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Source code: Lib/shutil.py
The shutil module offers a number of high-level operations on files and collections of files. In particular, functions are provided which support file copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the os module.
Even the higher-level file copying functions (shutil.copy(), shutil.copy2()) cannot copy all file metadata.
On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used. This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams are not copied.
Copy the contents of the file-like object fsrc to the file-like object fdst. The integer length, if given, is the buffer size. In particular, a negative length value means to copy the data without looping over the source data in chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled memory consumption. Note that if the current file position of the fsrc object is not 0, only the contents from the current file position to the end of the file will be copied.
Copy the contents (no metadata) of the file named src to a file named dst. dst must be the complete target file name; look at shutil.copy() for a copy that accepts a target directory path. If src and dst are the same files, Error is raised. The destination location must be writable; otherwise, an IOError exception will be raised. If dst already exists, it will be replaced. Special files such as character or block devices and pipes cannot be copied with this function. src and dst are path names given as strings.
Copy the permission bits from src to dst. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path names given as strings.
Copy the permission bits, last access time, last modification time, and flags from src to dst. The file contents, owner, and group are unaffected. src and dst are path names given as strings.
Copy the file src to the file or directory dst. If dst is a directory, a file with the same basename as src is created (or overwritten) in the directory specified. Permission bits are copied. src and dst are path names given as strings.
Similar to shutil.copy(), but metadata is copied as well – in fact, this is just shutil.copy() followed by copystat(). This is similar to the Unix command cp -p.
This factory function creates a function that can be used as a callable for copytree()'s ignore argument, ignoring files and directories that match one of the glob-style patterns provided. See the example below.
Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at src. The destination directory, named by dst, must not already exist; it will be created as well as missing parent directories. Permissions and times of directories are copied with copystat(), individual files are copied using shutil.copy2().
If symlinks is true, symbolic links in the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree, but the metadata of the original links is NOT copied; if false or omitted, the contents and metadata of the linked files are copied to the new tree.
When symlinks is false, if the file pointed by the symlink doesn't exist, a exception will be added in the list of errors raised in a Error exception at the end of the copy process. You can set the optional ignore_dangling_symlinks flag to true if you want to silence this exception. Notice that this option has no effect on platforms that don't support os.symlink().
If ignore is given, it must be a callable that will receive as its arguments the directory being visited by copytree(), and a list of its contents, as returned by os.listdir(). Since copytree() is called recursively, the ignore callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. The callable must return a sequence of directory and file names relative to the current directory (i.e. a subset of the items in its second argument); these names will then be ignored in the copy process. ignore_patterns() can be used to create such a callable that ignores names based on glob-style patterns.
If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
If copy_function is given, it must be a callable that will be used to copy each file. It will be called with the source path and the destination path as arguments. By default, shutil.copy2() is used, but any function that supports the same signature (like copy()) can be used.
Changed in version 3.2: Added the copy_function argument to be able to provide a custom copy function.
Changed in version 3.2: Added the ignore_dangling_symlinks argument to silent dangling symlinks errors when symlinks is false.
Delete an entire directory tree; path must point to a directory (but not a symbolic link to a directory). If ignore_errors is true, errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by onerror or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.
If onerror is provided, it must be a callable that accepts three parameters: function, path, and excinfo. The first parameter, function, is the function which raised the exception; it will be os.path.islink(), os.listdir(), os.remove() or os.rmdir(). The second parameter, path, will be the path name passed to function. The third parameter, excinfo, will be the exception information return by sys.exc_info(). Exceptions raised by onerror will not be caught.
Recursively move a file or directory (src) to another location (dst).
If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, then src is moved inside that directory.
The destination directory must not already exist. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
If the destination is on the current filesystem, then os.rename() is used. Otherwise, src is copied (using shutil.copy2()) to dst and then removed.
This exception collects exceptions that are raised during a multi-file operation. For copytree(), the exception argument is a list of 3-tuples (srcname, dstname, exception).
This example is the implementation of the copytree() function, described above, with the docstring omitted. It demonstrates many of the other functions provided by this module.
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False):
names = os.listdir(src)
errors = []
for name in names:
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks)
copy2(srcname, dstname)
# XXX What about devices, sockets etc.?
except (IOError, os.error) as why:
errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
# continue with other files
except Error as err:
copystat(src, dst)
except WindowsError:
# can't copy file access times on Windows
except OSError as why:
errors.extend((src, dst, str(why)))
if errors:
raise Error(errors)
Another example that uses the ignore_patterns() helper:
from shutil import copytree, ignore_patterns
copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
This will copy everything except .pyc files and files or directories whose name starts with tmp.
Another example that uses the ignore argument to add a logging call:
from shutil import copytree
import logging
def _logpath(path, names):
logging.info('Working in %s' % path)
return [] # nothing will be ignored
copytree(source, destination, ignore=_logpath)
High-level utilities to create and read compressed and archived files are also provided. They rely on the zipfile and tarfile modules.
Create an archive file (such as zip or tar) and return its name.
base_name is the name of the file to create, including the path, minus any format-specific extension. format is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar" (if the bz2 module is available) or "gztar".
root_dir is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive; for example, we typically chdir into root_dir before creating the archive.
base_dir is the directory where we start archiving from; i.e. base_dir will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive.
root_dir and base_dir both default to the current directory.
owner and group are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group.
logger must be an object compatible with PEP 282, usually an instance of logging.Logger.
New in version 3.2.
Return a list of supported formats for archiving. Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, description)
By default shutil provides these formats:
You can register new formats or provide your own archiver for any existing formats, by using register_archive_format().
New in version 3.2.
Register an archiver for the format name. function is a callable that will be used to invoke the archiver.
If given, extra_args is a sequence of (name, value) pairs that will be used as extra keywords arguments when the archiver callable is used.
description is used by get_archive_formats() which returns the list of archivers. Defaults to an empty list.
New in version 3.2.
Remove the archive format name from the list of supported formats.
New in version 3.2.
Unpack an archive. filename is the full path of the archive.
extract_dir is the name of the target directory where the archive is unpacked. If not provided, the current working directory is used.
format is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", or "gztar". Or any other format registered with register_unpack_format(). If not provided, unpack_archive() will use the archive file name extension and see if an unpacker was registered for that extension. In case none is found, a ValueError is raised.
New in version 3.2.
Registers an unpack format. name is the name of the format and extensions is a list of extensions corresponding to the format, like .zip for Zip files.
function is the callable that will be used to unpack archives. The callable will receive the path of the archive, followed by the directory the archive must be extracted to.
When provided, extra_args is a sequence of (name, value) tuples that will be passed as keywords arguments to the callable.
description can be provided to describe the format, and will be returned by the get_unpack_formats() function.
New in version 3.2.
Unregister an unpack format. name is the name of the format.
New in version 3.2.
Return a list of all registered formats for unpacking. Each element of the returned sequence is a tuple (name, extensions, description).
By default shutil provides these formats:
You can register new formats or provide your own unpacker for any existing formats, by using register_unpack_format().
New in version 3.2.
In this example, we create a gzip'ed tar-file archive containing all files found in the .ssh directory of the user:
>>> from shutil import make_archive
>>> import os
>>> archive_name = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', 'myarchive'))
>>> root_dir = os.path.expanduser(os.path.join('~', '.ssh'))
>>> make_archive(archive_name, 'gztar', root_dir)
The resulting archive contains:
$ tar -tzvf /Users/tarek/myarchive.tar.gz
drwx------ tarek/staff 0 2010-02-01 16:23:40 ./
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./authorized_keys
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 65 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./config
-rwx------ tarek/staff 668 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa
-rwxr-xr-x tarek/staff 609 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_dsa.pub
-rw------- tarek/staff 1675 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 397 2008-06-09 13:26:54 ./id_rsa.pub
-rw-r--r-- tarek/staff 37192 2010-02-06 18:23:10 ./known_hosts


text:
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Item # SRM0440Item # SRM0440
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Reviews & Community
Will this work with a SRAM x.5 front shifter?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Nature Genetics 7: 497-501, 1994.
B. Bardoni1, E. Zanaria1, S. Guioli1, G. Floridia1, K. C. Worley2, G. Tonini3, E. Ferrante4, G. Chiumello5, E. R. B. McCabe2, M. Fraccaro1, O. Zuffardi1 & G. Camerinol1,6
1Biobgia Generale e Genctica
Medica, Universita' di Pavia, via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
2Department of Molecular and Human Genetics1 Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, 77030 Houston, Texas, USA
3Istituto per l'Infanzia, via dell' Istria 65/1, 34100 Trieste, Italy
4Istituto di Clinica Pediatrica, Universita' La Sapienza, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
5Clinica Pediatrica III, Ospedale S. Raffaelle, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
6Istituto di Istologia ed Embriologia, Universita' di Sassari, via S. Pietro 43/B, Sassari, Italy
Male to female sex reversal has been observed in individuals with duplications of the short arm of the X chromosome. Here we demonstrate that sex reversal results from the presence of two active copies of an Xp locus rather than from its rearrangement and that alterations at this locus constitute one of the causes of sex reversal in individuals with a normal 46,XY karyotype. We have named this locus DSS (Dosage Sensitive Sex reversal) and localized it to a 160 kilobase region of chromosome Xp21, adjacent to the adrenal hypoplasia congenita locus. The identification of male individuals deleted for DSS suggests that this locus is not required for testis differentiation. We propose that DSS has a role in ovarian development and/or functions as a link between ovary and testis formation.
The existence of an X-specific gene involved in human sex determination was first postulated in 1978, with the identification of a family with an apparent X-linked mode of inheritance of 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis1. A number of families with X-linked recessive (or sex-limited autosomal dominant) transmission of the disorder have been reported since then (reviewed in ref. 2). Further evidence for the involvement of an X-specific locus in sex reversal was provided by the identification of sex reversed patients carrying duplications of portions of Xp. Twelve individuals with partial duplications of the short arm of the X chromosome and an intact SRY gene have been described3-10. Among them, eight had female or ambiguous external genitalia3-7,10 and in two cases histological examination of the gonads demonstrated impaired testis formation3,7.
47,XXY individuals have a single active X chromosome and are male while some of the Xp duplication patients- who all carry a single X inactivation centre- are sex reversed. It was therefore assumed that the Xp-duplication sex reversal is due to double dosage of an X-linked gene(s) which is normally subject to X-inactivation.The alternative hypothesis- that all sex reversing Xp duplications have similar breakpoints, disrupting a gene involved in sex determination-could not be exduded since only one patient was extensively examined at the molesular level7.
To distingtush between these hypotheses and to map the X-linked locus responsible for sex reversal, we have analysed 31 male-to-female sex reversed patients, including four with a cytogenetically visible Xp duplication and 27 with a normal XY karyotype. Our results indicate that dosage of a locus on chromosome Xp21 affects sexual differentiation.
Fig. 1 Extent of the duplications in the eight patients and physical mapping of the DSS critical interval. Eight genetic males with microscopic duplications of Xp were studied by dosage analysis with previously identified DNA markers24,25. Loci were ordered from Xpter-Xp11 .4 and the extent of the critical interval was estimated using available genetic and physical maps24,25. Filled bar, duplicated fragment; open circle, not tested; E.G., extemal genitalia; F. female; A, ambiguous; M, male extemal genitalia.
We have collected eight patients with duplications of portions of the short arm of the X chromosome: three have an intact Y chromosome and a single duplicated X chromosome, while five carry an intact X chromosome and an additional portion of Xp translocated to the Y chromosome (Fig. 1). All eight patients have a grossly intact SRYgene as determined by Southern blot analysis (not shown). Four of the patients were brought up as females, having either female external genitalia (711, BG and PT) or ambiguous external genitalia (RR). Histological examination of the internal genitalia was performed in three of these patients (BG, PT and RR) and confirmed partial gonadal dysgenesis. The other four patients (TM, PD, SR and RA) are phenotypically males (see Fig. 1). All eight patients have a complex phenotype (induding mental retardation and multiple minor malforrnations) that will be described in detail elsewhere.
Sex reversal and Xp21 duplication
The extent of the Xp duplication was studied in all eight patients by Southern blotting dosage analysis with previously identified DNA markers from Xpter-Xp11.4. The duplication breakpoints are different in the four sex reversed patients (Fig. 1), which excludes gene disruption as a cause of sex reversal and strongly supports the hypothesis that double dosage of an Xp locus is responsible for male to female sex reversal. We named this locus DSS (for dosage sensitive sex reversal) . The correlation between the portion of Xp duplicated nd the phenotypic sex of the eight patients defines the minimal region duplicated in all sex reversed patients as the DSS critical interval. This region extends from the distal boundary, located between loci DXS418 and DXS274, to the proximal boundary, between the Duchenne muscular dystrophylocus (DMD) and the DXS319 locus, a region of approximately 20 megabases (Mb) in Xp21.2- p22.1 (Fig. 1).
Refining the DSS critical region
Fig. 2 Southern blotting dosage analysis with probes P122 (DXS418 ) and QST59 (DXS319 ) in patient B1. DNA was digested with EcoRI. The first three lanes on the left are from a normal female and two normal males, respectively; the lanes on the right are from sex reversed 46,XY females.
Fig. 3 Physical mapping and overlap cloning at the DSS region.
a. Map of the AHC, GK and DMD region12, showing the location of the DSS critical interval. Only YACs and probes described in the text are shown. The extent of the critical interval was delimited using previously described probes12 and probes obtained from the phage contig. The extent of the Xp duplication in patients B1 and RR is shown in the upper part of the Figure, together with the position of YACs A107E5 and 332F10 and of the phage contig. The proximal breakpoint of the duplication of B1 was locaiized between probes A1 F2L and K23-4p. The extent of the deletions (dotted lines) in previously described AHC patients11,12 is shown in the lower part of the Figure. Patients LB, RB and TM are affected by AHC, GK and DMD. Patient DW is affected by AHC. Red bars represent part of the chromosome that are present, open bars represent regions of uncertainty.YAC 332F10 contains a portion of Xp coligated with a portion of 4q32 (hatched).
b Identification of the distal breakpoint of the duplication of patient B1 with probe 162/H2.7. Molecular weight of hybridizing bands were: EcoR I, normal fragment 10 kb, altered size fragment 17 kb; Bgl I normal 10.7 kb, altered 10 kb; Taq I, 2.1 and 1.2 normal, 2.6 altered. XX, normal female; XY normal male.
c, Identification of the X;Y translocation breakpoint in patient RR using probe 223/H3.3. Molecular weight of hybridizing bands were: EcoR I, normal fragments 4.5 and 3.5 kb, altered size fragment 4.3 kb; Taq I, normal 5.8 kb, altered 4 kb; Pst I, 2.1 normal, 1.8 altered. XX, normal female; XY normal male.
We speculated that submicroscopic duplications of the DSS locus might be one of the causes of sex reversal in individuals with a normal 46,XY karyotype. The genomes of 27 46,XY sex reversed females were screened for submicroscopic rearrangements with probes mapping to the DSS critical interval. An abnormal, double dosage was detected when the DNA from patient Bl was hybridized with probe QST59 (locus DXS319, mapping within the proximal boundary of the DSS critical interval) (Fig. 2). The region including DXS319 has been cloned previously in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) as part of a study of the contiguous gene syndrome of adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC), glycerol kinase deficiency (GF and DMD11-13. Probes obtained from the YAC contigs spanning this region (Fig. 3a) and cDNAprobes for DMD were used to define, by Southern blotting dosage analysis, the extent of the duplication in patient B1. The duplication spans less than 1 Mb and does not include DMD (Fig. 3a). We further demonstrated, by FISH analysis with YAC 332F 10, that the duplicated fragments are closely linked in Xp21 (not shown).
These data narrow the DSS critical interval to the region of overlap of the duplications of patients RR and B1. The extent of the interval was defined by dosage analysis of DNA from BI and RR with probes obtained from a contiguous region of approximately 230 kb, subcloned from the YAC contig into a phage vector (Fig. 3a). Probes 162/H2.7 and 223/H3.3 recognize junction fragments of altered size corresponding to the duplication breakpoint of B1 and RR, respectively (Fig. 3b,c). Therefore these probes, located approximately 160 kb apart, provide landmarks for the proximal and distal limits of the position of DSS (Fig. 3a).
The AHC and GK critical intervals were previously characterized by deletion mapping in patients11-13. As the DSS critical intelval maps very close to the AHC critical interval, we used probes obtained from the phage contig to refine the distal limit of the critical interval for AHC Deletion mapping in key patients13,14 indicates that the AHC and DSS critical intervals are adiacent, being separated only by the deletion breakpoint of patient TM, affected by AHC and not deleted for the DSS region (Fig. 3a).
Localization of DSS. Duplications of the short arm of the X chromosome have been associated with male to female sex reversal. To understand if the duplication or the rearrangement of an Xp gene is responsible for sex reversal, we have mapped the duplication breakpoint in four sex reversed, Xp-duplicated patients. The finding that both the proximal and the distal breakpoints differ in the four patients strongly suggests that double dosage of an Xp locus, that we have named DSS impairs testis formation in the presence of a functional SRY gene. DSS may be related to the postulated (and unmapped) X-linked gonadal dysgenesis gene, GDXY(MIM 306100)14, responsible for familial cases of 46,XY sex reversal. If this is the case, it may be anticipated that familial GDXY mutations increase DSS activity (see also below).
The DSS locus was initially mapped to a region of approximately 20 Mb of Xp21.2-p22.1 by comparing the extent of the duplications in the four sex reversed patients and in four patients with normal testis differentiation. We speculated that duplication of DSS might be one of the causes of sex reversal in individuals with a normal 46,XY karyotype and screened the genomes of 27 46,XY sex reversed females for submicroscopic chromosomal rearrangements of Xp21.2-p22.1. Our identification of a submicroscopic duplication in a 46,XY sex reversed female places the DSS-critical region in a 160 kb region of Xp21, adjacent to the AHC locus. The DSS and AHC critical intervals are separated by the deletion breakpoint of one patient, affected by AHC and not deleted for the DSS region. It is possible that DSS and AHC correspond to the same locus and that duplications or deletions of the same gene may prevent the correct differentiation of gonads or adrenal glands, respectively.
DSS dosage and gonadal differentiation. The phenotype of the genitalia in the Xp duplicated, sex reversed patients indicates that two doses of DSS are sufficient to disrupt normal testis development in the presence of SRY. These patients show, however, different degrees of gonadal dysgenesis15, ranging from incompletely differentiated testes (patients PT and RR) to the presence of a single streak gonad (patient BG). Patient B1, who carries the smallest of Xp2 1 duplication, has normal female external genitalia and dysgenetic gonads. This indicates that the variability in sexual differentiation is not related to the size of the duplications and in turn suggests that additional Xp genes are not involved in sex reversal. Phenotypic variability is also seen in the sex reversal syndromes associated with mutations in SRY16,17 or in the Wilm's tumour gene18.
The localization of DSS reveals one important feature of the gene. Among the 46,XY patients affected by the complex AHC-GK-DMD deletion syndrome, many are entirely deleted for the DSS critical region (Fig. 3a). All 46,XY patients with deletions in this region have male external genitalia, suggesting that the DSS locus does not play a major role in testis differentiation.
In some of the Xp duplication cases described (cases 711, PT and Bl) the duplication was inherited from the mother4 (data not shown). Similarly, in a few cases of Xp deletion encompassing DSS, the deletion was maternally inherited19. Genotypic females carrying a duplication or a deletion at the DSS locus can thus be fertile. Although it is likely that an increased DSS dosage does not interfere with ovary formation, the effect of its deletion in XX females is difficult to assess, due to X-inactivation. Accordingly, only a mosaic of normal and dysgenetic gonadal cells would be found in heterozygous carriers of a deletion, even if DSS is essential for ovarian development (see below) and acts cell autonomously.
A double dosage of DSS disrupts testis formation while its absence is compatible with a male phenotype. This paradox could be explained if DSS is a link between the ovarian and testicular pathways. Different genes must be activated and/or repressed to differentiate an ovary or a testis. While it is likely that absence of the SRY gene is sufficient to avoid activation of the testicular pathway in normal females, it is not clear how the reciprocal function - repression of the ovarian pathway - is achieved in normal males. Perhaps DSS is an ovarian differentiation gene with an important function in the sexual determination network. In normal male individuals, ovarian development and DSS function are repressed allowing testis formation. The double dosage of DSS in individuals with Xp duplications and a functional SRY gene, however, hampers repression ofthe ovarian pathway, leading to gonadal dysgenesis and phenotypic sex reversal.
It is puzzling to imagine how, in the presence of X inactivation, the dosage sensitivity of this gene is currently exploited in sex determination; perhaps DSS is a remnant of the ancestral sex determining system which operated by dosage prior to the evolution of X-chromosome inactivation.
Clinical details. Patients 711 and BG have been studied previously and found to be duplicated at the ZFX locus4. The extent of the Xp duplications and Yq deletions in patients RR, TMa and SR has also been partially described10. Histology of the gonads and internal genitalia was performed for cases BG, PT and RR. Patient BG has normal Mullerian derivatives, absent left gonad and right streax gonad with primordial sex cords and multifocal gonadoblastoma. Patients PT and RR have both Wofflian and Mullerian remnants and abdominal testes with hypotrophic tubules. Leydig cell hyperplasia was noticed in RR. Patient PT has a slightly hypertrophic clitoris while patient RR has ambiguous external genitalia with perineal hypospadias and a bifid scrotum.
46,XY females were ascertained in Italy. We avoided collecting patients with clinical signs of testicular feminization syndrome (such as presence of well differentiated testes, high testosterone levels, absence of the uterus) but the dinical characterization of some of them was incomplete. Patient B1 has a male karyotype after high resolution banding, is mentally retarded and has minor facial anomalies. She has normal female external genitalia, rudimentary uterus and tubes, remnants of Wofflian structures and streaks gonads.
Molecular methods. Conventional G- and Q- banding and high resolution banding20 was performed for all patients. DNA was obtained from venous blood samples or cultured cell lines, digested with TaqI, EcoRI or PstI, blotted and sequentially hybridized to probes, according to standard procedures2'. The copy number at each locus was determined by the presence of heterozygosity and/or by comparison of band intensity, using the autosomal locus D7S410 (ref. 22) as an intensity control. Band intensiq was measured with the Profil Uno densitometer (Sebia Ciampolini). Construction of the l phage libraries and contigfrom YACs A107E5 and 332F10 was performed as described23.
We gregrateful to all investigators who generously provided the probes used in this study and we thank A. Ballabio and P. Goodfellow for thc critical reading of the manuscript. The financial support of Telethon ltaly (Grant n. B.05), Progetto Finalizzato a "Biotecnologie e Biostrumentazione" and "Ingegneria Genetica" of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Riscrche, and of the Commission of the European Communities (Grant GENE-CT93-0027) is gratefully acknowledged.
Received 25 March; accepted 10 May 1994.


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text:
Woof is a big dog. Yap is a little dog.
Emma has 16 dog biscuits to give to the two dogs.
She gave Woof 4 more biscuits than Yap.
How many biscuits did each dog get?
Use these four dominoes to make a square that has the same number of dots on each side.
There were 22 legs creeping across the web. How many flies? How many spiders?
Can you find a path from a number at the top of this network to
the bottom which goes through each of the numbers $1$ to $9$ once
and once only?


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|A man tries to get into the library to see Giles but is killed by a female demon. After killing him,she turns into a puddle of green goo. At school, Giles tells Buffy to meet him later at the hospital for a blood delivery, which attracts vampires. Back at the library, a detective is waiting for Giles --the dead man had Giles' address on him. Giles identifies the body as an old friend from London. The body has a tattoo on it, which Giles says he can't identify. Shaken, Giles doesn't meet Buffy at the hospital, and she battles the vampires alone until Angel shows up. When Buffy goes to Giles' house to see what happened, he's disheveled and sends her away. He calls another friend in London and finds out that she's dead, too. As he rolls up his sleeves, we see he has the same tattoo as his friend. Meanwhile, the dead friend, Phillip, comes back to life in the morgue, his eyes flashing, and escapes. Saturday, Willow, Xander, and Cordelia meet with Jenny Calendar -- Giles' girlfriend -- for a computer class. Buffy shows up to express her concern about Giles' behavior. Cordelia mentions the police visit to the library, which slipped her Cordelia-centered mind. In the library, Buffy finds Ethan, the costume shop owner and Giles old friend who tried to kill her on Halloween. As she calls Giles, Ethan mentions the "Mark of Eyghon." Giles says she's in danger, and the dead Phillip enters. A panicked Giles shows up and, after a scuffle which leaves Jenny unconscious, Phillip turns into the green goo. Some of it gets on Jenny and when she comes to, she seems normal but we see her eyes flash. Research freak Willow discovers the "Mark of Eyghon" in a book: Eyghon possesses the body of a dead or unconscious host. They figure out that he's jumped from Phillip's body to Jenny's. Possessed Jenny, looking and sounding like a demon, tries to seduce Giles. When Buffy comes to the rescue, Jenny jumps out the window. Giles explains to Buffy that he ran with a bad crowd when he was young, and they used Eyghon as a temporary high -- directing him in and out of each others' bodies. But one friend died, then later the girl who killed Phillip, and now it seems the rest of the group will die, too. Buffy goes to the deserted costume shop to try to help Ethan but he knocks her out, ties her up and tattoos her. He pours acid on his own tattoo so that Eyghon will take Buffy instead of him. Jenny enters, a full-tilt demon, and Buffy breaks free. Angel enters suddenly and chokes Jenny: the spirit leaves her body and enters Angel's, since he's really dead (Willow's plan: you go, girl!) It passes through Angel, and Jenny's back to normal,but Ethan escapes.
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Total U.S. money market mutual fund assets fell $4.86 billion to $2.639 trillion for the week that ended Wednesday, according to the Investment Company Institute.
Assets in the nation's retail money market mutual funds rose $1.91 billion to $934.25 billion, the Washington-based mutual fund trade group said Thursday. Assets of taxable money market funds in the retail category rose $1.3 billion to $739.03 billion. Tax-exempt retail fund assets rose $620 million to $195.23 billion.
Assets in institutional money market funds fell $6.77 billion to $1.705 trillion. Among institutional funds, taxable money market fund assets fell $7.7 billion to $1.632 trillion. Assets of tax-exempt funds rose $930 million to $73.06 billion.
The 7-day average yield on money market mutual funds was unchanged at 0.01 percent from the previous week, according to Money Fund Report, a service of iMoneyNet Inc. in Westborough, Mass. The 7-day compounded yield was flat at 0.01 percent. The 30-day yield and the 30-day compounded yield were both unchanged at 0.01 percent, Money Fund Report said Wednesday.
The average maturity of portfolios held by money market mutual funds was unchanged at 47 days.
The online service Bankrate.com said its survey of 100 leading commercial banks, savings and loan associations and savings banks in the nation's 10 largest markets showed the annual percentage yield available on money market accounts was unchanged from the week before at 0.10 percent.
The North Palm Beach, Fla.-based unit of Bankrate Inc. said Wednesday that the annual percentage yield available on interest-bearing checking accounts was unchanged from the week before at 0.05 percent.
Bankrate.com said the annual percentage yield on six-month certificates of deposit was flat at 0.15 percent. Rates were also flat at 0.24 percent on one-year CDs and at 0.37 percent on two-year CDs. Five-year yields fell to 0.78 percent from 0.79 percent.


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Listen to today's episode of StarDate on the web the same day it airs in high-quality streaming audio without any extra ads or announcements. Choose a $8 one-month pass, or listen every day for a year for just $30.
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Old Mars Rock
Mars is a cold, dry desert world with only a thin atmosphere. But four billion years ago, the planet was much warmer and wetter — an environment that would have been a comfortable abode for life.
Ancient Martian rocks may preserve a record of this milder climate, but no spacecraft has ever brought any of them back to Earth for analysis. Even so, scientists are studying Martian rocks in the laboratory: meteorites. Impacts by large asteroids kicked bits of the Martian crust into space, and a few of them have fallen to Earth. In fact, one recently discovered meteorite contains the oldest Martian minerals yet seen.
The meteorite landed in the Sahara Desert, and betrayed its Martian origin through the composition of gas found in tiny bubbles inside it.
The meteorite also contains tough minerals called zircons, which trap uranium. The uranium decays at a known rate, so scientists were able to deduce the age of the minerals: about 4.4 billion years. That means they formed a mere 150 million years after Mars itself did.
The Martian minerals are as old as the oldest known zircons on Earth and the Moon, suggesting the crusts of all three worlds formed at about the same time — not long after the birth of the solar system.
And Mars is putting in a good showing right now. The planet rises in late evening and shines like a bright orange star. It'll get even brighter over the coming weeks as Earth moves closer to it.
More about the Red Planet tomorrow.
Script by Ken Croswell, Copyright 2013
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|General software and network General OS-independent software and network questions, X11, MTA, routing, etc.
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So NetBSD x11 sets that you can select during install will install in the same /usr/pkg/* PATH as the one built from pkgsrc? (I started to interest in NetBSD recently so I lack knowledge here)
religions, worst damnation of mankind
"If 386BSD had been available when I started on Linux, Linux would probably never had happened." Linus Torvalds
Linux is not UNIX! Face it! It is not an insult. It is fact: GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not UNIX".
vermaden's: links resources deviantart spreadbsd
Well, I might sound like a jerk, but I think I will open my mouth.
In my opinion, if you're not working on X.Org, then shut up -- whining or bitching about a program rarely makes it better. Unlike *some* things that may irk you, X.Org for the most part has source code available. Don't like it, then hack on it, or pay someone to hack on it for you, and if that is still not good enough, shove off to another program or put up with it.
Running a computer is *not* a democracy! That is why we have a kernel in charge and more general forms of control in place above it . If software was democratic there would be no client/server architectures, only peer to peer. It is the X.Org folk who have a right to say in what way things go with /their/ implementation of it. If they wanted to do so, they could say fuck you all: we will only support the Amiga 500 !!!
That is how I feel about listening to this discourse, and just about every discussion of its nature.
The only time I had to modify xorg.conf because of an update was to get my mouse cursor working again; after learning about the 3 fingered salutes being defaulted off, I was annoyed that I never heard about it until afterwards because it can be handy in a pinch, but also aligned myself to the idea, that it should probably have been defaulted as it is now, 20 years ago. Not my project, not my say.
For portability, what can be expected of it?
Portable code can be written in any language, and in my experience there is no portable high level language with more non-portable code written in it then there is with C. Standard C is the most portable anything that I have ever seen: and as much pain as it can be to live with, since doing _anything fun_ in C, is essentially non portable in comparison to the language standard itself! I also commend the insane level of meticulous thought that must have went into standardizing C, which is also probably one of the least 'standardized' languages in use...
No matter what you go, what you do, something like X.Org will be either NON PORTABLE or NON FUN. The question is how much of it has to be that bitch to port along for the ride.
If you don't believe me, just look at C99 and tell me where I can find a standard library function emulating FreeBSD system call number 136 on any platform, even ones that don't guarantee a hard drive!
The thing that I wonder, is *how* much of X.Org must be ported to be useful. Do we have to port each driver to the kernel, do we have to port some library, do we have to port every single part of the X server? Dealing with the innards of graphics cards is pretty damn unportable stuff in its own right, let along dealing with kernel specifics, unless you want to standardize both, in which case you would likely have to end up with something half as portable as standard C or as portable as sound APIs (or if you like, as portable as x86 sepcifics), and about as useful as Dartmouth BASIC from the 1960s on modern computers!
I know what I would like to see, from the perspective of a programmer: drivers that use as few bits of the native kernel directly, and instead utilizes code that glues the relevant features of the system into the X Windows System at the appropriate levels where they are needed: so you don't have to directly port every single driver to each kernel, anymore then you should technically have to port xeyes to each X11 implementation. And I would actually consider it an unfortunate design decision if X.Org didn't do this at some level of hardware access, at least for the PC architecture.
But as I don't write the code and as I don't have the skill nor the time to acquire it, nor the bearded mentor to iron it into me, I leave X.Org to being X.Org, and accept it for what it is: a massive body of code that I could never do myself -- short of spending a couple of life times doing it. And also as a body of software that in the long run, makes my life more easier then it does harder.
If this offends anyone or requires moderation, sorry !
My Journal
Thou shalt check the array bounds of all strings (indeed, all arrays), for surely where thou typest ``foo'' someone someday shall type ``supercalifragilisticexpialidocious''.
Last edited by TerryP; 26th May 2009 at 05:20 AM.
number 136. You should avoid using system calls by all means if possible. If you must make system calls in particularly FreeBSD specific isolate them in
an api so that the one who is trying to compile the software on other OS can rewrite that small part.
And by the way DragonFly is a living proof that C99 standard can be implemented. There is not a single line of a code in DragonFly which is not C99. OpenBSD as well is almost clean of non C99 code.
FreeBSD system call number 136 is the one for int mkdir(const char *, mode_t); which is a UNIXism, or more likely an 'ism from whoever they stole it form and eventually adapted to C lol. I chose to refer to it like that, as an example (and curious if anyone would look it up and see it crystal clear).
My point being. mkdir() is an OS specific system call -- both its presence, system call number, calling convention, behaviour, and above all..... What says that your code is running on a computer that has access to a file system in the first place, let along that said file system must implement the directories concept at all ;-). Directories/Folders are a universally simple and in the modern world, very a portable concept. Actually doing anything fun with them is non portable, and likely to be extremely so if you want to write portable code - because it might just find itself on a directory less file system, let along a mkdir()'less environment. This is why perl mkdir() or python os.mkdir() are fairly portable for unix/windows/most os, but doing it in C is not as much fun.
Now if something that simple is inherently non-portable, can anyone really expect implementing something as complex as X11R7 to be? Especially when you consider that while old mkdir() will be there in any Unix C API (and standardized), so it might not sound like a big deal: but can the same be said of accessing display or graphics hardware through system APIs? POSIX doesn't get into a lot of that stuff because it is outside the intended scope, much like what is needed to write a screen saver is beyond the scope of C99s need to be portable. You can write a screen saver that is valid C99 code, but you writing a portable screen saver is a bit harder
Before starting work on my star fighter game, I needed to solve very non portable issues -> graphics, keyboard/mouse, and audio access. Now it is fair to say, you must have a mouse or a keyboard to use my game, but it is fair to say: you must have the same mouse I do, since I don't care to write code for yours? As your statement (which I very very highly agree with Oko) might suggest, for me the only viable solution was to use a portable interface as much as possible, and make that the requirement rather then something very specific to the system. For me the choice was a no brainer named SDL. If SDL don't work well enough for someones needs, well that's not my problemo... hehe .
My Journal
Thou shalt check the array bounds of all strings (indeed, all arrays), for surely where thou typest ``foo'' someone someday shall type ``supercalifragilisticexpialidocious''.
religions, worst damnation of mankind
"If 386BSD had been available when I started on Linux, Linux would probably never had happened." Linus Torvalds
Linux is not UNIX! Face it! It is not an insult. It is fact: GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not UNIX".
vermaden's: links resources deviantart spreadbsd
A couple of orthogonal (but not new) thoughts for the conversation.
A) The complaints related to Xorg in this thread seem to be symptomatic of difficulties BSD has in general. Viz, not enough manpower to truly "roll your own," inability to induce desired support/"mindspace" from outside software/hardware developers, etc. ISTM one of the root causes of this is fragmentation of the BSD family, resulting in resources wasted on duplicate effort and lack of critical mass for each project. And why are the BSD's fragmented? Well, I guess a variety of reasons, but Linux hippies / fanboys / crowds / -isms aren't one of them .
B) Regarding X, what about the console framebuffer (my fave topic ), couldn't better use be made of that? This is one area where Linux is ahead of BSD, but how hard would it really be to catch up or better? That is, create butt-kick graphic-mode virtual consoles that are robust, flexible, easy to configure and support acceleration. This would have many benefits:
- much better console;
- encourage development of apps that can run on framebuffer -- some are already there: mplayer, links, picture viewers, etc., but it's still too rudimentary.
- makes X less essential (but not entirely so for most users);
- when X is needed, simply run it on framebuffer on another VC. This is already possible (with fbdev) but needs better seamlessness and acceleration for example. You might not be able to switch modes, but we lost that with Xorg already (and I don't miss it much).
mkdir(2) on OpenBSD is just a wrapper to the mkdir system call.. but it doesn't have to be, mkdir(2) is now standardized.. how it works behind the scenes is implementation specific, it could call upon the cosmic forces to align the stars in a way that represents a new hierarchal level. (..if you were crazy enough to mess around with such dangerous yet imaginary forces.)
If the operating system you're attempting to port to has no concept of a file system, it will be extremely hard for them to be POSIX/SUS compliant..
In the end it depends on your definition of portable, can you write a game that works on every OS in existence? probably not.. it wouldn't be incredibly useful on the embedded trimmed down OS on a craft orbiting Pluto, so consider limiting your target to a specific type of operating system.. many exist that have similar environments and share a common set of operations.
Xorg is a reference implementation of X11 for POSIX compatible systems, but sometimes 3rd parties painstakingly try to port it to non-POSIX systems.
Last edited by BSDfan666; 26th May 2009 at 02:47 PM.
There's a tiny fraction of the DRI/DRM infrastructure that runs in the kernel for hardware 3D acceleration. Accelerated 2D can all be done in userspace, as is software 3D. That's what makes it so portable.
And that's what Xorg seems hell-bent on breaking.
Help for FreeBSD: Handbook, FAQ, man pages, mailing lists.
lack the historical prospective. X Window system has nothing to do with
Linux. it is developed almost 10 years before Linus wrote a first line of
code on his "new operating system". The project has been hijacked by
so called Linux community (which is code word for industry proxies) which
wants completely to control all technologies. Another less irritating
example is GCC compiler and its development. It is another example of
Linux is everything which is not Windows attitude.
BSDs are not fragmented. There are only four BSD project each one with the very specific set of goals.
Linux is also not fragmented. There is only one large enterprise industry backed Linux (RedHat) and two smaller new
vendors Novel (SuSE) and Canonical (Ubuntu). All others are kidding themselves if they thing that they are actually developing Linux. Putting things together and making installation scripts (Debian apt) is not the same as developing an operating system.
For the record DragonFly and NetBSD use the same packaging system. It is hard to compare four academic/volunteering projects with a large commercial enterprise as Linux which has industry
giants behind it (IBM, HP, RedHat). Linux hippies / fanboys / crowds /
might not be on the way of BSD development but industry is certainly uneasy when 100 people volunteering project (OpenBSD) makes a product
(OpenSSH) which has 80% of market share.
>In my opinion, if you're not working on X.Org, then shut up
This is to some degree a rather silly argument or should I say some kind of Raadtism a la 'shut up and code'? ;-)
Well as I said to some degree (e.g. in a *buntu desktop forum), but there are more ways to contribute to a FOSS project than just contributing some code. I started with UNIX in terms of Irix on a nice and shiny SGI workstation, back in the good old days. At home my first UNIX was some NetBSD on an Amiga, later Slack and so on. In contributed a lot: money, problem reports, help on mailinglists, help on LUGs/UUGs, sometimes I contributed some mirror (at university) etc. So this is worth nothing according to your saying? It's just the code? Well my boy, welcome in the reality - I'm one of the small supporters of OpenBSD for example that buys the CD sets, sometimes T-shirts too ... and I'm mainly a FreeBSD user. I do this because of the great work of those guys and sometimes I'm even 'whining' (in terms of 'I have a severe problem and I'm able to reproduce it or even debug it to some degree').
use UNIX or die :-)
embedded OS. It is as simple as that. FreeBSD could adopt NetBSD packaging system and that would definitely free resources and that is all. OpenBSD can not adopt pkgsrc due to security issues.
OpenBSD is the freest operating system in existence which is going soon
to be free on any parts which are not academically licensed as BSD/MIT ect. So you gave a really bad example.
Xenocara could be theoretically totally separate from XOrg. That is huge job requiring many more developers. The secret of OpenBSD success
is the small group of very competent developers (less than 100) who
can effectively communicate and advance very narrow set of goals.
It is much more probably that OpenBSD would get a framebuffer support
and drop all together X than they will completely fork X.
About Xenocara :
You don't need to be a genius to debug a pf.conf firewall ruleset, you just need the guts to run tcpdump
http://xenocara.org points to an OpenBSD Journal article, excerpted here as it is apropos to the topical discussion. Click on http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=artic...&mode=expanded if you want to see the entire article and the threaded discussion that followed.
I should add that while modularization may be a good thing, it has eliminated both release management and integration testing by X.Org. As has been pointed out, this is now the responsibility of any *nix project/product that wants to use it. Theo knocked this pretty hard in his recent talk on release management at AsiaBSD:
Slides: http://openbsd.rt.fm/papers/asiabsdc...e_engineering/
Oko, J65nko and jggimi, thanks for the info on Xenocara, I'll have a look at the links.
http://www.xfree86.org/4.8.0/README2.html#2. I'm not versed in the X Consortium license so I not sure about it's freedom.
I was thinking of playing around with it but got busy with other stuff...
"The basic tool for the manipulation of reality is the manipulation of words. If you can control the meaning of words, you can control the people who must use the words." -Philip K. Dick
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Official Websiteof the City of Des Moines
Because one size doesn't fit all, please use the zoom feature of your browser to increase or decrease the text size.
Study and coordinate youth activities for the Des Moines area and make recommendations to the City Council and City Departments.
23 members: 7 adults and 16 youth members. Adult members shall consist of one representative from: Park and Recreation, Police, YMCA, the Des Moines School District, Youth Emergency Services & Shelter, Iowa Homeless Youth Center, Greater Des Moines Partnership, and the City Manager's Office. Youth members shall consist of six youth nominated by the Des Moines Independent School District and two youth nominated by local area non-public schools, 4 representatives at-large, 4 representatives nominated by community organizations (Creative Visions, Making Connections, Grubb YMCA, Des Moines Public Library, Sister City Commission, Partners for Economic Progress, and others.), and must be under the age of 19 at the time of appointment.
Three years
Term limits do not apply
August 1
Second Tuesday of each month


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Saturday's thick afternoon heat was momentarily forgotten when a procession of 63 graduates wearing crisp white dresses and holding deep-red roses made their way, before family and friends, to the front of Castilleja School's 106th commencement on June 8.
"There are so many beautiful things happening right now," read Jordan Fowler, senior class president of the Palo Alto girls' school, sharing the words of motivational speaker Steve Maraboli.
Fowler set the tone for a ceremony centered on the bonds formed in the Castilleja community and the strength and confidence the graduates have gained through those relationships.
After the senior class sang "In My Life" by The Beatles, class valedictorian Angela Li spoke of this confidence, telling a story in which she found herself at the top of a wooden pole, 40 feet off the ground, after she had climbed it at the encouragement from her friends during a sophomore retreat.
Upon jumping from the top of the pole, Li said that during her freefall, before the harness caught her, she felt "exhilaration" even though she was afraid of heights.
"I realized that it was true what people said. Life begins at the end of your comfort zone," Li explained.
"Both within and outside the classroom, we've been empowered to stretch ourselves to simply try out what we may not be initially comfortable with," she said.
Li spoke of the school's challenging assignments that pushed her and her classmates' boundaries. She said that throughout their years at Castilleja, Li and her peers implemented changes at the school, initiating projects and starting new clubs.
"But we would not be where we are here without the support of the entire Castilleja community," she said. "We had the help of our teachers and mentors who not only shared their knowledge but nurtured our lifelong love for learning."
Li added that she hoped that, upon graduation, her peers would continue to have "the strength and courage to take that flying leap."
"I cannot wait to see where we all land," Li said.
Guest speaker Mona Simpson, a UCLA English professor and author, said that during her high school graduation she felt average and "undistinguished."
"I knew I could have worked harder," she said. "I wasn't as good a student as I might have been, and I understood that, though I couldn't have said then exactly why."
Although Simpson said she had a difficult time remembering the details of her own graduation, she told graduates, in a speech peppered with humor, "This is the second huge rite of passage in your life, and you don't remember the first one."
On a more somber note, Simpson told the graduates: "Graduating high school is a big deal (because it is) one of life's plot points, and like most of those, it involves gains and losses."
Simpson shared her own coming-of-age story in which she navigated having a mother with mental illness, financial limitations and trial and error in her own writing before she became the student she never was.
"I was in the middle of a story I didn't understand," she said.
Although Simpson worked hard in college, she was driven by her passion for learning and not the promise of reward, she said. She cautioned graduates against focusing on their goals without taking their journey, and whether their needs are being met, into account.
"Don't worry about winning prizes or coming in first. Find love and community," she said.
"Most of all, to end by quoting Henry James, 'Live, live, live,'" she declared, her words followed by thunderous applause.
In the final speech of the day, Head of School Nanci Kauffman related the lives of the Castilleja graduates to the subject of "Lean In," a book written by Facebook's chief operating officer, Sheryl Sandberg.
"Published in the year of your graduation, Lean In is destined to become a symbol of this moment in time when once again discussions about the role of women and the choices we make have taken center stage," Kauffman said.
Kauffman spoke of Castilleja's motto, "Women learning, women leading," and said that the all of the graduates can be considered leaders.
She said that the graduates, who at one point or another shared their own perspectives, became leaders because they had to take a risk.
"I see our newest alums, young women who are poised to 'lean in,' even when they are criticized or misunderstood," she said.
Kauffman added: "Today you become Castilleja women forever. Honor this privilege. 'Lean in' to discomfort and make this world a better place."
This year, three of the "Castilleja women" -- Grace Arnold, Simone Seiver and Amanda Stephens -- shared the honor of the Castilleja Award, which is given, through a faculty vote, to students who exemplify what the school calls the "Five Cs: Conscience, Courtesy, Character, Courage and Charity."
Seiver, who is student body president, advised her classmates in an earlier speech to "use humor as a compass."
"Humor illuminates what is human. It's disarming. All the things in this world that can make you unfeeling -- being too serious, too automatic, too pompous -- humor is the antithesis to that," she said.
After the ceremony, Seiver, who plans to attend Yale in the fall and hopes to study an interdisciplinary major that combines ethics, politics and economics, said she did use humor to guide her in her college choice because she enjoyed the wit of the students she met when she visited the university.
At the same time, Seiver spoke with a sense of gravity as she recognized the bittersweet transition from high school to college.
"I'm thrilled, I mean, I'm on the precipice of a really exciting time, and I think my classmates feel similarly, that it's a combination of sadness and nostalgia but also a lot of joy and pleasure for what's to come."
Read the names of students in Castilleja School's Class of 2013
Lists of graduates from local high schools in the area are posted here.
Related article: Profiles of Paly and Gunn seniors: Thinking ahead, looking back


text: Management: Balancing Act February 26, 2013 08:09 PM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Jim Dickrell Dairy Herd Management Dairy Editor Email U.S. dairy farmers now global market balancers Over the past decade, the dairy world as we've known it has changed. The European Union has decided it no longer can afford to subsidize surplus dairy products from its farmers. Almost overnight, it seems, global dairy product prices jumped to the level of the next residual supplier—the U.S. dairy farmer. Bonus Content Stephenson presentation "The U.S. has been dropped into a new role as a world exporter and world balancer of global dairy markets," says Mark Stephenson, director of dairy policy analysis at the University of Wisconsin. The European Union is still the No. 1 dairy exporter followed closely by New Zealand. The U.S. is now ranked third. With its vast agronomic resources and ability to rapidly ramp up dairy production, the U.S. is often the country others look to when they need extra dairy products. Though changing, the U.S. still supplies mostly commodity-type products. So it is also among the first to see orders canceled when there are unforeseen shocks to the global economy. The biggest beneficiaries of this new world dairy order are New Zealand dairy farmers. Kiwi milk prices have tripled from their levels in the early 1990s. But because New Zealand produces milk by grazing, the only way to expand is to buy more pasture. Just like corn farmers in the Midwest who have bid up land prices on the strength of $7 per bushel corn, Kiwi farmers have capitalized higher milk prices into astronomical land prices. "New Zealand land values increased sevenfold between 1998 and 2008," Stephenson says. Once they've sunk money into land, however, those costs become fixed. "The goal then is produce as much milk per hectare as you can," Stephenson says. The U.S. cost structure is much different. Fixed costs are smaller, but U.S. variable costs—most notably feed—are double those of New Zealand. From an economic standpoint, it only makes sense to continue to produce milk, at least short term, when milk prices exceed variable costs. The U.S., however, is not one monolithic industry that produces milk in the same way across the country. The Midwest and Northeast have more dollars sunk into land and facilities, and grow much of their own feed. Dairy producers in the West buy a larger percentage of their rations. In other words, Western producers have higher variable costs. Thus, they are the first to feel the cost-price squeeze. And that is exactly what has happened—both in 2009 when milk prices plunged and in 2012 when feed prices went through the roof. In essence, Western milk producers are balancing the U.S. milk supply and the world milk supply, he says. What can U.S. dairy farmers do? Stephenson suggests: Some U.S. farms might buy more land to grow more feed to reduce purchased feed costs. Some U.S. farms will need to actually plan to turn off production in a down phase. Many dairy farms will need to use more risk-management tools—which require time and attention but do work. Dairy policy and regulations need to be evaluated as to whether they help or hinder U.S. farmers competing in a globalized market. Back to news


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Photo: Sandbanks Beach in Dorset, England. Credit: Kathy Collins, Getty Images
The U.K. is not usually seen as a prime location for the second homes for the world's rich and famous, but a growing number of Russians are shunning the traditional destinations for real estate on a strip of coastline dubbed "Britain's Palm Beach."
Sandbanks, in Dorset, England, is a small peninsula dotted with glitzy waterside properties - with price tags often running into the tens of millions of dollars. It is widely regarded as the fourth most expensive place in the world to buy property after the upscale parts of New York, London and Tokyo.
Until now, buyers of area's luxury lodgings have mostly hailed from in and around London, but there is increasing interest from overseas – and Russia in particular, according to Tom Doyle, managing director of Lloyds Property Services.


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Bank of America Corp. CEO Brian Moynihan defended the bank\'s handling the recent capital adjustment at the bank\'s annual shareholder meeting on Wednesday.
"It was disappointing to all of us," said Moynihan.
Shareholders at the meeting at the bank\'s headquarters in Charlotte, NC, peppered management with questions on the capital adjustment announced last week. Management remained mostly tight-lipped.
Responding to shareholders questions about the bank\'s list of issues, the normally stoic CEO said: \"I live it every day.\"
The bank reported the capital-adjustment immediately to its board of directors "within 24 hours," said the CFO Bruce Thompson, and informed the Federal Reserve right away. In response, the regulator pulled the bank's dividend and buyback plans.
Executives told shareholders the bank is working quickly to resubmit the figures to regulators, after discovering the error during preparation of the 10Q filing. The resubmission to the Fed is expected by May 27.
"The bank's goal is to have zero errors at all times," said Board Chairman Charles O. Holliday, Jr.
"We continue to do the root cause analysis to make sure it doesn't happen again," said Thompson.
The error called into question the complexity of the bank. CLSA bank analyst Mike Mayo, attending the meeting, asked if the bank was \"too big to manage.\"
\"We are not too big too manage,\" replied the chairman. Moynihan chimed in: \"This was an error we found; it was a tough consequence.\"
The bank said it's looking forward to the continued third-party investigation and is "anxious to completely understand everything that happened."
At one point, the meeting was disrupted by two shareholders arguing. One was criticizing Moynihan, while the other called him a "fine gentlemen," adding "I love you, Mr. Moynihan," reported The Wall Street Journal.
Ultimately, Bank of America shareholders approved the bank's executive compensation plan with 93% of votes in favor. All 15 board of directors were also approved.
None of the stockholder proposals received enough votes.
Bank of America announced it would have to reduced its capital amounts and ratios after discovering an error related to an accounting adjustment involved certain structured notes. The day it was announced, the bank lost more than $10 billion in its market cap, with the stock falling 6%.
Moynihan told one disgruntled shareholder his compensation is all stock and his goals are completely aligned with theirs.
— Sital S. Patel
— Follow The Tell on Twitter @thetellblog
— Follow Sital @Sital
More on MarketWatch:
SEC says bitcoin has heightened risk of fraud
Lewinsky: Clintons did not buy her silence


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Seth Weintraub over at 9to5Mac heard from a T-Mobile USA spokesman that their network is already home to over 1 million iPhones, and this is without the benefit of an Apple contract, T-Mobile supplied micro-SIMs, or support for their AWS 3G/4G bands. That means, right now, there are over a million people willing to jailbreak and unlock, or buy an unlocked model, manually cut their SIM cards, and go 2G EDGE only just to be on T-Mo with their iPhones.
There have been rumors that iPhone 5 would support T-Mobile's AWS HSPA and HSPA+ bands, and AT&T is trying to buy T-Mobile and if that goes through, it probably means iPhones for everyone.
If a million customers are willing to go to the effort of doing it on their own, how many would go iPhone if it was officially offered?
Are you running your iPhone on T-Mo? If so, how's it working for you?


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Huawei's much-leaked Ascend P6 smartphone is the world's thinnest at 6.18 millimeters, and has the highest-resolution front-facing camera at 5 megapixels, the company claimed at the phone's London launch.
In comparison, Apple's iPhone 5 measures 7.6mm and has a 1.2 megapixel front-facing camera. The phones have similar 8 megapixel rear cameras, however, and the P6 is a shade heavier at 120 grams to the iPhone's 112g.
The P6 is perhaps better compared to the more recent Galaxy S4 from Samsung Electronics.
Both run Android 4.2.2, but the S4 has the faster processors: It has either a 1.9GHz quad-core or a 1.6GHz octa-core processor, compared to the P6's 1.5GHz quad-core chip.
The P6 has a 4.7-inch display, smaller than the S4's but larger than the iPhone's. Like the S4, the P6 can be used while wearing gloves, according to Huawei.
Its battery has a capacity of 2000mAh, smaller than that of the S4, but Huawei said it has a number of power optimization technologies that can extend battery life by up to 30 percent.
Like Samsung, Huawei has chosen to put its own proprietary user interface layer on top of Android. Huawei's is called Emotion UI, and the version on the P6 includes new panoramic photo and face recognition features, in addition to Emotion's existing Me Widget and SmartReadign functions.
The phone will come in black, white and pink. It will ship first in Huawei's home market, China, this month and in July will go on sale through European network operators including Vodafone, Telefonica and Orange, and phone resellers Carphone Warehouse, TalkTalk, Media Markt & Saturn.
Huawei shipped around 9.9 million smartphones in the first quarter, up 94.1 percent on a year earlier, according to market research company IDC. That made it the fourth-largest smartphone manufacturer, with a market share of around 4.6 percent, just behind LG Electronics, which shipped 10.3 million smartphones, and just ahead of Chinese rival ZTE, which shipped 9.1 million. However, the three vendors lag far behind second-place Apple (37.4 million) and market leader Samsung Electronics, which shipped 70.7 million phones in the first quarter.
Peter Sayer covers open source software, European intellectual property legislation and general technology breaking news for IDG News Service. Send comments and news tips to Peter at email@example.com.


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Talk about your no-win situation. That's what the Bush administration found in the Doha Round negotiations that collapsed when China and India demanded the United States make "unacceptable" concessions on market access and farm subsidies.
Although U.S. officials appeared willing to make even more reductions in U.S. farm subsidies going into the negotiations in Geneva in late July, the governments of China and India and other developing countries were unwilling to match those with increases in access to their markets.
In fact, says Bill Gillon, the National Cotton Council's trade counsel, WTO officials seemed intent on forcing the United States to cut its subsidies by 70 percent while allowing developing countries to have special product exemptions from tariff reductions for up to 13 percent of their product lines.
"The special products provision alone could effectively negate any market access gains that might occur from a formula tariff cut," Gillon said.
"It allows developing countries to designate 12 percent to 13 percent of their tariff lines as special, to take no tariff cuts on 5 percent of lines, and to take only a 10 percent cut in tariffs on special products overall.
"To put this in perspective, a 10 percent cut in a 40 percent ad valorem tariff leaves a 36 percent ad valorem tariff. Most economists agree that a developing country could use this level of special product provisions to shield virtually all economically significant tariff lines."
This one provision effectively gutted all hope of significant market access gains in developing country markets for the United States, said Gillon.
Speaking at the NCC's mid-year board of directors meeting, Gillon said the proposal was part of a compromise paper tabled by WTO Director-General Pascal Lamy that supposedly included the "middle" position on many of the areas of disagreement in the negotiations.
The special products exemption was not the worst of the Lamy paper and was not at the center of the collapse of the late-July ministerial that was supposed to get the seven-year-old Doha Round back on track, said Gillon.
"In addition to this and other loopholes, the Lamy proposal would have allowed developing countries to use a special safeguard mechanism to increase tariffs in some instances to levels that are higher than the bound tariff rates currently in place," he noted. "In other words, the proposal could decrease market access for agriculture.
"It would have been a bizarre outcome if the United States brought back a negotiating text that actually decreased market access for some U.S. agriculture exports."
Despite the broad concessions offered in the Lamy paper, India and some other developing countries were still not satisfied. China also refused to participate in any meaningful way.
To their credit, Bush administration officials refused to cave in to India and China's demands although it meant that negotiators came away from the mini-ministerial meeting with no breakthrough in the talks.
"U.S. agriculture's message to U.S. negotiators was clear," said Gillon "The United States is giving up $34 billion in allowable domestic support while getting virtually no market access in return and while allowing China to essentially take a free ride through these negotiations. This is unacceptable."
Ambassador Susan Schwab, with the help of Chief USDA Economist Joe Glauber, refused to make any more concessions to India and demanded that China not be allowed to take a pass on market access commitments in either agriculture or NAMA."
Gillon said that if the United States had left Geneva with the Lamy proposal intact, "there would be no credible argument that there was a balance between U.S. domestic support reductions and market access gains.
The Lamy proposal seems to prove that a Doha Agreement based on the Falconer Text (named for New Zealand's Crawford Falconer, chairman of the Doha Agricultural Committee) will leave worldwide agriculture with a skewed set of trade rules substantially in favor of large developing countries such as China and Brazil."
Lamy decided to schedule the mini-ministerial conference in Geneva because of concerns the coming U.S. election could delay further progress in the Doha Round negotiations until mid-to-late 2009.
"The fact he almost succeeded is a testament to Lamy's considerable influence and determination," said Gillon. "The fact that the United States almost found itself with a Doha Agreement that no segment of the U.S. economy could root for demonstrates how far off course this negotiation has gone."
Gillon said the Lamy paper called for far greater cuts in U.S. domestic support but contained far less in discernable market access. Exceptions to market access requirements have been built upon exceptions.
"As a result, the United States entered the Geneva meetings with little chance of closing enough of these loopholes to make a difference. Still, Administration negotiators went to Geneva with optimism and worked extremely hard for a deal."
Lamy's compromise paper called for:
- Greater reductions in U.S. domestic support — a 70 percent cut from $48 billion to $14.4 billion in allowable support.
- Sensitive product exemptions from full tariff reductions on up to 6 percent of tariff lines for developed countries and by implication up to 8 percent for developing countries.
- Special product exemptions for developing countries for up to 13 percent of tariff lines, with 5 percent of tariff lines eligible for no tariff cut at all.
- A Special Safeguard Mechanism for developing countries that would allow developing countries to use safeguards to increase some tariffs above the levels that existed before the Doha negotiation began.
- Significant flexibility in tariff reductions for developing countries in the Non-Agricultural Market Access negotiations, along with a promise that the most important trading countries would agree to participate in at least two non-mandatory sectoral initiatives. Just participating in the sectoral would have allowed developing members to attain greater flexibilities from reductions in manufacturing tariffs.
"The Lamy paper crossed two lines the United States had vowed it would not cross," said Gillon. "No exemption that would allow some lines to be exempt from tariff cut and no provision that would allow a country to increase tariffs above currently negotiated bound rates."


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Zynga's decision to pay $210 million for Draw Something, and the game's subsequent rise and fall, appear to expose a fundamental flaw in the social gaming company that should frighten investors, and be setting off alarm bells in the company's headquarters.
As you can see in the chart on the right, Zynga's daily user count spiked to almost 70 million users, up from ~58 million users, after acquiring Draw Something developer OMGPOP.
However, the buzz for Draw Something has worn off, and now Zynga's total daily Facebook-connected users are back to around 58 million.
If you back out Draw Something's Facebook connected users, which is about 9 million according to AppData, then Zynga's daily user count is under 50 million.
This is bad for Zynga.
Zynga had 62 million daily players on average in the first quarter last year, and 59 million daily users on average in the second quarter last year.
It's looking at a drop of about 18 percent year-over-year without the help of Draw Something, which is still losing users.
Zynga needs to figure out how to trigger sustainable, organic growth. Buying the next Draw Something doesn't appear to be a long-term viable solution for Zynga.
The question is: can Zynga still deliver hits on the scale of FarmVille or Zynga Poker anymore?
The last break out hit Zynga built from the ground up was CityVille, which still sits atop the leader boards on AppData. That game now has 6 million daily Facebook-connected players.
Since then, it's launched games like Zynga Slingo, CastleVille, and Scramble With Friends — all of which haven't captured the same juice CityVille, or even Zynga Poker, had.
Part of the problem for Zynga is that Facebook cut back on some of the viral channels Zynga used to promote its games on Facebook. Zynga used to be able to jam up your news feed with requests and invitations from Zynga games like Farmville.
Zynga started working on a separate platform where it can host its own games and publish third-party games using Facebook Connect to reduce its dependence on Facebook's homepage and open a new source of revenue. This is a big risk. It assumes Zynga users are willing to leave Facebook to play its games. It also assumes that developers want to work on Zynga's platform.
Zynga's shares have already fallen from a high of nearly $16 to less than $8, and there doesn't seem to be a long-term value proposition.
What is Zynga going to do?
Well, there are a few options:
- Zynga's most successful games appear to be mobile games right now. Words With Friends and Draw Something both boast huge numbers. It has to develop better iPhone and Android games.
- Pray, or lobby, for online gambling to become legal. If Zynga Poker was such a runaway success, it's possible that Zynga can duplicate the magic and attract a whole new breed of players.
- Go back to its roots. Zynga should just crank out small game after small game. Right now, Zynga is trying to produce blockbusters like CastleVille, and it doesn't appear to be working. Blockbusters have longer development times than some of the earlier, shoddier Zynga games. FarmVille is a skeleton compared to CityVille and CastleVille — but it's still more popular than most of Zynga's games. Some of the most successful games — Draw Something included — were rapidly-developed hail-Mary passes. Draw Something hit runaway success when OMGPOP was literally at death's door.
Whatever it is, Zynga needs to find more ways to get a Facebook users' attention. Both its own games and the games it buys aren't doing enough of a job to hold onto users.
We reached out to Zynga for comment, but had not heard back at time of publishing.


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In order to download source code quickly it is recommended to select a fast
mirror. Portage will look in your
# mirrorselect -i -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf
A second important setting is the SYNC setting in
# mirrorselect -i -r -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/make.conf
After running
One thing still remains to be done before we enter the new environment and that
is copying over the DNS information in
(The "-L" option is needed to make sure we don't copy a symbolic link)# cp -L /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/resolv.conf
Mount the
# mount -t proc none /mnt/gentoo/proc
Now that all partitions are initialized and the base environment
installed, it is time to enter our new installation environment by
This chrooting is done in three steps. First we will change the root
# chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash # env-update * Caching service dependencies... # source /etc/profile
Congratulations! You are now inside your own Gentoo Linux environment. Of course it is far from finished, which is why the installation still has some sections left :-)
You should now update your Portage tree to the latest version.
# emerge --sync
If you are behind a firewall that blocks rsync traffic, you can use
If you are warned that a new Portage version is available and that you should update Portage, you should ignore it. Portage will be updated for you later on during the installation.
First, a small definition is in place.
A profile is a building block for any Gentoo system. Not only does it specify default values for CHOST, CFLAGS and other important variables, it also locks the system to a certain range of package versions. This is all maintained by the Gentoo developers.
Previously, such a profile was barely touched by the user. However, recently, x86, hppa and alpha users can choose between two profiles, one for a 2.4 kernel and one for a 2.6 kernel. This requirement has been imposed to improve the integration of the 2.6 kernels.
You can see what profile you are currently using by issuing the following command:
# ls -l /etc/make.profile lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 48 Mar 7 11:55 /etc/make.profile -> ../usr/portage/profiles/default-linux/x86/2005.0
If you are using one of the abovementioned three architectures, you will see an
additional profile in the one listed by the
# ls -F /etc/make.profile/ 2.4/ packages parent virtuals
As you can see, in the above example there is a 2.4 subdirectory. This means
that the current profile uses the 2.6 kernel; if you want a 2.4-based system,
you need to relink your
# ln -snf /usr/portage/profiles/default-linux/x86/2005.0/2.4 /etc/make.profile
Most distributions compile their packages with support for as much as possible,
increasing the size of the programs and startup time, not to mention an enormous
amount of dependencies. With Gentoo you can define what options a package
should be compiled with. This is where
In the
The default
A full description on
# less /usr/portage/profiles/use.desc
(You can scroll using your arrow keys, exit by pressing 'q')
As an example we show a
# nano -w /etc/make.conf
USE="-gtk -gnome qt kde dvd alsa cdr"
You will probably only use one or maybe two locales on your system. Up until now
after compiling
# mkdir /etc/portage # echo "sys-libs/glibc userlocales" >> /etc/portage/package.use
Now specify the locales you want to be able to use:
# nano -w /etc/locales.build
The following locales are an example to get both English (United States) and German (Germany) with the accompanying character formats (like UTF-8).
en_US/ISO-8859-1 en_US.UTF-8/UTF-8 de_DE/ISO-8859-1 de_DE@euro/ISO-8859-15
Now take a seat and think of your previous steps. We asked you to
select a
So, you want to compile everything from scratch? Okay then :-)
In this step, we will
Before starting the bootstrap, you might want to download all necessary
sourcecode first. If you do not want to do this, continue
If you haven't copied over all source code before, then the bootstrap
script will download all necessary files. If you want to
download the source code first and later bootstrap the system (for instance
because you don't want to have your internet connection open during the
compilation) use the
# cd /usr/portage # scripts/bootstrap.sh -f
Okay then, take your keyboard and punch in the next commands to start the bootstrap. Then go amuse yourself with something else because this step takes quite some time to finish.
# cd /usr/portage # scripts/bootstrap.sh
Now continue with the next step,
If you are reading this section, then you have a bootstrapped system
(either because you bootstrapped it previously, or you are using a
If you want to know what packages will be installed, execute
# emerge --pretend --emptytree system | less
Note that, if you haven't touched the default CFLAGS/CXXFLAGS setting, using
If you want
# emerge --fetchonly --emptytree system
To start building the system, execute
# emerge --emptytree system
Again, if you haven't touched the default CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS setting, using
You can for now safely ignore any warnings about updated configuration files
(and running
When the build process has completed, continue with