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Difference between revisions of "User talk:Musictheory2math"
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Suppose $
Suppose $=(S_1\times S_1)\cap\{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\le x+y\lt 0.1\}\setminus L$ & $N_2=\{f(a)+f(b)\,|\, (a,b)\in L\}$ & $N_1=\{a_1+10^t\cdot b_1\,|\, t=max($number of digits in $f(a),$ number of digits in $f(b))-min($number of digits in $f(a),$ number of digits in $f(b)),\,a_1=max(f(a),f(b)),b_1=min(f(a),f(b)),\, (a,b)\in D\}$.
'''Guess''' $10$: $\{2n-1\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}\setminus N_1$ is a finite set.
'''Guess''' $10$: $\{2n-1\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}\setminus N_1$ is a finite set.
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Question $10$: Let $M$ be a topological space and $A,B$ are subsets of $M$ with $A\subset B$ and $A$ is dense in $B,$ since $A$ is dense in $B,$ is there some way in which a topology on $B$ may be induced other than the subspace topology? I am also interested in specialisations, for example if $M$ is Hausdorff or Euclidean.
Question $10$: Let $M$ be a topological space and $A,B$ are subsets of $M$ with $A\subset B$ and $A$ is dense in $B,$ since $A$ is dense in $B,$ is there some way in which a topology on $B$ may be induced other than the subspace topology? I am also interested in specialisations, for example if $M$ is Hausdorff or Euclidean.
:If a topology based on density be made then we will be able to import prime numbers properties into
:If a topology based on density be made then we will be able to import prime numbers properties into topology!
::Indeed since $S_1$ is dense in the $[0,1]$ so each topology on $(0,1)^n$ and $\Bbb R^n,\, n\in\Bbb N$ and
::Indeed since $S_1$ is dense in the $[0,1]$ so each topology on $(0,1)^n$ and $\Bbb R^n,\, n\in\Bbb N$ and on $(0,1)\times (0,1)$ has prime numbers properties and consequently $\forall x\in\Bbb R^n,\,\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, x$ has a relation with prime numbers!
Alireza Badali 22:21, 8 May 2017 (CEST)
Alireza Badali 22:21, 8 May 2017 (CEST)
Revision as of 23:56, 6 February 2018
Goldbach's conjecture
Main theorem: Let $\mathbb{P}$ is the set prime numbers and $S$ is a set that has been made as below: put a point at the beginning of each member of $\Bbb{P}$ like $0.2$ or $0.19$ then $S=\{0.2,0.3,0.5,0.7,...\}$ is dense in the interval $[0.1,1]$ of real numbers.
$\,$This theorem is a base for finding formula of prime numbers, because for each member of $S$ like $a$ with its special and fixed location into $(0.1,1)$ and a small enough neighborhood like $(a-\epsilon ,a+\epsilon )$, but $a$ is in a special relation with members of $(a-\epsilon ,a+\epsilon )$ but there exists a special order on $S$ into $(0.1,1)$ and of course formula of prime numbers has whole properties related to prime numbers simultaneous. There is a musical note on the natural numbers that can be discovered by the formula of prime numbers. Musictheory2math (talk) 16:29, 25 March 2017 (CET)
- True, $S$ is dense in the interval $(0.1,1)$; this fact follows easily from well-known results on Distribution of prime numbers. But I doubt that this is "This theorem is a base for finding formula of prime numbers". Boris Tsirelson (talk) 22:10, 16 March 2017 (CET)
- Dear Professor Boris Tsirelson , in principle finding formula of prime numbers is very lengthy. and I am not sure be able for it but please give me a little time about two months for my theories expression. Musictheory2math (talk) 16:29, 25 March 2017 (CET)
- You mean, how to prove that $S$ is dense in $(0.1,1)$, right? Well, on the page "Distribution of prime numbers", in Section 6 "The difference between prime numbers", we have $ d_n \ll p_n^\delta $, where $p_n$ is the $n$-th prime number, and $ d_n = p_{n+1}-p_n $ is the difference between adjacent prime numbers; this relation holds for all $ \delta > \frac{7}{12} $; in particular, taking $ \delta = 1 $ we get $ d_n \ll p_n $, that is, $ \frac{d_n}{p_n} \to 0 $ (as $ n \to \infty $), or equivalently, $ \frac{p_{n+1}}{p_n} \to 1 $. Now, your set $S$ consists of numbers $ s_n = 10^{-k} p_n $ for all $k$ and $n$ such that $ 10^{k-1} < p_n < 10^k $. Assume that $S$ is not dense in $(0.1,1).$ Take $a$ and $b$ such that $ 0.1 < a < b < 1 $ and $ s_n \notin (a,b) $ for all $n$; that is, no $p_n$ belongs to the set
\[ X = (10a,10b) \cup (100a,100b) \cup (1000a,1000b) \cup \dots \, ; \]
- all $ p_n $ belong to its complement
\[ Y = (0,\infty) \setminus X = (0,10a] \cup [10b,100a] \cup [100b,1000a] \cup \dots \]
- Using the relation $ \frac{p_{n+1}}{p_n} \to 1 $ we take $N$ such that $ \frac{p_{n+1}}{p_n} < \frac b a $ for all $n>N$. Now, all numbers $p_n$ for $n>N$ must belong to a single interval $ [10^{k-1} b, 10^k a] $, since it cannot happen that $ p_n \le 10^k a $ and $ p_{n+1} \ge 10^k b $ (and $n>N$). We get a contradiction: $ p_n \to \infty $ but $ p_n \le 10^k a $.
- And again, please sign your messages (on talk pages) with four tildas: ~~~~. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 20:57, 18 March 2017 (CET)
Theorem $1$: For each natural number like $a=a_1a_2a_3...a_k$ that $a_j$ is $j$_th digit for $j=1,2,3,...,k$, there is a natural number like $b=b_1b_2b_3...b_r$ such that the number $c=a_1a_2a_3...a_kb_1b_2b_3...b_r$ is a prime number. Musictheory2math (talk) 16:29, 25 March 2017 (CET)
- Ah, yes, I see, this follows easily from the fact that $S$ is dense. Sounds good. Though, decimal digits are of little interest in the number theory. (I think so; but I am not an expert in the number theory.) Boris Tsirelson (talk) 11:16, 19 March 2017 (CET)
Now I want state philosophy of This theorem is a base for finding formula of prime numbers: However we loose the induction axiom for finite sets (Induction axiom is unable for discovering formula of prime numbers.) but I thought that if change space from natural numbers with cardinal $\aleph_0$ to a bounded set with cardinal $\aleph_1$ in the real numbers then we can use other features like axioms and important theorems in the real numbers for working on prime numbers and I think it is a better and easier way. Musictheory2math (talk) 16:29, 25 March 2017 (CET)
- I see. Well, we are free to use the whole strength of mathematics (including analysis) in the number theory; and in fact, analysis is widely used, as you may see in the article "Distribution of prime numbers".
- But you still do not put four tildas at the end of each your message; please do. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 11:16, 19 March 2017 (CET)
Importance of density in the Main theorem is similar to definition of irrational numbers from rational numbers.
Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states: Every even integer greater than $2$ can be expressed as the sum of two primes.
Assume $S_1=\{10^{-n}\cdot a\, |\, a\in S$ for $n=0,1,2,3,...\}$ & $L=\{(a,b)\,|\,a,b \in S_1,\, 0.01 \le a+b \lt 0.1,$ $\exists m \in \Bbb N,$ $a \cdot 10^m,\,b \cdot 10^m\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\}$
Theorem: $S_1$ is dense in the interval $(0,1)$ and $S_1\times S_1$ is dense in the $(0,1)\times (0,1)$.
If $p,q$ are prime numbers and $n$ is the number of digits in $p+q$ and $m=$max(number of digits in $p$, number of digits in $q$), let $\varphi :\Bbb P\times\Bbb P\to \Bbb N,$ $\varphi ((p,q)) = \begin{cases} m+1 & n=m \\m+2 & n=m+1 \end{cases}$
Theorem: For each $p,q$ belong to prime numbers and $\alpha \in \Bbb R$ that $0 \le \alpha,$ now if $\alpha = q/p$ then $L \cap \{(x,y)\,|\,y=\alpha x \}=\{10^{-\varphi ((p,q))}(p,q)\}$ and if $\alpha \neq q/p$ then $L \cap \{(x,y)\,|\,y=\alpha x \}=\emptyset $ and if $\alpha = 1$ then $L \cap \{(x,x)\}$ is dense in the $\{(x,x)\,|\,0.005 \le x \lt 0.05 \}$.
Definition: Assume $L_1=\{(a,b)\,|\,(a,b) \in L$ & $b \lt a \}$ of course members in $L$ & $L_1$ are corresponding to prime numbers as multiplication and sum and minus and let $E=(0.007,0.005)$ (and also $5$ points to form of $(0.007+\epsilon _1,0.005-\epsilon _2)$ that $\epsilon _2 \approx 2\epsilon _1$) is a base for homotopy groups! and let $A:=\{(x,y)\,|\, 0 \lt y\lt x,$ $0.01 \le x+y \lt 0.1\}$ & $V:=\{(a+b)\cdot 10^m \,|$ $(a,b) \in ((S_1 \times S_1) \cap A) \setminus L,$ there is a least member like $m$ in $\Bbb N$ such that $(a+b)\cdot 10^m \in \Bbb N \}$ & $r:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a function given by $r(n)$ is obtained as put a point at the beginning of $n$ like $r(34880)=0.34880$ and similarly consider $\forall k\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}$ $r_k: \Bbb N \to (0,1)$ by $r_k(n)=10^{-k}\cdot r(n)$.
Conjecture $1$: For each even natural number like $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k$, then $\exists (a,b),(b,a)\in L\,\cap$ $\{(x,y)\,|\, x+y=0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k\}$ such that $0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k=a+b$ & $10^{k+1} \cdot a,10^{k+1} \cdot b\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$.
- Conjecture $1$ is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture, this conjecture has two solutions $1)$ Homotopy groups $\pi _n(X)$ (by using cognition $L_1$ from homotopy groups this conjecture is solved of course we must attend to two spheres because $S^2$ minus the tallest point in north pole as topological and algebraic is an equivalent with plane $\Bbb R^2$ (except $\infty$) and also every mapping is made between these two spheres easily if these spheres aren't concentric.) and $2)$ Algebraic methods.
- Assuming conjecture $1$, it guides us to finding formula of prime numbers at $(0,1) \times (0,1),$ in natural numbers based on each natural number is equal to half of an even number so in natural numbers main role is with even numbers but when we change space from $\Bbb N$ to $r(\Bbb N)$ then main role will be with $r( \{2k-1\, | \, k \in \Bbb N \} )$, because $r(\{2k-1\,|\,k\in \Bbb N\})\subset r(\{2k\,|\,k\in \Bbb N\})$ or in principle $r(\Bbb N)=r(\{2k\,|\,k\in \Bbb N\})$ for example $0.400=0.40=0.4$ or $0.500=0.50=0.5$ but however a smaller proper subset of $r( \{2k-1\, | \, k \in \Bbb N \} \cup \{2\} )$ namely $S$ is helpful, but for finding formula of prime numbers we need to all power of Main theorem not only what such that is stated in above conjecture namely for example we must attend to the set $V$ too!
- Conjecture $2$: For each even natural number like $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k,$ $\exists x\in \{\alpha (a^2+b^2)^{0.5}\,|$ $(a,b) \in L,$ $\alpha \in (1,\sqrt 2] \} \cap r_1(\{2k\,|\, k\in \Bbb N \} )$ such that $t=10^{k+1} x$.
- Conjecture $2$ is an equivalent to conjecture $1$, because $\forall t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k \in \Bbb N$ that $t$ is even, $\forall (a,b)\in \{(x,y)\,|\, x+y=0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k,\, 0\lt y\le x \}$ we have: $(a^2+b^2)^{0.5}\lt 0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k\le \sqrt 2\cdot (a^2+b^2)^{0.5}$ so by intermediate value theorem we have $0.0t_1t_2t_3...t_k=\alpha (a^2+b^2)^{0.5}$ that $1\lt \alpha \le \sqrt 2$. But now if $a=10^{-k-1} p,b=10^{-k-1} q$ for $p,q$ belong to prime numbers we have:$$\alpha = \frac{t}{\sqrt {p^2+q^2}}$$
Theorem: $\forall p,q,r,s$ belong to prime numbers & $q \lt p$ then $(p,q)$ is located at the direct line contain the points $(0,0),10^{-\varphi ((p,q))}(p,q)$ and if $(r,s)$ is belong to this line then $p=r$ & $q=s$.
Let $S^2_2$ be a sphere with center $(0,0,r_2)$ and radius $r_2$ and $S^2_1$ be a sphere with center $(0.007,0.005,c)$ and radius $r_1$ such that $S^2_1$ is into the $S^2_2$ now suppose $f_1,f_2$ are two mapping from $A$ to $S^2_2$ such that $1)$ if $x \in A,$ $f_1 (x)$ is a curve on $S^2_2$ that is obtained as below: from $x$ draw a direct line that be tangent on $S^2_1$ and stretch it till cut $S^2_2$ in curve $f_1 (x)$ and $2)$ if $x \in A,$ $f_2 (x)$ is a curve on $S^2_2$ that is obtained as below: from $x$ draw a direct line that be tangent on $S^2_1$ and then in this junction point draw a direct line perpendicular at $S^2_2$ till cut $S^2_2$ in curve $f_2 (x)$.
Let $f_3: L_1 \to S^1$ is a mapping with $f_3 ((a,b)) = (a^2+b^2)^{-0.5}(a,b)$ and $f_4:L_1 \to S^2$ is a mapping with $f_4 ((a,b)) = (a^4+a^2b^2+b^2)^{-0.5}(a^2,ab,b) $
Guess $1$: $f_3 (L_1) $ is dense in the $S^1 \cap \{ (x,y)\,|\, 0 \le y$ & $2^{-0.5} \le x \}$.
Let $U: S^2_2 \setminus \{(0,0,2r_2)\} \to \{(x,y,0)\,|\, x,y \in \Bbb R \}$ is a mapping such that draw a direct line by $(0,0,2r_2)$ & $(x,y,z)$ till cut the plane $\{(x,y,0)\,|\, x,y \in \Bbb R \}$ in the point $(x_1,y_1,0)$. Now must a group be defined on the all the points of $S^2_2 \setminus \{(0,0,2r_2)\}$.
Let $G=S^2_2 \setminus \{(0,0,2r_2)\}$ be a group by operation $g_1 + g_2 = U^{-1} (U(g_1)+U(g_2))$ that second addition is vector addition in the vector space $(\Bbb R^2,\Bbb Q,+,.)$ and now we must attend to subgroups of $G$ particularly $y=\pm x,\,y=0,\,x=0$
Theorem: Let $K_3 =\{p+q+r\,|\, p,q,r \in \Bbb P \}$ then $r(K_3)$ is dense in the interval $(0.1,1)$ of real numbers. Proof from Goldbach's weak conjecture
Guess $2$: Let $K_2 =\{p+q\,|\,p,q \in \Bbb P \}$ then $r(K_2)$ is dense in the interval $(0.1,1)$ of real numbers.
Let $F= \Bbb Q$ so what are Galois group of polynomials $x^4+b^2x^2+b^2$ and $(1+a^2)x^2 +a^4$.
Theorem $2$: If $(a,b),(c,d)\in \{(u,v)\,|\, u,v\in S_1$ & $0.01\le u+v\lt 0.1$ & $0\lt v\lt u \}$ and $(a,b),(c,d),(0,0)$ are located at a direct line then $(a,b)=(c,d)$.
- Proof: Suppose $A_1=\{(x,y)\,|\, y \lt x\lt 0.01,\, x+y\ge 0.01\}$ & $A_2=\{(x,y)\,|\, y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $x+y\ge 0.1\}$ so $\forall (x,y) \in A_2 :\,\, 0.1(x,y)\in A_1$ & $\forall (x,y) \in A_1 :\,\, 10(x,y)\in A_2$ so theorem can be proved in $A_3=\{(x,y)\,|\, 0\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,\, x\ge 0.01\}$ instead $A$, but in $A_3$ we have: $\forall (x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2)\in A_3\cap (S_1\times S_1)$ so $x_1=10^{-r_1}p_1,\, y_1=10^{-s_1}q_1,$ $x_2=10^{-r_2}p_2,$ $y_2=10^{-s_2}q_2$ and if ${{y_1}\over {x_1}}$=${{y_2}\over {x_2}}$ then ${{10^{-s_1}q_1}\over {10^{-r_1}p_1}}$=${{10^{-s_2}q_2}\over {10^{-r_2}p_2}}$ so $p_1=p_2,\, q_1=q_2$ so $x_1=x_2$ so $y_1=y_2$ therefore $(x_1,y_1)=(x_2,y_2)$.
Let $Y=\{(a,b)\,|\, (a,b)\in (S_1\times S_1)\setminus L,\, 0.01\le a+b\lt 0.1\}$ & $\forall i\in \Bbb N,$ $E_i=\{(a,b)\,|$ $(a,b)\in S_1\times S_1,$ $a+b=r_1(2i)\}$ & $O_i=\{(a,b)\,|\, (a,b)\in S_1\times S_1,\, a+b=r_1(2i-1)\}$.
In theorem $2$ I obtained a cognition to $(S_1\times S_1)\cap A$ from $(0,0)$ but now I want do it from $\infty$; in the trapezoid shape with vertices $\{(0.1,0),(0.01,0),(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005)\}$ intersection of two direct lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.01,0)\}$ & $\{(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005)\}$ is $(0,0)$ so we can describe $(S_1\times S_1)\cap A$ from $(0,0)$ but when we look at two parallel lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.05,0.05)\}$ & $\{(0.01,0),(0.005,0.005)\}$ there isn't any point as a criterion for description of $Y$ or $L$ only inaccessible $\infty$ remains to description or the same these parallel lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.05,0.05)\}$ & $\{(0.01,0),(0.005,0.005)\}$.
Theorem $3$: $1)\, \forall x\in [0.01,0.1)\setminus r_1 (\Bbb N),\,\, \{(u,v)\,|\, u+v=x\}\cap (S_1\times S_1)=\emptyset ,\,\,$ $2)\, \forall i\in \Bbb N,$ $E_i\subsetneq L,\, O_i\cap L\neq \emptyset \neq O_i\cap Y\neq O_i,\qquad Y=(\bigcup _{i\in \Bbb N} O_i )\setminus L,$ $L=(\bigcup _{i\in \Bbb N} E_i)\cup (\bigcup _{i\in \Bbb N} (O_i\cap L)),\,\,$ $3)\, \forall i\in \Bbb N,$ cardinal$(O_i \setminus L)\in \Bbb N$.
- Proof: $1,2)\, \forall (u,v)\in \{(x,y)\,|\, 0\lt y,x,\, 0.01\le x+y\lt 0.1\}$ be aware to summation $u+v$ at the lines $x+y=c$ for $0.01\le c\lt 0.1 \,\,\,3)\, \forall i\in\Bbb N,\, 2i-1$ can be written as utmost $2i-1$ summation to form of $a\cdot 10^m+b\cdot 10^n$ that $m\neq n,\, a,b\in S_1,\, a\cdot 10^m,b\cdot 10^n$ are prime numbers and or to form of $2+b\cdot 10^n$ that $b\in S_1,\, b\cdot 10^n$ is a prime number.
Guess $3$: $\forall i\in \Bbb N,$ cardinal$(E_i)=\aleph_0 =$cardinal$(O_i \cap L)$
Guess $4$: $L_1$ is dense in $\{(x,y)\,|\, 0\le y\le x,\, 0.01\le x+y\le 0.1\}$, and $M:=\{(a,b)\,|\, a,b\in S_1,\,\exists m\in\Bbb N,$ $a\cdot 10^m,b\cdot 10^m\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\}$ is dense in the $[0,1]\times [0,1]$.
Guess $5$: $\forall i\in \Bbb N,\, E_i\cap \{(x,y)\,|\, y\le x\}$ is dense in the $\{(x,y)\,|\, x+y=r_1(2i),\, 0\le y\le x\}$ and $O_i\cap L\cap \{(x,y)\,|\, y\le x\}$ is dense in the $\{(x,y)\,|\, x+y=r_1(2i-1),$ $0\le y\le x\}$.
A rectangle: Suppose $B$ is a rectangle with vertices $(0.105,-0.005),(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005),$ $(0.06,-0.05)$ that one of usages of this rectangle is for writing each even natural number as minus of two prime numbers but during calculations we must use $\{(x,0)\,|\, 0.01\le x\lt 0.1\}$, but the question is however this rectangle as topological isn't equivalent to the plane $\Bbb R^2$ and each point in this rectangle is corresponding to a infinite set with cardinal $\aleph_0$ in $\Bbb R^2$ but which concept on the plane $\Bbb R^2$ is corresponding to the density concept on this rectangle.
Now I want find a relation between $L_1$ & $W:=((S_1\times S_1) \cap A) \setminus L$.
Theorem: Let $K =\{2k \,|\, k \in \Bbb N \}$ so $r(K)$ is dense in the interval $(0.1,1)$ of real numbers. Proof from the Main theorem and this $r(p)=r(p\cdot 10)$ that $p$ is a prime number then $p\cdot 10$ is an even number and $\{ p\cdot 10 \,|\, p \in \Bbb P \} \subset K$.
Main theorem as a result of prime number theorem is a fundamental concept in number theory also multiplication operation is a base in normal definition of prime numbers so logarithm function as an inverse of $f(a)=a^n$ has some or whole prime numbers properties that has been used in prime number theorem and consequently in the Main theorem. But I want offer a new theory with researching on logarithmic functions that it can be a useful discussion in number theory.
Now a new definition of prime numbers based on mapping $r$ is necessary, presently I have an idea consider $\forall k\in \Bbb N,$ the sequence $b_k:\Bbb N \to \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9\},\,b_k(n)$ is the last digit in $k^n,$ so if $k=k_1k_2k_3...k_r$ then $b_k(1)=k_1$ and if $k^n=t_1t_2t_3...t_s$ so $b_k(n)=t_1,$ but for primes $k,$ it is a special different pattern than composite numbers and of course I want find some properties on $r$ for example $r(m \cdot n)$ when last digit is $1,2$ or $3$ or $4,5,6,7,8,9$, of course for $3$ penultimate digit (and probably two to last digit) is important and in addition is there any way for assessment location $r(m\cdot n)$ from $r(m)$ & $r(n)$.
Our weakness is from basic concepts, I want obtain a cognition of $(S_1\times S_1)\cap A$ and $L_1$ from point $(0.02,0.03)$ like theorem $2$ from $(0,0)$, but this time it is an equivalent to a new definition of $S_1$, because intersection of two direct lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.01,0)\}$ & $\{(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005)\}$ is the point $(0,0)$ but however two direct lines contain points $\{(0.1,0),(0.05,0.05)\}$ & $\{(0.01,0),(0.005,0.005)\}$ are parallel so imposition of point $(0.02,0.03)$ as a criterion only can be equilibrated by concept of the set $S_1$!
Hypothesis $1$: $\forall m,t\in\Bbb N$ if $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k\cdot 10^{m-1}$ for $t_k=2,4,6,8$ or $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k\cdot 10^m$ for $t_k=1,3,5,7,9$ then if $\forall p,q\in \Bbb P$ that $p,q\lt t$ implies $t\neq p+q$ then $\exists M\subseteq \Bbb N$ that cardinal$(M)=\aleph_0$ so $\forall i\in M$ if $\forall r,s\in\Bbb P$ that $r,s\lt t\cdot 10^{i-m}$ then $t\cdot 10^{i-m}\neq r+s$.
- I believe the Goldbach's conjecture is truth so I think with proof by contradiction we can prove the Goldbach's conjecture.
- I think with assuming this hypothesis a contradiction will be obtained and consequently the Goldbach's conjecture will be proved.
From Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions that says: for any two positive coprime integers $a$ and $d$, there are infinitely many primes of the form $a+nd$, where $n$ is a non-negative integer, and from existence an one-to-one correspondence between the sets $A_1$ & $A_2$ in theorem $2$, I think there is a fixed in the following sets, $\forall p\in\Bbb P$ if $0.01\le r_1(p)\le 0.05$ the set $\{(a,b)\in L_1\,|\, a=r_1(p)\},$ and if $0.05\lt r_1(p)\lt 0.1$ the set $\{(a,b)\in L_1\,|\, a=r_1(p)\}\cup\{(a,b)\in L_1\,|\, a=r_2(p)\}$.
Guess $6$: $\forall t,r,s\in\Bbb N$ that $t=t_1t_2t_3...t_k$ is even and $r,s$ are odd and $s\le r$ and $t=r+s$ then $(10^{-k-1}r,10^{-k-1}s)\in A\cup \{(x,x)\,|$ $0.005\le x\lt0.05\}$.
If $\{\mathrm I_{\theta}\}_{\theta\in\mathcal I}$ is a partition for $U:=\{(p,q)\,|\, p,q\in\Bbb P,$ $q\le p\}$ then $\{J_{\theta}\}_{\theta\in\mathcal I}$ is a partition for $L_2:=L_1\cup \{(a,a)\in L\}$ such that $\forall\theta\in\mathcal I,$ $J_{\theta}=\{(r_s(p),r_t(q))\in L_2\,|\, r_t(q)\le r_s(p),$ $(p,q)\in\mathrm I_{\theta},$ $s,t\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{(r_t(q),r_s(p))\in L_2\,|\, r_s(p)\le r_t(q),$ $(p,q)\in\mathrm I_{\theta},$ $s,t\in\Bbb N\}$.
In the following I need to some partitions for $L_2$ or the same cognitions to $L_2,$ however we should be aware to the details of trapezoid shape with vertices $\{(0.1,0),(0.01,0),(0.05,0.05),(0.005,0.005)\}$, the problem is which partition is a good cognition to $L_2$
Guess $7$: $\forall a,d\in\Bbb N$ that gcd$(a,d)=1$ then cardinal$(\{(r_s(n),r_t(a+nd))\in L_1\,|\, n=0,1,2,3,...,$ $r,s\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{(r_t(a+nd),r_s(n))\in L_1\,|\, n=0,1,2,3,...,\, r,s\in\Bbb N\})=\aleph_0$
Theorem $4$: $\forall t\in\Bbb N\,\forall p\in\Bbb P\,1)\,$if $0.01\le r_1(p)\le 0.05$ then cardinal$(\{(r_1(p),u)\in L_2\})\in\Bbb N,\,2)$ if $0.05\lt r_1(p)\lt 0.1$ then cardinal$(\{(r_1(p),u)\in L_2\}\cup\{(r_2(p),u)\in L_2\})\in\Bbb N,\, 3)$ if $r_1(p)\lt 0.05$ then cardinal$(\{(u,r_t(p))\in L_2\})\in\Bbb N$ & cardinal$(\{(u,v)\in L_2\,|\, v\in\bigcup _{m\in\Bbb N} \{r_m(p)\}\})=\aleph_0$
- Proof: Be aware to number of digits in prime numbers corresponding to coordinates of each member in $L_2$ and Dirichlet theorem on arithmetic progressions.
Guess $8$: $\forall c\in (\bigcup _{k=2}^{\infty} r_k(\Bbb N))\cup\{0.01\},\,$cardinal$(\{(u,v)\in L_1\,|\, u-v=c\})=\aleph_0$
Hypothesis $2$: $\forall k,m\in\Bbb N,\,$that gcd$(2,m)=1$ and $\forall p,q\in\Bbb P$ with $p,q\lt 2^km$ that $2^km\neq p+q$ then $\qquad\qquad$ cardinal$(\{t\in\Bbb N\,|\, 2^tm\neq p+q$ for $\forall p,q\in\Bbb P$ that $p,q\lt 2^tm\})=\aleph_0$
Now by using Chen's theorem that says: Every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes, or a prime and a semiprime(the product of two primes) and its extension by Tomohiro Yamada that says: Every even number greater than ${\displaystyle e^{e^{36}}\approx 1.7\cdot 10^{1872344071119348}}$ is the sum of a prime and a product of at most two primes, and Chen's theorem $II$ that is a result on the twin prime conjecture, It states that if $h$ is a positive even integer, there are infinitely many primes $p$ such that $p+h$ is either prime or the product of two primes and Ying Chun Cai's theorem that says: there exists a natural number $N$ such that every even integer $n$ larger than $N$ is a sum of a prime less than or equal to $n^{0.95}$ and a number with at most two prime factors, I want make some partitions for $L_2$ (in principle I want write Gaussian integers with prime coordinates in several equations.):
Theorem: Let $(X,T_1),\,(Y,T_2)$ be topological spaces and $H$ be a homeomorphism from $X \to Y$. If $C$ is a dense subset of $X$, $H(C)$ is dense in the $Y$ necessarily.
- Proof given by Daniel Schepler from stackexchange.com: Since density is a property which only depends on the topology, this is true, namely, suppose $U$ is a nonempty open subset of $Y$, then since $H$ is bijective, we can rewrite $U \cap H(C) = H(H^{-1}(U) \cap C)$, however, $H^{-1}(U)$ is open by continuity of $H$, and nonempty since $H$ is surjective, therefore, $H^{-1}(U) \cap C$ is nonempty since $C$ is dense; and therefore, $U \cap H(C) = H(H^{-1}(U) \cap C)$ is also nonempty. (So, this proves only using that $H$ is continuous and bijective, it is actually possible to refine the proof to work only assuming that $H$ is continuous and surjective - in that case, $U \cap H(C) \supseteq H(H^{-1}(U) \cap C)$.)
- Another proof given by José Carlos Santos from stackexchange.com: Let $y\in Y$; for proof of every neighborhood $N$ of $y$, $N\cap H(C)\neq\emptyset$, take $x\in X$ such that $f(x)=y$, then $f^{-1}(N)$ is a neighborhood of $x$ and therefore $f^{-1}(N)\cap C\neq\emptyset$. So, $N\cap H(C)\neq\emptyset$.
Theorem: $r(\{2p\,|\, p\in\Bbb P\})$ and $r(\{5p\,|\, p\in\Bbb P\})$ are dense in the interval $[0.1,1]$.
- Proof: Under Euclidean topology, mapping $f_1:\{(x,x)\,|\, x\in [0.005,0.05)\}\to\{(x,0)\,|\, x\in [0.01,0.1)\}$ by $f_1((a,a))=(2a,0)$ & $f_2:\{(x,0)\,|\, x\in [0.01,0.1)\}\to \{(x,x)\,|\, x\in [0.005,0.05)\}$ by $f_2((a,0))=(0.5a,0.5a)$ are homeomorphism and also $\forall r_1(p)\in [0.01,0.02]$ we have $0.5r_1(p)=r_2(5p)$ & $\forall r_1(p)\in (0.02,0.1)$ we have $0.5r_1(p)=r_1(5p)$ of course by another topology we should transfer density to $[0.1,1]$.
- Question $1$: According to gcd$(2,5)=1$ & $2\cdot 5=10$ & $(5-2)-2=1$ so $\forall q\in\Bbb P,$ is $r(\{pq\,|\, p\in\Bbb P\})$ dense in the $[0.1,1]$
Assume $\forall m,n\in\Bbb N$
$\begin{cases} n\star 1=n\\ (2n)\star (2n+1)=1\\ (2n)\star (2m)=2n+2m\\ (2n+1)\star (2m+1)=2n+2m+1\\ (2n)\star (2m+1)=\begin{cases} 2m-2n+1 & 2m+1\gt 2n\\ 2n-2m & 2n\gt 2m+1\end{cases}\end{cases}$
and $p_n\star _1p_m=p_{n\star m}$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime & $\forall (p_n,p_m),(p_s,p_t)\in\Bbb P\times\Bbb P,$ $(p_n,p_m)\star _2(p_s,p_t)=(p_n\star _1p_s,p_m\star _1p_t)$.
Obviously $(\Bbb N,\star)$ & $(\Bbb P,\star _1)$ & $(\Bbb P\times\Bbb P,\star _2)$ are groups and $\langle 2\rangle =(\Bbb N,\star)\cong (\Bbb Z,+)\cong (\Bbb P,\star _1)=\langle 3\rangle$ & $\langle (3,2),(2,3)\rangle =(\Bbb P\times\Bbb P,\star _2)\cong (\Bbb Z\times\Bbb Z,+)$ & $\pi _n(\Bbb P\times\Bbb P)\cong\pi _n(\Bbb Z)\times\pi _n(\Bbb Z)$.
In $(\Bbb N,\star)$ we have: $(2k+1)^n=2kn+1=(2k)^{-n},\quad (2k)^n=2kn=(2k+1)^{-n}$
and let $Q_1=\{{m\over n}\,|\, m,n\in\Bbb N\}$, obviously $(Q_1,\star _{Q_1})$ is an Abelian group with:
$\begin{cases} \forall m,n,u,v\in\Bbb N,\, {m\over n}\star _{Q_1} 1={m\over n}\\ ({m\over n})^{-1}={m^{-1}\over n^{-1}}\qquad m\star m^{-1}=1=n\star n^{-1}\\ {m\over n}\star _{Q_1} {u\over v}={m_1\over n_1}\star _{Q_1} {u_1\over v_1}={{m_1\star u_1}\over {n_1\star v_1}}\quad\text{if}\,\,\begin{cases} {m\over n}={m_1\over n_1},\,\, {u\over v}={u_1\over v_1},\,\, {mu\over nv}={m_1u_1\over n_1v_1}\\ \text{gcd}(m_1,n_1)=1=\text{gcd}(m_1,v_1)=\text{gcd}(u_1,n_1)=\text{gcd}(u_1,v_1)\end{cases}\end{cases}$
- I mean is first simplification of fractions and then calculation like \({44 \over 12}\) that gets \({11\over 3}\).
- Question $2$: does \((Q_1,\star _{Q_1})\cong (\Bbb Q,+)\)?
- Problem $1$: Suppose \(N_1=\{(m,n)\,|\, m,n\in\Bbb N,\, \gcd(m,n)=1\}\), make a group on \(N_1\) correspondence to \((Q_1,\star _{Q_1})\) in terms of members production and isomorph to \((Q_1,\star _{Q_1})\).
According to pairing function let $Q_p=\{(s,t)\,|\, s,t\in\Bbb N\cup\{0\}\}$ and $Q_p$ is a cyclic group as: $\begin{cases} \forall (s,t),(u,v)\in Q_p,\quad e=(0,0),\quad (Q_p,\star _p)=\langle (1,0)\rangle\\ (s,t)^{-1}=\pi ^{-1} [(0.5(s+t)(s+t+1)+t+1)^{-1}]\\ (s,t)\star _p (u,v)=\pi ^{-1} [(0.5(s+t)(s+t+1)+t+1)\star (0.5(u+v)(u+v+1)+v+1)]\end{cases}$
Of course each sequence $\{a_n\}$ that $\forall n,m\in\Bbb N,\,n\neq m$ then $a_n\neq a_m$ is a cyclic group as: $a_n\star _aa_m=a_{n\star m},\, e=a_1,\, G=\langle a_2\rangle$
Algorithm of making of new cyclic groups on $\Bbb N$:
Let $(\Bbb N,\star)$ be that group and we have $\Bbb N=\langle 2\rangle$ & $e=1$ and at first write integers as a sequence with starting from $0$ for instance: $$0,1,2,-1,-2,3,4,-3,-4,5,6,-5,-6,7,8,-7,-8,9,10,-9,-10,11,12,-11,-12,...$$ $$1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,...$$ then regarding to the sequence find a rotation number that for this sequence is $4$ and hence equations should be written with module $4$, then consider $4m-2,4m-1,4m,4m+1$ that the last should be $km+1$ and initial be $km+(k-2)$ otherwise equations won't match with members inverse definitions, and make a table of productions of those $k$ elements but during writing equations pay attention if an equation is right for given numbers it will be right generally for other numbers for example $12\star 15=6$ or $(4\times 3)\star (4\times 4-1)=6$ because $(-5)+8=3$ & $-5\to 12,\,\, 8\to 15,\,\, 3\to 6,$ that implies $(4n)\star (4m-1)=4m-4n+2$ if $4m-1\gt 4n$ of course it's better at first members inverse be defined for example since $(-9)+9=0$ & $0\to 1,\,\, -9\to 20,\,\, 9\to 18$ so $20\star 18=1$, that implies $(4m)\star (4m-2)=1$, and with a little addition and subtraction all equations will be obtained simply that for this example is:
$\begin{cases} 0+8=8 & 1\star _{\Bbb N} 15=15\\ 1+8=9 & 2\star _{\Bbb N} 15=18\\ 2+8=10 & 3\star _{\Bbb N} 15=19\\ (-1)+8=7 & 4\star _{\Bbb N} 15=14\\ (-2)+8=6 & 5\star _{\Bbb N} 15=11\\ 3+8=11 & 6\star _{\Bbb N} 15=22\\ 4+8=12 & 7\star _{\Bbb N} 15=23\\ (-3)+8=5 & 8\star _{\Bbb N} 15=10\\ (-4)+8=4 & 9\star _{\Bbb N} 15=7\\ 5+8=13 & 10\star _{\Bbb N} 15=26\\ 6+8=14 & 11\star _{\Bbb N} 15=27\\ (-5)+8=3 & 12\star _{\Bbb N} 15=6\\ (-6)+8=2 & 13\star _{\Bbb N} 15=3\\ 7+8=15 & 14\star _{\Bbb N} 15=30\\ 8+8=16 & 15\star _{\Bbb N} 15=31\\ (-7)+8=1 & 16\star _{\Bbb N} 15=2\\ (-8)+8=0 & 17\star _{\Bbb N} 15=1\end{cases}$
that its group is:
$\begin{cases} m\star _{\Bbb N} 1=m\\ (4m)\star _{\Bbb N} (4m-2)=1=(4m+1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4m-1)\\ (4m)\star _{\Bbb N} (4m+2)=3=(4m+1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4m+3)\\ (4m-2)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n-2)=4m+4n-5\\ (4m-2)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n-1)=4m+4n-2\\ (4m-2)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-2\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n\gt 4m-2\end{cases}\\ (4m-2)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-2 & 4m-2\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+4 & 4n+1\gt 4m-2\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n-1)=4m+4n-1\\ (4m-1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n+2 & 4m-1\gt 4n\\ 4n-4m & 4n\gt 4m-1\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (4m-1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n+1)=\begin{cases} 4m-4n-1 & 4m-1\gt 4n+1\\ 4n-4m+1 & 4n+1\gt 4m-1\end{cases}\\ (4m)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n)=4m+4n-3\\ (4m)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n+1)=4m+4n\\ (4m+1)\star _{\Bbb N} (4n+1)=4m+4n+1\end{cases}$
that this group $(\Bbb N,\star _{\Bbb N})$ is helpful for twin prime conjecture.
and the Klein four-group $(\Bbb Z _2\times\Bbb Z _2,+)$ is a fundamental concept in the group theory that its usage is for propositions rejection so I made below group somehow similar to that group in terms of members production for proof of the Goldbach's conjecture with proof by contradiction that is: $$0,1,2,-2,-1,3,-3,4,5,-5,-4,6,-6,7,8,-8,-7,9,-9,10,11,-11,-10,12,-12,...$$ $$1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,...$$ and $e=1$ and $(\Bbb N,\star _{K_4})=\langle 2\rangle$ so we have:
$\begin{cases} 0+(-7)=-7 & 1\star _{K_4}17=17\\ 1+(-7)=-6 & 2\star _{K_4}17=13\\ 2+(-7)=-5 & 3\star _{K_4}17=10\\ (-2)+(-7)=-9 & 4\star _{K_4}17=19\\ (-1)+(-7)=-8 & 5\star _{K_4}17=16\\ 3+(-7)=-4 & 6\star _{K_4}17=11\\ (-3)+(-7)=-10 & 7\star _{K_4}17=23\\ 4+(-7)=-3 & 8\star _{K_4}17=7\\ 5+(-7)=-2 & 9\star _{K_4}17=4\\ (-5)+(-7)=-12 & 10\star _{K_4}17=25\\ (-4)+(-7)=-11 & 11\star _{K_4}17=22\\ 6+(-7)=-1 & 12\star _{K_4}17=5\\ (-6)+(-7)=-13 & 13\star _{K_4}17=29\\ 7+(-7)=0 & 14\star _{K_4}17=1\\ 8+(-7)=1 & 15\star _{K_4}17=2\\ (-8)+(-7)=-15 & 16\star _{K_4}17=31\\ (-7)+(-7)=-14 & 17\star _{K_4}17=28\end{cases}$
that its group is:
$\begin{cases} m\star _{K_4}1=m\\ (6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6m-1)=1=(6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6m-2)=(6m) \star _{K_4}(6m+1)\\ (6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n-4)=6m+6n-9\\ (6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n-3)=6m+6n-6\\ (6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n-2)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-3 & 6m-4\gt 6n-2\\ 6n-6m+5 & 6n-2\gt 6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n-1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m-4\gt 6n-1\\ 6n-6m+1 & 6n-1\gt 6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n)=6m+6n-4\\ (6m-4) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-4 & 6m-4\gt 6n+1\\ 6n-6m+4 & 6n+1\gt 6m-4\end{cases}\\ (6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n-3)=6m+6n-4\\ (6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n-2)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m-3\gt 6n-2\\ 6n-6m+1 & 6n-2\gt 6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n-1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n+2 & 6m-3\gt 6n-1\\ 6n-6m-2 & 6n-1\gt 6m-3\\ 2 & m=n\end{cases}\\ (6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n)=6m+6n-3\\ (6m-3) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-3 & 6m-3\gt 6n+1\\ 6n-6m+5 & 6n+1\gt 6m-3\end{cases}\\ (6m-2) \star _{K_4}(6n-2)=6m+6n-1\\ (6m-2) \star _{K_4}(6n-1)=6m+6n-5\\ (6m-2) \star _{K_4}(6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-2 & 6m-2\gt 6n\\ 6n-6m+2 & 6n\gt 6m-2\end{cases}\\ (6m-2) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=6m+6n-2\\ (6m-1) \star _{K_4}(6n-1)=6m+6n-8\\ (6m-1) \star _{K_4}(6n)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n-1 & 6m-1\gt 6n\\ 6n-6m+3 & 6n\gt 6m-1\end{cases}\\ (6m-1) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=6m+6n-1\\ (6m) \star _{K_4}(6n)=6m+6n\\ (6m) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=\begin{cases} 6m-6n & 6m\gt 6n+1\\ 6n-6m+1 & 6n+1\gt 6m\end{cases}\\ (6m+1) \star _{K_4}(6n+1)=6m+6n+1\end{cases}$
Each one group structure on $\Bbb N$ will show a new outlook to the numbers, $\Bbb N$ or $\Bbb Z$ (and consequently $\Bbb R)$ is an initial and basic truth but when another group on $\Bbb N$ is made indeed another copy of truth will be inserted and yield will be a better knowledge at numbers!
- Hypothesis $3$: With matrix theory each cyclic group on $\Bbb N$ like $(\Bbb N,•)$ that is made regarding above algorithm, but binary operation $•$ can be rewritten by matrices!
By using theorem $1$ of Polignac's conjecture we can define function $f:\{(c,d)\,|\, (c,d)\subseteq [0.01,0.1)\}\to\Bbb N$ that $f((c,d))$ is the least $n\in\Bbb N$ that $\exists t\in(c,d),\,\exists k\in\Bbb N$ that $p_n=t\cdot 10^{k+1}$ that $p_n$ is $n$_th prime and $\forall m\ge f((c,d))\,\,\exists u\in (c,d)$ that $u\cdot 10^{m+1}\in\Bbb P$
and $g:(0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))\to\Bbb N,$ is a function by $\forall\epsilon\in (0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))$ $g(\epsilon)=max(\{f((c,d))\,|\, d-c=\epsilon,$ $(c,d)\subseteq [0.01,0.1)\})$.
Guess $9$: $g$ isn't an injective function.
Question $3$: Assuming guess $9$ let $[a,a]:=\{a\}$ and $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, h_n$ is the least subinterval of $[0.01,0.1)$ like $[a,b]$ in terms of size of $b-a$ such that $\{\epsilon\in (0,0.09)\cap (\bigcup _{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\Bbb N))\,|\, g(\epsilon)=n\}\subsetneq h_n$ and obviously $g(a)=n=g(b)$ now the question is $\forall n,m\in\Bbb N$ that $m\neq n$ is $h_n\cap h_m=\emptyset$?
- Guidance given by @reuns from stackexchange.com:
- For $n \in \mathbb{N}$ then $r(n) = 10^{-\lceil \log_{10}(n) \rceil} n$, ie. $r(19) = 0.19$. We look at the image by $r$ of the primes $\mathbb{P}$.
- Let $F((c,d)) = \min \{ p \in \mathbb{P}, r(p) \in (c,d)\}$ and $f((c,d)) = \pi(F(c,d))= \min \{ n, r(p_n) \in (c,d)\}$ ($\pi$ is the prime counting function)
- If you set $g(\epsilon) = \max_a \{ f((a,a+\epsilon))\}$ then try seing how $g(\epsilon)$ is constant on some intervals defined in term of the prime gap $g(p) = -p+\min \{ q \in \mathbb{P}, q > p\}$ and things like $ \max \{ g(p), p > 10^i, p+g(p) < 10^{i+1}\}$
Now I want define a group on $L$ like $(L,\star _L)$:
Let $P_1=\{v_n\,|\,\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, v_n$ is $(n+1)$_th prime$\}$ and $\forall n,m\in\Bbb N,\, v_n\star _3 v_m=v_{n\star m}$ & $e=3$, obviously $(P_1,\star _3)$ is a group and $\langle 5\rangle =(P_1,\star _3)\cong (\Bbb Z,+)$.
Let $\forall a\in\bigcup _{j\in\Bbb N} r_j(\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}),\, f:\bigcup _{j\in\Bbb N} r_j(\Bbb P\setminus\{2\})\to\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ be a function that $\exists k\in\Bbb N,$ $f(a)=a\cdot 10^k\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$.
Question $4$: Let $\forall (a,b),(c,d)\in L,$ $(a,b)\star _L (c,d)=10^{-\varphi ((f(a)\star _3f(c),f(b)\star _3f(d)))}\cdot (f(a)\star _3f(c),f(b)\star _3f(d))$ and $e=(0.03,0.03)$ so is $(L,\star _L)$ an Abelian group? and if yes, is $(L,\star _L)$ non finitely generated Abelian group and does $(L,\star _L)\cong (\Bbb Q,+)$ or $(L,\star _L)\cong (\Bbb Q_{\gt 0},\cdot)$?
- Of course we could write each another group structure on $\Bbb N$ and consequently on $P_1$.
Suppose $J=(S_1\times S_1)\cap\{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\le x+y\lt 0.1\}$ & $D=J\setminus (L\cup\{(a,b)\in J\,|\, 2\neq f(a)=10^k\cdot a,$ $2=f(b)=10^t\cdot b,\, t\gt k,\, t,k\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{(a,b)\in J\,|\, 2=f(a)=10^k\cdot a,$ $2\neq f(b)=10^t\cdot b,\, t\lt k,$ $t,k\in\Bbb N\})$ & $N_2=\{f(a)+f(b)\,|\, (a,b)\in L\}$ & $N_1=\{a_1+10^t\cdot b_1\,|\, t=max($number of digits in $f(a),$ number of digits in $f(b))-min($number of digits in $f(a),$ number of digits in $f(b)),\,a_1=max(f(a),f(b)),$ $b_1=min(f(a),f(b)),\, (a,b)\in D\}$.
Guess $10$: $\{2n-1\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}\setminus N_1$ is a finite set.
- In other words, $\{2n-1\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}\setminus (\{p+10^k\cdot q\,|\, p,q\in\Bbb P,\, p\gt 2,\, k\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{p+2\,|\, p\in\Bbb P,\, p\gt 2\})$ is a finite set.
- Of course the Goldbach's conjecture is the same $N_2=\{2n\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}$.
Let $B=D\cup L$ obviously $B$ is dense in the $\{(x,y)\,|\, 0\le x,\, 0\le y,\, 0.01\le x+y\le 0.1\}$ and now I want define a group on $B$ like $(B,\star _B)$, though I guess this group will be non finitely generated Abelian group and even may be isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$ or $(\Bbb Q_{\gt 0},\cdot)$, ...
Question $5$: $\forall k\in\Bbb N$ are there $q_1,q_2\in P_1$ with $q_1,q_2\lt 4k+1$ such that $p_{4k+1}=p_{q_1}\star _3p_{q_2}$ and $p_{q_1},p_{q_2}\in P_1?$
Conjecture $3$: Under $(P_1,\star_3),\,\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists s_1,s_2\in P_1$ such that $v_{2n+3}=v_{s_1}\star _3v_{s_2}$.
- According to equivalency of these three $(\Bbb Z,+)$ & $(\Bbb N,⋆)$ & $(P_1,⋆_3)$ from aspect of being group, this conjecture is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture.
- We can pay attention to subgroups as $\langle v_{s_1}⋆_3v_{s_2}\rangle$ as a solution for Goldbach also we can use quotient groups $P_1/ \langle v_s\rangle$.
- There exists an one-to-one correspondence between equations in $(\Bbb Z,+)$ & $(\Bbb N,⋆)$ & $(P_1,⋆_3)$ & $(\Bbb N,⋆_{K_4})$ and prime numbers properties exist in those groups although other sequences may have the same structures but prime numbers structures are specific because the own prime numbers are specific.
- There doesn't exist another way to define another cyclic group structure on $\Bbb P$ or $P_1$ for using strength of finite groups or infinite groups unless we knew the formula of prime numbers and on the other hand we can't know the formula before than knowing Goldbach and Polignac conjecture.
Question $6$: Is there any subgroup of $P_1$ like $H$ such that $\forall v_s\in H,\, s\notin P_1$?
- I want connect subgroups of $P_1$ with Goldbach's conjecture.
Question $7$: What is function of this sequence in $\Bbb N\times\Bbb N$: $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),...,(1,2k-2),(2,2k-3),...$ $,(k-1,k),(k,k-1),...,(2k-3,2),(2k-2,1),(1,2k-1),(2,2k-2),...,(k,k),...$ $,(2k-2,2),(2k-1,1),...$
- Answer given by Professor Daniel Lazard:
- $\begin{cases} (a_1,b_1)=(1,1)\\ (a_{n+1},b_{n+1})=\begin{cases} (1,a_n+1) & b_n=1\\ (a_n+1,b_n-1) & \text{else}\end{cases}\end{cases}$
- Question: What is function of this sequence: $2,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6,6,...,k,k,k,...,k,...$ that \(k\) repeats \(k-1\) times.
- Answer given by Professor Daniel Lazard: Your sequence is clearly a primitive recursive function. On the other hand, I guess that, from your point of view, the best answer for your question is: $f(n)=k,$ where $k$ is the smallest integer such that \(k(k-1)/2 \ge n\). This may be rewritten, using the ceil function, \(f(n)=\left \lceil \frac{1+\sqrt{1+8n}}{2}\right\rceil. \) IMO, none of these formulas is useful, as they hide the main properties of the sequence.
- Problem $2$: Find a bijection \(g:\Bbb N\times(\Bbb N\setminus\{1\})\to\Bbb N\times\Bbb N\) as \(g(n,f(n))\) equal to function of the sequence: $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),...,(1,2k-2),$ $(2,2k-3),...,(k-1,k),(k,k-1),...,(2k-3,2),(2k-2,1),(1,2k-1),(2,2k-2),$ $...,(k-1,k+1),(k,k),(k+1,k-1),... ,(2k-2,2),(2k-1,1),...$
- Question: To define an Abelian group structure on $\Bbb N$ that is not a finitely generated Abelian group and is isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$, I need to know what is function of a subsequence of $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),...,(1,2k-2),$ $(2,2k-3),...,(k-1,k),(k,k-1),...,(2k-3,2),(2k-2,1),(1,2k-1),(2,2k-2),$ $...,(k-1,k+1),(k,k),(k+1,k-1),... ,(2k-2,2),(2k-1,1),...$ such that $(u,v)$ is belong to this subsequence iff gcd$(u,v)=1$ as: $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),(1,5),(5,1),(1,6),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),$ $(5,2),(6,1),(1,7),(3,5),(5,3),(7,1),...$
Unlikely hypothesis: Using homotopy theory if a group on $\Bbb N$ isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$ be defined then conjecture $1$ will be proved simpler and easier!
- Question: To define an Abelian group structure on $\Bbb N$ that is not a finitely generated Abelian group and is isomorph to $(\Bbb Q,+)$, I need to know what is function of a subsequence of $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(2,2),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),...,(1,2k-2),$ $(2,2k-3),...,(k-1,k),(k,k-1),...,(2k-3,2),(2k-2,1),(1,2k-1),(2,2k-2),$ $...,(k-1,k+1),(k,k),(k+1,k-1),... ,(2k-2,2),(2k-1,1),...$ such that $(u,v)$ is belong to this subsequence iff gcd$(u,v)=1$ as: $(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(3,1),(1,4),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),(1,5),(5,1),(1,6),(2,5),(3,4),(4,3),$ $(5,2),(6,1),(1,7),(3,5),(5,3),(7,1),...$
A conjecture equivalent to Goldbach's weak conjecture: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, \exists p,q,r\in\Bbb P,$ $\quad 2n+7=\begin{cases} 4\star p+8 & \text{or}\\ p\star q\star r+2\end{cases}$
Conjecture $4$: Under $(\Bbb N,\star),\,\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists p,q\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\quad 2n+3=p\star q$.
- This conjecture is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture.
- We have: $\langle p\star q\rangle=\{1\}\cup\{n\cdot (p+q-2)+1\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{n\cdot (p+q-2)\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}$
- Question $8$: $\forall m\in\Bbb N$ do $\exists p,q\in\Bbb P,\,\exists n,k\in\Bbb N$ such that $2m+3\neq p\star q$ and $(2m+3)^n=(p\star q)^k$ or that $2n(m+1)=k(p+q-2)$?
- Clearly $f:\Bbb N\to\Bbb Z,\,\, f(1)=0,\, f(2n)=n,\, f(2n+1)=-n,$ is an isomorphism and $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\langle n\rangle\cong\langle f(n)\rangle$ & $\Bbb N/ \langle n\rangle\cong\Bbb Z / \langle f(n)\rangle$.
And $(\Bbb N,\star)$ can be defined with: $\begin{cases} 2\star 3=1,\quad 2^n=2n,\quad 3^n=2n+1\\ 2^n\star 2^m=2^{n+m},\quad 3^n\star 3^m=3^{n+m}\\ 2^n\star 3^m=\begin{cases} 2^{n-m} & 2^n\gt 3^m\\ 3^{m-n} & 3^m\gt 2^n\end{cases}\end{cases}$
- We have $\langle 2^n\rangle=\langle 3^n\rangle=\{1\}\cup\{2^{nk}\,|\, k\in\Bbb N\}\cup\{3^{nk}\,|\, k\in\Bbb N\}$.
Suppose $t:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ is a sequence with $n\mapsto t(n)$ such that $3^{t(n)}\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ so codomain of $t$ is $T:=\{1,2,3,5,6,8,9,11,14,15,18,20,21,23,26,29,30,33,35,36,39,41,44,48,50,51,53,54,...\}$.
Theorem: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists k\in\Bbb N\setminus\{1\},\,\exists p_1,p_2,p_3,...,p_k\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ such that $2n+3=p_1\star p_2\star p_3...\star p_k$.
- Proof by induction axiom and that $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists m\in\Bbb N,$ such that $2n+3=3^m$ and of course each odd prime number is to form of $3^m$ as $5=3^2,7=3^3,11=3^5,13=3^6,17=3^8,19=3^9,...$ too.
- I think there exists a minimum value of $k$ that $\forall n\in\Bbb N,$ holds this equation $2n+3=p_1\star p_2\star p_3...\star p_k$, so find this $k$.
Guess $11$: $\forall p_1,p_2,p_3\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\},\,\exists q_1,q_2\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ such that $p_1\star p_2\star p_3=q_1\star q_2$.
- Problem $3$: Make another definition of prime numbers embedded into $(\Bbb N,\star)$ and free of normal definition of prime numbers in $(\Bbb Z,+)$.
- Regarding to the $\Bbb N/ \langle n\rangle\cong\Bbb Z / \langle f(n)\rangle$, a new definition of prime numbers will be obtained and we will approach to this guess $10$ (or in fact to the Goldbach), but should be noted the linear equation $2n=p+q$ or $2n+3=p\star q$ with degree one won't be proved only by group theory and indeed we need to prime numbers properties that is in prime number theorem as a logarithm function that is used in proof of the Main theorem, so finally Goldbach conjecture will be proved through conjecture $1$ and for conjecture $1$ I offer homotopy groups, but Goldbach is the key of whole mathematics because with Goldbach and Polignac and some other conjectures, prime numbers will be recognized and then some new numbers except algebraic numbers with cardinal $\aleph _0$ will be discovered and consequently whole mathematics and mathematical logic will be improved widely hence this German great mathematician Christian Goldbach's conjecture will impress mathematics certainly!
Problem $4$: Rewrite operation of the group $(\Bbb N,\star)$ by matrices.
Conjecture $5$: $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\exists (a,b)\in\{(x,y)\,|\, x,y\in S_1,\,\exists m\in\Bbb N,\, x\cdot 10^m,y\cdot 10^m\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\},$ $0\lt y\le x\lt 0.1,$ $0.01\le x\},$ $\exists (c,0)\in\{(-x,0)\,|\, x\in\{10^{-n}\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}\}$ such that $c=-10^{-k}$ & $2n+3=10^k\cdot (a+b+c)$ & $10^k\cdot a,10^k\cdot b\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}$ & $k$ is the number of digits in $2n+3$.
- This conjecture was made compatible with $(\Bbb N,\star)$ and is an equivalent to Goldbach's conjecture.
Let $L_3=\{(a,b)\,|\, a,b\in S_1,\, a,b\in\{(x,y)\,|\, 0\lt x\lt 0.1,\, 0\lt y\lt 0.1\}\setminus\{(x,y)\,|\, x\lt 0.01,\, y\lt 0.01\},$ $\exists k\in\Bbb N,\, a\cdot 10^k,b\cdot 10^k\in\Bbb P\setminus\{2\}\}$.
Question $9$: Let $\forall (a,b),(c,d)\in L_3,\, m=1+max($number of digits in $f(a)\star _3f(c),$ number of digits in $f(b)\star _3f(d)),$ $(a,b)\star _{L_3} (c,d)=10^{-m}\cdot (f(a)\star _3f(c),f(b)\star _3f(d))$ and $e=(0.03,0.03)$ so is $(L_3,\star _{L_3})$ an Abelian group? and if yes, is $(L_3,\star _{L_3})$ non finitely generated Abelian group and does $(L_3,\star _{L_3})\cong (\Bbb Q,+)$ or $(L_3,\star _{L_3})\cong (\Bbb Q_{\gt 0},\cdot)$?
Question $10$: Let $M$ be a topological space and $A,B$ are subsets of $M$ with $A\subset B$ and $A$ is dense in $B,$ since $A$ is dense in $B,$ is there some way in which a topology on $B$ may be induced other than the subspace topology? I am also interested in specialisations, for example if $M$ is Hausdorff or Euclidean.
- If a topology based on density be made then we will be able to import prime numbers properties into a topology!
- Indeed since $S_1$ is dense in the $[0,1]$ so each topology on $(0,1)^n$ and $\Bbb R^n,\, n\in\Bbb N$ and also on $(0,1)\times (0,1)$ has prime numbers properties and consequently $\forall x\in\Bbb R^n,\,\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, x$ has a relation with prime numbers!
- of course this wordage isn't mathematically but I will write as topological!
Theorem: Suppose $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\, W_n:=\{(z_1+s_1,z_2+s_2,z_3+s_3,...,z_n+s_n)\,|\, \forall i=1,2,3,...,n,\, z_i\in\Bbb Z,$ $s_i\in S_1\}$ then $W_n$ is dense in the $\Bbb R^n$. (under Euclidean topology)
Guess $12$: Suppose $J_n=\{(s_1,s_2,s_3,...,s_n)\,|\,\forall i=1,2,3,...,n,\, s_i\in S_1,\,\exists k\in\Bbb N,\, s_i\cdot 10^k\in\Bbb P\}$ & $I^n=[0,1]^n$ that of course $J_n$ is dense in the $I^n,$ now I guess that under Euclidean topology $\exists n\in\Bbb N,\,\forall k\ge n$ $dim(closure(J_k))=1$.
Alireza Badali 22:21, 8 May 2017 (CEST)
Polignac's conjecture
In number theory, Polignac's conjecture was made by Alphonse de Polignac in 1849 and states: For any positive even number $n$, there are infinitely many prime gaps of size $n$. In other words: There are infinitely many cases of two consecutive prime numbers with difference $n$. (Tattersall, J.J. (2005), Elementary number theory in nine chapters, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 978-0-521-85014-8, p. 112) Although the conjecture has not yet been proven or disproven for any given value of n, in 2013 an important breakthrough was made by Zhang Yitang who proved that there are infinitely many prime gaps of size n for some value of n < 70,000,000.(Zhang, Yitang (2014). "Bounded gaps between primes". Annals of Mathematics. 179 (3): 1121–1174. MR 3171761. Zbl 1290.11128. doi:10.4007/annals.2014.179.3.7. _ Klarreich, Erica (19 May 2013). "Unheralded Mathematician Bridges the Prime Gap". Simons Science News. Retrieved 21 May 2013.) Later that year, James Maynard announced a related breakthrough which proved that there are infinitely many prime gaps of some size less than or equal to 600.(Augereau, Benjamin (15 January 2013). "An old mathematical puzzle soon to be unraveled? Phys.org. Retrieved 10 February 2013.)
Assuming Polignac's conjecture there isn't any rhythm for prime numbers and so there isn't any formula for prime numbers!
Let $B=\{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1\}$ & $C=(S_1\times S_1)\cap \{(x,x)\,|\, 0.01\le x\lt 0.1\}$ & $T=\{(a,b)\,|\, a,b \in S_1,\, 0.01 \lt b \lt a\lt 0.1,\, \exists m \in \Bbb N,\, a \cdot 10^m, b \cdot 10^m$ or $a\cdot 10^{m-1}, b\cdot 10^m$ are consecutive prime numbers$\}$ & $\forall n \in \Bbb N,\, J_n :=\{(a,b) \,|\, (a,b) \in T,\, \exists k \in \Bbb N, a-b=r_k (2n)\}$.
- Obviously $\bigcup _{n\in \Bbb N} J_n=T$ and Polignac's conjecture is equivalent to $\forall n \in \Bbb N,$ cardinal$(J_n)=\aleph_0$.
Guess $1$: $\forall (a,a) \in C$ there are some sequences in $T$ like $\{a_n\}$ that $a_n\to (a,a)$ where $n\to \infty$ and there are some sequences in $T$ like $b_n$ that $b_n\to (0.1,0.01)$ where $n\to \infty$.
Guess $2$: $\exists N_1 \subseteq \Bbb N,\, \forall n\in N_1,$ cardinal$(J_n)=\aleph_0=$cardinal$(N_1)$
Obviously $\exists \epsilon,\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2 \in \Bbb R,\epsilon\gt 0, \epsilon_2\gt \epsilon_1\gt 0$ that $\forall (a,b) \in T \cap \{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $x-y\lt \epsilon\}$ that $\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $a\cdot 10^m$,$b\cdot 10^m$ are consecutive prime numbers, but $a\cdot 10^m$,$b\cdot 10^m$ are large natural numbers, and $\forall (a,b)\in T\cap$ $\{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $0.11-\epsilon_1 \lt x+y\lt 0.11+\epsilon_1,$ $x-y\gt 0.09-\epsilon_2 \}$ that $\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $a\cdot 10^{m-1},b\cdot 10^m$ are consecutive prime numbers but $a\cdot 10^{m-1}$,$b\cdot 10^m$ are large natural numbers and $\forall (a,b)\in T\setminus (\{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $x-y\lt \epsilon\}$ $\cup$ $\{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,$ $0.11-\epsilon_1 \lt x+y\lt 0.11+\epsilon_1,\, x-y\gt 0.09-\epsilon_2 \})$ that $\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $a\cdot 10^{m-1}$ or $a\cdot 10^m$ & $b\cdot 10^m$ are consecutive prime numbers but $a\cdot 10^m$ or $a\cdot 10^{m-1}$ & $b\cdot 10^m$ aren't large natural numbers.
Theorem: $\forall c\in r_1(\Bbb P)$ cardinal$(T\cap \{(x,c)\,|\, x\in \Bbb R \})=1=$ cardinal$(T\cap \{(c,y)\,|\, y\in \Bbb R\})$
Guess $3$: $\forall k\in \Bbb N,$ $\forall c\in r_k (\Bbb N),\, c\lt 0.09$ then cardinal$(T\cap \{(x,y)\,|\, x-y=c\}) \in \Bbb N \cup \{0\}$.
Theorem $1$: For each subinterval of $[0.01,0.1)$ like $(a,b),\,\exists m\in \Bbb N$ that $\forall k\in \Bbb N$ with $k\ge m$ then $\exists t\in (a,b)$ that $t\cdot 10^{k+1}\in \Bbb P$.
- Proof given by @Adayah from stackexchange.com: Without loss of generality (by passing to a smaller subinterval) we can assume that $(a, b) = \left( \frac{s}{10^r}, \frac{t}{10^r} \right)$, where $s, t, r$ are positive integers and $s < t$. Let $\alpha = \frac{t}{s}$.
- The statement is now equivalent to saying that there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for every $k \geqslant m$ there is a prime $p$ with $10^{k-r} \cdot s < p < 10^{k-r} \cdot t$.
- We will prove a stronger statement: there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for every $n \geqslant m$ there is a prime $p$ such that $n < p < \alpha \cdot n$. By taking a little smaller $\alpha$ we can relax the restriction to $n < p \leqslant \alpha \cdot n$.
- Now comes the prime number theorem: $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi(n)}{\frac{n}{\log n}} = 1$$
- where $\pi(n) = \# \{ p \leqslant n : p$ is prime$\}.$ By the above we have $$\frac{\pi(\alpha n)}{\pi(n)} \sim \frac{\frac{\alpha n}{\log(\alpha n)}}{\frac{n}{\log(n)}} = \alpha \cdot \frac{\log n}{\log(\alpha n)} \xrightarrow{n \to \infty} \alpha$$
- hence $\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{\pi(\alpha n)}{\pi(n)} = \alpha$. So there is $m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $\pi(\alpha n) > \pi(n)$ whenever $n \geqslant m$, which means there is a prime $p$ such that $n < p \leqslant \alpha \cdot n$, and that is what we wanted.
- Clearly the Main theorem of Goldbach's conjecture is a result of theorem $1$.
Theorem: $\forall \epsilon_1,\epsilon_2$ that $0\lt \epsilon_1\lt \epsilon_2\lt 0.09$ then cardinal$(T\setminus \{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,\, x-y\gt \epsilon_1\})$ $=$ cardinal$(T\setminus \{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\lt y\lt x\lt 0.1,\, x-y\lt \epsilon_2\})=\aleph_0$.
- Proof: Be aware to number of digits in prime numbers corresponding to coordinates of each member in $T$.
- Guess $4$: cardinal$(\{(a,b)\,|\, (a,b)\in T,\, 0.01\lt b\lt a\lt 0.1,$ $\epsilon_1\lt a-b\lt \epsilon_2\})\in \Bbb N\cup \{0\}$
Alireza Badali 13:17, 21 August 2017 (CEST)
Landau's forth problem
Landau's forth problem: Are there infinitely many primes $p$ such that $p−1$ is a perfect square? In other words: Are there infinitely many primes of the form $n^2 + 1$?
In analytic number theory the Friedlander–Iwaniec theorem states that there are infinitely many prime numbers of the form ${\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{4}}$.
Suppose $H=\{(a,b)\,|\, a\in\bigcup_{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\{n^2\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\}),\, b\in\bigcup_{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\{n^4\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\})$ & $\exists t\in\Bbb N$ that $a\cdot 10^t\in\{n^2\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\},$ $b\cdot 10^t\in\{n^4\,|\, n\in\Bbb N\},\, (a+b)\cdot 10^t\in\Bbb P\}$ and $H_1=\{(a,b)\in H\,|\, b\in\bigcup_{k\in\Bbb N} r_k(\{1\})\}$
- Friedlander-Iwaniec theorem is the same cardinal$(H)=\aleph_0$
A question: cardinal$(H_1)\in\Bbb N$ or cardinal$(H_1)=\aleph_0$?
- This question is the same Landau's forth problem.
Alireza Badali 20:47, 21 September 2017 (CEST)
Grimm's conjecture
In mathematics, and in particular number theory, Grimm's conjecture (named after Karl Albert Grimm) states that to each element of a set of consecutive composite numbers one can assign a distinct prime that divides it. It was first published in American Mathematical Monthly, 76(1969) 1126-1128.
Formal statement: Suppose $n + 1, n + 2, …, n + k$ are all composite numbers, then there are $k$ distinct primes $p_i$ such that $p_i$ divides $n+i$ for $1 ≤ i ≤ k$.
Let $C=\{(x,y)\,|\, 0.01\le x\lt 0.1,\, 0.01\le y\lt 0.1\}$
A conjecture: Suppose $n+1,n+2,n+3,...,n+k$ are all composite numbers then $\forall i=1,2,3,...,k$ $\exists (r_1(p_i),r_1(t_i))\in C$ that $p_i\in\Bbb P,$ $t_i\in\Bbb N$ & $\forall j=1,2,3,...,k$ that $i\neq j$ implies $p_i\neq p_j$ we have $r_1(p_i)\cdot r_1(t_i)=r_2(n+i)$ or $r_3(n+i)$.
- This conjecture is an equivalent to Grimm's conjecture.
Alireza Badali 23:30, 20 September 2017 (CEST)
Lemoine's conjecture
In number theory, Lemoine's conjecture, named after Émile Lemoine, also known as Levy's conjecture, after Hyman Levy, states that all odd integers greater than $5$ can be represented as the sum of an odd prime number and an even semiprime.
Formal definition: To put it algebraically, $2n + 1 = p + 2q$ always has a solution in primes $p$ and $q$ (not necessarily distinct) for $n > 2$. The Lemoine conjecture is similar to but stronger than Goldbach's weak conjecture.
Theorem: $\forall n\in\Bbb N$ that $m=2n+5,\, \exists (a,b)\in\{(x,y)\,|\, 0\lt y\le x,\, x+y\lt 0.1,\, x,y\in S_1,\, \exists t\in\Bbb N,$ $x\cdot 10^t,y\cdot 10^t\in\Bbb P\},\,\exists k\in\Bbb N,\, \exists c\in r_k(\Bbb P)$ such that $a+b=r_1(m)-c$
- In principle $(r_1(m),-c)\in \{(x,y)\,|\, -x\lt y\lt 0,\, 0.01\le x\lt 0.1\}$
- This theorem is an equivalent to Goldbach's weak conjecture.
A conjecture: $\forall n\in\Bbb N$ that $m=2n+5,\, \exists k_1,k_2\in\Bbb N,\, \exists b\in r_{k_1}(\Bbb P)$ that $b\lt 0.05,\, \exists a\in r_{k_2}(\Bbb P)$ such that $2b=r_1(m)-a$
- In principle $(b,b)\in\{(x,x)\,|\, 0\lt x\lt 0.05\}$ & $(r_1(m),-a)\in\{(x,y)\,|\, -x\lt y\lt 0,\, 0.01\le x\lt 0.1\}$
- This conjecture is an equivalent to Lemoine's conjecture.
Alireza Badali 00:30, 27 September 2017 (CEST)
About analytic number theory
In mathematics, analytic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis to solve problems about the integers. It is often said to have begun with Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet's 1837 introduction of Dirichlet L-functions to give the first proof of Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions. It is well known for its results on prime numbers (involving the Prime Number Theorem and Riemann zeta function) and additive number theory (such as the Goldbach conjecture and Waring's problem).
An unproven yet, new and modern definition of prime numbers and equivalent to properties of Riemann zeta function: There is no polynomial as a formula for prime numbers, because each formula or relation for prime numbers only there can be contain all prime numbers together and simultaneous like Riemann zeta function!
In analytic number theory in Riemann zeta function there is an important technique as $\frac{1}{n}$, inverse of natural numbers but I want add another technique to this collection as putting a point at the beginning of natural numbers like $6484070\to 0.6484070$ so we will have a stronger theory, let $S=\{0.2,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.11,...\}$ and $s_1=0.2,\, s_2=0.3,\, s_3=0.5,...$ that $s_k$ is $k$_th member in $S$.
Below contents hasn't been reviewed and checked:
Suppose $A_n=\{s_is_j\,|\, s_i,s_j\in \{s_1,s_2,s_3,...,s_n\},$ $s_i\neq s_j\}$ & $\mu _1:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _1(z)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{n^2}\sum _{a\in A_n} a^{-f(z)}$$
such that $f:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is an injective function that $\forall n\in\Bbb N,\,\forall z\in\Bbb C,\, n^{f(z)}$ isn't a Gaussian integer, for example this function has been given by @Wojowu from stackexchange.com: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad f(z)=\sqrt 2 +\frac{z}{N+|z|}$$ for large sufficiently $N\in\Bbb N$ of course $f$ maps $\Bbb C$ injectively into a disk around $\sqrt 2$ of radius $N^{-1}$ for large sufficiently $N,$ this disk contains no solution $z$ of $n^z\in\Bbb Z [i]$, according to definition of the function $\mu _1$ I think it is in a near relation with Riemann zeta function.
Let $\mu _2:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _2(z)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(r(n))^z}$$
Let $\mu _3:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _3(z)=\sum _{p\in\Bbb P}\frac{1}{(r(p))^z}$$
Let $\forall j\in\Bbb N,\,\mu _4:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _4(z)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(r_j(n))^z}$$
Let $\forall j\in\Bbb N,\,\mu _5:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _5(z)=\sum _{p\in\Bbb P}\frac{1}{(r_j(p))^z}$$
and $\mu _6:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _6(z)=\lim _{j\to\infty}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(r_j(n))^z}$$
Let $\mu _7:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _7(z)=\lim _{j\to\infty}\sum _{p\in\Bbb P}\frac{1}{(r_j(p))^z}$$
let $\mu _8:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _8(z)=\sum _{j\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(r_j(j))^z}$$
Let $p_j$ is $j$_th prime number & $\mu _9:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _9(z)=\sum _{j\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(r_j(p_j))^z}$$
Let $a_n:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ is a sequence & $\mu _{10}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{10}(z)=\sum _{n\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(r_{a_n}(n))^z}$$
Let $a_n:\Bbb N\to\Bbb N$ is a sequence & $\mu _{11}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{11}(z)=\sum _{n\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(r_{a_n}(p_n))^z}$$
Let $\omega =0.p_1p_2p_3...=0.23571113171923293137...$ that in principle in $\omega$ prime numbers has been arranged respectively, now assume $a_n:\Bbb N\to (0,1)$ is a sequence that $\sum _{n\in\Bbb N} a_n=\omega$ & $\mu _{12}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\mu _{12}(z)=\sum _{n\in\Bbb N}\frac{1}{(a_n)^z}$$
Let $f_1:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ & $\mu _{13}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ are functions as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{13}(z)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty} (-1)^n\cdot (r(n))^{f_1(z)}$$
Let $f_2:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ & $\mu _{14}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ are functions as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{14}(z)=\sum _{p_n\text{is}\, n\text{_th prime number}} (-1)^n\cdot (r(p_n))^{f_2(z)}$$
Find $f_1$ & $f_2$ as much as possible simple such that $\mu _{13}(i[\Bbb Q])$ is dense in the $\mu _{13}(\Bbb C)$ and $\mu _{14}(i[\Bbb Q])$ is dense in the $\mu _{14}(\Bbb C)$.
Now some theorems on these functions about density should be presented.
Let $\mu_{15}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{15}(z)=\sum _{j\in\Bbb N}\sum _{n\in\Bbb N\cap [10^{j-1},10^j)} (r_j(n))^z$$
Let $\mu_{16}:\Bbb C\to\Bbb C$ is a function as: $$\forall z\in\Bbb C\qquad\mu _{16}(z)=\sum _{j\in\Bbb N}\sum _{p\in\Bbb P\cap (10^{j-1},10^j)} (r_j(p))^z$$
My thought line on the formula of prime numbers: According to important theorems in number theory and distribution of prime numbers I think there doesn't exist any polynomial \(p:\Bbb R\to\Bbb R\) include such points \((n,p_n)\) that \(p_n\) is \(n\)_th prime and by taking in mind that prime number theorem follows from normal definition of primes in terms of factorization to primes because logarithm function is inverse of the function \(f(a)=a^n\) and primes formulas are as logarithmic functions or other transcendental functions but ideally there exists an unique formula as an infinite series that generates primes simply: (I had asked a question that an user from stackexchange.com grammatical corrected it.)
Let $$\omega _1=\color{red}{0}.\color{teal}{p_1}\color{purple}{p_2}\color{teal}{p_3}\dots =\color{red}{0}.\color{blue}{2}\color{fuchsia}{3}\color{blue}{5}\color{fuchsia}{7}\color{blue}{11}\color{fuchsia}{13}\color{blue}{17}\color{fuchsia}{19}\color{blue}{23}\color{fuchsia}{29}\color{blue}{31}\color{fuchsia}{37}\dots \color{blue}{7717}\color{fuchsia}{7723}\dots$$
(i.e. the decimal part of $\omega _1$ is obtained by concatenating the prime numbers) and
$$\omega _2=\color{red}{0}.\color{blue}{2}0\color{fuchsia}{3}0\color{blue}{5}0\color{fuchsia}{7}0\color{blue}{11}00\color{fuchsia}{13}00\color{blue}{17}00\color{fuchsia}{19}00\color{blue}{23}00\color{fuchsia}{29}00\color{blue}{31}00\color{fuchsia}{37}00\dots\color{blue}{7717}0000\dots$$
(i.e. the decimal part of $\omega _2$ is obtained by concatenating the prime numbers, each of them followed by a number of copies of $0$ equal to the number of its digits in base $10$).
$1.$ Is $\omega _1$ or $\omega _2$ or another some similar number transcendental, and if yes is this a contradiction to the existence of a formula for prime numbers?
$2.$ For each sequence $a_n: \mathbb N \to \mathbb N$ is there any sequence like $b_n: \mathbb N \to \mathbb N$ such that the number $\theta :=0.a_10 \dots 0a_20 \dots 0a_30 \dots 0 \dots$ obtained by concatenating the numbers $a_n$, each of them followed by a number of copies of $0$ equal to $b_n$, is a transcendental number?
Alireza Badali 20:44, 12 October 2017 (CEST)
Some notes
I see, you like to densely embed natural numbers into a continuum. You may also try to embed them into the unit circle on the complex plane by $n\mapsto i^n=\cos(\log n)+i\sin(\log n)$. Then $(mn)^i=m^i n^i$. Passer By (talk) 13:14, 3 December 2017 (CET)
- Very nice, thank you so much. Alireza Badali 21:33, 3 December 2017 (CET)
To your Question 3 above: the affirmative answer is given by Liouville's theorem on approximation of algebraic numbers. Passer By (talk) 19:05, 4 December 2017 (CET)
- Thank you. Alireza Badali 16:00, 6 December 2017 (CET)
You often mention "Formula of prime numbers". What do you mean? This is not a well-defined mathematical object, but a vague idea, with a lot of non-equivalent interpretations. See for instance [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] etc. Passer By (talk) 19:24, 4 December 2017 (CET)
- Thank you and each one of these wordage about the formula of prime numbers is a theory separately one by one and probably non-equivalent or even incompatible so please don't consider their relations together. Alireza Badali 16:00, 6 December 2017 (CET)
- OK, then I do not consider these interpretations of the phrase "Formula of prime numbers" (since yours is different from them all). My question is, what is your interpretation of the phrase "Formula of prime numbers"? We cannot ask "does it exist or not" if we do not know what exactly is meant by "it". The answer is affirmative for some interpretations and negative for other interpretations. Passer By (talk) 20:08, 6 December 2017 (CET)
- Formula of prime numbers is a subsequence in $\Bbb N$ that has a special order and this order is the same formula of prime numbers, but this order isn't located on a polynomial necessarily. Alireza Badali 21:36, 6 December 2017 (CET)
- I know what is a sequence and subsequence, and I understand that prime numbers may be treated as a subsequence of the sequence of natural numbers; but I do not know what is "special order"; I also do not know what is "order located on a polynomial"; thus, I get no answer to my question. Passer By (talk) 23:52, 6 December 2017 (CET)
- Prime numbers are non repetitive and each natural number is a production of them but apparently they are indomitable (like me) and I think they are similar to transcendental numbers, order is special because prime numbers are special however natural numbers is defined by prime numbers as a production of them although another definition is given by induction axiom or another definition is in nature that all people see it in their routines, about polynomial I want say there is no polynomial as a formula for primes although there is a special polynomial like $y=a+bx^3$ or something such that $\exists n\in\Bbb N\,\,\forall m\gt n,\,\,p_m$ is around that curve and finally I want say discussion on numbers will continue forevermore and this is fate but there exists a unique dreamy logarithmic function that gives primes pleasantly and way for reaching to secrets is in homotopy theory. Alireza Badali 12:36, 7 December 2017 (CET)
- I know what is a sequence and subsequence, and I understand that prime numbers may be treated as a subsequence of the sequence of natural numbers; but I do not know what is "special order"; I also do not know what is "order located on a polynomial"; thus, I get no answer to my question. Passer By (talk) 23:52, 6 December 2017 (CET)
- Formula of prime numbers is a subsequence in $\Bbb N$ that has a special order and this order is the same formula of prime numbers, but this order isn't located on a polynomial necessarily. Alireza Badali 21:36, 6 December 2017 (CET)
- OK, then I do not consider these interpretations of the phrase "Formula of prime numbers" (since yours is different from them all). My question is, what is your interpretation of the phrase "Formula of prime numbers"? We cannot ask "does it exist or not" if we do not know what exactly is meant by "it". The answer is affirmative for some interpretations and negative for other interpretations. Passer By (talk) 20:08, 6 December 2017 (CET)
Musictheory2math. Encyclopedia of Mathematics. URL: http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Musictheory2math&oldid=42829


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EAST RUTHERFORD, NJ — As we discuss David Stern's legacy as commissioner of the NBA, we can't forget about NBA Cares, the program launched in 2005 to support communities around the world.
This week, Oct. 22-29, is NBA Cares Week. Before the season gets started, NBA teams (players, legends, coaches, and front office personnel) are out and about in their communities, making an impact in a myriad of ways.
On Friday, the Boston Celtics held their annual Shamrock Gala, which benefits children in need via their Shamrock Foundation and its non-profit partners. On Wednesday, Utah Jazz players hosted a group of 38 at-risk kids at their practice facility for a basketball clinic. Also on Wednesday, the Indiana Pacers began collecting non-perishable food items for those in need. On Tuesday, the Brooklyn Nets visited Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn, visiting pediatric cancer patients and their families. On Monday, the Charlotte Bobcats tipped off their Stay Active program with a clinic for 75 kids in Raleigh.
This is just a small sampling of what teams have been doing over the last five days, and what they do year round. Through NBA Cares, the league, its teams and its players have donated more than $205 million to charity, completed more than 2.1 million hours of community service, and created more than 750 places where kids and families can live, learn or play.
For the Nets' MarShon Brooks, there's a responsibility that comes with being an NBA player. There's a role to be played in the community and there's time to be spent with those who need guidance and support.
"Kids tend to look up to guys who are on TV, who they see a lot," Brooks said this week. "Kids look up and see us every day. Kids want to be like Kobe Bryant or LeBron James. It's huge when they can meet somebody that's close to them."
In addition to his NBA Cares activities with the Nets, Brooks took part in Basketball Without Borders in Russia in September. He also takes time to visit campers around the New York and New Jersey area in the summer.
"I love to just give back," he said. "I've always been a guy to get along with kids. A lot of them have dreams of making it to the NBA, so if I can just help them by showing them the little things that I've learned over the years, it's huge."
And just a little bit of time can go a long way.
"If meeting me, shaking their hands, and spending five minutes of my time with them is huge to them," Brooks says, "it's huge to me too."

subset: commoncrawl


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EA has refused to confirm whether Medal of Honor: Warfighter developer Danger Close Games has been closed amidst the company's ongoing restructuring.
VideoGamer.com contacted EA yesterday to enquire about the studio's status following the publisher's recent layoffs and the suggestion that the Medal of Honor franchise may have been put on hold. But we were told by the company that it would not be commenting on the status of Danger Close - including whether or not the studio remained open.
When pushed further on the subject, EA provided VideoGamer.com with a similar statement to the one it issued last week following the lay-offs at the publisher's Montreal studio.
"EA is sharpening its focus to provide games for new platforms and mobile," said EA Corporate Communications' Tiffany Steckler. "In some cases, this involves reducing team sizes as we evolve into a more efficient organization. Unfortunately we don't disclose impact on individual teams or locations."
EA's decision to remain silent over the status of Danger Close is troubling, and raises serious questions about the studio's future. After all, why wouldn't EA deny claims that the studio may have been closed if it is in fact alive and well?
Key staff are known to have left the developer over recent months, including studio head Greg Goodrich who departed the team in December, and Warfighter's creative director Richard Farrelly in August 2012.
A glance at the LinkedIn profiles of other Danger Close employees suggest that an unusually high amount of staff also left the studio between January and March 2013.
Medal of Honor's official Twitter feed - expected to be maintained by Danger Close - hasn't been updated since late February, either.
The future of Danger Close was cast in doubt following EA's decision to take Medal of Honor "out of rotation" earlier this year.
The publisher suggested that it would be killing off the shooter series after the latest release, Medal of Honor: Warfighter, failed to "resonate with consumers".
Ex-CEO John Riccitiello suggested that Warfighter's failure was the primary reason for EA's third quarter revenues coming in below expectations.


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Saturday, January 5, 2013
Alissa Czisny's "Sabrina"
I just read a very inspiring article about Alissa Czisny, the 2009 & 2011 U.S. National Champion, who has been sidelined with an injury all season. Alissa is a simply gorgeous skater and has proven to us all many times that she is a lovely person and courageous athlete, as well.
Enjoy this beautiful freeskate to music from the soundtrack of the Audrey Hepburn film "Sabrina," which won Alissa a bronze medal at the 2007 U.S. National Championships. If this program is not everything a figure skating routine should be, then I am looking in the wrong place. Alissa--and her artistry--sparkles.
Here is the interview with Alissa, from Icenetwork.com:
Renewed Czisny ready to return to ice in Omaha
Two-time national champion talks about bouncing back from disappointment, hopes for redemption
Alissa Czisny is attempting to regain the form she showed in winning 2011 Skate America. (Getty Images)
By Vladislav Luchianov, special to icenetwork.com
(01/03/2013) - For Alissa Czisny, the past several months could hardly be described as "the life in pink."
After starting 2011-12 with gold and silver at her two Grand Prix assignments, and then placing second at the 2012 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Czisny's season took a turn for the worse. She managed just a third-place finish at the lightly regarded International Challenge Cup and followed that by coming in 22nd at the 2012 World Figure Skating Championships.
Unbeknownst to the skater and her coaches, she competed in Nice, France, with an undiagnosed injury. (After the event, Czisny said she would not have gone to worlds if she had known she was injured.)
Last May, an MRI revealed that Czisny had a torn labrum in her left hip, and after undergoing surgery June 6 in Nashville, Tenn., she began the recovery period. This season, she received an assignment to the NHK Trophy but withdrew in order to continue her rehabilitation.
As recently as late 2012, there were doubts about whether she would participate in the 2013 U.S. Championships, which will be held Jan. 20-27 in Omaha, Neb. These doubts were dispelled when Czisny confidently and happily said: "Yes, I will be competing at the U.S. nationals!"
Icenetwork.com talked with Czisny about her recovery period, difficult times in her career and new hopes.
Icenetwork.com: A hip injury is not an easy thing to deal with. What was the most difficult part of the recovery?
Czisny: This hip injury marked the first time in my career that I was sidelined with a major injury; consequently, this whole process has been a new experience for me. Being off the ice for four months and being unable to use my hip effectively (and, by association, most of the muscles surrounding that area) were two of the most difficult parts of the recovery period.
However, learning from those, I have become increasingly grateful for my ability to skate again and have tried to be more patient with myself during the whole recovering process.
Icenetwork.com: What are your thoughts on the upcoming U.S. championships?
Czisny: I tried my best to be prepared for the NHK Trophy in late November, but there was just not enough time to recover and prepare for that competition. However, now I have had a few more months to recover and train for nationals. I'm looking forward to competing again!
Icenetwork.com: Last season for you had its ups and downs. How did you cope with all the difficulties, and whose support was the most valuable during the not-so-easy times?
Czisny: Last season was a very trying season. While it started out decently, my season become increasingly frustrating as it went along. I could not understand what was going wrong, and I kept trying my best each day, kept searching for the answers to my questions. When I thought things were turning around for the better, I would have another disappointment. My season grew increasingly worse, no matter how hard I tried...and we all know how spectacularly terrible my season ended!
It took a lot of courage to keep my head up and keep going after worlds. Fortunately, there were a few people who stood by me and were there for me: my family, who always supports me and loves me unconditionally; my coaches, who didn't give up on me; and a few close friends, who hugged me, supported me and made me laugh again.
Icenetwork.com: Was that period similar to what you experienced after the 2010 U.S. Championships?
Czisny: While both periods of time were heartbreaking, they were each different in their own ways. The part of the experience of last season that was most difficult was that I thought I finally had the pieces of the puzzle in place: My previous season was fairly successful, and my coaches and I were building on the foundation we had set.
It seemed as though I was doing everything that I could possibly do to make the season good, but nothing seemed to be going right. It is hard to face the possibility of not knowing or understanding what went wrong, when you know that you tried to do everything right.
Icenetwork.com: Sports fans have expectations of an athlete's performance at competitions. When those expectations are not met, they can become critical of that athlete. What do you think about it?
Czisny: No matter what we do, what we accomplish, what we fail at, how we act, or even who we are, we will always face criticisms from somewhere, from someone. As athletes, we face an even broader range of criticisms coming our way, because we have the opportunity and responsibility to perform in front of many people.
And it's easy to criticize athletes; after all, we are the ones who put ourselves out in the spotlight, in front of so many people. Yet, what sports fans don't always tangibly understand is the sacrifice and dedication, the hard work and heartbreaks, the long hours and hurting bodies, the courage and fortitude that it takes for athletes to give everything they have for those few minutes of competition.
Some athletes might long for the glory of praising comments, might ache to hear the criticizing judgments, yet at the end of the day, all of us athletes can only answer to ourselves -- and God -- whether or not we have done our very best and have no regrets. We can't control how others critique us, but we can be in charge of our own efforts and our own behaviors.
Icenetwork.com: Do you feel that fans sometimes don't understand that sports are, for lack of a better term, just sports? That they're a big part of an athlete's life but not the whole life?
Czisny: For us athletes, skating is just a sport, yet it is so much more than that. It is our passion, our livelihood, our way of life. But at the same time, we must also remember to keep perspective: Skating is only a sport, a game we play for a short duration of our lives, and it is not everything in life! We may fail or we may succeed -- and most likely, we will do some of each -- yet, ultimately, our results should not and cannot determine who we are inside.
Icenetwork.com: What are your programs for this season?
Czisny: I'm excited about my programs this season! My coaches and I decided to keep my short program from last season (Edith Piaf's "La Vie en rose"), a decision which I'm thrilled about, since I love that program. My long program is choreographed by Marina Zoueva, and I really enjoy skating this program! (Author's note: Czisny hasn't announced her free skate music yet, and she wants to try to keep it quiet until the U.S. championships.)
Icenetwork.com: What aspects of your skating are you planning to change?
Czisny: This season has been a completely new experience for me. I have had to start over again, working to regain my strength and control and stamina, as well as working on all the aspects of my skating. Being off the ice for four months doesn't help one's jump consistency either! Yet, despite having to go back to basics, I've enjoyed the process of regaining my skating abilities. And I've definitely become more appreciative of just how intricately an athlete's body must work in order to meet the physical demands placed on it.
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MR16 LED Light Bulbs | MR16 LEDs
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The "MR" in an MR16 stands for "Multifaceted Reflector," and the 16 refers to a width of 16/8", or 2 inches. MR16 lamps normally have a bipin base, meaning that they're either pushed / plugged into a fixture or twisted and locked into place.
Choosing an LED MR16 means choosing to save money long term. LED technology lets the MR16 run far more efficiently than a halogen option, and is rated to last years longer, reducing costs of both maintenance and replacement bulbs. LED also uses no mercury, gives you instant-on lighting, and usually dims. (Check the specifications of a bulb before purchasing if you will need dimming capabilities.) Most of our MR16 LEDs are dimmable.
As with many LED reflectors, our MR16 LEDs come in a variety of color temperatures and beam spreads, and they're rated to last 25,000 hours and beyond. And we carry several brands, including Philips MR16 LEDs and TCP MR16 LEDs.
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text: Fields of Opportunity: Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa March 7, 2013 05:30 AM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Tyne Morgan US Farm Report Host Email John Phipps took a trip of a lifetime late February and early March. He toured several countries in Africa, but it wasn't just a vacation for him. John was invited by a farmer friend from North Dakota who is also trying to establish modern agriculture in Mozambique. National Reporter Tyne Morgan caught up with both of them prior to their departure to see why farming in Sub-Saharan Africa could be the next big thing. Lush landscapes, warm soils and a humid climate. Looking at pictures of Sub-Saharan Africa, it seems the untouched land could present fields of opportunity. "What I've heard is about 60% of the available arable, tillable land left in the would is in Sub-Saharan Africa," says Wally Hardie, a North Dakota farmer who just started farming in Mozambique. "In the two countries I'll be visiting, Tanzania and Mozambique, there's enough arable land there to have three Corn Belts," says John Phipps, farmer and host of U.S. Farm Report. The reality is infrastructure is absent. The Civil War, which lasted almost 20 years, robbed Mozambique of a strong economy. "We were really dismayed by the poverty," says Hardie when explaining his first visit to Mozambique. "About 80 percent of the people there are not employed like we would consider employment. A lot of malnutritious in the kids, you can see they're they're malnourished." Hardie has sent he devastation first-hand. The situation has motivated him to make a difference through what he knows best. Farming. What started as the family's heart to serve through mission work, changed after a phone call of possibility. "We would like to talk to you. Our company received a concession of up to 25,000 acres from the government of Mozambique if we'll come in and clear the trees, plant soybeans and corn, mainly soybeans, for chickens. We really want to develop a chicken industry in Mozambique," says Hardie, talking about the phone call he received from the company who had been tasked with growing agriculture in Africa. "They said we've been farming in Ukraine, but this is over our heads. This is something that's going to take some additional management, because there's nothing there. " With no hesitation, the Hardies jumped in. At the government's request, a little over a year later, 2,000 acres have been cleared and 1,800 acres of soybeans planted. "There's great potential for multiple cropping," says Hardie. "If we can irrigate, we can grow up to three crops a year." "The more I learn, the more fascinated I am about the idea this could be the next big story," explains Phipps. "These were the types of rumors and wild things we heard about Brazil thirty years ago. I didn't go then. This time I've got a chance, and Wally asked me." Hardie's mission seems simple. "We call it the triple bottom line," he says. "It's kind of like a pyramid. If we can help the economy, have profits in the economic realm, then that can spill over to the social realm, and we can use profits to build medical facilities, to build schools, to educate people." The road hasn't been easy. From being accepted by the locals, to getting equipment and other essential tools into Sub-Saharan Africa, patience and persistence seem to be two key ingredients. "It costs $25,000 to get the combine over there, and that's not the (combine) heads," he says. "The heads go over in a container, and that's an additional $10,000." Add to that time. Hardie says it takes about four months just to get shipments there. That effort is worth it. He's earning the villagers' trust and opening their eyes. "I think excitement that comes when people see what can be done," says Hardie. John hopes to not only view Hardie's progress first-hand during his visit to Sub-Saharan Africa, but maybe someday be a part of a new wave of farming, helping plant the seeds of opportunity, and growing hope for an abundant future. "What I do know is that people who have been to Sub-Saharan Africa come back changed," says Phipps. Back to news


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Serum Protein-Resistant Behavior of Multisite-Bound Poly(ethylene glycol) Chains on Iron Oxide Surfaces
Design of UV-crosslinked polymeric thin layers for encapsulation of piezoelectric ZnO nanowires
The self-healing ability of bismaleimide thermoresponsive networks
Bismaleimide as a reversible crosslinker for the production of thermoresponsive polymer networks.
Poster : CeriumOxideNanoparticlesfor Stroke Treatment
Patent : Process for producing an antibacterial coating composition for implants
Iron oxide nanoparticle surface decorated with cRGD peptides for magnetic resonance imaging of brain tumors
Carboxylic PEG Phosphonic acid as functionalization agent for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle
Phosphonic Acid-Functionalized Diblock Copolymer Nano-Objects via Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly
Halloysite nanotubes modification with MAPC1
Piezo-force and vibration analysis of ZnO nanowire arrays for sensor application
UV-crosslinked polymeric materials for encapsulation of ZnO nanowires in piezoelectric fingerprint sensors
Functional polymers and materials for optoelectronic devices and sensors
Promising mechanical and adhesive properties of isocyanate-free poly(hydroxyurethane)
USPIO size control through microwave nonaqueous sol-gel method for neoangiogenesis T2 MRI contrast agent
Proton Transport in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Membrane: An Illumitating Paradox
Electrospinning a versatile tool for designing hybrid proton conductive membrane
Monofunctional or Multifunctional Urethane Acrylate Oligomers Without Isocyanate
Multi-phosphonic acid poly(ethylene glycol) coated iron oxide
PEG Phosphonic- Biomimetic Apatite Nanoparticles
Hindered Glymes for Graphite-Compatible Electrolytes
Phosphonate PEG Copolymers to control the USPIO stealthiness
Epoxy thermosets from the lignin to vanillin process
Syntheses of epoxyurethane polymers from isocyanate free oligo-polyhydroxyurethane
Corrosion protection of carbon steel by special phosphonic acid nano-layers
Corrosion Processes Controlled by Phosphonic Acid Nano-layers
Turning Commercial Ceramic Membranes into a First Stage of Membranes for Post-Combustion CO2 Separation
Proton Diffusion Coefficient in Electrospun Hybrid Membranes by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Recent advances in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for in vitro and in vivo cancer nanotheranostics
Novel concept for the preparation of gas selective nanocomposite membranes
Batterie Lithium - Solid Polymer Electrolye with grafted PEG silanes nanoparticles
Improving the flame retardancy of flax fabrics by radiation grafting of phosphorus compounds
How to explain low molar masses in PolyHydroxyUrethanes
Investigation of the alumina nanoparticle role in the enhancement of the mechanical properties of polyamide/polycarbonate blends
Non Isocyanate Polyurethans foams
Luminescent nanoparticles stabilized by phosphonic PEG (SP1P-1-001)
Drug release from betacyclodextrin acrylics
Vanillin, a promising biobased building-block for monomer synthesis
Thiol-ene coupling: An efficient tool for the synthesis of new biobased aliphatic amines for epoxy curing
Organic–inorganic hybrid materials designed by controlled radical polymerization and mediated using commercial dual functional organophosphorous coupling agents
Thermosensitive polymer Enhanced Filtration (TEF) process : An innovative process for heavy metals removal and recovery from industrial wastewaters
Free radical polymerization study of glycerin carbonate methacrylate for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate functionalized polymers
Use of a new crosslinking method to obtain semi-IPN membranes with phosphonic acid groups for a PEMFC application
Thermosensitive polyacrylamide-based copolymers
Silano-Phosphonate Modified TiO2
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Atom transfer radical polymerization of dimethyl(methacryloyloxymethyl) phosphonate
Synthesis of Non-Isocyanate Polurethanes
Plasma-polymerized phosphonic acid-based membranes for fuel cell
Use of Py-GC/MS and PCFC to characterize the surface modification of flax fibres.
Sorption properties of a new thermosensitive copolymeric sorbent bearing phosphonic acid moieties in multi-component solution of cationic species
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Theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding the effect of phosphonate groups on the thermal degradation for two chemically modified PMMA
Improvement of corrosion protection of steel by incorporation of a new phosphonated fatty acid in a phosphorus-containing polymer coating obtained by UV curing
Removal of metal ions from aqueous efuents involving new thermosensitive polymeric sorbent
Recent advances in the development of non-isocyanate polyurethanes based on cyclic carbonates
Patent : Carbonate group comprising terpene-derived monomers for production of isocyanate-free polyurethanes
Sorption properties of a new thermosensitive copolymeric sorbent bearing phosphonic acid moieties in multi-component solutionof cationic species.
Phosphonated Oligoallylamine. Synthesis, Characterization in water and Development of layers by Layer Assembly.
Removal of nickel ions from aqueous solution by low energy-consuming sorption process involving thermosensitive copolymers with phosphonic acid groups
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JFC Preface
New Fluorinated Surfactants based on Vinylidene fluoride telomers
Fluorinated alkyl phosphonic acid SAMs replace PEDOT:PSS in polymer semiconductor devices
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Synthesis of new polyester polyols from epoxidized vegetable oils and biobased acids
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text: Tech Talk: Smartphone Sprayer Calibration April 2, 2013 09:25 PM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Dino Giacomazzi Farm Journal's Milk Contributer Email **Extended comments highlighted in blue. When people ask me what I do for a living I tell them I am a dairy farmer. I think this is a fitting job description because in addition to caring for dairy cows, we also grow a lot of their feed. We do all of our own field work, which includes spraying corn, wheat, & alfalfa. I am the farm manger and responsible for ensuring the spray equipment is operating properly and is calibrated. I use my smartphone to calibrate the spray rig. Bonus Content More apps SpraySelect by Teejet Bubble Clinometer First I enter the prescription from my PCA into an excel spreadsheet that tells us how much water and chemicals to include in the tank. In this example we will spray Roundup at 32 oz/acre in 15 gallons of water. Before calibrating the sprayer, I need to determine the gallons per minute flow rate of each nozzle at the target rate. For this I use the SpraySelect app by TeeJet. I input the target speed (6.5 mph), nozzle spacing (20"), and gallons per acre (15). On the next page I select my spray tip. The app returns the calibration data, which is .33 GPM per nozzle at 48 PSI. After checking for leaks and that everything is working correctly we adjust the spray pressure to 48 PSI. Next I find my measuring cup and pull out my phone. Using the built-in calculator app I convert gallons to ounces because the cup measures in ounces. I enter .33 (Gallons) into the calculator and use Unit Conversion feature to get 42.24 ounces. I usually divide this number by 4 to get 10.56 OZ/15 seconds. This way I can get a rough idea of the calibration in a short time. Once you have checked several nozzles at 15 seconds do at least one nozzle for one minute to ensure your rate is accurate. Next I switch to the Clock app and use the Stopwatch feature to time the collection of water for 15 seconds. If after 15 seconds the cup contains 10.56 OZ of water, we are calibrated and ready to go. But before I go I switch my phone over to the Bubble Level app to ensure the three-point boom is level front to back. Once that is done, we are ready to fill tank and go spray. At this point, the driver uses the iPad to check the spreadsheet we created earlier with the Dropbox app and adds the appropriate amount of water and chemicals to the tank. Like many farmers, I have a variable rate sprayer that tells me the flow rate from inside the cab. But I have learned through experience that it is easier to spot nozzle wear using this method. Calibrating to a known speed and pressure gives you a place to fall back to if your variable rate equipment fails (which it often does). You can use the same apps to calibrate for liquid fertilizer applications by including the specific gravity of the fertilizer. For example, if you are applying UN32, set the specific gravity of the liquid to 1.32. You can easily figure out the specific gravity of fertilizer by dividing the weight of the fertilizer by the weight of water. In the example of UN32, it weighs 11.06 lbs/gallon and water weighs 8.6 lbs/gallon, so the math is 11.06/8.34 = 1.32. Entering the proper specific gravity of your liquid fertilizer will help ensure accurate flow rates. Always remember to track your acres applied and gallons used to true up the calibration with real numbers. Back to news