text:
On 5 July 2011 Arnold J gave judgment in the case of MedImmune Limited against Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Limited and Medical Research Council ("MRC") before the Patents Court. The judgment extensively reviews many of the issues encountered in biotechnology patent disputes.
MedImmune (formerly Cambridge Antibody Technology) and MRC (joined as a Defendant rather than as a Claimant because it took no part in the proceedings) were joint proprietors of two divisional European Patents (UK) 0774511 ("511") and 2055777 ("777") (together, "the Patents"). The invention disclosed in the patents consisted of a particular technique (phage display) for selecting a binding molecule of interest (such as an antibody) from amongst a potentially large population of other binding molecules. MedImmune alleged that Novartis (the First Defendant) had infringed the Patents by sales of the pharmaceutical product ranibizumab, sold under the trade mark Lucentis, which is an approved treatment for the eye condition known as wet age-related macular degeneration. Novartis disputed infringement and counterclaimed challenging the validity of the Patents.
The Skilled Person
Following a comprehensive introduction in his judgment into the science and technology behind the Patents, Arnold J commenced his discussion of the law by identifying the skilled person (here a team of people), focussing on the required degree of specialisation of the team in the field of antibody engineering. The Judge referred to Jacob LJ's discussion in Schlumberger Holdings Ltd v Electromagnetic Geoservices AS [2010] EWCA Civ 819, [2010] RPC 33 (which applied the reasoning in Dyson Appliances Ltd v Hoover Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 1440, [2002] RPC 22) and held that the Patents were addressed to a team of scientists with differing backgrounds in areas such as immunology (in particular antibody structural biology), molecular biology and protein chemistry, but with a common interest in antibody engineering. It was reiterated that the notional skilled team must be deemed to lack inventive capacity and therefore a distinction must be drawn between routine experimental work not requiring invention and scientific research which does require invention. This was consistent with the EPO TBA decision in T 500/91 'Biogen II' where it had been stated that "the average skilled person operated at a practical level, and the technical development normally expected of him did not include solving technical problems through scientific research".
Expert Witnesses
The Judge considered in much more detail than is usual in such cases the duties and responsibilities of the expert witnesses. Arnold J explained that the nature of patent cases typically meant that experts had little or no prior experience of this role and emphasised that the lawyers who instruct expert witnesses bear a heavy responsibility for ensuring that an expert witness is not put in a position where he can be made to appear to have failed in his duty to the court. The courts should also be cautious of criticising an expert witness for omissions from their report unless it is clear that the fault lies with the expert and not those instructing him. This case provides important guidance as to the approach that lawyers should adopt in instructing expert witnesses and emphasis the importance of ensuring that the expert report is drafted in a manner as to accurately reflect the way the expert was instructed by the lawyers, and in particular the order in which the expert was shown the documents.
MedImmune conceded that if the claims in the Patents could not properly claim priority from the third of the priority documents they were invalid. Reference was primarily made to the judgment by Arnold J in Intervet UK Ltd v Merial [2010] EWHC 294 (Pat), which both parties agreed was an accurate summary of the relevant principles relating to priority. Accordingly, a claimed invention will be entitled to priority from an earlier application, if it is supported by matter disclosed in the earlier application. In the present case Arnold J accepted Novartis' argument that claim 8 of 511 and claim 1 of 777 were not entitled to priority from the third priority document due to differences in disclosure, particularly in terms of scientific content. Applying Abbott Laboratories Ltd v Evysio Medical Devices plc [2008] EQHC 800 (Pat), [2008] RPC 23 the Judge concluded that the third priority document had not as a whole disclosed, directly and unambiguously, information to the skilled person that was in the claims of the Patents that were in question.
Despite the fact that the priority finding rendered both Patents invalid, the Judge went on to consider the obviousness attack in the event that they could properly claim priority, applying the approach established in Pozzoli v BDMO SA [2007] EWCA Civ 588 (a reformulation of the classic Windsurfing test). Arnold J focused his assessment of obviousness on two pieces of prior art. The first was a paper referred to as "Parmley & Smith" published in 1988. The Judge considered that the Patents were not obvious over the published paper because it did not provide the skilled reader with an opinion that there was a reasonable expectation of success within a reasonable time frame, because of a lack of information as to matters such as infectivity, breakdown and folding of the antibody fragments (applying the principles established in Condor Medsystems Inc v Angiotech Pharmaceuticals Inc [2008] UKHL 49, [2008] RPC 28; Biogen/Hepatitis B [1995] OJ EPO 627) . This decision was consistent with that of the Opposition Division concerning 877.
The second piece of prior art was a talk delivered by a Professor Smith at a conference in 1990. The Judge deemed that the talk provided a sufficient enough explanation to make it obvious to try the techniques claimed in the invention and thus the skilled team would have believed that there was a reasonable expectation of success within a reasonable time. Arnold J based this decision on the fact that Professor Smith, displaying a consistently positive and encouraging tone, demonstrating his underlying confidence in success, had explicitly proposed carrying out the claimed invention. He furthermore addressed the concerns raised in Parmley & Smith, put forward a number of solutions to potential problems and provided reasons as to why he considered nevertheless that the experiment was worth carrying out. His decision as to this was in contrast to that of the Opposition Division who had rejected the allegation that 877 was obvious over the talk on the basis that the contents of the oral disclosure had not been sufficiently substantiated.
Insufficiency and Added Matter
The Judge also considered and rejected attacks of insufficiency and added matter. As to former the attack was on the broad scope of the claims and the judgment reviews in considerable detail the UK and EPO case law on this issue, which has long troubled the English courts, particularly in biotechnology cases. In the light of that review he held that the invention disclosed in the Patents was a principle of general application that did not depend on the precise identity of the binding molecule employed, and so the insufficiency attack failed.
The claims asserted to be infringed by the production of ranibizumab were to the production of binding molecules (such as antibodies) within a recombinant system into which nucleic acid isolated from particles selected by means of the claimed phage display technique had been inserted. Based on his construction of certain scientific phrases in the claims that described how the phage display technology was employed (taking into account the specification, applying the principles established in Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd v Premium Aircraft Interiors UK Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 1062, [2010] RPC 8), and on the balance of probabilities, the Judge held the process of production of ranibizumab did not fall within claim 5 - 8 of 511 or claim 1 of 777 and therefore there was no infringement by Novartis.
Despite this finding, the Judge then went on to consider, in the event that he had incorrectly construed the claims, whether ranibizumab, which was manufactured in the USA, was obtained directly by means of the patented process in claim 8 of 511 and claim 1 of 777, and so, according to section 60(1)(c) 1977 Act its import into the UK would infringe. This involved detailed consideration of the case law on this section and the leading case under it, Pioneer Electronics Capital Inc v Warner Music Manufacturing Europe GmbH [1997] RPC 757. Novartis in effect argued that it did not infringe because the invention, if any, lay in the use of the phage display aspect of the claims and that it was only as a result of adding a conventional manufacturing process (production in a recombinant system) that MedImmune were able to allege infringement. Although he accepted that this was an attractive argument Arnold J rejected it because the case law that bound him was expressed in terms of how the claims were drafted rather than what was the inventive concept. Thus he concluded that if ranibizumab had been produced by a process falling within claim 8 of 511 and claim 1 of 777, it would be a product obtained directly by means of that process. He also went onto consider Novartis' further argument, based on Article 8(2) of the Biotechnology Directive, but held that Article 8(2) could not apply to the relevant claims because the processes claimed by claim 8 of 511 and claim 1 of 777 were not processes that enable a "biological material" as defined in the Biotechnology Directive to be produced.
This case provides a thorough review of many aspects of current English patent case law and discusses some interesting questions, particularly in relation to "claim scope" insufficiency and the issue of when a product is obtained directly from an infringing process. It also provides extensive guidance as to the duties of both experts and their lawyers have during the presentation of expert evidence, and from which lawyers in future will stray at their peril.
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text:
Welcome to the second week of the online book club with poetry participation. laurasalas and I are taking turns hosting this conversation and poetry playtime. You can pop over to Laura's blog to read last week's conversation if you missed it.
I chose Chapter 7 from Writing the Life Poetic because I have always been fascinated by the original poem, 13 Ways of Looking at a Blackbird (by Wallace Stevens) and the many variations it has spawned. I confess, I've wanted to do my own take on it but have been a bit too lazy.
These are very short chapters so if you haven't read this one yet, you have time to go read it and come back. Really. It's just a couple of pages long. I'll wait.
What stood out to me in this chapter is the phrase, "Writing poetry is discovering ways of looking." It's all about learning to be here, now, and in the moment during days when we are usually busy racing around trying to get more things done in less time. If you are going to look at something in 13 different ways you're going to stay with it for a while, long enough to slow down and get up close and personal. And while you're looking at whatever has captured your poetic mind, you may (and will likely) wander away from the original subject. And that's okay.
I think one of the reasons I love writing poetry is that the nature of it forces me to slow down and be more in the moment.
This chapter advises that when you want to write about a particular subject and you're feeling stuck that you can utilize one or more of the various ways of "looking" at the subject to jumpstart your poem. I won't list all the ways of looking. They're in the book. :)
I'm not going to try and use all 13 ways of looking that are listed in the book but I'm going to pick one and do a poem around it. I think I'll go with #2, which says, "If it moves, how does it move? In what direction? Using what energy source? Toward or away from what? If it doesn't move, describe the quality of its stillness."
I'll leave my poem in the comments (as soon as I write it.) I hope you'll play along. You can do the same exercise I'm doing, or if you have the book, feel free to pick a different way of looking at your subject.
This is just rough draft play time. No need to stress over this. Have fun!
If you want to be prepared for next week, Laura will be doing chapter 9.
There are so many stories only you can tell.Tell them, please.
(Deleted comment)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Paul's Market, Albertsons Announce Agreement for Idaho Locations
Christine Wilcox/
Feb 15th, 2016
BOISE, ID – Albertsons Companies announced today that it has entered into an agreement to purchase and rebrand four Idaho-based Paul's Market stores. The following Paul's Market stores will be rebranded as Albertsons.
- 20 East Wyoming, Homedale
- 700 East Avalon, Kuna
- 10565 Lake Hazel, Boise
- 132 East Lake, McCall
Separately, Paul's Market also announced plans today to close its three stores in Caldwell, Mountain Home and Nampa. As a part of the transaction, Albertsons will acquire the properties.
"Over its many years operating retail food stores in the region, Paul's Market has developed an outstanding reputation for quality, selection and service," said Brad Street, Albertsons Intermountain Division President. "We are excited to have the chance to add experienced retail employees to our ranks, as well as the opportunity to build on that foundation and earn the trust of Paul's Market loyal customer base." Albertsons Intermountain Division operates 84 stores in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, North Dakota and Nevada.
"From the day that our family opened the first Paul's Market store in 1955, we have been a proud Treasure Valley grocer, and we know that the folks at Albertsons share our values and commitment to providing the best to our communities," said Stan and Steve Zatica, Co-Owners of Paul's Market. "We sincerely thank our communities for 60 years of shopping with us, and we look forward to watching how these stores evolve to serve their customers for the future."
The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions. The parties anticipate and hope to close the deal for these stores sometime in April.
Albertsons PR Contact: Kathy Holland
73 Responses to Paul's Market, Albertsons Announce Agreement for Idaho Locations
Nancy 15/02/2016 at 5:51 pm
It will be missed(Paul's) as I don't and will not shop at Albertson. I like shopping at a local store Thanks for being there Will miss the people at are local store here in Mountain Home.
Gary B. D'Orazio 15/02/2016 at 8:45 pm
finally a quality supermarket in McCall….
welcome to the mtns…Joe & Warren would be proud ….many thanks to Bob Miller of the original Albertson acumen & mentality…
GBD…retired employee and strong supporter of Mr. Miller and his belief in & support of his people…Joe's company is back…..
Nunya D. Bidines 15/02/2016 at 11:35 pm
well this is a grave disappointment. Albertsons is no Paul's Market. Guess its Ridley's for me.
serena 16/02/2016 at 12:30 am
What will this mean for the employees that work for pauls ?
John VanOrder 17/02/2016 at 2:25 pm
I understand times change and business must go on and I my family will miss Pauls. One thing to consider however. One of the big things that made Pauls so unique was its bakery. Their doughnuts and pies, breads from scratch make them bar none, one of the best bakeries anywhere! I like Albertsons and a lot of their recent attempt to modernize and keep prices down, but I rarely buy anything from the bakery as it really does pale in comparison to Paul's freshness and taste. Not even close! I would ask during this merger as a customer that you consider keeping the Pauls Bakery as is. Your customer base will love you for it I guarantee.
Debbie 17/02/2016 at 2:40 pm
If Albertsons does not keep the Staff at the lake Hazel store Such as Laurie Karla Jim in Dairy Maryann and they close the post office I will take my business to Ridley's in Kuna. Paul's Employee's have a great Rapor with their customers if I want to shop like a nobody in a store I could shop at Walmart or Fred Meyer or even Winco Paul's Employee's have made it a point to get to know their customers by name and making them reapply is just asinine you took over the store so those that work there should be carried over not made to feel like they have never mattered Albertson's is getting to big for it's own good how long before you sell out again and everyone loses their job!!!!!
Robert 17/02/2016 at 2:47 pm
what is the official buy/transition date?
Josh Sanders 17/02/2016 at 3:22 pm
I live very close to the Lake Hazel location and the employees there were THE reason we shopped there. They are and were the nicest group of people in any grocery store I have ever been to. Please consider keeping them in that location because I guarantee I am not the only person that feels that way. It also makes business sense to keep what continuity you can when implementing a change such as this.
Ashley 17/02/2016 at 11:15 pm
I currently work at the pauls market in McCall Idaho and there are a lot of disapointed people but there are also a lot of curious and excited people. it is a change yes and change is hard. I myself am having a hard time with the change due to i grew up McCall and pauls was one of my favorite stores. I also am curious to see how this transistion goes from pauls to Albertsons and what the new store and company has to offer. The news has caused a lot of stress on our employee's and has put everyone on slight edge but we are focusing on our custumers and making them happy while we go through this change. That is what is more important here.
Laura 18/02/2016 at 4:05 am
I hate to see Paul's close in Mountain Home. Now we will only have Albertson's and Walmart for grocery shopping. Albertson's already is the most expensive place in town, and now they just rid of one of their competitors. Paul's had the best bakery in town and the best meat department. I guess I'll have to start going to Boise to shop at Winco's.
Shara 18/02/2016 at 7:43 am
Is the bakery going to remain the same? Paul's always makes everything from scratch(delicious doughnuts) and Albertsons does not. (we hate the doughnuts from Albertsons)
Ken Belz 18/02/2016 at 11:04 am
This is a shame. I am used to shopping at Pauls in Nampa for years. I always shopped there on Tuesdays because I received 5% senior discount. Guess I will be kissing that goodbye while I shall begin shopping exclusively at Walmart to get the lower prices in order to compensate for the loss of my senior discount at Pauls.
Shari 19/02/2016 at 4:47 pm
This makes me really sad. I love having the post office in the Nampa store, plus they have some good sales. It is so convenient to stop by on the way home when I need just a few items. I feel that Albertson's is just buying out the competition again, like they ran Smith's Food King out of the valley so they could have a monopoly. I might shop there sometimes if they would just keep the Nampa location but there is an Albertson's down the street. Guess we'll be forced to pay their outrageous prices.
Al 19/02/2016 at 7:26 pm
I am happy to see Albertsons coming to Kuna. Pauls only had good prices on sale items only with a Pauls card, their regular items were priced too high. I believe that buying your entire grocery list at Albertsons will save money in the long run. Welcome to Kuna!
Steven Yearsley 21/02/2016 at 7:48 pm
Paul's bakery make the best doughnuts in town. If you can please let these stores keep their bakery and the homemade doughnuts you would make the community very grateful. I am sorry but Albertsons doughnuts are not that good. If you change the bakery we will have to find another bakery. thanks for your consideration.
Natalie 21/02/2016 at 7:53 pm
Please let Paul's keep their bakery. They have the best doughnuts in town.
Steven Yearsley 21/02/2016 at 7:55 pm
Paul's have the best doughnuts in town. Please let them keep their bakery or change your bakery's to match theirs. Their doughnuts will be greatly missed.
Kellie Amundson 22/02/2016 at 11:35 am
I would only hope that you would keep the Bakery department the same. Albertsons bakery cannot compete with the fresh baked goods that Paul's has. Albertson's should ditch the horrible donuts and frosting they currently use and implement the fresh, homemade taste the the Paul's bakery is know for.
Ella 22/02/2016 at 4:26 pm
I'm so pleased that Albertson has purchased Paul's. Paul's food is a disgrace and the prices are even worse. Please bring in fresh organic vegetables! and high quality meats and seafood.
I'm looking forward to this long awaited change.
Hank Chinaski 22/02/2016 at 8:07 pm
Thank God. Albertson's isn't the cheapest grocery store in Idaho, but I fail to see how it will be any more expensive than Paul's where the tourists are gouged on a regular basis at the expense of locals. Paul's has a fantastic staff, however, and it will be great for them to have the opportunity to work for a national chain with some ability to move up. I'm already excited to get some products that I can only buy in Boise when I happen to be down below.
John VanOrder 23/02/2016 at 9:02 am
@Julio, You didn't really address anything I said. The Albertsons corporation would be wise to adapt the Pauls Bakery practices into its own bakery as it has keep the same successful from Scratch formulas for 40 years. This isn't just a transition issue but a quality issue. Albertsons bakery does not compare and this is a great opportunity that would thrill the local communities and bring in more business.
Tim 23/02/2016 at 3:47 pm
I live about halfway between the Nampa Pauls and Albertsons. The employees are nice at both Pauls and Albertsons, but I usually go to Pauls for three reasons:
-Pauls carries unique brands that most grocers don't carry.
-it's much easier to get in and out of the parking lot .
-the post office makes life much easier.
jose blandino 23/02/2016 at 8:02 pm
i worked 20 years for albertson, i florida store #4319.. gray company and good to work for them. i retired in june 2015 an to me was a gray experience.. when come shoping , is the best price and the best service in the area good look.. jose blandino…..
Sonya Parsons 24/02/2016 at 8:40 am
I know that things change with progress, but I am a loyal Paul's shopper. Albertson's is just too expensive. I have thought things over and I will be shopping at Winco's in Boise for my meats as their's is comparable in quality and prices as Paul's. For minor things that I need to replace on a weekly basis, I will unfortunately have to start going to Walmart. Your prices are not within ranges for those on a limited budget.
Patty G 24/02/2016 at 5:33 pm
I think it is great. I live near the lake Hazel location. It will be sad to see the store go but I am excited to have an another Albertson's closer to my home. I will probably shop there more often now.
Patty G 24/02/2016 at 5:35 pm
I also forgot to mention, I think Paul's has the same high prices as Albertson's but I think Albertson's has better quality, especially meats.
Bruce Cooper 25/02/2016 at 12:12 pm
Please keep the post office in the 5 Mile and Lake hazel store. The older my wife and I get the more we like the post office near by.
Travis 25/02/2016 at 2:24 pm
Welcome Back Albertson's. I grew up viewing Albertson's like many people view Pauls, as a local hometown store. It does seem a little weird to hear people referring to Albertson's as a big chain store. I guess they grew up over the years. Anyway what would be really nice is having a Starbucks in the Kuna location, their just isn't a coffee shop over on that side of town anymore and it would be good to see one. Can you tell us if there will be a coffee bar at that location?
Greg Gempler 25/02/2016 at 5:30 pm
I shop at the Lake Hazel location and use the Postal Annex daily.. I hope that convenience will be retained.
Cindy Fisher 26/02/2016 at 10:19 am
I am very sad that Paul's is leaving. There are many things about this little store that I like. I love the local meat and the bakery is amazing; the only bakery in town that actually bakes from scratch. The employees are friendly and helpful. I guess it's also the quirkiness and the down home feel that keeps me coming back.
I've always avoided Albertson's because they are the exact opposite of Paul's. They have a huge corporate feel. You're not sure where their meat came from, China? South America? The bakery just bakes off frozen doughnuts.
I'm also angry that big, corporate Albertson's has done it again, bought out the competition. Why don't you learn from your huge mistakes and get it for once? The struggles the company has had stem from the customer experience. We just the interesting stores like Paul's and Winco better.
I'm sure my opinion doesn't matter to you because you aren't losing my business, you never had it. Why couldn't you just buy out Paul's and keep it the same, maybe even learn from them? Please, no pat formula answers.
jason 28/02/2016 at 8:10 am
"Sonya, our goal is to offer our customers the best quality products at the lowest costs. Our Pricing Department continually reviews the costs of products to ensure that our prices are fair and competitive. "
That's as ridiculous as your pricing. For the first time in over 15 years, I shopped at an Albertsons on Vista/Overland in Boise. Tillamook shredded cheese, A $4.29, Winco $2.18. Oikos yogurt A 1.79, Winco 1.00. Yeah……competitive. That statement is not reflective of reality.
Macie 04/03/2016 at 9:25 am
I don't know why people are so upset. I think this is so exciting! I refuse to go anywhere but Albertson's for fresh produce!! I shop at the Lake Hazel location on occasion, but will be shopping there much more often now that I know we will have fresh, quality food so close to home.
Christine 06/03/2016 at 11:07 am
I used to shop at Smiths Foodking, they carried good meats and prices were pretty good. They left the treasure valley some years ago, due to well a long story but guess who was involved. Pauls has great meats, fair sales and the best donuts in the valley. Albertson's bakery is no comparison. I'm more about taste than how pretty it's decorated… plus prices are very high.. their meat prices rarely are as good as Pauls market. I will find an alternative to purchase meats but it will not be Albertsons.
Cody 08/03/2016 at 8:31 am
How many of the current Paul's employees are going to remain at Albertsons in Kuna? I have been shopping at Pauls for about 13 years and was disgusted when Ridleys came to town and now this, unsure of who to shop with.
BG 08/03/2016 at 6:19 pm
No offense Albertsons but Pauls has (had) the best bakery in the Treasure Valley (Idaho). Will you use there recipes?
Newlan 15/03/2016 at 9:45 pm
It's too bad the great employees at the Lake Hazel store have to apply for their jobs. I would think a position and a raise would better motivate them to continue to provide excellent service. Also, please see that the post office stays open. Easy permit to obtain. Very convenient for a lot of people.
Debbie 24/03/2016 at 9:39 am
So now that Albertsons is taking over Paul's Market are we going to start getting the Albertsons weekly ad like we do Paul's because for the past many years we do not get the Albertson's ad unless you get the Sunday paper and the free one well I have signed up for it so many times and still don't get it so the only way I have to see the Albertson's ad is if I get online and sorry but I don't have a smart phone or anything like that that I can take shopping with me so I use the paper ad…..
Sue dunkin 30/03/2016 at 12:03 pm
What a bunch of cry babies .. Glad to see Albertsons coming to McCall .. This town will never grow do to people who do not want change. Bring McDonald's with you too.
Jim Darling 30/03/2016 at 3:25 pm
After looking at all of the comments, it appears that all of the responses from Albertson's are written by a robot. It also appears that all of us can kiss the great tasting donuts goodbye, because in their place will be some 5 star decorated, flavorless, piece of you know what.
Joni Douty 21/04/2016 at 3:19 pm
I have been trying to call your store in McCall Idaho and no one answers do you have a new number for the store.
Michele 22/04/2016 at 10:03 am
Pretty let down in your Kuna location. Been there twice since you have taken it over and both times the cashiers have been rude. I really miss Paul's cashiers, as they were friendly and cheerful. I thought you were keeping most of Paul's employees, but I definitely see way too many new faces now. Wish I could say I've had a positive experience, but I should have known it would work this way. Will be doing more of my shopping in Meridian now.
Al 27/04/2016 at 3:16 am
I must apologize for a previous comment welcoming Albertsons to Kuna, Idaho. I've since shopped the Albertsons store and I've come to the conclusion that Albertsons is much more expensive than Paul's was, and very, very much more expensive than Winco or Walmart. I will not shop there again, and I will recommend to family and friends to shop elsewhere also. I am really sorry if I mislead shoppers with my earlier comment dated 19/02/2016 at 7:26 pm
Cindy Fisher 01/05/2016 at 8:27 am
Hey, guys! I found out that Homedale Alby's is still making Paul's donuts–at least for a little while. If you don't mind the drive, you can still get your donut fix, for now anyway.
John 15/06/2016 at 6:07 pm
My wife and I are traveling to McCall next week for our first visit there. I was reading up on the area. Our son told us about Paul's, so I looked it up. Sorry we will miss the good bakery. What I most don't like about this comment section is the repeated responses from Rebecca that are copied by Julio. Not very personal. At first, I was happy to see responses, but as I kept reading there was nothing personal about them. I wonder if I'll get a canned response.


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All of them are available from the service, and Nicotine Replacement Therapy can also be bought from pharmacies without a prescription and other shops (such as supermarkets).
All are effective treatments to help you stop smoking, but you may find one suits you more than another. There are lots of things to take into account, so we recommend that you speak to your local Stop Smoking adviser, your doctor or pharmacist for further advice.
Some people think that using Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) is just swapping one addiction for another. But this isn't true. NRT does not contain tar, poisons or carbon monoxide like cigarettes do, so it's very unlikely to cause cancer. It is absorbed into your body in a different way to the nicotine absorbed from cigarettes, and it is very much less addictive.
NRT is suitable for most adults, but if you have a heart or circulatory condition, or are on regular medication, you should check with your doctor. Similarly, if you are pregnant you should ask your doctor or midwife before using NRT. You can get a prescription for NRT or buy it over the counter.
Gum is available in two strengths: 2mg and 4mg. The 4mg gum is most appropriate for smokers who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day, or who are strongly addicted to nicotine.
When you use nicotine gum, the nicotine is absorbed through the lining of your mouth. When you first quit you should be chewing about 1 piece of gum every hour. To release the nicotine from the gum, chew until the taste becomes strong or hot. After this you can rest the gum inside your cheek. Once the taste or heat fades you will need to chew again to release more nicotine. Discard the gum after about an hour.
Gradually you can begin to cut down on the amount of gum you use. Try chewing for shorter periods, using smaller pieces, a lower dose or alternating with a non-nicotine gum.
Is gum right for me?
Gum can be helpful because it provides short bursts of nicotine.. However, some people can find the taste unpleasant or dislike having to 'park' the gum in their mouth.
Nicotine patches work well for most regular smokers and can be worn round the clock (24 hour patches) or just during the time you are awake (16 hour patches), and they work by releasing nicotine directly into the bloodstream through the skin.
How to use patches
There are two ways to use patches: just during the time you are awake (16 hour patch) or both day and night (24 hour patch). The 24 hour patch may cause some sleep disturbance but is helpful for people who have strong cravings during the early morning.
Patches also come in different strengths. Whichever strength you start on you should aim to gradually reduce the strength over time before stopping the usage of patches completely.
Who should use patches
Patches are useful for those who are concerned about discretion (they can be worn easily beneath clothing) or dislike the taste of the oral products. They release a steady amount of nicotine. They may also cause skin irritation for some people.
These are small tablets containing nicotine which dissolve quickly under your tongue
How to use microtabs
Microtabs are designed to be dissolved under the tongue. Make sure you don't chew or swallow them - this may cause unwanted side effects.
When you quit you should use one or two tablets every hour for up to three months after you quit. You should then be able to gradually cut back your consumption. Once you are taking one or two tablets a day you should be able to stop completely.
Who should use microtabs
Microtabs can also be used by those who are trying to reduce the number of cigarettes they smoke, as well as those who have quit completely. You should stop smoking within 6 months of using microtabs.
Lozenges are placed in the mouth and dissolve slowly to release the nicotine and take about 20-30 minutes to dissolve.
How to use lozenges
Nicotine lozenges work in a similar way to nicotine gum. To release the nicotine from the lozenge, suck until the taste becomes strong or hot. After this you can rest the lozenge inside your cheek - once the taste fades you will need to suck again to release more nicotine. Suck until the lozenge has completely dissolved - each one should last 20 to 30 minutes.
You should use lozenges for about twelve weeks. For the first six weeks you should have one lozenge every one to two hours. You should then reduce your intake to one lozenge every two to four hours, finally reducing to once every four to eight hours in the last two weeks of treatment.
Who should use lozenges
Lozenges are helpful because they provide short bursts of nicotine.. Lozenges should not be used by people with mouth ulcers.
Inhalators look like a plastic cigarette. The inhalator releases nicotine vapour which gets absorbed through your mouth and throat. If you miss the 'hand to mouth' aspect of smoking, these may suit you.
How to use inhalators
A nicotine inhalator works by releasing nicotine vapour when you suck on it. Inhalers work very quickly so you should reach for your inhaler whenever you feel strong cravings for a cigarette. Each inhalator contains a disposable cartridge which has enough nicotine for around 3 to 4, 20 minute puffing sessions. This equates to around 400 puffs.
You should use the inhalator for a total of twelve weeks. Use between six and twelve cartridges per day for the first eight weeks depending on how many cigarettes you smoke. For the following two weeks reduce this by half, finally stopping the use of the inhalator completely in the last two weeks of treatment.
Who should use inhalators
The advantages of inhalators are that they work much more quickly than gum or lozenges. They can be therefore used directly when you experience cravings for a cigarette. They also feel very similar (because of the motion involved in using them) to a cigarette so become a good replacement - especially for those who miss the 'hand to mouth' aspect of smoking.
The spray delivers a swift and effective dose of nicotine through the lining of your nose.
How to use nasal spray
You use the nasal spray by releasing one spray into each nostril twice an hour. It should be used no more than five times an hour and no more than forty doses a day. Each dose will give the equivalent nicotine contained in one cigarette. This is the fastest way that nicotine can enter the bloodstream reaching the brain within 10 minutes.
You should use the nasal spray for a total of twelve weeks. Use between one and two doses per hour for the first eight weeks depending on how many cigarettes you smoke. For the following two weeks reduce this by half, finally stopping the use of the nasal spray completely in the last two weeks of treatment.
Who should use nasal spray
The advantages of nasal sprays are that they work much more quickly than gum or lozenges. They can therefore be used directly when you experience cravings for a cigarette - and most closely mimic the rush you get from smoking than any of the other forms of NRT.
The nicotine nasal spray is the strongest form of nicotine replacement therapy. This can be a very useful and effective form of medication for highly dependent heavy smokers who have difficulty giving up using other methods.
However this method is not suitable for everyone and may cause side-effects such as nose and throat irritation, coughing, and watering eyes.
*Only available to people aged 18 or over.
^ Prescription only medication
Champix works by reducing your craving for a cigarette and by reducing the effects you feel if you do have a cigarette. You set a date to stop smoking, and start taking tablets 1 or 2 weeks before this date. Treatment normally lasts for 12 weeks. Champix is only available on prescription and is not available if you are pregnant or if you have some pre- existing conditions - discuss with your Doctor or health care professional.
For more information please read the Patient Information Leaflet (PDF 319 kb).
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Phil Cleary's pursuit of the justice denied his sister is revealed through this powerful account of her killer's life and crimes.;
'Eyes downcast, his head framed by the shadow from the flash and his thick hands a patchwork of freckles branded with scars from the removal of tattoos, the man captured by the police camera on the day he killed my sister was a pitiful figure.'
It should have been easy, but neither family nor the law could stop this man from murdering Vicki Cleary. On a sunny August morning in 1987, outside the kindergarten where she worked, Peter Raymond Keogh stabbed his ex-girlfriend to death.
When Phil Cleary heard the jury's verdict of not guilty on grounds of provocation, he was outraged by the lies and deceits that let a bad man get away with murder. For the next fourteen years he combed police and court records detailing Keogh's life and crimes, listened to the stories of good women who suffered the criminal's terror, and waged a public war against the complicity of the legal fraternity, psychiatrists and a parole officer who fell for a coward's lies.
Impassioned and articulate, Phil Cleary takes us on his journey to set the record straight and to seek the justice that was denied his sister. This is a powerful story of the heartbreak murder brings to an ordinary family, and a brother's obsession with retribution.
Whoops - sorry, so far I've not added any other entries about this book to the website (yet).


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Uniqueness of Butterfly Garden Plants
Butterfly garden plants could be the right design that you could apply to your home garden. Butterfly is the beautiful creature in the world. If you are looking for this animal, of course you will like it. This idea is brought to the garden design also. If you are looking for inspirations to your garden design, this idea should be considered. But there are some items which you have to pay attention to. There are some important points that inspire you for creating a good garden decoration.
Butterfly garden plants design has to be done right. You might think that this garden arrangement is something easy to create. Your mind will completely wrong. For getting the good garden decoration, there are several items which you have to consider. Firstly, you must make sure that your garden space is large enough. It is for making sure that you have enough space for the butterfly plantations. If you think that adding pots is needed, you may add it also. But the size of the pots must be in line with the size of the garden. Later you can add the garden chair near the plantation. It will be perfect garden decoration which you have.
Theese type of plants will make your garden decoration looks nice. That is why you must think about it. Okay, you have got some points about good garden decoration with the butterfly plants. There is something else important that you have to deal. Buying the chair for the garden can take a lot of money. That is why; you must be ready for the budgets. It is for sure that your garden decoration will be so nice, so you will enjoy spending the time in the garden. This type of planting design is not hard to do, as long as you get all the information needed when you are planning the whole thing.


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|Cinnamon apple oatmeal with raisins.
I have only recently gotten into steel-cut oats. It takes longer to cook compared to rolled oats, quick oats and instant oats, but the substantial, al dente texture is really rather lovely. I'm not going to say that it rocks my world or anything extreme like that, but it's a quietly pleasurable experience that, for me, is worth the extra cooking time.
I'm not breaking any new ground here by combining oatmeal with apple, cinnamon and raisins. But hey, it's a classic combination for a good reason. Feel free to make a bigger batch of this cinnamon-apple-raisin oatmeal, and keep the leftovers covered in the fridge, where it should be good for at least 3 days. Warm individual portions up in the microwave for a quick breakfast on subsequent mornings. Too easy!
cinnamon apple oatmeal with raisins
(makes 2 - 3 servings)
1 tablespoon butter
1 apple, diced
3 tablespoons sultanas / golden raisins
2 tablespoons dark brown sugar
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon
1/4 teaspoon nutmeg
3/4 cup oats
2 + 1/2 cups water
1/2 cup milk
Melt the butter in a saucepan, and add the apple, sultanas/raisins, dark brown sugar, cinnamon and nutmeg.
Stir the mixture for about 2 minutes, then add the oats and water. Bring it to boil, and then reduce the heat.
Let the oats simmer, uncovered, for 15 - 20 minutes.
Pour in the milk, and cook the oats for another 10 minutes, stirring every now and then.
Add more dark brown sugar and spices, as well as a pinch of salt, if you wish. You can also use honey or maple syrup instead of sugar.
Alternatively, cook the apple-raisin mixture for a bit longer until the apples are perfectly tender. Retrieve the apple-raisin mixture from the saucepan, and set it aside in a bowl before proceeding with the other steps. Add the apple-raisin mixture to the oatmeal just before serving. This method works to retain more flavour and texture in the apple pieces.
|Cinnamon apple and raisin oatmeal.


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Sunday Times, 29 May 2016
A few years back, Tate Modern and its architects, Herzog & de Meuron, dodged a bullet, or, rather, a hail of bullets. They decided to abandon the initial glass-walled plan for their £260m extension. Now Jacques Herzog — Pierre de Meuron does not speak unless subjected to torture — looks back at the scheme with disgust. "I am really ashamed that we could have proposed such a monster," he has said.
There are two reasons to raise a glass to Jacques: a big one and a really big one. The big one is that, in abandoning glass and embracing brick cladding, they have properly paid homage to the magnificence of Giles Gilbert Scott's Bankside Power Station. Somewhere in the Alpine fastness of their Swiss imaginations, I like to think an epiphany has occurred.
I wrote about H & de M when they were awarded the Tate contract back in the mid-1990s, and I detected a certain unease with Scott's building. One of the staff told me it was "ugly", which it most certainly isn't. For me, this unease was apparent in the finished scheme. I never relax in Tate Modern, and I am probably alone in the world in thinking that the turning of the Turbine Hall into one giant, unpunctuated space was a mistake. It seems to crush the galleries, an effect made worse by overcrowding. Tate Modern was designed for 2m visitors a year; the figure is now more than 5m.
But H & de M's Tate II is a triumph. Scott's brickwork is a glory, but it is matched by the brick skin (the bond, for brick geeks, is double Flemish) that has been cast over their new building. This is subtle stuff. At the base, the skin starts as a solid wall, then gradually fades into a gentle rhythm of holes and bricks — the effect is variously described as a "veil", or "knitwear", but the most explanatory term is "trellis". Furthermore, this trellis is extended to form a huge brick plaque on the rear wall of the Turbine Hall. Giles meets Jacques, with Pierre hovering, silent, in the background.
The new tower is a complex form. The brickwork is asymmetrically interrupted by ribbon windows, an effect that, taken in isolation, suggests a 1970s campus building. But the muscular, prismatic shape of the tower evokes something much more aggressive — perhaps the forecastle of some gigantic First World War battleship on its way to Jutland, a Dreadnought.
From the south side, the target of this aggression becomes clear. And here we come to the really big reason to toast Jacques. London is being lacerated by glass, the death of a thousand cuts. Dumb glass blocks — many empty, having been bought by foreign investors — are rising everywhere, imposing a deadly, architecturally illiterate uniformity on a city whose primary virtue is its variety. The river area around Battersea has been ruined, and wherever you live in the capital is next. At least Rafael Viñoly's grimly awful "Walkie Talkie" tower in the City amuses with its glass-walled, swaggering pomposity, but otherwise it's just more of the same.
The only idea in any developer's head is glass: the cheaper, the nastier, the better. Even when it's expensive, it's still glass: cold, hard, unyielding, meaningless and impenetrable. Glass is doing what the Luftwaffe failed to do, flattening London. It seems one of the reasons H & de M abandoned glass is that they knew what was coming and, indeed, now, from the south, the brittle armies of glass towers have arrived to besiege Tate Modern. I trust the Dreadnought will give them pause.
Inside, there are two halves to the development: the Switch House and the Tower. The former is a straightforward four-storey rectangular block, constructed behind the Turbine Hall in the space left by the removal of assorted electrical gubbins. It provides most of the new gallery space — there are a few enclaves in the Tower. Each floor is 64 metres by 15 metres and, as a result, the Switch House increases Tate Modern's exhibition space by 60%. The ceiling height of the floors varies between 3.8 metres and 5.5 metres, so equal attention has been paid to the gigantic and the intimate. The top floor can be daylight-illuminated.
The Tower provides circulation, with gorgeous, broad concrete curves of staircase between each floor, restaurant, cafe, members' and patrons' rooms, a roof terrace, offices and so on. All nicely done, but what makes this tower spectacular is, again, that brick skin.
Inside, you realise it is indeed a skin, stretched over the concrete structure. There is, as a result, a gap, a zone of wonders. The first wonder is that you get startling views within the building, chasms of wall space on which the trellis casts geometrical patterns that change as the sun moves, or strangely illuminated lobbies and stairwells. This is architecture at a much higher level than the original Tate conversion; that area is now known as the Boiler House.
In addition, the trellis provides climate control — as a simple brise soleil (sun blocker) or, most satisfyingly, as a provider of airflow. For, wonder of wonders, the Tower is full of windows that can — get this — be opened. One of the many reasons glass towers are so offensive is that they turn a material best suited for windows — objects that connect you to the world beyond — into walls. You never feel more cut off from humanity than behind a solid wall of impenetrable glass, a material that has been made, perversely, opaque. But if there are real, opening windows, all is well.
The opening windows mean the air in the Tower is very breathable. In full air conditioning, I always want to hold my breath; here, I can breathe freely. There is air conditioning within the development, notably beneath, in the Switch House, in the form of a mighty (invisible) dehumidifier known as the digestive biscuit. (It's round and absorbent.) But the conditioning is non-intrusive. Strikingly, the net effect is that almost every room has a slightly different air quality: there is an air menu. Doubtless, much of this effect will be lost when the warm crowds pour in, but it's there if you want it.
The floors of the Tower are covered in untreated oak, which will get dirtier and dirtier until, finally, the dirt is transfigured into patina, a satisfying process that may make you want to turn up in muddy boots. But the dominant material is concrete, much of it already slightly weathered, as it was in place well before the cladding. This, again, is a nod to the original building.
The Tower rises above the three giant circular tanks that once stored the oil for the power station. These were, some time ago, turned into performance and installation spaces. Peeling back the interior that joins the Turbine Hall to the tank area exposed a dramatic cavern of concrete columns and walls. The raking concrete supports of the tower have made this space even more complex and pleasingly random. The concrete then rises up through the Tower as if it had sprouted, plant-like, from the tanks, the curling staircases its tendrils.
In a word, it works, first as a rebuke to the march of the glass morons, and second as an opening-out of the previously constricted and, for me, unsatisfying spaces of Tate Modern. The Turbine Hall still gets in the way, but H & de M have at least put a high-level bridge across, joining the main building to the Tower.
In our time, cultural buildings have become our churches and cathedrals. Their problem is, they have nothing as precise or well defined as Christianity to celebrate. This problem has not been solved. With the subtle exuberance and awareness of the past it brings to the task, the Tate Modern extension at least opens up an issue that had always languished — and probably always will — in the "too hard" box.


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The BC Career Colleges Association was established in 1977 to promote and support post secondary schools, stakeholders, students and all interested parties involved in private post-secondary education and training in BC. The aim is to ensure that the private education and training industry is recognized for the high level of service delivery, commitment to quality, and student satisfaction that the sector delivers to the consumers. With a shortage of skilled workers in B.C., and inadequate capacity in the public post-secondary system, private institutions are a vital part of the education and training environment in this province.
BCCCA member schools adhere to a Code of Ethics and are committed to providing students with individual care and attention throughout their studies, and as they graduate and search for employment. Our member schools believe in offering students an education and training experience that is satisfying, supportive and designed to provide the skills and knowledge that students need to find the job and/or career that they want.
We expect to promote consistency, accountability and excellence in the private post-secondary education and training industry. To further this larger goal, we co-ordinate and disseminate information on topics relevant to our members – through seminars and meetings as well as our annual conference.The association is also a communications and advocacy liaison between the private training industry and the provincial government, the media and the general public.
We undertake projects such as:
Regulated career colleges are an important part of the post-secondary education system in British Columbia.
Michael Evans
Lois McNestry
Discovery Community College
Jeremy Sabell
Stenberg College
Lana Berar
Sprott Shaw College
I-Chant Chiang
Rhodes College
Grace Pyo
Greystone College
Steven Seltzer
Canadian College of Performing Arts
Dennis Li
Universal Learning Institute
Michelle Konkle
Excel Career College
Launie Morgan
Mark Anthony Academy
Dave Campbell
Academy of Learning Career College
Colin Boguski
John Casablancas
Rebecca Lian
Create Career College
Lois McNestry
Discovery Community College
Jeremy Sabell
Stenberg College
Lana Berar, Chair
Sprott Shaw College
Dave Campbell, Co-Chair
Academy of Learning Career College
Lois McNestry, Chair
Discovery Community College
Jeremy Sabell, Co-Chair
Stenberg College
Jeremy Sabell, Chair
Stenberg College
Michelle Konkle, Co-Chair
Excel Career College
Colin Boguski
John Casablancas
Denis Li, Co-Chair
Universal Learning Institute
Rebecca Lien
Create Career College


text:
You know those houses in the neighborhood that put the Griswold's Christmas light display to shame?
Rick posted up a group ride to visit houses in the neighborhood where it looks like someone threw-up Christmas all over it. It has been a long time since I've been out on the bike and since it was the end of the world, we didn't get out for a Solstice Ride so out the door I went.
We started with the local Pepsi Company that puts on a Christmas light display every year, they decorate their warehouse and grounds with Christmas lights, plywood cutouts of cartoon characters and animate them with lights, mechanical movement and music. Hundreds of people drive the grounds every year as tradition, it is difficult to stop for photos on a motorcycle as it holds up traffic but you can read about it here.
|Courtesy of the Gazette Times/GT Connect
This guy's neighbors invest just as much money in blackout curtains as he does in Christmas lighting, it is quite blinding.
We stuck around for a couple three songs then went off in search of other displays. We rode past a couple more well decorated houses then stopped at this popular house which has been decorated every year for as long as I've been here.
I knew Santa's sleigh was old school
Happy Holidays, Merry Christmas, Happy Hanukkah, Joyeux Noel and Season's Greetings to all.


text:
Reward Upped For Murder Victim Found Near Burien
The mother of a Lynnwood woman whose body was found near Burien two years ago announced that she is increasing the cash reward to $36,000 for information that leads to an arrest in her daughter's case.
Nicole Pietz, 32, was found strangled Feb. 6, 2006, in a wooded area near South 114th and Des Moines Memorial Drive (see map below).
Her 2003 Volkswagen Jetta was found abandoned two weeks later in the University District in Seattle.
The King County Sheriff's Office is investigating and hasn't publicly identified any suspects.
Gail Schneider, mother of Pietz, said at a new conference that she hopes increasing the reward from $26,000 will reach the conscience of someone who might have information about the slaying or who might have been an accomplice.


text:
Walking directions to Hotel Al Ponte Mocenigo (with map)
The two-star Hotel Al Ponte Mocenigo is tucked away in a narrow street in Santa Croce, just a few meters inland from the San Stae airport-boat and vaporetto stop. The neighborhood is less touristed than most, despite being fairly close to Venice's most central location: the Rialto Bridge.
The hotel's ten rooms are decorated in a traditional Venetian style, with plenty of exposed ceiling beams, brocade wall coverings, and Murano glass. Al Ponte Mocenigo also has a private courtyard (where breakfast is served in warm weather) a Turkish bath, and free Wi-Fi.
How to reach the Al Ponte Mocenigo from San Stae (Alilaguna Linea Arancio):
If you're traveling with heavy luggage and would prefer to avoid the tiny bridge, use this alternative route:
| Venice for Visitors - Home |
| Europe for Visitors - Home |
| Contact information, disclosures, audience |
Copyright © 1996-2019 Durant and Cheryl Imboden. All rights reserved.


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LONDON--Centrica PLC (CNA.LN) expects a reduction in its 2014 earnings per share due output reduction at the Heysham 1 nuclear power station located in Lancashire, England, and operated by EDF Energy.
The utility company said Monday it estimates 2014 eps to reduce by around 0.3 pence due to the output contraction. The company has 20% interest in EDF Energy's existing nuclear operations.
EDF Energy Monday separately said one of the reactors at Heysham 1 nuclear station will operate on reduced load, when it returns to service, due to a defective boiler. The reactor currently remains shut down, while the company makes further inspections and finds a repair strategy.
EDF Energy is wholly owned by the French state-owned Electricite de France (EDF.FR).
Centrica shares at 0701 GMT are trading marginally lower at 307 pence.
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text:
XpertHR is the revolutionary resource helping HR professionals comply with federal, state and municipal employment law.
XpertHR content is written and continuously updated by a team of in-house legal editors alongside employment lawyers from our extensive 50-state network of prestigious law firms, including Littler Mendelson, and supplemented with primary source content from our sister company, LexisNexis.
Access a sample of our content prepared by Littler Mendelson now:
You can also sign up now for our webinar on Robotics, the Workplace and the Law, presented by Garry Mathiason of Littler Mendelson on Thursday, June 12th at 1pm ET.
If you like the content you have seen here, sign up for a FREE trial now!


text:
The Prime minister said plans were underway to send three ships – including the Ark Royal and HMS Ocean – on the rescue mission.
Meanwhile the Spanish government has agreed to provide a "hub" for Brits who can fly in and pick up alternative means of transport there.
UK flights will be grounded until at least 1am on Tuesday as the volcanic ash cloud continues to billow across Europe.
Brown also said he would review if anything could be done for airlines and other businesses losing millions in the crisis.
The Prime Minister said: "I believe this is one of the most serious transport disruptions we have faced.
"It's got financial consequences as well as human consequences and we will do everything in our power to make sure all the arrangements are in place to help people where possible to get back home."


text: In another likable mystery for readers making the transition from easy readers, Nate and his dog go on an urgent middle-of- the-night quest for a missing pillowcase that his friend Rosamond's cat is especially attached to. Pondering clues, Nate stumbles in deerstalker, pj's, and rapidly deteriorating slippers from his house to Rosamond's to another friend's to an all-night diner--all affectionately recorded in Simont's sure, broad strokes and colors only slightly muted by the unseemly hour. It's all satisfyingly resolved when Nate remembers something that the reader also probably missed at first. A welcome addition to a reliable series. (Young reader. 6-9)


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Spring break is right around the corner and it's time for your skin to come out of hibernation. We love the look of natural, sun-kissed skin, but as everybody knows, the suns UV rays are far too damaging, and indoor-tanning is never an option.
Our solution: Self Tanners. It's an easy way to achieve a totally safe and natural looking glow with out the burn.
Self-tanners have come a long way over the past few years, but there are still some basic rules to follow for creating a flawless look.
• Exfoliate: Use a product that exfoliates your skin to ensure that the color goes on evenly. Self-tanners work best when you start off with a great foundation
• Application: Apply self tanner like a moisturizer. You want an even coverage all around your body but go easy on elbows and heels. When applying to your face, make sure you go all the way up to your hairline. Also don't forget those hard to reach places (like behind your knees!)
• Wash Your Hands: Unless you are using a self-tanner wipe, you're gonna have a lot of self-tanner on your palms- a place that should never have a tan. Don't fret, just make sure you carefully wash the palms of your hands after you've applied the self- tanner to your body and face.
• Start Slowly: Some self-tanners get darker with time, so make sure you don't over-apply. Too dark or too orange is never a good look!
Not sure what products to try? Here are some of our favorites:
• Lancôme Flash Bronzer: Elle magazine calls this gel self-tanner "beach vacation in a bottle" and "gives the best color year-round". It goes on smoothly and lasts for days.
• St. Tropez Everyday Airbrush Self-Tanner: This aerosol application is a beauty editor favorite. The spray allows you to get to those hard-to-reach places like your legs and back. Tip! Aerosol might not be the best bet for your face.
• Jergens Natural Glow: This is bff's #1 if you're a beginner. This thick lotion offers a faint tint and allows you to build your tan through several applications until you are satisfied with shade.
Last, but not least….Play it safe: A self-tanner is not a replacement for SPF, so always remember to apply sunscreen


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Indian Touristers.
Saw this couple who came out of the office of Mumbai's most popular conducted tour and holiday organisers. They were standing for a long time, looking at the places on the billboard.
It reminded me of the book by Srinath Perur on the subject of Indians travelling in groups called:


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Combine the flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt and allspice in a medium bowl. In a large bowl, beat the butter and sugars with a mixer at medium speed until fluffy, about 3 minutes. Beat in the eggs, one at a time, until well blended, then beat in the vanilla.
With the mixer at low speed, add the flour mixture in two batches, beating until just combined. Using a wooden spoon, stir in the oats, chocolate chips, coconut, pecans and dried fruit until incorporated. Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and chill for at least 30 minutes or overnight.
Position the racks in the upper and lower thirds of the oven and preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Line baking sheets with parchment paper or silicone mats.
Drop the dough by tablespoons onto the lined baking sheets (you should fit about 12 cookies on each baking sheet).
Bake until the cookies are slightly browned around the edges and the centers are beginning to turn golden, 17 to 20 minutes. Let cool for about 5 minutes, then transfer the cookies with a spatula to a wire rack to cool completely.


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On Sunday evening the Vista Volunteer Fire Department held one of their annual events for the membership and their families with our Super Bowl 52 party. Members enjoyed great food and a great game as the Philadelphia Eagles & New England Patriots battled it out for the Vince Lombardi Trophy! It was a good time had by all and one of our favorite social events throughout the year!
Congratulations to the Philadelphia Eagles on winning Super Bowl 52!


text:
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After more than 25 years of helping people with cats, we've developed industry best practices and guides and been asked (and answered!) just about every question under the sun. All of that information is available to you, right here, on our website. Here are some quick links:
- Frequently Asked Questions – Our FAQ gives quick answers to a wide range of questions about Trap-Neuter-Return, caring for outdoor cats, donating to Alley Cat Allies, and more.
- Community Cat Care – Our definitive online, searchable guide for all things cat care related. We cover everything from how to bottle feed baby kittens, step-by-step instructions on Trap-Neuter-Return, best practices for feeding outdoor cats, to how to talk to your neighbors about cats in your community.
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I take this opportunity to thank all those who stay connected with me... and to share some blogs that I regularly visit and enjoy on my bloggy journeys through the presentation of these awards. Please click on the highlighted names or blog titles to peruse their sites (and do excuse the inconsistency in colour coding).
The Best Blog Thinker Award… From Linda & Cynthia
- Calli at Within Shades of Grey Exist A Place
Blogging Brings Us Closer Award… From Maithri
"This award recognizes connections and friendships that come about through blogging." I pass on to…
- John at Smoke Rings and Matterings
- Annie at Creatively Written
- Dina at Jerusalem Hills Daily Photos
- Andrew at Rogues Retreat
The Zombie Chicken Award… From John
"This award acknowledges bloggers who regularly produce content so remarkable that their readers would brave a raving pack of zombie chickens just to be able to read their inspiring words." I pass on to…
- Rebecca at Just a Thought
- Khaled at Khaled KEM
- Chuck at My Quirks & My Compass
- Cynthia at Epiphany: End Note
- Lilly at Lilly's Life
~~~~~~~~~~[Awarded blogs... please feel free to do what you will with the said awards. As usual, I set no rules... but I wanted to share my appreciation of you and your blogs through this post :) Please copy award images from my side bar :) Thank you! ps apologies if I don't manage to visit your blog and ask you to come collect your award before you spot it on this site.]
pss please do inform me if I've made an error with links, etc... this post has taken me forever to create (lol). I made a start when I got home at 10 pm this evening and it's almost 1 am (in the UK)... so, I'm sure I've made some mistakes somewhere... lol... anyway, do let me know... thanks!


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When news broke that a group was trying to create a gays-free prom at Sullivan High School in Indiana, special education teacher Diana Medley's anti-gay comments quickly became viral on the Internet. In addition to saying that homosexuality is a choice, she went so far as to say that gay people have no purpose in life. A Change.org petition with over 15,000 signatures is calling for disciplinary action, Dan Savage has called for her to be outright fired, other Indiana teachers are countering her message, and thanks to reddit, even the principal from Billy Madison has chimed in. It seems, though, that the school is not taking any action.
Superintendent Mark A. Baker released a statement Tuesday distancing the Northeast School Corporation from her position but defending her free speech:
I would like to clearly state the Northeast School Corporation has never denied any student the right to attend prom or any other Northeast School Corporation sponsored event due to their race, gender, or sexual orientation. Furthermore, the Northeast School Corporation has never denied any student access to any events sponsored by Northeast School Corporation. This includes sports, plays, musicals and any other extra-curricular activities.
In regards to the story that WTWO aired on February 10, 2013, the Northeast School Corporation employee that was interviewed was expressing her First Amendment rights. The views expressed are not the views of the Northeast School Corporation and/or the Board of Education.
These comments were expressed during a Sunday community meeting at a local church and at no time was she representing the Northeast School Corporation. The teacher was participating in a meeting with her local church congregation.
Of course Medley has the right to her fraudulent, offensive beliefs, but she also has an obligation to the safety and well-being of students that she supervises. As a special ed teacher, she is likely working with students who are already vulnerable to bullying because of their physical, mental, or learning disabilities. By publicly stating that an entire group of students don't have a purpose in life, she compromises her trust as an educator. At the very least, remediation to help her understand the obvious harm inherent in her position should be required, if not further disciplinary action.


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I have nothing negative to say about my experiences with this company (it was my first purchase), and everything positive.


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The Reverend Dr. Mike Ramey was installed as Senior Pastor of Bethel Lutheran Church on Sunday, November 23, 2014.
Pastor Ramey was born in Beaumont, Texas but was raised primarily in Newgulf, Texas. He graduated with honors from Boling High School and attended Concordia Lutheran Church in Austin, Texas, where he graduated with an A.A. in Religion. He attended Concordia Teachers College in Seward, Nebraska where he graduated with a B.A. in Church History. He attended Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri where he graduated with an M.Div. in Systematic Theology. He attended Trinity Theological Seminary in Newburgh, Indiana where he graduated with honor with a Th.D. in Systematic Theology.
Pastor Ramey met his wife, Laura (nee Heerten), at Concordia, Seward, and they were married in August 1980. They have been blessed with four children and five grandchildren.
Pastor Ramey has served The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod as vicar of Shepherd of the Lake in Garrison, Minnesota; pastor of Trinity/Zion Lutheran Churches in Campbell/Upland, Nebraska; mission developer/pastor of Risen Savior Lutheran Church in Lincoln, Nebraska; mission developer/ pastor of The Family of Faith Lutheran Church in Houston, Texas; senior pastor of St. Matthew Lutheran Church in Bel Air, Maryland; and now at Bethel. He additionally has served a Zone LWML Counselor, Circuit Counselor in the Texas District, Circuit Counselor in the Southeastern District, and was the Convention Chairman for the 2007 Synodical Convention in Houston, Texas.
Pastor Ramey's guide for ministry is summarized in his principle, "If it's all about Jesus, it's not about me...if it's all about me, it's not about Jesus."
Pastor Ramey served as Chaplain for the Army National Guard from 1987-1996.


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In this article, I will try to explain move semantics in C++11 using a more pragmatic approach, by answering specific questions developers may ask. We'll start with why moves are needed in the first place, then see how to use them, and eventually move onto common misconceptions and pitfalls.
The article is quite large, so I included a short summary with links for each of the sections below:
- Moves make it possible to return a value out of scope directly, without copying
- Even in C++03, returning by value usually results in no copies because of copy elision.
Why do I really need moves and C++11?
- Transferring values into a scope.
- Moves allow value semantics, without extraneous copies.
What are rvalues and how do they relate to move semantics?
- Rvalues are expiring/temporary values.
- Rvalues cannot be used directly, except through rvalue references
- Rvalue references make it possible to specify a function overload for an expiring value.
Define a Move Constructor that performs 2 steps:
- Shallow Copy
- Nullify Source
How is
std::moveused? Does it perform the move?
std::movedoes not perform the move.
- It is nothing more than a cast from an lvalue to an rvalue, to allow an actual move to happen (e.g. by causing an appropriate move constructor to be called)
Why do I need to use
std::moveon rvalue references?
- rvalue references are themselves lvalues.
- To move an rvalue down through successive layers,
std::movehas to be applied each time, even to rvalue references.
Is there a difference between an rvalue and an rvalue reference?
- rvalue references refer to rvalues.
- A value returned from a function is already an rvalue.
- Returning an rvalue reference to a local is as bad as returning an lvalue reference to it.
Are moves free? Are moves faster than copies?
- They are not free: they still have to perform a shallow copy.
- For simple structures with no indirection, moves are copies.
- Expression Templates
- Faking Rvalues
Why are moves needed?
Let's consider a simple fixed-size vector of numbers:
* Runtime-sized vector, but
* Size fixed at construction.
class Vector {
double* storage_;
size_t size_;
Vector(size_t numElements)
: storage_(new double[numElements])
, size_(numElements)
{ }
~Vector() { delete[] storage_; }
// element access
double& operator[] (size_t i) { return storage_[i]; }
double operator[] (size_t i) const { return storage_[i]; }
size_t size() const { return size_; }
// standard iterator fare (begin(), end(), etc...)
// ...
Even though these vectors have a fixed size throughout their lifetime, they may be quite large, so copying them would be prohibitively expensive. The whole underlying array must be replicated.
We'd like to perform value operations without unnecessary copies:
Vector c = a + b;
Of course that leaves us with the problem of defining
operator +. What do we
return? Clearly we want to return a value if we want operations to compose, but
that could mean copying a massive vector!
??? operator + (Vector const& a, Vector const& b);
Our instincts say:
- Returning by value is bad! We make a copy!
If we allocate on the heap and return a pointer, who deletes it?
- It doesn't compose! Can't chain several additions since we're not working with values.
We need some way to move a value out of a scope directly, without copying
Copying the value out of a function and then deleting the local seems absurd. Let's see what already exists in C++03 to tackle this problem.
Can I "move" in C++03?
Ideally, given the problem of implementing
operator + for two vectors, we'd
want to write this:
Vector operator + (Vector const& a, Vector const& b)
// create result of same size
assert(a.size() == b.size());
Vector result(a.size());
// compute addition
a.begin(), a.end(), // input 1
b.begin(), // input 2
result.begin(), // result
std::plus<double>() // binary operation
return result; // ... but can we avoid the copy?
And that's exactly what you should write, because the compiler will get rid of the copy for you! This happens because of copy elision (specified in the C++ standard in clause 12.8.31), and more specifically because of NRVO (Named Return Value Optimization). Returning a local variable by value is detected by the compiler, and the needless copy is elided. This optimization was first developed in 1991, so you can rest assured your compiler supports it.
Even in C++03, returning by value usually results in no copies because of copy elision.
Now, I say usually, because there are corner cases where this optimization will not trigger. See the Wikipedia Article for an overview, and consult your favourite compiler manual for more details.
In the next section we'll consider another problem where move semantics are needed.
Why do I really need moves and C++11?
We saw that our previous problem of transferring values out of a terminating scope is still solvable in C++03, through clever compiler optimization. We need to cover the converse situation of transferring values into a scope, in situations like:
- Passing subcomponents to a constructor of an aggregate
- Handing off a value to another task or thread.
- Transferring ownership of a unique resource (e.g. a file handle, thread,
In all of the cases above, there is a need to transfer without copying. Yet again, pointers are not the answer here. Using pointers for this transfer requires managing the storage (either the heap, or some shared memory), which should be unnecessary, and might even defeat the purpose entirely.
Simply put, transferring values in and out of a scope allows efficient passing of values.
Moves allow value semantics, without extraneous copies.
To keep a concrete problem in mind, let's look at initializing an aggregate
object from two
Vector objects. We'll define
Ray concretely soon.
// Example of extraneous copies
// (A more concrete definition follows in a subsequent example)
Ray computeRay()
Vector origin;
Vector direction;
// ...
// compute vectors
// ...
// want to avoid copying
// the Vectors !
return Ray(
origin, // COPY!
direction // COPY!
Now that we have defined the problem, how do we solve it?
What are rvalues and how do they relate to move semantics?
The key feature that we need, is to tell apart regular values, and "temporary" ones. Once we know that, we can decide whether to copy or move. By looking at a typical assignment we can see where the terms lvalue and rvalue come from:
Vector a, b, c;
// c is an lvalue. It is on the "left"
// |
c = a + b;
// ^^^^^
// the result of the "a + b" expression is an rvalue
// It is on the "right"
- Lvalues are values that you can freely refer to in their scope because they are bound to a name- such as variables. As such, lvalues can be assigned to, and used several times in a single scope.
- Rvalues, cannot be directly referred to because they are temporaries and are not bound to a name- such as values returned by a function, or the direct result of an inline construction:
// some kind of factory function
Vector createVector(std::string param);
Vector myVec = createVector("hello world");
// ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
// | temporary std::string
// |
// temporary Vector
// There are two rvalues in the expression above.
Given that by definition we cannot refer directly to rvalues, we need
rvalue references (
&&) to be able to bind to them. This allows overloading
functions/methods/constructors for rvalue arguments which we know will expire.
Rvalues are values that are either temporary or on the verge of expiry. They cannot be used directly, except through rvalue references
&&. Rvalue references make it possible to specify a function overload for an expiring value, such as a move constructor.
How is a move performed?
To do a move, we need a cheap way of transferring data from an expiring value.
By providing an overloaded constructor that takes an rvalue reference (
we can do that. Here is a Move Constructor for our
Vector that is cheaper
than a copy:
// Move constructor.
// "other" will soon expire!
Vector::Vector(Vector&& other)
// shallow copy
: storage_(other.storage_)
, size_(other.size_)
// nullify source
other.storage_ = nullptr;
other.size_ = 0;
A Move Constructor involves:
A shallow copy
- We take pointers/resources directly from the other object
Nullify the source
- Having stolen the pointers/resources, we nullify these fields in the source so the destructor doesn't release them.
How is
std::move used? Does it perform the move?
This article is about moves, but we have yet to use
std::move. What gives?
std::move is in some sense a misnomer. Think of
std::move as
a new type of cast that casts any expression to an rvalue. This cast makes
the compiler select the rvalue reference overload (for example a move
constructor), where the actual move is performed.
To be more concrete, and work towards a problem established earlier, let's
define the
Ray class that has overloaded constructors:
class Ray
Vector origin_;
Vector direction_;
// Construct by copying subcomponents
Ray(Vector const& origin, Vector const& direction);
// Construct by moving subcomponents
Ray(Vector&& origin, Vector&& direction);
// etc...
std::move we can tell the compiler that the value is no longer needed
in this scope. Solving the problem is now within reach. Given local lvalues
that we need to move, we can cast them to rvalues using
// Example of moving
Ray computeRay()
Vector origin;
Vector direction;
// ...
// compute vectors
// ...
// Move vectors into Ray
// triggering the right constructor
return Ray(
It bears reiterating:
std::movedoes not perform the move. It is nothing more than a cast from an lvalue to an rvalue, to allow an actual move to happen (e.g. by causing an appropriate move constructor to be called).
Why do I need to use
std::move on rvalue references?
We tackled moving lvalues down a layer, using std::move. What happens when we already have an rvalue reference that we need to move down another layer?
Let's look at a concrete example using our
Ray class, and its constructor
that takes two
Vectors by rvalue reference. When composing a larger
aggregate out of smaller movable objects, we can delegate the process of moving
to the sub-components using
// Construct by moving subcomponents.
Ray::Ray(Vector&& origin, Vector&& direction)
// move construct inner objects
: origin_(std::move(origin))
, direction_(std::move(direction))
{ }
To move down an rvalue through successive layers,
std::movehas to be applied each time, even to rvalue references.
Why is that? A mind-bending realization is that because rvalue references are bound to a name, they are themselves lvalues. We need to tell the compiler that this value is no longer needed in this scope. Stop here, and take a breath.
Let's look at that code again, now with more annotations:
// Construct by moving subcomponents.
// "origin" and "direction" refer to rvalues,
// but are themselves lvalues in this scope.
Ray::Ray(Vector&& origin, Vector&& direction)
// move construct inner objects,
// by casting inputs to rvalues
: origin_(std::move(origin))
, direction_(std::move(direction))
{ }
There are several important things to notice here:
- The constructor overload is chosen when both inputs are rvalues.
Once the rvalue references are bound, we can refer to them in the scope.
- This means that these rvalue references are lvalues!
- We have to use
std::moveto cast these references back to rvalues to pass them to the move constructors of the
rvalue references bound to a name, can be referred to in their scope and are therefore lvalues.
If this last quote makes your head spin, just remember that to move a value
down through successive layers,
std::move has to be applied each time.
Is there a difference between an rvalue and an rvalue reference?
Yes! The two notions are very different. This misconception comes up time and time again, but not in the form of this direct question. I noticed that while learning the new concept of rvalues, the ideas of rvalues and rvalue references can become conflated together. Many refer to one or the other interchangeably. This is a stage I experienced, and was surprised that this is rarely disambiguated directly.
Rvalues and rvalue references are very different notions. Rvalues are the actual expiring values that cannot be used directly. To access rvalues, we use rvalue references.
The misconception often manifests itself in code like this (which doesn't work):
// How NOT to do it
std::string&& func()
std::string hello("Hello World!");
return std::move( hello );
To give some perspective, here's the same function but with lvalues:
// Also, how not to do it.
std::string& func()
std::string hello("Hello World!");
return hello;
We all know that returning a reference to a local value is bad, since it goes out of scope- and that's exactly what happens in both cases. Both references returned would be referring to already-destroyed objects.
A value returned from a function is already an rvalue. Returning an rvalue reference to a local is as bad as returning an lvalue reference to it.
Just so there is no confusion, here's the simplest and correct way to do it:
// Optimal thanks to Copy Elision
std::string func()
return "Hello World";
Any temporaries and copies disappear due to copy elision.
Are moves free? Are moves faster than copies?
Are moves free? No. As we have seen:
- Moves are shallow copies
- That also nullify the source of the copy
Both operations have to be performed to move an object. It will never be as fast as not doing anything.
Are moves faster than copies? This depends. Moves are much faster for structures with indirection, (like vectors), since copying all of the data is not required (just pointers). However, moves are copies for structures without pointers or indirection, since we still need to transfer all the member variables. If there is no "depth" to the structure, then there are no performance benefits to moves.
For simple structures with no indirection, moves are copies.
Clever solutions in C++03
There are other clever ways of getting rid of unnecessary copies and operations from C++03 code. Both go beyond the scope of this article, but you can read up on these techniques at the links below:
Expression Templates
- Expression templates allow encoding a tree of expressions (e.g. mathematical expressions) and performing simplifications and optimizations on them, all at compile time.
- The implementations are very complex, but the user API ends up being extremely intuitive, while performing extremely efficiently.
- A great library that uses this concept heavily is Eigen.
Faking Rvalues
- Boost Move emulates rvalues and move semantics through very clever C++ tricks, allowing the creation of movable objects in C++03.
Conclusion and other resources
I hope this has helped some of you understand the basics of move semantics. Please comment below with corrections/suggestions, and if I have missed any other common questions about moves in C++11/14.
To dive deeper into move semantics and various pitfalls, here are a few more resources to look at:
Dave Abrahams – Want Speed? Pass by Value
Scott Meyers – An Effective C++11/14 Sampler
- This a great and dense talk on best practices and gotchas in C++11/14, that begins with advice on move semantics.
Scott Meyers – Universal References in C++11
- An indepth talk and article on perfect forwarding.
Thomas Becker – C++ Rvalue References Explained
- A thorough article focusing on rvalue references, and how they relate to moves, and perfect forwarding.
This article has been featured on isocpp.org and reddit.


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KPTV covers Talent Diversity Initiative Graduation at Cast Iron Studios
On Saturday, November 21st, the 32 actors from our Class of 2015 Talent Diversity Initiative graduated at Cast Iron Studios. The fun-filled day featured mock auditions, a Q&A with the team at CIS, and guest speakers Mary McDonald-Lewis (dialect coach), … Continue reading
Oregon film and media types tackle talent diversity issues
(Thanks to the PBJ for this article on our training program!) Portland Business Journal October 12, 2015 By Andy Giegerich TNT and three film and television groups are hosting a "talent diversity initiative" that could help bring a wider range … Continue reading
Cast Iron Studios, Acting Coaches Host Talent Diversity Initiative
32 Northwest Performers Selected to Complete 36-Hour Actor Training Intensive for Film & Television For Immediate Release October 10, 2015 (PORTLAND, OR) Thirty-two Northwest actors have been chosen to complete a six-week intensive training program, as part of a new … Continue reading
view all Tools for Actors Tour Dates


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Pier 1 Imports Inc (PIR) Jumps 5.29% on January 29Equities Staff Follow |
Pier 1 Imports Inc (PIR) was among the biggest gainers on the Russell 2000 for Friday January 29 as the stock popped 5.29% to $3.98, representing a gain of $0.2 per share. Some 1.45 million shares traded hands on 6,163 trades, compared with an average daily volume of 2.98 million shares out of a total float of 83.67 million. The stock opened at $3.78 and traded with an intraday range of $3.98 to $3.77.
After today's gains, Pier 1 Imports Inc reached a market cap of $333 million. Pier 1 Imports Inc has had a trading range between $17.52 and $3.76 over the last year, and it had a 50-day SMA of $5.28 and a 200-day SMA of $9.21.
The stock has a P/E Ratio of 6.6.
Pier 1 Imports Inc is a specialty retailer of imported decorative home furnishings and gifts in the North America. It conducts business as one operating segment and operates stores in the United States and Canada under the name Pier 1 Imports.
Pier 1 Imports Inc is based out of Fort Worth, TX and has some 24,000 employees. Its CEO is Alexander W. Smith.
For a complete fundamental analysis analysis of Pier 1 Imports Inc, check out Equities.com's Stock Valuation Analysis report for PIR. To see the latest independent stock recommendations from Equities.com's analysts, visit our Research section.
The Russell 2000 is one of the leading indices tracking small-cap companies in the United States. It's maintained by Russell Investments, an industry leader in creating and maintaining indices, and consists of the smallest 2000 stocks from the broader Russell 3000 index.
Russell's indices differ from traditional indices like the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) or S&P 500, whose members are selected by committee, because they base membership entirely on an objective, rules based methodology. The 3,000 largest companies by market cap make up the Russell 3000, with the 2,000 smaller companies making up the Russell 2000. It's a simple approach that gives a broad, unbiased look at the small-cap market as a whole.
For more news on the financial markets, go to Equities.com. Also, learn more about our independent proprietary equity research reports and our robust do-it-yourself Stock Valuation Analysis reports in our Research section.
All data provided by QuoteMedia and was accurate as of 4:30PM ET.
DISCLOSURE: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors, and do not represent the views of equities.com. Readers should not consider statements made by the author as formal recommendations and should consult their financial advisor before making any investment decisions. To read our full disclosure, please go to: http://www.equities.com/disclaimer


text: FWIW, in Rabbit we do all updates/writes in sync_transaction blocks, but do use dirty_read, dirty_select and friends (i.e. no dirty_writes or dirty_deletes[0]). Hopefully this counts as safely getting the speed we want, safely. We are in a very read-dominated scenario though. I also concur with the pain with using mnesia in a clustered environment generally: whilst I have no problem with the idea of going for consistency and availability and not coping with partitions, nevertheless, things like dealing with upgrading schemas and such in an clustered setup where you have not all nodes up, is incredibly tricky: we have to write out files so that we know which node went down last thus is safe to start mnesia on, on recovery etc etc. It's all far more painful than we'd like, but that said, these are very hard problems to get right. And it'd be a million times worse with something SQL based. And we really need transactions currently, which cuts out a number of the popular key/value stores. Matthew [0] Having just grepped the code, I find that's not quite right, but it's certainly in a non critical place!