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Gas Sucks - Get Better MileagePosted in How To on April 1, 2013
Guess what? We've got bad news for you. Driving a Jeep built to go off-road is a sure-fire way of getting bad mileage. Why is that? Well it's just a fact of life. If you want to get good fuel mileage there are a few things you can do…but unfortunately, none of them fit too well with any Jeep that actually gets used off-road. First you can drive a small aerodynamic car. Hmm…Yep, most Jeeps are large and have the aerodynamic profile of a brick. Smaller tires with efficient tread patterns and lower rolling resistance can help to increase mileage. Big, heavy, durable, blocky tires with massive treads suck down the dinosaur spirits for sure. Poop! Lightweight cars with lightweight modern chassis are the way to go for efficiency. Even a relatively lightweight XJ with Unitbody construction will have to be stiffened (Read: add weight) to get it to last more than a few years off-road. Two-wheel-drive cars generally get better mileage. Good luck getting a two-wheel-drive Jeep over Hell's Revenge or the Rubicon Trail. Yep, we can't win.
Things only get worse from there when you try to make your Jeep safer, more reliable, and more comfortable. Rollcages add weight, as do spare parts, tools, bigger fuel cells, fancy seats, winches, bigger tires, additional lift, etc. Ugh. Now we feel really sad. Weep. Adding power to your Jeep's engine can sometimes lead to slightly better fuel economy, but not always. So what's a Jeep enthusiast to do? Well, here are a few aftermarket gizmos that we have had luck with, and a few tips and tricks that may also help keep you away from the pump as much as possible. But remember, unless it's free (like checking your tire pressure) or something your Jeep needs anyway (like a tune-up) it'll generally take an unrealistic amount of time to recoup the cash outlay in any increase in fuel economy. Bottom line? You gotta pay to play and unless you wanna trade in your Jeep for an econobox (not likely or advisable) you just gotta get happy with the notion that economy is relative to what you get in return. Till then, good luck and may we suggest looking into selling some blood.
Better Breathing
It's probably not news to you that allowing your Jeep to breathe more freely with a high-flow air intake system or at least a high-performance replacement air filter can yield a slight boost in power and mileage. It makes sense doesn't it? What's best for your Jeep and your Jeep's fuel economy is lots of cool (denser) air. Often times factory air intake systems are compromised for the sake of minimizing air intake noise. Aftermarket intakes forgo the concerns of getting rid of that extra noise for maximum power and efficiency.
Estimated Improvement: 1.0-2.0 mpg
Exhausting All Your Options! Har, Har!
So now we are getting more air into the engine, how about letting it out. That's an old hot rodding trick that can work for your Jeep as long as you don't get carried away with the tubing diameter and kill your exhaust gas velocity, which will decrease cylinder scavenging and can have an adverse effect on power and mileage. Again, these aftermarket systems generally make more noise, but most are not too obnoxious. We have heard the theory that all this extra noise can bring out your inner Mario Andretti and cause lead foot syndrome. That's bad for fuel economy.
Estimated Improvement: 0.5-2.0 mpg
Tune It in Turner
Keeping your Jeep's engine in tune is key to economy. That means maintenance, clean air filters, properly gapped spark plugs, fresh oil, and clean fuel filters and intake/carb/throttle-bodies. According to Editor Hazel, advancing engine timing just a little can often help improve fuel economy, and Trasborg recommends keeping oil off your Jeep's O2 sensors. This will allow them to work more efficiently. Also, O2 sensors can wear out and should be changed if fuel economy suddenly plummets or if the old ones have much more than 100,000 miles on them.
Estimated Improvement: 0.5-4.0 mpg
You Drive Like a Grandma
We hate the term "Jack Rabbit Starts" every time we hear it, but it is descriptive…we'll admit that. If you are constantly flooring your Jeep when the light turns green in some imaginary drag race with the shmo in the car next to you (like us), or if every highway onramp is your own personal runway where you have to reach 88 mph to get back in time (like us), then you will get horrible mileage. But driving like your grandma will save you cash at the pump. Another descriptor we have used is drive like you've got an egg on the dashboard and you don't want it to fall off. Just be ready for a Jeep with Jp stickers to pass you by, sucka! We'll laugh at you—until we have to stop to buy more gas.
Estimated Improvement: 0.5-1.5 mpg
Wench on a Diet
Weight watching is gonna be one of the best ways to improve or regain lost gas mileage. We were able to save about 30 lbs by switching from heavy steel cable and a steel roller fairlead to a synthetic winch rope with an aluminum Hawse fairlead.
Estimated Improvement: N/A
Low-Down, Dirty Sons of a….
…biscuit. We've been saying it for years; generally Jeeps that are low to the ground work better off-road and feel more stable and safe. Bigger, taller Jeeps with huge lifts may look cool (maybe to you), but they do get worse gas mileage because they are pushing more air down the road. Drop that Jeep down and cut some body away to clear those tires instead. Actually, this is sort of in the same vein as adding an air dam to limit under-chassis drag, but immeasurably less goofy and actually something we're down with.
Estimated Improvement: 0.1-0.5 mpg
It's Not the Size That Matters…
It's how you use it. That's what someone said. Bigger wider, heavier, gnarlier tires don't help your Jeep get better mileage. Big tires are cool, but it is possible to have fun with stock size tires too. If your Jeep is your daily driver and you're considering selling it to step into an econobox, you can take the cash you would've spent on big tires and wheels, a fancy lift, and new axle gears and instead buy lockers, a winch, and lots of extra fuel. Jeeps with stock-sized tires are gonna get better mileage and be easier on drivetrain parts. Another option would be to watch tire and wheel weights next time your Jeep needs new shoes. Maybe those gnarly 33x13.50/15 bias-ply tires can wait and instead you can get some 33x10.50R15 radials. Lighter wheels and tires require way less fuel to get up to rolling speed, which can really save at the pump if you do a lot of stop and go driving.
Estimated Improvement: 2.5-4.5 mpg
Synthetic Sinners
Synthetic fluid can help boost mileage just a little if you're able to drop the viscosity of the oil you are using. Thanks to synthetic's superior lubricating and filming qualities you could, for example, go from 15W40 down to 5W30. The lighter-weight oil, coupled with the somewhat slipperier synthetic, will create less drag on the engine's reciprocating components, which frees power and mileage!
Estimated Improvement: 0.1-0.5 mpg
Armor Bad!
Is your Wrangler outfitted with enough trail armor to make some military vehicles look wimpy? That extra weight may keep your sheetmetal straight (not that anyone could see it under all that steel armor) but its adding weight and massively hurting your Jeep's mileage. Man up and take the body damage. An alternative is to look into what a certain part may weigh and see what other options are out there. Aluminum? Yep many parts are now made out of that stuff. Is it cheap? Nope! But it's not that much more cash. Tube? Yep, we saved weight by switching from bulletproof flat steel rocker guards to a set of homemade tubular rocker guards on our TJ. We figure we have saved about 30 lbs over the plate version. Not a ton, but in the long run every little bit helps!
Estimated Improvement: 0.5-0.7 mpg
Hard Headed
Imagine Forest Gump running down the road. Is he: A) Using less energy while running and wearing baggy MC Hammer-style pants and big fat down coat, or B) while wearing a smooth, tight-fitting synthetic track suit? The same is true for your Jeep. A Wrangler with a hard top and hard doors will get better mileage than a Jeep with a soft top a-flappin' and a-poppin' in the breeze.
Estimated Improvement: 1.0-1.7 mpg
Bugs in Your Grille
Often a Jeep with smaller grille, for example an XJ rather than Wrangler, can get better mileage. Again, this is because of aerodynamics. Big, flat sheets of metal with seven slots cut in them are less aerodynamic than smaller sheets of metal with seven slots cut in them while hurtling down the highway. But other than buying an XJ for your commuter there's really nothing you can do about that…so why the hell are we even talking about this here. San Dimas High School football rules!
Estimated Improvement: N/A
Take Off Your Top!
It's no secret everyone likes going topless. It lets those amazing wonderful parts of your body tingle in the passing wind. Hello! Honestly, not to be the bearers of bad news, but running any top verses no top at all on your Jeep will help you get better gas mileage. It cuts down on turbulence and helps improve the aerodynamics of your already horribly non-aerodynamic Jeep. So if you normally run with no top at all or just a bikini top, tossing on the ol' soft top for those longer freeway trips can increase your aerodynamic profile.
Estimated Improvement: 0.5-1.0 mpg
Damn You Air, Damn You!
One way to increase fuel economy is to cut down on turbulence. Just in case you had not noticed there are lots of bumps, bits, widgets, frammises, and humps hanging out the underside of your Jeep. If you could, and honestly you probably won't want to, you could add smooth body fairings to the belly of your Jeep, or add one of those fancy front air dams like on the import-tuner at the stop light next to you. These parts will reduce under-chassis air turbulence and drag and increase fuel economy. Plus think how rad your Jeep will look until you go wheeling again and break all that dam stuff off.
Estimated Improvement: 0-0.5 mpg
Seven Other Ways To Save Fuel:
1. Leave that Hi-Lift jack at home when you are driving the Jeep to work. If you use your Jeep for commuting dress it down for the weekday.
2. Look into a set of smaller, lower rolling resistance tires with lightweight wheels and get good at swapping them out. Pull that winch off. Ditch that rack with cooler and gas cans.
3. Carry an air compressor or CO2 tank and a plug kit rather than a spare tire and wheel and pray you don't cut a huge gash in your sidewall.
4. Have beadlocks and on-board air? Bring a plug kit and a spare tire minus the wheel.
5. Attach a block of wood to the back of your throttle pedal. If you can only press the pedal half way you should get better mileage. Just don't forget it's there and pull out in front of that angry Mack truck.
6. Use the overdrive gear on the highway. If your tires are too big and Fifth gear doesn't work it's time to consider new axle gears.
7. Lastly, and we are not sure why we are suggesting this cause it means we will probably have to test it out, check with your local law enforcement and see if it's legally okay to ditch the windshield on your topless Jeep for some goggles or sunglasses. We bet your gas mileage will go up.


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I've never been one to get too passionate about politics. I tend to see both sides of an issue most of the time. Of course I have my opinions, but typically, I like to hear what both sides of the political spectrum have to say before making up my mind.
But since becoming a mom, I've noticed myself having a stronger reaction to certain topics.
For instance – take Prop. 37, a mandatory labeling of genetically-engineered food initiative. Ever since my son started solid foods, I've been curious about the foods he's consuming. Pre-baby, I'd briefly glance at food packaging while grocery shopping, but now I find myself taking a closer look before adding something to my cart. So of course my ears perked up when I started hearing the chatter about this particular proposition.
Then there's Prop. 35, an increase in human trafficking penalties. Learning more about this proposition has been eye-opening for me; it's hard to believe that human trafficking still occurs in our country, let alone in our state.
There's something about parenthood that makes politics a little more relatable. I now understand that the decisions I make today will affect the future of my son and even his children, someday. It's no longer just about what I want and believe. Sure, it takes time to read about the issues on the ballot in order to make an educated decision. As a new parent, finding this time has been difficult. And plowing through the piles of political fliers and mudslinging that arrives in my mailbox each day can be exasperating. But ultimately, I'm honored to have the opportunity to have my voice heard, especially when it comes to topics that affect my family.
To celebrate Election Day and my newfound political awareness, here's a round-up of some cute and humorous political goodies for the family.
For the pets: Whether your pet leans to the left or right, political pet bandanas make a statement. Choose from "Mutt Romney" or "Bark Obama." ($9, Carrabelle on Etsy.com)
For the baby: It's never too early for baby to get involved in politics. From a red, white and blue-striped pacifier to red and blue star leg warmers, there are plenty of chic baby products for Election Day and beyond. Your little babycrat or weepublican is sure to make a statement, especially when celebrating party unity. (Pacifier, $12, Zazzle.com; Leg warmers, $8, Hot Wheels and Fairytales on Etsy.com; Babycrat or Weepublican shirt, $20, The Boutique Mommy on Etsy.com; Let's Be Friends! Creeper or tees, $17-$27, Zazzle.com)
For the kids: Teach your little ones to celebrate the good ol' U.S.A. starting with their wardrobe. From a patriotic twirl skirt to a stars and stripes tie-tee with suspenders, your kiddos will love rockin' this colorful and patriotic fashion. (Skirt, $26, Alex and Ria on Etsy.com; Tee, $18, Couture for Kids on Etsy.com)
* * *
Kristin Chessman is an Orange County-based writer and new mom. She shares her musings about all things baby on OC Moms, the Orange County Register's parenting section. Follow Kristin on Twitter @KristinChessman.


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It's 8 p.m. and after a long day at the office, Nadia Espinosa is in front of her computer, baby son on her lap, immersed in class — virtually. As a working single mother, 27-year-old Espinosa felt the only way she could get her paralegal certification was to find an online program that accommodated her busy schedule.
For working professionals, going back to school used to mean dashing from office to classroom. Now, the explosion of online education opportunities has made it easier for Espinosa and others to juggle their jobs and school. Colleges are pushing Web courses and online degrees for people who want to take their careers to the next level without stepping foot on campus. Today, 7 in 10 public and for-profit colleges are offering full online academic programs, as are nearly half of private nonprofit colleges.
As schools boost their online offerings, there are new options for working adults who want to add a career skill. The 2012 Survey of Online Learning reveals that the number of students taking at least one online course has now surpassed 6.7 million; 60 percent of those online degree seekers are employed full time.
But getting a degree online is not as easy as you might think. The rate of those who fail or give up is significant — as much as 30 percent higher than among on-campus students, in some cases.
"Students want the flexibility, but some of them don't realize how rigorous the courses can be," said Joyce Elam, dean of University College, home of Florida International University's online learning.
Working adults like Vedner Guerrier are experiencing the challenge. Guerrier, a 37-year-old director of oncology services at Memorial Hospital West, started online classes three weeks ago with the goal of earning his health care MBA from FIU. Already, Guerrier has discovered time management and discipline are critical. On lunch breaks and after work, he reads for his two classes and works on assignments. During the week, he has scheduled virtual project meetings with his classmates.
Fall behind and you're doomed, he said. "I don't foresee a disorganized person passing these classes. You cannot procrastinate because things move quickly."
Along with discipline and time management skills, Karen Southall Watts, a business coach and author who has taught online courses, said success requires internal motivation and full awareness of your goal. In most programs, no one takes attendance, and students take the initiative to watch a lecture in real time or participate in online discussions.
"It's a lot different than when you are physically going to class and socializing." She also cautions that some adult students want to finish education as quickly as possible and overload their schedule, creating a no-win situation.
Some of the school recognize the obstacles, and are beefing up online degree programs with 24/7 technical support, reference librarians and virtual tutors. At FIU, Elam said students now work with "success coaches" who check in on progress and pair them with online tutoring when necessary. "Our online degree program is growing and getting better."
Working professionals say there's another challenge, too, in completing an online degree: cost.
Top schools often offer massive open online courses, or MOOCs, for free. But in many cases, an online undergraduate or graduate course for degree-seeking students is actually more expensive than a comparable on-campus course. A U.S. News analysis of about 300 ranked programs at public universities shows the average per credit, in-state cost for an online bachelor's program is $277, compared with $243 per credit at brick-and-mortar schools.
Isabel Chavez said she spent about $50,000 to earn an online master's in mental health counseling from Nova Southeastern University, a private school about 60 miles from her home in Boca Raton, Fla. It was the only way she could have juggled school, young children and a catering business, she said. "The experience was wonderful."
But she advises weighing the cost carefully. "I don't think people are being educated on the reality of student loans and how much they have to pay back on a monthly basis. If people really thought through what they were going to do with their online degree before getting into debt, they might reconsider," she said.
Chavez, who graduated in December 2011, said for her, it was necessary debt to accomplish her goal of becoming a life coach, or to work in Florida as a therapist. She now has her own business, LifeUP Coaching. "Having the degree gives me a lot more credibility with my target demographic."
Southall Watts, the author, said budgeting — knowing how you're going to pay for classes and how your degree will pay off — will help you stay motivated in an online program. "You have to seriously think through where you are, where you want to be and what your resources are to pay for your back-to-school experience."
Mohamed Abdalla said he has carefully thought through his educational plan. He works at Lynn University in admissions and uses his spare time to earn an MBA degree from the private college in Boca Raton. He began the program in January and plans to use the knowledge learned in the MBA program to run a private aviation fueling business.
Abdalla, 24, has found the only way he could complete his MBA degree in a reasonable time frame would be combining brick-and-mortar classes with online learning. So far, he finds online classes more conducive to balancing academic and job commitments and has just taken two eight-week courses in a row.
"I can sit home or on a plane or in a hotel and have the ability to do my classwork."
Abdalla said he was reluctant, at first. "I felt like students who took online courses got lost." Instead, he has found professors extremely responsive, usually answering questions by email within a few hours.
Espinosa, a legal administrator with Zarco Einhorn Salkowski & Brito in Miami, said she too enjoys the unexpected interaction with teachers via an Internet portal; in her case, all are Miami-Dade Circuit Court judges. "I feel like it's worth my time because they do get to know your work and your name."
As schools offer more online learning options, businesses are beginning to see the benefits, too. Law firms, technology companies and others are offering more of their training and continuing education courses virtually. Paul Berkowitz, a shareholder with Greenberg Traurig, said he participates in at least one online course every few weeks that the firm offers — some are live, others replayed. "It allows me to keep up with new issues and aspects of law."
As technology evolves, he said, his company has improved its offerings to make some courses more interactive. The firm now offers an average of four training webinars a week nationally and saw nearly a 40 percent jump in attendance in 2012.
Elam said she is bullish on the growth of online education — particularly for mid-career professionals. "You do need little bit of maturity. It really is more successful for working professionals that have some experience in balancing different demands on their time."


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CALGARY, ALBERTA--(Marketwired - July 10, 2013) - The Board of Directors of Canadian Utilities Limited has declared the following quarterly dividends.
These dividends are eligible dividends within the meaning of the Income Tax Act (Canada).
Canadian Utilities Limited, an ATCO company, has a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) available to eligible holders of Class A non-voting shares and Class B common shares. Eligible shareholders may reinvest the cash dividends paid on their common shares to purchase new Class A non-voting shares from treasury at a two percent discount to the volume weighted average price as defined in the DRIP. For more information visit: www.canadianutilities.com or the Canadian Stock Transfer Company Inc. website at www.canstockta.com.
ATCO Ltd., as controlling shareholder of Canadian Utilities, intends to participate in the DRIP to maintain its controlling interest in the company.
Canadian Utilities Limited, an ATCO company, with more than 7,100 employees and assets of approximately $14 billion, delivers service excellence and innovative business solutions worldwide with leading companies engaged in utilities (pipelines, natural gas and electricity transmission and distribution), energy (power generation, natural gas gathering, processing, storage and liquids extraction) and technologies (business systems solutions). More information can be found at www.canadianutilities.com.
Forward-Looking Information:
Certain statements contained in this news release may constitute forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are often, but not always, identified by the use of words such as "anticipate", "plan", "expect", "may", "will", "intend", "should", and similar expressions. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements. The Corporation believes that the expectations reflected in the forward- looking statements are reasonable, but no assurance can be given that these expectations will prove to be correct and such forward-looking statements should not be unduly relied upon.
The Corporation's actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of regulatory decisions, competitive factors in the industries in which the Corporation operates, prevailing economic conditions, and other factors, many of which are beyond the control of the Corporation.
The forward-looking statements contained in this news release represent the Corporation's expectations as of the date hereof, and are subject to change after such date. The Corporation disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required under applicable securities regulations.


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I am an adult over the age of 18 years of age, and I agree that I will not allow any minor, as so defined in my jurisdiction, to view, write or read the contents of this web site.
Further, I understand that this web site is devoted to various lifestyles relating to sex and sexual activity which MAY BE FOUND TO BE OFFENSIVE. If this web site is in violation of your National, Federal, State, or Local laws of the jurisdiction in which you are viewing this web site, you must now exit by clicking the Exit button. If you fail to exit and are determined to proceed, you now understand that you hereby certify, state and acknowledge to all, that you are familiar with the laws pertaining to the viewing of sexually explicit material in your community and jurisdiction and that you are of legal age to view this type of material and furthermore, that you agree to all the terms stated above. ONLY if you AGREE to these Terms and Conditions may you click on the "Enter" button.
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Please See CPSC Addendum's to these Documents
B-90C Addendum As required by CPSC for helmets worn by children ages 4 years and below.
This document modifies and expands the Foundation's 1990 Standard for Protective Headgear for Use with Bicycles. It imposes additional tests for bicyclist headgear which were not included in the original publication. It also waives certain procedures specified in the original publication and substitutes new procedures in their place. As of the effective dates given below, headgear certified to the 1990 Standard for Protective Headgear for Use with Bicycles must meet all the requirements imposed in this augmented document.
This Augmented 1990 Standard will be made effective as follows:
1. As of June 1, 1998, all headgear submitted for Certification to the 1990 bicycle helmet standard will be tested according to the Augmented Standard.
2. As of December 31, 1998, all Snell B-90 labeled production of headgear not explicitly certified by the Foundation to the requirements of the Augmented Standard must cease.
The Foundation's certification of a particular helmet model to the requirements of this Augmented Standard will signify the Foundation's support that the model meets all the performance requirements of the CPSC bicycle helmet standard. However, CPSC also imposes packaging and informational requirements over and above those of this augmented standard.
If written assurance is provided that headgear duly Snell certified and labeled to the augmented standard will also satisfy the additional packaging and informational requirements, the Foundation will authorize labeling, packaging and advertising confirming the Foundation's findings that the product indeed "Complies with CPSC Safety Standard for Bicycle Helmets for Persons Age 5 and Older."
Special Note to Helmet Users
There are four reasons for you to be interested in this Standard:
1. Bicycling imposes risks of death or permanent impairment due to head injury.
2. The proper use of protective helmets can minimize the risk of death or permanent impairment.
3. The protective capacity of a helmet is difficult to measure, particularly at the time of purchase or use.
4. Snell certification backed by ongoing random sample testing identifies those helmet models providing and maintaining the highest levels of head protection.
There are at least four critical elements affecting a helmet's protective properties:
1. Impact management - how well the helmet protects against collisions with large objects.
2. Helmet positional stability - whether the helmet will be in place, on the head, when it's needed.
3. Retention system strength - whether the chinstraps are sufficiently strong to hold the helmet throughout a head impact.
4. Extent of Protection - the area of the head protected by the helmet.
This Standard describes simple tests for all four of these items. However, the tests for the second item, helmet stability, of necessity presume that the helmet is well matched to the wearer's head and that it has been carefully adjusted to obtain the best fit possible. Unless you take similar care in the selection and fitting of your own helmet, you may not obtain the level of protection that current headgear can provide.
The Foundation recommends the simple, straightforward procedure recommended to consumers by most helmet manufacturers:
Position the helmet on your head so that it sits low on your forehead; if you can't see the edge of the brim at the extreme upper range of your vision, the helmet is probably out of place. Adjust the chinstraps so that, when buckled, they hold the helmet firmly in place. This positioning and adjusting should be repeated to obtain the very best result possible. The procedure initially may be time consuming. Take the time.
Try to remove the helmet without undoing the chinstrap. If the helmet comes off or shifts over your eyes, readjust and try again. If no adjustment seems to work, this helmet is not for you; try another.
This procedure is also the basis of the test for helmet stability described in this Standard. This test performs the same steps but uses standard headforms.
However, you must still perform this procedure for yourself when buying a helmet and every time you wear a helmet. Only in this way will you be able to make all the proper adjustments in pads and strapping to get the best fit possible. Furthermore, your test on your own head will be an improvement on ours; you will determine whether the helmet is appropriate for you personally.
There are several other important aspects of helmets to consider. Bright colors and reflective patches will make you more visible to others and therefore less likely to be involved in a collision.
In a bicycle accident, the rider may suffer injury or death(1). Helmets on the market today offer varying degrees of protection, but the consumer has little basis for judging the relative effectiveness of a given model. This Standard presents a rational means for differentiating between helmets which meet specified standards for impact protection and retention system effectiveness and those which do not.
The Snell Foundation urges that protective helmets be required for all individuals participating in supervised racing events and encourages the general public to wear helmets which meet appropriate performance standards(2).
This 1990 Augmented Standard establishes performance characteristics suitable for bicycling. This Standard does not establish construction and material specifications. The Foundation does not recommend specific materials or designs. Manufacturers submit helmets to be tested under this Standard and if the submitted helmets pass, a certification is issued.
The Foundation will make available the identity of those products which have been Snell certified but will not attempt to rank those products according to performance or to any other criteria. Neither does the Foundation distinguish between the needs of participants in competitive bicycling events and those of the general public.
All of the requirements described herein, including both initial certification and random sample testing, are an integral part of this Standard. No helmet can satisfy the Standard unless it is subject to both certification and random sample testing by the Foundation.
Snell certification for protective headgear requires a specific contractual agreement between the primary headgear manufacturer and the Foundation. Certification procedures may be obtained upon application to the Foundation.
SNELL MEMORIAL FOUNDATION is a registered certification mark and B-90 is a certification mark of the Snell Memorial Foundation.
This Standard addresses the problem of protecting the head from direct impact with various shapes of surfaces that may be encountered in a bicycling accident. The Standard prescribes direct measures of several factors bearing on a helmet's ability to protect the head as well as its general serviceability as bicyclist headgear. Thus, this Standard is directed towards the kinds of performance bearing on head protection that may not readily be discernible by even knowledgeable consumers at the time of purchase.
Some of these performance requirements have been expressed in terms of limitations on the various components and features of the single general helmet configuration currently available. These expressions have been used only for the sake of clarity and should not be misinterpreted as requiring specific configurations or materials. As newer helmet technologies appear, these limitations will be re-examined and, perhaps, restated.
A bicycle helmet consists generally of a rigid head covering and a retention system composed of flexible straps and hardware. The rigid covering protects the head from direct impact by its capacity to manage impact energy and also by its capacity to spread a concentrated load at its outer surface over a larger area of the wearer's head.
The retention system holds the headgear in position throughout normal usage and especially during falls and accidents. This Standard applies two different tests to the retention system. The first of these tests for stability by fitting the headgear to a standard headform and then attempting to displace it by applying tangential shock loads. The second tests retention system strength by applying a shock load to the system components through a simulated chin.
The quality of the fit and the care taken with the adjustments are absolutely critical elements in these tests. The manufacturer must provide suitable guidance so that the wearer will be able to select and adjust headgear to obtain the necessary quality of fit and positional stability.
The capacity for impact protection is determined by direct measurement of the shock delivered through the helmet to a headform when the helmeted headform is dropped in a specified manner onto any of three unyielding anvils.
Most bicycle helmets are intended to accommodate a range of head sizes and shapes. Various thicknesses of resilient lining material may be placed within otherwise identical helmets during production to configure the fit to several different ranges of head size. This resilient padding does not significantly affect the way the helmet absorbs and attenuates impact and is not directly addressed in this Standard.
Other general features of bicycle helmets may include eyeshades, bright colors and reflective surfaces. These features all deal with matters of safety and comfort that are not directly addressed in this Standard but which merit the consideration of wearers as well as manufacturers.
Although bicycle helmet use has been shown to reduce head injuries significantly, there are limits to a helmet's protective capability. No helmet can protect the wearer against all foreseeable accidents. Therefore, injury, death or permanent impairment may occur in accidents which exceed the protective capability of any helmet including even those helmets meeting the requirements of this Standard.
A helmet's protective capability may be exhausted in an accident. Helmets are constructed so that the energy of a blow is managed by the helmet, which may cause its partial or total destruction. Because the damage may not be readily apparent, the Foundation strongly recommends that a helmet impacted in an accident be returned to the manufacturer for complete inspection. If it is not possible to do so, the helmet should always be destroyed and replaced.
Finally, the protective capability may diminish over time. Some helmets are made of materials which deteriorate with age and therefore have a limited life span. At the present time, the Foundation recommends that bicycle helmets be replaced after five (5) years, or less if the manufacturer so recommends.
A. General
The assembled helmet shall have smooth external and internal surfaces. Any feature projecting more than 5 mm beyond the outer surface must readily break away; all other projections on the outer surface shall be smoothly faired and offer minimal frictional resistance to tangential impact forces. There shall be no fixture on the inner surface projecting more than 2 mm into the helmet interior. The helmet shall provide as nearly uniform impact protection over the entire protected area as is practicable.
If the absence of any detachable component of the helmet does not prevent its being worn, then this absence must not compromise either the retention system or the impact protection. If any part of the helmet detaches during testing, it must offer no laceration or puncture hazard nor reduce the area of coverage of the head.
If the manufacturer provides add-ons such as visors, face shields and neck curtains with the helmet, these add-ons must neither lessen the protective capability of the basic helmet nor create a direct hazard for the wearer.
B. Materials
Ideally, materials used in the manufacture of the helmet should be of durable quality and not be harmed by exposure to sun, rain, dust, vibration, sweat or products applied to the skin or hair. Similarly, the materials should not degrade due to temperature extremes likely to be encountered in routine storage or transportation.
Materials which are known to cause skin irritation or are conducive to disease shall not be used for the parts which contact the skin. Materials that support the growth of fungi or algae shall not be used. Lining materials, if used, may be detachable for the purpose of washing.
C. Finish
All edges of the helmet shall be smoothed and rounded with no metallic parts or other rigid projections on the inside of the shell that might injure the wearer's head in the event of impact.
D. Retention System
The retention system shall be designed so as to discourage misuse. That is, of all the ways in which the retention system might be used, the design use shall be the simplest and quickest to implement. Helmets shall not be fitted with "non-essential" features which, if misused, can degrade the performance. Quick release buckles, if used, shall not be able to be released inadvertently.
E. Peripheral Vision
The helmet shall provide peripheral visual clearance. This clearance is defined using a reference headform appropriate to the size of the helmet and corresponds to a visual field of at least 110 to the right and to the left of straight ahead.
For qualification testing, helmets shall be in the same condition as those offered for sale. No helmet or component which has been subjected to any tests described in this Standard shall be offered for sale after testing. A total of six (6) complete helmets must be submitted by the manufacturer for a certification test program for each size of this model offered for sale. Five of these samples will be destroyed in testing; the sixth shall be retained for comparison and reference.
Cosmetic changes to certified headgear are permissible. Such changes are generally limited to marking or trimming the headgear with manufacturer approved paint or tape.
Otherwise, modification of certified headgear creates new headgear which will not have the confidence and certification of the Foundation until samples have been submitted and evaluated. Manufacturers must not place the Foundation's certification label in any modified headgear for which they have not received written permission.
After-market modifiers of such certified headgear should be aware that any structural modification may adversely affect a helmet's protective capability and therefore invalidate the certification.
In addition to the certification testing, the Foundation will routinely obtain and test samples of previously certified models. These samples will be selected from among those stocks intended for retail sale to consumers. In this manner, the Foundation will attempt to ensure that the helmets made available to the public continue to meet the performance requirements of this Standard.
In cases where helmets are provided directly
to users and do not pass through a normal sales distribution system, the
Foundation will set up alternative procedures to monitor certified products.
Specifically, if helmets are provided directly to teams or individuals
for use in organized events, the Foundation must have access to the helmets
for spot checking and non-destructive evaluation.
Each helmet shall have durable, visible and legible labeling identifying the manufacturer, the month and year of manufacture, the model and the size. Labeling shall be uncoded and either in English or a language common to the area where the helmets are to be distributed. The headgear shall also be labeled to the following effect:
1. Certified for bicycle use only.
2. No helmet can protect the wearer against all foreseeable impacts. However, for maximum protection, the helmet must be of good fit and all retention straps must be securely fastened to retain the helmet. The helmet, when fitted and fastened, shall not be removed easily.
3. This helmet is so constructed that the energy of an impact may be absorbed through its partial destruction, though damage may not be visible. If it suffers an impact, it must either be returned to the manufacturer for inspection or be destroyed and replaced.
If any of the helmet components are sensitive to common solvents, adhesives, paints or cleansers; the helmet must also bear labels to the following effect:
4. This helmet can be seriously damaged by some common substances without visible damage. Apply only the following: (Recommended cleaning agents, paints, adhesives and the like) as appropriate.
The foregoing items 1 through 4 must be preceded by the signal word "WARNING" or, if the items are not expressed in English, the most appropriate translation of "WARNING." Only a single signal word is required if more than one of these items are included on a single label but each label containing any of these items must include the signal word. The signal word shall be all in capital letters, bold print, and a type size equal to or greater than the other text on the label.
Each helmet shall also include one of the Foundation's serialized certification labels. The Snell certification label shall be placed either inside or on the outside of the helmet, as appropriate, in such a way that it cannot be removed intact.
The registered trademark (certification label) of the Snell Memorial Foundation may be used by the manufacturer only under license from the Snell Memorial Foundation. The specifics of licensure may be obtained from the Foundation.
Helmets may be submitted for certification testing without the required labeling. If the helmet meets all but the labeling portions of the standard, it may be accepted with the understanding that units distributed for sale will include all the required labels.
The extent of protection corresponds to that region of the head for which protection is sought. This region is defined according to the geometry of five reference headforms: 'A', 'E', 'J', 'M' and 'O' which are described in International Standards Organization (ISO) Draft Standard ISO DIS 6220-1983.
There are a number of planes fixed in the geometry of these headforms as shown in Figure 1. This description of the extent of protection uses the ISO definitions of the basic plane, the longitudinal plane, the transverse plane and the reference plane. Since the reference plane used in conjunction with earlier Snell Standards does not correspond at all to the definition for the ISO reference plane, a new C0 plane has been defined. Other planes have also been defined strictly for convenience and clarity.
The basic plane corresponds to the anatomical plane (Frankfort plane) that includes the auditory meatuses and the inferior orbital rims. The longitudinal or midsagittal plane is perpendicular to the basic plane and is the plane of symmetry dividing the right half of the headform from the left. The transverse or coronal plane is perpendicular to both the longitudinal and basic planes. It corresponds to the anatomical plane that contains the two auditory meatuses and divides the front from the rear portions of the head. The reference plane is parallel to the basic plane and lies above it at a distance determined by the size of the headform: 24 mm, 26 mm, 27.5 mm, 29 mm and 30 mm for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively.
The following entities have been defined purely for the purposes of this Standard. The reference point is the point on the front of the headform at which the reference and longitudinal planes intersect. The C0 plane is parallel to the reference plane and lies above it at a distance determined by the size of the headform: 23 mm, 24 mm, 26 mm, 26 mm and 27 mm for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively.
The C1 plane is parallel to the reference plane and lies above it at a distance of 13 mm regardless of headform size. The C2 plane divides the back of the head from the front and middle portions. It is parallel to the transverse plane and lies at a given distance behind the reference point. This distance is determined by the size of the headform: 122 mm, 132 mm, 140 mm, 146 mm and 150 mm for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively. The extent of protection provided by the helmet must include the entire region above the C0 plane and forward of the C2 plane, and the entire region above the C1 plane and behind the C2 plane. (See Figure 2.)
A. Helmet Positioning
Each helmet will be positioned on the appropriate headforms for testing according to the helmet positioning indices specified. If the manufacturer fails to provide positioning information with certification samples, the helmets will be positioned according to the best judgment of the Foundation's technical personnel. If the helmets meet certification requirements, the helmet positioning indices will be those used in all future testing.
These helmet positioning indices represent distances on the headform measured from the basic plane along the intersection with the longitudinal plane to the lower edge of the helmet or the upper edge of the helmet face port as appropriate.
Helmet positioning indices will be assigned for all headform sizes appropriate to the headgear. Each headgear could conceivably require four helmet positioning indices, one each for the 'A', 'E', 'J', 'M' and 'O' headforms.
B. Inspection
Each helmet will be inspected for the required labels and for compliance with the general limitations made on structure. The weight and descriptive comments will be recorded for comparison with other samples of the same make and model.
Some helmets may incorporate innovations and other features not anticipated by this Standard but which raise concerns about the safety and effectiveness of the headgear. These will be referred to members of the Foundation's Board of Directors for evaluation. Any feature found to reduce the protective capacity of the headgear, whether explicitly mentioned in this Standard or not, will be a cause for rejection.
C. Marking
The helmet is positioned upon the largest appropriate ISO headform and held in place with an applied force of 50 newtons (11.25 lbs). The intersections of the shell with the various defined planes are then traced onto the outer surface of the helmet as described below.
The level of the C0 plane is marked on that portion of the helmet in front of the C2 plane. The level of the C1 plane is marked on that portion lying behind the C2 plane. Finally, line segments along the C2 plane are marked to join the C0 and C1 planes.
These lines enclose the top of the helmet and are the boundary of the extent of protection. The helmet may be designed so portions of the extent of protection fall outside or below the edges of the helmet; this shall not be a cause for rejection.
A test line shall be drawn within this extent of protection so that it is 15 mm from the closest point on the boundary. (See Figure 2) If the extent of protection lies below the edge of the helmet, the test line will be drawn 15 mm from an imaginary boundary inferred from a best approximation to a continuation of the helmet's external surface.
If identical helmets are to be configured with different thickness' of comfort padding to accommodate different ranges of head size, the extent of protection marked on the test samples shall include the extent of protection for each different configuration as marked on the largest headform appropriate for each. That is: the helmet must meet all the requirements of this Standard in each of the intended configurations.
D. Peripheral Vision
The clearance for peripheral vision will be checked by positioning the helmet on each appropriate ISO headform and holding it in place with a force of 50 newtons. The visual clearance is the solid angle bounded by the reference plane, the Basic plane and two more planes that are perpendicular to the reference plane and that contain the point on the front of the headform where the longitudinal and reference planes intersect. One of these two planes forms an angle of 110 with the longitudinal plane and lies to the left of the headform. The other forms the same angle to the right of the headform. Except for removable bills or eyeshades, no part of the helmet must intrude into the solid angle contained by these four planes.
E. Performance Testing
The performance testing first subjects helmets to a dynamic test of retention system strength or to a test for positional stability. The helmets are then subjected to several impact management tests. These tests are conducted upon helmet samples either kept under laboratory ambient temperature and humidity or that have been conditioned in one of three environments simulating some of the conditions in which the helmet might reasonably be expected to be used. In certification testing, the first of the five samples is kept at laboratory ambient temperature and humidity and allowed to come to equilibrium. It is subjected to the positional stability test and then to the impact management tests. The second, third and fourth samples are conditioned hot, cold and wet, respectively and a fifth sample is conditioned either hot, cold or wet according to the best judgment of the Foundation's technical personnel. The second through the fifth samples are subjected to the dynamic test of the retention system and then to the impact management tests.
In random sample testing, the sample may be at ambient temperature and humidity and subjected to either the test for positional stability or to the dynamic test of the retention system before being tested for impact management. Otherwise, the sample may be conditioned either hot, cold or wet and subjected to the dynamic test of the retention system before being tested for impact management.
E1. Conditioning for Testing
The barometric pressure for all conditioning and testing environments shall be 75 to 110 kPa. The laboratory temperature and relative humidity shall be within 17C to 27C and 20% to 80% respectively. All test samples shall be stabilized within these ambient conditions for at least four hours before further conditioning and testing.
a. Cold. The sample shall be conditioned by being exposed to a temperature of -20 C ± 2 C for a period of not less than four (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours.
b. Heat. The sample shall be conditioned by being exposed to a temperature of 50 C ± 2 C for a period of not less than four (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours.
c. Wet. The sample shall be immersed crown down in potable water at a temperature of 17C to 27C to a crown depth of 305 mm ± 25 mm for a period of not less than four (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours.
All testing of these hot, cold and wet helmets shall begin within two (2) minutes from the time of removal from the conditioning apparatus. The samples shall be returned to the conditioning apparatus between tests.
E2. Positional Stability (Roll-Off)
The test for positional stability shall be applied only to samples kept at ambient laboratory temperature and humidity. The helmet shall not have been subjected to any prior performance testing.
The helmet shall be tested on the smallest appropriate standard full-face headform. The headform shall be supported on a stand so that its vertical axis points downward at an angle of 135 to the direction of gravity. The headform shall be oriented face down. The helmet shall be placed on the headform and adjusted to obtain the best configuration of the retention system. A wire rope shall be hooked to the edge of the helmet at the rear centerline and brought forward so that its free end hangs downward across the top of the helmet. An inertial hammer shall be suspended from the free end of the rope. This inertial hammer shall enable a 4.0 kg ± 50 g mass to be dropped through a 0.6 m guided fall in order to deliver an abrupt shock load to the headgear. The shock load will force the helmet to rotate forward on the headform. The helmet may be shifted but must remain on the headform.
The headform shall be repositioned so that it is facing upward but with the vertical axis still oriented downward at 135 to gravity. The helmet shall be positioned and adjusted to obtain the best configuration of the retention system. The wire rope/inertial hammer shall be hooked to the brow edge of the helmet at the center line so that the rope lies along the centerline and hammer is suspended from the top of the helmet. The shock weight shall be dropped through the 0.6 m guided fall delivering an abrupt shock load forcing the helmet to rotate rearward. The helmet may be shifted but must remain on the headform.
The inertial hammer shall be such that its mass is no more than 5.0 kg including the 4.0 kg shock mass.
E3. Dynamic Test of Retention System
The dynamic test of the retention system may be applied to any sample either kept at ambient temperature and humidity or conditioned hot, cold or wet. However, the sample shall not have been subjected to any prior performance testing.
The helmet shall be placed on a headform in such a manner that the chin strap may be fastened under a device whose upper end approximates the contour of the bony structure of the jaw. The device will then be given a mechanical pre-load followed by a dynamic loading. The retention system fails if it cannot support the mechanical loads or if the maximum deflection during the dynamic load exceeds 30 mm. The retention system also fails if it cannot be easily and quickly unfastened after testing.
a. This chinstrap loading device shall consist of a simulated jaw attached to an inertial hammer. The jaw portion shall consist of two freely spinning metal rollers mounted in a rigid frame. The rollers shall be each 12.7 mm ± 0.5 mm in diameter and separated by 76 mm ± 1 mm on center. The inertial hammer shall be suspended from the frame midway between the rollers and shall permit a mass of 4 kg to be dropped in a guided fall of at least 60 cm to a rigid stop such that the entire shock of the stop shall be delivered through the hammer and frame to the rollers. The mass of this device including the 4 kg drop weight shall be 11 kg ± 0.5 kg.
b. Once the helmet is on the headform and the chinstrap buckled under the rollers, the entire mass of the chinstrap loading device shall be suspended from the chinstrap for at least 60 seconds.
c. A baseline position for the device shall be marked and the 4 kg mass shall then be raised 60 cm and released to fall to the rigid stop. The peak dynamic deflection of the device from the baseline shall be recorded.
E4. Impact management Tests
The impact management tests may be performed on samples kept at ambient temperature and humidity or conditioned hot, cold or wet. Samples may be first subjected to either positional stability testing or the test for retention system strength.
These tests involve a series of controlled impacts in which the helmet is positioned on a test headform. The helmeted headform is then dropped in guided falls onto specified test anvils. The impact site and the impact energy must meet certain requirements in order for the tests to be valid. If in a valid test, the peak acceleration imparted to the headform exceeds 300 G's, the helmet shall be rejected.
If the sample is so constructed that it interferes with the test equipment preventing impacts at sites within the test line, then, at the discretion of the Foundation's technical personnel, parts of the helmet may be cut away to facilitate testing. Every reasonable effort to minimize such cutting will be made. However, there shall be no relaxation of the impact levels or of the test criteria.
E4.1 Impact Management Test Equipment
The test equipment shall consist of at least the following items:
a. The smallest of the headforms appropriate for the helmet sample. This headform shall be of rigid, low resonance metal such as magnesium alloy and shall conform to the 'A', 'E', 'J', 'M' or 'O' geometries specified in ISO DIS 6220-1983.
b. A ball-arm/collar assembly which is fitted to a socket machined into the base of the headform. The ball/socket configuration shall be such that the geometrical center of the ball is located on the central vertical axis of the headform 12.7 mm above the reference plane as described in ISO DIS 6220-1983. The ball-arm/collar assembly shall also include a uniaxial accelerometer fixed firmly into the ball.
c. A headform support assembly rigidly attached to the ball-arm. This support assembly shall be such that it and consequently the headform may be guided in a vertical drop. The weight of the support assembly shall not exceed 25% of the combined weights of the headform, ball-arm, collar and accelerometer. The total mass of the headform/support assembly shall be 5.0 kg ± 0.1 kg.
d. A guidance system such that the headform/support assembly may be guided in vertical drop onto a test anvil. This guidance system may consist of two or more wires or one or more rails. The headform/support - guidance system - test anvil alignment shall be such that:
d1. The drop trajectory shall be a straight line within 3 of vertical and within 5 of the sensitive axis of the uniaxial accelerometer.
d2. The line parallel to the drop trajectory and passing through the center of the headform ball-socket shall pass within 5 mm of the center of the test anvil, within 10 mm of the center of gravity of the headform/support assembly, and within 5 mm of the sensitive element of the uniaxial accelerometer.
e. A rigid anvil mount consisting of a solid mass of at least 135 kg. The upper surface of the anvil mount shall consist of a steel plate with a minimum thickness of 12 mm and a minimum surface area of 0.10 m2.
f. Three test anvils : flat, hemispherical and kerbstone.
f1. The flat anvil shall have a minimum surface area of 0.0127 m2, e.g. 127 mm diameter face. When fixed in position on the anvil mount, the surface shall be perpendicular to the headform trajectory.
f2. The hemispherical anvil shall have a 48 mm ± 0.5 mm radius.
f3. The kerbstone shall have two faces with a dihedral angle of 105, each face shall be oriented at approximately 52.5 to the vertical meeting along a striking edge with a radius of 15 mm ± 0.5 mm, the height shall be not less than 50 mm and the length not less than 200 mm. When in position, the striking edge shall be perpendicular to the headform trajectory.
g. A uniaxial accelerometer. The acceleration data channel must comply with SAE recommended practice J 211 requirements for channel class 1000 with the exception that the frequency response need not include the range from dc to 10 hz which may not be obtainable using certain types of transducers.
h. A velocity measurement device which will yield the velocity of the headform/support assembly within the last 40 mm of travel before impact. The velocity measurements must be accurate to within ±1%.
E4.2 Test Definitions
a. The impact site refers to the portion of the helmet struck during an impact test. It is defined as the point where a line passing through the center of the headform ball and the center of the anvil intersects the outer surface of the helmet at the instant the helmet first touches the anvil.
b. The impact energy is the kinetic energy of the headform/support assembly at the instant of impact. It is defined as the mass of the headform/support assembly times the square of the velocity measurement times one half. The mass of the helmet is ignored in this calculation.
E4.3 Test Impacts
Each sample will be subjected to no more than four test impacts. Test impact sites shall be on or above the test line. Rivets, vents and any other helmet feature within this region shall be valid test sites. Similarly, no allowance shall be made for the cut of the helmet either between the fore and rear planes or at the rear centerline; no matter how closely the edge of the helmet encroaches on the test line. However, if a test impact is centered closer than 120 mm to any previous test impact site on that sample, that impact shall be declared invalid.
There is no restriction regarding test anvil selection except that each anvil shall be used at least once for each helmet sample tested. The impact energies for each test impact are as follows:
a. For each impact against the flat anvil, the impact energy shall be 100 J for all testing regardless of headform size or weight. Given an ideal frictionless mechanical test facility, this impact energy represents a 2.2+ meter drop of a 5 kg headform and supporting assembly.
b. For each impact against the hemispherical anvil, the impact energy shall be 65 J for all testing regardless of headform size or weight. Given an ideal frictionless mechanical test facility, this impact energy represents a 1.3+ meter drop of a 5 kg headform and supporting assembly.
c. For each impact against the kerbstone anvil, the impact energy shall be 58 J for all testing regardless of headform size or weight. Given an ideal frictionless mechanical test facility, this impact energy represents a 1.2 meter drop of a 5 kg headform and supporting assembly.
d. If the impact energy for any test impact exceeds the energy specified by more than 3%, that impact shall be declared invalid.
E4.4 Impact Test Interpretation
The peak acceleration of the headform shall not exceed 300 G's for any valid test impact. Similarly, the helmet's protective structures shall remain intact throughout the testing. If, the Foundation's technical personnel conclude that the headgear has been compromised by breakage, the sample shall be rejected.
If, in certification testing, a sample is found to meet all the test criteria but any two of the impacts were at less than 97% of the impact energy specified, the testing for that sample shall be declared inconclusive and must be repeated. Also, if an invalid impact produces a peak acceleration exceeding 300 G's, the testing for the sample shall be declared inconclusive and must be repeated.
The impact test procedures leave considerable latitude to the helmet tester regarding site and anvil selection. It is expected the tester will orchestrate each test series in order to investigate potential weaknesses and to exercise each likely failure mode.
If at the end of a certification test series, the Foundation's technical personnel conclude that the results obtained in valid impacts are not sufficient to determine whether the helmet model meets the performance requirements of this standard, additional samples may be conditioned and tested. It is expected that all samples submitted will meet all the test requirements.
1. 0Baker, Susan P., et al., Injuries to Bicyclists: A National Perspective (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Injury Prevention Center, 1993).
2. 0The Foundation has also published Standards for headgear used in non-motorized sports, motorcycling, automobile racing, and in equestrian activities. Copies of these Standards are available on request.


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Tuesday December 18, 2007 1:15 pm
Eel Powers Up Tree Lights
Posted by Sheila Franklin Categories: Misc. Tech, Science
An aquarium in Japan lit up their Christmas tree with the help of a fishy friend. It took inventor Kazuhiko Minawa about a month to design the system. Two aluminum panels were placed in the eel's tank as electrodes to harness the power, then cables were attached to them to supply electricity to the tree.
"If we could gather all electric eels from all around the world, we would be able to light up an unimaginably giant Christmas tree," Minawa said.
Funny, we were thinking the same thing and wondering if, after the holidays, we could use one to run some of our home appliances. You can see the slimy fellow in action on MSNBC.
Read More | <3 yen
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Webotopia Business Web Directory (Rating: 2) , Votes:Provides a pay-for-inclusion general business web directory, with a clearly categorised structure, offering 6 links for each express submission.http://www.webotopia.org
Dirmania Web Directory (Rating: 1) , Votes:Business Web Directory of family-friendly and spam-free sites organized by categories. Offering only free listings.http://www.dirmania.org/
Shoppers Top - Online Shopping Directory (Rating: 6) , Votes:A human edited online shopping directory providing list of websites which primarily focuses and allows the consumers to select and obtain goods & services online.http://www.shopperstop.org
Free Web Directory (Rating: 37) , Votes:Free general web directory, human edited, seo-friendly, which lists sites under a large variety of topics and regions.http://www.134u.net/
Ask Premium Directory (Rating: 8) , Votes:Holds reviewed listings off high quality authoritative sites. All listings include large thumbnail and original review. Ask directory offers unique user experience, on fast effective site discovery.http://ask-dir.com/
Online Directory Software Solutions, Mobile Features & Data Services (Rating: 358) , Votes:Software solutions for all types of online directories. New mobile features & data services for your customization needs. Reduce time & development costs.http://www.edirectory.com
Barkev's (Rating: 0) , Votes:Designs and manufactures engagement rings and fine jewelry for customers all across the United States.https://www.barkevs.com/
Biz United Business Directory (Rating: 0) , Votes:Business directory of business resources and services with links to finance, b2b, economy, business, shopping, and webmaster websites.http://www.bizunited.com
Web Directory - LdmStudio (Rating: 12) , Votes:Providea a free web directory organized by categories, offering a search engine, a top sites as well as a newly added section. Listings are updated and checked daily.http://www.directory.ldmstudio.com
Web Design and Web Hosting Directory (Rating: 2) , Votes:Listings for web hosting companies along with graphic and web designers and internet marketing firms. Offering free and sponsored listings.http://www.webhosting-directory.org
Webxperience Web Directory (Rating: 2) , Votes:Offers a searchable, spam-free, human-edited web directory, categorized by topics, featuring express and premium submissions only, by strict editor guidelines.http://www.webxperience.org
Searchnology.com Web Directory (Rating: 10) , Votes:This site features a "living" directory. Every search initiated by a user creates a new directory page comprised of matches for: related internet user searches in order of populariy; websites; ebay auctions; Amazon.com books,music,electronics; Yahoo news; clickBank products.http://www.searchnology.com
WebSkyGuide Directory (Rating: 0) , Votes:Human edited general web directory of quality Internet sites. Features a 24 hour review time. Also offers a search engine.http://www.webskyguide.com
Beautiful Interior Design in Virginia Beach at Willis Furniture (Rating: 3) , Votes:Willis Furniture is a Virginia Beach fine furniture store that offers 100,000 square feet of showrooms, 150 different room settings, a team of in-house designers, and extensive facilities for other local designers to work with clients within Willis' showroom space.http://www.willisfurniture.com/design-services.incCategory: Directory/Shopping/Home & Garden
Alabama Business Directory (Rating: 2) , Votes:Alabama (AL) yellow pages and business directory.http://www.zonealabama.com
Smartlipo Directory: Doctors & Surgeons (Rating: 68) , Votes:Learn about procedures, doctors, comparisons. Find a SmartLipo doctor in your area. Also offers a laser liposuction video library.http://www.smartlipo.comCategory: Directory/Health & Fitness/Beauty
Elegant Web Directory (Rating: 1) , Votes:Searchable directory of family-friendly and spam-free websites organized by subject. Offering paid and sponsored listings.http://www.elegantdirectory.com
Diamond Watches & Fine Jewelry (Rating: 4) , Votes:AquaCrown is the largest stock holder of Aqua Master and G-Unit Brand and Designer Diamond Watches. Aqua Crown has the newest styles of Luxury Diamond Watches, Fine Platinum Jewelry, White and Yellowhttp://www.aquacrown.com
Biz Directory (Rating: 0) , Votes:General human edited business directory. Only quality websites are included.http://bestbizdirectory.com/
Christians Products Links (Rating: 8) , Votes:Business directory for everything Christian. Submit your Church, ministry or Christian business for free, to a top page-ranking Christian business directory.http://www.christiansproducts.com
LinksJuice Business Web Directory (Rating: 5) , Votes:LinksJuice.com is an established website/business directory. We are here to get your business the exposure it needs.http://www.linksjuice.com
Authority Web Directory (Rating: 6) , Votes:Providing visitors with a powerful human edited web directory of quality family-friendly web sites. Choose from multiple review options when submitting your website.http://www.authoritydirectory.com/
India Web Directory (Rating: 62) , Votes:The SEO friendly and paid inclusion web directory edited by human.http://www.a2zdirectory.org/
Too Much Directory (Rating: 1) , Votes:A directory of accident claims, accountants (& software), payroll services, bailiffs, debt management, independent financial advisors, insolvency practitioners, insurance brokers and solicitors.http://www.toomuchdirectory.co.uk
Directory submission (Rating: 1) , Votes:Internet directory and SEO specialists who do not submit to directories, not even Google.http://www.internetsubmissions.com
100 Lists Web Directory (Rating: 9) , Votes:The 100 lists is a search engine friendly website directory. It is a human edited and standards compliant web directory built to help boost your rankings.http://www.the100lists.com
Directory Maximizer (Rating: 10) , Votes:Offering quality one way links to webmasters by way of directory submissions to quality SEO friendly directories.http://www.directorymaximizer.com
Web Directory Reviews (Rating: 0) , Votes:Twenty web directories are evaluated and rated each quarter, and the top ten directories are highlighted, and placed in competition for the following quarter, along with ten additional directories. Other content includes interviews with industry professional, and blog posts on a variety of topics.http://www.webdirectoryreviews.org/
Blog Directory (Rating: 2) , Votes:Human edited blog directory to submit and promote your blog. Submit your blog to one of our category directories to increase your online presence though targeted visitors to your web log.http://www.addyourblog.com
Wholesale Pages UK - Wholesale Dropshipping Suppliers and Dropshippers Products (Rating: 3) , Votes:UK wholesalers and Dropshippers directory. One stop shop for all you wholesale and dropship sourcing needs. Latest wholesale offers and bargain deals are also available. It is the directory of wholesalers and drop shippers in UK, USA, France and Hong Kong.http://www.wholesalepages.co.ukCategory: Directory/Business/Opportunities
Vacation Rentals Web Directory (Rating: 4) , Votes:List your vacation rental and get your site reviewed, rated and certified.http://www.vrwd.com
Related searches:
Webotopia provides a business directory designed to promote U Fine Directory companies, products and services whilst helping it's users find the U Fine Directory information they need. Webotopia business directory, with the help of it's dedicated support specialists and reviewers, enables delivery of U Fine Directory quality content, excellent customer support as well as value added services such as content publishing and press releases for it's users.


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With one of the hottest summers on record finally drawing to a close, Popsicles and hot dogs are making way for more creative culinary experiences.
Enter Costa Mesa Restaurant Week, a perfect opportunity to try out 34 area restaurants with fixed-price menus that are ideal for all palates and budgets. Starting Friday, Restaurant Week runs through Aug. 24.
A price good for the soul
Soul food favorite Memphis, 2920 Bristol St., is offering a steal of a deal. A prix fixe lunch there will set you back $14.12.
First, make a selection from roasted beet salad, chicken or shrimp gumbo, or barbecued duck quesadilla. For a main course, choose from the "Cobra" fried chicken sandwich, buttermilk fried chicken, Southern meatloaf or popcorn shrimp tacos.
The $25.12 dinner menu includes selections like a mixed green salad or gumbo, pulled pork sliders, buttermilk fried chicken, Southern meatloaf stack, hickory smoked barbecue, cornmeal fried catfish, and desserts like a bourbon-pecan tart or whiskey-raisin bread pudding.
For more information, call (714) 432-7685.
Delicious right off the Vine
Up the street a bit, the Old Vine Café in the Camp, 2937 Bristol St., will offer a $20.12 three-course, prix fixe lunch daily from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.
First-course selections include porcini mushroom bisque, gazpacho, the Old Vine salad, crispy blue salad or mozzarella Buratta caprese. Second-course options include porcini mushroom mac and cheese, or a choice of panini including mozzarella di Bufala, tuna melt, quattro fromaggi, pulled pork, ham and cheddar, meatball or reuben.
For dessert, enjoy grandma's cheesecake.
For more information, call (714) 545-1411.
Master your taste buds
At Mastro's Steakhouse, 633 Anton Blvd., $45.12 yields an excellent three-course meal with a choice of Caesar or chopped salad; choice of 10-ounce New York strip, Atlantic salmon, pork chop or half rack of lamb (additions like a twin lobster tail or crab legs are available for a fee); sides like garlic mashed potatoes or creamed spinach; and a choice between chocolate sin cake and cheesecake for dessert.
For more information, call (714) 546-7405.
Charlie pulls out the stops
Charlie Palmer in South Coast Plaza has pulled out all the stops with its $20.12 lunch and $30.12 prix fixe menus, with a glass of Benziger chardonnay or Tantara pinot noir available for another $9.
Lunch first-course selections include split pea soup or a red endive walnut salad. Main courses include curried sautéed tiger shrimp with couscous, pan-roasted chicken breast with polenta, or a grilled 6-ounce flat iron steak with rosti for a $5 supplement.
For dinner, first-course selections include split pea soup or watermelon salad. Main courses range from a grilled 8-ounce pork chop with rosti to truffle sweet corn risotto to pan seared Scottish salmon with curry and couscous to a grilled and braised boneless short rib served with grits, for a $10 supplement.
For dessert with either option, enjoy a melon sherbet float with plum soda or a raspberry cream latte torte with coffee cake and white chocolate espresso mouse.
For more information, call (714) 352-2525.
Transport yourself to Italy at lunch
The venerable Antonello Ristorante, 3800 South Plaza Drive, E55 in South Coast Village, will offer a $20.12 prix fixe lunch with antipasto selections like polipo alla griglia or zuppa fredda, with second courses like pappardelle or branzino, and desserts like gelato affogato or salame di cioccolato.
For the $40.12 dinner, antipasto selections include carpaccio di polipo or salumi misti, pasta course of pappardelle or gnocchi, meat course of branzino or costolette d'agnello, and the same desserts as lunc.
For more information, call (714) 751-7153.
For a full list of participating restaurants and menus, visit CostaMesaRestaurantWeek.org.
Twitter: @TheDailyPilot
If You Go
What: Costa Mesa Restaurant Week
When: Friday through Aug. 24
Where: Thirty-four participating restaurants
Information: (888) 588-9417 or CostaMesaRestaurantWeek.org


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November 29, 2012 08:38 ET
SCOTTSDALE, AZ--(Marketwire - Nov 29, 2012) - The National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP) announced today Dr. Doug Fridsma, Director of the Office of Standards and Interoperability and the Acting Chief Scientist in the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, will be the keynote speaker of NCPDP's 2013 Educational Summit. The one day event will take place on February 5, 2013, at The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas.
NCPDP's 2013 Educational Summit will cover topics in health reform, such as accountable care organizations, and feature the underlying standards required to build an interoperable and sustainable health system infrastructure, including:
Register for the Educational Summit at http://www.ncpdp.org/meetings_ep_database.aspx?ID=ESFeb13#registration.
NCPDP plans to reveal keynote speakers for its Annual Technology & Business Conference in the coming weeks. To register for the Conference at the discounted rate, visit http://www.ncpdp.org/meetings_ac_register.aspx.
For real-time updates before and during NCPDP's 2013 Educational Summit, follow us at https://twitter.com/ncpdp and use the hashtag, #NCPDP.
About NCPDP
Founded in 1977, NCPDP is a not-for-profit, ANSI-accredited, Standards Development Organization with over 1,600 members representing virtually every sector of the pharmacy services industry. Our diverse membership provides leadership and healthcare business solutions through education and standards, created using the consensus building process. NCPDP has been named in federal legislation, including HIPAA, MMA, and HITECH. NCPDP members have created standards such as the Telecommunication Standard and Batch Standard, the SCRIPT Standard for e-Prescribing, the Manufacturers Rebate Standard and more to improve communication within the pharmacy industry. Our data products include dataQ®, a robust database of information on more than 76,000 pharmacies, and HCIdea®, a database of continually updated information on more than 2.3 million prescribers. NCPDP's RxReconn® is a legislative tracking product for real-time monitoring of pharmacy-related state and national legislative and regulatory activity. For more information about NCPDP Standards, Data Services, Products, Educational Programs and Work Group meetings, go online at www.ncpdp.org or call (480) 477-1000.
Janet Cabibbo
Amendola Communications for NCPDP
480-664-8412 ext. 15Email Contact
Janet Cabibbo
Amendola Communications for NCPDP
480-664-8412 ext. 15Email Contact
See all RSS Newsfeeds


text: This handmade, rustic, wooden sign would be an adorable addition to your coop or inside your home! I hand-painted this "EGGS" sign. It has been double-sealed and has a saw-toothed hangar on the back. It measures approximately 7 by 9 inches. The base color is barn red and the eggs are two shades of brown. Please PM me with any questions at all! PayPal is the preferred payment method. When auction ends, I will email or PM the winner with my home email address for PayPal payment processing.


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I always love participating in the Blogger's Quilt Festival. A no-pressure, inspiration-filled way to share our recently finished quilts. Today, I am thrilled to enter my Modern Building Blocks quilt, a kit put together last year by Moda. It uses an amazing palette of Moda Bella solids and, I may have said this before once or twice, but I think this is my favorite quilt I have ever made!
I started it in August of last year, but I didn't finish the top until early this year. I contemplated the various quilt designs I could choose, and decided just to go with straight line quilting. The result is clean and doesn't distract or cloud the star of the show, which are the quilt blocks.
In fact, I almost feel like when you look at this quilt, it looks like a printed piece of fabric - all cohesive and unified as one design, despite the multitude of block sizes, colors and styles.
This quilt is now happily residing on my son's bed, until I can steal it back for him. His "forever" quilt is currently at the longarmer. I'll be sharing that with you soon!!
I hope you love this quilt as much as I do! Go visit all of the amazing quilts in this Festival, which runs May 15 - 29.


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I downloaded the episode and it is last months episode, not the reread. I was listening like "am I crazy or is this the same" lol
You sure...? I just downloaded it from the links above, and it works as it should. Could be that the RSS feed hasn't updated itself from the latest episode, and you grabbed Episode 80.
omg fury trains. I cant even.
I got the inspiration from this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jct5FOG9AE
Great episode guys. This arc is the one with the most confusion often with people, so it's great to hear a breakdown.
Thanks. Yeah, it's one of the parts of the series that isn't explicitly explained, and I think can be confusing if you don't really reason it out. On the one hand, you could simply say that Casca's proximity to the evil stuff activated them, and set off a chain reaction that ended with the tower collapsing. But ... well, we're a Berserk podcast, so we have to go a little deeper than that, hehe. I learned a lot just from doing this re-read and talking about it with the group, particularly about the nature of these specific specters.
It's a unique part of the series and the nature of the spectral blobs is really only implied. I feel like they act as stand ins for Apostles in this shadow of an Eclipse that Skull Knight alludes to.
I imagine it's also unique to St. Albion's mass graves since we never see the proximity of our two branded characters triggering anything like it again.


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Chameleon Circuit is a beautifully coded full featured admin panel theme ready to be implemented in the back end of your application, or as an intranet theme! The theme, like its namesake, can change colors into anything you want, so instead of a specific number of skins, you have an unlimited variation!
The theme uses HTML5 and CSS3 and degrades gracefully into older browsers, while using jQuery to build in interaction. Included are the PSDs as well as all the source files and even over 3500+ premade icons from famous Fugue Icon Library and 400+ customized icons that matches the menu navigation.
Chameleon Circuit is the perfect theme for your CMS applications and custom database based applications for your clients. It is also perfectly suitable for the back-end of Analytics.
Live Demo: http://circuit.themio.net
Unlimited Color Schemes
- Valid code
- Liquid and fixed layout building on the 960 grid system
- Cross-browser compatible (IE7+)
- Switch to any colors and get unlimited color schemes
- Unobtrusive jQuery powered effects
- Implemented WYSIWYG editor
- Beautiful, customizable graphs
- Easy tabs on any widget
- Dropdown Suckerfish menus
- Client side form validation
- Full sized AJAX calendars with Google Calendar integration
- AJAX/PHP file uploader
- Date picker
- Sortable data tables
- Fancy modal boxes
- Custom font with @font-face
- Easy skin customization with the provided layered PSD files
Files included in package
- barebones/ – Stripped down basic version of template so you can start working on your project ASAP
- docs/ – Documentation
- html/ – A HTML version of the full theme for those without php
- php/ – A PHP version of the full theme, sharing a common header and footer
- psds/ – Three PSD files: A one with horizontal menu, sidebar as menu, and a large collection of custom icons for menus
- upgrade/ – Only the files that needs be replaced to update the older version of the theme to a newer one
SupportAlthough we have tried to provide an extensive documentation, we realize that you might have questions or problems we have not foreseen. Please contact us and we will get back to you asap.
Our Newest Admin Panel!
- v1.0 (12.08.2011)
v1.1 (26.08.2011)
- Bugfix
- Custom Selectmenu now works accross all browsers
- Styleswitcher now works in Safari
- Design
- Modified designs of Text box, Buttons and Search
- 6 New Button Styles bringing the total to 10!
- New attractive Login Page
- Pack – Added an html only version
- Bugfix
v1.1.1 (27.08.2011)
- Bugfix – The files in htmlversion/ and phpversion/ are now in sync
v2.0 (1.09.2011)
- Design – New sidebar version (updated barebones version + PSD)
- Bugfix – Custom font is now loading propoerly
v2.1 (20.09.2011)
- Bugfix
- Submenus now go more than one level deep
- Notifications now support more than one digit
- Bugfix
v3.0 (05.10.2011)
- Minor Adjustments


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Buying a home is probably the most significant financial commitment you'll ever make. As a HUFF Realty professional, our job is to help you find the right home that meets your needs and to make the homebuying process efficient and successful.
Whether this is your first time or you're an experienced homebuyer, an important first step is to choose a real estate professional and company that you feel comfortable working with and trust. With the strong backing of HUFF Realty, our goal is to gain your confidence through excellent service and commitment to the ultimate success of your home search.
Contact us today and let's begin finding your home.
Purchasing a home is a big investment and the process can be overwhelming but the rewards are great. Beyond financial appeal, your home is the place you can call your own; it's where life happens, where you raise your family, dream and build for your future.
As a HUFF Realty associate, we live in your community and know it well. We can advise you on everything from home values, to school districts, and will work with you to simplify the home buying process.
Contact us to start your home search today or to arrange a buyers consultation.
Thinking of buying a home? I will provide the professional assistance and personal service you need. As trained and licensed HUFF Realty sales associates, we are dedicated to helping you achieve your real estate goals with exacting standards and integrity. Our priority is serving your interests and to make your homebuying process successful.
Feel free to explore the resources within this website and to contact us with any questions or to arrange a buyers consultation. We look forward to working with you!