our ancestors did with their hands. Today of course it also makes a great center piece on a kitchen or dinning room table when filled with cloth fruit or potpourri. This one is shown in barn red milk paint with light distressing.
Your choice of color and level of distressing.
8″ wide, 24″ long
Order Now


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A 13-year-old boy is believed to have suffered 'serious' injuries after he was involved in a collision with a car while he was riding his bike.
The incident happened on the B6719 Alfreton Road in Little Eaton shortly after 6pm this evening (Wednesday).
The air ambulance was called to the scene but the young cyclist was taken to Nottingham's Queen's Medical Centre by land ambulance.
A cordon was put in place and the road was closed for several hours as police began their investigations into the collision.


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Once you start to understand how things work in Alzheimer's World you get calm and comfortable. Once you get calm and comfortable you give off a better "vibe" to someone that has Alzheimer's.
By Bob DeMarco
Alzheimer's Reading Room
I would find a new way to communicate with my mother who was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
I wrote that on my da Vinci pad in 2004. This was at the same time I was coming to another conclusion, something had to change and that something was me.
I did not perceived the changes in communication as being difficult. After all, I had been studying communication and decision making all the way back to college days, and ever since. I figured some practice and I would get the hang of it.
What I did not immediately perceive was how difficult it would be to change all the things I had learned over the course of my life.
Continue Reading --
Rewiring My Brain and Stepping into Alzheimer's World
Read More on the Alzheimer's Reading Room


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How do you do weekends with your family? Is it made up of a whole heap of jobs that you race to get through whilst the kids play as far away from helping as possible?? Do you mow the lawns, wash the cars, spend time in the weeds in the only time you have away from work? DO you work hard to "just get it done"? Or do you a family work together????
I know, I know. Involving the kids means it takes twice as long, ends up making 4 times the mess and pretty much always means you'll have to completely do it again. But sometimes, all that is totally worth it :)
Tim had decided to wash his car, leaving me in the house with three children I had been with without him for a week ( I took them to Sydney, he stayed at home and went to work and then lived it up with us at night. Sounded like such a tough week. NOT). In his mind, he had a job to do and was going to do it. By himself.
Very quickly, I decided I was going to wash mine too, but all three kids were going to help me.
So armed with buckets and my beautiful craft sponges I had to cut up for the occasion, I herded them all out to merry cries of " we get to wash the car too!".
Outside, Jared changed teams and went to help daddy wash his car and it turned into a friendly game of " girls vs boys".
We had the best time, working together as a family, chatting, giggling, soap and suds going everywhere and possibly in the middle of all this, two cars got washed.
I watched two walkers stop and watch us, having a total blast as a family and they smiled and nodded and I felt their approval as I sought to involve my kids in our otherwise boring jobs.
Of course, pretty soon, it turned into a full on hose and water fight with daddy the master of the hose.
I ran to grab my camera ( if it gets wet or ruined it means I should get a new one! Right??) and took some shots of my very happy gang.
Times like this are SO invaluable for kids. Today they learnt:
That jobs can be fun ( in true mary poppins style).
That we can work together to do jobs.
How to wash a car ( important life skill I never really worked on much).
That it doesnt have to cost money to spend time together and completely enjoy it.
And as a family, we created some memories I hope will last them a lifetime :)
So go, find a job and do it together!
Monday, April 16, 2012
2 comments:
How wonderful!!!ReplyDelete
You are just dying for a new camera, aren't you?
It looks like so much fun. I do have a question for you. Why are you parked in your yard (and so are your neighbors across the street)? Is it an Australian thing?
haha we are parked in the yard to wash the car :) parked on the grass so the grass gets the water was a new rule brought in with all the water restrictions we had. Which seems funny now we are in floods right now.ReplyDelete
and yes, I am dying for a new camera!! I was getting close to it too... until Tim decided to have a birthday... grrrr
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Having guests, family & friends over for the holidays or looking for the perfect stocking stuffer? The Pod Brew kit has everything you need and want for yourself or guests to brew the perfect cup of coffee. It's compatible with most Keurig coffee machines, it makes brewing coffee easier & faster with less mess.
Disclosure: I was not compensated for this product, however I did receive this product to try and review all opinions are my own and may differ from yours. In Accordance with the FTC's 16 CFR, Part 255:"Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising


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Foundation Scotland use cookies to help us improve your website experience. To find out more about opting out of cookies click here to read our Cookie Policy.
Many reports on the Foundation Scotland are in a .PDF format. If you do not have Acrobat Reader you can download it from the Adobe website
The Scotch Whisky industry is and has been involved for many years in a range of initiatives to promote responsible attitudes to alcohol and tackle alcohol-related harm. The establishment of this fund by the Scotch Whisky Association is a further development of that commitment.
Twenty two local initiatives fighting alcohol misuse in Scotland have been awarded funding from the Scotch Whisky Action Fund since the £500,000 fund was set up in December 2013. A full list of the awards made in 2018 can be found here with details of the projects supported in previous years available here.
Read the fund profile
To invest in groups and organisations that wish to reduce the impact of alcohol-related harm in Scotland's communities.
What do we mean by alcohol-related harm?
Alcohol when consumed responsibly forms an integral part of Scottish life and brings a range of benefits to Scotland and its economy. However, the misuse of alcohol through excessive or inappropriate consumption can have implications for health and a range of social problems, including anti-social behaviour, accidents, violence, family break-down, problems with money and work, which can impact individuals, families and communities.
We are looking to support and develop a range of projects/initiatives which deliver targeted interventions designed to tackle alcohol-related harms across three themes:
Young people (aged under 18)
Research commissioned by the Scotch Whisky Association suggests that there are gaps in provision across each of these themes and that the range of interventions and good practice are not fully developed.
The Fund would particularly welcome applications from new/innovative or pilot initiatives which aim to test new approaches within these themes and which will offer learning that others can use. Applications from existing projects which can demonstrate success in reducing harm are also welcome.
Preventative projects that aim to reduce the alcohol-related harm within communities, families, and young people aged 18 and under.
Projects that aim to educate people and communities about the dangers and consequences of mis-using alcohol.
The development of new, innovative projects designed to reduce alcohol-related harms.
Pilot projects that will test out new initiatives and ideas designed to promote responsible attitudes to alcohol consumption and prevent alcohol-misuse.
Projects that promote alternative leisure and lifestyle choices for adults and young people to prevent alcohol-misuse.
What can you apply for?
Salary costs for new posts. As a general rule, the Fund cannot support existing salary costs or replace funding for existing posts where the funding has come to an end although there are some exceptions to this as follows:
Where the applicant organisation has previously held an award from the Fund to support a specific postholder then these existing costs can be considered.
Where the applicant organisation is seeking to expand or develop the role and remit of an existing postholder e.g. through increasing the number of hours worked each week then these existing costs can be considered.
Note that there must be clear evidence that there is a developmental aspect to any project seeking support for existing salary costs.
Running costs and venue hire for the expansion or development of services and activities.
Sessional worker costs related to new services and activities.
Volunteer expenses.
Small items of equipment where these are needed to expand or develop services and activities.
Miscellaneous start-up costs.
Categories of Award
Awards of up to £25,000 for a one year period can be made through this Fund. There are two categories of award as follows:
Seedcorn Funding Awards made under this category could fund new initiatives and test out innovative approaches designed to reduce alcohol-related harm. Awards could also be used to fund existing smaller scale projects that are seeking to expand or develop their services. You must tell us how you plan to evaluate your project if seeking an award under this category. Please note that whilst you can apply for up to £25,000 under this strand, an award of this level would only be granted in exceptional circumstances. In practice, we would expect to make awards in the region of £10,000 for new or innovative projects.
Growth and Development Awards made under this category could fund projects that are seeking to consolidate and build on emerging, successful practice in relation to the reduction of alcohol-related harm. You must be able to provide evidence of any evaluation of your work to date. We will look for evidence that the project is needed and that the approach taken has proven to be effective.
Applications from individuals
Applications for treatment, support or recovery programmes
Activities outwith Scotland
Political parties or groups and campaigning organisations
The promotion of religious beliefs
Activities that are understood to be a statutory responsibility and/or seek to replace statutory sources of funding
Pre-existing costs that your organisation incurs as a result of your day to day activities.
The deadline for applications has now passed. The fund will re-open in 2019
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PumpAlarm.com About Us
Cellular Alarm for Water and Power Outage
About Us
Our products are assembled with pride on U.S. soil. Each unit sold helps support hard working American jobs, thank you for the opportunity!
Assembly and Manufacturing
Who says American manufacturing is dead! We assemble components, cases, and packaging, including our PCB's, here in the U.S.
Engineering and Support
We have two engineering facilities in Central Indiana. Our facilities house the operations for all of our engineering and technical support teams.
Sales and Distribution
In addition to online sales, which are fulfilled out of our Central Indiana offices, we also utilize local resellers throughout the US and North America for distribution.


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Issue 1 • Dec. 1958
Filter Results
Table of contentsPublication Year: 1958, Page(s): c1| PDF (621 KB)
IRE Professional Group on Broadcast Transmission SystemsPublication Year: 1958, Page(s): c2| PDF (126 KB)
The Radio SpectrumPublication Year: 1958, Page(s):1 - 4| PDF (1065 KB)
Reduction of Cochannel Television Interference by Very Precise Offset Carrier FrequencyPublication Year: 1958, Page(s):5 - 10
Cited by: Papers (3)| PDF (1063 KB)
A Diode Matrix Vertical Interval Video SwitcherPublication Year: 1958, Page(s):11 - 17| PDF (3627 KB)
Automatic Preset SwitcherPublication Year: 1958, Page(s):18 - 21
Cited by: Papers (3)
An automatic preset television program switching system allows video signal, audio signal and projection system to be set-up in the desired sequence in advance of air-time. This permits an increase in number of switches, more complex integration and most important flawless switching during the commercial time periods between or during programs. View full abstract»
Calculation of Directional Antenna Patterns Using Digital Computer TechniquesPublication Year: 1958, Page(s):22 - 24
Cited by: Papers (1)| PDF (602 KB)
Aims & Scope
This Transactions ceased publication in 1958. The current retitled publication is IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting.


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Unfortunately, Liza only appears in one chapter, "The Passing of the King." However, Anthony does visit her in later chapters and is convinced by her to apologize for his wrongdoing. Even though she is hardly in the story, I really like Liza. She is a great big sister, and I'm sure she is also a wonderful wife (in "The Passing of the King" it is mentioned that she recently got married).
I originally planned a tragic end for Liza and her husband Jason, but when it came to the point, I just didn't have the heart to do it. Liza is a wonderful young woman, and a very important influence for good in Anthony's life.


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Thursday, 28th May 2009


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San Diego indie duo Pinback have been away for a while, but they return this fall with Information Retrieved, their first album since 2007. Earlier this year, they released "True North," one of its songs, as a Record Store Day single. And now they've shared another one, a precise sigh of a song called "Proceed To Memory." Rolling Stone has a stream. To hear it, click here.
Information Retrieved is out 10/16 on Temporary Residence.


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Recently we have seen several high-profile examples of governments hacking into consumer devices or accounts for law enforcement or national security purposes. Access Now released a report where we consider government hacking activity from the perspective of international human rights and conclude that based upon its serious interference with the rights to privacy, free expression, and due process, there should be a presumptive prohibition on all government hacking. There has yet to be an international public conversation on the scope, impact, or human rights safeguards for government hacking. The public requires more transparency regarding how governments decide to employ hacking and how and when hacking activity has had unanticipated impacts. Finally, we propose Ten Human Rights Safeguards for Government Hacking in pursuit of surveillance or intelligence gathering. The full report is available at: www.accessnow.org/GovernmentHackingDoc
We define hacking as the manipulation of software, data, a computer system, network, or other electronic device without the permission of the person or organization responsible for the device, data, or service or who is ultimately affected by the manipulation.
We consider government hacking in three categories based on the broad goal to be achieved:
- Messaging control: Hacking to control the message seen or heard, specifically by a particular target audience. to control a message, to cause damage, or to conduct surveillance.
- Causing damage: Hacking to cause some degree of harm to one of any number of target entities.
- Commission of surveillance or intelligence gathering: Hacking to compromise the target in order to get information, particularly on an on-going basis.
All government hacking substantially interferes with human rights, including the right to privacy and freedom of expression. While in many ways this interference may be similar to more traditional government activity, the nature of hacking creates new threats to human rights that are greater in both scale and scope. Hacking can provide access to protected information, both stored or in transit, or even while it is being created or drafted. Exploits used in operations can act unpredictably, damaging hardware or software or infecting non-targets and compromising their information. Even when a particular hack is narrowly designed, it can have unexpected and unforeseen impact.
Based on analysis of human rights law, we conclude that there must be a presumptive prohibition on all government hacking. In addition, we reason that more information about the history and the extent of government hacking is necessary to determine the full ramifications of the activity.
In the first two categories — messaging control and causing damage — we determine that this presumption cannot be overcome. However, we find that, with robust protections, it may be possible, though still not necessarily advisable, for the government to overcome the presumptive prohibition in the third category, government hacking for surveillance or intelligence gathering. We note that the circumstances under which it could be overcome are both limited and exceptional.
In the context of government hacking for surveillance, Access Now identifies Ten Human Rights Safeguards for Government Hacking, including vulnerability disclosure and oversight, that must both be implemented and complied with to meet that standard. Absent government compliance with all ten safeguards, the presumptive prohibition on hacking remains. In addition, the high threat that government hacking poses to other interests, defined in greater detail in our report, may (and probably should) necessitate additional limitations and prohibitions.
Government hacking threatens human rights embodied in international documents.
There should be a presumptive prohibition on all government hacking. In any instance where government hacking is for purposes of surveillance or intelligence-gathering, the following ten safeguards must all be in place and actually complied with in order for a government to successfully rebut that presumption.
Government hacking for the purposes of messaging control or causing damage cannot overcome this presumption.
1. Government hacking must be provided for by law, which is both clearly written and publicly available and which specifies the narrow circumstances in which it could be authorized. Government hacking must never occur with either a discriminatory purpose or effect;
2. Government actors must be able to clearly explain why hacking is the least invasive means for getting Protected Information in any case where it is to be authorized and must connect that necessity back to one of the statutory purposes provided. The necessity should be demonstrated for every type of Protected Information that is sought, which must be identified, and every user (and device) targeted. Indiscriminate, or mass, hacking must be prohibited;
3. Government hacking operations must never occur in perpetuity. Authorizations for government hacking must include a plan for concluding the operation. Government hacking operations must be narrowly designed to return only specific types of authorized information from specific targets and to not affect non-target users or broad categories of users. Protected Information returned outside of that for which hacking was necessary should be purged immediately;
4. Applications for government hacking must be sufficiently detailed and approved by a competent judicial authority who is legally and practically independent from the entity requesting the authorization and who has access to sufficient technical expertise to understand the full nature of the application and any likely collateral damage that may result. Hacking should never occur prior to authorization;
5. Government hacking must always provide actual notice to the target of the operation and, when practicable, also to all owners of devices or networks directly impacted by the tool or technique;
6. Agencies conducting government hacking should publish at least annually reports that indicate the extent of government hacking operations, including at a minimum the users impacted, the devices impacted, the length of the operations, and any unexpected consequences of the operation;
7. Government hacking operations must never compel private entities to engage in activity that impacts their own products and services with the intention of undermining digital security;
8. If a government hacking operation exceeds the scope of its authorization, the agency in charge of the authorization should report back to the judicial authority the extent and reason;
9. Extraterritorial government hacking should not occur absent authorization under principles of dual criminality;
10. Agencies conducting government hacking should not stock vulnerabilities and, instead, should disclose vulnerabilities either discovered or purchased unless circumstances weigh heavily against disclosure. Governments should release reports at least annually on the acquisition and disclosure of vulnerabilities. In addition to these safeguards, which represent only what is necessary from a human rights perspective, the judicial authority authorizing hacking activity must consider the entire range of potential harm that could be caused by the operation, particularly the potential harm to cybersecurity as well as incidental harms that could be caused to other users or generally to any segment of the population.