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House Calls
Celebrating its 25th year, This Old House, produced in Boston, is drawing 4 million viewers a week. Sales at Home Depot are through the roof. So why, if our fathers and grandfathers were such handymen, are we so clumsy with a hammer and nails?
By most measures, Joshua Frances is good with his hands. A onetime paramedic who's restoring a vintage pinball machine in his spare time, Frances has replastered walls and installed a sump pump. But when he and his fiancee, Rebecca Hoffmann, moved into their 1880 home in Stoneham last fall, they immediately encountered a problem he couldn't fix: The side door was so drafty, it left the kitchen 10 degrees colder than the rest of the house. During a storm, snow blew in through a crack between the door and the threshold.
A generation ago, Frances might have enlisted a neighbor or a relative to help him install weatherstripping, a simple repair that takes about 20 minutes. Or he'd have been taught to do it by his father, as part of a transaction in which handiness — along with the ability to grill meat — was bequeathed to sons as an essential part of being a man. But Frances, who's 27 and has the build of an offensive lineman, couldn't find any relative or acquaintance familiar with the mysteries of weatherstripping. So he stuffed a towel under the drafty door and then went online, where he e-mailed his dilemma to the home-fix-it show Ask This Old House.
A few weeks later, a cameraman is standing by as Tom Silva drives a blue pickup truck into the young couple's driveway. Silva, 57, wears jeans and a fleece jacket. There's a pencil wedged over his right ear and a tape measure hooked onto his belt. Frances greets him at the door. While Hoffmann and two producers stay out of camera view, watching on a tiny remote screen in the bathroom, Frances walks Silva through the house. The proud homeowner shows off an original tin ceiling, following the improvised script they'd worked out just a few minutes earlier. When they enter the kitchen, Silva asks, "What's up with the towel, Josh?" "This is my homemade weatherstripping," Frances says with mock pride. "Oh, boy," Silva replies, examining the door. "You've got a lot of air leaking around this door."
In the next scene, Silva is wearing his tool belt. He wields a hacksaw, sandpaper, and hammer. Silva is a master builder who specializes in complex structural renovations of antique homes; asking him to install weatherstripping is like calling on a cardiac surgeon to Band-Aid a paper cut. Regardless, the door is quickly sealed tight. As the scene ends, Frances gushes appreciation. Back in the studio, host Kevin O'Connor praises Silva's weatherstripping wizardry. "Tommy, you just made one homeowner very happy." Roll the credits.
This isn't the kind of work Silva, a third-generation tradesman with graying hair and an air of patient, fatherly wisdom, dreamed of doing when he was growing up. But today the co-owner of Lexington-based Silva Brothers Construction spends much of his time in front of a This Old House camera. Lately, the home-improvement show — a folksy, Boston-based institution that will celebrate its 25th anniversary this fall — has been expanding faster than the homes it remodels. Since 2001, when WGBH sold the program to
Today, in addition to a magazine, books, and website, the brand features a growing TV empire. The original half-hour This Old House TV series is now joined by Ask This Old House to form The New This Old House Hour (it airs Thursdays and Saturdays on Boston's PBS channels). There's also another spinoff, Inside This Old House, which appears along with reruns of the other shows on cable. These programs have been joined by a host of imitators — from Trading Spaces to the
There is an irony to this televised building boom. In the same way that people are watching more cooking shows but doing less actual cooking, the fixer-upper genre is exploding at a time when homeowners are tackling fewer do-it-yourself projects. Kermit Baker, a Harvard researcher who tracks home-improvement trends, estimates that 40 percent of such projects in 2001 were do-it-yourself, down by about 10 percent from 1985. The Florida-based Home Improvement Research Institute agrees that homeowners are more likely to hire pros to do repairs than they were a decade ago. When Silva makes his TV house calls, "I can tell if someone is handy in about two minutes," he says. "You can see the way they hold a hammer, the way they drive the nail." These days, fewer homeowners seem able to pass muster.
As these skills deteriorate, what's emerging is a sort of post-handy world. It's a place where professional handymen do the tasks — like cleaning gutters — that many homeowners once proudly did themselves. Observers blame a variety of forces for driving the shift: an aging, affluent population, the growth of white-collar jobs, and even the demise of high school shop classes. But the biggest driver may simply be the increasingly busy lives of suburban professionals, for whom home improvement is becoming a task to be outsourced, not savored. "There's less inclination to pick up a tool and do something with it," says Baker. "It's more of a do-it-for-me generation."
To understand why America is losing its home-repair mojo, I spent some time alongside Tom Silva — arguably the handiest man in America — as he battled this decline, one episode at a time.
ilva is kneeling on the staircase inside a Concord cottage. As producers traipse up and down the new stair treads, Silva patiently resands and dusts them off, getting them camera-ready for a segment on staining. Just a few months ago, this building was a barn, but $325,000 and 18 This Old House episodes later, Silva and a team of subcontractors have turned it into a luxurious in-law suite. Though the projects have become over-the-top extravagant in recent years, the show's basic formula hasn't changed much since 1979. That's when creator Russell Morash, who'd previously introduced the cooking-show genre with Julia Child at WGBH, sent cameras to document the renovation of a Dorchester home.
The show made celebrities out of carpenter Norm Abram and hosts Bob Vila and, later, Steve Thomas. But since Abram began devoting most of his time to his spinoff woodworking show, and with Vila and Thomas departed for cable shows, Silva has emerged at the center of the ensemble cast (it includes plumbing and heating specialist Richard Trethewey, landscaper Roger Cook, and host O'Connor, an infectiously enthusiastic MBA who quit a vice president's post at
Authorities on the art of building credit This Old House with helping to fuel interest in restoring antique homes. But they say the nation's fondness for home improvement predates the show by at least a century. It was during the late 19th century that "working with your hands as a way to relax and at the same time improve your home" really took off, says Chrysanthe B. Broikos, a curator at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. The pastime grew as home ownership increased during the early 20th century. It accelerated further during the Great Depression, when unemployed folks tinkered around the house and the federal government began loaning out money for home improvement.
The biggest jump in American handiness came after World War II, says Carolyn M. Goldstein, author of Do It Yourself: Home Improvement in 20th-Century America. War mobilization left factories primed to churn out high volumes of building materials such as plywood. Many returning soldiers and their Rosie-the-Riveter wives had picked up new mechanical skills. Suburban developers began mass-producing homes, many featuring unfinished basements and attics that invited do-it-yourselfers to create rec rooms to accommodate the nascent baby boom. "Through home improvement, families were leveraging their class status to become what we now call middle-class Americans," says Goldstein. By 1954, home improvement had become so trendy that Time magazine's August cover featured a caricature of a suburban man riding a lawn tractor while simultaneously using six power tools. The headline read "Do-It- Yourself: The New Billion-Dollar Hobby."
During those years, Tom Silva was growing up in Lexington, one of six children of a local contractor. "We lived in a house built in the late 1700s, and my dad used to work around the house on weekends," Silva says. To prevent the kids from getting in the way, his father gave them tools to keep them busy. "That was my training," Silva says. "I literally grew up in the business." He's always been good with his hands. When his two children were small, he sewed some of his daughter's outfits for school. His expertise extends to motors. "If there's a weird noise in the car, he knows exactly what it is," says Sue Silva, his wife of 30 years. "Honest to God, I think he has a gift."
What Silva didn't learn at home, he learned in shop class. Men of a certain age probably remember building curio shelves in a school wood shop just down the hall from algebra class. Shop classes, which took hold in the United States around the turn of the 20th century, became quite popular in the 1950s and 1960s, even for students planning to attend college. "You learned how to read a ruler, use a level, a framing square — all the basics," Silva says. But by the late 1980s, school-based "industrial arts" had been relegated to vocational-technical schools, axed from regular high school curriculums by declining enrollments, budget cuts, and a preference for more academic course work. Nowadays, "shop is a four-letter word," says David Jurewicz, president of the Massachusetts Technology Education/Engineering Collaborative.
Today, Jurewicz instructs students in the discipline's modern equivalent at Sudbury's Ephraim Curtis Middle School. The class emphasizes computers instead of drill presses and focuses on engineering-style problem-solving skills. Students might construct small bridges or hot-air balloons, but the aim is "more about finding out how things work," says Jurewicz. The shift is appropriate, observers say, because fewer Americans are making their living using their hands. Better that schools teach higher-level skills that develop students' minds (and boost their MCAS scores). It's a nationwide trend. "Acquiring [home-improvement] skills in high school is rarer and rarer," says Charles Gagel, president of the National Association of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators. "That's one reason you see places like
AT THE HOME DEPOT on Speen Street in Natick, class is called to order on a brutally cold Monday evening in January. The workshop, on laminate flooring, is part of a "Do-It-Herself" series that the retailer runs for women. For more than an hour, flooring expert Fred Strelke shows four women how easily the modular flooring snaps together. Shoppers pause to watch, as if he were performing a magic trick. On a wall nearby hangs a list of other classes, including lessons on installing ceramic tile and closet organizers.
After class, I ask the women why their husbands aren't here. A round of male-bashing ensues. Their husbands, mostly in their 30s and 40s, talk a good game about being handy, they say, but the men rarely pick up a tool. None of the women wants to be the household handywoman. One admits that power tools scare her. But if they want a home-improvement job done at all, they say, they'd better do it themselves. They're not alone: In a 2003 survey for Home Depot, 45 percent of women said they'd purchased hand tools in the last 12 months, and 26 percent said they did all or most of their household's routine maintenance themselves.
The women's comments are a sign that home improvement can be a flash point in modern marriages. Judy Brasher, a full-time fund-raiser who lives in Natick and has two children, says her husband, Brad Brasher, is plenty handy. To relax from his job as a biochemist, he builds intricately detailed model rockets. But, she says, "I'd like him to redirect his energy to a more useful project," citing the chair rails, crown moldings, and built-in bookcases on her to-do list. "I try to stress how much fun it's going to be, how we'll feel so much satisfaction when we're finished, and really try to sell it to him," she says. At Home Depot, she muses that maybe she could start the laminate-flooring job herself, knowing that her husband would jump in. "I can be a little bit sloppy," she says, praising her husband's meticulousness. "If he saw me start a project like this, he'd at least take it over or let me be his assistant."
At the Peck household in Sherborn, both parties agree that husband Chris Peck is fully capable of replacing a light switch or replumbing a toilet. In their last home, in Medfield, he even gutted rooms and repaired walls. But, like Judy Brasher, Heather Peck says her husband would rather relax than work on their home. To spur him to spruce up a kitchen, she once took a sledgehammer to some cabinets during one of his fishing trips, leaving him no choice but to fix the mess. "He's really big and strong. It's convincing him that this is something we can do" that's a challenge, Heather says. "He's very much 'Let's [hire] somebody to do that.'"
Chris, a banker who works long hours, pleads guilty to preferring to play with their three children over cleaning the gutters. He says what makes him different from his own do-it-yourself father is the way he values his time. Why not hire a professional to do a job that would otherwise consume his entire weekend? When he observes friends who still tackle their own projects, "their houses are absolutely gorgeous, but they spend no time with their family," he says. He describes one handy acquaintance who spent months redoing his kitchen while the family cooked meals in a toaster oven. "That's no way to live," he says. "I'd rather save up the money and let [a pro] do it."
In fact, Home Depot is capitalizing on that trend. The retailer still tries to woo do-it-yourselfers: Its current ad slogan is "You can do it. We can help." But it's also aggressively cultivating what it calls the "do-it-for-me" segment by pushing installation services. Lately, the stores have been clogged with customers asking Depot designers to plan their new kitchens. In addition to doing tough jobs like installing new cabinets or vinyl siding, the store now sends pros out to install screen doors or garage-door openers. Last year, sales of these at-home services jumped 40 percent over the previous year, to $2.8 billion.
Taking a break from filming at the Concord project, the This Old House crew reflects on the "do-it-for-me" shift. O'Connor, the new host, is renovating his own 1894 Queen Anne Victorian in Beverly with his wife, Kathleen. Their willingness to spend weekends covered in sawdust makes them somewhat unique among their 30-something friends, most of whom are second-generation white-collar professionals. "If you look at the trends, as we had to in business school, the service industries have taken over," Kevin O'Connor says. "These jobs don't lend themselves to being handy at all. You work the mouse and the keyboard and the phone. [As a banker,] there was no component of my job that exposed me to a craft or required me to be handy. It had to be something you did in your spare time, which is a diminishing asset." The best part of his new job, he says, is hitting up Silva and the other experts for advice on his own remodel.
Silva is less alarmed by the decline of the weekend handyman and more concerned about the dwindling number of kids who aspire to be full-time carpenters or plumbers. "In today's generation, I don't see that handing down of a trade," says Silva, whose own children work in graphic design and sales. Even among people who do enter the field, he wonders if they've been well taught. He describes visiting shoddily built new homes. "You hang a picture on the wall, and it won't stay straight it pulls away from the wall because the wall is leaning," he says. "Did the builder not know how to read a level, or don't they care?" When Silva checks out competing home-improvement shows, he watches the way the "experts" handle their tools. He believes some have no clue what they're doing.
As more suburbanites reach for a telephone instead of a wrench when something breaks, people like Dave Lavalle are finding a way to profit. In 1996, Lavalle, now 41, closed his Lowell furniture-restoration business and began advertising himself as a handyman. He got so many calls that within a month he'd hired two employees. "I was surprised how busy it was," he says. "I thought we must have caught an unusual wave here." But it was no fluke. By 1998, he owned 10 vans, and two years later, he began franchising the concept.
Today, there are about 130 Mr. Handyman franchises nationwide, including four in suburban Boston. The average shop has four vans and takes in $350,000 in annual revenue. The service charges $75 an hour, with the average job lasting three or four hours. "Fifty percent of what we do is carpentry minded," Lavalle says, such as fixing rotted house trim or installing a garage door. But their assigned tasks include lots of jobs once classified as typical weekend work: replacing out-of-reach light bulbs, cleaning gutters, installing drapes, changing washers in a faucet, or adjusting door locks. Lavalle says his service is booming for the same reason that maid and lawn services are, and he compares it to the "outsourcing" trend of sending lower-skilled work to foreign countries while Americans toil at higher-skilled jobs. "We're all a little bit too affluent to need to be handy," he says, observing how kids' soccer games now consume the time parents once spent maintaining their homes. When Lavalle attended a vocational-technical school, everyone aspired to build the biggest buildings. "Nobody saw value in repairing somebody's mailbox," he says. But in a post-handy world, it's a nice living.
IT'S JUST BEFORE 80' CLOCK on a brisk March morning in Manchester-by-the-Sea, and Silva is standing on an ocean-view lot, watching five workers frame a home. There are no TV cameras in sight. Today, his company has crews working on seven different projects, from here to Littleton. But instead of picking up a hammer to help, Silva will spend the day driving around the suburbs, supervising jobs and meeting with architects about the upcoming This Old House project.
Before 2001, Silva spent less than a third of his time on This Old House business. But with all the new spinoffs, the TV gig now consumes 80 percent of his time. "I miss the world of hands-on," he says, watching his workers hammer boards. "You get to lose yourself in the world of sawdust. It's rewarding and relaxing." (Later, when I tell Sue Silva that her husband was complaining about spending his days in meetings, she sounds puzzled. "He comes home dirty," she says.)
In a few weeks, Silva's crew will be on-camera again as they start demolition on an 1849 Greek Revival farmhouse in Carlisle, the renovation that will be the main subject of the This Old House silver-anniversary season this fall. In a departure from its usual practice, the production team purchased the property (there will be no homeowners), so the crew get to renovate it as they please and sell it at a profit afterward. Proceeds will go to a scholarship fund for the building trades, a topic dear to Silva's heart.
Like that Carlisle project, the house rising on this Manchester lot is immensely complicated, something no homeowner would try himself. That raises a question: If fewer This Old House viewers are ever going to pick up tools, why are they watching the show? Silva echoes a sentiment long espoused by Morash, the show's creator. Even if you're not going to do a project yourself, Silva says, the series can teach you the language, the concepts, and the latest practices of builders to make you a more sophisticated client. By knowing the lingo, "you can put the professional on the edge of his seat — he'll know he can't cut any corners here," Silva says. And people who try their own small repairs after watching Ask This Old House may discover they have a knack for this work. I remind him of a woman on a recent segment who proved to be a remarkably proficient plasterer. "I could tell as soon as she picked up the tool that she had some talent," he says.
By now, I've heard him use variations of this line — "I can tell right away if someone is handy" — several times. I'm intrigued. I consider myself at least semi-handy: I've renovated two bathrooms in my home, gutting them to the studs, hanging drywall, laying tile, and setting toilets. Admittedly, my finish work looks amateurish, and my measurements, like the Gallup Polls, usually vary by plus or minus 5 percent. I'm certainly less handy than my father or stepfather, but judged against a random population of 30-something homeowners, I think I'm above average. Here's my chance to find out.
I ask Silva to grab me a hammer. He smiles and borrows one from a worker. He walks to a pile of two-by-tens and pulls out two scrap pieces, setting the boards at right angles (like a "T"). He hands me four nails and the hammer and tells me to start nailing.
I'm nervous. I've framed an interior wall out of 2-by-4s before, but I rarely work with lumber this big. I set down the extra nails, hold the boards in place with my foot, and begin tapping in the first nail. After a dozen hits I miss the nail, a moment of high embarrassment. Twelve seconds pass, and I'm still hammering, delivering with each blow about as much force as a metronome. Finally I finish and look up.
Silva's face is a mixture of pity and amusement. "There's no hope for you," he says, only half-kidding. He lists my errors: nails in the wrong hand, misplaced foot so I couldn't see the joint, hammer gripped awkwardly and much too high on the handle. Most grievously, I'd taken 20 strokes to drive the nail home, a study in inefficiency. Silva takes back the hammer. He buries a second nail in two strokes.
"Does this mean I shouldn't take on a big project myself?" I ask.
"You'd better call someone," Silva says.
In a post-handy world, shouldn't we all?
Daniel McGinn is a national correspondent for Newsweek, based in Boston. He lives in Westborough.


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Acquisition of Pragmatics
Myrto Grigoroglou and Anna Papafragou
To become competent communicators, children need to learn that what a speaker means often goes beyond the literal meaning of what the speaker says. The acquisition of pragmatics as a field is the study of how children learn to bridge the gap between the semantic meaning of words and structures and the intended meaning of an utterance. Of interest is whether young children are capable of reasoning about others' intentions and how this ability develops over time.
For a long period, estimates of children's pragmatic sophistication were mostly pessimistic: early work on a number of phenomena showed that very young communicators were egocentric, oblivious to other interlocutors' intentions, and overall insensitive to subtle pragmatic aspects of interpretation. Recent years have seen major shifts in the study of children's pragmatic development. Novel methods and more fine-grained theoretical approaches have led to a reconsideration of older findings on how children acquire pragmatics across a number of phenomena and have produced a wealth of new evidence and theories.
Three areas that have generated a considerable body of developmental work on pragmatics include reference (the relation between words or phrases and entities in the world), implicature (a type of inferred meaning that arises when a speaker violates conversational rules), and metaphor (a case of figurative language). Findings from these three domains suggest that children actively use pragmatic reasoning to delimit potential referents for newly encountered words, can take into account the perspective of a communicative partner, and are sensitive to some aspects of implicated and metaphorical meaning. Nevertheless, children's success with pragmatic communication is fragile and task-dependent.
Clinical Linguistics
Louise Cummings
Clinical linguistics is the branch of linguistics that applies linguistic concepts and theories to the study of language disorders. As the name suggests, clinical linguistics is a dual-facing discipline. Although the conceptual roots of this field are in linguistics, its domain of application is the vast array of clinical disorders that may compromise the use and understanding of language. Both dimensions of clinical linguistics can be addressed through an examination of specific linguistic deficits in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, craniofacial anomalies, adult-onset neurological impairments, psychiatric disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. Clinical linguists are interested in the full range of linguistic deficits in these conditions, including phonetic deficits of children with cleft lip and palate, morphosyntactic errors in children with specific language impairment, and pragmatic language impairments in adults with schizophrenia.
Like many applied disciplines in linguistics, clinical linguistics sits at the intersection of a number of areas. The relationship of clinical linguistics to the study of communication disorders and to speech-language pathology (speech and language therapy in the United Kingdom) are two particularly important points of intersection. Speech-language pathology is the area of clinical practice that assesses and treats children and adults with communication disorders. All language disorders restrict an individual's ability to communicate freely with others in a range of contexts and settings. So language disorders are first and foremost communication disorders. To understand language disorders, it is useful to think of them in terms of points of breakdown on a communication cycle that tracks the progress of a linguistic utterance from its conception in the mind of a speaker to its comprehension by a hearer. This cycle permits the introduction of a number of important distinctions in language pathology, such as the distinction between a receptive and an expressive language disorder, and between a developmental and an acquired language disorder. The cycle is also a useful model with which to conceptualize a range of communication disorders other than language disorders. These other disorders, which include hearing, voice, and fluency disorders, are also relevant to clinical linguistics.
Clinical linguistics draws on the conceptual resources of the full range of linguistic disciplines to describe and explain language disorders. These disciplines include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse. Each of these linguistic disciplines contributes concepts and theories that can shed light on the nature of language disorder. A wide range of tools and approaches are used by clinical linguists and speech-language pathologists to assess, diagnose, and treat language disorders. They include the use of standardized and norm-referenced tests, communication checklists and profiles (some administered by clinicians, others by parents, teachers, and caregivers), and qualitative methods such as conversation analysis and discourse analysis. Finally, clinical linguists can contribute to debates about the nosology of language disorders. In order to do so, however, they must have an understanding of the place of language disorders in internationally recognized classification systems such as the 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) of the American Psychiatric Association.
Cognitively Oriented Theories of Meaning
Peter Gärdenfors
There are two main theoretical traditions in semantics. One is based on realism, where meanings are described as relations between language and the world, often in terms of truth conditions. The other is cognitivistic, where meanings are identified with mental structures. This article presents some of the main ideas and theories within the cognitivist approach.
A central tenet of cognitively oriented theories of meaning is that there are close connections between the meaning structures and other cognitive processes. In particular, parallels between semantics and visual processes have been studied. As a complement, the theory of embodied cognition focuses on the relation between actions and components of meaning.
One of the main methods of representing cognitive meaning structures is to use images schemas and idealized cognitive models. Such schemas focus on spatial relations between various semantic elements. Images schemas are often constructed using Gestalt psychological notions, including those of trajector and landmark, corresponding to figure and ground. In this tradition, metaphors and metonymies are considered to be central meaning transforming processes.
A related approach is force dynamics. Here, the semantic schemas are construed from forces and their relations rather than from spatial relations. Recent extensions involve cognitive representations of actions and events, which then form the basis for a semantics of verbs.
A third approach is the theory of conceptual spaces. In this theory, meanings are represented as regions of semantic domains such as space, time, color, weight, size, and shape. For example, strong evidence exists that color words in a large variety of languages correspond to such regions. This approach has been extended to a general account of the semantics of some of the main word classes, including adjectives, verbs, and prepositions. The theory of conceptual spaces shows similarities to the older frame semantics and feature analysis, but it puts more emphasis on geometric structures.
A general criticism against cognitive theories of semantics is that they only consider the meaning structures of individuals, but neglect the social aspects of semantics, that is, that meanings are shared within a community. Recent theoretical proposals counter this by suggesting that semantics should be seen as a meeting of minds, that is, communicative processes that lead to the alignment of meanings between individuals. On this approach, semantics is seen as a product of communication, constrained by the cognitive mechanisms of the individuals.
Conversational Implicature
Nicholas Allott
Conversational implicatures (i) are implied by the speaker in making an utterance; (ii) are part of the content of the utterance, but (iii) do not contribute to direct (or explicit) utterance content; and (iv) are not encoded by the linguistic meaning of what has been uttered. In (1), Amelia asserts that she is on a diet, and implicates something different: that she is not having cake.
(1)Benjamin:Are you having some of this chocolate cake?Amelia:I'm on a diet.
Conversational implicatures are a subset of the implications of an utterance: namely those that are part of utterance content. Within the class of conversational implicatures, there are distinctions between particularized and generalized implicatures; implicated premises and implicated conclusions; and weak and strong implicatures.
An obvious question is how implicatures are possible: how can a speaker intentionally imply something that is not part of the linguistic meaning of the phrase she utters, and how can her addressee recover that utterance content? Working out what has been implicated is not a matter of deduction, but of inference to the best explanation. What is to be explained is why the speaker has uttered the words that she did, in the way and in the circumstances that she did.
Grice proposed that rational talk exchanges are cooperative and are therefore governed by a Cooperative Principle (CP) and conversational maxims: hearers can reasonably assume that rational speakers will attempt to cooperate and that rational cooperative speakers will try to make their contribution truthful, informative, relevant and clear, inter alia, and these expectations therefore guide the interpretation of utterances. On his view, since addressees can infer implicatures, speakers can take advantage of their ability, conveying implicatures by exploiting the maxims.
Grice's theory aimed to show how implicatures could in principle arise. In contrast, work in linguistic pragmatics has attempted to model their actual derivation. Given the need for a cognitively tractable decision procedure, both the neo-Gricean school and work on communication in relevance theory propose a system with fewer principles than Grice's. Neo-Gricean work attempts to reduce Grice's array of maxims to just two (Horn) or three (Levinson), while Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory rejects maxims and the CP and proposes that pragmatic inference hinges on a single communicative principle of relevance.
Conversational implicatures typically have a number of interesting properties, including calculability, cancelability, nondetachability, and indeterminacy. These properties can be used to investigate whether a putative implicature is correctly identified as such, although none of them provides a fail-safe test. A further test, embedding, has also been prominent in work on implicatures.
A number of phenomena that Grice treated as implicatures would now be treated by many as pragmatic enrichment contributing to the proposition expressed. But Grice's postulation of implicatures was a crucial advance, both for its theoretical unification of apparently diverse types of utterance content and for the attention it drew to pragmatic inference and the division of labor between linguistic semantics and pragmatics in theorizing about verbal communication.
Conversation Analysis
Jack Sidnell
Conversation analysis is an approach to the study of social interaction and talk-in-interaction that, although rooted in the sociological study of everyday life, has exerted significant influence across the humanities and social sciences including linguistics. Drawing on recordings (both audio and video) naturalistic interaction (unscripted, non-elicited, etc.) conversation analysts attempt to describe the stable practices and underlying normative organizations of interaction by moving back and forth between the close study of singular instances and the analysis of patterns exhibited across collections of cases. Four important domains of research within conversation analysis are turn-taking, repair, action formation and ascription, and action sequencing.
Deixis and Pragmatics
William F. Hanks
Deictic expressions, like English 'this, that, here, and there' occur in all known human languages. They are typically used to individuate objects in the immediate context in which they are uttered, by pointing at them so as to direct attention to them. The object, or demonstratum is singled out as a focus, and a successful act of deictic reference is one that results in the Speaker (Spr) and Addressee (Adr) attending to the same referential object. Thus,
(1)A:Oh, there'sthat guy again (pointing)B:Oh yeah, now I see him (fixing gaze on the guy)
(2)A:I'll have that one over there (pointing to a dessert on a tray)B:This? (touching pastry with tongs)A:yeah, that looks greatB:Here ya' go (handing pastry to customer)
In an exchange like (1), A's utterance spotlights the individual guy, directing B's attention to him, and B's response (both verbal and ocular) displays that he has recognized him. In (2) A's utterance individuates one pastry among several, B's response makes sure he's attending to the right one, A reconfirms and B completes by presenting the pastry to him. If we compare the two examples, it is clear that the underscored deictics can pick out or present individuals without describing them. In a similar way, "I, you, he/she, we, now, (back) then," and their analogues are all used to pick out individuals (persons, objects, or time frames), apparently without describing them. As a corollary of this semantic paucity, individual deictics vary extremely widely in the kinds of object they may properly denote: 'here' can denote anything from the tip of your nose to planet Earth, and 'this' can denote anything from a pastry to an upcoming day (this Tuesday). Under the same circumstance, 'this' and 'that' can refer appropriately to the same object, depending upon who is speaking, as in (2). How can forms that are so abstract and variable over contexts be so specific and rigid in a given context? On what parameters do deictics and deictic systems in human languages vary, and how do they relate to grammar and semantics more generally?
Evaluatives in Morphology
Nicola Grandi
Evaluative morphology is a field of linguistic studies that deals with the formation of diminutives, augmentatives, pejoratives, and amelioratives. Actually, evaluative constructions cross the boundaries of morphology, and are sometimes realized by formal strategies that cannot be numbered among word formation processes. Nevertheless, morphology plays a dominant role in the formation of evaluatives. The first attempt to draw an exhaustive account of this set of complex forms is found in the 1984 work Generative Morphology, by Sergio Scalise, who made the hypothesis that evaluatives represent a separate block of rules between inflection and derivation. This hypothesis is based on the fact that evaluatives show some properties that are derivational, others that are inflectional, and some specific properties that are neither derivational nor inflectional. After Scalise's proposal, almost all scholars have tried to answer the question concerning the place of evaluative rules within the morphological component. What data reveal is that, in a cross-linguistic perspective, evaluatives display a uniform behavior from a semantic and functional point of view, but exhibit a wide range of formal properties. In other words, functional identity does not imply formal identity; consequently, we can expect that constructions performing the same function display different formal properties in different languages. So, if evaluatives are undoubtedly derivational in most Indo-European languages (even if they cannot be considered a typical example of derivation), they are certainly quite close to inflection in some Bantu languages. This means that the question about the place of evaluatives within the morphological component probably is not as crucial as scholars have thought, and that other issues, sometimes neglected in the literature, deserve the same attention. Among them, the role of pragmatics in the description of evaluatives is no doubt central. According to Dressler and Merlini Barbaresi, in their 1994 work, Morphopragmatics: Diminutives and Intensifiers in Italian, German and Other Languages, evaluative constructions are the more typical instantiation of morphopragmatics, which is "defined as the area of general pragmatic meanings of morphological rules, that is of the regular pragmatic effects produced when moving from the input to the output of a morphological rule." Evaluatives include "a pragmatic variable which cannot be suppressed in the description of [their] meaning." Another central issue in studies on evaluative morphology is the wide set of semantic nuances that usually accompany diminutives, augmentatives, pejoratives, and amelioratives. For example, a diminutive form can occasionally assume a value that is attenuative, singulative, partitive, appreciative, affectionate, etc. This cluster of semantic values has often increased the idea that evaluatives are irregular in nature and that they irremediably avoid any generalization. Dan Jurafsky showed, in 1996, that these different meanings are often the outcome of regular and cross-linguistically recurrent semantic processes, both in a synchronic and in a diachronic perspective.
Experimental Pragmatics
Florian Schwarz
While both pragmatic theory and experimental investigations of language using psycholinguistic methods have been well-established subfields in the language sciences for a long time, the field of Experimental Pragmatics, where such methods are applied to pragmatic phenomena, has only fully taken shape since the early 2000s. By now, however, it has become a major and lively area of ongoing research, with dedicated conferences, workshops, and collaborative grant projects, bringing together researchers with linguistic, psychological, and computational approaches across disciplines. Its scope includes virtually all meaning-related phenomena in natural language comprehension and production, with a particular focus on what inferences utterances give rise to that go beyond what is literally expressed by the linguistic material.
One general area that has been explored in great depth consists of investigations of various 'ingredients' of meaning. A major aim has been to develop experimental methodologies to help classify various aspects of meaning, such as implicatures and presuppositions as compared to basic truth-conditional meaning, and to capture their properties more thoroughly using more extensive empirical data. The study of scalar implicatures (e.g., the inference that some but not all students left based on the sentence Some students left) has served as a catalyst of sorts in this area, and they constitute one of the most well-studied phenomena in Experimental Pragmatics to date. But much recent work has expanded the general approach to other aspects of meaning, including presuppositions and conventional implicatures, but also other aspects of nonliteral meaning, such as irony, metonymy, and metaphors.
The study of reference constitutes another core area of research in Experimental Pragmatics, and has a more extensive history of precursors in psycholinguistics proper. Reference resolution commonly requires drawing inferences beyond what is conventionally conveyed by the linguistic material at issue as well; the key concern is how comprehenders grasp the referential intentions of a speaker based on the referential expressions used in a given context, as well as how the speaker chooses an appropriate expression in the first place. Pronouns, demonstratives, and definite descriptions are crucial expressions of interest, with special attention to their relation to both intra- and extralinguistic context. Furthermore, one key line of research is concerned with speakers' and listeners' capacity to keep track of both their own private perspective and the shared perspective of the interlocutors in actual interaction.
Given the rapid ongoing growth in the field, there is a large number of additional topical areas that cannot all be mentioned here, but the final section of the article briefly mentions further current and future areas of research.
Experimental Semiotics
Bruno Galantucci
Experimental Semiotics (ES) is a burgeoning new discipline aimed at investigating in the laboratory the development of novel forms of human communication. Conceptually connected to experimental research on language use, ES provides a scientific complement to field studies of spontaneously emerging new languages and studies on the emergence of communication systems among artificial agents.
ES researchers have created quite a few research paradigms to investigate the development of novel forms of human communication. Despite their diversity, these paradigms all rely on the use of semiotic games, that is, games in which people can succeed reliably only after they have developed novel communication systems. Some of these games involve creating novel signs for pre-specified meanings. These games are particularly suitable for studying relatively large communication systems and their structural properties. Other semiotic games involve establishing shared meanings as well as novel signs to communicate about them. These games are typically rather challenging and are particularly suitable for investigating the processes through which novel forms of communication are created.
Considering that ES is a methodological stance rather than a well-defined research theme, researchers have used it to address a greatly heterogeneous set of research questions. Despite this, and despite the recent origins of ES, two of these questions have begun to coalesce into relatively coherent research themes.
The first theme originates from the observation that novel communication systems developed in the laboratory tend to acquire features that are similar to key features of natural language. Most notably, they tend (a) to rely on the use of symbols—that is purely conventional signs—and (b) to adopt a combinatorial design, using a few basic units to express a large number of meanings. ES researchers have begun investigating some of the factors that lead to the acquisition of such features. These investigations suggest two conclusions. The first is that the emergence of symbols depends on the fact that, when repeatedly using non-symbolic signs, people tend to progressively abstract them. The second conclusion is that novel communication systems tend to adopt a combinatorial design more readily when their signs have low degrees of motivation and fade rapidly.
The second research theme originates from the observation that novel communication systems developed in the laboratory tend to begin systematically with motivated—that is non-symbolic—signs. ES investigations of this tendency suggest that it occurs because motivation helps people bootstrap novel forms of communication. Put it another way, these investigations show that it is very difficult for people to bootstrap communication through arbitrary signs.
Game Theory in Pragmatics: Evolution, Rationality, and Reasoning
Michael Franke
Game theory provides formal means of representing and explaining action choices in social decision situations where the choices of one participant depend on the choices of another. Game theoretic pragmatics approaches language production and interpretation as a game in this sense. Patterns in language use are explained as optimal, rational, or at least nearly optimal or rational solutions to a communication problem. Three intimately related perspectives on game theoretic pragmatics are sketched here: (i) the evolutionary perspective explains language use as the outcome of some optimization process, (ii) the rationalistic perspective pictures language use as a form of rational decision-making, and (iii) the probabilistic reasoning perspective considers specifically speakers' and listeners' beliefs about each other. There are clear commonalities behind these three perspectives, and they may in practice blend into each other.
At the heart of game theoretic pragmatics lies the idea that speaker and listener behavior, when it comes to using a language with a given semantic meaning, are attuned to each other. By focusing on the evolutionary or rationalistic perspective, we can then give a functional account of general patterns in our pragmatic language use. The probabilistic reasoning perspective invites modeling actual speaker and listener behavior, for example, as it shows in quantitative aspects of experimental data.
- no detail
- some detail
- full detail

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Chris Jericho believes that he has nothing left to achieve in the WWE.
During a question and answer session with fans on social media site Twitter, Jericho said in response to being asked if there were any more goals that he wanted to achieve in the WWE: "No, but I'm having more fun than ever".
Chris Jericho, whose real name is Christopher Irvine, has been with the WWE since 1999, although he had a break in 2005 before re-signing for the company in 2007.
During this time Jericho has been a three time world heavyweight champion and has earned wide-recognition for his finishing manoeuvre, 'The Walls of Jericho', which means that he is certain to become part of the WWE Hall-of-Fame when he does choose to retire.
Jericho is also a keen fan of music and often tours with his band, 'Fozzy', who he is the lead vocalist for.
The 42-year-old is currently participating in a feud with the powerful Ryback and is set to fight him at the upcoming Money in the Bank pay-per-view.
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text:
NMA needed a new logo design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 100 designs submitted by 32 freelance designers.
Aurelian Global Holdings
We are a financial services company that focuses on structuring projects and financing them. We focus a lot on Russia and Central Asia and present ourselves as a top of the line advisory firm with excellent relationships with the best institutions on Wall Street. Therefore the look that we want to present is very regal and the logo to be one of strength, timelessness and class. Our website is http://www.aurelianworld.com. Our name is a reference to Aurelian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelian) the 3rd century Roman emperor who reunified the Roman Empire and fought corruption in the country.
Large financial institutions in the United States and large industrial businesses in Russia and Central Asia. The people we approach are senior decision makers who are very well educated and very successful. We cannot have the logo be "cheesy" but rather subtle and meaningful, while classy at the same time.
Classy, with a focus on the color blue and white. Has to incorporate "Aurelian Global Holdings." We would like to have a symbol to the left of the name. All "globe" referenced logos appear to be tacky so we'd rather avoid the globe theme in our logo, especially since we have a big globe on our website. Cues should be taken form the logos of major banks and private equity firms (such as Deutsche Bank). Focus on sacred geometry is a plus (timeless patterns) - a hint of it not an "in your face" flower of life type designs. Since I only have an idea more feedback, guidance and direction will be provided upon review of proposals.
Find out how a design contest works or learn more about our logo design services.


text:
Sri Sri Guru Gaurangau Jayatah!
Om ajnana timirandhasya jnananjana salakaya Caksur-unmilitam yena tasmai sri-guruve namah
nama om visnu-padaya radhikayah priyatmane sri-srimad-bhaktivedanta narayana iti namine
New Pranam Mantras for Srila Gurudeva by Pujyapad Premananda Prabhuji
Dandavat pranams. I would just like to share two pranam mantras written by our Pujyapad Premananda Prabhuji for Srila Gurudeva on the observance of Sri Guru Purnima last 30 July. We became so happy that Prabhuji had written and shared these very beautiful and meaningful pranam mantras for us to use in our auspicious invocations to Srila Guru Maharaja.
First version is:
vande 'ham sri guru varam sri rupanuga pravaram
vraja-rasa-rasikam ca narayanam tam prapanam
Second version is:
sri guru caranam vande ramanaprestham bhutale rupanuga bhaktidam ca krpamurti narayanam
The above poster pictures contain the proper spelling of the slokas. The slokas I typed in this blog have no diacritic marks so they don't have the correct spelling.
A general meaning/translation to the first version will be:
I worship (vande'ham) in humble submission (tam prapanam) Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta Narayan Goswami Maharaja (narayanam), who is my best Spiritual Master (sri guru varam), the foremost member of the Rupanuga dynasty (sri rupanuga pravaram), and (ca) who is always relishing the mellows of Vraja (vraja-rasa-rasikam).
The general meaning/translation to the second version is:
I worship the lotus feet of Srila Gurudev (sri guru caranam vande) Sri Srimad Bhaktivedanta Narayan Goswami Maharaja (narayanam) who in this world is very dear to his worshipful Lord Sri Radha-raman Biharijiu (ramanaprestham bhutale), who is the distributor of rupanuga bhakti (rupanuga bhaktidam) and (ca) who is the embodiment of mercy (krpamurti).
Feel free to use any of the 2 versions which Prabhuji wrote for us to be able to use.
As for the various deep meanings of the slokas, you will have to find them out from Prabhuji himself. So the next time you come to Vraja, you will have to take advantage of his valuable association.
Here in Braja we had a 3 day Gurupuja Festival -- 29 July in Mathura (Sri Keshavji Gaudiya Math), 30 in Vrndavan (in Ananda Dham) and 1 August in Govardhan (Giridhari Gaudiya Math). On each day, so many devotees from all over India and overseas came to offer worship to Srila Gurudeva. However, before Srila Gurudev accepted everyone's worship, he began each day with himself doing puja or worship to his Guru Maharaja, to the entire disciplic succession and then to all the senior vaishnavas and his godbrothers. Then he would sit for hours to give opportunity for everyone to personally see him (one by one) to offer garlands or flowers and varous gifts and prayers to him. On these days, everyone came to receive his blessings and so many came also to receive harinama and diksa.
Really, I've never seen so much mercy and love from Srila Gurudeva flowing for the general masses on this day of Guru Purnima than in any other day. We pray that someday we can become a permanent particle of this love.
Radhe Radhe Radhe Jay Jay Jay Sri Radhe !!!!
gurave gauracandraya radhikaya tadalaye krsnaya krsna-bhaktaya tad bhaktaya namo namah
Jaya Gurudeva Jaya Gurudeva Gurudevaaa Gurudevaa Jaya Jaya Gurudeva !!!
Sri Isopanisad - Invocation
om purnam adah purnam idam
purnat purnam udacyate
purnasya purnam adaya
purnam eva vasisyate
om--the Complete Whole; purnam--perfectly complete; adah--that; purnam--perfectly complete;
idam--this phenomenal world; purnat--from the all-perfect; purnam--complete unit;
udacyate--is produced; purnasya--of the Complete Whole; purnam--completely, all;
adaya--having been taken away; purnam--the complete balance; eva--even; avasisyate--is remaining.
Translation - The absolute Truth is perfect and complete, and because He is completely perfect,
all emanations from Him, such as this phenomenal world, are perfectly equipped as complete wholes.
Om Ajnana
om ajnana timiran dhasya
jnana jana salakaya
caksur unmilitam yena
tasmai sri gurave namah
Translation - I was born into the darkness
of ignorance but my spiritual master has
opened my eyes with the blazing torchlight
of knowledge.
I offer my respectful obeisances unto him.
guru puja
shree guru charana Padma
kevarla bhar kartee sadma
bhando mooee savad harna mar teyyy
The lotus feet of our spiritual master are the only way by which we can attain
pure devotional service. I bow to his lotus feet with great awe and reverence.
By his grace one can cross the ocean of material suffering and obtain the mercy of Krsna.
gurudev, kreepar bindhoo dee yar
koro ey dase
trina pekhar artee hee nar
sakarla saharney, barlar dee yar koro
neejar marney spree har heenar
Translation- O gurudeva, please bless this fallen servant with a drop of your mercy
Please give me the strength and help me to attain to the spiritual plane
samsara dava nala lidha loka
tranaya ka runya ghana ghanatvam
praptasya kalya na gunarna vasya
vande guroh sri chara nara vindam
Translation -
The spiritual master is receiving benediction from the ocean of mercy.
Just as a cloud pours water on a forest fire to extinguish it,
so the spiritual master delivers the materially afflicted world by
extinguishing the blazing fire of material existence.
I offer my respectful obeisances unto the lotus feet of such
a spiritual master, who is an ocean of auspicious qualities
He Govinda He Gopala
He Govinda He Gopala He Daya lulal
(O Govinda, O Gopala, O Ocean of Mercy)
Prana Natha Anatha Sakhe
(O Lord of my life you are my only true friend)
Dina Darda Nivara
(The only protector of this unfortunate soul)
He Samaratha Agamya Purana
(O eternal Divine "King", I am unfit to approach you as I am)
Moha Maya Dhara
(holding on to my illusions and attachments)
Andha Kupa Maha Bhayana
( I have fallen into this andha kupa- deep dark well of ignorance)
Nanaka Para Utara
(You are my only shelter and means of deliverance)
He – O Govinda – name for Krishna which means the reservoir of all pleasure
Gopala – name for Krishna which means the transcendental friend and protector of the cows Daya - mercy lulal – ocean
Prana – life Natha - Lord Anatha - no other Sakhe - friend
Lord of the universe
jagannatha swami
nayana pata gami
nayana pata gami
bhava tu may
lord of the universe
kindly be visible
kindly be visible
unto me
Jaya Radha Madhava
jaya radha madhava
jaya kunja bihari
jaya gopi jana vallabha
jaya giri vara dhari
yasoda nandana
vraja jana ranjana
yamuna tira vana chari
Translation -
Krishna is the divine lover of Radha, his eternal consort
He displays amorous pastimes in the groves of Vrindavana
He is the divine lover of the gopis (cowherd maidens of Vraja)
and the holder of the great hill named Govardhana
Although unborn He plays the role of the beloved son of mother Yasoda
He is the delighter of the inhabitants of Vraja
and he wanders in the forests along the banks of the river Yamuna.
nama om visnu-padaya
krishna presthaya bhu-tale
srimate bhaktivedanta-
swamin iti namine
namas te sarasvati deve
gaura-vani- pracarine
nirvisesa- sunyavadi-
pascatya- desa- tarine
"I offer my respectful obeisances unto his Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada,
who is very dear to Lord Krishna, having taken shelter of His lotus feet. Our respectful obeisances are unto you,
O spiritual master, servant of Sarasvati Gosvami. You are kindly preaching the message of Lord Caitanyadeva
and delivering the Western countries, which are filled with impersonalism and voidism."
Gayatri Mantra
Om Bhur Bhuvah Swah
Tat Savitur Varenyam
Bhargo Devasya Dheemahi
Dhiyo Yo Nah Prachodayat
Translation - "Let us meditate upon the worshipable divine effulgence of the sun which illuminates the universe
and enthuses our meditation."
Om - O Lord / Bhur Bhuvah - The cosmos / Swah - Celestial plane
Tat - That / Savitur - Of the sun / Varenyam - Worshipable
Bhargo - Effulgence / Devasya - Of the divine / Dheemahi - Let us meditate /
Dhiyo –Meditatation / Yo – Who / Nah - Us
Prachodayat - Enthuses
Om namo Narayana
Om namo Narayana
jaya Govinda Hari Govinda
Narayana Narayana
jaya Gopala Hari Gopala
Narayana Narayana
Om – the impersonal sound representation of Krishna & the transcendental sound vibration used in the beginning of Vedic Hymns.
Namo - obeisance's
Narayana – a four armed expansion (incarnation) of Krishna
Jaya – all glories
Govinda – name for Krishna which means the reservoir of all pleasure
Hari – name for Krishna which means He who takes away all suffering
Gopala – name for Krishna which means the transcendental friend and protector of the cows
Om Namo Bhagavate
Om Namo Bhagavate Vasudevaya
O Supreme Personality of Godhead, Sri Krishna (Vasudevaya) I offer my respectful obeisance's unto You
Om Namas
om namas te stu bhagavan narayana
vasudevadi purusa maha purusa
narayana paro yogo
narayana param tapah
narayana param jnanam
narayana para gatih
Sri Ram
Sri Ram Jai Ram
Jai Jai Ram
Sri – divinely beautiful
Jai – all glories
Ram –Sri Krishna incarnates as Lord Ramachandra and plays the part of the perfect ruler
the record of which forms the epic Ramayana
Translation - All glories to the divinely beautiful Lord Ramachandra
Raghupati Raghava raja Ram
Raghupati Raghava raja Ram patita pavana Sita Ram
Sita Ram jaya Sita Ram Bhaja pyare tu Sita Ram
Ishwara Allah tero naam Saab ko Sanamati de Bhagavan
Divine Lord Rama, you have appeared in the Raghu Dynasty
O divine couple Sita and Rama you are the saviours of the fallen souls
Beloved, worship Sita and Rama
God is one but his names are many
O Lord, bless everyone with wisdom
Govinda Jaya Jaya
Govinda jaya jaya Gopala jaya
Govinda jaya jaya
Radha-ramana Hari Govinda jaya jaya
Govinda Govinda jaya
Govinda jaya Gopala jaya
Govinda – name for Krishna which means the reservoir of all pleasure
Jaya– all glories
Gopala – name for Krishna which means the transcendental friend and protector of the cows
Radha-ramana - the Divine lover of Radharani (Krishna's eternal consort and expansion of Krishna's spiritual internal, pleasure giving potency)
Hari – name for Krishna which means He who takes away all suffering
Asato ma sat ga maya - Out of the Darkness, into the Light
Asato ma sat ga maya - Stick to the truth, abandon the false
Tama soma Jyo tir ga maya - Out of the Darkness, into the Light
Mrit yor ma amri tam ga maya - Death no more, undying, unborn
Out of the Darkness, into the Light
Maha mantra
Hare Krishna Hare Krishna
Krishna Krishna Hare Hare
Hare Rama Hare Rama
Rama Rama Hare Hare
Hare – name for Krishna which means He who takes away all suffering
Also delineates the divine energy of the Lord
Krishna – the all-attractive Supreme Personality of Godhead
Rama – name for Krishna which means the bestower of spiritual pleasure
Sri Brahma-samhita
govindam adi-purusham tam aham bhajami
(Govinda) (original person)(him) (I) (worship)
Translation - I worship Govinda, the original person - the primeval Lord
Pancha Tattva Mantra
Shree Krishna Chaitanya Prabhu Nityananda
Shree Adwaita Gadhadhar Shree Vusadee Gaur Bhakta Vrinda
Translation - I offer my respectful obeisances unto Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu,
Lord Nityananda, Sri Advaita, Gadadhara Pandit, Srivas Thakur,
and all the devotees of Lord Caitanya.
Lord Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu is always accompanied by His very confidential
associates such as Sri Nityananda, Sri Gadadhara and Sri Adwaita and by
many devotees like Srivasa. Lord Caitanya is the most merciful incarnation of
Sri Krsna and His associates are even more merciful.
They are always engaged in chanting the name of the Lord
and are always describing Lord Krsna.
jaya hanuman
jaya hanuman jaya hanuman hanuman
jaya hanuman jaya shree hanuman
kiba jaya jaya gora chander aratiko shobha
jahnavi tata vane jaga mana lobha
gauranger arotik shobha
jaga jana mana lobha
Translation - All glories, all glories to the beautiful arati ceremony of Lord Caitanya.
This Gaura-arati is taking place in a grove on the banks of the Jahnavi (Ganges) and
is attracting the minds of all living entities in the universe
Harer Nama
Harer Nama Harer Nama Harer Nama Eva Kevalam
Kalau Nastyeva Nastyeva Nastyeva Gatir Anyatha
Translation - "In this age of Kali(quarrel and hypocricy)
there is no alternative, there is no alternative, there is no alternative
for Spiritual progress than the chanting of the Holy Name, Holy Name,
Holy Name of the Lord."
yugayitam nimesena
cak shusha pra vri shy itam
sunjayitam jagat sarvam
govinda vira hena may
Translation - O Govinda! Feeling Your separations I am considering a moment
to be like twelve years or more.
Tears are flowing from my eyes like torrents of rain,
and I am feeling all vacant in the world in Your absence.
radhe govinda
radhe radhe govinda
govinda radhe
radhe radhe govinda
govinda radhe
Radharani ki jai
Radharani ki jai,
maharani ki jai
bolo barsane vari
ki jai jai jai
Radharani ki jai
vanca-kalpatarubhyas ca krpa-sindhubhya eva ca
patitanam pavanebhyo vaisnavebhyo namo namah
Gouranga Nityananda !Gouranga Nityananda !Nitai Nitai Nitai !


text:
Girl Scouts of Central & Western Massachusetts and Broad Meadow Brook in Worcester is offering a special overnight program for Brownie Scouts starting on Friday, April 9 at 6:30 p.m. and ending at 8:45 a.m. on Saturday, April 10.
Juliette Scouts in grades 2 & 3 may also register. Troops and Individual Scouts may register, but and individual Scout must have an adult in attendance. Troops are asked to follow safety-wise ratios.
Program: Did you know that frogs absorb water through their skin so they don't need to drink? Or that some frogs freeze solid in winter? Bring your sense of adventure for an indoor program all about FROGS, an after-dark hike on the wildlife sanctuary, and then cozy up to sleep indoors in our visitor center.
This program is set up for small troops looking for an overnight experience with an outdoor component.
If your group is larger than 15, contact Broad Meadow Brook to set up your own date (other topics and badges are available).
Trained overnight leader and first aider required with each Troop.
Event: 4709
Registration fee is $16 per Scout and $16 per adult.
Registration will close when 40 people are registered or on March 12.
To register: Contact Broad Meadow Brook, Martha, at 508-753-6087 x22 or email@example.com.


text:
T-Square Signs provides custom sign solutions to all businesses in the greater Tampa area, creating attractive, eye-catching commercial signage that gets your brand and business noticed. As experienced and dedicated local sign makers
Related Listings:
Woods Square
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Please enter your phone number and click "Send" to receive the listing details by SMS. For numbers outside the US, please enter the country code, for e.g. +91. If you do not receive a message, your phone number might be registered in the Do Not Disturb Registry.
For numbers outside the US please enter the country code.
Please enter your phone number and click "Call" to call the listing owner.
For numbers outside the US please enter the country code.
1friend.com - social network site.
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Car Dealership


text:
The basics of your wedding day are important. We firmly believe that it's difficult to have a wedding or reception without the venue, the catering, the officiant. But we also believe that weddings are a chance to showcase what's special about your relationship with your fiancé – and embrace all things pretty.
read more


text:
You are here: Home ‹ Board index ‹ Movie Discussion ‹ All Other/Older Movies ‹ Older Movies
What Jim Carrey movie did you enjoy least?
Discuss older Jim Carrey movies.
I liked them all! If I had to choose it would be... No, nevermind, I can't choose!!!!
To God, every living being is beautiful... Except for you.
I know there was at least one movie that sucked but never Jim.
Bah hum bug!!!!
Well, basically anything he's done after Me, Myself & Irene, which was his last, truly great movie that made me laugh the way only 2 or 3 guys in Hollywood can do.
Fun With Dick & Jane was really, really not funny, Bruce Almighty was alright at best, The Number 23 was close to terrible IMO, and Yes Man doesn't look all that great either.
I'm dying for Jim to get back to the Jim we fell in love with in the 90's.
I'd say The Majestic. It was obviously not the fault of Jim, but primarily the movie and the content in the movie. It was really boring, imo. I guess he wanted to do some serious dramas.
My fav serious movies he has done were Truman Show and Man on the mOon
Check out my YouTube channel for some funny videos here: http://www.youtube.com/mchoh
The Cable Guy. I Love Jim Carrey to DEATH but I just can't stand watching this whole movie (minus the Kareoke scene).
I only liked Tommy Lee Jones (Two-Face) & Jim (The Riddler) in Batman Forever, & after seen Batman & Robin I'd prefer watching Batman Forever more times then Batman & Robin.
All right fine. I haven't even seen All in Good Taste but I'm gonna go with that one just cause I'm not a fan of a whole bunch of nudity in a movie and from what I've heard about it, it sounds awful!
And yes, I have no intention of watching it.
To God, every living being is beautiful... Except for you.
well if you ever want to see a pic of a certian someone showing all he has got you know where to go
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Only hotels in Hialeah Gardens are listed below. Find cheap and/or discounted hotel rates in or near Hialeah Gardens, FL for your upcoming personal or group travel. We list the best Hialeah Gardens Florida hotel rooms. Review the Hialeah Gardens hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. We also have a map of the Hialeah Gardens hotels. Group booking? Search Hialeah Gardens Group Hotel Deals
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Just imagine someone in your family travelling half way across the country to help a family they don't know nor have any connection to; while at the same time his own family is in crisis. Just imagine how you would feel if your family barely had food to eat, but yet your father goes across town and gives some of your food to a family that he doesn't even know.
I am sure in both cases the family would feel betrayed and a bit confused; and outsiders would surely think the father has lost his mind. Is it a noble gesture to try to help your fellow man? Of course it is. But, while it might be tragic for another family to be suffering, a father's first obligation is to his own family, then his own community, and then the world.
President Obama, in many ways, serves as our nation's symbolic "father." In times of crisis, we look to him for comfort, support, and direction. Remember Reagan after the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded, Bush 41 after the Rodney King riots or Bush 43 after 911?
Having worked around three presidents, I am fully aware that a president can't be everywhere, all the time and he has to pick and choose how he leads a country in a time of crisis. What a tragedy if that moment finds him unprepared or unqualified for the moment that could be his finest hour.
I found the anemic response by this White House and this president to the senseless death of Hadiya Pendleton very tragic.
Pendleton was a 15 year-old honors student who was shot and killed last Tuesday in Chicago. She had recently performed at President Obama's January 21st inauguration with her high school's band and drill team. She was shot in the back at a neighborhood park. She had just finished taking her exams at King College Prep. According to police, a gunman jumped a fence, ran toward the group of girls and opened fire, then jumped in a car and left the scene. The girls were standing under a canopy to hide themselves from the rain. Pendleton was hit in the back; a male victim, 16, is in serious condition. The park is about a mile from Obama's Chicago home.
The White House's response was weak at best and callous at worst. When asked about Pendleton's death, presidential spokesman Jay Carney called it a 'terrible tragedy for someone to be killed when they had so much of their life ahead of them. The president and first lady's thoughts and prayers are with the family of Hadiya Pendleton. All of our thoughts and prayers are with her family.' When Obama was asked about Pendleton's murder, he went into this bizarre rant about, "well, the problem is that a huge proportion of those guns come in from outside Chicago… creating a bunch of pockets of gun laws without a unified, integrated system of background checks makes it harder for a single community to protect itself from gun violence." His response was very creepy, as though he was just a robot, with no connection with his own humanity.
Now juxtapose that with his response to the shootings in Newtown, Conn. He shed tears for those kids and takes a trip there, but for Pendleton and others who have been killed this year—just a few terse words.
This year alone, Chicago has had more than 42 murders and 506 last year. Remember, many of these murders occurred within blocks of Obama's Chicago home, surrounded by a full complement of Secret Service agents.
He is driven through these neighborhoods with his military-style entourage, but somehow never finds the time to stop by and talk with some of the families of those who have been murdered, many under the age of 10 years old.
All lives are precious, but I am having a hard time watching my president fly to Newtown, which is about s 844 miles east of Chicago; but, he can't walk a couple blocks from his house in Chicago.
I won't apologize for thinking that maybe it has something to do with the zip code of the two cities or the polar opposite economic levels between the two cities. You always try to give a sitting president the benefit of the doubt, but in Obama's case, I doubt if there is any benefit.
Raynard Jackson is president & CEO of Raynard Jackson & Associates, LLC., a Washington, D.C.-based public relations/government affairs firm. He can be reached through his Web site, http://www.raynardjackson.com. You can also follow him on Twitter at raynard1223.


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New Order 66 2 Packs?
I liked the original sets, and the price wasn't even bad, they just didn't seem to go over well... ARC's though, those tend to be more popular figures. Perhaps with the Clone Wars toon, these will have the momentum behind them to sell well...The Jedi choices are cool too in some of them, as they're not just ****** figures you already have and didn't even want because there's a better version out. At least in some cases. Perhaps even the Ani/Obi figures will use good figure bases to start with, and perhaps be changed up too in some fashion so they're interesting as well.I'm really excited for CW this upcoming year, and this just makes me moreso really.
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RemoteViews is the key mechanism behind the AppWidget feature of the Android platform. There are many good introductions to AppWidgets (like this or this) so I will be short. AppWidget is a representation of an Android application on the home screen. The application can decide, what representative information it publishes on the home screen. As the screen estate is limited, the representation is obviously condensed, e.g. an application executing a long-running task can publish the progress indicator as home screen widget. The technical problem is that it is not evident, how to embed functionality (even condensed functionality) from another running application into the Launcher, the default home screen provider. If Launcher delegated the refreshing/redrawing of the views embedded from another application to that application, then malfunction of that application could disrupt the Launcher itself - something to be definitely avoided as the home screen is the last refuge of the users if something goes wrong with apps. Different platforms apply similar strategy. The idea is that the home screen application does not invoke other executables when it draws the home screen, it rather uses some sort of description of the widget UI in data format and displays that. For example that is the reason Symbian forces the programmer to implement widgets as HTML/JavaScript applications and that is the reason Android decoupled the applications from the Launcher view structure
The workhorse behind Android AppWidgets is the RemoteViews widget. RemoteViews is a parcelable data structure (so it can be sent through Android IPC) that captures an entire view structure. The creator of the RemoteViews sets up this data structure, by specifying the base layout and setting field values. This has no effect on the UI and therefore background components like services, broadcast event handlers, etc. can also do it. In fact, AppWidgets are broadcast event receivers, they process broadcasts from Launcher and respond with RemoteViews. When the RemoteViews data structure is received and deserialized, it can be applied to any ViewGroup of the UI and can therefore appear on the UI of another application. From this point of view, it works just like a hypertext document except that RemoteViews describes Android views and not general web controls.
RemoteViews is a powerful construct that can be easily used outside of the context of AppWidgets. I present now a simple Activity and a Service where the Service provides an entire formatted View (and not just the data) that can be displayed easily by the Activity. Even though this is against the Big Book of service-oriented architectures (services should provide raw data and the consumers should care about formatting), there are lot of use cases for this construct. For example the output data of the service may not be so easy to display (e.g. in case of a map application) or you would like to tie the output of the service with advertisement, logo or link to your main application (a PendingIntent in Android parlance). In this case your Service (broadcast receiver, etc.) may just return the View structure you would like the client application to display. In the web world, web widgets are formatted mini webpages to be embedded into other web pages, hence the similarity of this web technology with RemoteViews.
Click here to download the example program.
There are three points to note here.
- Check ITimeViewService.aidl under the src/aexp/remoteview directory and see how the remote method returns a RemoteViews instance.
- Check TimeViewService.java and see how the RemoteView is constructed and updated. To make the point of returning formatted views as opposed to raw data, I added two formatted TextViews and a ProgressBar embedded into two LinearLayouts to the view structure returned by the service.
- Check RemoteView.java and see how the RemoteView is applied to the view structure of that Activity. Everything under the "Get view data" button comes from the service when the RemoteViews is inflated into the view structure of the Activity.
RemoteViews has disadvantages, however. It cannot serialize any Views, e.g. it cannot serialize an EditText view. I am aware of only this article about the restrictions of views the RemoteViews can serialize/deserialize.


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Definition of tavern
n. - A public house where travelers and other transient guests are accomodated with rooms and meals; an inn; a hotel; especially, in modern times, a public house licensed to sell liquor in small quantities. 2
The word "tavern" uses 6 letters: A E N R T V.
No direct anagrams for tavern found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after tavern (in bold), or to aenrtv in any order:
a - taverna d - verdant e - nervate veteran l - ventral m - varment s - servant taverns versant u - vaunter
Shorter words found within tavern:
ae an ane ant ante antre ar are art at ate ave aver avert ear earn eat en er era ern et eta etna na nae nave ne near neat net ran rant rat rate rave raven re rent ret rev ta tae tan tar tare tarn tav tea tear ten tern trave van vane var vat vena vent vera vert vet
List shorter words within tavern, sorted by length
Words formed from any letters in tavern, plus an optional blank or existing letter
List all words starting with tavern, words containing tavern or words ending with tavern
All words formed from tavern by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: ta av ve er rn
Browse words starting with tavern by next letter
Previous word in list: tav
Next word in list: taverna
Some random words: oar emic eanling objurgate panoplied oar behold
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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Here's a wonderfully simple milk shake made with dates, dates are a great source of fiber, potassium, minerals and carotenoids. They are famous in the middle east and were introduced by the Persians around 550 BC Arabian warrior's brought them. I would imagine they made a wonderful easy to carry energy rich snack. Date's are grown on a palm tree in hotter climates and traditionally dates and milk are eating to break fast during Ramadan. The palm leaves from date palm are also often used to make crosses during palm Sunday.
Our daughter loves them and calls them big raisins, they make a great naturally sweet snack.
from wikipedia
- one cup of milk
- about 6 dates
- a little sugar is needed, but honestly most dates are naturally sweet enough and its not needed
- add milk and dates to a blended and blend
- enjoy
In other news, voting ended yesterday for the Shorty awards (social media awards) and I am in 5th with 251 votes, the support from friends, bloggers and fellow dietitians has been amazing truly honored to know you all. So now we just wait and see what the judges decide, finger's and toes crossed :-)
Have a fun weekend everyone


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Project E (2009)
~Group E~
Update: FINAL PROJECT
Wow, is it over already?
Our site is up and running: http://sites.google.com/site/yalsateens/[1]
We are still working with YALSA and the webmaster to see how we can include our project in the new YALSA webpage redesign. The presentation at the Poster Session went well and we received a lot of great feedback on our project. We took a couple of pics:
Update: Chat on 3/22
Meeting notes:
Carla and Nia chatted via Skype on Sunday March 22nd for about an hour. Nia took notes and here's what we came up with:
- Type of resource: website.
- Content: limited to YALSA content (for now).
- Suggested organization: Main page with link to book lists, link to awards, and link to "other" (YALSA programs, Teen Read Week, etc).
- Design: use YALSA logo and color scheme (orange and blue)
- Create new versions of current lists and link to older lists.
- Add graphics like book covers (we think this should fall under Fair Use).
- Printable versions of lists will probably not include graphics.
- Allow comments on book lists/awards (encourage teens to interact).
- Aaron suggested using Nvu to build the website: http://www.net2.com/nvu/
- Nia suggested using a blog tool like WordPress, since it allows you to create posts or pages. If we use only pages then it will look like a website and not a blog. Plus, Carla is now set up to be a blogger for Teen Read Week and she says YALSA already uses WordPress.
- We will try to leave a month or so before ALA to work out how to do our poster presentation.
Action Items:
- Nia and Aaron: work on building website. If we set it up on WordPress we will share the login and other people can start adding content.
- Carla and Katie: work on organizing content, collecting pictures, etc.
- Determine next meeting date.
Carla will post meeting notes on our Wiki too.
Update: ALA Midwinter
During our meeting we discussed ideas for creating a YALSA webpage designed for teens. The project outline specifically states the goals of our project are to "1.) increase awareness in YALSA's literary awards and recommended reading lists, and 2.) provide an e-resource that teens can use to find out about good reading, listening and viewing materials." Since this seems pretty open ended to us we brainstormed a little and came up with topics that we thought could be included:
Graphic Novels
At our Midwinter meeting we set up ground rules for our group.
1.) Email everyone so we all know what is going on.
2.) Be honest.
3.) Follow through on your assigned tasks.
We also talked about our strengths and weaknesses and shared contact information. We decided to set up a wiki to use so we could share resources and ideas all in one place instead of trying to organize miscellaneous emails.
TASKS and NEXT MEETING:
We've set a deadline for February 14th to finish the following tasks-
Katie is going to set up our "working wiki" page.
Carla is going to update the EL wiki page.
Aaron is going to look into virtual spaces so we can try and talk in "real time" at some point.
Nia is going to get in touch with the YALSA webmaster and our mentor/staff member to see that we're on the right track.
All of us are going to look around at teen websites and find at least one that really appeals to us so we can identify features we'd like to see used in our final project. These will be posted to our "working wiki."


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Oct. 17, 2003
The Sounds Of The Season
Beginning Saturday, October 18, the sounds of bouncing balls and squeaking shoes will once again emanate from the Thunderdome as the 2003-04 UC Santa Barbara men's basketball team begins practice. Saturday marks the first time that coaches and players are allowed on the floor simultaneously.
Gauchos Start With Exhibition Against EA Sports
The first opportunity UCSB fans will have to witness a familiar, but improved, UCSB team will be Wednesday, November 5, at 7:00 p.m. as Santa Barbara takes on the EA Sports All-Stars in an exhibition game at the Thunderdome. EA Sports is a team comprised of former college basketball players, most of whom attended colleges on the West Coast. On November 12, UCSB will play its final exhibition game against Ratiopharm Ulm, a German club.
Sunny Start To Pre-Season
The Gauchos will officially begin their march towards March in Honolulu, Hawaii as they take on the University of Hawaii in the regular season opener on November 21. After spending some time in the sun UCSB will embark for colder terrain as they head to the Montana Holiday Classic to play the University of Montana, and then the winner of a St. Mary's/Southeastern Missouri match-up.
Gauchos Ride The Wave
UCSB will return to the Thunderdome on Wednesday, December 3 to play its first regular season home game, a non-conference contest with coastal rival Pepperdine. In last season's battle with the Waves, Santa Barbara dropped a heartbreaker in Malibu. However, the game marked the emergence of some of the young and exciting players, most notably Josh Davis and Cecil Brown.
Williams Returns For Sixth Season
Head coach Bob Williams returns for his sixth season at UC Santa Barbara and enters this year as the reigning Big West Coach of the Year. Williams has had significant success at UCSB since his arrival from UC Davis in 1998. His career record at the helm of the Gauchos is 80-67, and he has been voted Coach of the Year twice, earning the honor in 1998-99 as well as last season. Additionally, Williams has taken UCSB into the post season two years in a row including an appearance in the NCAA Tournament in 2002, the first for Santa Barbara in 12 years. Over the course of his 15-year career, Williams has a record of 269-167, a winning percentage of .620. His success landed him an NCAA Division II Championship while he paced the sidelines at UC Davis.
Leading the Pack
Among the familiar faces leading the drills as practice opens will be the 2003 Big West Player of the Year Branduinn Fullove. The 6-foot-4 senior guard is coming off his best season as a Gaucho, and enters the year in position to rewrite much of UCSB's record-book. Joining Fullove in the backcourt will be two other familiar faces, Jacoby Atako and Nick Jones. All three players are four-year letterwinners and starters. Following last season, Atako was chosen as the Big West Defensive Player of the Year and Jones was selected the co-winner of the Big West Hustle Award.
Help Down Low
Entering the 2003-04 season the Gauchos look to have the deepest bench they have had since the introduction of Bob Williams as Head Coach. Joining Fullove, Atako and Jones as returning starters are Casey Cook and Bryan Whitehead who divided the starts at the five spot last year. Both forwards have been on the floor at the tip and both have seen significant time coming off the bench. Most importantly, Cook and Whitehead are experienced veterans and have improved with each year. This season, Cook makes the shift back to his more familiar four spot. Whitehead will remain at the five. Aided by the return of Bray Skultety, a forward who was granted a sixth season after a medical redshirt, and redshirt freshman Glenn Turner, the Gauchos have significantly improved their depth in the post.
Sixth Sense
For most people, four or five years of college are enough. But six years sounds rather nice when your senior year was disrupted and cut short by a season ending injury. For Bray Skultety that was the case. A knee injury prior to games last year forced him to the sideline for the entire season. The NCAA, however, granted him a sixth year of eligibility. Skultety walked-on at UCSB after being discovered in a pick-up game by a couple Gaucho players, and he has become an inspirational leader for the team as a key member of the frontcourt. Skultety should make an impact as an outstanding rebounder and a solid shot blocker.
Spark Plugs
Cecil Brown and Josh Davis return to the floor for their sophomore seasons at UCSB. Brown and Davis emerged last season as a freshman tandem that fueled excitement for Santa Barbara virtually every time they stepped onto the floor. The duo is poised to make an even greater impact this season. Brown is bigger and stronger than he was as a freshman and is expected to see significantly more playing time. Davis, an outstanding defender in his first season, should see his role expand.
New Faces
Indeed UC Santa Barbara returns all but two of the players that helped the school win its first regular season Big West Championship, however, there are many new faces that will be checking in at the scorer's table come this 2003-04 season. Most notable are sophomores Cameron Goettsche, a transfer from Salt Lake Community College who originally went to the University of Utah, and guard Joe See, a transfer from Oregon State. Goettsche, a 6-foot-9 forward, has tremendous athleticism and a firm understanding of the game. See is a sharp-shooting guard who has tremendous three-point range. Additionally, redshirt freshman Glenn Turner, a 6-foot-9 forward, and true freshman Chris Devine, a 6-foot-8 forward, could contribute.


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NA-M944 St. Lucie to New Orleans C-MAP MAX Chart microSD/SD Card
With C-MAP's detailed cartography and extensive database of local information at your fingertips you'll never be lost, even in unfamiliar waters.
Dominate the water with C-MAP's full vector charts, harbor and approach details, tide and current tools, and more.
Full-Feature Vector Charts give you tools like tidal streams, detailed roads, and accurate marina plans, giving you the utmost situational awareness in your covered area.
High-Definition Aerial Photography will ensure you get the best view of where you are and where you're going even in sub-optimal conditions.
Expandability is built-in to these cards via Value Added Data Segments (sold separately) so that when you need that extra local detail, adding it to the charts you already use is hassle-free.
One Free Year of daily updates means you will have the most accurate, up-to-date information available, keeping you and your crew safe out on the water.
- St. Lucie to New Orleans
Key Features
- Full-Feature Vector Charts: Toggle different views on and off to see animated tidal streams, currents and flows on your map. When planning your trip, check out the tidal heights so you won't be caught off-guard by sudden changes. Dynamic navigational aids give you the tools you need to plan and master your route.
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- Guardian Alarm: Keep safety in mind, but rest easy with Guardian Alarm settings that will let you know about rocks, obstructions, shallow depths and other navigation hazards.
- Route-Check: This feature combined with guardian alarm will check the safety of you path between waypoints.
- One Year of Updates: Crowd sourced and directly from C-MAP trusted sources, these daily updates will give you the confidence to navigate unfamiliar waters. The first year's on us!
NA-M944 St. Lucie to New Orleans C-MAP MAX Chart microSD/SD Card
|Card Type
|St. Lucie To New Orleans
|Connection Interface
|Micro SD w/ SD Card Adapter
|Electronic Charts
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Visual Arts - Options for Implementing
Grade: HS Proficiency
Select a component and you will automatically be redirected to the list of grade level expectations.
Visual Arts:
The student understands and applies arts knowledge and skills in dance, music, theatre, and visual arts.
1.1 Understands and applies visual arts concepts and vocabulary.
1.2 Develops visual arts skills and techniques.
1.3 Understands and applies visual arts genres and styles of various artists, cultures, and times.
1.4 Understands and applies audience conventions in a variety of settings, performances, and presentations of visual arts.
Visual Arts:
The student uses the artistic processes of creating, performing/presenting, and responding to demonstrate thinking skills in dance, music, theatre, and visual arts.
2.1 Applies a creative process to visual arts. (Identifies, explores, gathers, interprets, uses, implements, reflects, refines, and presents)
2.2 Applies a performance and/or presentation process to visual arts. (Identifies, selects, analyzes, interprets, practices, revises, adjusts, refines, presents, exhibits, produces, reflects, self-evaluates)
2.3 Applies a responding process to a presentation/exhibit of visual arts. (Engages, describes, analyzes, interprets, and evaluates)
Visual Arts:
The student communicates through the arts (
dance, music, theatre, and visual arts
3.1 Uses visual arts to express feelings and present ideas.
3.2 Uses visual arts to communicate for a specific purpose.
3.3 Develops personal aesthetic criteria to communicate artistic choices in visual arts.
Visual Arts:
The student makes connections within and across the arts (
dance, music, theatre, and visual arts
) to other disciplines, life, cultures, and work.
4.1 Demonstrates and analyzes the connections among the arts (dance, music, theatre, and visual arts).
4.2 Demonstrates and analyzes the connections among the arts and between the arts and other content areas.
4.3 Understands how the arts impact and reflect personal choices throughout life.
4.4 Understands how the arts influence and reflect cultures/civilization, place, and time.
4.5 Understands how arts knowledge and skills are used in the world of work, including careers in the arts.