text:
When Scott Brooks took over the Oklahoma City Thunder, his first task was trying to get the team to a point that it was even competitive in the fourth quarter.
A little more than three years later, opponents can't seem to put the Thunder away when it comes to crunch time.
In the blink of an eye after a 3-29 start a few seasons ago, Oklahoma City has gone from trying to avoid the worst record in league history to rolling into the NBA finals.
A youthful core featuring homegrown first-round draft picks Kevin Durant, Russell Westbrook, James Harden and Serge Ibaka has combined with a trio of veterans who already have championship rings to produce a title contender.
The Thunder will host Game 1 of the finals Tuesday night.


text: Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - CNA, Qatar - Abused, stressed out Instructors- Help needed.. Get TEFL Certified & Start Your Adventure Today! Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in CNA, Qatar - Abused, stressed out Instructors- Help needed.. Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Qatar View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message ghostJoined: 30 Jan 2003Posts: 1692Location: Saudi Arabia Posted: Thu Nov 01, 2007 9:46 am Post subject: CNA, Qatar - Abused, stressed out Instructors- Help needed.. There are reports that the College of the North Atlantic is having serious problems at the moment, and Instructors are extemely stressed and worried about their situations there. Many of the Instructors came with their children, but the school is not adequate and nor are the facilities. Check out this report from the horses' mouth. http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/31102007/3/canada-atmosphere-cna-s-qatar-campuses-described-poisoned.html Ghost in Korea Back to top lukeyJoined: 05 Apr 2005Posts: 68 Posted: Fri Nov 02, 2007 3:44 am Post subject: CNAQ i sent you a pm ghost, but i am not sure if it went through. Were these comments from the instructors recent? The college was a real mess last year - this year is no better? The Qatar Canadian School is a small villa (house) with no facilities for sure, no computer lab, science lab, gym etc. Good teachers. Are people finding they are going there misinformed by CNA? Back to top moralleader1Joined: 15 Oct 2007Posts: 69Location: USA Posted: Sun Nov 04, 2007 12:22 am Post subject: WOW! Thanks for the article! That's too bad taking into account CNA as a Canadian institution! Back to top Reality checkJoined: 02 Sep 2007Posts: 17Location: Qatar Posted: Sun Nov 04, 2007 5:46 am Post subject: CNAQ survey results -is management doing anything? So far not much has changed. The CNAQ president had a town hall meeting before the summer vacation to address the survey results and general concerns. All that came out of it was they are forming a couple of committees to look into some issues. But in most issues the ultimate decision power is with Qatari management and they are not willing to address any of these issues. In president's own words, all he does is bring up an issue and possible solutions to the Qatari management, and they say no. The Canadian management has basically no control over how the college will be run, they are just happy to get the cheque from the Qatari government. Give you a simple example, Qatar Canadian School operates from a villa with no facility. College campus has a lot of land for new construction. Somebody proposed a building to be constructed in one side of the campus to house the Canadian school. The Qatari management said no, so the children have been put into the trailers in the villa backyard. The list goes on and on, there have been discrimination based on gender, apparently it is common practice in Qatari society. It is sad to see how quickly this organization forgot Canadian values and morals. There are safety violations, breach of contract and one VP is getting investigated for accepting bribes. Anyway the morale of the story is, do not believe everything they say in NL. Once you come here, they have no power or willingness to help you. Back to top lukeyJoined: 05 Apr 2005Posts: 68 Posted: Sun Nov 04, 2007 6:08 am Post subject: CNAQ Check out the CBC website - Newfoundland section - Here and Now news broadcast from Friday. The CBC interviewed D.Latifa - head of the Qatar committee in charge of running the College in Qatar. She said that the way CNA treats its employees is of no concern to her. She said the Qataris are not involved in the operation of the college - they just monitor what CNA is doing. Gee- she has an office next to the President of CNAQ! She pulls the strings and the Canadian executive there dances. The CBC report said that the information they have is that all of the trouble comes from three managers - two have now resigned (EFL and Health Sciences) and the other has vowed to change her ways (VP Academics) - so everything now is great! Back to top Reality checkJoined: 02 Sep 2007Posts: 17Location: Qatar Posted: Sun Nov 04, 2007 5:46 pm Post subject: website for Hear and Now Hi Lukey. Do you have the web link to the Hear and Now segment you were referring to? Keep up the good work!! Back to top lukeyJoined: 05 Apr 2005Posts: 68 Posted: Mon Nov 05, 2007 3:20 am Post subject: CBC Broadcast Here is the link for the CBC report - Here and Now - it is available on the CBC website - Newfoundland site - Here and now recorded broadcasts - this broadcast is available to view until 6 pm NL time Monday night.CNA segment is at about the 30 minute mark - enjoy - hope it works for you! http://www.cbc.ca/video/popup.html?http://www.cbc.ca/ondemand/hereandnow/stjohns.asx Back to top Reality checkJoined: 02 Sep 2007Posts: 17Location: Qatar Posted: Mon Nov 05, 2007 9:01 am Post subject: Thanks Thanks for sending the link. Back to top Mine's a pintJoined: 08 Feb 2007Posts: 46Location: Somewhere Posted: Fri Nov 09, 2007 10:03 am Post subject: The CBC story is a bit dated. But instructors are indeed stressed out. The living conditions are not great, but tolerable... barely. Schools don't offer much in the way of extracurricular activity. We have managed to find activities for our kids elsewhere though. Doha is dreary. The college.... I have never worked anywhere like this. I find it a nasty place. If things go wrong, it's the teacher's fault. But much that puts faculty under stress is the colleges' own doing. I won't provide any details since they might allow others to identify me. It's interesting how higher Ed has adapted business principles both in its management and educational approach. I've heard it said that many of these principles are those which do not lead to successful, sustainable organisations. The salary might look good. But at least from my point of view, it isn't worth it. If you like teaching and are doing okay where you are now. Stay put. All ye who enter here, give up hope. Here be dragons. Back to top Reality checkJoined: 02 Sep 2007Posts: 17Location: Qatar Posted: Thu Nov 15, 2007 5:12 am Post subject: CNA president's message regarding the CBC story This is what CNA president sent out to the employees after CBC report was circulated, "Many of you are aware that the College has been receiving negative press lately related to one individual who is a past employee of the College. Please be advised that we are taking this matter seriously. However, because we are currently involved in litigation, we are not at liberty to discuss the details of the case. This is the reason that you are not seeing extensive responses from College Executive in the media. Have a good weekend! Jean" I am speechless; you form your opinion about the institution where the president makes this kind of comment. Don't say I did not warn you. Back to top Reality checkJoined: 02 Sep 2007Posts: 17Location: Qatar Posted: Thu Nov 15, 2007 6:31 am Post subject: In reply to president's e-mail I would like to share the following e-mail that was sent in reply to the president's e-mail I posted before. I would like to take the credit for this clever, 'nailed on the head' e-mail, but the author was not me. Anyway, enjoy! "Good to see that the College is taking this seriously, and looking into the matter with a view to find out what the real problem is and then solve it. Thats how you show leadership and take care of your employees. It would be so tempting to just find a scapegoat somewhere to pin this on so that we can all pretend that everything is fine and go back to rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic. Now I have hope. Give that girl a pickle!" Back to top lukeyJoined: 05 Apr 2005Posts: 68 Posted: Tue Dec 04, 2007 5:49 pm Post subject: CNA/CNAQ Another article on CNA/CNAQ - in today's (Dec.4) St.John's Telegram http://www.thetelegram.com/index.cfm?sid=86139&sc=88 Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Qatar All times are GMT Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Where to Begin----------------General DiscussionNewbie ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumOnline Teaching Forum Africa Forums----------------General Africa Forum Asia Forums----------------CambodiaChina (Job-related Posts Only)China (Off-Topic)Hong KongIndiaIndonesiaJapanMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeTaiwanThailandGeneral Asia ForumVietnam Caribbean Forums----------------General Caribbean Forum Europe Forums----------------Czech RepublicFranceGermanyGreeceItalyMacedonia and the BalkansPolandRomaniaRussia & C.I.S.SpainTurkeyUkraineUnited KingdomGeneral Europe Forum Latin America Forums----------------ArgentinaBrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaMexicoMexico (off-topic)PeruGeneral Latin America Forum The Middle East Forums----------------BahrainEgyptIsraelKuwaitOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaUnited Arab EmiratesGeneral Middle East Forum North America Forums----------------General North America Forum Oceania----------------Australia/New Zealand You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. 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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Entities are powerful tools used for extracting
Classic Cheap Fashionable Navy Border Print Jogger With Slits Black XS Abbeline Clearance Big Sale Discount Authentic Online AgSyaebPRL
from natural language inputs. Any important data you want to get from a user's request, will have a corresponding entity.
The entities used in a particular agent will depend on the parameter values that are expected to be returned as a result of the agent functioning. In other words, a developer does not need to create entities for every possible concept mentioned in the agent – only for those needed for actionable data.
There are 3 types of entities:
(defined by Dialogflow),
Factory Outlet Genuine For Sale Missoni Silk Floral Print Blouse Zjsljvw
(defined by a developer), and user (built for each individual end-user in every request) entities. Each of these can be classified as mapping (having reference values), enum (having no reference values), or composite (containing other entities with aliases and returning object type values) entities.
System Entities are pre-built entities provided by Dialogflow in order to facilitate handling the most popular common concepts. Below are examples of the different types of system entities.
This agent uses the
Amazing Price Cheap Price Chadwick Bell Wool KneeLength Coat Purchase Sale Online Perfect Online jVgkDemU4C
system entity to find the color in your reply.
On the surface it looks like the agent just repeated what you said, but the intent uses the @sys.color system entity which allows it to pick out the color you mentioned.
If you had said "My favorite color is Crimson", the agent would still be able to find the color, since "My favorite color is ..." is provided as a Training Phrase .
These system entities have reference values. For example,
matches common date references such as "January 1, 2015" or "The first of January of 2015" and returns a reference value in ISO-8601 format:
These entities have no reference value. For example,
matches most popular colors and returns the matched color as it is without mapping it to any reference value. For example, shades of red, such as "scarlet" or "crimson", won't be mapped to "red" and will return their original values "scarlet" and "crimson".
These entities can contain other entities with aliases and return object type values. For example,
is meant for matching amounts of money with indication of currency name, e.g., "50 euros" or "twenty dollars and five cents". It returns an object type value consisting of two attribute-value pairs:
You can create your own entities for your agents, either through web forms, uploading them in JSON or CSV formats, or via API calls.7. Causa depresión. depresión deprimidos placer olvido, Informe OMS 2014
Los Institutos Nacionales de la Salud de Estados Unidos recomiendan hacer ciertos cambios en el estilo de vida para no sufrir secuelas a causa del alcohol.
Aunque el consumo moderado de alcohol sea considerado como medio de convivencia e integrador social, hay una delgada línea que puede llevar a perder el control . ¿Sueles mantener a raya las copas que bebes?perder control
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We are Colorado's premier home and garden experts. We take the stress out of landscape designing; putting more tim...
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In the utterance
Book 2 tickets from Seattle to Cairo
, the number 2 is matched to a prebuilt entity, Seattle is the origin location and Cairo is the destination location. Each entity is part of a larger, parent entity after the composite entity is created.
In your app, add the prebuilt entity number . For instructions, see Add Prebuilt Entities .
Add the hierarchical entity
, including the subtypes:
. For more instructions, see
Add hierarchical entities
Select Entities from the left navigation, and then select Create new entity .
In the pop-up dialog box, type
in the
Entity name
box, and then select
from the
Entity type
Select Add Child to add a new child.
In Child #1 , select the entity number from the list.
In Child #2 , select the entity Location::Origin from the list.Location::Origin
In Child #3 , select the entity Location::Destination from the list.Child #3 Location::Destination
Select Done .
To delete a child, select the trash button next to it.
See Data Extraction to learn more about extracting the composite entity from the endpoint JSON query response. Try the composite entity tutorial to learn more about how to use a composite entity.
Pattern.any entities are only valid in patterns . This entity helps LUIS find the end of entities of varying length and word choice. Because this entity is used in a pattern, LUIS knows where the end of the entity is in the utterance.
If an app has a
intent, the title of the book may interfere with the intent prediction. In order to clarify which words are in the book title, use a Pattern.any within a pattern. The LUIS prediction begins with the utterance. First, the utterance is checked and matched for entities, when the entities are found, then the pattern is checked and matched.
In the utterance
Who wrote the book Ask and when was it published?
, the book title, Ask, is tricky because it is not contextually obvious where the title ends and where the rest of the utterance begins. Book titles can be any order of words including a single word, complex phrases with punctuation, and nonsensical ordering of words. A pattern allows you to create an entity where the full and exact entity can be extracted. Once the book title is found, the
intent is predicted because that is the intent for the pattern.
Official Information
"PlayStation", the "PS" family logo, the PlayStation Network logo and "PS4" are registered trademarks or trademarks of Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc.ESRB and the ESRB rating icon are registered trademarks of the Entertainment Software Association.MAC is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.Windows is either a registered trademark or trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.
© 2010 - 2018 SQUARE ENIX CO., LTD. All Rights Reserved.FINAL FANTASY, FINAL FANTASY XIV, FFXIV, SQUARE ENIX, and the SQUARE ENIX logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd.STORMBLOOD, HEAVENSWARD, and A REALM REBORN are registered trademarks or trademarks of Square Enix Co., Ltd.LOGO ILLUSTRATION: © 2010, 2014, 2016 YOSHITAKA AMANO


text:
Canadian company Kona are best known for their mountain bikes, but their road line-up has been steadily growing in recent years and they've got some interesting new models for 2010.
We gave you a sneak peek at some of these last month, but now we've seen them in the flesh and got the lowdown on the prices. Here are the highlights from the 2010 road range. Check out the thumbnails on the right for more images.
The Zing (£750) and Zing Deluxe (£1,000) road bikes feature a new hydroformed 7005 aluminium frame with internal cable routing for 2010 and come with Kona's own lightweight carbon fork.
The Zing has Shimano Sora gearing and Alex Race24 rims on Shimano Tiagra and Formula hubs, while the Deluxe version gets 105 (with an Ultegra rear mech) and Mavic Aksiums.
Kona have two new singlespeed road bikes, the Grand Wagon (£1,800) and Band Wagon (£800), which join the existing Paddy Wagon (£550).
All come with flip-flop hubs so they can be run with a fixed gear or freewheel depending on personal preference.
The top-end Grand Wagon is a classy-looking machine that's described by Kona as a "piece of mobile art". It has a bronze-welded Dedacciai chromoly frame, Sugino RaceTrack SG75 crankset, Mavic RaceTrack Ellipse wheels and a Selle Italia Flite leather saddle.
Its cheaper Band Wagon sibling features an eye-catching combination of a powder blue custom-butted chromoly frame and candy red deep-dish Alex R600 rims. It comes with Kona's own Retro Road fork.
Major One
The Major One is a new scandium-tubed cyclo-cross bike designed with an eye on the commuting market. Unlike its Jake stablemates, it's a singlespeed, which helps keep weight down to a claimed 17.9lb. RRP is £900.
Honky Tonk
The steel Honky Tonk is described by Kona as a "workhorse, no-nonsense, fender-ready utilitarian road riding machine". It features a custom-butted chromoly frame, Kona Retro Road fork and Shimano Sora nine-speed gearing. RRP is £750.
Dr Fine
The £950 Dr Fine comes complete with a Shimano Alfine eight-speed hub gear, Shimano 486 hydraulic disc brakes and redesigned rear stays so it's easier to fit mudguards and racks.
The frame is lightweight butted aluminium, and a new head tube shape is said to improve stiffness, strength and handling. Kona's chromoly Project Two fork helps filter out road buzz up front.
Super Dew
The new Super Dew is a fast commuter with a hydroformed scandium frame. It comes with a carbon fork, Shimano 575 hydraulic disc brakes, a mix of Shimano Ultegra and 105 gearing and FSA's RD460 wheelset. RRP is £1750.
Dew FS
The last new addition to the line is the Dew FS. Its swoopy shape is sure to divide opinion but is designed to give a comfortable upright riding position.
It comes with a 63mm-travel Suntour suspension fork, a Kona suspension seatpost and Shimano 486 hydraulic disc brakes. RRP is £650.
There are plenty of other road and mountain bike models in Kona's range. Check out www.konaworld.com for more information.
One model that certainly caught our eye was the metallic orange Kona TT triathlon and time trial bike, which is now available for men and women. It boasts a custom aero 7005 aluminium frame, Dedacciai Fin carbon fork and FSA Vision handlebar and stem. RRP is £1,500.


text:
A Golden Learning Opportunity
Associate Professor Dean Campbell, left, holds a glass plate in a spectrophotometer while students Abby Brennan and Jacob Grant read the results from the instrument.
Additional images
By Frank Radosevich II
October 2, 2012
When Lydia Moss Bradley set forth to teach students at her newly created institute the "means of living independent, industrious and useful lives" she probably didn't imagine her tableware would play a part in that mission.
But recently in a laboratory on the second floor of Olin Hall, a plate from her cranberry glass luncheon set became part of an experiment in a chemistry class.
Dr. Dean Campbell, associate professor of chemistry and biochemistry, employed the 100-plus-year-old plate to show the presence of gold nanoparticles in the ruby-colored glass to students in his materials chemistry class.
Using a technique known as visible light spectroscopy on the plate, Dr. Campbell's students were able to identify the signal associated with the green-colored light that is absorbed by gold nanoparticles in the glass.
The very small concentrations of the gold nanoparticles give the glass its so-called cranberry color, and its richness depends on the size and dispersion of the particles. Dr. Campbell said nowadays manufacturers use selenium compounds to achieve the same reddish hue.
"People are using them as dyes," he explained about the tiny flecks of gold in the glass. "This shows that nanotechnology has been around for a long time."
The spectrophotometer shines white light through the glass, and a sensor detects and measures the amount of light at different wavelengths that pass through an object. Those measurements allow students to determine what materials are present in the glass as well as their concentration.
The instrument, Dr. Campbell said, also lets students examine the delicate plate in a safe manner without breaking off a small piece to sample.
"Do you want to check for gold in this by doing a destructive technique?" Dr. Campbell asked. "No, you don't."
Students in the materials chemistry class took a crack of their own at dyeing objects with nanoparticles. Dr. Campbell's students made plastic casts dyed with gold and silver nanoparticles, which gave the flexible polymer molds reddish and yellowish colors respectively.
Abby Brennan, a senior in chemistry, said learning about both chemistry and history through the plate from the University's founder was a new experience.
"It was surprising to learn there were gold particles in something that old," she said. "And when you think of gold, you'd think it would give off a yellowish color, but instead that comes from silver."
Items from Mrs. Bradley's 75-piece cranberry glass luncheon set are currently on display in the Cullom-Davis Library and the Hayden-Clark Alumni Center. The entire collection was appraised at more than $15,000.


text:
The National Weather Service storm spotter training for 2013 will not include a class in Washington County. The agency relies on certified storm spotters to help track weather and to get reliable eyewitness reports of local conditions. The Quad Cities office has scheduled far fewer classes for the region this year. Compared with this year, nearly five times more classes were held a year ago with more than 30 in the spring of 2012.
But any of this year's seven scheduled classes are open to anyone, regardless of their county of residence. The three locations nearest to Washington with the closest being at the Coralville Public Library on February 28th, the others are about the same distance to travel to. One is in Marion, which is on the north side of Cedar Rapids. That class will be February 23. The other location is Ottumwa at the Indian Hills Community College. That class will be April 2.
The spotter training involves explanations of storm systems and damage reporting. They also usually include video presentations of powerful storms. No pre-registration is needed, and the classes are free.


text:
Anyone preparing a portrait of Benjamin Nathan Cardozo would necessarily approach the task with great trepidation. Already there are so many wonderful writings about him, most especially Professor Andrew Kaufman's 731-page masterpiece, which took more than 41 years to complete.1 Surely, by now everything about Cardozo has been said. Moreover, the man and his work were, and remain, objects of reverence. As Professor Kaufman observes, "Cardozo's record and reputation have made him a point of comparison for other judges, usually in terms of a judge or judicial nominee falling short of the mark, as being 'no Cardozo.'"2 He set the standard of judicial excellence for his day, and he continues to set the standard of judicial excellence for ours.
Family and Early Years
Benjamin Nathan Cardozo and his twin sister, Emily Natalie, were born in New York City on May 24, 1870 into an elite, prominent, Sephardic Jewish family, the fifth and sixth surviving children of Albert Jacob and Rebecca Nathan Cardozo.3
Despite a glorious heritage, his childhood was not an easy one, beginning with feeble health in his first days of life. Weeks later, his mother's brother, Benjamin Nathan (for whom he was named), vice president of the New York Stock Exchange and president of Congregation Shearith Israel (the family's house of worship), was brutally murdered when returning home from services. Controversy swirled for months, but the murderer was never found. When Cardozo was two years old, his father, at the pinnacle of his career as a Justice of the New York State Supreme Court, was compelled to resign the bench in disgrace amid charges of corruption during the William "Boss" Tweed era. And though he managed as a lawyer to maintain his family in comfort, theirs always was a solitary, reclusive life.4 Cardozo's mother, long chronically ill, died when he was nine years old, leaving his upbringing largely to his sister Ellen (Nell), eleven years his senior, with whom he made his home — neither of them married. Indeed, only one of his siblings (his twin, Emily) married (she married a Christian, and was declared dead by the family). In 1885, the year Cardozo entered Columbia College, at age 15, both his sister Grace and his father died.5
Add to these tragic events the centrality of Congregation Shearith Israel — the nation's oldest synagogue, orthodox and formal in its traditions — in Cardozo's early life. Cardozo's father for a time served as vice president; several family members were presidents and ministers of the Congregation, including his great-granduncle, who in August 1776 fled New York City with the Holy Scrolls to escape invading British forces. In the family, no detail of religious observance was neglected. When Cardozo's father was required to be at the courthouse on Saturdays, he first consulted the Beth Din (the rabbinic court of law) in London, learned that necessary public business took precedence, and after services walked to the courthouse.6
Inevitably, Cardozo's early years shaped the person he became.
First, it is plain that he was a person of extraordinary intelligence and that he found pleasure, and refuge, in study. Superbly educated at home by Horatio Alger (who transmitted his love of poetry to his student), Cardozo clearly enjoyed learning, read widely, and had a flawless memory. By the age of 15, he had passed Columbia University's five-day examination covering, among other things, English, Latin, and Greek grammar; Greek and Latin prosody (the rhythmic and intonational aspect of language); Greek, Latin, and English composition; modern geography and ancient history; arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. Latin and Greek, and then German or French, readings were required during most of his four-year undergraduate program.7 As the 1889 Columbia yearbook described him:
"'Tis he, 'tis Nathan, thanks to the Almighty. Women and men he strove alike to shun, And hurried homeward when his tasks were done."8
At 19, Cardozo graduated at the top of his class, voted by his classmates "cleverest" and second "most modest."9 Then, while at Columbia Law School, he broadened his studies by additionally enrolling both in Columbia's Faculty of Philosophy and in its School of Political Science, earning a Master of Arts degree in June 1890. There he learned to look to the spirit as well as the letter of the law. Cardozo withdrew from law school in 1891, one year short of graduation, to enter his brother's law practice.
Related to his love of books and learning is Cardozo's lifelong quality of modesty, gentility, and reticence, evident even in his visage.10 As artist William Meyerowitz wrote, "The extreme delicate and sensitive forms of his face, his penetrating eyes under his heavy eyebrows, gave one an impression never to be forgotten."11 Though of great personal charm in his dealings with others, Cardozo lived a life of intense privacy and intellectual meditation, the life of a scholar. Second Circuit Chief Judge Learned Hand described his friend in these words:
"He was wise because his spirit was uncontaminated, because he knew no violence, or hatred, or envy, or jealousy, or ill-will. I believe it was this purity that chiefly made him the judge we so much revere; more than his learning, his acuteness and his fabulous industry."12
He was, in short, much loved and admired, for qualities that set him apart from others. One writer has suggested that "by the unanimous testimony of his contemporaries, Cardozo was a saint."13 His biographer, Professor Kaufman, exposes a few signs of imperfection. For example, we learn that Cardozo courted academics who in return showered him with praise, and that he fussed over his clothing and famous "tousled hair."14 Kaufman also reveals some of Cardozo's attitudes on race and gender that, although common at the time, unsettle the modern reader.15
We also know a third lifelong quality likely traceable to Cardozo's early family history: his sense of rectitude, responsibility, and dedication to duty — duty to the law, duty to his family, duty to his family name.16 Happily, however, we also know that Cardozo's personal life was neither "a cold nor an empty one."17 His circle of friends and family filled whatever little leisure time he had, and he was surrounded by people fiercely devoted to him. His law office staff and court staff loved him, his housekeeper of 46 years said he was "the most unique and lovable soul I have ever known," even Albany hotel personnel spoke of his kindness.18
One final thought on Cardozo's early influences. After his Bar Mitzvah at age 13, Cardozo remained a member of Shearith Israel — he was known as a Sephardic Jew, and apparently drew a significant part of his law practice from that affiliation — but in his level of religious observance he became a somewhat distant member. At a commencement address delivered at the Jewish Institute of Religion on his 61st birthday, Cardozo acknowledged that he was unable to claim that the beliefs of the students there assembled were "wholly [his]" or "that the devastating years have not obliterated youthful faiths."19 In a letter to a friend two years before his death, Cardozo wrote: "I think a good deal these days about religion, wondering what it is and whether I have any. As the human relationships which make life what it is for us begin to break up, we search more and more for others that transcend them."20
Despite this admission, Cardozo throughout his life held "fast to certain values transcending the physical and temporal."21 "So, in our own body of law," he wrote, "the standard to which we appeal is sometimes characterized as that of justice, but also as the equitable, the fair, the thing consistent with good conscience,"22 "the principle and practice of men and women of the community whom the social mind would rank as intelligent and virtuous."23 One early biographer who knew the family summed up these qualities as follows: "Cardozo had reverence for the past. He was, it must not be forgotten, an aristocrat by descent. Certainty, order, coherence, that make for the 'symmetry of the law' meant to him what a sonnet means to a poet."24
Aristocrat, scholar, bookish, formal, reclusive, withdrawn, modest; imbued with a sense of rectitude, responsibility, dedication to duty, and a reverence for the past. Surely, there was a lot more to Cardozo — as he would shortly show the world.
Prelude to the Court of Appeals
At the tender age of 21, Benjamin Nathan Cardozo embarked on the career to which he singly dedicated his life: the law. For 23 years as a New York City practitioner, he enjoyed acclaim as a "lawyer's lawyer," a walking encyclopedia of law. His knowledge was astounding, his memory photographic. He could prepare a brief, including references to all pertinent cases and materials, simply from memory.
In his very first year in his brother's practice — apparently a highly successful firm — Cardozo argued five appeals and won four; within five years, he had argued 24 appeals. After one argument before the Court of Appeals, the Chief Judge reportedly asked him to stop by, and complimented him on his presentation.25 His busy, lucrative law practice — largely commercial law — appears to have been drawn mainly through the Jewish business and legal community. While skilled in both trials and appeals, he was for the most part retained by lawyers to argue difficult law issues. Kaufman's comprehensive chapters establish that Cardozo was a tough, resourceful lawyer. As one friend observed:
"He was unfitted for any struggle where scrupulous integrity and fine sense of what is right might be a handicap; but judges felt the persuasive force of his legal argument, and lawyers and laymen sought his counsel and assistance in the solution of intricate legal problems."26
Evidencing both his industry and his intimate familiarity with the Court of Appeals and its work, Cardozo managed in 1903 in addition to a busy law practice to publish a book, The Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York, which merited an updated, second edition in 1909.
The year 1909 was significant for yet other reasons: based on his reputation, Cardozo, then 39, was sought out for appointment to the Federal District Court. The death of his brother Albert that same year added even further to his responsibility for support of the household — by then a townhouse for himself, his sister Nell and staff at 16 West 75th Street — and he declined for financial reasons.27 Barely four years later, opportunity knocked again. This time Cardozo (a Democrat) was asked to run for State Supreme Court on the Fusion ticket, and he accepted. Financial considerations were less an obstacle, because the State bench paid far more than the federal salary at that time. But even more important, Supreme Court was the court from which his father had resigned in 1872 under charges of corruption. Cardozo bore that stain like a personal wound and several times expressed the desire to restore his family's honor.
Cardozo's reputation apparently enabled him to avoid not only the maneuvering required to win nomination, but also the campaigning required to win election. He was ardently supported by the leaders of the New York bar, and endorsed by major newspapers. Nonetheless, political forces made the election close. Cardozo jested that his victory over Bartow Weeks was due to the support of Italian-American voters who believed from his name that he was of Italian descent.28
Cardozo never filled out his term as a trial judge — indeed, he never really began it. At that time, because the Court of Appeals had a huge backlog of cases, the Governor made three additional temporary appointments to the Court from the ranks of Supreme Court Justices. Although Governor Martin Glynn was concerned about Cardozo's lack of judicial experience — he had not yet even written his first judicial opinion — the Court of Appeals Judges, who traditionally recommended candidates to the Governor for these temporary positions and knew Cardozo's qualities firsthand, urged Glynn to designate Cardozo. In February 1914, Glynn appointed Cardozo to fill a three-year temporary position on the Court of Appeals. Years later the Governor said he was prouder of that designation than any other act of his career. On January 15, 1917, Governor Charles Whitman appointed Cardozo to fill the vacancy created when Samuel Seabury resigned to accept the Democratic nomination for Governor. Cardozo retained that seat by winning (with bipartisan endorsement) election as an Associate Judge later that year. In 1926, again with bipartisan endorsement, Cardozo was elected Chief Judge.
The Court of Appeals Years
The 18 years Cardozo served on the Court of Appeals — 1914 to 1932 — surely must have been the happiest, most fulfilling years of his life.29 There is ample contemporaneous evidence for that conclusion in Cardozo's own words, in his prodigious writings (both judicial and jurisprudential), and in the open adoration of the legal community and the public at large. According to a 1930 New Yorker profile, "hard-boiled lawyers" compared him to a "saint, a medieval scholar, and Abraham Lincoln"; and the deans of Harvard, Yale, and Columbia Law Schools unsuccessfully importuned President Harding to appoint him to the United States Supreme Court; his Court of Appeals brethren regarded him with a mixture of "awe and protective tenderness."30
Most touching, and perhaps most enlightening about what Cardozo's years on the Court of Appeals were actually like, are the words his colleague Cuthbert W. Pound spoke on March 3, 1932, the day Cardozo left Albany for Washington. Emotion leaps off the page. Addressing him as "Beloved Chief Judge," Judge Pound said:
"The bar knows with what earnestness of consideration, firmness of grasp, and force and grace of utterance you have made your power felt; with what evenness, courtesy and calmness you have presided over the sessions of the court. Only your associates can know the tender relations which have existed among us; the industry with which you have examined and considered every case that has come before us; the diligence with which you have risen before it was yet dawn and have burned the midnight lamp to satisfy yourself that no cause was being neglected. At time your patience may have been tried by the perplexities of counsel and of your associates, but nothing has ever moved you to an unkind or hasty word. You have kept the court up with its calendar by promoting that complete harmony of purpose which is essential to effective work. The rich storehouse of your unfailing memory has always been open to us.
"We shall miss not only the great Chief Judge whose wisdom and understanding have added glory to the judicial office but also the true man who has blessed us with the light of his friendship, the sunshine of his smile."31
However felicitous the personal associations may have been, clearly it was the work of the Court that Cardozo loved. He was superbly suited to that common law court — an extraordinary person for an extraordinary process — molding out of the clay of everyday human experience principles that not only resolved immediate controversies but also guided conduct long into the future. As Cardozo himself explained the work of the Court in his 1909 treatise: "The wrongs of aggrieved suitors are only the algebraic symbols from which the court is to work out the formulate of justice."32 His skill was to see "the general in the particular,"33 and then to clothe his writings in a rich and majestic style that endured in the mind of the reader. "Conservative in his habits, his dress, his manners, and in most of his opinions, he [was] a great liberalizer of the law."34
Take, for example, MacPherson v. Buick Motor Company.35
Astoundingly, in 1916, while still a temporary Court of Appeals judge, shortly after leaving private practice, Cardozo succeeded in persuading three of his colleagues over the dissent of then Chief Judge Willard Bartlett to join him in abandoning the traditional requirement known as "privity" and allowing the buyer of an automobile with a defective wheel to sue the wheel manufacturer directly. The vote alone is breathtaking evidence of Cardozo's confidence and conviction, as well as the esteem in which he was held, even at the very outset of his judicial career.36
In MacPherson, Cardozo and Bartlett looked at the same set of facts, but Cardozo saw the potentiality of the automobile and the principle of law. While a common law high court's role is to "declare and settle" the law,37 both the immediate consequences of a broad rule and the long-term impact of stare decisis are strong moderating influences: if we adopt this principle today, where will it take the law in the next, unforeseeable cases?38 Another brand-new junior judge might have found the circumstances intimidating, taking respectable refuge on narrower ground.
Cardozo, however, writing for a bare majority of four,39 saw a green light of opportunity rather than a signal for caution. Plowing through a line of cases generally recognized as exceptions to the general no-liability-without-privity rule, he extracted a new principle that unified the exceptions: foresight of danger creates a duty to avoid injury.40 The exceptions now became the rule. A new product, the automobile, had created new dangers; the law would therefore evolve to create new protections. His opinion breathes with the elasticity and forward progress of the common law:
"Precedents drawn from the days of travel by stage coach do not fit the conditions of travel to-day. The principle that the danger must be imminent does not change, but the things subject to the principle do change. They are whatever the needs of life in a developing civilization need them to be."41
His bold reasoning is, moreover, lit by learning and literary style. Succinctly, he reviews New York cases, federal decisions, British cases, other states' holdings, as well as treatises and academic commentators. And while MacPherson does not display Cardozo's most distinctive prose, the language is forthright and strong:
"We have put aside the notion that the duty to safeguard life and limb, when the consequences of negligence may be foreseen, grows out of contract and nothing else. We have put the source of the obligation where it ought to be. We have put its source in the law."42
Chief Judge Bartlett, by contrast, wrote a fact-bound, "technically sound"43 but crabbed dissent. He saw only a creaky runabout and stayed with stagecoach precedents. Plaintiff's automobile, after all, was traveling at a speed of only eight miles an hour — barely outrunning the stagecoach — at the time of the accident; Buick had purchased this wheel from a reputable manufacturer that had previously furnished 80,000 wheels, none defective; if the rule allowing suit by a subvendee against a manufacturer was to be enlarged, let that be for the legislature. As Judge Richard Posner observed, MacPherson has proved itself "the quietest of revolutionary manifestos,"44 the perfect vehicle to guide the law of torts in an increasingly motorized, mobile, mass produced society.
Viewed narrowly, MacPherson involved a one-car accident on a country road. But seen in another light it raised an issue emblematic of a society that was becoming increasingly motorized, mobile and mass-produced: should a manufacturer be liable for injuries sustained by a remote purchaser of a defective product?45 The general rule — based on a case involving a stagecoach accident — limited liability to those with whom the manufacturer was "in privity," with exceptions for fraud and inherently dangerous products, like poisons. In MacPherson, Cardozo grasped the larger implications of the village stonecutter's vehicular misfortune, and forged a new rule to better serve the emerging social realities.
Meinhard v. Salmon is a second Cardozo classic — there are so many! One may forget the details of the dealings between the real estate operator Walter J. Salmon and the wool merchant Morton H. Meinhard, but never Cardozo's ringing words:
"A trustee is held to something stricter than the morals of the marketplace. Not honesty alone, but the punctilio of an honor the most sensitive, is then the standard of behavior."46
Chief Judge Lehman later acknowledged that he hesitated over whether he would deliver the critical fourth vote to Judge Cardozo or to Judge Andrews, but concluded that few words contained in any judicial opinion had a greater or more salutary effect than the quoted words that flowed from Cardozo's pen.47 Although Salmon had fully conformed to the commercial ethics code of the nineteenth century, Cardozo understood that the code was simply inadequate for the twentieth. So he created a new standard. A fascinating analysis by Nicholas Georgakopoulos in the 1999 edition of the Columbia Business Law Review credits Cardozo's standard with facilitating the financing of modern business ventures by allowing passive investors to expect a greater portion of a project's remote potential.48 Not a bad day's work in the year 1928.
What extraordinary talents Cardozo had to see the opportunity, to win over at least three colleagues, and then to fashion a sensible, exquisitely expressed rule that is timeless.
Professor Kaufman's consistent conclusion is that Cardozo "was, and only aimed to be, a modest innovator";49 that, as a person to whom the values of tradition and order were important, he was only a "cautious" innovator.50 Others authoritatively second that conclusion. Cardozo was surely no firebrand. Yet as so many of his Court of Appeals opinions show, in at least two important respects, as a judge he was bold: he thought globally — he looked beyond the immediate facts to the future course of the law — and he wrote daringly.51
From his "search for the just word, the happy phrase"52 to his "groupings of fact and argument and illustration so as to produce a cumulative and mass effect,"53 literary style mattered to Cardozo. People differ about the "architectonics" (Cardozo's word)54 of his opinions — there is a hearty band on both sides of this issue.55 But whether one's literary taste runs to the florid or the frugal, Cardozo is without doubt among America's most quotable judges. Professor Kaufman suggests the following candidates for "legal writing's Hall of Fame":56
"Metaphors in law are to be narrowly watched, for starting as devices to liberate thought, they end often by enslaving it."
"The tendency of a principle to expand itself to the limit of its logic may be counteracted by the tendency to confine itself within the limits of its history."
"Danger invites rescue."
"The assault upon the citadel of privity is proceeding in these days apace."
Favorite among Cardozo's literary flights was the technique of sentence inversion: "Not lightly vacated is the verdict of quiescent years."57 Vivid. Attention-getting. Memorable. "To this hospital the plaintiff came in January 1908."58 Well chalk one up for the other side.
Cardozo advocated for sparse statements of fact in judicial decisions,59 and his opinions prove that this approach can yield arresting results. Who, after all, can forget the defendant who "style[d] herself 'a creator of fashions,'" whose "favor help[ed] a sale?"60 Or the sketch of events on the Long Island Railroad platform that immortalized Helen Palsgraf?61 Or the terse account of George Kent's pursuit of plumbing perfection for his pricey country residence?62 The wealth of detail in Kaufman's book gives a glimpse of the types of facts Cardozo left on the cutting room floor: that Mrs. Palsgraf's principal injury was a stutter allegedly caused by the accident, that Mr. MacPherson suffered his accident while driving a sick neighbor to the hospital.63 While some judges might have opted for more atmospherics, Cardozo knew when too many facts impeded the force of his legal argument.
Time and again throughout his opinions, Cardozo shows not only an ability to perceive precisely the right balance that will "settle and declare the law" but also a gift to articulate it persuasively, in words that fix the principle forever. A lawyer's lawyer, he thought rigorously and wrote vigorously what better description of a jurist's jurist?
The Storrs Lectures
Cardozo's first — and best known — jurisprudential exposition was The Nature of the Judicial Process, delivered in February 1921 as the Storrs Lectures at the Yale Law School. His performance in New Haven was, by all accounts, mesmerizing. Professor Kaufman quotes Arthur Corbin:
"Standing on the platform at the lectern, his mobile countenance, his dark eyes, his white hair, and his brilliant smile, all well lighted before us, he read the lecture, winding it up at 6 o'clock. He bowed and sat down. The entire audience rose to their feet, with a burst of applause that would not cease. Cardozo rose and bowed, with a smile at once pleased and deprecatory, and again sat down. Not a man moved from his tracks; and the applause increased. In a sort of confusion Cardozo saw that he must be the first to move. He came down the steps and left, with the faculty, through a side door, with the applause still in his ears."64
"Never again have I had a like experience," Corbin wrote. "Both what he had said and his manner of saying it had held us spell-bound on four successive days."65
Cardozo's statement early on in the first of the Storrs Lectures — "I take judge-made law as one of the existing realities of life" — was seen by some as an admission verging on heresy.66 As Kaufman makes clear, Cardozo was not the first to espouse such a view.67 Yet his account seems to have struck a nerve others missed. The word was out: judging is more than a matter of "match[ing] the colors of the case at hand against the colors of many sample cases spread out upon [a] desk."68 It is an endeavor marked — within limits — by indeterminacy and discretion, by creativity and choice.
In the lectures, Cardozo explored four interrelated "methods" of deciding cases when existing precedents do not determine the controversy at hand: logic ("the method of philosophy"); history ("the method of evolution"); the customs of the community ("the method of tradition"); and "justice, morals and social welfare, the mores of the day" ("the method of sociology").69 He posited a functional approach to law — the ultimate test of legal rule is not how well it fits in some abstract theory, but how well it actually performs in the real world.
Although at the time a judge of the New York State Court of Appeals — where common law, not constitutional issues dominated the docket — Cardozo made special note of the applicability of his approach to constitutional adjudication. While the words and phrases enshrined in the Constitution were unchanging, their meaning varied with time: "a constitution states or ought to state not rules for the passing hour, but principles for an expanding future."70 Judges must therefore construe constitutional concepts flexibly, in light of current conditions and with due respect for the judgments of the legislative branch. When reviewing statutes, judges must be careful not to substitute "their own ideas of reason and justice for those of the men and women whom they serve."71
Some have observed that Cardozo's outline is "not very helpful in the decision of actual cases."72 True, The Nature of the Judicial Process provides no algorithm for judging. Yet it is no brief for nihilism either.73 Cardozo is careful to stress the limits on a judge's discretion,74 and he notes that stability and predictability play a significant role in a well-ordered society.75 But he recognizes that ultimately, the issue comes down to individual wisdom and humanity:
"If you ask how [a judge] is to know when one interest outweighs another, I can only answer that he must get his knowledge just as a legislator gets it, from experience and study and reflection; in brief, from life itself."76
The Nature of the Judicial Process stated Cardozo's juridical philosophy; his opinions applied it. Clearly, he was preaching what he practiced. From the bench of the Court of Appeals, he inveighed against "the dangers of 'a jurisprudence of conceptions,'"77 chastising those "who think more of symmetry and logic in the development of legal rules than of practical adaptation to the attainment of a just result. . . ."78 He used his four "methods" in deciding cases, and made no attempt to hide it.79 His common law opinions drew upon accepted notions of justice and reasonable conduct, such as he saw them, to decide individual disputes and lay down guidelines for future action.80 And even his most progressive decisions stress the continuity of the common law — the stability of the system, if not the precise application of doctrines, over time.
After first explaining that the result in most cases is foreordained by precedents of the past, Cardozo writes that he has become more and more reconciled to uncertainty: "I have grown to see that the process in its highest reaches is not discovery but creation; and that the doubts and misgivings, the hopes and fears, are part of the travail of mind, the pangs of death and the pangs of birth, in which principles that have served their day expire, and new principles are born." The confession that judges actually made law instead of simply applying existing precedents, was regarded, as one commentator observed, as a legal version of hard-core pornography; a less saintly man, he adds, would have found himself close to impeachment for such expressions.81
To this day Cardozo's exposition of the nature of the judicial process and the growth of the law remains new and exciting. It's an excellent read!
Career on the Supreme Court
In 1932, President Herbert Hoover appointed Cardozo to the Supreme Court of the United States, to succeed his idol, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. Cardozo served a brief six years, until his death at the age of 68 in 1938. From Washington, he wrote of homesickness and loneliness for his Court of Appeals life and his New York City life.
At the Supreme Court, Cardozo continued to follow a pragmatic, case-by-case approach. He decided the issues before him on the facts of the cases, leaving further glosses and extensions to the future.82 He also advocated for a flexible construction of constitutional restraints upon regulation of economic matters, frequently voting — often in the minority — to uphold legislative efforts to improve social and economic conditions.83 Cardozo's support of New Deal legislation caused him to be viewed as a "liberal," but his approach to cases was a method not an ideology. As Professor Kaufman suggests, "most judges still go about the job of deciding cases within the framework that Cardozo described."84
Cardozo's Impact on the Law
The 68 years of Benjamin Nathan Cardozo's life spanned a period of enormous social change — society became more highly industrialized, we had a great war and a great depression. His genius as a Judge was in maintaining the order, certainty, and regularity of the law while at the same time recognizing that no judge-made rule can or should survive when it has gone out of harmony with the thoughts and customs of the people. He applied existing doctrines to contemporary problems with wisdom and discretion, leaving an indelible mark in the evolutionary process of the law.
Though Cardozo's impact was felt in every field of the law, his greatest influence was in "deepening the spirit of the common law."85 Sixty years ago, he perceived, for example, that an automobile was a potentially dangerous instrument and sustained recovery by an injured person on a broader basis than had previously been recognized; he held the fiduciary to the highest ethical standards; he extended the reaches of liability in some areas of law, and yet limited recovery against public utilities and others on policy grounds where liability otherwise would be crushing. He found implied promises and constructive trusts to achieve the just result in contract cases, and laid sturdy foundations for development of the law away from mechanical application of principles that barred enforcement of promises. And always his opinions were of incomparable beauty, because of his ability and because he believed that judicial writing was also literature, and that form of expression had importance.
Cardozo's career placed him on two significant courts during two watershed periods: the New York Court of Appeals from 1914 to 1932, when many basic common law principles were being tested in light of new social and economic realities, and the United States Supreme Court from 1932 to 1938, when cataclysmic battles raged over the constitutional status of the regulatory state. Cardozo distinguished himself in both roles — although without question, he is best remembered for his work as a common law judge.86
As a man who believed in progress and accepted the fact of change, Cardozo understood that time would take its toll on even the best judges' work:
"The work of a judge is in one sense enduring and in another sense ephemeral. What is good in it endures. What is erroneous is pretty sure to perish. The good remains the foundation on which new structures will be built. The bad will be rejected and cast off in the laboratory of the years."87
Cardozo has clearly passed his own test with flying colors. In this day when opinion polls seem to settle so many contested issues, Judge Posner's computerized calculations of Cardozo's standing are one good source for gauging his current value. The data show that Cardozo stands head and shoulders above the next-best-known state court judge, Roger Traynor, in citations in academic writings. He is consistently cited ahead of his Court of Appeals colleagues by state and federal courts, and leads them all in opinions in torts and contracts casebooks. His federal jurisprudence also left its mark: in the last decade, Cardozo's Supreme Court opinions were cited more frequently than those of his most highly regarded colleagues — Harlan Fiske Stone and Louis Brandeis — from the same period.88
While those statistics are surely impressive, even more meaningful for the Court of Appeals "family" is the fact that Cardozo's writings remain significant in the Court's decisionmaking process. The changes in the landscape since Cardozo's day are manifest. Technology is obviously different: MacPherson's runabout would be left in the dust on the New York Thruway. Social relations are also different thanks to the civil rights movement and a sexual revolution. The legal landscape is different too: since Cardozo's day, we have witnessed relentless "statutorification"89 of the law, with legislation displacing the common law in many areas as the primary source of legal precepts.90
Yet in this vastly changed world, Cardozo's opinions continue to shine as a polestar for the resolution of disputes. "The Flopper" may be long gone from the Coney Island boardwalk, but just recently the basic principles of Murphy v. Steeplechase Amusement Co., Inc.91 lived on in fixing the responsibility of sport facilities that cater to some of today's popular recreational pursuits: indoor tennis and karate.92 The primitive firefighting system at issue in Moch Co. v. Rensselaer Water Co.93 has also gone by the boards, but its conclusion that the zone of duty may be limited to avoid crushing levels of liability helped resolve a suit that arose from the last New York City blackout.94 Stony Point, New York, may no longer be merely a place of little cottages and fields, as it was in Cardozo's day, but the rule of People v. Tomlins95 remains unwavering that a person under attack has no duty to retreat from his or her own home. "Evil practices" are, of course, no longer "rife" among members of the bar, but when individuals in the professions are investigated for wrongdoing, we adhere to the admonition of People ex rel. Karlin v. Culkin96 that "[r]eputation in such a calling is a plant of tender growth, and its bloom, once lost, is not easily restored."
Some controversies, alive and well before and during Cardozo's time, such as the tension recognized in Beecher v. Voght Mgt.,97 between an attorney's right to collect under a charging lien and another's right to a setoff, remain alive and well today.98 And while a particular dispute over attorney's fees in Prager v. New Jersey Fidelity & Plate Glass Ins.99 has long since been extinguished, the rule lives on that the purpose of awarding interest is to make an aggrieved party whole.100 In matters of statutory interpretation so important today his canons of construction continue to guide the Court.101 And frankly, does any reader searching for the basic rule governing severability need to consult the books to know its author? The poet's touch is evident:
"Severance does not depend upon the separation of the good from the bad by paragraphs or sentences in the text of the enactment. The principle of division is not a principle of form. It is a principle of function. The question is in every case whether the legislature, if partial invalidity had been foreseen, would have wished the statute to be enforced with the invalid part exscinded, or rejected altogether. The answer must be reached pragmatically, by the exercise of good sense and sound judgment, by considering how the statutory rule will function if the knife is laid to the branch instead of at the roots."102
Cardozo's bean weigher in Glanzer103 and accountant in Ultramares104 were central to the Court's definition of duty for contemporary architectural engineers105 and worldwide accounting firms.106 And to this day, Mrs. Palsgraf regularly resurfaces in modern dress — one of her last appearances as a nurse injured by a falling wall fan, seeking recovery against a maintenance company under contract with the hospital.107 Court of Appeals decisions continue to cite Cardozo, building upon precedents of an earlier age to fit the law to modern society, blending a phrase from the Hall of Famer, borrowing the halo that surrounds his work.
Of course, not all of his opinions have withstood the test of time. The rule of Schloendorff v. New York Hospital108 — exempting charitable hospitals from liability for the negligence of its medical staff — was found to be "at variance with modern-day needs and with concepts of justice" in Bing v. Thunig.109 Mapp v. Ohio110 paid homage to Cardozo's image of the blundering constable, but overruled People v. Defore111 all the same.
While time may have undermined some of Cardozo's holdings, it has not eroded the vitality of his description of the judicial process.112 Debates over whether judges "find" law or make it, and what sources they should draw upon when rendering a decision, continue to this day.113 Cardozo stated the case for dynamic (yet restrained) judicial innovation as well as anyone has, or probably will. Across the decades, his voice still elevates the discourse:
"The judge, even when he is free, is still not wholly free. He is not to innovate at pleasure. He is not a knight-errant roaming at will in pursuit of his own ideal of beauty or of goodness. He is to draw his inspiration from consecrated principles. He is not to yield to spasmodic sentiment, to vague and unregulated benevolence. He is to exercise a discretion informed by tradition, methodized by analogy, disciplined by system, and subordinated to "the primordial necessity of order in the social life."114
Nor has time dulled the brilliance of Cardozo's prose. Today's judges need not copy his ornate style flourish for flourish — what tripped off the tongue 70 years ago sometimes sticks in the throat today. Yet appellate judges must struggle to find the elusive phrase, the expression that will capture and fix the principle that controls the case. To make a rule and make it memorable: this occurs only at the intersection of law and literature, a juncture Cardozo — but few other judges — frequented.115
His Death
Cardozo died on July 9, 1938. He was buried alongside his family in Beth Olom Cemetery (also known as Congregation Shearith Israel Cemetery) located on Cypress Hills Street in Brooklyn. While praises of Cardozo were received the world over, at his funeral, as he had requested, only the traditional Sephardic prayers were recited. There was no eulogy, and no word of English. As Irving Lehman (a close friend and colleague, himself later a distinguished Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals) said of him in a memorial service at the City Bar Association:
"There is little of drama in this brief record of Justice Cardozo's life. It was a life of fruitful thought and study, not of manifold activities. Quiet, gentle and reserved, from boyhood till death he walked steadily along the path of reason, seeking the goal of truth; and none could lure him from that path."116
From Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, his brother and four sisters, there are no progeny.
There are, however, some notable cousins. Among the Nathans are sisters Maud Nathan and Annie Nathan Meyer (one of the founders of Barnard College), Emma Lazarus, and New York City lawyer-brothers Frederic S. and Edgar J. Nathan 3rd (and their sisters and children), who to this day are prominent members of Congregation Shearith Israel. On the Cardozo side, the "Michael H. Cardozos" (tracing their lineage back to Ellen and Michael Hart Cardozo [1800-1855]) are up to Michael H. Cardozo VI. Ellen and Michael Hart Cardozo were Judge Cardozo's grandparents. They are the great-great-great grandparents of New York City Corporation Counsel Michael A. Cardozo.
This biography appears in The Judges of the New York Court of Appeals: A Biographical History, ed. Hon. Albert M. Rosenblatt (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007). It has not been updated since publication.
Sources Consulted
Selected Bibliography
Gilmore, Grant, The Ages of American Law (1974).
Hall, Margaret E. (ed.), Selected Writings of Benjamin Nathan Cardozo: The Choice of Tycho Brahe (1947; 1967 reprint).
Hellman, George S., Benjamin N. Cardozo: American Judge (1940).
Kaufman, Andrew L., Cardozo (1998).
Levy, Beryl Harold, Cardozo and Frontiers of Legal Thinking (1938, rev. ed. 1969); also available as Levy, Beryl H., Cardozo and Frontiers of Legal Thinking: With Selected Opinions (paperback 2000).
Pollard, Joseph P., Mr. Justice Cardozo: A Liberal Mind in Action (1935; 1970 Greenwood Press reprinting)
Posner, Richard A., Cardozo: A Study in Reputation (1990).
Joint Publication of Memorial Issue in 1939 by Columbia Law Review, Harvard Law Review and Yale Law Journal
Corbin, Arthur L., "Mr. Justice Cardozo and the Law of Contracts," 39 Colum. L. Rev. 56, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 408, 48 Yale L.J. 426 (1939).
Evatt, H.V., "Mr. Justice Cardozo," 39 Colum. L. Rev. 5, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 357, 48 Yale L.J. 375 (1939).
Frankfurter, Felix, "Mr. Justice Cardozo and Public Law," 39 Colum. L. Rev. 88, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 440, 48 Yale L.J. 458 (1939).
Hand, Learned, "Mr. Justice Cardozo," 39 Colum. L. Rev. 9, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 361, 48 Yale L.J. 379 (1939).
Landis, J.M., "Law and Literature: Foreword" 39 Colum. L. Rev. 119, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 489, 48 Yale L.J. 471 (1939).
Lehman, Irving, "Judge Cardozo in the Court of Appeals," 39 Colum. L. Rev. 12, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 364, 48 Yale L.J. 382 (1939).
Maugham, Rt. Hon. Lord, "Mr. Justice Cardozo," 39 Colum. L. Rev. 4, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 356, 48 Yale L.J. 374 (1939).
Seavey, Warren A., "Mr. Justice Cardozo and the Law of Torts," 39 Colum. L. Rev. 20, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 372, 48 Yale L.J. 390 (1939).
Stone, Harlan F., "Mr. Justice Cardozo," 39 Colum. L. Rev. 1, 52 Harv. L. Rev. 353, 48 Yale L.J. 371 (1939).
Cardozo Law Review Inaugural Issue
Brubaker, Stanley C., "The Moral Element in Cardozo's Jurisprudence," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 229 (1979).
Freund, Paul A., "Foreword: Homage to Mr. Justice Cardozo," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 1 (1979).
Kaufman, Andrew L., "Cardozo's Appointment to the Supreme Court," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 23 (1979).
Lamm, Norman & Kirschenbaum, Aaron, "Freedom and Constraint in the Jewish Legal Process," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 99 (1979).
McDougal, Myres S., "Application of Constitutive Principles: An Addendum to Justice Cardozo," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 135 (1979).
Nagel, Ernest, "Reflections on 'The Nature of the Judicial Process,'" 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 55 (1979).
Noonan, John T., Jr., "Ordered Liberty: Cardozo and the Constitution," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 257 (1979).
Paulsen, Monrad G., "To Decide the Case at Hand — Benjamin N. Cardozo," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 219 (1979).
Weisberg, Richard H., "Law, Literature and Cardozo's Judicial Poetics," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 283, 284, 287 (1979).
Yale Law Journal Symposium on the Judicial Process Revisted
Brown, John R., "Electronic Brains and the Legal Mind: Computing the Data Computer's Collision with Law," 71 Yale L.J. 239 (1961).
Clark, Charles E. & Trubek, David M., "The Creative Role of the Judge: Restraint and Freedom in the Common Law Tradition," 71 Yale L.J. 255 (1961).
Corbin, Arthur L., "The Judicial Process Revisited: Introduction," 71 Yale L.J. 195 (1961).
Friendly, Henry J., "Reactions of a Lawyer — Newly Become Judge," 71 Yale L.J. 218 (1961).
Hutcheson, Jr., Joseph C., "Epilogue," 71 Yale L.J. 277 (1961).
Van Voorhis, John, "Cardozo and the Judicial Process Today," 71 Yale L.J. 202 (1961).
"A Personal View of Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo: Recollections of Four Cardozo Law Clerks," 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 5 (1979) (contains four sections, each having a different law-clerk author: Joseph L. Rauh, Jr.; Melvin Siegel; Ambrose Doskow; Alan M. Stroock).
Abraham, Henry, "A Bench Happily Filled: Some Historical Reflections on the Supreme Court Appointment Process," 66 Judicature 282 (1983).
Acheson, Dean G., "Mr. Justice Cardozo and the Problems of Government," 37 Mich. L. Rev. 513 (1939).
Atkinson, David N., "Mr. Justice Cardozo: A Common Law Judge on a Public Law Court," 17 Cal. W.L. Rev. 257 (1981).
Bellacosa, Joseph W., "Benjamin Nathan Cardozo the Teacher," 3 Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Benjamin N. Cardozo Memorial Lectures 1941-1995 1591, 1594 (1995) (47th Cardozo Memorial Lecture delivered November 9, 1994, at the Association of the Bar of the City of New York); also available at 16 Cardozo L. Rev. 2415 (1995).
Bodenheimer, Edgar, "Cardozo's Views on Law and Adjudication Revisited," 22 U.C. L. Rev. (1989).
Bricker, Paul, "Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo: A Fresh Look at a Great Judge," 11 Ohio N.U. L. Rev. 1 (1984).
Cardozo, Michael H., "Judicial Reputation Evaluated — The Cardozo Instance," 12 Cardozo L. Rev. 1915 (1991).
Carmen, Ira H., "The President, Politics and the Power of Appointment: Hoover's Nomination of Mr. Justice Cardozo," 55 Va. L. Rev. 616 (1969).
Crane, Frederick Evan, "Minute of the Court of Appeals in Reference to the Death of Honorable Benjamin N. Cardozo," 278 N.Y. v (1938).
Deutsch, Babette, "Profiles: The Cloister and the Bench," New Yorker, Mar. 22, 1930 at 25.
Douglas, William O., "Mr. Justice Cardozo," 58 Mich. L. Rev. 549 (1960).
Hamilton, Walton H., "Cardozo the Craftsman," 6 U. Chi. L. Rev 1 (1938).
Hand, Learned, "Justice Cardozo's Work as a Judge," 72 U.S. L. Rev. 496 (1938).
Handler, Milton & Ruby, Michael, "Essay: Justice Cardozo, One-Ninth of the Supreme Court," 10 Cardozo L. Rev. 235 (1988).
Hessler, Stephen E., "The Story of Benjamin Cardozo, Learned Hand & the Southern District of New York," 47 N.Y. L. Sch. L. Rev. 191 (2003).
Hyman, Jerome I., "Benjamin N. Cardozo: A Preface to His Career at the Bar," 10 Brook. L. Rev. 1 (1940).
Kaufman, Andrew, "Adventures of a Biographer: Professor Kaufman Recounts his Forty-Year Pursuit of Cardozo," Harv. L. Bull. (Summer 1998), available at http://www.law.harvard.edu/alumni/bulletin/backissues/summer98/article1.html (last visited Feb. 21, 2006).
Kaufman, Andrew L., "The First Judge Cardozo: Albert, Father of Benjamin," 11 J.L. & Religion 271 (1994-1995).
Kaye, Judith S., An Appreciation of Justice Benjamin Nathan Cardozo: A Lecture by Judge Judith S. Kaye, delivered at Congregation Shearith Israel, Shabbat morning May 20, 1995 (published by the Centennial Committee of Congregation Shearith Israel, June 6, 1995).
Kaye, Judith S., A Lecture About Judge Benjamin Nathan Cardozo by Judge Judith S. Kaye, Presented at Congregation Shearith Israel, Tuesday evening, December 2, 1986 (published by Congregation Shearith Israel and Sephardic House 1986).
Kaye, Judith S., "Cardozo: A View From Eagle Street," 49 Harv. L. Bulletin 10 (Summer 1998).
Kaye, Judith S., "Book Review: Cardozo, by Professor Andrew Kaufman," 54 The Record 104 (January/February 1999).
Kaye, Judith S., "Book ReviewCCardozo: A Law Classic," 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1026 (1999).
Kaye, Judith S., "Poetic Justice: Benjamin Nathan Cardozo," American Lawyer, Dec. 6, 1999.
Lehman, Irving, "The Influence of Judge Cardozo on the Common Law," in 1 Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Benjamin N. Cardozo Memorial Lectures 1941-1995 15 (1995) (the First Annual Benjamin N. Cardozo Memorial Lecture, delivered on October 28, 1941).
Manz, William H., "Cardozo's Use of Authority: An Empirical Study," 32 Cal. W. L. Rev. 31 (1995).
Nathan, Jr., Edgar, "Benjamin Nathan Cardozo," The American Jewish Yearbook 5700, p.28 (1939).
Nelson, David A., "Siebenthaler Lecture: The Nature of the Judicial Process Revisited," 22 N. Ky. L. Rev. 563 (1995).
Patterson, Edwin W., "Cardozo's Philosophy of Law," 88 U. Pa. L. Rev. 71 and "Cardozo's Philosophy of Law Part II," 88 U. Pa. L. Rev. 156 (1939).
Polenberg, Richard, "The 'Saintly' Cardozo: Character and the Criminal Law," 71 U. Colo. L. Rev. 1311 (2000).
Pound, Cuthbert W., "Address to Chief Judge Benjamin Cardozo — Upon his Retirement from the Court of Appeals to Accept Appointment as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court," 258 N.Y. v (1932).
Powell, Lewis F., Jr., "Duty to Serve the Common Good," 24 Cath. Law. 295 (1979).
Schwartz, Bernard, "The Judicial Ten: America's Greatest Judges," 1979 S. Ill. U. L.J. 405.
Schwartz, Gary T., "Cardozo as Tort Lawmaker," 49 DePaul L. Rev. 305 (1999).
Sheintag, Bernard L., "The Opinions and Writings of Judge Benjamin N. Cardozo," 30 Colum. L. Rev. 20 (1939).
Weisberg, Richard H., "A Response on Cardozo to Professors Kaufman and Schwartz," 50 DePaul L. Rev. 535 (2000).
Weissman, Bernard, "Cardozo: 'All-Time Greatest' American Judge," 19 Cumb. L. Rev. 1 (1988).
Published Writings and Speeches
Jurisprudence (address before the New York State Bar Association, Hotel Astor, Jan. 22, 1932).
Introduction, Selected Readings on the Law of Contracts (1931).
Law and Literature and Other Essays and Addresses (1931), a compilation that includes: Law and Literature, Yale Review (July 1925). A Ministry of Justice, 35 Harv. L. Rev. 113 (1921). What Medicine Can Do for Law (address before the New York Academy of Medicine, Nov. 1, 1928). The American Law Institute (address at the Third Annual Meeting of the American Law Institute, May 1, 1925). The Home of the Law (Dedicatory Ceremonies of the Home of Law of the New York County Lawyers Association, May 26, 1930). The Game of the Law and Its Prizes (address at the 74th Commencement of Albany Law School, June 10, 1925). The Comradeship of the Bar, 5 NYU L. Rev. 1 (1928) (address at a luncheon of the New York University Law School Alumni Association, Dec. 20, 1927) .
Law and the University, 47 Law Q. Rev. 19 (1931) (address delivered at Convocation of Columbia University, Sept. 4, 1930).
Mr. Justice Holmes, 44 Harv. L. Rev. 682 (1931).
Values: The Choice of Tycho Brahe (Commencement Address delivered at the Exercises of the Jewish Institute of Religion, May 24, 1931).
Faith and a Doubting World (address before the New York County Lawyers Association, Dec. 17, 1931).
The Bench and the Bar (address before the Broome County Bar Association, March 9, 1929).
The Paradoxes of Legal Science (1928).
Our Lady of the Common Law, 13 St. John's L. Rev. 231 (1929) (first Commencement Address at St. John's Law School 1928).
Frank H. Hiscock, Appreciation (New York County Lawyers Association Yearbook 1927, at 257).
To Rescue "Our Lady of the Common Law": The Dragon of Uncertainty Which Has So Long Baffled and Harried the Profession, and Which Has Threatened with Death or Dishonor "Our Lady of the Common Law," Should Be Tracked to Its Lair and Destroyed by the Work of the American Law Institute, 10 ABA J. 347 (1924) (address delivered at the Second Annual Meeting of the American Law Institute, February 23, 1924).
The Growth of the Law (1924).
Book Review: Roscoe Pound, Introduction of Legal History, 37 Harv. L. Rev. 279 (1923).
The Nature of the Judicial Process (1921).
Identity and Survivorship, in Hamilton, Allen McLane and Lawrence Godkin, System of Legal Medicine (1909).
The Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York (2d ed. 1909).
The Altruist in Politics (unpublished Commencement Oration at Columbia College, 1889).
Psychology Lectures (unpublished Notes from Benjamin N. Cardozo's Undergraduate Classbook in the Course on Psychology Given by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler at Columbia College).
The Moral Element in Matthew Arnold (unpublished Columbia College essay).


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This week Paul Coyle takes a look at tax increases implemented by Bullitt Fiscal Court and Bullitt County Public Schools.
This week Paul Coyle takes a look at gas prices during the recent Labor Day holiday weekend.
This week Paul Coyle takes a look at the recent court decision of $11.4 million to be rewarded to Truck America by the City of Hillview.
This week Paul Coyle looks at the number of candidates running for a position with the Fox Chase City Council.
This week's Best of Coyle's Corner centers on the Back to School theme. Coyle, and The Pioneer News staff, reminds everyone to be safe, especially around a school bus, during the entire year.
This week Paul Coyle takes a look at Bullitt Fiscal Court security following a few raucous meetings.
This week Paul Coyle reminds all potential candidates that the deadline for filing is fast approaching.
This week Paul Coyle tells how hot it is in Bullitt County.
On behalf of The Pioneer News staff, Paul Coyle extends 'Happy Birthday' wishes to the United States of America during this Independence Day holiday.
Copyright © 2019
The Pioneer News Online is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Bullitt County and Shepherdsville, KY, and the surrounding area.


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Despite its unflinching support for the Syrian government during the last two years, the militant Shiite Muslim group Hezbollah has been quietly aiding Syrians living in Lebanon – including those who don't support its political positions.
"Since the beginning of the events in Syria we have been helping refugees," said Imad al Wahda, a Hezbollah representative in this southern Lebanese city that is considered a party stronghold.
"We have provided more than 2,000 houses and apartments in Nabatiyeh and the surrounding villages," Wahda said. "Some homes have two or three families in them."
The group is providing similar assistance to refugees in other parts of the country, even as its fighters are reportedly battling on the side of the Syrian government.
Formed in the early 1980s, Hezbollah is today the single most powerful force in Lebanese politics, a status it owes in part to the social services it provides to the country's long-impoverished Shiite community, the single largest religious sect in the country. In Syria and across the Arab world, Hezbollah's popularity soared in 2006 when the group's militia fought Israeli troops invading Lebanon to a standstill.
Six years later, some of the same people who once revered the group now denounce it for its support of Syrian President Bashar Assad, who belongs to the Alawite sect, an offshoot of Shiism. The anti-Assad rebels are drawn almost entirely from the country's Sunni Muslim majority, many of whom accuse Alawites of discriminating against Sunnis during the four decades the Assad family has held power.
Hezbollah certainly has benefited from Assad rule in Syria, and his fall would likely make its dominance of Lebanon more difficult. Much of Hezbollah's heavy weaponry has flowed through Syria from Iran, and the defeat of Assad by Sunni militants might encourage Sunnis in Lebanon to rise up.
But while Hezbollah's few public pronouncements and its media and propaganda organizations have largely stayed in lockstep with the Syrian government's positions during the 22-month uprising, the group's aid efforts don't appear to have the same taint as hundreds of thousands of Syrians arrive here with little more than they can carry.
Hezbollah claims even to have helped Syrian migrant laborers who come to work in construction and other service-sector jobs retrieve their families.
"Sometimes we pay for their taxi fare to return to Syria and bring their families here," al Wahda said.
In a rare statement earlier this month about what's happening in Syria, Hezbollah's leader, Hassan Nasrallah, asked the Lebanese government to form a coherent political approach to the crisis.
"We should deal with the Syrian refugees with purely humanitarian responsibility, without politicization of the issue," Nasrallah said. "Attention must be paid to the displaced families, whatever their political background."
While the majority of the Syrians in Lebanon have fled to areas dominated by the same sect as the one to which they belong, Hezbollah is indeed helping displaced Sunnis as well as Shiites.
"My husband is looking for work," said Umm Ibrahim, a Sunni and a 22-year-old mother of three who used a nickname that means "mother of Ibrahim" when speaking with journalists because she fears for the safety of relatives who remain inside Syria. "There is no more work in Syria."
Umm Ibrahim shares a four-room apartment with 20 people. She had recently taken her children for immunizations at a hospital run by Hezbollah. She said that when her family came to Nabatiyeh four months ago, Hezbollah also gave them blankets and heaters.
"We thought we would stay here for just a month," she said.
That was before her neighborhood in Aleppo, Syria's largest city, became a frontline.
"I don't know what happened to our home," she said. "My parents' house was looted and destroyed. My sister's house was destroyed by shelling."
Umm Ibrahim did not voice support for either side in the fighting, but she did use the term "Free Syrian Army" when referring to the rebels. Nor did she mind doing so in the presence of a Hezbollah official, even though supporters of the Syrian government tend to use the term "armed groups" or "terrorists" when talking about the rebels, echoing the Syrian government's terminology.


text: Tarrytown Chiropractic Care with Cox TechnicNamed after its developer, James M. Cox DC DACBR, Cox Technic Flexion Distraction and Decompression is a gentle, non-force chiropractic adjusting approach. 63.7% of chiropractic physicians report using flexion-distraction in their practices. (1 - page 15 of 16 in this PDF) Tarrytown Chiropractic offers this powerful spinal manipulation and decompression technique, a combination of chiropractic and osteopathic principles. This blending offers a non-surgical alternative to a more invasive surgery for relief of pain in the neck, arm, back and leg, especially for the 1 in 4 patients who are 95% of the cost of healthcare dollars for back pain: the disc herniation and stenosis cases. Cox Technic's efficiency for these more extreme conditions makes it a great approach for less complex conditions of back and neck pain as well. The Effects Cox Technic is a docile distraction (stretching) adjustment of the spine to accomplish the following advantages for the patient with back or extremity pain: Grow the intervertebral disc space opening Decrease the pressure within the disc to aid healing of disc herniation Increase the size of the nerve openings in the spine to reduce pinched nerves Restore range of motion to spinal segments Cox Technic Cervical Spine Effects Cox Technic Thoracic Spine Effects Cox Technic Lumbar Spine Effects The disc is pressing on the nerve. Note that as the disc herniation is relieved, the pinched nerve is relieved. The Healing Benefits The above changes in the spine allow the following healing benefits to patients with back pain or pain down the arms or legs: Stimulation of circulation into the intervertebral disc to aid in absorption of the pain-causing chemicals while increasing the absorption of nutrients into the disc to aid healing and regeneration of the disc. Dropping the pressure inside the disc creates a force inside the disc to reduce the bulging of herniated disc material. Stenosis patients benefit by increase in the size of the nerve openings which is the sight of nerve compression and pinched nerves. Range of motion spinal manipulation restores more freedom of movement while also stimulating nerves in the extremities, spinal cord, and brain to produce chemicals that reduce pain and create a sense of well-being. As these above changes occur under chiropractic treatment with Cox Technic Flexion Distraction spinal manipulation, pain in the extremity can reduce by centralizing or isolating the pain to the low back and hip area. This easing of pain in the extremity by moving out of the leg and into the back and hip area is a sign of healing and is called centralization of pain. Back pain diminishes as the nerve compression and chemical irritation decreases and normal movement of the spine returns. Three months time is necessary to allow healing of herniated disc and stenosis caused pain. Some patients receive full relief of pain and some as much as possible, requiring continued observance of rules of exercise, proper ergonomics of lifting, and continued monitoring of care. The Table You will notice, as most patients do on their first visit, the special table used for Cox Technic. It is known as The Cox Table or a flexion distraction table. Its design allows a gentle tractioning of the spine to drop intradiscal pressures, to increase disc height, and open the spinal canal area as well as reestablish individual normal spinal segment ranges of motion. The Treatment Cox Technic Flexion Distraction and Decompression is applied particularly for each region of the spine. To see its gentle, effective application, please see the See It In Action page. Schedule an appointment with Tarrytown Chiropractic today to experience this gentle, safe, effective, non-surgical treatment of spine pain. "This information and website content is not intended to diagnose, guarantee results, or recommend specific treatment or activity. It is designed to educate and inform only. Please consult your physician for a thorough examination leading to a diagnosis and well-planned treatment strategy. See more details on the DISCLAIMER page."


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Over the past five seasons – all below .500 – the New York Mets were bogged down by cumbersome contracts to unproductive players. It was economic certainty, but in a bad way.
This should be the third consecutive year the Mets will have a payroll of less than $100 million. They have long pointed to 2015 as when they will put themselves in a competitive position, and are currently set up to do so with payroll flexibility through 2019.
Heading into 2015, the Mets have $54.05 million earmarked to four players: David Wright ($20 million), Curtis Granderson ($16 million), Bartolo Colon ($11 million) and Jonathon Niese ($7.05 million).
Where teams usually get bit in their payroll is during the arbitration process and the Mets will have eight players eligible: Daniel Murphy, Bobby Parnell, Dillon Gee, Ike Davis, Eric Young, Lucas Duda, Jenrry Mejia and Ruben Tejada.
Of the eight, it is possible four – Davis, Young, Duda and Tejada – could be gone, with some before the end of this season.
Only one player is scheduled to be a free agent after this year and that's Chris Young, who nobody expects to be back.
In 2016, the Mets have $45.05 million designated for three players: Wright ($20 million), Granderson ($16 million) and Niese $9.050 million).
Their arbitration eligible list that off-season expands to 14 to leave open the possibility for a significant payroll spike. The list includes: Gee, Davis, Eric Young, Duda, Tejada, Scott Rice, Matt Harvey, Kirk Nieuwenhuis, Mejia, Josh Edgin, Jeurys Familia, Anthony Recker, Andrew Brown and Carlos Torres.
By this time, there's no telling who will still be in the organization. Harvey and possibly Gee could be given multi-year deals by then. Everybody else is up the air. It's also questionable if Nieuwenhuis and Brown will still be around, as neither one has made serious strides in sticking around.
Their 2016 free agents will be Colon, Murphy and Parnell.
In 2017, the Mets have $35.5 million earmarked for Wright ($20 million), Granderson ($15 million) and a half-million buyout for Niese.
Their arbitration eligible players will be Duda, Tejada, Rice, Harvey, Zack Wheeler, Nieuwenhuis, Mejia, Edgin, Torres. Familia, Recker and Brown, with their free agents Gee, Davis and Eric Young.
Wright ($20 million) is the only player under contract for 2018. The arbitration eligible Mets will be Rice, Harvey, Nieuwenhuis, Torres. Mejia, Edgin, Familia, Recker, Wheeler and Brown. That year Granderson, Duda and Tejada will be free agents.
In 2019 they'll owe Wright $15 million, with Torres and Wheeler the only Mets who are arbitration eligible. Potential free agents will be Rice, Harvey, Nieuwenhuis, Mejia, Edgin, Familia, Recker and Brown.
The Mets have long talked about cutting payroll costs to put themselves in position to seriously enter the free-agent market. It now appears they might actually be able to do it.


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Men's biker jacket with ergonomic padding
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The perfect finishing touch to a casual outfit, the water-resistant biker jacket has a bold character, emphasized by the padding on the shoulders and sleeves. The strong personality of the piece is accentuated by the zipper on the front with red teeth, the pull tab customized with the Shield, the two zippered front pockets and the practical cuffs with zippers. The stand-up collar, finished with a rib knit on the upper part, has a snap closure. The Shield stands out with its red border.
- Ergonomic padding on the shoulders and sleeves
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This product is powered by a synthetic thermal insulation, protecting you from cold weather conditions.
We offer both Standard and Express shipping: choose the service that best meets your needs at checkout.
We provide an easy return service: just ship your items back to us with a shipping service of your choice within 30 days of delivery.


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Submission Guidelines
Photo Submissions
Submit your photo of a Tarleton organization, group, activity, scene, or event, and we will consider posting it on the Tarleton website.
We only ask for:
- Photos with at least 72 dpi resolution and at least 800 pixels wide (or raw photos straight from your digital camera)
- Suitable for family viewing and a good representation of your organization/group/event etc.
- A description of the picture
- Show your Tarleton Spirit!
We will notify the sender if and when we decide to use the photo. By submitting your photo(s) you are giving Tarleton State University permission to use the photo on the website as seen fit.
Email photos to email@example.com
Video Submissions
Tarleton State University has a site on YouTube where we can share your videos. We can also showcase your video on the Tarleton website!
Submissions via YouTube and Google Video
If you already have a YouTube or Google Video account, just send us an email at email@example.com, and we will consider your submission for inclusion on the Tarleton website.
Submissions via Mail or In Person
Please send submissions on a CD to Box T-0880 or come by the Web Strategy office (Dick Smith Library, Room 248). We will view each video for content before considering it on the Tarleton website. Please include your contact information (name, phone number, email), so we can contact you when your submission has been accepted.
Use the below guidelines to help you decide how to submit your video.
- YouTube Guidelines
- Google Video: Getting Started


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Time for an update, with 200+ contributions to the trunk since my last build.
Unable to compile CUDA without errors
The version has now moved to 2.65.10, with a thank you to T.K. for moving the current trunk into merge with this branch.
Please let T.K know your appreciation by using the tools to publish interesting work, including on BlenderNPR.org.
Congratulations Blender users everywhere, but sincere appreciation to the hard work of developers, T.K, primarily.
I changed the User_Config.py file as noted below.
Built with the following parameters set.
# SetUp #
BF_BUILDDIR = 'C:\\BlenderSVN\\build\\win32-mingw'
BF_INSTALLDIR = 'C:\\BlenderSVN\\install\\win32-mingw'
# Graphic Formats #
WITH_BF_OPENEXR = True
WITH_BF_JPEG = True
WITH_BF_OPENJPEG = True
WITH_BF_PNG = True
WITH_BF_TIFF = True
BF_WITH_FREETYPE = True
# Video Formats #
WITH_BF_FFMPEG = True
# WITH_BF_QUICKTIME = True # SDK installed and tested
# Quicktime #
# BF_QUICKTIME = 'C:\\BlenderSVN\\build\\QuickTime SDK'
# BF_QUICKTIME_INC = '${BF_QUICKTIME}/CIncludes'
# Audio #
WITH_BF_OPENAL = True
WITH_BF_SDL = True
WITH_BF_ICONV = True
WITH_BF_SNDFILE = True
WITH_BF_DDS = True
WITH_BF_RAYOPTIMIZATION = True
WITH_BF_INTERNATIONAL = True
WITH_BF_3DMOUSE = True
WITH_BF_OCEANSIM = True
WITH_BF_CARVE = True
WITH_BF_REMESH = True
WITH_BF_BMESH = True
# Rendering #
WITH_BF_RAYOPTIMIZATION = True
# Cycles #
WITH_BF_CYCLES = True
WITH_BF_OIIO = True
WITH_BF_BOOST = True
WITH_BF_CYCLES_CUDA_BINARIES = False # Libraries and CARD specfic compiles needed
BF_CYCLES_CUDA_NVCC = "%CUDA_BIN_PATH%/nvcc.exe"
BF_CYCLES_CUDA_BINARIES_ARCH = ['sm_20','sm_21']
BF_OPENMP = 'C:\\BlenderSVN'
BF_OPENMP_INC = "${BF_OPENMP} /Blender/source/blender/blenkernel/intern/include"
BF_OPENMP_LIBPATH = "${BF_OPENMP} /build/win32-mingw/source/blender/blenkernel/intern/include"
WITH_BF_OPENMP = False # Trying again after careful update of MinGW
# Display #
WITH_BF_STATICOPENGL = False
# Libraries #
WITH_BF_ZLIB = True
WITH_BF_BULLET = True
WITH_BF_FFTW3 = True
# Blender Features #
WITH_BF_GAMEENGINE = True
WITH_BF_PLAYER = True
WITH_BF_INTERNATIONAL = True
WITH_BF_3DMOUSE = True
# Import / Export #
WITH_BF_COLLADA = True
# Misc #
WITH_BF_DDS = True
WITH_BF_ICONV = True
# Build #
WITH_BUILDINFO = True
BF_DEBUG = False
I tried to tun a compile today on version 54416, the latest update to the libraries posted, but the build terminated out before completion. I tried to remove the CUDA section for you, but the build still terminated. Some problem with sync on the libraries. I usually build after the weekend and the Sunday IRC meeting. Perhaps it will be sorted out by then?? and I will try again. I have always run NVidia cards. Best to you.
(Windows XP sp3 Centrino duo 2.6ghz 3gb ram AMD ATI Radeon x1400 gfx card.)
For any others having that problem: You need to create a .bat file with:
"set PYTHONPATH=
and start that. Seems Pythonpath is making problems.
"Microsoft Visual C++ Runtime Library
Runtime Error
Program .... blender.exe
This application has requested the Runtime to terminate it in an unusual way"
I've got this error for the last few freestyle builds. Anybody else got this?
If you can repeat the crash with specific content, try posting this on the forum thread for Freestyle, or on BlenderStorm (http://freestyleintegration.wordpress.com/bugs/) so the developer can check it out. The developer, (T.K.) probably won't see it here, and I just compile the builds but don't work on the code.
I will see if I can reproduce it but you know where it is happening.
Log in to leave a comment.


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Anyway they all still remember it, they still don't like what happened and Robinson said he is looking forward to meeting him
Here's the actual quote,
"You got a little girl out here, you've got to watch your mouth man," Robinson said. "You're not going to come in my stadium and disrespect us like that. That's kind of how it was and it went from there."