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- Super horses of the ancient world
Aloke Sen (The Telegraph)
We stood in a huddle in a clearing at a state horse breeding farm near Ashgabat, Turkmenistan's capital, under injunction not to move 'no matter what'. That injected the right amount of mystery and alarm into the proceedings. Suddenly, without any warning, scores of majestic horses burst on the scene in a storm of hoof beat and dust. They streaked away, wheeled round, presumably at signals from unseen handlers, and bore down upon us, the transfixed spectators, in what can only be described as a controlled stampede. The animals were reputedly highly trained, but they were also highly intelligent, clearly aware that no harm was to come to us. Later, when the hair-raising display was over, we were allowed into the stalls to inspect them. Even to the uninitiated, each horse — with a sculpted head, a long graceful neck and a coat gleaming with a metallic shimmer — seemed to be a work of art, regal in bearing, a mount fit for a king.
And they were. Turkmenistan's akhal-teke 'golden horses' did indeed excite many a king to try to possess them by whatever means possible. Legend has it that the Persian emperor, Cyrus, married a daughter of the King of Medes to gain access to the horses. The Han emperor, Wu Ti, mounted military expeditions and on a successful foray, got 13 horses from Ferghana. For Wu Ti, these 'blood-sweaters' (a water-borne parasite causing easy bleeding in the horse's neck) were the 'heavenly horses'; their possession was the mark of heaven's grace.
But the royal connection that the enthusiasts of the akhal-teke most like to flaunt is the one with Alexander of Macedon. For them, the akhal-teke is ultimately Alexander's horse, his Bucephalus, the most famous war horse of history, itself having been an akhal-teke. This last can do with further scrutiny, but according to historical accounts, to the extent they were reliable in an age much dominated by myth, Alexander did indeed own the Central Asian horses.
The akhal-teke is one of the oldest extant horse breeds of the world, tracing its ancestry to animals living thousands of years ago and identified as, variously, the Turkmene, the Scythian, the Nisean horse, 'the super horse of the ancient world'. Herodotus, while describing the sacred chariot of Ahura Mazda in the army of Xerxes, mentions a horse "bred in the Nisei plain between Balkh and Midis", which is graceful, with a clearly shaped head, long flexible neck, large eyes and fine but strong legs. Even allowing for the inevitable cross-breeding experiments over centuries and the blending of bloodlines since the time of Herodotus, it can very well be a description of the horses we were watching at the Turkmen farm. The akhal-teke seems to have defied time in the timeless vast expanses of its home, Central Asia's Kara Kum desert.
The horse is named after its habitat (the Akhal oasis) and its breeders (the Teke tribe). The tribal masters raised and used the animals for the purpose of raiding. So they had to be adapted to both the severe climatic and food conditions of the desert and the requirements of their intended, somewhat violent, use. The horse was wrapped in numerous felt blankets so as to sweat out any surplus fat, making it a light, sturdy, long-distance vehicle, combining speed, stamina and endurance, need-based qualities that their raider-masters bred into them.
Contrary to all this build-up, the akhal-teke is not a big animal. It typically stands at 14 to 16 hands (or under 163 centimetres). The horse comes in different colours: golden buckskin or palomino, bay, black, chestnut and grey. What distinguishes it is a natural metallic bloom of its coat. It is this beautiful sheen that has led to the sobriquet, the 'golden horse'. The animal is intelligent, lively and alert, and is known to bond best with a single master.
There is an interesting speculation about how the akhal-teke came to acquire its present build and features. With the rising desertification of habitat in Central Asia, its forebear, a stockier animal raised on the grasslands, was thought to have begun a slow evolution into the lean and hardy form of today. The long neck, large eyes, long ears equipped the akhal-teke to detect the dangers of the open plains. The unique golden colour aided camouflage in the desert.
Most of the estimated 6000-odd akhal-teke horses today are found in Turkmenistan, the country's national emblem and pride, and in Russia, the inevitable consequence of the annexation of the Turkmen land by the Russian empire, but a smaller number is also to be found in north America, Europe and Australia. So even if, during our memorable visit, the Turkmen authorities treated the subject of the akhal-teke horse as almost an official secret, in the globalized village of today, one can buy an akhal-teke from a ranch in America or Europe.
Websites of commercial breeders, while advertising the horse as a racer, a show jumper, a dressage mount, illustrate its noble lineage by the sweeping claim that Genghis Khan's mount and Alexander's Bucephalus were both akhal-teke. But was Bucephalus an akhal-teke?
In his popular novels about Alexander, Valerio Massimo Manfredi, recycling legend, tells of the master and the mount coming together for their first encounter in a dramatic scene. Bucephalus, King Philip's expensive present at 13 talents to his young son, is maniacally defying its grooms and scattering them to the ground. The prince, mesmerized by the "black stallion shining with sweat like a bronze statue under the rain, blacker than a raven's wing, with a white star on its forehead in the shape of a bucranium, an ox's skull", shouts to his father that the horse be let free. A talent being the equivalent of 60 pounds of precious metal, Philip quite reasonably reminds his son of the high cost and says that more time is needed to break in the mutinous animal. Alexander lays a bet for 13 talents that he alone can tame the horse and proceeds to do so with a mix of raw courage and good horse psychology. At the end of the astonishing showmanship, Philip rather melodramatically tells his son that Macedon is not big enough for him, and that Alexander must seek out another kingdom for himself, thus effectively launching the manic conqueror on non-stop military campaigns through the known world.
While ancient chroniclers invariably glorified the son, the father remained somewhat under-rated. But Philip seemed to have been ahead of his times in realizing the value of horses, using the cavalry as a fighting unit, and encouraging a scientific breeding programme. He was known to have obtained horses for his troops from far-flung places. He had Bucephalus procured from a horse dealer of Thessaly, where prime existing local stocks were being crossed with Scythian, Persian (Nisean) and Ferghana horses to improve quality.
Therefore, by the time of Philip's reign, the ancestor of the akhal-teke was already known to the Macedonian breeders, and Thessaly being one of the most important breeding centres, Bucephalus and today's akhal-teke would have been logically connected through a common progenitor, making them blood-brothers of sorts.
But in case this explanation would still not satisfy the votaries of the akhal-teke wanting a more unambiguous endorsement, Alexander laid all speculation to rest when years later, during his campaigns through what are today Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, he married a Bactrian princess, Roxane, and collected a tribute of 50,000 'eastern horses' from captured cities. That was finally the vindication of the noble akhal-teke's Alexander connection.
The author is India's former ambassador to Turkey, Cambodia and Myanmar


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Like I said before, my product is featured on March Boudoir catalogue by Aperture Indonesia! Aperture Image Factory is an Indonesian based company, who will listen to all your dreams and inspirations that you wish to capture! They will handle your delicate request profesionally, and of course make them come true 😉
See the necklace on the model's hair? Yep, that's the necklace I made! The original photo in the catalogue had my personal review >3< And here's what I wrote:
"simple piece of vintage style art, one of my favorite. Altough usually designated with pastel colors, I like to make it more lively with bright colors. That's the reason the blue mineral stones were chosen for the butterfly ornamented with randomly picked metal roses"
~ Judith Chen
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Ah..and psst, I will join their photoshoot myself! Will see later if I am allowed to publish the photos 🙂

subset: commoncrawl


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Quick Reference
A member of a political party that supports social democracy. Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel in Germany first used the term in founding the German Social Democratic Labour Party (1869). In 1875 it was fused with the German Workers' Association, founded (1863) by Ferdinand Lasalle, to form the Social Democratic Party (SDP) of Germany. Other parties followed, for example in Denmark (1878), Britain (1883; Henry Hyndman's Social Democratic Federation), Norway (1887), Austria (1889), the USA (1897), and Russia (1898), where a split came in 1903 into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. In other countries, for example France, Italy, and Spain, the term Socialist Party was more common. The German SDP was the largest party in the Weimar Republic, governing the country until 1933, when it was banned. It was reformed in West Germany after World War II, with a new constitution (1959), ending all Marxist connections. It entered a coalition with the Christian Democrats in 1966, and headed a coalition with the Free Democrats between 1969 and 1982. In East Germany a revived SDP campaigned for office in 1990, following the collapse of the communist regime. In Sweden the SDP, socialist and constitutional in outlook, has been the dominant party since the 1930s, although it was out of office from 1976–1982 and from 1991–1994. In Britain four prominent members of the Labour Party resigned in 1981 to form a short-lived, moderate Social Democratic Party (see Liberal Democrats).
Subjects: World History.
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Tiny portable headphone amplifier. Includes 2 stereo headphone line outs with equal power output.
In stock
The Brainwavz AP001 is an ultra portable headphone amplifier that is designed to help deliver more power to your headphones, earphones or other portable speakers than your standard iPod, iPhone, Smartphone or MP3 player. Using an OP Amp, the AP001 is able to deliver powerful audio amplification and bass enhancement, without much colouring or distortion to the original audio signal.
The AP001 was designed with portability in mind, it's light weight 15.5g body houses a 120mAh battery that will run for over 12 hours of continuous use. There is no on and off switch, the smart circuitry knows when an audio signal is present and will automatically turn on or off. The AP001 is also designed with two line outs, which can deliver equal power output to two headphones, earphones or speakers at the same time.
Using this portable headphone amplifier will help enhance the performance of almost any headphone or earphone.
Playback: 12+ Hours on full charge
Charging interface: Micro USB Port
Input: 1 Line in, works with any 3.5mm audio plug from audio source (line in cable included)
Output: 2 audio out, works with any 3.5mm audio plug
Frequency Response: 10Hz – 100 kHz
Suitable Headphone Impedance: 16 ohms – 150 ohms
Build-in Rechargeable Battery: 120 mAh
Dimension & Weight: 38 x 38 x 12.7mm – 15.5g
2 Year Warranty
*Included Accessories:
AP001 Amplifier
Micro USB Charging Connector
Stero Line-in Cable
Ideal for running 2 pairs of headphones from a single source, assuming they aren't already difficult to power.
Normally splitting the signal from your source between two headphones will result in drops in volume, this amp is a good solution.


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Read Free Books Online and Download eBooks for free. Find a huge number of Masterminds & Wingmen: Helping Our Boys Cope with Schoolyard Power, Locker-Room Tests, Girlfriends, and the New Rules of Boy World books to read on the web and download free information products. Discover and read free books by indie authors along with tons of classic guides. Browse categories to find your favorite literature genres: Romance, Imagination, Thriller, Short Stories, Fresh Adult and Children's Books. There are eBooks for everyone.
Description : Title: Masterminds & Wingmen( Helping Our Boys Cope with Schoolyard Power Locker-Room Tests Girlfriends and the New Rules of Boy World) Binding: Paperback Author: RosalindWiseman Publisher: Harmony


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I can't believe how autumny it's suddenly become! I only went to Turkey for a week and when I got back I discovered it wasn't summer anymore. I'm not too sad though as I really love the turn of the seasons. The days are getting shorter, there's a nip in the air and all the leaves are beginning to turn brown. It's making me feel a bit Christmassy although I probably shouldn't mention the C word just yet!
Anyway, I thought I'd share a couple of my favorite Autumnal picture books with you!
First up is 'Leaves' by David Ezra Stein. I was lucky enough to be sent this book a few months ago and it is really beautiful and expressive. I just love the way the drawings are so loose- you really get a feel for the movement of the leaves being blown about in the gusty wind.
The story follows a little bear who is in his first year. He has never seen autumn before and when the leaves start falling off the trees he wonders if they are ok. He tries to put them back on the tree but it is not the same. Then he starts to feel sleepy and so finds a hole, fills it with leaves and goes to sleep. He sleeps snugly all winter and then wakes up in the springtime. 'Welcome!' he cries to the spring. 'And, he thought, the leaves welcomed him.'
It's a simple story but works very well as a charming introduction to the seasons.


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International Journal of Photoenergy
Volume 2012, Article ID 171432, 8 pages
Electrochemical Deposition of CuxSnySzO Thin Films and Their Application for Heterojunction Solar Cells
Department of Engineering Physics, Electronics and Mechanics, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
Received 11 July 2011; Accepted 26 November 2011
Academic Editor: Peter Rupnowski
Copyright © 2012 Yuki Nakashima and Masaya Ichimura. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CuxSnySzO (CTSO) thin films were deposited from an aqueous solution containing CuSO4, SnSO4, and Na2S2O3 by electrochemical techniques. The deposited films were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical transmission spectroscopy. The photoelectrochemical measurement showed that the films have p-type conduction and photosensitivity. ZnO/CTSO heterojunction solar cells were fabricated. Rectification properties were observed, and the cell showed an efficiency of % under AM1.5 illumination.
1. Introduction
For heterojunction solar cells, compound semiconductors composed of cheap and nontoxic elements are strongly desired. For an absorption layer, CdTe and CuInSe2 are popular but their constituent elements are toxic (Cd, Se) or not abundant (Te, In, Se). CuxO (x = 1, 2) and SnS are considered as promising because of their suitable band gap and p-type conduction. In addition, their constituent elements are all nontoxic and abundant. There are several reports on solar cells based on CuxO [1–4] and SnS [5–10]. Their thin films have been deposited by various techniques, such as evaporation, spray pyrolysis, chemical techniques, and sulfurization or oxidation of metal, and the highest efficiency reported so far is about 1.3% for both the materials [1, 7]. Recently, Cu2ZnSnS4 was successfully applied for the absorber layer [11, 12], which has evoked interest for new multinary compounds and alloys with a narrow band gap and p-type conduction.
In this paper, we deposit a quaternary alloy CuxSnySzO (CTSO) and apply it for solar cells for the first time. CTSO can be considered as a mixture of CuxO and SnS, and we may be able to tune its properties by controlling the composition values x, y, and z. Thus CTSO will be potentially advantageous for absorption layers of heterojunction solar cells. To deposit CTSO films, we adopted electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical deposition (ECD) is a low-cost, simple technique, and suitable for large-scale deposition. It has been successfully used to deposit various semiconductors including CuxO [13–15] and SnS [16–18]. As a partner of CTSO in the heterojunction (the window or buffer layer), we selected ZnO. ECD of ZnO was well established [19, 20], and successful fabrication of ZnO/Cu2O [21–23] and ZnO/SnS [24] solar cells by the electrochemical techniques has been reported. Therefore, ECD fabrication of ZnO/CTSO heterojunction solar cells is worth attempting. To discuss their solar cell characteristics, we evaluate the band offset at the ZnO/CTSO heterojunction using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Film Deposition and Characterizations
For the CuxSnySzO deposition, we used an aqueous solution containing CuSO4, SnSO4, and Na2S2O3. CuSO4 concentration was set 10 mM and Na2S2O3 concentration 100 mM, and SnSO4 concentration was varied. pH was about 3 (unadjusted), and the solution amount is 50 mL. In an acidic solution, ions are expected to release S atoms by the following reaction [25]: The deposition solution was hazy because of sulfur colloids formed by the above reaction. A three-electrode cell was used with a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode, an indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated glass sheet as the working electrode, and a platinum sheet as the counter electrode. The deposition potential is determined by cyclic voltametry (CV). By CV, we study the current response of the electrochemical system under the application of a triangular potential sweep. The cathodic scan is from 0 to −1.5 V versus SCE, and the anodic scan is from −1.5 to +0.5 V versus SCE with a scan rate of 20 mV/s. The compositional analysis was carried out by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) using the model JEOL JAMP 7800 Auger microprobe at probe voltage 10 kV and current A. An argon-ion sputtering with an acceleration voltage of 3 kV and a current of 20 mA was used to sputter the film surface. The x, y, and z values were calculated using standard Cu2S, SnS, CuO, and SnO2 compounds. Profile meter Accretech Surfcom-1400D was used to measure the thickness of the film. The surface morphology of the film was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-2000S), keeping the acceleration voltage at 10 kV. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement was carried out with the RIGAKU RINT-2000 diffractometer using Cu radiation. Furthermore, the photoconductivity of the film was examined by means of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements. The PEC measurement was carried out using the same three-electrode cell as that used for the deposition. The deposited film was used as the working electrode, and a solution containing 100 mM Na2S2O3 was used for the electrolyte. The backside of the sample was illuminated by pulsed light coming from an Xe lamp. The incident light was turned off and on mechanically every five seconds by putting and removing a barrier between the lamp and the sample, respectively [16, 17, 26]. The potential applied to the working electrode was scanned linearly first in the cathodic potential range (from 0 to −1 V versus SCE) and then the anodic potential range (from 0 to +1 V versus SCE).
2.2. Heterostructure Fabrication and Characterization
For any heterostructure solar cell, one can consider two different geometries, that is, superstrate and substrate structures. Thus we attempted to fabricate both the types of cells shown in Figure 1. Indium metal electrodes were deposited by thermal evaporation. The electrode size is 1 mm2 and the distance between electrodes is 1 mm. ZnO was also deposited by the electrochemical technique. For the ZnO deposition, we used a solution containing 100 mM zinc nitrate [19]. The deposition temperature was 313 K. The deposition potential was a two-step pulse with V versus SCE, V versus SCE, and each pulse duration was 10 s. The deposition time was 3 min. For the photovoltaic characterization, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were measured in the dark and under illumination. An Xe lamp with an AM1.5 radiation filter was used as the light source, and its radiation power was about 100 mW/cm2. The glass side of the sample was illuminated for all the samples. For the substrate structure cell, the ZnO side should in fact be irradiated. However, we are not able to deposit transparent electrode but only a metal electrode on ZnO. Thus, since the ZnO side surface is shielded by the metal electrode, the substrate side was illuminated.
The band offset was evaluated using XPS PHI-5000 (ULVAC-PHI). The XPS spectra were measured using the Al line as an X-ray source. We adopted the core-level spectroscopy technique [27]: we first measured the valence band maximum (VBM) with respect to the metal 3d or 4d level for the individual layer, and then measured the core level difference at the heterointerface by removing the upper layer by Ar-ion sputtering.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. CTSO Films Deposition
We varied concentration of SnSO4 from 3 to 30 mM as shown in Table 1. Figure 2 shows CV results for the solutions of condition 1 (3 mM SnSO4) and condition 5 (30 mM SnSO4). In the negative scans, reduction current peaks appeared, and we adopted the deposition potential around the reduction peak potential.
First, we attempted deposition using DC bias in all the solution conditions, keeping the deposition time 30 min. We obtained thin films except for the 30 mM SnSO4 condition, where the adhesion was so poor that a film was not formed on the substrate. Thus, we applied a two-step pulse potential with V versus SCE, V versus SCE, and pulse duration of 10 s (condition 5). The effects of the pulse biasing with such a long pulse duration were discussed in our previous paper for SnS deposition [18]. During the "off" period, poorly deposited parts are thought to dissolve, resulting in better surface morphology. The pulse biasing in fact improved adhesion for condition 5, but the surface morphology was not improved sufficiently, as shown below. In preparatory experiments, we found that the pulse biasing is not effective for improving morphology of CuxS films. Thus we did not try the pulse-biasing deposition for the Cu-rich conditions (conditions 1–4).
Table 1 also shows the thickness and composition of the films. From the table, we can see that as the SnSO4 concentration was increased, both Sn and S contents were increased. The oxygen content is larger than or comparable to the sulfur content. The source of the oxygen in the films would be dissolved oxygen in the solution since we did not purge oxygen before the deposition.
Figure 3 shows the SEM images of the films deposited under condition 1 (Figure 3(a)) and condition 5 (Figure 3(b)). The film deposited under condition 1 seems more compact than that deposited under condition 5, and the growth seems to be dendritic for deposition under condition 5. In our previous work, we deposited SnS using 30 mM SnSO4 and 100 mM Na2S2O3 as in condition 5 [18]. Films deposited using DC potential were porous, but those deposited using a pulse bias were much more compact. However, in the present case, the film deposited using a pulse bias (condition 5) is porous as shown in Figure 3(b), and therefore the pulse biasing is not so effective to improve the morphology in case of CTSO.
To investigate the photosensitivity of the deposited films, we performed the PEC measurement. Figure 4 shows the results of the PEC measurement for condition 1 and condition 5. The current was not changed by illumination for the anodic scan, and thus only the results for the cathodic scan are shown in the figure. During the cathodic scan, the current was changed due to the light chopping. When the junction of the semiconductor-electrolyte is illuminated, photogenerated electrons/holes are separated in the space charge region. The photogenerated minority carriers arrive at the interface of the semiconductor-electrolyte to participate in the electrochemical reaction at the film/electrolyte interface. The current becomes more negative under the light illumination during the cathodic scan. This implies that the minority carriers generated here are electrons. Thus, the deposited films are p-type. The photocurrent for the film deposited under condition 1 is bigger than those for the other condition films. Therefore, we adopt condition 1 for fabrication of the solar cells. The poor photoresponse of the film deposited under condition 5 would partly be due to the porous nature of the film (see Figure 3).
The color of the deposition solution changed with time because of spontaneous chemical reactions. To investigate dependence of film properties on deposition time, we changed deposition time from 30 to 5 min. The composition and thickness of the film obtained by 5 min deposition under condition 1 were shown in the parentheses in Table 1. It can be seen that Sn and S contents are larger for the shorter deposition time. The average deposition rate is also larger for the initial 5 min (0.03 μm/min) than for the 30 min deposition (0.017 μm/min). We may consider that Sn and S reacted in the solution to form SnS colloidal particles, resulting in decrease in Sn and S contents in the film and also decrease in deposition rate for a longer deposition time.
The XRD spectra of the films deposited under condition 1 are shown in Figure 5 with the spectrum for the ITO glass substrate. The observed peaks are all attributed to the ITO substrate for the 5 min deposition sample, whereas a broad peak appears near 2θ = 43° for the 30 min deposition sample. We could not identify the broad peak since its 2θ value does not correspond to those of the dominant peaks of related binary compounds (SnSx, CuxO, x = 1 or 2). Since SnS and Cu2O films deposited by ECD exhibited clear diffraction peaks [18, 21], the absence of clear diffraction peaks indicates that the CTSO films are amorphous or nanocrystalline and do not include those separate binary phases.
For estimating the band gap, we measured the optical transmission of CTSO. Figure 6 shows the optical transmission of the CTSO film deposited under condition 1 with a deposition time of 5 min. The transmission is low in the whole range obviously because of scattering due to the rough surface morphology (Figure 3). A clear absorption edge did not appear, which will be due to amorphous or nanocrystalline nature of the film revealed by XRD (Figure 5). For the direct-band optical absorption, the absorption coefficient is given by where is a constant, the band gap, and the photon energy. Figure 7 shows versus plot. There is no clear straight-line portion in the plot, and begins to increase gradually around 1 eV and then more steeply around 1.5 eV. Thus, the band gap would be in a range between 1 and 1.5 eV.
3.2. Heterojunction Solar Cells
We attempted to fabricate the superstrate and substrate heterojunctions with ZnO as a window layer and CTSO as an absorption layer. In case of the superstrate heterojunction, we found that the underlying ZnO layer was dissolved during the subsequent CTSO deposition. The same problem was also reported for the SnS deposition on ZnO [24]. Recently, a buffering method was proposed to prevent dissolution of ZnO during deposition of Cu2O on it [28]. A suitable amount of ZnO is dissolved into the Cu2O deposition solution, and then stability of ZnO can be improved. This method is effective for alkaline solutions because the solubility of , the product of ZnO dissolution, is relatively low. In the present case, pH of the CTSO deposition solution is about 3, and the solubility of Zn2+, the product of ZnO dissolution in acidic solutions, is quite high. Thus the ZnO dissolution could not be prevented by the buffering technique. Therefore, we actually fabricated the substrate heterojunction only. Figure 8 shows the dark I-V characteristics for the substrate heterojunction with the 30-min-deposited CTSO layer. The rectification property appeared, but we did not find any photovoltaic effects.
In the substrate structure, the light is incident on the CTSO (absorption layer) side, and thus the light is attenuated before reaching the pn junction region. This would be the main reason why the photocurrent was not observed for the 30-min-deposited CTSO layer, and thus we reduced the CTSO film thickness. Figure 9 shows the dark and illuminated I-V characteristics for the substrate heterojunction with the 5-min-deposited CTSO layer. We confirmed rectification and photovoltaic effects. The conversion efficiency of the best cell was % with of 0.165 V, of 0.1 mA/cm2, and FF of 0.30. The efficiency is significantly lower than those of SnS- and Cu2O-based solar cells, for which efficiency values larger than 1% were reported [1, 7]. It should be noted that while those previously reported cells were all superstrate-structure cells, the cell fabricated in this work is of the substrate structure as noted above. Thus the observed poor photovoltaic properties will be mainly due to the cell structure (substrate structure). Another possible reason for the poor properties could be poor crystallinity of CTSO. Since there are no sharp diffraction peaks in the XRD spectra shown in Figure 5, the CTSO films are considered to be amorphous or nanocrystalline. Then the carrier diffusion length will be very short. On the other hand, clear diffraction peaks are observed for ECD SnS and Cu2O, as mentioned above, and thus the diffusion length may be longer in them than in CTSO. To improve the performance, annealing may be effective and will be attempted in a future study. Properties of the heterointerface are another important factor and thus will be discussed in the next subsection.
3.3. Band Offsets
For the ZnO/CTSO cells, we confirmed photovoltaic effects, but the short-circuit current was small. The band offset at the interface is one of the most influential parameters for the efficiency of the heterojunction solar cells. Thus, to discuss the observed solar cell properties, the XPS technique was used to determine the band offset of the prepared junction. For the ZnO/CTSO structure, the valence-band offset is given by the equation where is the energy separation between the valence-band maximum (VBM) and the Sn4d core level for CTSO, the separation between VBM and the Zn3d core level for ZnO, the energy difference across the interface between the Sn4d core level in the CTSO side, and the Zn3d core level in the ZnO side of the junction. Figure 10 shows the XPS spectra of CTSO (deposited under condition 1) and ZnO. The VBM positions were deduced by linear extrapolation of the leading edge of the expanded spectra, as shown in Figure 10(b), and the first and second terms of (3) were obtained as follows: Figure 11 shows the XPS spectra for the interface between CTSO and ZnO. The three spectra were taken with different sputtering time to determine the position of each peak. From this result, we estimated On the basis of (3), we calculated as 1.9 eV. The conduction-band offset was calculated using the band gap of each material as The band gap of ZnO is 3.4 eV. As described above, we were not able to accurately evaluate the band gap of CTSO from the optical transmission measurement, and was only roughly estimated to be in a range of 1 to 1.5 eV. Figure 12 shows the schematic of the band alignment estimated from the XPS results. Considering the ambiguity of the band gap value, the band edges of CTSO were indicated by the thick lines with a width corresponding to 0.25 eV. As shown in the figure, even if we consider the uncertainty of the band gap of CTSO, we may conclude that the conduction band offset will be small. In that case, we can expect that the short circuit current will be relatively large since there is only a low barrier for the electron flow. However, the ZnO/CTSO cell showed a small short circuit current. As discussed in the previous section, the cell geometry (substrate structure) and the short diffusion length of carriers in CTSO may be the reason of the low efficiency. Another possible reason is that ZnO and CTSO were mixed at the heterojunction interface, to form an interface layer which hinders the electron flow. As shown in Figure 11, the transition of composition from ZnO to CTSO is not sharp, that is, the Zn signal is still significant even after the Cu and Sn signals appear. This may be partly due to the roughness of the surface/interface and partly due to the atomic mixing at the interface. Thus, heterostructures with other materials than ZnO also need to be investigated.
4. Conclusion
Using the electrochemical techniques, CuxSnySzO (CTSO) thin films have been deposited from an aqueous solution containing CuSO4, SnSO4, and Na2S2O3. The CuSO4 and Na2S2O3 concentrations were fixed at 10 mM and 100 mM, respectively, while the SnSO4 concentration was varied. The deposited films showed clear p-type conduction and photosensitivity. The film deposited with the solution containing 10 mM CuSO4, 3 mM SnSO4, and 100 mM Na2S2O3 has a band gap of 1.0–1.5 eV and seems to be nanocrystalline or amorphous according to the XRD results. The film was used for fabricating ZnO/CTSO heterojunctions. Rectification properties were observed, and the best cell showed an efficiency of % under AM1.5 illumination.
The authors would like to thank Drs. M. Kato, A. M. Abdel Haleem, and S. Chowdhury for their useful discussion and Mr. Moriguchi for his technical assistance in the XPS measurement.
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Our 21st Century Educational Philosophy
At Brigidine College, we believe in creating lifelong learners. The College is committed to following the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians December 2008. We support the current thinking of The Four Pillars for Education in the 21st Century which identifies the characteristics for learning all through our lives.
- Learning to know focuses on the mastery of the learning tools, including developing one's concentration, memory skills and ability to think.
- Learning to do involves the acquiring and applying of skills including life skills. Qualities such as communication, team work and problem-solving skills assume the greatest importance. The key concept here is "personal competence."
- Learning to live together teaches us about human diversity by instilling an awareness of the similarities and the interdependence of all people. Learners exercise tolerance, understanding and mutual respect.
- Learning to be aims to develop the individual as a member of a family and community. The focus is on developing the imagination and creativity through opportunities for aesthetic, scientific, cultural and social discovery and experimentation, in order to experience "personal fulfilment."


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encaustic & oil on wood panel, ready for hanging
36" x 24"
Origin: Sonoma. CA
Condition: New.
Cari uses the ancient medium of encaustic (molten pigmented beeswax) to create her luscious abstract paintings. Her work combines rich color fields in conjunction with an elegant layering of line and pattern that create a developed depth of interest in each painting. As a full-time artist Cari teaches, lectures, and shows her work in the US and abroad. Her methods and artwork are featured in DVDs, as well as being featured in several books and articles. She is endlessly inspired by her natural environment of the ocean, mountains, wildlife and vineyards that surround her in Sonoma County.
All art sales are final. Art only available to ship within the United States
Overall Dimensions: 36" x 24"
If necessary, oil and acrylic paintings can be cleaned with a damp cloth or by a professional art conserver. Works under glass can be cleaned using a glass cleaner, but avoid harsh chemicals when cleaning works under plexi to prevent surface damage.
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Elon senior RB Jamal Shuman is frustrated. The Phoenix lost 48-28 Saturday to Wofford, and Shuman only factored in one play—a five-yard pass reception. So he did what anyone would do in that situation, and vented on Twitter.
He did this without understanding that his tweets were public. (He's since deleted the account.) Here's the succession of Mr. Verify Deez Nuts's breakdown and eventual realization of the trouble he was in—a bildungsroman, in 140-character chunks.
I cannot verify whether or not this is true, since Elon plays in FCS and you're probably just now learning Elon had a football team at all.
He's frustrated, and maybe he even has a point here. Also, were you aware Elon is ranked by US News & World Report as the #2 Regional University in the South?
Retweets are not endorsements, except when they are.
Concerned followers try to intervene and make Shuman aware of what he's doing.
Oh, goodness.
Meanwhile, his rant has gone viral, leading him to wonder why he's suddenly been retweeted 100+ times.
Realization hits.
That it is, Jamal, that it is.


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And just where is that, you ask?
Well, other than the obvious 'behind', that would be the first row.
The first row of my 39 Squares.
The 39 Squares that Amy is hosting in honor of her birthday.
In my first row you will find an assortment of stitched items...
A dream catcher,
a pomegranate (a kinda wonky one),
a coat of arms
and a hand.
Now let's see how long it takes me to complete row two!
Have a beautiful day!


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Located at 105 Rt. 173, Antioch, IL 60002Get Directions
Here at Antioch Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram, our motto is "Nobody sells vehicles for less" and we stand by that. We want to offer you a great quality vehicle at a competitive and affordable price. Located in Antioch, Illinois, just a short drive from Kenosha, Round Lake, Lake Villa and Waukegan, our dealership is here for all of your Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, Ram needs.
Our dealership is located at 105 Rt. 173, Antioch, IL, 60002 and we proudly serve the entire Illinois Wisconsin area with new and used cars, a professional on-site service department, a fully stocked parts department, a finance center, and so much more. We have customers from the following Antioch, Chicago area; Fox Lake, Crystal Lake, Gurnee, Illinois and Kenosha WI.
We offer the newest Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and RAM vehicles. Our showroom boasts the latest new models including the Chrysler 200, 300, Dodge Challenger, Charger, Durango, Dodge Journey, Jeep Compass, Grand Cherokee, Wrangler, RAM 1500, 2500 and Cargo Van. Our experienced and certified sales staff can point you in the right direction based on your individual vehicle needs.
We also carry an extensive selection of used cars, trucks and SUV's. Many of our vehicles are Chrysler Certified and CarFax Guaranteed. We believe in the Quality of our inventory, and try to offer a variety of makes and models.
At Antioch, we provide certified trained technicians that will fix your vehicle right the first time at our on-site service center. We also offer OEM Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and RAM parts to Antioch and surrounding areas; paired with a service department full of qualified technicians ready to attend to your vehicle.
Antioch Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram will help get you into a car, truck, or SUV that will fit your budget. We're eager to provide competitive financing for your new car through an auto loan or car lease. Our professional finance department will work with you on an individual basis to create a custom loan package that works for you.
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To Setup Layaway
- Add items to cart.
- In cart, select "Proceed to Checkout."
- Checkout as usual. When you get to "Payment Information," select "Purchase Order." You'll be prompted for a PO#. Enter "10% Down."
- Your layaway request will be processed within 1 business day. Upon processing, you'll be emailed 2 PayPal invoices, one for 10% down, the other for the balance. Note: PayPal account not required to pay invoices.
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"All BRZ, FR-S, GT-86 header or exhaust parts for sale can be fabricated for any supercharger or turbo system. High performance tuning for custom exhausts also available to maximize engine horsepower or torque. Please inquire for pricing."
Application and Approval required before purchase.
Installation Instruction
Shipping cost by Air(4~8 days) is 95USD worldwide.


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Wish You Were Here (Live :Fred Durst & Wes Borland Lyrics by Limp Bizkit
Limp Bizkit Lyrics
Wish You Were Here (Live :Fred Durst & Wes Borland Lyrics
So you think you can tell
Heaven from hell
Blue skies from pain
Can you tell a green field
From a cold steel rail
A smile from a veil
Do you think you can tell?
Do you think we can change
Everybody that hates
Before it's too late
So proud to be free
But who can we blame?
Dont be ashamed
Do you think we can change?
(Wes Borland Solo )
How I wish
How I wish You were here
We're world of lost souls
Swimming in a fish bowl
Year after year,
Running over the same old ground,
What have we found?
The same old fears
Wish you were here
We dont need
Need any more pain
We just need to remain
On the very same page
So much to gain
No more losing a friend
We're losing ourselves
We just need to help
So glad you're here.
(Wes Borland Solo)
So glad You're here.....
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All lyrics are property and copyright of their respective authors, artists and labels.
All lyrics provided for educational purposes only.
Please support the artists by purchasing related recordings and merchandise.


text:
There's an interesting article in the Annals of Family Medicine: Facilitating Collaboration Among Academic Generalist Disciplines: A Call to Action, by Jean S. Kutner, MD, MSPH, John M. Westfall, MD, MPH, Elizabeth H. Morrison, MD, MSED, Mary Catherine Beach, MD, MPH, Elizabeth A. Jacobs, MD, MPP and Roger A. Rosenblatt, MD, MPH, MFR
To meet its population's health needs, the United States must have a coherent system to train and support primary care physicians. This goal can be achieved only though genuine collaboration between academic generalist disciplines. Academic general pediatrics, general internal medicine, and family medicine may be hampering this effort and their own futures by lack of collaboration. This essay addresses the necessity of collaboration among generalist physicians in research, medical education, clinical care, and advocacy. Academic generalists should collaborate by (1) making a clear decision to collaborate, (2) proactively discussing the flow of money, (3) rewarding collaboration, (4) initiating regular generalist meetings, (5) refusing to tolerate denigration of other generalist disciplines, (6) facilitating strategic planning for collaboration among generalist disciplines, and (7) learning from previous collaborative successes and failures. Collaboration among academic generalists will enhance opportunities for trainees, primary care research, and advocacy; conserve resources; and improve patient care.


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A view over Baden
Baden Resort, showing the cold pool, the club house, some chalets and the camping areas
Kathy and Martin were waiting for me at the arrivals barrier in Cape Town, ready to drive me the two-hour journey to Montagu and Baden. I felt a little paranoid to discover that John had left as I was arriving, but I needn't have worried, he was off to Bloemfontein to compete in the Confederation of Hunters Associations of South Africa's Interclub Competition. There were 32 teams competing and John had been chosen for team C of the Cape Hunt. This was wonderful for John, considering his terrible motorbike accident. He has recovered so well! In the competition, the Cape Hunt's A team came first, John's C team came 10th, and their B team came 17th. It looks like some sorting of the teams needs doing - or maybe it was just down to John's expertise!
John (in front with the white jeans) with his fellow team-mates.
The weather at Baden was lovely and Eric and I even managed a dip in the hot spring. The wonderful thing about life in Baden is that little changes. Although, that said, one major change I noticed is that many of the apricot trees have gone, as John has diversified into sheep and lucerne. The price of fruit has been steadily falling and both sheep and lucerne give immediate and sustained returns, so it makes economic sense.
There's not a lot of wildlife there, on the edge of the Karoo, but we did see buck, and some fresh baboon spoor, although fortunately not the baboons. There was also the cobra in Louise's kitchen that Eric went to dispatch at nine o'clock one night - a normal event in life on a farm in South Africa!
Ouma Kitty (Alta's mother), Ouma Emily (Richard's mother), Richard and Alta, the benefactors of the feast that was Sunday lunch!
Carine, Martin, Richard and Kathy and a tiny representation of the vast Sunday lunch.
Baby Richard with Louise and Eric enjoying Sunday lunch. Unfortunately,
John was missing, as he was shooting in a competition.
I felt a sense of belonging as I was welcomed to Sunday lunch at the main house, where four generations of Knipes sat around the table. I was also invited to dinner with Lorna; with John and Louise; with CJ and Miemie; and to drinks with Martin and Carine. I felt very privileged. We had such fun, I definitely want to return, perhaps next time with David. Thank you so much Kathy and Eric, and everyone at Baden.
Cheers from me, Miemie and Kathy, while enjoying Lorna's wonderful spread!
From the left: Miemie, CJ, Eric, Kathy, JC and Lorna, all enjoying the kudu,
as only CJ knows how to cook it.
I also enjoyed spending some quality time with Richard and Louise.
Now, after all that food, I definitely need to go on a diet before Tammy's wedding in Perth next month!


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St. Lucie Mets Announce New Mascot
April 4, 2013 3:04 AM
The St. Lucie Mets have announced they will be unveiling their new mascot at the Mets home opener against the Jupiter Hammerheads on Thursday, April 4 at Tradition Field. The game is scheduled for 6:30 p.m.
The Mets have employed Slider since 1995 where he has been a fixture at the stadium and in the community.
Slider, who has been with the St. Lucie Mets for 17 years, will be moving to Kingsport, TN, home of the Mets rookie ball affiliate, the Kingsport Mets. It is rumored that he will be attending college in the greater TN area while serving as the mascot for the K-Mets.
The St. Lucie Mets will send a farewell to Slider at their home opener. The Mets will unveil their new mascot prior to the game.
The St. Lucie Mets new mascot will throw out the ceremonial first pitch and Slider will be behind the plate catching.
The St. Lucie Mets set the single-season record for most wins in team history with 83 in 2012 while also winning the First Half South Division Championship for the second straight year.
For tickets, call the box office at 772-871-2115. For more information, visit stluciemets.com.
# # #
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5000kg ergonomic ratchets straps are the new method for securing your load. Rather than pushing up the ratchet handle to tighten ratchet straps you pull the handle down. The handles on the ergonomic ratchet straps are longer and shaped to improve comfort. The pulling motion and longer handles on the ratchet means that less force is required to tighten the strap. This saves a lot of effort and makes the process much easier. Using the ergonomic ratchet straps puts less stress on the user's back and joints. The 5000kg ergonomic ratchet straps come in 8m and 10m lengths and are made from durable polyester webbing and high quality metal.
Break/Load in kgs: 5000
Width in mm: 50
Colour: Blue
Length in metres: 4,6,8,10,12,15


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Do you want to increase security at your Jacksonville, Florida property? Are you concerned about your residence's building access? Customize a building access system that's perfect for your needs by working with Sunbelt Gated Access Systems, Inc. You can trust us to recommend the products you need, without trying to sell you on ones you don't.
You can have a seamless, comprehensive access control system. Call 904-354-7060 for a free estimate.
When you're hiring a custom security company to work on your building, you want one that's trustworthy and efficient. Jacksonville residents trust the job to Sunbelt. You can rely on us to provide and install a wide variety of building access systems, such as:


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Before we get into that, we'll talk about the
differences between the two types of masks, and take a look at the
finished artwork to give you an idea of where you're going.
In a nutshell, masks hide or show parts of an object
or image. At their simplest, masks are a nondestructive way of cropping
objects in your design, without permanently deleting anything. A mask
can be edited or discarded at any time. You can also permanently apply a
mask, flattening it to the image being masked. There are two basic
kinds of mask: bitmap and vector.
Bitmap masks hide bitmap image data using a
pixel-based mask. You can create bitmap masks using other bitmap images,
selections, or the Brush (
) tool.
To create a selection for a mask, you can use any of
the bitmap selection tools. Decide on the type of edge you want for the
selection (Hard, Anti-alias, or Feather) using the Live Marquee settings
in the Properties panel. Then, just draw your selection. Bitmap
selections can create masks only for other bitmaps.
You can also mask one bitmap image with another. The
darker tones in a photo used as a mask will hide areas on the image
being masked. Lighter tones reveal parts of the masked image.
Using the Brush tool, you can easily create or edit
the mask live on the canvas, just by painting. Black hides, white
reveals, and shades of gray produce semitransparency. (We'll remind you
of this important basic concept later in the lesson.) If you set your
brush color to a shade of gray, the pixels you paint over will be
Original image
Beginning to paint a bitmap mask using the Brush tool and black for the brush color
The final masked image
masking is one of the most powerful features in Fireworks. Like bitmap
masks, vector masks are a nondestructive way of cropping, but unlike
bitmap masks, vector masks can be applied to vectors, bitmaps, groups,
or graphic symbols.
Compared to bitmap masks, vector masks tend to have a
higher degree of control and accuracy, because you use a path, not a
brush, to create them. It's easy to change the fill or stroke of a
vector mask. Generating the same type of effect with a bitmap mask can
be more time consuming.
Vector masks use one of two modes: Path Outline or Grayscale Appearance. You can change the mode in the Properties panel.
In Path Outline mode, the vector mask acts like a cookie cutter, using the shape of the path to act as the mask.
Grayscale Appearance mode, any bitmap information in the vector fill
gets converted to a grayscale alpha channel. Grayscale Appearance uses
the pixel values of the vector's fill and
the vector shape itself to create the mask. If your vector mask has a
range of tones in it—such as a gradient fill—the image will be hidden or
revealed based on those tones. Just like with bitmap masks, black
hides, white reveals, and shades of gray produce semitransparency, as in
this example, where a linear gradient has been used to fill the vector
The convenient Auto Vector Mask command works in this way as well. We'll try that out later in the lesson.
You can easily apply a shape as a mask, whether you
drew a vector shape using a shape tool or used the Pen tool to create a
custom shape.


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-This league was formerly known as the Mid Continental Conference. Valparaiso jumped ship and joined the Horizon League, and they were replaced by IPFW, North Dakota State and South Dakota State.
-North Dakota State and South Dakota State need to wait one more year before they are eligible for postseason play, so they will not be participating in the conference tournament. That is unfortunate, because NDSU will be a force right away and would have a very good chance at winning it if they were allowed to compete.
-None of the teams that are currently in the league have advanced past the first round of the NCAA Tournament since 1974 when Oral Roberts managed two wins in the Big Dance. Oakland won the opening round game in 2005, and that is the only other win in the NCAA Tournament that any of these teams have. Nevertheless, the league appears to be on its way up.
-IUPUI was a modest 15-15 last season, and managed to go 7-7 in the conference, but they appear to be much better this year. For starters, they are back at full strength after losing guard George Hill just five games into the season last year. He will likely be one of the best players in the league this year and is a very good scorer, passer and defender. Three other starters are back, so this team has quite a bit of experience and it could be their year to win the Summit and get back to the NCAA Tournament.
-NORTH DAKOTA STATE won 20 games last season and has four starters coming back. Unfortunately, they are not eligible for postseason play and will have to wait one more year until their probationary period is up. The good news is that they have no senior starters, so all the players will get a chance to compete for a spot on the NCAA Tournament next year. They have done a tremendous job during the transition period. They managed a big win at Marquette last season, and at Wisconsin the season before, so the players on this team have really been a part of building up the program. Most redshirted when they arrived on campus, and the reason for that was so they would get at least one chance to play in the NCAA Tournament. Guards Been Woodside and Mike Nelson both averaged over 15ppg last year, and showed they could pass the ball as well as they could shoot. Forward Brett Winkleman was also a big time scorer and did a good job on the glass as well. They will be a force in this league despite the fact they are not eligible to play in the conference tournament.
-ORAL ROBERTS has been the dominant force in the league over the past three seasons. They finished first in the standings all three years, and have won the conference tournament for the past two seasons. Unfortunately, their two best players are gone. They werent just the two best players for Oral Roberts, but Caleb Green and Ken Tutt were two of the best players in the conference. The other three starters are back and ORU should have a solid team, but I believe their reign at the top of the standings will come to an end.
-OAKLAND has a very talented team this year, and should be among the teams in the mix for the league title this year. They did lose two of their best players and their frontcourt will likely suffer because of it, but three starters are back and Rutgers transfer Dan Waterstradt will likely be the starting center. They finished the season very strong and nearly defeated Oral Roberts in the championship game last year, but came up just short.
-CENTENARY managed ten wins last season, which may not sound like a lot but its a significant improvement compared to how they had been playing before. The recruiting is getting better and they do have an outstanding guard in Tyrone Hamilton. However, it looks as though most of their contributing players are going to be very young this year and we probably wont see them at the top of the standings. They are definitely going in the right direction though.
-IPFW finished 12-17 last year, and its the first time that their win total has reached double figures since joining div1. This is their first year in the Summit League, and although theyre improving and should continue to improve, they arent likely to contend for the league title this season.
-SOUTH DAKOTA STATE is new to the league this year and has one more year to go before being eligible for postseason play. The transition has been a much tougher one for them than it has for North Dakota State. They are in the building process, but they appear to have a strong foundation. Three starters are back from last year and there are several teams in the conference they should be able to compete against.
-SOUTHERN UTAH has a new coach and ten new players this year, seven of which are junior college transfers, and five of those players played for new head coach Roger Reid at Snow Junior College a season ago. These big time changes should end up being a good thing for this program, who has struggled to compete in the league. Three starters also return, so the team should be an improvement from what were used to seeing.
-Although three starters are back, UMKC lost their two best players from last season. They were an unimpressive 12-20, but did look pretty good in the conference tournament where they nearly defeated Oakland in the semifinals.
-WESTERN ILLINOIS was just 7-23 last year, and has struggled to compete in the league over the last several years. They have eight new players on the roster, and for a team that is trying to rebuild itself that may turn out to be a good thing. Despite the fact that theyve struggled for the past several seasons, the recruiting does appear to be improving, which is a good start when it comes to turning things around.


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Watch new Android based tablets in market- Samsung's Galaxy Tab 730 & Galaxy Tab 750. Samsung's much awaited two Android based tablet PCs i.e. Galaxy Tab 730 and Galaxy Tab 750 have been launched today in India. They are tagged respectively with the cost of Rs. 33,990 and Rs. 36,200.
Last year in the month of October, Samsung launched a 7" Galaxy Tab of Rs. 38,000. Smart mobile phones are the first choice of the customers all over the world. Senior Vice-President of Samsung Marketing Division, YH Lee told reporters that they launched these smart phones in India, as it is one of the best markets all over the world.
Apple and Samsung
Other reports have revealed that Samsung has lost a Court Case regarding intellectual property rights with Apple in Europe and has been banned from selling Galaxy Tab Tablet PCs in the European region, except Netherlands.
Apple has filed another lawsuit on Samsung for similar infringement based on a number of Apple's patents. Apple alleged Samsung for copying their iPhone and iPad gadget designs for making Samsung's Galaxy mobile phones.
This Tablet PC has all PC like functionalities except its smaller size. Both of these Galaxy tablets are well equipped with 1GB RAM, 16GB internal memory, 3MP rear and 2MP front camera and 3G functionality with the Android 3.1 Honeycomb Operating Software. The size of Galaxy Tab 730 is 8.9" and Galaxy Tab 750 is 10.1".
Samsung's Country Head of Indian region, Ranjit Yadav believed a tremendous growth in the Indian market of about 2.5 lakh -5 lakh units in the year 2011. This is one of the reasons for capturing Indian market, last year Samsung Galaxy Tab shared around 25% of market share.


text: GST – completing your activity statement For GST, luxury car tax and wine equalisation tax purposes, from 1 July 2015, where the term 'Australia' is used in this document, it is referring to the 'indirect tax zone' as defined in subsection 195-1 of the GST Act. Your activity statement is personalised to your business and is based on your GST registration details. It is important that you report on the form that we send you. We will send it to you with sufficient time for you to complete it before you need to lodge it. From 1 July 2012, a self-assessment system applies to indirect tax laws. When you lodge your activity statement for a tax period that starts after that date, it becomes a notice of assessment issued on the day you lodge. Terms we use When we say: sales, we mean the GST term supplies purchases, we mean the GST term acquisitions GST credits, we mean the GST term input tax credits reporting period, we mean the GST term tax period payments made or received, we mean the GST term consideration business, we mean the GST term enterprise. Some technical terms used in these instructions may be new to you. They are explained in the list of Definitions. See also: Before you start preparing a statement How to complete your activity statement Lodging, paying and refunds Example of record keeping Last modified: 07 Dec 2018QC 17458


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Alexandria VA Public Defender Supervised Ext (Co-Req: LAW-795V-001) (LAW-754-010)
Criminal Procedure is a prerequisite or co-requisite for this course. Students must enroll in both LAW 754-010 and LAW 795V-001. Permission to enroll is required. To get permission, email Professor Lippy a copy of your resume and the reasons you wish to participate to email@example.com
The one credit Alexandria Public Defender Seminar is taken in conjunction with the three credit externship at the Alexandria Public Defender Office (APD Office) . Students participate in a 20 hour weekly externship and attend a one hour seminar at the Alexandria Defender office site. During the seminar, students learn the skill of developing case theories, interviewing and examining witnesses, introducing evidence, giving opening statements and closing arguments, and questioning potential jurors during voir dire. During the externship, through the supervision of public defenders, students interview clients and witnesses, visit incarcerated clients, conduct legal research, prepare pleadings and legal memoranda, and attend trials and hearings.
Textbooks and Other Materials
The textbook information on this page was provided by the instructor. Students should use this information when considering purchases from the AU Campus Store or other vendors. Students may check to determine if books are currently available for purchase online.
First Class Readings
Not available at this time.
Use your MyAU username and password to access the syllabus in the following format(s):


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At Dick Myers Chrysler Dodge Jeep, we strive to provide the best service possible, quickly, accurately and without hassle. The Service Department now takes appointments online; simply fill out the online form and our service staff will respond via your preferred method of contact to confirm your scheduled time.
The Dick Myers Chrysler Dodge Jeep service staff is highly proficient in repairing Chrysler, Dodge and Jeep vehicles; rely on factory parts and procedures that set our dealership apart! You can contact our staff bycalling (877)433-1600 or by stopping by at 1711 S Main St. We want your experience to be nothing short of spectacular!


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Start your Free AL Permit Practice Test Now:
Welcome to Scholastic FreedomFlix!
Gaming Permission Slip
Welcome to the new Teen pages!
Check out the new teen pages...you'll find:.
- Some bookshelves with awesome reading suggestions
- Background information on your favorite authors
- Information about upcoming events at the library
- Websites that can help when you've got homework
- A REALLY COOL media wall with video trailers of books and authors
Come back often - keep up to date...


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Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Basic Facts
Area :8249sq.km
Capital :Port Blair
Languages :Bengali, Hindi, Nicobarese, Telegu, Tamil, Malayalam
Districts :2 (Andaman & Nicobar)
Population :3,56,265
Population Density : 43
Males :1,92,985
Females :1,63,280
Sex Ratio: 846
Literacy :81.18%
Lok Sabha Seats : 1
Rajya sabha Seat : None
Judiciary: Kolkata (a circuit bench at Port Blair)
Memorable Points
- Kalapani : Andaman & Nicobar are known throughout the country as 'Kalapani' because of their having been a penal settlement under the British Rule.
- 10 Degree Channel: It is a channel that separates the Andaman Islands from the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. The Channel is approximately 150 km wide, 400 fathoms deep running essentially along an east-west orientation. It is so named because it lies on the 10-degree line of latitude, north of the equator.
- Territory: Some large islands, North Andaman, Middle Andaman, South Andaman, Baratang, Little Andaman in the Andaman group and Car Nicobar. A group of big and small picturesque islands forming a narrow broken chain in the form of a north-south arc and are situated at 16Degree N and 14Degree N latitude and 92Degree E and 94Degree E longitude.
- Landfall Islands: This territory of Andaman & Nicobar has two distinct groups of islands-Andaman and Nicobar. Out of approximately 3000 islands, islets and rocks in the archipelago only 38 islands are inhabited. The northern most point is Landfall Island which is 901kms away from the mouth of Hoogly River and about 190kms from Burma.
- Indira Point: The southern-most island is Great Nicobar, the southern-most tip of which Pygmalian Point now Indira Point is about 150kms away from Sumatra (Indonesia).
- Saddle Peak: Saddle Peak in North Andaman at a height of 732 meters above sea level is the highest point in these islands.
- Tribes: The original inhabitants of Andaman & Nicobar Islands lived in the forests on hunting and fishing. There are four Negrito tribes; viz., the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarawa and Sentinalese in the Andaman group of islands and and the Nicobarese and Shompens in the Nicobar group. They are still keeping a separate entity and have not yet learnt the concept of covering their bodies. The tribal groups in the two respective regions have very little in common in the ethnic, linguistic or cultural sense. Their life styles are also very different.
- Other People: Apart from the above mentioned tribes, present-day Andaman and nicobar Islands are the homes of descendants of hundreds of prisoners from all part of India who constituted the penal settlement during the British Raj. They are the offspring's of the Moplas of Malabar deported during the Mopla Rebellion, the Kilafat movement and of refugees from the rest while east Pakistan who settled over thirty years ago with hope for a new life; or ex-servicemen of the Indian Army; of jobseekers and adventurers from every corner of India.
- Little India: Since 50 percent of the population is made up of settlers from the mainland India, some people call Andamans as a Little India or a mini-India. The settlers or ancestors of these settlers came either prior to 1947 or after 1947.
- Original Languages:There are three aboriginal languages in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Great Andamanese: Spoken by the Great Andamanese people; the sole surviving variety is Aka-Jeru, with 36 speakers in 1997 who are bilingual in Hindi , Ongan: Two languages spoken by 300 people, mostly monolingual. Sentinelese; likely at least 50 speakers, and perhaps up towards 250 (the population of the Sentinelese is unknown now). So Sentinelese is unclassified language.
- Birth of Kalapaani & Japansese Occupation: First establishment of East India Company was in 1789 which was abandoned in 1796. Following the first war of Indian Independence in 1857, the British India Government founded the penal settlement in these islands in 1858, primarily known as Kalapani, for the deportation of freedom fighters from the mainland India, which continued till the Second World War During the Second World War, the Japanese forces occupied the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1942. Further following the surrender of the Japanese forces in the Second World War, the British India Government reoccupied these islands in 1945 and continued their administration till the Independence of the country in 1947.
- Port Blair : Port Blair is the capital of the Union Territory Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Port Blair have grown and tourism is being developed to entice more people to enjoy the clean beaches and unpolluted waters that are already attracting divers and snorkelers.
- Chatam Island: The centre of activity of the Forest Department is Chatham Island. It has perhaps the biggest Saw Mill of its kind in Asia. Here logs are extracted with the help of elephants.
- Mount Harriet : It is the highest hill around South Andaman and is about 365m . Formerly it was the headquarters of the Chief Commissioner.
- Ross Islands: Seat of British Administration. The place came into decay with the shifting of the Chief Commissioner's Office in 1942 as areas close to the shore had developed serious cracks and it was felt that the building was not safe. Ross Island was occupied by Japanese in March 1942. In October 1945 the Islands were re-occupied by the British. Today the Island is deserted.
- Madhuban: A training ground for elephants.
- Havelock Island : Known for Coral Reefs =
- Neil Island: Known for timbering operations.
- Chiriya Tapu: Also known as Bird Island
- The Viper Island: There was a jail prior to commissioning of Cellular jail.
- Car Nicobar: Most of the Nicobarese people are Christians.
- Cellular Jail: Regarded by the freedom fighters all over the country as a place of pilgrimage and meant for "dangerous prisoners".
The construction of the Cellular Jail was taken up in 1898 and completed by about 1906. Whole jail consists of cells and each cell was meant for one inmate only. Cellular Jail originally had seven, three storied wings with a total of 698 cells, radiating from a central tower which had an additional storey to facilitate watch and ward.
- "Tyranny of our Freedom Fighters"
Convicts who were sentenced to transportation for life were sent to these islands and interned in the Cellular Jail. Many political prisoners and revolutionaries were incarcerated here during the freedom struggle. Against the tyranny of the Jail management political prisoners were not allowed to communicate with their friends and relatives on the mainland except once in a year. Even the letters coming from mainland and newspapers subscribed by the prisoners were censored before being given to them. While fighting against this tyranny some political leaders had to lay down their lives. Many prisoners had gone insane in the Jail and ended their live by committing suicide rather than subjecting themselves to the indignities heaped on them.
- Damage to Building: In 1941 earthquake caused considerable damage to the Jail building. During the Japanese occupation from March 1942 to October 1954 further damage was caused to the building. All this finally resulted in the demolition of four out of the seven wings of the Jail. At present there are only three wings and these stand as silent monument to the great patriot's and martyrs who were interned in this Jail, who had to sacrifice their lives at the altar of their country's freedom.
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The World Olympic Qualification Event in Baku, Azerbaijan, saw 39 Rio 2016 quota places available at the ten Olympic weight classes, and AIBA Pro Boxers earned five of them thanks to two silver medals and two bronze, while Hakan Erseker secured his team's first-ever Olympic Boxing place in the lightweight (60kg) competition.
Mongolia's youngest team member, 19-year-old Tsendbaatar Erdenebat, reached the bantamweight (56kg) final against Ukraine's Mykola Butsenko to qualify for Rio, while Germany's in-form APB light heavyweight (81kg) boxer Serge Michel put together an excellent run in Baku to reach the final and take home the silver medal and a quota place for his team.
Selcuk Eker's decision to move back to his original flyweight (52kg) class has proven a big success, with the Turkish boxer winning bronze and a Rio 2016 place along with Indian middleweight (75kg) Vikas Krishan Yadav. The Qatar APB boxer Hakan Erseker then earned his country's first Olympic boxing quota place after his lightweight (60kg) quarter-final opponent Enrico la Cruz won the gold.


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Rhodes Cinnamon Rolls are so wonderful and loved buy all in our house-they have to be panned out the night before to let the dough rise ...but not anymore!
Thanks to the newest member to the Rhodes Bread line:
In 60 seconds I can have a roll ready for me at 5:30 when I get up...
and when the rest of the family gets moving about 7:00 I can pop in a few more and can have a hot roll as well.
I got to host a sampling party thanks to Tryazon
Our friends and family all enjoyed the new microwaveable rolls. Side note for the party I microwaved in a dish much like you would oven cook -6 for 6 minutes they turned out slightly gooier then when you make each roll individually- BOTH ways equally DELISH just a texture preference for some.
My daughter loves to make Monkey Bread so we got a bag of the original rolls and our guest got to enjoy that as well. I shared this video with one of the great recipes suggest by the company. I know a few of my guest thought it looked so scrumptious -they were going to give it a try!
The simple 60 sec bake time in the microwave will ease the stress of what to make for breakfast!
Plus, the whole family LOVES them!


text: Recent Posts in Attempted Crimes Category Blog Home Los Angeles Grand Theft Auto ... It's Not A Game! Posted By Stephen G. Rodriguez & Partners || Grand Theft Auto (California Penal Code section 487(d)(1) is a serious crime in Los Angeles. If convicted, you could face some stern consequences. Grand Theft Auto " GTA " is charged when someone takes another person's vehicle without the owner's permission and with the intent to deprive the owner of the vehicle permanently or for a period of time long enough to deprive the ... Share This Post: Continue Reading If I Borrow Or Rent A Car Can I Be Charged With Theft In Los Angeles? Posted By Stephen G. Rodriguez & Partners || The answer to that question is both yes and no. It depends on the circumstances. A key factor in any auto or vehicle theft offense is what the borrower or renter specifically intends to do with the car at the time of taking it. Generally, a person is guilty of auto theft when he or she takes a car, without the owner's consent and with the specific intent to take it from its rightful owner ... Share This Post: Continue Reading 2 results found. Viewing page 1 of 1.


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You Are Here: Home » Visitor submissions
Submitted by Frank Lee
The Chinese National Table Tennis Training Centre is situated in the city of Shijiazhuang, in Hebei province.
The venue is a super training centre in the world and has been the main venue for the Chinese National Table Tennis Squad since 1992.
Chinese International Table Tennis players such as Deng Yaping, Qiao Hong, Kong Linghui, Ma Lin, Wang Ligin, Zhang Yining, Niu Jianfeng, Bai Yang, Wang Nan, Hou Yingchao, Wang Hao and many more Chinese super stars have trained there before any Worlds or Olympics tournaments.
The living quarters at the centre is equivalent to a three star hotel with standard double bedrooms. There are also single bedrooms available on request.
The venue is equipped with body conditioning Gym made in Italy, for the players to use and also the herbalist doctor is on duty for giving massage if you need after hard work training.
At the centre we provide many kinds of foods, including Arabic, Chinese and European foods, with fruits and beverages.
There is also a chance to enjoy a practice session with many Chinese International players there and also play competitions against others coming from all over the world every Tuesday.
You can also visit the Table Tennis museum at the centre and take photos with the actual cups and trophies such as The Corbillon Cup, Iran Cup, Swaythling Cup, St Bride Vase, The Geist Prize, W.J.Pope Trophy and the Heydusek Cup.
The National Training Centre also provides training for players from all over the world regardless of their ability, age and gender.
The Chinese National Table Tennis Training Centre is the centre for development and popularisation of the sport in the world.
This is a good place which can improve your table tennis level quickly.
There are professional coaches at the training center.
We offer table tennis summer training camp for professional and amateur players.
See our website at www.cntttc.org
This page was written and submitted by a visitor to
All About Table Tennis.com
If you wish to contact this table tennis club
please use the details (if any) given above
|Go to a list of all table tennis club details added by my visitors...
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There's a newcomer to the handcrafted goods scene in Southern New England. Rhode Island Rustic was founded by nature-loving couple Mark Baker and Leigh Medeiros earlier this year, who together produce sustainable, one-of-a-kind home decor items out of their home on Narragansett Bay. Their product line includes branch hooks, blanket ladders and serving trays made out of fallen trees from their property or reclaimed pallets from nearby manufacturing plants. Each is then cut, drilled, sanded, and sealed by hand. They also make hand-dyed linen products colored with natural plant-based indigo dye.
These cozy and functional pieces make the perfect gift for an eco-conscious couple, and with a little creativity they can even be used as part of a rustic wedding. Founders Mark and Leigh recently celebrated a belated wedding reception and incorporated several of their handcrafted wares into the celebration, including their serving tray, which held compostable plant starch dinnerware wrapped in recycled paper napkins and their branch hook display boards, which doubled as place card holders.
Photo Credit: Heidi Reed Photography


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This is an epic blog written by a woman named Carrie Cariello about autism. While surfing internet she discovered an article on autism that describes how it happens. One of the causes written in the articles was attributed to the poor maternal bonding. Find the reasons to be offensive she writes a blog explain what the main reason is that causes autism. This is clear all the wrong ideas people have about autism.
Share this heartwarming post with every people you know using the given social icons.