text:
Omega-3 fatty acid
|Types of fats in food
|See also
Omega-3 fatty acids—also called ω-3 fatty acids or n-3 fatty acids[1]—are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a double bond (C=C) at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain.[2] The fatty acids have two ends, the carboxylic acid (-COOH) end, which is considered the beginning of the chain, thus "alpha", and the methyl (-CH3) end, which is considered the "tail" of the chain, thus "omega"; the double bond is at omega minus 3 (not dash 3). One way in which a fatty acid is named is determined by the location of the first double bond, counted from the methyl end, that is, the omega (ω-) or the n- end. However, the standard (IUPAC) chemical nomenclature system starts from the carbonyl end.
The three types of omega-3 fatty acids involved in human physiology are α-linolenic acid (ALA) (found in plant oils), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (both commonly found in marine oils). Marine algae and phytoplankton are primary sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Common sources of plant oils containing the omega-3 ALA fatty acid include walnut, edible seeds, clary sage seed oil, algal oil, flaxseed oil, Sacha Inchi oil, Echium oil, and hemp oil, while sources of animal omega-3 EPA and DHA fatty acids include fish oils, egg oil, squid oils, and krill oil. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids does not appear to affect the risk of death, cancer or heart disease.[3][4] Furthermore, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes.[5]
Omega-3 fatty acids are important for normal metabolism.[6] Mammals are unable to synthesize omega-3 fatty acids, but can obtain the shorter-chain omega-3 fatty acid ALA (18 carbons and 3 double bonds) through diet and use it to form the more important long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, EPA (20 carbons and 5 double bonds) and then from EPA, the most crucial, DHA (22 carbons and 6 double bonds).[6] The ability to make the longer-chain omega-3 fatty acids from ALA may be impaired in aging.[7][8] In foods exposed to air, unsaturated fatty acids are vulnerable to oxidation and rancidity.[9]
Health effects
Supplementation does not appear to be associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality.[3]
The evidence linking the consumption of fish to the risk of cancer is poor.[10] Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids does not appear to affect this either.[4]
A 2006 review concluded that there was no link between omega-3 fatty acids consumption and cancer.[4] This is similar to the findings of a review of studies up to February 2002 that failed to find clear effects of long and shorter chain omega-3 fats on total risk of death, combined cardiovascular events and cancer.[11][12] In those with advanced cancer and cachexia, omega-3 fatty acids supplements may be of benefit, improving appetite, weight, and quality of life.[13] There is tentative evidence that marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce the risk of breast cancer but this is not conclusive.[14][15]
The effect of consumption on prostate cancer is not conclusive.[15] There is a decreased risk with higher blood levels of DPA, but an increased risk of more aggressive prostate cancer with higher blood levels of combined EPA and DHA (found in fatty fish oil).[16]
Cardiovascular disease
Evidence, in the population generally, does not support a beneficial role for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in preventing cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death) or stroke.[3][17][18] However, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation greater than one gram daily for at least a year may be protective against cardiac death, sudden death, and myocardial infarction in people who have a history of cardiovascular disease.[19] No protective effect against the development of stroke or all-cause mortality was seen in this population.[19] Eating a diet high in fish that contain long chain omega-3 fatty acids does appear to decrease the risk of stroke.[20] Fish oil supplementation has not been shown to benefit revascularization or abnormal heart rhythms and has no effect on heart failure hospital admission rates.[21] Furthermore, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes.[5]
Evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids modestly lower blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) in people with hypertension and in people with normal blood pressure.[22] Some evidence suggests that people with certain circulatory problems, such as varicose veins, may benefit from the consumption of EPA and DHA, which may stimulate blood circulation and increase the breakdown of fibrin, a protein involved in blood clotting and scar formation.[23][24] Omega-3 fatty acids reduce blood triglyceride levels but do not significantly change the level of LDL cholesterol or HDL cholesterol in the blood.[25][26] ALA does not confer the cardiovascular health benefits of EPA and DHAs.[27]
The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on stroke is unclear, with a possible benefit in women.[28]
Some research suggests that the anti-inflammatory activity of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids may translate into clinical effects.[29] A 2013 systematic review found tentative evidence of benefit.[30] Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids from marine sources lowers markers of inflammation in the blood such as C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and TNF alpha.[31]
For rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one systematic review found consistent, but modest, evidence for the effect of marine n-3 PUFAs on symptoms such as "joint swelling and pain, duration of morning stiffness, global assessments of pain and disease activity" as well as the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.[32] The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) has stated that there may be modest benefit from the use of fish oils, but that it may take months for effects to be seen, and cautions for possible gastrointestinal side effects and the possibility of the supplements containing mercury or vitamin A at toxic levels. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health has concluded that "[n]o dietary supplement has shown clear benefits for RA", but that there is preliminary evidence that fish oil may be beneficial, and called for further study.[33]
Developmental disabilities
Although not supported by current scientific evidence as a primary treatment for ADHD, autism, and other developmental disabilities,[34][35] omega-3 fatty acid supplements are being given to children with these conditions.[34]
One meta-analysis concluded that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation demonstrated a modest effect for improving ADHD symptoms.[36] A Cochrane review of PUFA (not necessarily omega-3) supplementation found "there is little evidence that PUFA supplementation provides any benefit for the symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents",[37] while a different review found "insufficient evidence to draw any conclusion about the use of PUFAs for children with specific learning disorders".[38] Another review concluded that the evidence is inconclusive for the use of omega-3 fatty acids in behavior and non-neurodegenerative neuropsychiatric disorders such ADHD and depression.[39]
Fish oil has only a small benefit on the risk of early birth.[40][41] A 2015 meta-analysis of the effect of omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy did not demonstrate a decrease in the rate of preterm birth or improve outcomes in women with singleton pregnancies with no prior preterm births.[42] A systematic review and meta-analysis published the same year reached the opposite conclusion, specifically, that omega-3 fatty acids were effective in "preventing early and any preterm delivery".[43]
Mental health
There is some evidence that omega-3 fatty acids are related to mental health,[44] including that they may tentatively be useful as an add-on for the treatment of depression associated with bipolar disorder.[45] Significant benefits due to EPA supplementation were only seen, however, when treating depressive symptoms and not manic symptoms suggesting a link between omega-3 and depressive mood.[45] There is also preliminary evidence that EPA supplementation is helpful in cases of depression.[46] The link between omega-3 and depression has been attributed to the fact that many of the products of the omega-3 synthesis pathway play key roles in regulating inflammation such as prostaglandin E3 which have been linked to depression.[47] This link to inflammation regulation has been supported in both in vitro [48] and in vivo studies as well as in meta-analysis studies.[30] The exact mechanism in which omega-3 acts upon the inflammatory system is still controversial as it was commonly believed to have anti-inflammatory effects.[49]
There is, however, significant difficulty in interpreting the literature due to participant recall and systematic differences in diets.[50] There is also controversy as to the efficacy of omega-3, with many meta-analysis papers finding heterogeneity among results which can be explained mostly by publication bias.[51][52] A significant correlation between shorter treatment trials was associated with increased omega-3 efficacy for treating depressed symptoms further implicating bias in publication.[52]
There is some evidence to support the claim that omega-3 can help treat anxiety disorder symptoms as well but studies have been limited.[53]
Very low quality evidence finds that omega-3 fatty acids might prevent psychosis.[54]
Cognitive aging
Epidemiological studies are inconclusive about an effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease.[55] There is preliminary evidence of effect on mild cognitive problems, but none supporting an effect in healthy people or those with dementia.[56][57][58]
Atopic diseases
Results of studies investigating the role of LCPUFA supplementation and LCPUFA status in the prevention and therapy of atopic diseases (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma) are controversial; therefore, at the present stage of our knowledge we cannot state either that the nutritional intake of n-3 fatty acids has a clear preventive or therapeutic role, or that the intake of n-6 fatty acids has a promoting role in context of atopic diseases.[59]
Risk of deficiency
People with PKU often have low intake of omega-3 fatty acids, because nutrients rich in omega-3 fatty acids are excluded from their diet due to high protein content.[60]
Omega-3 fatty acids that are important in human physiology[61] are α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3; ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n-3; EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n-3; DHA). These three polyunsaturates have either 3, 5, or 6 double bonds in a carbon chain of 18, 20, or 22 carbon atoms, respectively. As with most naturally-produced fatty acids, all double bonds are in the cis-configuration, in other words, the two hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond; and the double bonds are interrupted by methylene bridges (-CH
2-), so that there are two single bonds between each pair of adjacent double bonds.
List of omega-3 fatty acids
This table lists several different names for the most common omega-3 fatty acids found in nature.
|Common name
|Lipid name
|Chemical name
|Hexadecatrienoic acid (HTA)
|16:3 (n-3)
|all-cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid
|α-Linolenic acid (ALA)
|18:3 (n-3)
|all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid
|Stearidonic acid (SDA)
|18:4 (n-3)
|all-cis-6,9,12,15-octadecatetraenoic acid
|Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE)
|20:3 (n-3)
|all-cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid
|Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA)
|20:4 (n-3)
|all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid
|Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
|20:5 (n-3)
|all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid
|Heneicosapentaenoic acid (HPA)
|21:5 (n-3)
|all-cis-6,9,12,15,18-heneicosapentaenoic acid
| Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA),
Clupanodonic acid
|22:5 (n-3)
|all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid
|Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
|22:6 (n-3)
|all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid
|Tetracosapentaenoic acid
|24:5 (n-3)
|all-cis-9,12,15,18,21-tetracosapentaenoic acid
|Tetracosahexaenoic acid (Nisinic acid)
|24:6 (n-3)
|all-cis-6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid
Ethyl ester
- Omega-3 acid ethyl esters (brand names Omarcor or Lovaza,[62] Omtryg,[63] and as of March 2016, four generic versions.[64]
- Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (Vascepa)[65]
Free fatty acid
Called "omega-3 carboxylic acids"[66] (Epanova)[67]
Biochemical forms
DHA is transported into the brain in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine.[68][69]
DHA in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine is transported into the brain by a membrane transport protein, MFSD2A, which is exclusively expressed in the endothelium of the blood–brain barrier.[68][69]
Mechanism of action
The 'essential' fatty acids were given their name when researchers found that they are essential to normal growth in young children and animals. The omega-3 fatty acid DHA, also known as docosahexaenoic acid, is found in high abundance in the human brain.[70] It is produced by a desaturation process, but humans lack the desaturase enzyme, which acts to insert double bonds at the ω6 and ω3 position.[70] Therefore, the ω6 and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids cannot be synthesized and are appropriately called essential fatty acids.[70]
In 1964 it was discovered that enzymes found in sheep tissues convert omega-6 arachidonic acid into the inflammatory agent called prostaglandin E2[71] which both causes the sensation of pain and expedites healing and immune response in traumatized and infected tissues.[72] By 1979 more of what are now known as eicosanoids were discovered: thromboxanes, prostacyclins, and the leukotrienes.[72] The eicosanoids, which have important biological functions, typically have a short active lifetime in the body, starting with synthesis from fatty acids and ending with metabolism by enzymes. If the rate of synthesis exceeds the rate of metabolism, the excess eicosanoids may, however, have deleterious effects.[72] Researchers found that certain omega-3 fatty acids are also converted into eicosanoids, but at a much slower rate. Eicosanoids made from omega-3 fatty acids are often referred to as anti-inflammatory, but in fact they are just less inflammatory than those made from omega-6 fats. If both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are present, they will "compete" to be transformed,[72] so the ratio of long-chain omega-3:omega-6 fatty acids directly affects the type of eicosanoids that are produced.[72]
Conversion efficiency of ALA to EPA and DHA
Humans can convert short-chain omega-3 fatty acids to long-chain forms (EPA, DHA) with an efficiency below 5%.[73][74] The omega-3 conversion efficiency is greater in women than in men, but less-studied.[75] Higher ALA and DHA values found in plasma phospholipids of women may be due to the higher activity of desaturases, especially that of delta-6-desaturase.[76]
These conversions occur competitively with omega-6 fatty acids, which are essential closely related chemical analogues that are derived from linoleic acid. They both utilize the same desaturase and elongase proteins in order to synthesize inflammatory regulatory proteins.[47] The products of both pathways are vital for growth making a balanced diet of omega-3 and omega-6 important to an individual's health.[77] A balanced intake ratio of 1:1 was believed to be ideal in order for proteins to be able to synthesize both pathways sufficiently, but this has been controversial as of recent research.[78]
The conversion of ALA to EPA and further to DHA in humans has been reported to be limited, but varies with individuals.[79][80] Women have higher ALA conversion efficiency than men, which is presumed[81] to be due to the lower rate of use of dietary ALA for beta-oxidation. This suggests that biological engineering of ALA conversion efficiency is possible. Goyens et al. argue that the absolute amounts of ALA and LA each influence conversion rates separately, rather than simply the ratio between the two.[82]
Omega-6 to omega-3 ratio
Human diet has changed rapidly in recent centuries resulting in a reported increased diet of omega-6 in comparison to omega-3.[83] The rapid evolution of human diet away from a 1:1 omega-3 and omega-6 ratio, such as during the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution, has presumably been too fast for humans to have adapted to biological profiles adept at balancing omega-3 and omega-6 ratios of 1:1.[84] This is commonly believed to be the reason why modern diets are correlated with many inflammatory disorders.[83] While omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be beneficial in preventing heart disease in humans, the level of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (and, therefore, the ratio) does not matter.[78][85]
Both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are essential: humans must consume them in their diet. Omega-6 and omega-3 eighteen-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids compete for the same metabolic enzymes, thus the omega-6:omega-3 ratio of ingested fatty acids has significant influence on the ratio and rate of production of eicosanoids, a group of hormones intimately involved in the body's inflammatory and homeostatic processes, which include the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes, among others. Altering this ratio can change the body's metabolic and inflammatory state.[11] In general, grass-fed animals accumulate more omega-3 than do grain-fed animals, which accumulate relatively more omega-6.[86] Metabolites of omega-6 are more inflammatory (esp. arachidonic acid) than those of omega-3. This necessitates that omega-6 and omega-3 be consumed in a balanced proportion; healthy ratios of omega-6:omega-3, according to some authors, range from 1:1 to 1:4.[87] Other authors believe that a ratio of 4:1 (4 times as much omega-6 as omega-3) is already healthy.[88][89] Studies suggest the evolutionary human diet, rich in game animals, seafood, and other sources of omega-3, may have provided such a ratio.[90][91]
Typical Western diets provide ratios of between 10:1 and 30:1 (i.e., dramatically higher levels of omega-6 than omega-3).[92] The ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in some common vegetable oils are: canola 1:2, hemp 2-3:1,[93] soybean 7:1, olive 3–13:1, sunflower (no omega-3), flax 1:3,[94] cottonseed (almost no omega-3), peanut (no omega-3), grapeseed oil (almost no omega-3) and corn oil 46:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3.[95]
Although omega-3 fatty acids have been known as essential to normal growth and health since the 1930s, awareness of their health benefits has dramatically increased since the 1980s.[96][97]
On September 8, 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration gave "qualified health claim" status to EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids, stating, "supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA [omega-3] fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease".[98] This updated and modified their health risk advice letter of 2001 (see below).
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has recognized the importance of DHA omega-3 and permits the following claim for DHA: "DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid, supports the normal physical development of the brain, eyes and nerves primarily in children under two years of age."[99]
Dietary sources
|Common name
|grams omega-3
|11.4 [102]
|Herring, sardines
|Mackerel: Spanish/Atlantic/Pacific
|Greenshell/lipped mussels
|Tuna (canned, light)
|Mahi mahi
|Orange roughy
|Red snapper
|King mackerel
|Hoki (blue grenadier)
|Blue eye cod
|Sydney rock oysters
|Tuna, canned
|Eggs, large regular
|Strawberry or Kiwifruit
|Barramundi, saltwater
|Giant tiger prawn
|Lean red meat
|Cereals, rice, pasta, etc.
|Milk, regular
|Bread, regular
Daily values
In the United States, the Institute of Medicine publishes a system of Dietary Reference Intakes, which includes Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for individual nutrients, and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) for certain groups of nutrients, such as fats. When there is insufficient evidence to determine an RDA, the institute may publish an Adequate Intake (AI) instead, which has a similar meaning, but is less certain. The AI for α-linolenic acid is 1.6 grams/day for men and 1.1 grams/day for women, while the AMDR is 0.6% to 1.2% of total energy.[103]
A growing body of literature suggests that higher intakes of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may afford some degree of protection against coronary disease. Because the physiological potency of EPA and DHA is much greater than that of ALA, it is not possible to estimate one AMDR for all omega-3 fatty acids. Approximately 10 percent of the AMDR can be consumed as EPA and/or DHA.[103] There was insufficient evidence as of 2005 to set an upper tolerable limit for omega-3 fatty acids.[103]
Heavy metal poisoning by the body's accumulation of traces of heavy metals, in particular mercury, lead, nickel, arsenic, and cadmium, is a possible risk from consuming fish oil supplements. Also, other contaminants (PCBs, furans, dioxins, and PBDEs) might be found, especially in less-refined fish oil supplements. However, heavy metal toxicity from consuming fish oil supplements is highly unlikely, because heavy metals selectively bind with protein in the fish flesh rather than accumulate in the oil. An independent test in 2005 of 44 fish oils on the US market found all of the products passed safety standards for potential contaminants.[104]
The FDA has advised that adults can safely consume a total of 3 grams per day of combined DHA and EPA, with no more than 2 g from dietary supplements.[105]
Throughout their history, the Council for Responsible Nutrition and the World Health Organization have published acceptability standards regarding contaminants in fish oil. The most stringent current standard is the International Fish Oils Standard.[106] Fish oils that are molecularly distilled under vacuum typically make this highest-grade; levels of contaminants are stated in parts per billion per trillion.
A recent trend has been to fortify food with omega-3 fatty acid supplements. Global food companies have launched omega-3 fatty acid fortified bread, mayonnaise, pizza, yogurt, orange juice, children's pasta, milk, eggs, popcorn, confections, and infant formula.
The American Heart Association has set up dietary recommendations for EPA and DHA due to their cardiovascular benefits: Individuals with no history of coronary heart disease or myocardial infarction should consume oily fish or fish oils two times per week; those having been diagnosed with coronary heart disease after infarction should consume 1 g EPA and DHA per day from oily fish or supplements; those wishing to lower blood triglycerides should consume 2–4 g of EPA and DHA per day in the form of supplements.[101]
The most widely available dietary source of EPA and DHA is oily fish, such as salmon, herring, mackerel, anchovies, menhaden, and sardines. Oils from these fish have a profile of around seven times as much omega-3 as omega-6. Other oily fish, such as tuna, also contain n-3 in somewhat lesser amounts. Consumers of oily fish should be aware of the potential presence of heavy metals and fat-soluble pollutants like PCBs and dioxins, which are known to accumulate up the food chain. After extensive review, researchers from Harvard's School of Public Health in the Journal of the American Medical Association (2006) reported that the benefits of fish intake generally far outweigh the potential risks. Although fish are a dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids, fish do not synthesize them; they obtain them from the algae (microalgae in particular) or plankton in their diets.[107]
Fish oil
Marine and freshwater fish oil vary in content of arachidonic acid, EPA and DHA.[108] They also differ in their effects on organ lipids.[108] Not all forms of fish oil may be equally digestible. Of four studies that compare bioavailability of the glyceryl ester form of fish oil vs. the ethyl ester form, two have concluded the natural glyceryl ester form is better, and the other two studies did not find a significant difference. No studies have shown the ethyl ester form to be superior, although it is cheaper to manufacture.[109][110]
Krill oil is a source of omega-3 fatty acids.[111] The effect of krill oil, at a lower dose of EPA + DHA (62.8%), was demonstrated to be similar to that of fish oil on blood lipid levels and markers of inflammation in healthy humans.[112] While not an endangered species, krill are a mainstay of the diets of many ocean-based species including whales, causing environmental and scientific concerns about their sustainability.[113][114][115]
Squid oil
Squid oil (also known as calamari oil) is another source of omega-3 fatty acid.[116] The editor of health365com.au considers squid environmentally friendlier than fish or krill oil, because it is prepared from the largely unused portions of squid catches.[117]
Plant sources
These tables are incomplete.
Table 1. ALA content as the percentage of the seed oil.[118]
|Common name
|Alternative name
|Linnaean name
|Kiwifruit seed oil
|Chinese gooseberry
|Actinidia deliciosa
|Perilla frutescens
|Chia seed
|chia sage
|Salvia hispanica
|Linum usitatissimum
|53[83] – 59[120]
|Vaccinium vitis-idaea
|Fig seed oil
|Common Fig
|Ficus carica
|Camelina sativa
|Portulaca oleracea
|Black raspberry
|Rubus occidentalis
|Cannabis sativa
|9[83] – 11
Table 2. ALA content as the percentage of the whole food.[83][122]
|Common name
|Linnaean name
|Linum usitatissimum
|Cannabis sativa
|Juglans cinerea
|Persian walnuts
|Juglans regia
|Pecan nuts
|Carya illinoinensis
|Hazel nuts
|Corylus avellana
Flaxseed (or linseed) (Linum usitatissimum) and its oil are perhaps the most widely available botanical source of the omega-3 fatty acid ALA. Flaxseed oil consists of approximately 55% ALA, which makes it six times richer than most fish oils in omega-3 fatty acids.[123] A portion of this is converted by the body to EPA and DHA, though the actual converted percentage may differ between men and women.[124]
In 2013 Rothamsted Research in the UK reported they had developed a genetically modified form of the plant Camelina that produced EPA and DHA. Oil from the seeds of this plant contained on average 11% EPA and 8% DHA in one development and 24% EPA in another.[125][126]
Eggs produced by hens fed a diet of greens and insects contain higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids than those produced by chickens fed corn or soybeans.[127] In addition to feeding chickens insects and greens, fish oils may be added to their diets to increase the omega-3 fatty acid concentrations in eggs.[128]
The addition of flax and canola seeds to the diets of chickens, both good sources of alpha-linolenic acid, increases the omega-3 content of the eggs, predominantly DHA.[129]
The addition of green algae or seaweed to the diets boosts the content of DHA and EPA, which are the forms of omega-3 approved by the FDA for medical claims. A common consumer complaint is "Omega-3 eggs can sometimes have a fishy taste if the hens are fed marine oils".[130]
Omega-3 fatty acids are formed in the chloroplasts of green leaves and algae. While seaweeds and algae are the source of omega-3 fatty acids present in fish, grass is the source of omega-3 fatty acids present in grass fed animals.[131] When cattle are taken off omega-3 fatty acid rich grass and shipped to a feedlot to be fattened on omega-3 fatty acid deficient grain, they begin losing their store of this beneficial fat. Each day that an animal spends in the feedlot, the amount of omega-3 fatty acids in its meat is diminished.[132]
The omega-6:omega-3 ratio of grass-fed beef is about 2:1, making it a more useful source of omega-3 than grain-fed beef, which usually has a ratio of 4:1.[86]
In a 2009 joint study by the USDA and researchers at Clemson University in South Carolina, grass-fed beef was compared with grain-finished beef. The researchers found that grass-finished beef is higher in moisture content, 42.5% lower total lipid content, 54% lower in total fatty acids, 54% higher in beta-carotene, 288% higher in vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), higher in the B-vitamins thiamin and riboflavin, higher in the minerals calcium, magnesium, and potassium, 193% higher in total omega-3s, 117% higher in CLA (cis-9 trans-11, which is a potential cancer fighter), 90% higher in vaccenic acid (which can be transformed into CLA), lower in the saturated fats linked with heart disease, and has a healthier ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (1.65 vs 4.84). Protein and cholesterol content were equal.[86]
In most countries, commercially available lamb is typically grass-fed, and thus higher in omega-3 than other grain-fed or grain-finished meat sources. In the United States, lamb is often finished (i.e., fattened before slaughter) with grain, resulting in lower omega-3.[133]
The omega-3 content of chicken meat may be enhanced by increasing the animals' dietary intake of grains high in omega-3, such as flax, chia, and canola.[134]
Kangaroo meat is also a source of omega-3, with fillet and steak containing 74 mg per 100 g of raw meat.[135]
Mammalian brains and eyes
The brains and eyes of mammals are extremely rich in DHA as well as other omega-3 fatty acids.[136] DHA is a major structural component of the mammalian brain, and is in fact the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain.[137]
Seal oil
Seal oil is a source of EPA, DPA, and DHA. According to Health Canada, it helps to support the development of the brain, eyes, and nerves in children up to 12 years of age.[138] Like all seal products, it is not allowed to be imported into the European Union.[139]
Other sources
The microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium are rich sources of DHA but not EPA, and can be produced commercially in bioreactors.
Oil from brown algae (kelp) is a source of EPA.[140] The alga Nannochloropsis also has high levels of EPA.[141]
In 2006 the Journal of Dairy Science published a study which found that butter made from the milk of grass-fed cows contains substantially more CLA, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and omega-3 fatty acids than butter made from the milk of cows that have limited access to pasture.[142]
- ↑ "Related terms". Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
- ↑ Scorletti E, Byrne CD (2013). "Omega-3 fatty acids, hepatic lipid metabolism, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Annual Review of Nutrition. 33 (1): 231–48. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161230. PMID 23862644.
- 1 2 3 Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS (September 2012). "Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Risk of Major Cardiovascular Disease Events A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA. 308 (10): 1024–1033. doi:10.1001/2012.jama.11374. PMID 22968891.
- 1 2 3 MacLean CH, Newberry SJ, Mojica WA, Khanna P, Issa AM, Suttorp MJ, Lim YW, Traina SB, Hilton L, Garland R, Morton SC (2006-01-25). "Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk: a systematic review.". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 295 (4): 403–15. doi:10.1001/jama.295.4.403. PMID 16434631. Retrieved 2006-07-07.
- 1 2 Grey, Andrew; Bolland, Mark (March 2014). "Clinical Trial Evidence and Use of Fish Oil Supplements". JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 (3): 460–462. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12765. PMID 24352849.
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- ↑ Soltana, H; Tekaya, M; Amri, Z; El-Gharbi, S; Nakbi, A; Harzallah, A; Mechri, B; Hammami, M (2016). "Characterization of fig achenes' oil of Ficus carica grown in Tunisia". Food Chemistry. 196: 1125–30. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.053. PMID 26593597.
- ↑ Wilkinson, Jennifer. "Nut Grower's Guide: The Complete Handbook for Producers and Hobbyists" (PDF). Retrieved 21 October 2007.
- ↑ Thomas Bartram (September 2002). Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: The Definitive Guide to the Herbal Treatments of Diseases. Da Capo Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-56924-550-7.
- ↑ Decsi T, Kennedy K (2011). "Sex-specific differences in essential fatty acid metabolism". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 94 (6_Suppl): 1914S–1919S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.000893. PMID 22089435.
- ↑ Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop". The Plant Journal. 77 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1111/tpj.12378. PMC 4253037. PMID 24308505.
- ↑ Coghlan, Andy (4 January 2014) "Designed plant oozes vital fish oils" New Scientist, volume 221, issue 2950, page 12
- ↑ "How Omega-6s Usurped Omega-3s In US Diet".
- ↑ Trebunová A, Vasko L, Svedová M, Kastel' R, Tucková M, Mach P (July 2007). "The influence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids feeding on composition of fatty acids in fatty tissues and eggs of laying hens". Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift. 114 (7): 275–279. PMID 17724936.
- ↑ Cherian, G. Effect of feeding full fat flax and canola seeds to laying hens on the fatty acids composition of eggs, embryos, and newly hatched chicks. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1991%2FUS%2FUS91146.xml%3BUS9138554
- ↑ Sterling, Colin (2010-06-03). "Washington Post's Egg Taste Test Says Homegrown And Factory Eggs Taste The Same [UPDATED, POLL]". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ↑ Garton, G. A. (1960). "Fatty Acid Composition of the Lipids of Pasture Grasses". Nature. 187 (4736): 511–512. doi:10.1038/187511b0.
- ↑ Duckett SK, Wagner DG, Yates LD, Dolezal HG, May SG (1993). "Effects of time on feed on beef nutrient composition". J Anim Sci. 71 (8): 2079–2088. PMID 8376232.
- ↑ "Specially Labeled Lamb".
- ↑ Azcona, J.O., Schang, M.J., Garcia, P.T., Gallinger, C., R. Ayerza (h), and Coates, W. (2008). "Omega-3 enriched broiler meat: The influence of dietary alpha-linolenic omega-3 fatty acid sources on growth, performance and meat fatty acid composition". Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 88 (2): 257–269. doi:10.4141/CJAS07081.
- ↑ "Gourment Game - Amazing Nutrition Facts".
- ↑ "DHA in Brain and Retina Structure" (PDF).
- ↑ "Nutrition for the Brain" (PDF).
- ↑ "Natural Health Product Monograph - Seal Oil". Health Canada. June 22, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
- ↑ European Parliament (9 November 2009). "MEPs adopt strict conditions for the placing on the market of seal products in the European Union". Hearings. European Parliament. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
- ↑ van Ginneken VJ, Helsper JP, de Visser W, van Keulen H, Brandenburg WA (2011). "Polyunsaturated fatty acids in various macroalgal species from north Atlantic and tropical seas". Lipids in Health and Disease. 10 (104): 104. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-10-104. PMC 3131239. PMID 21696609.
- ↑ Collins ML, Lynch B, Barfield W, Bull A, Ryan AS, Astwood JD (2014). "Genetic and acute toxicological evaluation of an algal oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and palmitoleic acid". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 72: 162–8. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.021. PMID 25057807.
- ↑ Couvreur S, Hurtaud C, Lopez C, Delaby L, Peyraud JL (June 2006). "The linear relationship between the proportion of fresh grass in the cow diet, milk fatty acid composition, and butter properties". Journal of Dairy Science. 89 (6): 1956–69. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72263-9. PMID 16702259. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
Further reading
- Allport, Susan. The Queen of Fats: Why Omega-3s Were Removed from the Western Diet and What We Can Do to Replace Them. University of California Press, September 2006. ISBN 978-0-520-24282-1.
- Chow, Ching Kuang. Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications. Routledge Publishing. New York. 2001.
- Clover, Charles. The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. Ebury Press, London 2004. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
- Stoll, Andrew L. The Omega-3 Connection. Simon & Schuster 2001. ISBN 0-684-87138-6.
External links
- University of Maryland Medical Center, omega-3 Fatty Acids


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Variegated Lemons for BWW #114
Yes, Virginia, there are striped lemons with pure pink flesh. Alas, you will not find the pink here.
This is for Simona, hosting BWW #114 for Cinzia of Cindystar. See all the B/W culinary images this Wednesday on Briciole. They are food and related images for thought in a world removed of chaotic color.

subset: commoncrawl


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Global Wine Cellars Market Report 2018 provides the in detail research study shedding light on different business verticals. It includes key wine cellars business factors which lead to market development and advancement. Worldwide wine cellars market report segments the industry into various categories based on the manufacturing regions. The wine cellars industry report gives the complete knowledge which will help you in making vital decisions. The study covers wine cellars business strategies, opportunities, threats and forecast from 2018-2023.
Global Wine Cellars Market Report Insights:
The steady demand for wine cellars provides positive growth opportunities for this market globally. The wine cellars report identifies that the industry is driven by factors such as massive growth in wine cellars commercial applications. The growing trade in worldwide industries is expected to drive the global wine cellars industry. The wine cellars market is expected to exhibit a CAGR of X.X % during the assessment period from 2018-2023. wine cellars market growth is likely to be restrained by factors such as high investment costs and long implementation period.
Initially, global wine cellars market report explains the basic industry overview to the reader. Then the primary aspects of the wine cellars industry showing the growth of the market. Furthermore, it mentions wine cellars market product definitions, applications, and scope on a global scale. Also, the wine cellars study incorporates the research methods followed to gather all the industry details.
To Acquire wine cellars Report Sample With Complete TOC at https://market.biz/report/global-wine-cellars-market-icrw/47303/#requestforsample
Global Wine Cellars Market Report Segments 2018:
|Frigidaire, Thomson, Avanti, Sub-Zero, Eurocave, Liebherr, Enofrigo, Dometic, Danby, EdgeStar, Climadiff, La Sommeliere, Haier, Sunpentown, Vinotemp, Perlick, Avintage, NewAir, Electrolux and Middleby Corporation
|Built in(Slot in), Integrated Under Counter, Walk in and Free Standing
|Restaurants, Pubs/Bars, Hotels and Residential
|India, Europe, USA, South East Asia, Japan and China
Worldwide wine cellars industry report then does the analysis of the dominant players. The analysis supports wine cellars company profiles, customer volume, and sales margin. In addition, wine cellars report highlights the distinct business tricks, demand and supply ratio. Later, it cover-up the wine cellars market all existing and emerging segments. Likewise, it encompasses the wine cellars market constraints, product price, and evolving regions.
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Global Wine Cellars Market Report Chiefly Consist Of Following Parts:
(I) part gives an introduction, wine cellars market overview, product scope, opportunities, driving force, and market threat.
Part (II) displays wine cellars market forecast, by regions, application and type. Also add forecast with revenue and sales of wine cellars industry, from 2018 to 2023.
(III) and (IV) Part shows the wine cellars market share together with competition among the top manufacturers (sales and revenue).
Part (V) describes the top wine cellars manufacturers with revenue, sales and price.
(VI) and (VII) Part portrays the wine cellars industry by application and type, with a sales growth rate from 2013 to 2018.
Part (VIII), outlines the worldwide wine cellars industry by regions with sales, market share and revenue from 2018 to 2023.
(IX) Part, illustrates the wine cellars market key regions, with sales, market share and revenue by key countries in these regions, from 2013 to 2018.
Lastly, Part (X) and (XI) explain details about wine cellars sales channel, traders/distributors, dealers, research discovery and conclusion, appendix and data source.
For More Related Research Reports Visit : http://thestockincome.com/category/business/


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|US Presswire/NFL
|Justin Blackmon, Andrew Luck and Matt Kalil top Gil Brandt's "Hot 100."
We're just about three months away from the 2012 NFL Draft, which means it's time for the first edition of my "Hot 100." This isn't necessarily how I think the draft will unfold, but rather the 100 best prospects heading into April.
This is only the beginning. Plenty will change after the NFL Scouting Combine and pro days get under way. For now, though, this is how I list the best players in the country.
1. Andrew Luck, QB, Stanford
With a 71.3 completion percentage, 10,043 total yards and 80 touchdown passes, this kid is the complete package.
2. Matt Kalil, OT, USC
A first-team All-Pac 12 selection, Matt is the younger brother of Panthers Pro Bowl lineman Ryan Kalil. He plays like him, too.
3. Justin Blackmon, WR, Oklahoma State
His timed speed could drop him some, but it's hard to ignore 121 catches and 18 touchdowns last season.
4. Robert Griffin III, QB, Baylor
He's the dual threat as a passer (72.4 completion percentage, 32 touchdowns in 2011) and runner (699 yards, 10 TDs) every coach dreams of.
5. Quinton Coples, DE, North Carolina
A first-team All-ACC selection in 2010 and 2011, he's an all-out every-down player.
6. Morris Claiborne, CB, LSU
A first team All-SEC selection last season, he had six interceptions. He's not very big at 5-foot-11 and 177 pounds, but he can return kicks.
7. Riley Reiff, OT, Iowa
Reiff is a very good athlete who was a three-time South Dakota state wrestling champion.
8. Ryan Tannehill, QB, Texas A&M
He's very smart, an excellent athlete and has the ability to take off if necessary.
9. Alshon Jeffery, WR, South Carolina
He wasn't as good in 2011 as he was in 2010, and he's gained some weight since then. Still, he's a playmaker.
10. Zach Brown, OLB, North Carolina
He's a good weak-side linebacker who was named first-team All-ACC last season. Nobody is likely to draft him in the top 10, though.
11. Courtney Upshaw, LB, Alabama
Just how good is Upshaw? He's better than former Crimson Tide linebacker Rolando McClain, who was a first-round pick in 2010.
12. Jonathan Martin, OT, Stanford
A two-year first team All-Pac 12 selection who made 36 career starts, Martin is a very good run blocker.
13. Michael Floyd, WR, Notre Dame
Floyd's had some off-field problems, but he is a very good athlete who made 100 catches with nine touchdowns in 2011.
14. Luke Kuechly, LB, Boston College
He finished with 191 tackles, 12 of them for loss, and had three interceptions last season. The only thing that could hurt him is a lack of speed.
15. David DeCastro, G, Stanford
He made 38 straight starts at right guard. This kid reminds me of Vikings All-Pro guard Steve Hutchinson.
16. Trent Richardson, RB, Alabama
Richardson averaged an eye-popping 5.9 yards per carry last year and scored 21 touchdowns. He will be drafted higher than this.
17. Melvin Ingram, DE, South Carolina
Ingram will be rewarded handsomely for staying in school for his senior year. He's good, athletic and plays hard every down.
18. Janoris Jenkins, CB, North Alabama
Off-field trouble forced him to transfer from Florida, but this kid can cover very well.
19. Devon Still, DT, Penn State
A high-motor guy who was first-team All-Big Ten after finishing with 4.5 sacks and an impressive 17 tackles for loss.
20. Jerel Worthy, DT, Michigan State
A first-team All-Big Ten selection who definitely has talent but needs to play hard all the time.
21. Dre Kirkpatrick, CB, Alabama
He's tall for a corner, and people like that. He most likely will fall some after the combine and his pro day, which could result in a move to safety.
22. Vontaze Burfict, LB, Arizona State
This is a very talented player, but he has problems taking coaching, so teams need to make sure he's right for them.
23. Michael Brockers, DT, LSU
A three-year player who has a lot of upside and a strong front.
24. Kelechi Osemele, OT, Iowa State
He's a strong and powerful player who is more suited to play guard in the NFL.
25. Nick Perry, DE, USC
A first-team All-Pac 12 selection, Perry had 9.5 sacks last year. He's best to fit in as a linebacker in a 3-4 scheme.
26. Kendall Wright, WR, Baylor
27. Andre Branch, DE, Clemson
28. Brandon Thompson, DT, Clemson
29. Dwayne Allen, TE, Clemson
30. Dont'a Hightower, LB, Alabama
31. Alfonzo Dennard, CB, Nebraska
32. Mark Barron, S, Alabama
33. Cordy Glenn, G, Georgia
34. Chase Minnifield, CB, Virginia
35. Lamar Miller, RB, Miami (Fla.)
36. Fletcher Cox, DT, Mississippi State
37. Mike Adams, OT, Ohio State
38. Zebrie Sanders, OT, Florida State
39. Mohamed Sanu, WR, Rutgers
40. David Wilson, RB, Virginia Tech
41. Dontari Poe, DT, Memphis
42. Orson Charles, TE, Georgia
43. Coby Fleener, TE, Stanford
44. Jared Crick, DE, Nebraska
45. Whitney Mercilus, DE, Illinois
46. Dwight Jones, WR, North Carolina
47. Chris Polk, RB, Washington
48. Stephon Gilmore, CB, South Carolina
49. Billy Winn, DT, Boise State
50. Peter Konz, C, Wisconsin
51. Vinny Curry, DE, Marshall
52. Jamell Fleming, CB, Oklahoma
53. Leonard Johnson, CB, Iowa State
54. Casey Hayward, CB, Vanderbilt
55. Kevin Zeitler, G, Wisconsin
56. Jarius Wright, WR, Arkansas
57. Bruce Irvin, DE, West Virginia
58. LaMichael James, RB, Oregon
59. Brandon Weeden, QB, Oklahoma State
60. Ben Jones, C, Georgia
61. Shea McClellin, OLB, Boise State
62. Travis Lewis, LB, Oklahoma
63. Nick Foles, QB, Arizona
64. Andrew Datko, OT, Florida State
65. Josh Chapman, DT, Alabama
66. A.J. Jenkins, WR, Illinois
67. Joe Adams, WR/KR, Arkansas
68. Bobby Wagner, LB, Utah State
69. Jayron Hosely, CB, Virginia Tech
70. Ronnell Lewis, DE, Oklahoma
71. Luke Nix, G, Pittsburgh
72. Brandon Washington, G, Miami (Fla.)
73. Lavonte David, LB, Nebraska
74. Rokevious Watkins, G, South Carlina
75. Markelle Martin, S, Oklahoma State
76. Coryelle Judie, CB, Texas A&M
77. Senio Kelemete, OT, Washington
78. Trumaine Johnson, CB, Montana
79. Sean Spence, LB, Miami (Fla.)
80. Cyrus Gray, RB, Texas A&M
81. Doug Martin, RB, Boise State
82. Mike Martin, DT, Michigan
83. Kheeston Randall, DT, Texas
84. T.Y. Hilton, WR/KR, Florida International
85. Alameda Ta'amu, DT, Washington
86. Terrance Ganaway, RB, Baylor
87. Kirk Cousins, QB, Michigan State
88. Brandon Boykin, CB, Georgia
89. Brian Quick, WR, Appalachian State
90. Marvin McNutt, WR, Iowa
91. DeQuan Menzie, CB, Alabama
92. Chandler Jones, DE, Syracuse
93. Nick Toon, WR, Wisconsin
94. James-Michael Johnson, LB, Nevada
95. Juron Criner, WR, Arizona
96. Ryan Steed, CB, Furman
97. Eric Page, WR/KR, Toledo
98. Donnie Fletcher, CB, Boston College
99. Josh LeRibeus, G, Southern Methodist
100. Ryan Broyles, WR, Oklahoma


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Turkish Girls – Ecrin Zehra. – Hi I'm Ecrin Zehra . I live and work in Ankara, Turkey. My hobby is Dancing, Driving and Get New Gift. I love to travel new new place and take a test in new culture and cooking. I like to watching movie and love to drive car in long distance.
I also like to visit new culture. I want to be a good communication for all peoples in all over the world. I like to chat with new people and connect with new friends. If you want chat with me and live video conference or call my whats app or Skype and add with my Facebook or send me Email any time. We can be make a good friendship. Thanks
Activity: Online Now !!!Continue reading


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So far, toy company NECA seems to be doing a pretty good job with a licence for Valve's catalogue of first-person shooters. But at the end of the day, NECA makes toys for the mass market, so what you'll be getting will be fairly standard stuff.
Over the weekend, a potentially more exciting announcement was made: Valve will also be having toys made by threeA, a Hong Kong company who in this writer's opinion are simply the best manufacturers of action figures on the planet.
While threeA made a name for itself initially making original toys and figures based on its own properties, like World War Robot (whose artist Ashley Wood also helps run threeA), it's recently moved into licensed territory, making figures based on things like Real Steel.
They're also the guys behind the enormous, $US500 Metal Gear Rex figure due out later this year.
It'll be very interesting to see what they can come up with.


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3 ladies in the city: Apt Inspiration
Yesterday I let you all in on my latest project. This project is a bit different than my traditional clients, because I'm related to one of them!
Now the apartment is not just my sister's, but her two roomies as well so I had to take all 3 of them into account when designing the room.
Here is a little reminder of the before:
Now while some think this green may be a bit bold I love it! I'm a huge color lover so this should come as no surprise. The ladiesasked for my advice before they picked this color out a couple of months ago and I gave them the green light on it.
When looking for inspiration I tend to look through fashion magazines and clothing catalogs first before looking through interiors.I don't want to feel like I'm simply copying a room I like. Fashion is a huge source of inspiration and tends to mimic trends in home design so it is a good starting point for inspiration.
While flipping through the latest J.Crew catalog I was hit with 2 great sources of inspiration:
They both have that fab green hue, touches of bling with gold, an unexpected quirk with the gray/white stripes plus a dose of girly glam with the touches of pink throughout. (*Caitlin you were the closest in figuring out what color combo I would go with! I knew you would be. I swear we are like long lost design sisters!)
They both give off a wonderful ladylike glam that I think suits these ladies very well.
Due to the budget the major furniture pieces will be remaining, sofa, club chair, ottoman, 2 white storage cabinets.
So will be making our biggest impact with accessories!
For my ladylike glam look I knew I wanted vintage pieces so I headed out to my favorite haunts in search of goodies.
Here is a sneak peek of what I found so far!
Two pillows made out of vintage fabric that were only 1.99 each!
Two vintage mirrors that were a total of $6 for both!!!
Small vintage plate only $1.99!
From my fabric stash my lovely bird fabric that was only $5!
Small oil painting for only $4!
Vintage scrabble letters that spell out their names for ZERO. The old home owner left them in the house and I kept them so now is a great time to put them to use!
Massively heavy alabaster vase for $4.99!!! Craziness when I went to Egypt I bought a teeny tiny alabaster vase and it was $60!!!!!
I also managed to throw in a little more modern elements by finding some leopard and a pair of Foo Dogs that I totally don't want to give up!
I can't wait to show you more, but alas it has to wait. I don't want to spoil the surprise. Now I'm off to search for a dining set replacement within my budget. Wish me luck!
Labels: 3 ladies in the city, inspiration, my work


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I have to admit that I have had a very slow start to my art this year. We've been busy house projects, two new kittens and the daily business of family life. Plus I have been trying to workout every day to bring on those happy hormones in an attempt to counteract this winter weather.
I have managed to create a large batch of mini quilts for art-o-mat. I now have them boxed up and ready to send. Above is a pile of "Dreams" and below are a selection of my "Bits and Pieces" series created from my box of scrap quilted bits. Every time I'm away from my art for a while and I return to created I'm reminded how much I love it and the joy it brings.


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The Silar® Microwave Grill and the Silar® Microwave Flatstone are revolutionizing industrial microwave cooking. These products are innovative ceramic composite microwave heatable oven inserts that have changed the speed-quality cooking paradigm, providing higher quality foods cooked evenly and uniformly - FAST !
Silar® microwave heatable oven inserts rise to cooking temperatures in as little as five seconds, and can reduce cook times by up to 90%.


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Question for anyone who's seen them in the last 5 to 10 years:Pearl Jam is one of my all time favorite bands. "Black" is my favorite song of all time. Having said that I think their, let's say pre 2000 stuff is brilliant overall, but their post 2000 stuff is only "good" overall. When they perform now do they do a nice mix of their stuff or do they "promote" newer stuff? I know they don't have any super recent releases so that maybe helps my cause.Any thoughts?
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Hi Allthecats. What I did was finally realize it was not my fault. The blame game solves nothing. If you choose to accept his words as fact , then they will take root. Do what you can to work on you.
Hi. A little backstory... I met my ex because I was dating his best friend (who turned out to be physically and emotionally abusive... Birds of a feather). We had a tumultuous 2 year long on-again-off-again relationship. I would pay for every date so he could spend his money on marijuana. He would constantly go through phases where he would just randomly stop talking to me and I would become frantic, wondering what I did wrong and why I wasn't good enough, etc. I was always worried that he would disappear if I did or said the wrong thing or if I acted the wrong way. For 2 years, he walked all over me and took advantage of me at every opportunity. Most recently, he told me another girl he had been talking to was prettier than me and called me crazy.
Since he already thought I was crazy and I was livid and finally over being treated like I was less than human, I snapped and left a nice letter in his mailbox for his parents detailing that their son is a complete ass and has a drug problem. It was really immature and impulsive, but it felt good at the time. And it effectively destroyed any chance we had at reconciling, which is probably for the best.
I know it may not sound like he deserves to be called emotionally abusive, but there is a lot he's done to me in the last two years that have mentally destroyed me. I've found myself questioning my own sanity recently because of his many comments. I'm already in therapy, but, in your experience, what helps you get over someone doing this to you? I hate what he's done to me and how he has made me feel, but I also miss him. I feel lost without him and like I'm losing my mind. How can I love someone who treats me so terribly and makes me hate myself? Why am I so hung up on this jerk? How do I make it stop?
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Hi Allthecats. What I did was finally realize it was not my fault. The blame game solves nothing. If you choose to accept his words as fact , then they will take root. Do what you can to work on you.
"We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act but a habit." -Aristotle
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From Conservapedia
(Redirected from Cyrus the Great)
Cyrus (also called Cyrus the Great) (576-529 BC) was the Emperor of the Persian Empire. He is famous for conquering Babylon and sending the Jews back to Israel.
At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Persian Empire was the largest ancient empire, spanning three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. The empire included modern-day Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and northern Saudi Arabia.


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From Openmoko
GSM, (Global System for Mobile communications) is the phone standard and network type supported by the Neo1973. Future phones may support other standards.
GSM covers making phone calls, sending SMS text messages, and access to Internet via GPRS. A SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card is given along the contract with an operator, and the customer inserts the card in the phone to authorize it. The card is plastic (approximately 15mm*23mm*1mm) with several gold contacts on, and it determines the mobile phone 'number' and what network the phone is on.
The Neo1973 phone can be used with any operator that has a GSM network; it is quad-band and thus supports every frequency (850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz). Thus it will work in most countries, with the exception of some of the US and some other parts of the world that completely lack GSM coverage.
Calls can be placed using the graphical Dialer or the textual gsmd-tool.
Rest needs to be done on the command-line manually using GSM and manually using GPRS, until gsmd supports more.
The GSM features (including dialing, SMS, GPRS, and SIM access) will be programmed via gsmd.
Standards information
You can find a full list of GSM/3GPP standards at this ETSI site (attention! more than 2000 entries) or at the light-weight ETSI site.
GSM 02.07 - Required features
See GSM02.07.
GSM 07.07 - Main AT commands
07.07 describes the main commands used by the Gsmd software of the Openmoko system to communicate via a serial interface with the GSM subsystem of the phone.
For more, see Hardware:AT Commands.
Note that the descendant of this specification is 3GPP TS 27.007 - AT command set for User Equipment (UE). (Does OpenMoko support any of these newer versions?)
GSM 07.05 - Additional AT commands (SMS and CBS)
GSM 07.10 - Multiplexing
- direct link?


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Tickdo - Shake It For Me [Unsigned Hype]
(Fly boyz) Tickdo with a hot stipper club joint burning up the airwave in miami. Follow him @ http://www.facebook.com/tickdo and twitter @tickdo
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Thank you everyone for the warm wishes while we plan our BIG move to California. I probly let it out a little early, but I was just so excited. I already can imagine different ways to incoorporate my handmade into our new home.
Some things that happened this week that you all should know.
::Hawthorne Threads started a blog. (Happy dance) Stop by and wish them well with their new blog "Behind the Seams"
:: My Urban Swap partner has been revealed. This is what I got. From the wonderful Penny over at Sewtakahike. Beautiful linen napkins, with detailed stitching and I am so in LOVE!


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ECB Cuts Rates
The European Central Bank, spooked by plummeting inflation in the euro zone, cut its main rate to 0.25%, just a whisper above zero. Katie Martin assesses the ECB's move and whether it will have the desired effect.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... here are a social bank unexpectedly cut interest rates today they are getting closer and closer to closer to the magic zero market down a quarter of the percentage points to ... a quarter percentage point on the main refinancing rate ... the euro fell stocks in Europe soared ... in the near tragedy CDS president has resisted making them much ... movement at all really in the bank's rates for a period of time over the summer ... and the fall and things are common complacent in the euro zone but what has changed Kmart is making the Y today ... aam what in the CBC cause them to ... well the ... thing that was the inflation numbers last week they were horrible and the Wheldon NPC piece of the range and say what the talk of Apple said the mock it's up to pricing in some sort of move on writes about points ... but it wasn't for the price in which is why exactly she say euro dollar shed two cents on the news thanks to a new all-time high as data stop you also had a rise in stocks across the euro area ... is haven't been fully priced in the mock happen for PCs coming ... I knew ... that what ... the question around when he was aiming this at the current say ... that he did this I leaks the strong euro is a specific downside he said try disabling don't really pay much attention to that but ... one of the really big ... thing that's it yet ... but with a lot of analysts up the saying that he did even if this was that a specific target this is definitely a happy byproduct of what happens to the uncertainty of what the euro rise too much inflation and deflation could become more of a concern and you can have additional concerns about restarting the economy it's Achillion countries like Spain and they're trying to get an export led growth and that ... comes in part because of the high currency and an inch or so ... what exactly I mean he was at pains to say that the vehicles us and the French but he does say a prolonged period of low inflation ... so authentic amass to kind of get use to tap the third time in as you say having a weak euro Sunday when hubs ... with that at the region the scope of the most thoughtful from firms that still put a fragile recovery assignment Danny Hong ... Gil what what is is it that it is a problem and I suppose one of the reasons why the delay doing this for so long is that ... you get down to zero point two five percent that isn't a lot more range doesn't have to be careful when you no good either way it's been for the freezing with what he is the likely stood next that if they feel like things are going great if there is some other Canon one D are disinflationary shot ... what will make do with it ... the kitchen sink at this and that there with all the whatever it takes five years and owns with what we come onto policy ... we also kind of extension in the way that the show the weight and ... the IV Chris and that is kind of role advisor with ... a condom idle the cosmos there but the Mac done everything bookmaking next to the dentist and have since the fall of power as the Fed for example when a constrained by the ... Germans in and they certainly aren't looking to teach me something more dramatic so we guess we just have to sort of way say ... and will be watching