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Jornal de Pediatria
Print version ISSN 0021-7557On-line version ISSN 1678-4782
J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) vol.81 no.5 suppl.0 Porto Alegre Nov. 2005
Unintentional injuries in the home environment: home safety
Carlos E. N. PaesI; Vera L. V. GasparII
Scientific Department of Child and Adolescent Security, Brazilian Society of
IIMD. Scientific Department of Child and Adolescent Security, Brazilian Society of Pediatrics
To review the characteristics of unintentional injuries and their impact on
children and adolescents.
SOURCES OF DATA: Articles published between 2000 and 2005 in the MEDLINE, EBSCO, Proquest, SciELO, BVS and Google Scholar databases were selected. The authors used the keywords unintentional injuries, injuries, safe home, burns, falls, drowning, scorpions, snakes, poisoning, child, adolescent, mortality, injury control, and hospitalization. Some articles were evaluated based on the selected publications.
SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Unintentional injuries in the world and in Brazil are analyzed, and so are the behaviors currently adopted for injury prevention and control. The impact on mortality, on physical damage, and the economic burden of injuries are evaluated. Special emphasis is placed on home environment, approaching the effects of child development, social disparities and contextualization of home environment on children's world and vulnerabilities. The main types of events that cause physical damage to the child and adolescent in the home environment are described.
CONCLUSION: The prevention of injuries in the home environment is possible. In this case, health professionals have the challenge to reduce the consequences of unintentional injuries on the morbidity and mortality of children and young people in Brazil and in the whole world.
Key words: Safety, accident prevention, injuries, home accidents, home safety, injury control.
In Brazil, unintentional injuries accounted for 755,826 hospital admissions in 2004, of which 216,377 involved individuals aged up to 19 years old.1 In 2002, 22,373 children and adolescents died from external causes in Brazil.2 Except for perinatal diseases, this group includes the largest number of deaths among Brazilian individuals aged 0 to 19 years.
In 2001, unintentional injuries were the major cause of death among people aged 1 to 34 years old, and the fifth major cause of death in all age groups in the USA.3 In Canada, over two million injuries occur per year, resulting in 125,000 hospital admissions and more than 7,700 deaths.4 In China, it has been estimated that 800,000 deaths from injuries occur every year, with 50 million nonfatal injuries producing physical disabilities of different severity levels in 2.3 million people.5 Even in Europe, these figures vary substantially: whereas western European countries manage to reduce the impact of injuries on morbidity and mortality, eastern European countries, especially those of the Community of Independent States (former USSR) suffer the consequences of living conditions on health, mainly external causes.6 Children and adolescents up to 19 years of age have a mortality of 1.4/10,000 inhabitants in the population of the first group, of 2.4/10,000 in the second group and of 6.6/10,000 children and adolescents in the third group.6
The major causes of fatal and nonfatal injuries vary considerably in the USA. Although nonfatal injuries are the main cause of death among individuals aged 0 to 14 years, they occur much less frequently. Due to the easier access to mortality data and to their uniformity, these events are more widely published than nonfatal ones. A study that compared fatal and nonfatal injuries among young people revealed a frequency of 1,000 emergency cases for every death.7
One of the greatest impacts of these injuries is on economic development and production capacity of a country. These impacts involve medical expenses (hospital admissions, medications), non-medical expenses (absence from work, labor force replacement), costs with lost opportunities (administrative health costs, hiring of third parties in the health sector) and other intangibles (changes in productivity rates, satisfaction with the job, etc.).4 In Australia, a cost of AU$ 13,304,824.00 was estimated between 1995 and 1996.8 In Canada, there is an estimated annual cost of 8.7 billion dollars with temporary or permanent production losses caused by unintentional injuries.4 In that country, it is estimated that 630 million dollars a year are spent with childhood falls alone.4
In the USA, medical expenses with injuries remained relatively unchanged between 1985 and 2000, being estimated at US$ 117 billions,9 and accounting for 10.3% of the total medical expenses. The total costs including direct and indirect expenses amounted to US$ 1.7 trillion in 2000. In 2002, there were 106,742 deaths from injuries, 5.6 million hospital admissions10 and 40.2 million emergency treatments in the following year.11 In countries with a lower development than northern hemisphere countries, such as Vietnam, 90% of the expenses with the treatment of injuries must be paid by the victim and his/her family, being equivalent to seven months of work.12 In that same time period, unintentional injuries were the major cause of potential life years lost before the age of 65, totaling two million life years lost every year.13 Despite the certainty that household accidents account for a significant share of unintentional injuries, their prevalence is only inferred in Brazil, since reliable nationwide studies on this issue are nonexistent. Unlike other countries, Brazil does not have an information system able to identify how many emergency cases are related to household events, a procedure that has been used for decades in some other countries.14-16
Some characteristics of the injuries
The causes of fatal and nonfatal injuries are totally different. Although falls are the tenth cause of death from unintentional injury, it is the main cause of treatment in U.S. emergency rooms. In 2001, there were 2,413,888 emergency cases involving unintentional injuries. There was one death in every 19,007 falls treated in emergency rooms. Likewise, despite 1,757,870 cases with different traumas, there was one death in every 15,420 events. On the other hand, one death occurred in every six drownings or near-drownings, showing that it is the third major cause of death in this age group, even though it is the 15th cause of injury in emergency rooms.17
The characteristics of the injuries vary according to age, and are predominantly more frequent among males; however, it is not possible to determine the specific differences of household injuries according to sex.18
Characteristics of household injuries
As home is the place where children spend most of their time in, this is where most injuries occur, especially among younger children.19
Waisman et al. assessed patients aged 0 to 14 years and found out that 51.9% of injuries took place at home and that the younger the child, the higher the frequency of household injuries.20
Falls are the major cause of hospital admission in the pediatric population, also in Brazil. In 2004, falls were the main reason for hospital admission in all age groups (up to 19 years old), and 73.01% of the admissions were due to external causes.21
In Canada, 65.6% of falls involving individuals up to 19 years of age occur at home and need hospital treatment; this rate increases to 92.3% among infants (up to one year of life).22 Nevertheless, only 6% of hospital treatments require admission.
From 1992 to 1999, there was an average of 146,970 deaths from injuries in the USA, and 20% of those injuries took place at home. Among children and adolescents aged up to 14 years, there were on average 2,096 deaths from household unintentional injuries. There was a 1.61:1 male/female ratio, and these injuries were more frequent in individuals aged 9 to 14 years (2.1:1).23 Burns and electric shocks, inhalation and choking, and drowning are the main causes of household unintentional injuries among individuals aged less than 15 years in the USA. In the first year of life, choking and aspiration are the major causes of death; thereafter, burns and electric shock are the main killers. In all age groups, from 0 to 11 years, falls accounted for the highest rate of emergency care per every 100,000 inhabitants, between July 2000 and June 2001, especially between the 12th month of life and the fifth year of life. Multiple traumas occur in all age groups, but their frequency increases after the 11th year of life.
The study by Phelan et al., which included patients aged 0 to 19 years, showed that household unintentional injuries had an annual rate of 4.01 million cases treated in emergency rooms in the USA, resulting in 27% of all admissions due to unintentional injuries, in the same age group; there was a male predominance.24
However, treatment of household injuries is not restricted to emergency rooms. Hambidge et al. found that 79% of the cases of injuries among children aged up to five years, treated in primary care settings, occurred at home.25 Gaspar et al. assessed patients aged 0 to 19 years, who had been admitted due to external causes of morbidity and mortality, and discovered that 39.1% of the injuries had taken place in the household.26
Vulnerable populations
Ecological studies found a negative correlation between the GDP of 51 countries and unintentional injuries involving children aged between 5 and 14 years, but this correlation was not observed in all social strata.27 European studies have pointed out growing social discrepancy as the cause for the increase in the number of injuries and for their impact on the quality of life in Europe.28
Vulnerable social groups and individuals are at higher risk for unintentional injuries. These groups include socially excluded populations and handicapped individuals.29 The situations are varied and may include aspects related to education, wage, housing conditions, access to health services, or ethnics. They can also be related to circumstantial situations, such as unemployment, nonexistence of a family support network or a large number of children.30-32
The reduction of this vulnerability and of inequalities brings about a better quality of life in childhood and reduction of deaths from unintentional injuries. However, in populations with few inequalities and in those with strong social discrepancies, changes occur at a slower pace.33 The influence of inequality, however, is stronger over intentional injuries.34 Nevertheless, in a study conducted with preschool children in Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, family income, parental education and maternal work were not correlated with the occurrence of injuries.35 Another aspect to be considered is the adoption of safe behaviors, which may explain the smaller occurrence of injuries in some families.36
Intentional injuries: child and adolescent abuse
The study by Agran et al. with children aged 0 to 3 years showed that the highest frequency of aggressive events occurred in the first months of life, i.e., among infants aged between 0 and 5 months of life.37 Rimsza et al. also observed the early occurrence of aggressive events when analyzing the data about the deaths of 67 children and adolescents, aged 0 to 17 years, which resulted from violence. Of this total, 25 died before turning one year old and the shaken baby syndrome was the most frequent type of aggressive event.38
Head trauma, as a result of child abuse, should be diagnosed as early as possible, allowing for proper intervention, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality related to this type of injury.39
Acts of violence are usually committed by the father, mother's boyfriend or partner, or by the mother.38 The study by Dias et al. showed that educational programs for parents, which should start in the maternity ward, significantly reduce the incidence of head trauma caused by child abuse in individuals younger than three years.40
The most frequent injuries
Falls are the most frequent types of household injuries.24 Burns often occur in the kitchen.41-43 In the age group of 1 to 3 years, most drownings occur in residential swimming pools.44 In the study by Rangel et al., almost all poisoning cases occurred at home,45 as well as the scorpion envenomations investigated by Amorim et al.46
By analyzing the deaths of 1,110 patients aged 0 to 18 years, investigated at the department of legal medicine, Çekin et al. observed that household injuries accounted for 24.3% of the total number of deaths, which resulted mainly from falls from roofs and porches, burns, electrocution, drowning and poisonings. There was a male predominance in this group of patients as well.47
According to the World Health Organization, falls ranked as the world's fifth cause of disease among children aged 5 to 14 years in 2000.48 In Brazil, according to Datasus, 443 children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years died from falls in 2002.2
Among children, falls are the most frequent type of unintentional injury.49 Their extent are highlighted in the study by Phelan et al., which revealed that falls are the predominant type of household injury among individuals aged 0 to 19 years, accounting for 38% of emergency treatments in the USA.24 The study by Agran et al., in 2003, with children aged between 0 and 3 years, showed that falls were the major mechanism of trauma;37 Sandi & Salas also observed this predominance.50 Studies demonstrated a male predominance.41,51,52
In the first year of life, falls are the most frequent type of injury. From 0 to 2 months of life, people carelessly let children fall; and between 3 and 11 months of life, falls from pieces of furniture are common.53
With regard to falls of under-one-year-olds, Dedoukou et al. showed that 37.2% of infants fell from a piece of furniture and that 36.2% fell from child care products, especially from the baby walker and baby carriage. The authors urge great caution with the changing table as it is responsible for falls associated with the highest frequency of hospital admissions.51
Falls from windows are predominant among under-five-year-old male patients, possibly because these children are constantly driven by impulse, and lack the ability to recognize danger in a concrete manner.52
As for the types of falls, the study by Gaspar showed that 34.2% occurred on the same level; followed by falls from buildings or other structures (13.8%); from stairs (11.7%); other falls from one level to another (9.1%); off the bed (8.6%); from trees (6.5%); from other type of furniture (5.6%); in addition to falls from the lap, from chairs and other types (10.5%). The ages of patients who fell off the bed ranged from 0 to 5 years, and 65% was younger than one year.41
Macgregor noted that falls off the bed, cradle or bunk bed often occur in sleeping children younger than six years; in her study, 16% of the patients who fell off the bed necessitated to be hospitalized and remained under observation in the emergency room or was submitted to other procedures. The author recommends that children younger than six years should not be allowed to sleep on the top bunk bed, since a fall in this case may be remarkably severe.54
To prevent falls, the following measures, based on the study by Britton,49 are recommended:
1) Prevention for when children are walking or running:
a) Keep toys and other objects off the floor.
b) Rugs must be fixed with double-faced Scotch tape or lined with anti-skid rubber.
c) If any liquid substance is spilt on the floor, it must be wiped off right away.
2) For prevention of falls from stairs:
a) Never leave objects on the stairs.
b) Install a safety gate at the top and bottom of the stairs, if there are young children in the household.
c) The use of baby walkers is contraindicated.
3) Prevention of falls from the bed:
a) Avoid playing risky games on the bed.
b) Children younger than six years should never be allowed to sleep on the top bunk bed.
4) Prevention of falls from windows and porches:
a) Install safety devices on the windows.
b) Never place a cradle or any other piece of furniture next to the window.
c) Never allow children to play on fire escape ladders, roofs and porches.
Dedoukou et al. point out that young children need to be supervised by careful adults, who can properly choose the pieces of equipment and make the necessary changes for the safety of infants.51
Burns cause pain and suffering in children, leave sequelae and compromise their psyche.42 Those with severe burns have a slow recovery and may have abnormal bone growth and functional loss.55 Families are affected by their children's suffering and burdened with financial costs.42 Hall et al. interviewed parents of hospitalized burn victims and found out that three months after the event a significant share (47%) of the children had remarkable symptoms of posttraumatic stress.56
In Brazil, in 2002, according to Datasus, 266 children and adolescents aged 0 to19 years died from exposure to smoke, fire and flames.2
Burns are a type of injury that predominantly occurs at home, especially in the kitchen,41-43 and which affects mainly children aged between 1 and 4 years.41
The study carried out by Drago with burn victims aged 0 to 5 years revealed that 33.9% of the burns had occurred in one-year-olds and 20% in two-year-olds, totaling 53.9% of the burns among children between one and two years old.57
Scald burns are the most common type of burn injury, and are caused mainly by beverages, foods, oil and other hot liquids which, when spilt, cause injuries to the trunk, shoulder, arm and forearm; hip, thigh and leg and also to the head and neck.41
The following measures are recommended for the prevention of burns, according to Mukerji et al.:42
1. Children should not be allowed access to electric appliances, matches and lighters; only adults should use them.
2. Young children should not be allowed in the kitchen; if that is necessary, they have to be constantly supervised.
3. Never drink or carry hot liquids while holding or carrying a child.
4. Cooking and carrying hot liquids should be done by adults, never by children.
5. In the bathroom, hot water, either in the bucket or in the bathtub, poses a risk for children who, therefore, should never be left unattended. The temperature of the water should be checked before the bath.
6. At the table, the foods should be placed at the center, and no tablecloth should be used.
7. Children should not have access to cords, electric lines, sockets and switches. All outlets should be covered with socket protectors.
Drago recommends constant surveillance of young children, so as to protect them from burns. Parents should be provided with information about the different stages of development of their children, so that they can follow their growth and recognize gender-specific behaviors, thus being better prepared to assess the risks of burns and to take safety measures.57
The specific characteristics of the household environment may contribute to the occurrence of injuries, such as the presence of protection bars or the improper storage of toxic products. Environmental characteristics may also contribute to the severity of injuries. The flammability of certain pieces of furniture or of the house structure can cause a fire to spread rapidly.58
The study by Rangel et al. with 609 poisoning patients aged 0 to 14 years showed that 98.7% of the cases took place at home; 53% involved children between 0 and 4 years (unintentional poisonings), and in this group, 58.2% of patients were boys. According to the authors, the large number of poisonings among young children is due to their curiosity about the surrounding environment, which makes them taste different substances. Patients between 10 and 14 years accounted for 32.6% of the poisonings, and differently from the previous group, 67.3% of the poisonings were intentional, with a female predominance (78.3%).45
Lam assessed 1,696 poisoning patients and noted that hospitalization rates were higher among male children aged between 0 and 9 years, whereas there was a female predominance among those aged between 10 and 19 years. Most poisonings were caused by painkillers and antipyretics (43%) and psychotropic drugs (34.8%). Paracetamol was responsible for the largest number of poisonings, whereas antidepressants and benzodiazepines were the most predominant psychotropic drugs that caused poisoning.59
The behavior of poisoning rates was evaluated in the study conducted by Agran et al. The authors showed that the rate of unintentional poisoning amounted to 83 poisonings per 100,000 inhabitants in one-year-olds; at four years of age, this rate decreased to 14 per 100,000 inhabitants. Inversely, the same study showed an increase in self-inflicted poisonings among adolescents; at 11 years of age, there were four poisonings in every 100,000 inhabitants, rapidly increasing to 101 per 100,000 inhabitants at 16 years of age. This increase in the rate of self-inflicted poisonings, which clearly occurs in this age group, indicates the necessity to identify those adolescents at risk.60
In order to prevent poisonings, it is recommended that guidance on preventive measures be initiated during prenatal appointments and continue during well-child visits.61 The following measures are indicated, based on the AAP recommendations:61
1. Medications that are not being used or that are no longer necessary should be safely disposed of.
2. Medicine bottles must be closed immediately after use with a childproof cap.
3. Never tell a child that medicines taste sweet.
4. Toxic substances and medications must be kept in their original package, i.e., they should never be transferred to another flask, bottle, etc.
5. Products that may possibly cause poisoning must be kept beyond children's reach.
6. Health professionals who care for children should instruct parents and surrogates on how to prevent poisonings.
7. The syrup of ipecac is not recommended for routine domestic use.
8. If one suspects of the intake of toxic substances by the child, the first thing parents or surrogates must do is call a poison control center. Therefore, the poison control center number must always be at hand, by the phone, for instance.61
According to Datasus, 1,001 children between 0 and 9 died in Brazil in 2002 due to drowning or unintentional submersion.2
Among infants (younger than one year old), drownings took place in swimming pools, bathtubs and small (portable) pools and occurred due to carelessness of parents or surrogates. Residential swimming pools pose a great drowning risk for children aged between 1 and 3 years; it has been estimated that approximately 90% of drowning in this age group takes place in these swimming pools.44
Rimsza et al. found out that most drowning children are younger than five years; 61% of these deaths occurred in private swimming pools. They consider that the greatest drowning risk is posed by a backyard swimming pool when young boys are not being supervised by an adult.38
The risk of death in cases of submersion is quite high; thus, preventive guidance for parents or surrogates must include information about the risks of drowning in bathtubs and residential swimming pools.37
Based on the recommendations made by Cody et al., parents should pay attention to four aspects regarding child safety: supervision, environment, equipment and education.62
Supervision: it is imperative that there be an adult to watch over young children while they remain in the water or are next to it, and no children should be allowed to swim if not supervised by an adult. The supervisor is not supposed to do anything else but supervise the child all the time. He/she must remain close to the child so that he/she can take an immediate and safe action, if necessary. The supervisor is not supposed to carry out other activities that may divert his/her attention, such as cooking, reading or making a phone call. If the child cannot swim, the supervisor must be close to the child all the time, so as to be able to take the child in his/her arms if necessary.62
Environment: swimming must be practiced in an appropriate place and be supervised. The four corners of the swimming pool and water tanks should be at least 1.5 m in height; the gate should close automatically and the latch must be automatic, too. Besides a fence, the swimming pool must have a roof and have an alarm system on the door or lock. Precaution with residential water tanks should be taken so as to prevent children from having access to them, by installing door locks and toilet latches. Portable swimming pools and buckets must be emptied immediately after use.62
Equipment: children must wear appropriate safety equipment.62
Education: children should learn how to swim and be instructed about safety precautions that should be followed while in the water.62
Safety in the rural environment
When studying patients between 0 and 19 years old, who had been hospitalized due to external causes of morbidity and mortality, Gaspar found out that 14.1% lived in the countryside.41
Pickett et al. observed that a large number of injuries that occur on farms to the children and adolescents who live there or spend a holiday there, are not work-related. The authors cite five important measures that may help prevent these injuries:63
1. Children should not be allowed where adults are working, since in this case, children cannot be properly supervised.
2. There should be barriers to prevent children from accessing places that may pose any risks (passive protection).
3. Put away, safely, farm tools and equipment, not allowing children to have access to the places where they are stored.
4. Develop ways to look after children in a safe manner, preventing them from getting to the places where adults work.
5. Establish rules for leisure activities in the rural environment.63
Snakebites are extremely dangerous; nearly 90.5% are caused by Bothrops snakes. Males are more commonly bitten than females. Usually, bites are on the feet and legs, and on hands and forearms. Prompt treatment is crucial for a better prognosis.64 They often occur in individuals who live predominantly in the countryside.41
The following preventive measures, based on the Manual for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Venomous Bites, are recommended:64
1. The best preventive measure is to wear knee-length boots or leather pants with ankle-length boots or shoes.
2. Leather gloves should be worn to prevent bites on the hands and forearms while handling piles of garbage, dry leaves and straw. One should never put one's hands into dark places, such as rock crevices or hollow logs.
3. Snakes usually hide in dark, hot and damp places. Thus, caution should be exercised when working on or around places with these characteristics, such as piles of firewood and sugarcane, beans and corn stubble.
4. Rats indicate the presence of snakes. It is necessary to keep the dooryard and storage facilities always clean. Holes on walls and doors must be plugged.
5. Clean around the house, avoid accumulation of rubble, garbage, wood, rocks, tiles and bricks, which contribute to the presence of small animals snakes feed on. Keep the lawn cut low and clean.
Scorpion envenomation
Scorpion stings are life-threatening, especially in children, and if the sting is from a Tityus serrulatus. Stings are often on the hands and forearms.64 Most of them occur at home46 and over 50% in the countryside.41
In Brazil, approximately 50% of notified scorpion envenomations occur in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo.64
The following preventive measures, based on the Manual for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Venomous Bites, are recommended:64
1. Clean around the house. Neighboring vacant lots should also be cleaned. Avoid accumulation of rubble, dry leaves, garbage, woods, rocks, tiles and bricks.
2. Mow the lawn regularly. Avoid contact with banana trees, climbing plants and other types of thick vegetation near walls.
3. Carefully look inside clothes and shoes and shake them before putting them on. Do not hang clothes to dry in contact with walls.
4. Cover the door sill and close the windows at sundown. Install screens on the drains of floors, sinks, and laundry tubs. Plug holes on the walls, floor and other places through which scorpions may crawl into the house.
5. Place beds and cribs away from the wall. Blankets, sheets and mosquito nets should never be left hanging down to touch the floor.
6. Place domestic garbage in plastic bags or in hermetically sealed containers to avoid attracting insects (cockroaches, flies, etc.), which serve as food for scorpions.
7. Do not kill night fowls, hens, geese, lizards and frogs, because they naturally feed on scorpions.
Counseling measures, the role of the government, of civil society and of prevention campaigns
Passive interventions are the most efficient measures to prevent injuries. These interventions do not depend on the exposed individual's volition to protect himself/herself. Examples of passive intervention measures include bars on windows, smoke detectors, automatic sprinklers and childproof caps on prescription bottles, which have been used in the USA for over two decades.65 Others, such as the combination of laws and control of events and government intervention in the regulation of measures have also proved efficient for several years.66
Pickett et al. believe that parents and caregivers are the ones who should be in charge of preventing injuries to their infants; therefore, they should be able to recognize the possible occurrence of events beforehand and implement preventive measures.53 The study on injury prevention recommends initiatives that can be summarized into anticipation, action and responsibility. Pickett et al. noted that all the analyzed cases could have been prevented if the possibility of injury had been foreseen by the parent/surrogate, and if that person had taken some action to prevent the injury. The injury patterns described in the study are recurrent, for that reason, it is important that preventive measures be based on evidence.
The importance of reliable supervision of children aged between 0 and 6 years was shown by Landen et al. who, after analyzing the deaths caused by injuries in this age group, concluded that 43% of them could have been prevented as they occurred due to improper supervision.67 Thus, one of the strategies for the prevention of these deaths is to improve supervision of children.
Three aspects are regarded as essential for a good supervision: attention to the child and to the environment, physical and emotional proximity and continuity of the supervision. The specific aspects of this supervision must include family and community characteristics, as well as political ones and regulation aspects to be established for active and passive prevention of injuries.68
Pediatricians should instruct parents on how to prevent environmental risks, since their advice may be extremely beneficial to children's health.44 Therefore, the perception of risk and subsequent injury prevention measures (either active or passive) will be influenced by the characteristics of the social context in which children are inserted. It includes both family structure (family size, number of children, maternal age) and regulatory policies (traffic laws or drug control policies). Still within this context, the use of these policies will influence the perception and implementation of active and passive preventive measures by parents or surrogates. Therefore, the cultural and social context is closely related to the dynamics of risk perception, which is also defined by the characteristics of the caregiver, of the child and of the environment.
Studies carried out in the last decade indicated potential preventive measures,69 even if scant evidence exists regarding the reduction of injuries by means of campaigns and donation of protective equipment.70-73 The approaches that underscore the necessity of an active role of parents and surrogates reduced injuries moderately.74 With less intervention capacity, exclusively explanatory and instructive measures usually do not yield effective results.75
There is insufficient evidence to determine the effects of environmental changes on the reduction of risks. The studies focusing on environmental intervention were not successful in showing conclusive results on its power of intervention, especially because they used previous occurrence of accidents as a parameter.76 Developing communities have difficulty encouraging protective actions against injuries, but there is no established correlation between the different characteristics of municipalities and their capacity to develop physical protection.77
It is essential that health professionals understand the importance of injury prevention. Predominantly still defined as accident nowadays, injury must be dealt with through control measures and scientifically efficient approaches; otherwise, there will be no benefits to children's health.
Because of the effects on morbidity and mortality, this group of injuries is the one with the highest economic impact over a country, in addition to its overwhelming effect on families.
However, if we can act in a systematic way by extending actions beyond the health sector using an intersectoral approach, we will be actually able to reverse the situation. A set of initiatives can be developed by each community and by each health service.
The management of unintentional physical injuries is under the responsibility of pediatricians, but it is an initiative everyone can take part in.
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35. Fonseca SS, Victora CG, Halpern R, Barros AJ, Lima RC, Monteiro LA, et al. Fatores de risco para injúrias acidentais em pré-escolares. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2002;78:97-104. [ Links ]
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37. Agran PF, Anderson C, Winn D, Trent R, Walton-Haynes L, Thayer S. Rates of pediatric injuries by 3-month intervals for children 0 to 3 years of age. Pediatrics. 2003;111:683-92. [ Links ]
38. Rimsza ME, Schackner RA, Bowen KA, Marshall W. Can child deaths be prevented? The Arizona child fatality review program experience. Pediatrics. 2002 Jul;110(1). www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/1/e11. Acesso: 20/11/2003. [ Links ]
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43. Delgado J, Ramírez-Cardich ME, Gilman RH, Lavarello R, Dahodwala N, Bazán A, et al. Risk factors for burns in children: crowding, poverty, and poor maternal education. Inj Prev. 2002;8:38-41. [ Links ]
44. Brent RL, Weitzman M. The pediatrician's role and responsibility in educating parents about environmental risks. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1167-72. [ Links ]
45. Rangel AM, Hernández MF, Herrera ER, Martínez LA. Morbilidad por intoxicaciones agudas en el Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos durante el quinquenio 1996-2000. Rev Cubana Pediatr. 2004; 76. http://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/ped/vol76_3_04/ped07304.htm. Acesso: 25/02/2005. [ Links ]
46. Amorim AM, Carvalho FM, Lira-da-Silva RM, Brazil TK. Acidentes por escorpião em uma área do Nordeste de Amaralina, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2003;36:51-6. [ Links ]
47. Çekin N, Hilal A, Gülmen MK, Kar H, Aslan M, Özdemir H. Medicolegal childhood deaths in Adana, Turkey. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2005;206:73-80. [ Links ]
48. Peden M, McGee K, Krug E, editors. Injury: a leading cause of the global burden of diseases, 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002 [ Links ]
49. Britton JW. Kids can't fly: preventing fall injuries in children. WMJ. 2005;104:33-6. [ Links ]50. Sandi KP, Salas HM. Factores de riesgo para accidentes en niños. Arch Pediatr Urug. 2005;76:65-74. [ Links ]
51. Dedoukou X, Spyridopoulos T, Kedikoglou S, Alexe DM, Dessypris N, Petridou E. Incidence and risk factors of fall injuries among infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158:1002-6. [ Links ]
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53. Pickett W, Streight S, Simpson K, Brison RJ. Injuries experienced by infant children: a population-based epidemiological analysis. Pediatrics. 2003;111:365-70. [ Links ]
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56. Hall E, Saxe G, Stoddard F, Kaplow J, Koenen K, Chawla N, et al. Posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of children with acute burns. J Pediatric Psychol. 2005;77:26-33. [ Links ]
57. Drago DA. Kitchen scalds and thermal burns in children five years and younger. Pediatrics. 2005;115:10-6. [ Links ]
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59. Lam LT. Childhood and adolescence poisoning in NSW, Australia: an analysis of age, sex, geographic, and poison types. Inj Prev. 2003;9:338-42. [ Links ]
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61. American Academy of Pediatrics. Poison treatment in the home. Pediatrics. 2003;112:1182-5. [ Links ]
62. Cody BE, Quraishi AY, Dastur MC, Mickalide AD. Clear danger: A national study of childhood drowning and related attitudes and behaviors. Washington (DC): National Safe Kids Campaign, April 2004. [ Links ]
63. Pickett W, Brison RJ, Berg RL, Zentner J, Linneman J, Marlenga B. Pediatric farm injuries involving non-working children injured by a farm work hazard: five priorities for primary prevention. Inj Prev. 2005;11:6-11. [ Links ]
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67. Landen MG, Bauer U, Kohn M. Inadequate supervision as a cause of injury deaths among young children in Alaska and Louisiana. Pediatrics. 2003;111:328-31. [ Links ]
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69. Sznajder M, Leduc S, Janvrin MP, Bonnin MH, Aegerter P, Baudier F, et al. Home delivery of an injury prevention kit for children in four French cities: a controlled randomized trial. Inj Prev. 2003;9:261-5. [ Links ]
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74. King WJ, LeBlanc JC, Barrowman NJ, Klassen TP, Bernard-Bonnin A-C, Robitaille Y, et al. Long term effects of a home visit to prevent childhood injury: three year follow up of a randomized trial. Inj Prev. 2005;11:106-9. [ Links ]
75. Gielen AC, McDonald EM, Wilson ME, Hwang W-T, Serwint JR, Andrews JS, et al. Effects of improved access to safety counseling, products, and home visits on parents' safety practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:33-40. [ Links ]
76. Lyons RA, Sander LV, Weightman AL, Patterson J, Jones SA, Lannon S, et al. Modification of the home environment for the reduction of injuries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. www.cochrane.org/cochrane/revabstr/AB003600.htm. [ Links ]
77. Guldbrandsson K, Bremberg S. A study of safety-promoting activities for children and adolescents in 25 Swedish municipalities. Health Promot Int. 2004;19215-26. [ Links ]
Carlos Eduardo Nery Paes
Rua Francisco Ferrer, 273/601, Rio Branco
CEP 90420-140 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
E-mail: email@example.com


text:
Here is clue 1 of the Goddess knits mystery shawl 2008. I am using Yarn Love's Juliet sock yarn in colorway: Blue Plate Special; it is 75% superwash wool and 25% nylon on size 5 knit pick options needles. I am loving the way it is looking so far and hope that I don't get any horrible pooling or something weird stripy thing. So here are some pics.......
here is the whole clue, but kind of blurry, sorry about that.
the next picture is a better picture and shows the colors very well.
Slow Cooker Loose Meat Sandwiches Recipe
2 days ago

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship And Family Businesses The word Entrepreneur (Entrepreneur) that emerged in the nineteenth century France codeword puzzling in the world after the economic crisis. Many turned to the Omnia APP investment style of a character approaches largest after that was formed to have a vision for new ways of doing business, which arose as a result of exposure to shake Zlzlzat entity. Family businesses are no exception and always strive for renewal and modern visions. In this article we will review the relevant relationships between entrepreneurship and leadership and institutional business in the family business environment.
"I'm an entrepreneur" is repeated on the ears of information technology expert, who founded his company in a small garage, as well as a merchant who imported goods from places no one else to access, as well as brother and sister those who run a small chain of restaurants. But what about the leader of a family business from the fourth generation? Is the entrepreneur as well? Initially, in normal circumstances, it would be likely to disappoint thought this individual belongs family company where the word "entrepreneur" linked basically renewal which guided the vision and the dynamics of incorporation and take risks, which are far from being attributes of family businesses. However, the distinction between them may not be that easy, every family of entrepreneurs and corporate entities seen as important in the global recovery phase of the post-crisis, and therefore the relation between them worthy of study and observation. Not as preoccupied with the complexity of the relationship between the entrepreneur and the family and its future generations, few researchers business. We need to explore a variety of aspects in order to begin to absorb these important connections and the preparation of dialogue for the mutual benefits.
Entrepreneurship is
To accommodate the roots of the word entrepreneur (entrepreneur) we will need to travel through time and space to move to France in the nineteenth century. French word meaning entreprendre distinction entrepreneur businessman by linking it directly to the completion of projects through individual efforts and organization. This is what explains the dynamic and self-characteristic inherent in the word.
At present, the society looks at entrepreneurs as individuals or group of individuals invest for the development of their companies through the collection and use of resources such as innovation, financing and skills. Business experts select the readiness of the entrepreneur to take risks in order to accomplish his vision for the company and the pursuit of Omnia APP opportunities as one of the most visible features. Usually, entrepreneurs are innovative, competitive and dynamic personalities with a vision of success.
Entrepreneurship institutional business
On this, do you establish the entrepreneur for his company and successfully develop institutional structures and systems will mean the end of entrepreneurship? Is there a pioneering stage work give way to something new? Without a doubt a dynamic start of activity of each company at some point go through a more organized and committed to the rules structures. However, no one could deny the fact that all companies need to continue to be renewed to ensure its survival and growth. As far as you could be a great company, you will always remain obliged to evolve to meet the growing needs of its customers, or new, or to be more effective and efficient, or to explore new business opportunities.
Since the era of the seventies of the last century, the researchers identified the institutional behavior that was facing these aspects as a "pioneer of institutional business." Leadership can be defined institutional business on that effort institutions to get new business through existing structures and systems. This may lead to the development of new projects, and the renewal of products or services or existing operations, and review strategies and competitive position.
Entrepreneurship institutional business is a challenge for all organizations, where traditional roles may change the company and possibly control mechanisms do not operate the company as required for the areas that are exposed to change. Moreover, Entrepreneurship always involves the risk of failure, which senior management will need to be balanced against the expected gains from behind these Omnia APP investments. Another challenge is the difficulty faced by managers in the creation of new business opportunities, while at the same time remain responsible for compliance with regulations and rules for daily business performance.
Regardless of the many challenges to be faced by the company, the leadership of the institutional business are all part of the founders of the system, even if it is not this recognition in some cases.
The researchers found two types main pioneered institutional business: one through the leadership of strategic business, which means the renewal of existing strategies the company through innovations, staff, and the other by participating in institutional projects which may be buying the company at the beginning of its activity or participate in projects with others.
Entrepreneurship and family businesses
So where is if the actual link between the family business and entrepreneurship? In companies that are not run by the families of the relationship with entrepreneurship are directly based on the leadership of the institutional business. Entrepreneurship institutional business is considered the first and the simplest way to non-family companies to interact with the world of entrepreneurship.
However, the relationship between entrepreneurship and family businesses is more complex due to the particularity system by which the companies owned and run by families.
The first link is very clear: all family businesses based on the vision of an individual be able to take advantage of the work, and who spends years and years in the administration of the company. In many cases, the family company naturally appear without the actual beginning of the planning: the basis of need and abstract because of the scarcity of resources, the entrepreneur takes advantage of any resource available to him, and one of these resources is the family. In addition, this entrepreneur may find easier to connect the vision and clarified within the family through socialization and shared values.
The second link between the family business and the entrepreneur, and as shown above, it is the pioneer of institutional business in the existing company. Just as is the case in non-family businesses, family businesses can cooperate with the existing management team of renewal from within the company. This means the need to have all owners of the company, whether they are first-generation or second or fifteenth entrepreneurs and innovators for new ideas to keep the company in the lead, while at the same time remain committed to the systems and rules of the company.
The third link element characterized by family businesses: in the family business, there is a unique base of skills related to the company through family links, which may be an opportunity for both the individual and institutional leadership business. Children who are accustomed to a family upbringing companies to watch associated with entrepreneurship from an early age behavior and often they have made up a strong sense of business and company. Watching parents and aunts and uncles, brothers and sisters involved in the activities of the company knows a lot of secrets of the next generation has the profession stimulates their interest to create new business ideas on their own. The company is not limited to the impact on individuals directly involved in the daily performance of the business, but it also extends the life of all the parties concerned family. It lacks non-family companies for this opportunity, which may have an individual family, especially in directing innovation and entrepreneurial skill. They have now choose to use this skill to set up their own companies. A family owned company should take advantage of this creative energy rather than monitored remotely. We all realize that the surrounding medium business pioneer in the highly dynamic has been acting as an incentive to anyone who interacts with him. Thus the family firms that seek to renew will have the opportunity to interact with the entrepreneurial spirit and taking advantage of modern visions without investing outside the family.
and what
This quick overview of the relationship between the family business and entrepreneurship shows us a dynamic link between the two and leave us with a lot to explore and study it. The most important thing to know is that entrepreneurship in the core of every family business and the entrepreneurial spirit should be passed from one generation to another. This spirit is supported sustainability and stability provided by the family is what will continue to guide the family business to remain a leader in the areas of work.


text:
4-8 October 2015
Hans Harnack Haus
Europe/Berlin timezone
- firstname.lastname@example.com
Poster Viewing
Location: Hans Harnack Haus
Address: Ihnestr. 16-20, 14195 Berlin, http://www.harnackhaus-berlin.mpg.de/
Date: from 5 Oct 17:45 to 7 Oct 18:30
Poster Viewing
Contribution List
Displaying 45 contributions out of 45
Dense, star-forming cores of molecular clouds are observed to be strongly magnetized. A realistic magnetic field of moderate strength has shown to suppress the formation of a rotationally supported disk (RSD) through magnetic braking, if the neutral gas are well-coupled to the magnetic field by Cosmic-Ray (CR) ionization. Here, we present the conditions for formation of RSDs through non-ideal MHD ... More
Presented by Mr. Bo ZHAO
The Barnard 1 cloud is one of the highest column density regions in the Perseus molecular complex, which comprises several dense cores at different evolutionary stages of star formation. Of those, B1b has been recently found to contain two very young protostellar objects, B1b-N and B1b-S, separated by 20''. IRAM PdBI observations show the presence of slow molecular outflows arising from ... More
Presented by Dr. Nuria MARCELINO
FU Orionis-type stars (FUors) are young stellar objects experiencing large optical outbursts due to highly enhanced accretion from the circumstellar disk onto the star. FUors are often surrounded by massive envelopes, which have a significant role in the outburst mechanism. Conversely, the subsequent eruptions might gradually clear up the obscuring envelope material and drive the protostar on its ... More
Presented by Dr. Péter ÁBRAHÁM
A multi-wavelength analysis for interferometric (sub-)mm observations of protoplanetary disks: radial constraints on the dust properties and the disk structure
Observations at mm- and sub-mm wavelengths allow us to probe the solids in the disk midplane, where the bulk of the dust is located and where planets are expected to form. The distribution of dust grain size in different regions of a protoplanetary disk is a powerful probe of the physical mechanisms related to grain growth and ultimately on how solids can overcome the various growth barriers on th ... More
Presented by Mr. Marco TAZZARI
We present results of infrared observations toward eight dense molecular cores with the AKARI space telescope at 3-160 μm. These cores were previously known to be starless, and show characteristic features in their molecular lines such as a broad line width and/or asymmetric line shapes indicative of internal motions. With other published infrared data and our single dish radio observations in N2 ... More
Presented by Mr. Gwanjeong KIM
A long-standing problem of the general paradigm of low-mass star formation is the "luminosity problem": protostars are less luminous than theoretically predicted. A possible solution is that the accretion process is episodic. FU Ori-type stars (FUors) are thought to be the visible examples for objects in the high accretion state. FUors are often surrounded by massive envelopes, enabling the disk t ... More
Presented by Dr. Ágnes KÓSPÁL
**Context:** Dense, cold regions where protostellar objects have not yet formed (high mass starless cores, HMSCs) are poorly characterised. However, observations of regions in this phase, before the violent feedback from massive star formation events takes hold, are crucial to characterise the initial conditions for high-mass star formation (HMSF). **Aims:** The goal of this work is to inve ... More
Presented by Dr. Siyi FENG
Our understanding of the initial conditions of high-mass star formation are far from complete. Molecular line observations (such as MALT90 survey) are useful tools to probe the physical and chemical conditions of these clumps (such as densities, temperatures, ages, cosmic-ray ionization rates etc.). Some of the recent studies performed detailed chemical modeling of these clumps to interpret the m ... More
Presented by Dr. Rumpa CHOUDHURY
Within the past decade, discoveries about icy moons orbiting Jupiter and Saturn have sparked exciting possibilities for life in the outer Solar System. The only environments in our Solar System other than the Earth with clear evidence of liquid water are Europa and Enceladus, moons of Jupiter and Saturn respectively, that have plumes of water vapour and a variety of molecules extending from their ... More
Presented by Dr. Dave CLEMENTS
Relative populations in the excited rotational levels of CO are sensitive to conditions in the interstellar medium. Emission lines originating in these levels can thus be used in constraining parameters such as density, temperature, and radiation field. The *Herschel Space Observatory* has enabled the observation of CO emission lines arising from the $J=4$ through $J=48$ rotational levels, many of ... More
Presented by Dr. Nick INDRIOLO
The first hydrostatic core, also called the first Larson core, is one of the first steps in low-mass star formation, as predicted by theory. With recent and future high performance telescopes, details of these first phases become accessible, and observations may confirm theory and even bring new challenges for theoreticians. In this context, we study from a theoretical point of view the chemical a ... More
Presented by Dr. Ugo HINCELIN
In order to study the time evolution of hot cores and further stages of high-mass star forming regions, we have developed a chemical code (Saptarsy, Choudhury et al., 2015 [1]) which is currently working together with a radiative transfer code (RADMC-3D, http://www.ita.uni-heidelberg.de/~dullemond/software/radmc-3d/). Saptarsy is a gas-grain code taking into account heavy radical movements at high ... More
Presented by Gwendoline STÉPHAN
The true 3D shapes of prestellar cores can provide useful insights about the initial conditions and the processes that regulate star formation. Unfortunately, two dimensional projections on the plane of the sky, probed by dust emission maps, can be identical for different intrinsic 3D core shapes. In lifting this shape degeneracy interstellar chemistry can be proven a useful ally. We present a sim ... More
Presented by Aris TRITSIS
Dust evolution is an important part of advanced chemical models of protoplanetary disks. Most of dust evolution models, both standalone and incorporated into thermo-chemical codes, typically considers neutral or singly charged grains. Grain charging in protoplanetary disks and its impact on the dust growth lacks currently a detailed scientific scrutiny. In this work we consider two of the primar ... More
Presented by Dr. Vitaly AKIMKIN
The chemical history of the interstellar gas is one major question at the crossroads of many fields of research in astrophysics and astrochemistry, in both the local and the young Universe. The chemical heritage of planetary systems is one particular instance of this problem. Isotopic ratios are usual and powerful tools to follow chemical volatile reservoirs during the evolution of the gas from ... More
Presented by Mr. Victor DE SOUZA MAGALHÃES
In this work we measure the deuterium fraction towards dense cores along the filamentary structure L1495 in the Taurus molecular cloud to investigate how different environmental conditions affect the deuterium fractionation. For this study, ${\rm N_2H^+(1-0)}$ and ${\rm N_2D^+(2-1)}$ on-the-fly maps of 13 cores were used to measure the deuterium fraction and reveal the kinematics of the cores. Obs ... More
Presented by Ms. Anna PUNANOVA
Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs), dense and dark silhouettes against bright Galactic background, are thought to be the cradles of massive star and cluster formation, being cold, dense, and massive enough to harbour massive protostars. Previous studies show great diversity of IRDCs, ranging from dense quiescent clouds on the verge of star formation to relatively evolved regi ... More
Presented by Mr. Vlas SOKOLOV
Prestellar cores are collapsing objects where gravity struggles against thermal pressure and magnetic fields in order to evolve and form a protostar. Observationally, this evolution may be traced by the gas kinematics and dust properties. In this work, we present recent results toward the object FeST 1-457, an evolved starless cores in the Pipe nebula. We report APEX dust polarization data and IRA ... More
Presented by Dr. Felipe ALVES
Dust properties are a key issue to explore the content and structure of molecular clouds. However, they remain difficult to determine because deducing their composition and size distribution from observations is a highly degenerate problem. In particular, emission alone is not able to retrieve the coldest dust (Pagani, 2015). Other information are needed and some insights come from extinction (abs ... More
Presented by Dr. Laurent PAGANI
By combining data in various wavelengths (IR, X-rays, Radio) we attempt to unlock the star forming properties of star clusters forming in diverse environments. Our goal is to understand those properties in the context of a) the presence or even the absence of massive stars, and b) the primordial structure of the cloud. We will put into consideration the possibility that the primordial structure o ... More
Presented by Dr. Carlos ROMÁN-ZÚÑIGA
Formamide formation routes in the interstellar medium from electronic structure and kinetics calculations
Formamide has been detected a long time ago in the direction of Sgr B2 [2]. A systematic search of this molecule has been recently achieved with the IRAM 30-m telescope [6]. In that study formamide was detected in five (IRAS 4A, IRAS 16293, SVS13A, Cep E, and OMC-2) objects, while it was not detected in other colder sources devoid of hot corinos [1]. This was explained by invoking that NH2CHO (i) ... More
Presented by Dr. Dimitrios SKOUTERIS
We present the results of chemical modeling of the formation of terrestrial-type complex organic molecules (COMs) under conditions typical for prestellar cores. We utilized an advanced gas-grain astrochemical model with multilayer approach to ice-surface chemistry and up-to-date treatment of reactive desorption based on recent experiments of Minissale et al. (submitted). Chemical network in the mo ... More
Presented by Dr. Anton VASYUNIN
We have identified a new externally irradiated Herbig-Haro (HH) jet, HH 1158, within ~2 pc of the massive OB type stars in the sigma Orionis cluster. At an Lbol ~ 0.1 Lsun, HH 1158 is the lowest luminosity irradiated HH jet source identified to date in any cluster/region. The external radiation field has improved the visibility both close to and far from the driving source, thus enabling unambiguo ... More
Presented by Dr. Basmah RIAZ
IRAS16293E is a prestellar core located in the vicinity of a well-known multiple class 0 system and a lesser known class I object. The west side of the core is heated by the protostars, mostly via the mechanical interaction of their outflows. Previous studies have revealed a strong DCO$^+$ peak, a ND$_3$ peak and a dust peak, all misaligned. Strong H$_2$D$^+$ and a tentative detection of D$_2$H$^ ... More
Presented by Dr. Laurent PAGANI
This study reports the first extensive investigation of the relationship; enthalpy of formation, stability and abundance (ESA) existing among interstellar molecules using high level quantum chemical calculations. Hundreds of molecules comprising of different isomeric groups, several interstellar carbon chains and various protonated species have been considered. From the results, it is evident that ... More
Presented by Mr. emmanuel ETIM
The components of the interstellar medium (ISM) are continuously heated due to energy input from different sources, one being the radiation of young and massive stars. In photon-dominated regions (PDRs) the interstellar far-ultraviolet (FUV; 6-13.6 eV) radiation field determines the energy balance and the chemistry of the ISM. Cooling of the gas in PDRs is dominated by fine structure lin ... More
Presented by Mrs. Silke ANDREE-LABSCH
We present NH$_3$ and CCS observations of the L1495-B218 filaments in the Taurus molecular cloud covering over a 3 degree angular range using the K-band focal plane array on the 100m Green Bank Telescope. The L1495-B218 filaments form an interconnected, nearby, large complex extending over 8 pc. We observed NH$_3$ (1,1) \& (2,2) and CCS 2$_1$ $-$ 1$_2$ with a spectral resolution of 0.038 km/s and ... More
Presented by Mr. Youngmin SEO
The formation of high-mass stars is one of the major topics of astrophysical research, in particular the process of accretion from large-scale clouds (a few 10 pc) down to small-scale cores (a few 0.01 pc). We have selected the nearby high-mass star forming complex NGC6334 to study the gas velocities at different scales and probe the infall rates onto the protostellar cores embedded in the mo ... More
Presented by Dr. Alvaro SANCHEZ-MONGE
In dense and cold molecular clouds dust grains are surrounded by thick icy mantles. It is however not clear if dust growth and coagulation take place before star formation begins. This is an important issue, as the presence of large grains may affect the chemical structure of dense cloud cores, including the dynamically important ionisation fraction, and the future evolution of solids in protoplan ... More
Presented by Mrs. Ana CHACON-TANARRO
The initial multiplicity of stellar systems is highly uncertain, but it provides an important constrain to the understanding of star formation. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the origin of binary and multiple star systems, including core fragmentation, disk fragmentation and stellar capture. Observations show that protostellar and pre-main-sequence multiplicity is higher than ... More
Presented by Dr. Jaime PINEDA
Despite being one of the most abundant elements in the universe, the interstellar chemistry of sulfur remains relatively poorly understood. It is known to be depleted during the early evolution of interstellar clouds, but the exact forms in which it may be found is far from certain. In the hopes of shedding some light on the question of sulfur depletion, we have significantly expanded the gas/grai ... More
Presented by Dr. Jacob LAAS
Porosity and band-strengths measurement of multi-phase composite ices using mid-infrared optical constants and extended effective medium approximations
Remote observations of star forming regions performed by space telescopes have provided the full inventory of interstellar ice components and the abundances of these constituents are deduced from acurate optical constants and reference spectra in the mid-infrared. Starting from this principle, our main goal is to characterise how the amount of pores and the abundance of a contaminent (e.g., CH4) a ... More
Presented by Dr. Jean-Baptiste BOSSA
We present line maps of O, CO and H2O transitions obtained with the Herschel-PACS instrument on a sample of well studied class 0 outflows, with the goal of discussing the spatial distribution of the warm gas in comparison with other tracers observed from ground, and studying the properties of the shocks at the origin of its emission. The distribution of the [OI] 63um line emission is in partic ... More
Presented by Brunella NISINI
Using a novel combination of submillimeter dust emission maps from both Herschel and APEX-Laboca and near-infrared dust extinction measurements, we constrain the dust opacity in starless cores in the Pipe Nebula. Such observations are particularly interesting because they can directly yield signatures of dust grain growth. In the first step, we use a combination of dust emission and extinction mea ... More
Presented by Jan FORBRICH
The Car I photodissociation region (PDR) in NGC 3372 is illuminated by dozens of OB stars belonging to the massive open cluster Trumpler 14, whose nucleus is located at a projected distance of approximately 6 arcmin (4.5 pc) from its borders. We present the observed properties of the PDR as well as those of the very young stellar population embedded in it. These are based on ground-based op ... More
Presented by Dr. Mauricio TAPIA
Using density functional theory methods we studied several molecules that could help in the solution of the missing sulphur problem in dense clouds and circumstellar regions, as well as in the clarification of the sulphur chemistry in comets. We calculated infrared spectra of the following molecules: the trimer (CH$_2$S)$_3$ and the tetramer (CH$_2$S)$_4$ of thioformaldehyde, pentathian S$_5$CH$_ ... More
Presented by Prof. Goranka BILALBEGOVIC
In the local universe, star formation occurs entirely in molecular clouds: the densest and coldest phase of the interstellar medium (ISM). Research into the astrochemical evolution of molecular clouds is essential to understand molecular cloud observations from theory. Molecular cloud observations show that different molecules are sensitive to different physical parameters, especially temperature ... More
Presented by Mr. Brandt GACHES
The JCMT dense gas survey of the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud: Modelling density using HCO$^+$ $J=4\rightarrow3$
Uncovering the density of molecular clouds is essential for understanding star formation. Past observations of Gould Belt clouds have focused on understanding the cloud column density, supporting a column density threshold for forming protostars. In reality the volume, not column, density should determine whether star formation takes place. To investigate this link between column density, volume d ... More
Presented by Dr. Emily DRABEK-MAUNDER
We present the first results from the Large Program 'ASAI' (A Chemical Survey of Sun-like Starforming Regions) which is being carried out with the IRAM 30-m radio telescope. The project consists of high-sensitivity systematic spectral line surveys (in the wavelength ranges around 1, 2, and 3 mm) of 10 targets at different stages of the early protostellar evolution. This allows a detailed st ... More
Presented by Dr. Charlotte VASTEL
While detailed studies of protoplanetary disk structure around low-mass stars are state of the art, few spatially resolved observations exist for high-mass objects, but come into reach with the recent advances in sub-/mm interferometers. AFGL490 is an example of an YSO at the border between intermediate and high mass with a circumstellar disk previously resolved in $\mathrm{C^{17}O}$. We ... More
Presented by Dr. Claudia MARKA
The cyclic C$_3$H$_2$ is the most stable isomer of the C$_3$H$_2$ system. It has been detected in space 30 years ago together with its singly deuterated isotopologue, $c$-C$_3$HD (Thaddeus et al., 1985 and Bell et al., 1988). The doubly deuterated $c$-C$_3$H$_2$, $c$-C$_3$D$_2$, was detected very recently in space for the first time, in L1544 and TMC-1C (Spezzano et al., 2013), and in L1527 (Tokud ... More
Presented by Dr. Silvia SPEZZANO
How do planets form in accretion disks? What is the origin of structure leading to planet formation? One possibility, but not the only possibility, is gravitational fragmentation of an unstable disk. Under what conditions does this take place? Do all disks fragment? The current observational state of the art for low-mass stellar systems is represented by recent ALMA, Subaru, VLTI, and VLA obse ... More
Presented by Dr. Eric KETO
We present thermochemical models of the density and temperature struture of the disk around the transition object, DM Tau. DM Tau is an accreting, low mass T Tauri star with a relatively low X-ray luminosity, the disk is inferred to have an inner $\sim 3-15$AU dust hole and a large radial extent($\sim$ 800 AU). The DM Tau disk is believed to be at a late stage of evolution, perhaps with ongoing pl ... More
Presented by Uma GORTI
Water is a crucial molecule in the physics and chemistry of star- and planet formation, but its evolution from cold cores to disks is still poorly constrained. The gas-phase abundance of water varies between cold and warm regions up to a factor of $10^{5}$ and this abundance variation makes water an excellent diagnostic of the physical structure in these sources. The origin of the warm water emi ... More
Presented by Dr. John TOBIN
Water is a fundamental molecule for the physical and chemical evolution of proto-stellar and proto-planetary systems and eventually for the fomation of planetary atmospheres. Spitzer observations have revealed a high abundance of water in the inner region of protoplanetary disks. Most recent observations with Herschel shed light on the water content in the outer, cold, disk reservoir. The re ... More
Presented by Davide FEDELE


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Featured on Thrillist Las Vegas: THE 30 BEST THINGS TO EAT IN LAS VEGAS FOR $10 (OR LESS)
So what happened to all that money? Did you lose it at the tables, blow it on bottle service, or spend a little too much of it at the strip club? Don't worry. You can still eat. Las Vegas may be known for indulgent fine dining restaurants, but there's also plenty of amazing food around that's 10 bucks or less. It's not as good as getting something for free, but it's pretty close. The Frenchy, $10 Last Vegas Venetian Out of the three lobster melts on the menu, The Frenchy packs the sweetest crunch of 'em all into every


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THE SQL Server Blog Spot on the Web
For any of you who attended the Quest breakfast at PASS (and anyone else really) I wanted to go ahead and post the code and give a little wrap up/explanation. (I will post the stuff on perf counters later. They are cool, but this is really what I wanted to make sure people saw.)
I had a plan for my presentation, but time was less than I expected, and the good stuff kinda fell off. So here is the stuff around the Disk IO DMV section that I really messed up and didn't show enough. I read a few of the comments that my presentation wasn't that useful to you, and that is clearly on me. If the index ones are useful, these are too, and can be used to help spread load around your disks.
So, here is the slide I presented:
By knowing the amount of data written to a database file, you can see how busy the file is, the filegroup is, the database, the disk drive, etc, by aggregating the data in the following query in various way. The query is pretty simple and will return all files in all databases (there are parms on the function to change that, but check BOL for more info):
--since reboot SELECT db_name(mf.database_id) as databaseName, mf.physical_name, divfs.num_of_reads, divfs.num_of_bytes_read, divfs.io_stall_read_ms, divfs.num_of_writes, divfs.num_of_bytes_written, divfs.io_stall_write_ms, divfs.io_stall,size_on_disk_bytes FROM sys.dm_io_virtual_file_stats(null,null) as divfs JOIN sys.master_files as mf ON mf.database_id = divfs.database_id and mf.file_id = divfs.file_id
The "stall" columns give you how long any processes have waited on your disk drives to serve up data for this file. This information plus the information in _bytes_written and _bytes_read columns can give you how much data was moved, and how long your CPU had to wait for the data before it could get working on it. Very powerful stuff, and can really give you a look at opportunities for performance tuning.
That query gives you data from the last reboot of the server, but usually you want to see up to date values. So you have to get a baseline of values, then compare them at a later point. You can build tools that do this, and you can use the performance data warehouse in 2008, and I will demonstrate the former. Using a temp table and a WAITFOR DELAY command, I build a quick tool to see waits and stats over 20 seconds. Note that I use a #temp table to allow you to run the last query over and over to see the comparison to the baseline until you want to drop the #temp table.
--over the following delay declare @delay varchar(10) = '00:00:20'
SELECT db_name(mf.database_id) as databaseName, mf.physical_name, divfs.num_of_reads, divfs.num_of_bytes_read, divfs.io_stall_read_ms, divfs.num_of_writes, divfs.num_of_bytes_written, divfs.io_stall_write_ms, divfs.io_stall,size_on_disk_bytes, getdate() as baselineDate INTO #baseline FROM sys.dm_io_virtual_file_stats(null,null) as divfs JOIN sys.master_files as mf ON mf.database_id = divfs.database_id and mf.file_id = divfs.file_id
WAITFOR DELAY @delay
;WITH currentLine as ( SELECT db_name(mf.database_id) as databaseName, mf.physical_name,num_of_reads, num_of_bytes_read, io_stall_read_ms, num_of_writes, num_of_bytes_written, io_stall_write_ms, io_stall,size_on_disk_bytes, getdate() as currentlineDate FROM sys.dm_io_virtual_file_stats(null,null) as divfs JOIN sys.master_files as mf ON mf.database_id = divfs.database_id and mf.file_id = divfs.file_id)
SELECT DATEDIFF(s,#baseline.baselineDate,currentlineDate), currentLine.databaseName, left(currentLine.physical_name,1) as drive, currentLine.physical_name ,currentLine.io_stall - #baseline.io_stall as io_stall_ms ,currentLine.io_stall_read_ms - #baseline.io_stall_read_ms as io_stall_read_ms ,currentLine.io_stall_write_ms - #baseline.io_stall_write_ms as io_stall_write_ms ,currentLine.num_of_reads - #baseline.num_of_reads as num_of_reads
,currentLine.num_of_writes - #baseline.num_of_writes as num_of_writes ,currentLine.num_of_bytes_written - #baseline.num_of_bytes_written as num_of_bytes_written FROM currentLine join #baseline on #baseLine.databaseName = currentLine.databaseName and #baseLine.physical_name = currentLine.physical_name go --drop table #baseline
The most interesting part of this query is often the stall columns. When I see really bad IO, the number of seconds waited can end up being way more than the actual number of seconds. Disk IO is more or less serial (particularly on my mini HP with Win7 Starter Edition), so if you have many queries running concurrently, every one of them needs data from the same IO source, and if one query used the disk for 1 second, the other processes might wait for 1 second each. When wait stats are really low, that means the disk were ready, willing, and able to serve all processes.
On your test server, you can use a query like:
--create database DMV --go use DMV go create table testDMV ( testDMVid int identity, bigun char(8000) ) go set nocount on insert into testDMV(bigun) select REPLICATE('a',8000) go 5000
--drop table testDmv
select * from testDMV
To create some data. Note that data will be written to the disk in various counts. I set all of the rows to take a full data page, and each of the rows is an individual transaction. But it won't be a 1-1 match with the number of rows written or read. SQL Server flushes data to the disk in the manner it wants to, and some manner of caching will change the number over time. Run the select * from testDMV query over and over and you will not see any change in the disk IO, because it is in cache now.
I hope this is better. Sometimes as a presenter I am a good writer, and frankly the lack of bacon really threw me off this morning. Feel free to email me at email@example.com or tweet me at drsql and I will be happy to share more. All of this will be in our RedGate book that will be coming out before the end of the millennium, at the very minimum.
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Yeah, yeah, I know. PASS ended two weeks ago. Well, not for me. The effects of 5 days of standing and


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Posted on September 7, 2017.
By Bill Sorrell
Arlington's victory over Houston came with a price—27 sprints on Labor Day.
The number of points scored against the Tigers on Friday is how many sprints they will run on Monday for conditioning.
"I told them it feels a lot better to run this after a win than it would have a loss," said Arlington head coach Adam Sykes after the Tigers ran away from Houston 42-27 in a Region 7-6A match on Friday at Houston.
The Tigers don't seem to mind.
"It will be all right. It makes you better," said Arlington wide receiver and punter Hunter Goodman, who caught his first touchdown of the season, a 28-yard pass from Tate Kolwyck in the second quarter.
Kolwyck ran all over the field, completing 22 of 28 passes for 341 yards, throwing five touchdowns and rushing for 27 yards to help Arlington get to 1-0 in the region, 2-1 overall and continuing to erase the memory of a 36-35 season opening overtime loss to Raleigh-Egypt.
"I'm still mad about Raleigh-Egypt. Everybody is still mad but we are pushing through," said Kolwyck.
"This gave us a bunch a confidence and momentum. It was good our offense started clicking and getting into rhythm and showing signs that we can do what we want. We are still not playing clean all the way but it's going to happen. I think they focused more on the run and to hit them behind on throws and hit them hard opened up the run more. Kenneth Walker just show showed strong he was. He just opened everything up.
"It shows that we can be one of the best teams in the state if we come out every night like that."
Walker rushed for 129 yards of Arlington's 166 yards on 15 carries and scored two touchdowns. He caught a 38-yard pass from Kolwyck to get the Tigers' first TD which came with 11:49 left in the second quarter.
Leading 21-14 at halftime, Arlington opened up the game more in the third quarter when Kolwyck threw a touchdown to Devin Chandler for 56 yards with 10:37 left to make it 28-14 and then Walker ran 49 yards for a touchdown with 7:43 left for a 35-14 lead.
"That was big. We did it quick and put the dagger in them," said Kolwyck, who threw a 9-yard touchdown pass to Chandler for a 42-17 lead with 3:12 left in the third.
Mustang running back Lincoln Pare uses a stiff arm to thwart Arlington's Hunter Goodman. Photo by bigKphotos.com
Chandler finished with a game-high 156 yards on nine receptions and three touchdowns while Kenneth Walker III caught two passes for 58 yards, Hunter Goodman five for 56 yards, Jorge Avalos three for 46 yards and Caleb Nelson three for 39.
"It's great to have great attributes like that. It's easy for me to just hand it to everybody and let them do all the work," said Kolwyck.
Sykes said, "Tate played well. He struggled a little bit with accuracy his first two games. Some were his fault. Some weren't. We had some dropped balls the first couple of games. Tonight he was throwing like we wanted him to and he was making some good decisions with the ball and not making mistakes which is what we try to tell him. If something is not there, throw it away. He did a good job with that tonight. He ran our offense well."
Arlington had 507 yards total offense.
Houston head coach Will Hudgens said, "Tate is an unbelievable player. There is a reason he is a 4-year starter. You don't get experience like that very often. When you do and get a guy that talented with that much experience it's a burden to you. If you give Tate a little bit of time and you are off one of those receivers, they do a tremendous job of getting open and Tate will pick you apart. He did that tonight. He played very well. It was tough. You want to try to dictate the pace when you play Arlington.
"If you get in a run and gun shoot out with them they have plenty of weapons and do a really, really good job of what they do. Hats off to Arlington. They are a tough team. They had a good game plan from a defensive stand point and offensively."
The Mustangs (0-1 in Region 7-6A, 1-2 overall) had explosive games from sophomore Grayson Hitt and junior Chris Colebank. Hitt caught six passes for 74 yards. Colebank ran for 159 yards on 21 carries and scored the game's first touchdown, a 69-yard yard up the middle for a 7-0 lead with 9:39 left in the first quarter. The 76-yard drive took four plays.
"He (Colebank) is a great young man and works his butt off. He has been on our scout-team guy the last two years. He has been beaten up and it was his opportunity and he took advantage of it. We feel like we have a really good young backfield with Chris, with Lincoln (Pare) and with Ethan (Burns) and Seth (McKay)," said Hudgens.
Houston senior Jackson Little said of Colebank, "He can run the ball for sure. Our line was blocking for the running backs. "
Hudgens said, "Lincoln and Chris are our guys right now."
Pare, a sophomore, gained 23 yards on four carries and had eight catches for 59 yards. Pierce Farlow had three catches for 25 yards and Darby Smith one catch for 12 yards. Burns and McKay, both sophomore quarterbacks, led Houston to 312 yards total offense (142 rushing, 170 passing).
"I think they do a great job just being sophomores. I think there is more for them to build off of because they are so young, they are hungry and they compete with one another in practice," said senior Trey Davis of Burns and McKay. "They did a good job of commanding the offense tonight. Get rid of the mistakes that we made and we will be in the ball game.
"I like the way the kid worked his tail off," said Davis of Hitt. "I see it every day in practice. I liked what he brought to the table. I was excited for him. We are a younger team on offense. If we as seniors can help the younger players in any way possible to bring their confidence up that is always good. They know their abilities and what they can do."
Hudgens said that Hitt is "another guy that we are going to find some ways to get the ball to more often and let him do some work for us. We have a very optimistic outlook. We are a young team and growing each week. We are going to make mistakes. We just have to ride that wave and get some momentum. I told them after, 'Now is the time you have got to come close with each other and don't turn on each other. The football will bounce our way sooner or later.'"
The bond among the Mustangs is strong said Little.
"We have got a bond I have never had with other teammates going through high school. I have never had that good of a bond with all my boys."
Shane Ptacek said, "We can rely on each other no matter what."
Davis added, "Keep your head up. Every team goes through a tough time. It's about brotherhood and at the end of the day, no matter how tough it is, you have to band together through wins and losses and stay strong together."
Hudgens thought the pace of the first half played in the Mustangs' favor.
After Colebank's touchdown, Emmanuel Chi kicked his first of two PATs. One of the highlights for Houston came in the first quarter when punter Nick Anewalt kicked a 53-yard punt from his 11-yard line to the Tigers' 18. For the game Anewalt averaged 46.4 yards per punt with his longest 64 yards. Anewalt followed his 53-yarder with a 43-yard punt when the Mustangs were facing a fourth and eight at their 37-yard line.
During the drive Arlington's Ethan Asher had a 10-yard sack of Burns.
With the Tigers on their 22, they scored on a 78-yard drive highlighted by a 20-yard pass from Kolwyck to Chandler. Kolwyck's screen pass to Walker went for a 38-yard touchdown and placekicker Conner Ford tied the game at 7.
Houston fumbled on its next possession and Goodman recovered at the Mustangs 28-yard line. The next play Kolwyck threw a touchdown pass to Goodman. Ford gave the Tigers a 14-7 lead with 10:52 left in the first half.
"I was at the right place at the right time and picked it up," said Goodman, who averaged 34.5 yards on two punts. His first TD of the season "was good. It was nice. It felt good. I am just glad the line gave Tate time to find the open man."
Sykes said, "Hunter hasn't had a breakout game the first two games so tonight it was good for him to get that first touchdown. That way he can star rolling like he did last year and make some good plays. He is going to be fine. He is a guy who we depend on offensively. He knows that we need big nights from him every Friday night to be successful. "
With a sensational catch by Hitt on a pass from Burns, the Mustangs later got to their 43-yard line. A 10-yard run by Burns got to the Arlington 33 and from there Burns threw a touchdown pass to Hitt with 7:11 left in the second quarter. Chi tied it at 14.
A 16-yard run by Walker to the Houston 29-yard line after Kolwyck threw a first down pass to Chandler set up the Tigers' touchdown that would give them a lead they would never lose. Kolwyck's 29-yard touchdown pass to Chandler made it 20-14. Ford made it 21-14 with 4:26 left in the first half.
"We keep getting off to slow starts but our guys stay the course and they run what we ask them to run and played their tails off the whole game," said Sykes. "We saw a few things offensively that we could try to exploit on them and our offensive line did a great job opening holes for the running backs and the running backs made some good cuts. When the running game gets going it opens up our passing game which we need to be successful."
The Mustangs tried to cut the 21-14 deficit in the second quarter when Chi attempted a 40-yard field goal but missed. By halftime Kolwyck had 196 yards passing. Arlington had 277 yards total offense while Houston had 199.
"We were up 21-14, we kept stepping on the gas," said Goodman.
Opening the second half, Arlington took a 28-14 lead after an 80-yard drive. Kolwyck's 24-yard pass to Avalos put the Tigers on their 44 before Kolwyck threw to Chandler for a 56-yard touchdown with 10:37 left in the third quarter and a 28-14 lead.
Later, Calvin Robertson had a 7-yard sack of Burns at the Houston 43. On Arlington's next possession, Walker ran 49 yards with 7:43 left for a 35-14 lead. Ford kicked the PAT. Arlington had 441 yards of offense by then.
"Kenneth is a real good running back. We knew that the linemen did a great job of giving him some looks and when he sees the crease he is going to hit it full speed. When he is in the open field I don't think anybody around this area is going to do it better," said Sykes.
Chi's 47-yard field goal pulled Houston to within 35-17 with 4:50 left in the third.
"We were strong coming out," said Little. "We didn't lay down. It seemed like we didn't keep the drive going when they got it to 35-17. They broke it out. You always win from losing. We have got to come back and grind harder on Monday and do what we have got to do."
Kolwyck to Chandler struck again as Arlington had back-to-back 21 point quarters. Chandler scored on a 9-yard touchdown pass with 3:12 left in the third quarter for a 42-17 lead. A 16-yard pass from Kolwyck to Avalos and a 27-yard pass from Kolwyck to Nelson fueled the drive.
Houson's leading unassisted tackler with five (three assisted), Ptacek said, "We played pretty well throughout the game. We had too many plays (on us). We made too many mistakes and too many penalties. They came out ready in the second half. It took us awhile to get going in the second half. The deep pass plays and long runs hurt us the most. You can always build from a loss."
Houston fumbled four times losing two and was penalized 10 times for 89 yards. Arlington fumbled once but recovered it and had five penalties for 28 yards.
In the fourth quarter, McKay had a 23-yard run to the Arlington 36 but the Mustangs fumbled at the 29-yard line.
Arlington was on its 44-yard line after Little made two tackles in the drive. Goodman was about to punt when the snap sailed over his head and Goodman was tackled in the end zone for a safety with 5:37 to play.
Trailing 42-19, Houston scored with 13 seconds left in the game when McKay hit Smith with a 12-yard pass. Pare ran the 2-point conversion to cut the deficit to 42-27.
Kolwyck said that Arlington's defense "played crazy tonight."
Cezzane Bush had 12 tackles including 10 solo and two assisted. Robertson had five solo tackles and Asher had four solos and one assisted. Mitchell Faulkner had five tackles, Thomas Maclin four, Nelson three, Goodman three. Arlington had six tackles for losses and four sacks for 30 lost yardage.
For Houston, Jacob Christofferson had 10 tackles with four solos. Little had five tackles with four assisted. Bruce Brown had four assisted tackles and two unassisted.
"The biggest thing we are 1-0 in the region. This year with the playoff system the way it is not everybody makes it so you have to be top four. That was a big stepping stone for us," said Sykes. "I am glad the way our defense played. A couple of times the offense put them in bad situations. I went for it on fourth down and didn't get it and then the punt snap over the head. The defense bowed their neck and kept them out of the end zone and that is huge. They are moving forward with their confidence. Sometimes in a game they are going to have their backs against the wall and we will have to make plays and they did tonight."
On Thursday nights, seniors meet at different players home on Thursday for dinner.
"We are a close-knit group and we love each other and we are great friends," said Goodman. "I hope we come back and keep getting better and take this momentum into next week's game." Arliington hosts Southwind at 7 p.m. this Friday.
Hudgens said that his team will work on fundamentals in practice this week, preparing for a 7 p.m. game at Bolton on Friday.
Hudgens said, "Defensively we put ourselves in some bad spots and we can't do that."
He was pleased that Matt Needham stepped in for Kip Frankland who had an injured ankle. "He did a really good job of fighting and giving us great effort up front."
The Mustangs still have their goals.
"I would like to take my team to state. That has always been a goal of mine," said Davis. "My senior year I will do whatever is in my power. I will play whatever position I need to and do whatever the team asks of me as a team player and hopefully hold up that gold ball and get a ring."