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Copyright's Digital Dilemma Today: Fair Use or Unfair Constraints?
Part 2: The DMCA, the TEACH Act and Other E-Copying Considerations
Lee S. Strickland is currently affiliated with the College of Information Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD; 301-405-1741; email@example.com
Editors note: This article has been split into two parts. The first, published in the previous issue of the Bulletin, covered the legal controversy over electronic file sharing (www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-03/index.html.) This article was received for publication in August 2003.
E-copying, as we discussed in the first part of this article (Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, v. 30 (1)), continues to be addressed by the basic rules of copyright, and new technology does not change established law. As such, fair use will not justify the reproduction in entirety of millions of copyrighted works. But exactly what are the parameters of fair use today? The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in the long-running case of Kelly v. Arriba Soft recently provided a partial answer. Here, the owner of copyrighted photographs had sued the operator of a search engine for posting thumbnail images of the works in its search results. The trial court found fair use here on the basis that the search results were transformative and functional for a different purpose cataloging content on the Internet. But the trial court, and initially the appeals court, also found that an additional use by the defendant inline linking to and framing of full-sized images did in fact infringe upon the photographer's exclusive right to display the copyrighted work publicly and was not protected by fair use.
Some Technical Definitions
Hypertext linking a basic feature employed in the html world where a word, symbol or the actual address of content will take your browser to that content. Generally no legal issues are presented here unless one is linking to a site containing judicially or legally proscribed content (e.g., the deCSS code held to violate the DMCA or child pornography).
Deep linking a hypertext link that opens a page deep inside another site rather than the home page of that other site. These may present a legal issue if they violate the terms and conditions of a given site.
Inline linking or framing similar in functionality to regular linking but different in presentation. Here, the linked content is presented in a newly opened browser window but is framed with the basic
style, graphics and advertising of the site that contained the link. This type of linking can present a variety of issues from direct copyright infringement to violations of the Lanham Act (trademark) since
content belonging to an originator is being "passed off" as belonging to someone else.
Thereafter, the defendant filed a petition for rehearing and, more than a year later, the case was re
-decided on July 7, 2003. In the new opinion, the 9th Circuit re-affirmed that the use of thumbnail images in search engines is legal but withdrew the previous decision on the display of full-size images by linking and framing. The court now found that neither party had moved for summary judgment on this issue, that there was thus no basis for a decision and that the issue must be returned for trial.
The implications for information professionals today are many and include the fact that other image search engines such as Google and many other WWW operations use this technique. Does it mean that all such uses are improper? The short answer is "no" and the longer answer is that a fair use analysis is required. Here, as reported by CNETnews.com, the plaintiff's argument continues to be: "We do not agree that displaying full-size images, which were taken from another person's Website and used to sell products and services at Arriba Soft, is a fair use of that image." On the other hand, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) that had filed an amicus brief was upbeat: "Website owners can rest a bit easier about linking to copyrighted materials online. By revising its ruling, the court removed a copyright iceberg from the main shipping lanes of the World Wide Web." Perhaps that optimism is overstated. This case suggests, in my view, that linking and framing of copyrighted content is problematic and that such activities in the commercial environment may be difficult to justify under fair use. It is all a matter of risk management, and clearly this case deserves our continued attention.
E-Copying and Encryption
Having considered the basic rules that continue to be applied to the electronic age, we must continue our examination in the context of one of the most significant changes brought by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) the criminal and civil provisions prohibiting the circumvention of technological protection measures (TPMs). The most immediate question is: What are TPMs? They are defined as any combination of software and hardware that regulates access to electronic information and they are essentially tools (usually software-based) that are as simple as passwords or as complex as encryption. In general, the DMCA not only prohibits the manufacture of any device, or the offering of any service, primarily designed to defeat an effective TPM, but also prohibits any individual's circumvention of any TPM used by a copyright holder to restrict access to its material. It does not, however, prohibit circumvention of copying technologies provided that one has authorized access representing a Congressional determination of the appropriate scope of fair use in the digital age. What this means in the vernacular is that one may not "hack" protected digital content to gain access but may undertake "self-help" to use or make copies of legally acquired content.
Within the last two years, several important cases have served to more clearly define the DMCA. Of most significance is Universal City Studios v. Reimerdes the first major test of the DMCA. Here, a group of motion picture companies and makers of DVD copy-control technology sued alleged hackers who posted the software code to decrypt DVDs (generally known as deCSS code) on their Internet websites. At the trial level, the court upheld the constitutionality of the DMCA finding that it was a "content neutral" restriction on speech in furtherance of important governmental interests and that the speech at issue was not "purely expressive any more than the assassination of a political figure is purely a political statement." It additionally found that the posting of links was the functional equivalent of publishing the code and also barred such acts. This decision was affirmed in its entirety by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit thus confirming the constitutionality of this important provision of the DMCA while also recognizing that the use of technological means of controlling access to a copyrighted work may affect the ability to make fair uses that have been historically used and recognized.
E-Copying and Licensing
There is little doubt that many people fear that technology such as encryption and the legal protection provided by the DMCA will be used to limit access to works that are not protected by copyright expired or otherwise public domain although defenses to alleged violations in such circumstances such as copyright misuse would be available. But, in point of fact, the danger is more complex given that the technology and the legal protection of the technology through the DMCA can be used in conjunction with licensing in order to present a most formidable scheme of protection to intellectual property far in excess of that generally envisioned by the Copyright Act.
Licensing is today an inherent issue in many DMCA as well as traditional copyright matters, and it may greatly restrict or even prohibit traditional copyright entitlements including fair use. The effectiveness of this "axis of control" began to be displayed in 2000 in Jurisline v. Reed Elsevier a case that focused on extraction of public domain information from licensed content. Here, attorney David Boies of Florida presidential recount fame lost his argument that there was an "invalid copyright by contract scheme." And more recently, the Federal Circuit has continued to recognize the superiority of licenses in a decision with rather sweeping language that statutorily allowed that reverse engineering could violate shrink-wrap licenses. Specifically, the court held in Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, a case that was re-heard and re-decided in January 2003 because of widespread concerns, that even though there was no violation of copyright, the Copyright Act does not preempt contractual shrink -wrap license terms prohibiting reverse engineering, and thus plaintiff's contract claim was valid.
And licensing is also at the heart of the controversy over the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA) that has passed in only two states (Maryland and Virginia) and is now moribund elsewhere given growing hostility from information users. UCITA is controversial for two reasons. First, it represents a movement toward licensing of information and away from the sale of copies as traditionally understood under copyright law. Second, it would enforce all "shrink-wrap" or "click-on" agreements (termed "mass-market licenses" in UCITA) even with the most draconian, anti -consumer provisions. In sum, UCITA would effectively give an information vendor total control of the downstream use of content or product and remove most if not all rights of a user. Without UCITA, one has a broader right to contest legally many onerous provisions of a license or the license in its entirety if it was presented in a manner that did not achieve the users consent. Note, however, that even without UCITA, a party will generally be bound by their agreement and thus negotiation of license terms remains critical.
Another form of license gaining prominence is the "browse wrap" license that is displayed by a WWW site and purports to bind the viewer with terms and conditions of use. To date, "browse wrap" licenses have attempted to be enforced through a variety of legal strategies including tort claims for misappropriate or trespass to property as well as civil claims under the federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) the federal anti-hacking statute and they have met with mixed legal success. For example, on trespass theories, e-Bay has won, Ticketmaster has lost and Intel has most recently won before the California Supreme Court. The issue in these claims is typically whether or not the alleged wrongful use has damaged the subject computers or imposed a significant cost on the company, and the courts have quite simply taken different views of the evidence presented.
Claims under the federal CFAA or state law equivalents have more generally met with success. Here, Internet service providers routinely take abusers to court and win, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit recently issued important judgments in EF Cultural Travel v. Zefar and Explorica. In this somewhat typical case, the plaintiff used the CFAA to move against the use of an electronic agent (a scrapper) that had combed their database for pricing information. The court focused at length on the meaning of the statute's $5000 "damage or loss" provision where "damage" is defined as "any impairment to the integrity or availability of data, a program, a system, or information" but where "loss" is not otherwise defined.
The court held that consultant fees to assess the extent, if any, of the physical damage to a website caused by the intrusion is compensable loss even if it established no physical damage or stress to the site: "As we move into an increasingly electronic world, the instances of physical damage will likely be fewer while the value to the victim of what has been stolen and the victim's costs in shoring up its security features undoubtedly will loom ever-larger. If we were to restrict the statute as appellants urge, we would flout Congress's intent by effectively permitting the CFAA to languish in the twentieth century, as violators of the Act move into the twenty first century and beyond." More recently, the 1st Circuit considered an additional aspect of the continuing litigation and held that a "lack of authorization" a key element of CFAA liability could be either explicit or implicit as expressed on the website or otherwise. This presents one of the stronger recognitions of the validity of "browse wrap" licenses to date.
The Developing DMCA: The Specter of Monopolies
Recently, an innovative effort by Lexmark to use the DMCA to prohibit the use of aftermarket printer cartridges began to raise significant concerns (Lexmark v. Static Control in the Eastern District of Kentucky). It is an effort that, if successful, could be applied to the entire spectrum of consumer and industrial products to the economic detriment of consumers.
Here are the details. Static Control sells computer chips for aftermarket printer cartridges that permit operation in Lexmark printers. In response, Lexmark brought suit under the DMCA alleging circumvention of TPMs that control access to copyrighted Lexmark software. In other words, it is alleged that Static Control's chip circumvented controls on Lexmark printers and allowed access to copyrighted Lexmark code on Lexmark printers. Now it is important to note that pre-DMCA cases had clearly allowed access to and copying of code to permit interoperability (see, for example, Sony v. Connectix). However, the allegations passed initial legal muster and resulted in the issuance of a temporary restraining order and ultimately a decision for Lexmark in June 2003.
This is not to suggest, however, that there are not substantial legal defenses including allowed reverse engineering under the DMCA, copyright misuse (i.e., a general copyright defense that there is no valid underlying copyright) and invalid shrink-wrap license. Moreover, Static Control has filed an antitrust and unfair trade practices countersuit in federal court for middle district of North Carolina (an obvious example of forum shopping) as well as making a submission to the Library of Congress for DMCA exemption under current DMCA rule-making proceedings.
The case is currently on appeal to the 6th Circuit with strong opinions on the public interest side. Rep. Boucher (D-VA) has stated that "this case illustrates the DMCA's shortcomings and potential for abuse that thwarts competition." But there are solutions. The European Union has adopted a directive that prohibits sale of any electronic product that employs Lexmark-type "killer chips." And we consider below in the technology segment some current legislative solutions pending in Congress.
The Developing DMCA: The Super-DMCA State Statutes
While much of our attention has focused on federal-level issues, the states are also presenting a forum of concern. Within the last two years, momentum has developed for the passage of so-called super -DMCA laws model legislation being pushed by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) to amend statutes aimed at cable television theft to include any receipt and use of broadcasts except as expressly allowed by the provider. In addition, these statutes also prohibit the possession of a wide range of electronic equipment as well as a number of ordinary Internet activities that have legitimate purposes. In the view of many, this legislation presents a grave risk to our intellectual freedom.
More specifically, the law declares it illegal to "deliver, offer to deliver, or advertise an unlawful telecommunications access device" while "knowing or having reason to know that the devices are intended to receive decrypt, transmit, retransmit, acquire, intercept any telecommunications service without the express authority or actual consent of the telecommunications service provider." An additional problem: the sweeping language criminalizes a wide range of ordinary Internet activity including the concealment of the place of origin or destination of any communication. While the MPAA is now offering revisions (e.g., to require some specific intent for criminal liability), significant problems remain, including the lack of DMCA-style immunities and the fact that fair use is now placed entirely in the hands of electronic content providers including broadcasters. To date, versions have passed in some states (Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Wyoming), are pending in a number of other states such as, Massachusetts and Texas, and have recently been vetoed in Colorado. The best sites to track such legislation are www.eff.org and www.freedom-to-tinker.com.
E-Copying and Education
The TEACH Act of 2002, a significant legislative enactment to benefit educators, grew out of one of the little known provisions of the DMCA although the final version made no explicit expansion of protection for educational activities involving the Internet, it did mandate a study of the subject by the Copyright Office. That study was published in May 1999 (see www.loc.gov/copyright/docs/de_rprt .pdf), and the TEACH Act followed as a major expansion to the then-existing, very restrictive §110(2) of the Copyright Act that controlled distance education and was rooted in CCTV paradigm. In general, these provisions parallel the §110(1) classroom rights. As we may recall, our traditional classroom rights allow a teacher to show or perform any intellectual product related to the curriculum, regardless of the medium, in the context of mediated, face-to-face instruction in the classroom. This includes, by way of example, documents, photographs, music and audio-visual works of every kind without limits and without required permissions. The making of copies, of course, is controlled by the educational fair use rules and guideline.
In comparison, the TEACH Act allows the electronic display of most types of works, allows reach to any location (not just formal classrooms), allows reasonable storage of transmitted content and allows the digitization of analog works. But there are some important limitations on these rights. The first concerns the type of works. We can transmit the entirety of "non-dramatic literary or musical works" defined to include items such as poetry, short stories, periodical articles and music other than performed music (e.g., opera, music videos and musicals) but not audiovisual works. We can transmit "reasonable and limited portions" of any other works defined to include all audiovisual works (i.e., films and videos of any type or genre) and the dramatic musical works excluded by the first rule. And we can transmit any work that might usually be displayed in a classroom setting defined to include items such as photographs, drawings or maps. The second limitation concerns digitization. We can convert analog works to digital form to the extent that the work is not available in digital form free of technical protective measures and only to the extent that the digitized version is used only for § 110 instructional purposes. This means, in essence, that we may digitally convert an analog video if there is no DVD version or the DVD versions prohibit the extraction of clips via technical measures.
There are also restrictions on who may use the authority and under what circumstances: the rights are available only to a governmental body or accredited nonprofit educational institution, only for enrolled students and only in the context of mediated (i.e., teacher-conducted) instructional activities. Moreover, any qualified institution must promulgate an effective copyright policy, preserve and communicate copyright information, and reasonably prevent copying especially with respect to students. Lastly, excluded are any materials that are specifically developed and marketed for the distance learning market, illegal copies and materials usually purchased by students such as, coursepacks and textbooks. An excellent resource is Georgia Harper's overview at www.utsystem .edu/ogc/intellectualproperty/teachact.htm. Indeed, the entire guide on copyright at the University of Texas Website is perhaps the best of its kind.
Lastly, there is the little-understood caveat that fair use rights continue to be relevant in distance education. A primary reason is that the focus of the TEACH Act is on mediated classroom-like instruction and the materials used in such circumstances not supplementary reading materials that typically constitute physical or electronic reserve systems. Thus fair use and the various guidelines for educational fair use remain very relevant.
Time Is on My Side Or Is It?
We conclude our survey of copyright developments with a brief consideration of the duration of copyright. Space does not permit a review of the pertinent legislation here, but the public domain for published works is as follow:
· Any publication before 1923 with © notice. No more recent works can be assumed to fall into the public domain until 2019. (A 1922 work would have passed into the public domain before the effective date of the 1976 Act that extended the renewal period, but a 1923 or later work has the benefit both of the 1976 and 1998 copyright term extensions.)
· Nonetheless, works published between 1923 and 1963 even with © notice are in the public domain if their copyright was not renewed, and the rate of copyright renewal was quite low. It is therefore likely that they are in the public domain; however, it is absolutely necessary to research the status of any individual work.
· Any publication before March 1989 without © notice since the amendments as a result of the Berne Convention eliminated the notice requirement that had been continued in the 1976 Copyright Act.
For information on researching copyright status: See U.S. Copyright Officer (USCO) Circular 22 available at http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ22.pdf as well as a digital image version (not database) of the USCO Catalog of Copyright Entries at http://digital.library.upenn.edu/books/cce/.
Please note that the rules for unpublished works are not the same. In 2003 the unpublished works in the public domain are:
A Note on Pending Legislation
Concluding Thoughts
Between extreme overreaching of the music and video industry and equally extreme advocates of unrestricted sharing of copyright content, we are faced with a digital dilemma. Technology has provided unparalleled tools not only for creation and use but also for infringement.
The real issues and solutions are perhaps no better expressed than by recording artist Janis Ian (1967 first hit "Society's Child" and 1975 Grammy award-winning "At Seventeen") in two widely circulated articles. The issues? First, resistance to change a new technology will always be opposed by an entrenched industry be it media, medicine or missile technology. We saw this with the contest over the VCR when Jack Valenti of the MPAA testified before Congress that the VCR was to the movie industry what the Boston Strangler was to a woman alone at night. Yet today, video and DVD sales bring more profit to the industry than movies. It is always more comfortable and safe to maintain current paradigms than consider new business plans, new technology and new legal schemes. And second, avarice the industry is protecting the industry and not artists and certainly not the public interest. Are there answers? The value presented by many DVDs offer an example, as do some of the new music download services at reasonable price. Overly expensive and highly restrictive services where the DRM terms prohibit migration to new devices and where the objective is not customer service but customer extortion will not win in the long run.
Words from Janis Ian: See "The Internet Debacle: An Alternative View" published in Performing Songwriters Magazine, May 2002, and available online at www.janisian.com/article-internet_debacle.html and a subsequent article entitled "Fallout" available online at www.janisian.com/article-fallout.html.
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Information Science and Technology


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A summary of resources, research, news and events in open scholarship for the preceding month
NISO Publishes Recommended Practice on Single Sign-on Authentication
The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) announces the publication of a new Recommended Practice: Establishing Suggested Practices Regarding Single Sign-On (ESPReSSO), that identifies practical solutions for improving the use of single sign-on authentication technologies to ensure a seamless experience for the user. www.niso.org/publications/rp
Six Bibliographies about Open Access from Digital Scholarship
Institutional Repository and ETD Bibliography 2011
Institutional Repository Bibliography
Electronic Theses and Dissertations Bibliography
Transforming Scholarly Publishing through Open Access: A Bibliography
Open Access Journals Bibliography
Open Access Bibliography : Liberating Scholarly Literature with E-Prints and Open Access Journals
Further information and links to these resources are available at: http://digital-scholarship.org/digitalkoans/2011/10/23/bibliographies-about-open-access-issues-from-digital-scholarship/
Webinar- What's at Stake in the HathiTrust Lawsuit?
On September 12, the Authors Guild, the Australian Society of Authors, the Union Des Écrivaines et des Écrivains Québécois (UNEQ), and eight individual authors filed suit against HathiTrust, the University of Michigan, the University of California, the University of Wisconsin, Indiana University, and Cornell University for copyright infringement. At issue are more than 10 million scans contained in HathiTrust's collection, as well as HathiTrust's "Orphan Works Project." The Authors Guild has argued that storing and providing access to the digital scans is illegal, while advocates for HathiTrust and participating universities argue that digitizing and providing access to the sources is critical to the future of research and scholarship. This EDUCAUSE Webinar might be of interest and is available at http://net.educause.edu/live1129
Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography, version 80
Version 80 of the Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography is now available from Digital Scholarship as an XHTML website with live links to many included works. This selective bibliography includes over 4,000 articles, books, technical reports, and other scholarly textual sources that are useful in understanding scholarly electronic publishing efforts on the Internet. The bibliography covers a wide range of topics, such as digital copyright, digital libraries, digital preservation, digital repositories, e-books, e-journals, license agreements, metadata, and open access. All included works are in English. It is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0United States License
Launch of New COAR Website
The Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) has announced the launch of its new website. The website includes fresh content, added Web2.0 functionality, and an updated look and feel. The site includes: online discussions hosted by working groups such as the Interoperability Forum; published documents by COAR working groups, such as The Case for Interoperability for Open Access Repositories, and a new Open Access briefing paper.
How do we provide authoritative names?
Abstract: The Names Project was funded in 2007 as part of the JISC's Repositories and Preservation Programme. This article discusses how The Names Project team tested the feasibility of a service that would provide disambiguation and identification of researchers and make the resulting records available to the wider research community. The work of the project has produced a core set of disambiguated researcher identifiers, accessible through a flexible API, which could be used as the basis of a future name authority service.
Alan Danskin, Amanda Hill, and Daniel Needham. The Names Project: A New Approach to Name Authority. Information Standards Quarterly, 2011 Summer 23(3):14-19. doi:10.3789/isqv23n3.2011.04 http://www.niso.org/publications/isq/2011/v23no3/danskin
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of a preservation analysis methodology which was developed in response to that need on the CASPAR and Digital Curation Centre SCARP projects. We intend to place it in relation to other digital preservation practices, discussing how they can interact to provide archives caring for scientific data sets with the full arsenal of tools and techniques necessary to rise to this challenge.
Esther Conway, David Giaretta, Simon Lambert, Brian Matthews "Curating Scientific Research Data for the Long Term: A Preservation Analysis Method in Context" International Journal of Digital Curation 6, no. 2 (2011) http://www.ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/view/182
Abstract: This article outlines the work that the University of Oxford is undertaking to implement a coordinated data management infrastructure. The rationale for the approach being taken by Oxford is presented, with particular attention paid to the role of each service division. This is followed by a consideration of the relative advantages and disadvantages of institutional data repositories, as opposed to national or international data centres
James A. J. Wilson, Luis Martinez-Uribe, Michael A. Fraser, Paul Jeffreys, "An Institutional Approach to Developing Research Data Management Infrastructure" International Journal of Digital Curation 6, no. 2 (2011) http://www.ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/view/198
Abstract: Increasingly libraries are expected to play a role in scientific data curation initiatives, i.e.,"the management and preservation of digital data over the long-term." This case study offers a novel approach for identifying researchers who are receptive toward library involvement in data curation. The authors interviewed researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder and, after analysis, created eight design "personas." Each persona represents an aggregation of researcher attributes and can be used to target strategic relationships for nascent or emerging data management initiatives. These personas are applicable to any academic library seeking to provide data curation support.
Kathryn Lage, Barbara Losoff, Jack Maness "Receptivity to Library Involvement in Scientific Data Curation: A Case Study at the University of Colorado Boulder", portal: Libraries and the Academy 11, no. 4 (2011) NOTE not open access. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal_libraries_and_the_academy/v011/11.4.lage.pdf
Are repositories the saviour for grey literature?
From abstract: … The implication of this work is that institutional and subject repositories are needed in order to aggregate these useful resources into globally accessible databases, where the resources will be rediscovered through international catalogues such as online computer library center and major web search engines such as Google. The end result will showcase the value of these resources to the public for greater access and utilization. Francisca N. Okoroma, (2011) "Towards effective management of grey literature for higher education, research and national development", Library Review, Vol. 60 Iss: 9, pp.789 - 802 NOTE not open access. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0024-2535&volume=60&issue=9&articleid=1955886&show=abstract
Leading North American institutions endorse the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge
Thirty-three research institutions, associations, and foundations in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico have made a commitment to Open Access to research by signing the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities. These top private, public, and non-profit organizations join nearly 300 more from around the world in another clear sign of the growing demand for change in the way scientific and scholarly research results are communicated and maximized. The announcement is made in conjunction with the ninth Berlin conference, at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. http://www.berlin9.org/news/11-1109.shtml
NISO Launches New Open Discovery Initiative
NISO Launches New Open Discovery Initiative to Develop Standards and Recommended Practices for Library Discovery Services Based on Indexed Search. The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) voting members have approved a new Open Discovery Initiative work item to develop standards and recommended practices for next generation library discovery services. Using an aggregated index search of a wide range of resources, licensed and free, from multiple providers, these discovery services have the ability to deliver more sophisticated services with instant performance, compared to the federated search techniques previously used. An interest group list for this project (firstname.lastname@example.com) will be available for those who would like to receive updates on the Working Group's progress and provide feedback to the group on its work. Information on how to subscribe is available at www.niso.org/lists/
Patient advocacy groups turn to open-access publishing to advance research quest
Pat Furlong founded Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy (PPMD) in 1995 to link families, like hers, who had been affected by muscular dystrophy with both resources and hope. Now, Furlong has blazed a new trail in the fight to end the disease. She has spearheaded a partnership between PPMD and the Public Library of Science (PLoS) to launch an open-access publication, PLoS Currents: Muscular Dystrophy, this month. The story of the partnership is told in a new article released today by the Alliance for Taxpayer Access. PLoS Currents: Muscular Dystrophy is a new forum that will promote the rapid exchange of information, hypotheses and experimental results related to the rare disease. Compared to a traditional journal, the PLoS Currents publication process is compressed. The full article is available online from the Alliance for Taxpayer Access at http://www.taxpayeraccess.org
HighWire Press Partners with TEMIS to Semantically Enrich Publishers' Content
This strategic agreement between two leaders enables HighWire to offer superb discoverability and productization to its customers in the highest quality semantically-enabled open publishing platform. HighWire Press, and TEMIS, announced today they entered into a strategic technology and business partnership. Under the agreement, HighWire will integrate the full suite of Luxid® software within its ePublishing Platform to provide automated content annotation, enrichment and linking to its customers. http://highwire.stanford.edu/PR/TemisHighWirePartnership.pdf
Taylor & Francis activities in the OA arena
Taylor & Francis' current iOpenAccess option will be renamed for 2012 as Taylor & Francis Open Select, and will continue to give authors and their sponsors the option of making their articles available on Open Access to all for a publication fee. In addition, three cutting-edge titles currently available on a subscription basis will be converted to full Open Access for 2012. The digital archives of these titles will also be made Open Access. Taylor & Francis will also be launching Taylor & Francis Open. This initiative will cover all our fully Open Access titles. NOTE NO LINK - it won't resolve properly, sorry
DuraSpace Launches Open-Source Cloud Service
DuraSpace, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to preserving the world's scholarly, scientific and cultural records, has launched its managed cloud service, DuraCloud. As the only managed software service that lets organizations archive content across more than one cloud provider, DuraCloud ensures that irreplaceable documents, imagery and videos are always accessible. Archiving digital libraries and research output for academic institutions, museums, and other knowledge stewards, DuraCloud offers: • Replication and synchronization of content across multiple cloud providers through one unified interface • Access to a suite of applications embedded in the DuraCloud platform to do more with your data • Data distribution and streaming to any internet-linked device • Secure storage of digital archives and periodic content "health checks" assuring information is being preserved as it should be • A simple-to-use yet powerful dashboard to manage all content across the cloud • An open-source community dedicated to on-going technological development, along with support assistance to ease the transition into the cloud. http://www.duracloud.org/
SHERPA Services is pleased to announce that it has added a 'country' field to its database of publishers' copyright and self-archiving policies. The apparent imbalance in the distribution of RoMEO-listed publishers by country reflects two things: 1.The focus of RoMEO on the journals with the highest impact, as indicated by Thomson Reuters' 'Web of Knowledge', which are mostly published in the United States and Europe. 2. The proportionately higher numbers for some countries, notably Portugal and Norway, reflect the effort that our partners in these countries have put into adding their country's publishers to RoMEO. A statistical table of the number of RoMEO-listed publishers by country and continent: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/statistics#countries 'Country' has also been added to the Advanced Search options for publishers: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/?mode=advanced
Repositories in Science & Technology: Preserving Access to the Record of Science
November 30, 2011. A One-Day Workshop Co-sponsored by CENDI and NFAIS, Hosted by FLICC at the Library of Congress, The Mumford Room, 101 Independence Avenue, SE, Washington, DC 20540.
Clifford Lynch, Executive Director of the Coalition for Networked Information, will open the day with a thoughtful and high-level perspective of the current repository landscape - the various types that have emerged and the different, yet synergistic missions served by libraries, archives and repositories. He will explore the role of government, academia and industry in the development of repositories and how interoperability among the sectors will be important in the development of the future knowledge infrastructure for science and technology. Following his perspective will be a series of case studies given by established repositories from around the globe, including PubMed Central, the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, Dryad, EROS (NASA), and DSpace@MIT. http://cendi.gov/activities/11_30_2011_CENDI_NFAIS_FLICC.html
16th International Conference on Electronic Publishing - Call for Papers
June 14-15, 2012, Guimarães, Portugal. Social Shaping of Digital Publishing: Exploring the interplay between Culture and Technology.Papers are invited from members of the communities whose research and experiments are transforming the nature of electronic publishing and scholarly communications. Topics include: Digital Scholarship, open access and open science : interoperability and the intelligent web ; the social and mobile web; the legal, secure and trustful web ; innovative interfaces, interaction and visualization; failures and learnings ; the future of Digital Publishing. http://nortebad.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/call-for-papers-16th-international-conference-on-electronic-publishing/
7th International Digital Curation Conference (IDCC)
To be held at the Marriott Royal Hotel, Bristol UK, 5-8 December 2011. The Digital Curation Centre are pleased to invite you to IDCC 2011. IDCC brings together specialists in the field of digital curation, those who create, curate, manage and use information as well as those who research and teach curation processes. Full programme available at: http://www.dcc.ac.uk/events/idcc11/programme
ALCTS E-Forum : Managing Electronic Theses and Dissertations. November 15-16, 2011.
Topics included: ETD systems selection; Policy setting and enforcement; Student training and copyright education and guidance; Metadata and cataloging decision-making and workflows; Embargoes and open access policies; Possible efficiencies and cost savings (or inefficiencies and expenditures) See a list of upcoming e-forums at: http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alcts/index.cfm
Presentations from Repository Fringe - Aug 2011
Repository Fringe provides an annual forum for repository administrators, developers/coders, and information professionals to interact and explore the application of innovative technologies including cultural developments to their ongoing repository work in a relaxed and informal environment. All videos from this year's event are edited and on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/repofringe), images are on Flickr (http://www.flickr.com/groups/repofringe11/) and presentations are on SlideShare (http://www.slideshare.net/repofringe). Links to all videos and presentations (including those on Prezi or in PDF form) are now on the programme: http://rfringe11.blogs.edina.ac.uk/programme/ The Presentations are also embedded here: http://rfringe11.blogs.edina.ac.uk/programme/presentations/
Copyright 2009 Council of Australian University Librarians


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Express. Home of the Daily and Sunday Express.
Forster named in England squad
Roy Hodgson has named Ryan Shawcross, Kieran Gibbs and Celtic goalkeeper Fraser Forster in his England squad for the forthcoming World Cup qualifiers against San Marino and Poland.
With John Terry now retired from international football, there had been plenty of speculation about who the fourth central defender would be.
Tottenham's Steven Caulker seemed like the obvious choice but he was named in Stuart Pearce's Under-21 squad on Wednesday, so Stoke's Shawcross has been picked for only the second time, having failed to win a cap when he was chosen for the friendly against Egypt by Fabio Capello in March 2010.
Gibbs, who has two caps from friendly encounters against Hungary and France, has replaced Ryan Bertrand in the squad and has been rewarded for his excellent performances for Arsenal this season.
Like Caulker, Jack Butland has been released to the Under-21s for their European Championship play-off with Serbia, leading to Celtic's Forster becoming a rare England selection from the Scottish Premier League. In addition, Tottenham's Aaron Lennon has been called up despite having not played for England since the 2010 World Cup.
There was no return for Manchester United's Rio Ferdinand, though.
Hodgson said Ferdinand was left out of his Euro 2012 squad for "footballing reasons". However, Ferdinand was convinced his omission was a direct result of Hodgson's decision to select Terry and a belief it would be too toxic to consider choosing both veteran centre-halves.
Terry was to stand trial of racially abusing Ferdinand's brother Anton, eventually being cleared of the charge by Westminster Magistrates Court in July, but that did not prevent him being found guilty under FA rules.
The 31-year-old was banned for four matches and given a £220,000 fine by the FA for using insulting words towards Ferdinand but not before announcing his retirement from international football after being capped 78 times.
On the eve of his hearing, Terry issued a statement announcing he was making himself unavailable for future selection due to the FA making his position "untenable".


text:
The Amherst town seal pairs images of a plow and a book, reflecting the town's parallel agricultural and academic history. A new soap opera serial with a local slant plays with both of those identities, but takes its title from the town's joky, unofficial motto, "Amherst, where only the H is silent."
Silent H, Deadly H (a title that also hints at the similarly-named stealth fart) is an offstage excursion into cyberland by the sketch comedy troupe Side of Toast. The parody soap was written by Paul Anthony Ita and directed by Pam Victor, who co-wrote the storyline and is a mainstay of the local comedy scene as a member of the Ha-Ha Sisterhood improv troupe and organizer of the monthly Happier Valley Comedy Show.
The show is being webcast in 12 weekly installments, available on YouTube, Funny or Die and the series' own website, SilentHDeadlyH.com. The first series was shot in familiar Valley locations over just five summer days by videographer James MacAllister. The first three-minute episode launched last week, and subsequent segments will come online every Friday through December.
Graphics in the main title sequence of the first installment tell us what we're in for: "Lust… Betrayal… Organic Produce." The steamy story begins with a confrontation on a precipitous ledge atop Mount Holyoke. It's a face-off between the quintessence of good, represented by Green Jeans Jenkins (Alexander Dreier), proprietor of all-organic Crunchyfield Farm, and the forces of evil, in the person of Letitia von Strumpett (Christine Stevens), the scheming factory farmer whose ad slogan, "From chicken egg to chicken leg in just five weeks," reflects not only her cruel business practices but a ruthless haste to accomplish her foul intent.
Which, of course, is to take over Green Jeans' farm and plow it under to expand her battery-cage empire. Since this is only the beginning of the web of intrigue that will spin out over the next couple of months, it isn't giving too much away to say that Dreier's last line, as Shakespeare put it in a different context, "has a dying fall."
A promotional video posted in advance of the premiere featured members of the cast discussing the soap send-up of all things Amherst. Tim Holcomb, who plays Wayne "Blanket" von Strumpett, Letitia's husband, says the series is "about a little town in Western Massachusetts with a big ego and a big problem." Scott Braidman, who appears as another member of the Strumpett clan, offers a teasing plot teaser: "It's about Amherst and drama and family and romance and mountains—and hot dogs… many hot dogs."
Ita and Victor themselves appear in future episodes, along with the Ha-Ha's Laura Patrick and Side of Toast's Katherine Glatter. Plot twists in store include such soap opera staples as babies switched at birth, along with the obligatory incest, adultery, deceit and backstabbing—literal and figurative. The production values and the budget are nowhere near network-grade, but from the look of Episode One, Valleyites will enjoy the satirical skewering of both the local eco-culture and a sitting-duck TV genre.


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Next Episode of Aibou is
Detective Ukyo Sugishita confronts crime on the basis of his own convictions. He has a partner that works for him in the Special Task Unit. Currently working with Ukyo is a young detective Toru Kai, who first appears in Season 11. Toru is a son of Deputy Director-General of The National Police Agency. But he became a detective by his own effort.
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But don't worry - it can happen to the best of us,
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Golaem Crowd in Review
May 28, 2012 10:49 pm
Tags: 3D, Autodesk, Golaem Crowd, Maya
Golaem Crowd is a crowd creation tool for Autodesk Maya, and it manages everything from making, animating and simulating a crowd, to rendering. Based on my experience, the software allows anyone to make a complete crowd simulation quickly, but its workflow can be really tricky.
Making a crowd with Golaem Crowd relies a lot on Maya's internal particle system. When you use Golaem Crowd's population tool to make the crowd, one of the first steps is to create and connect a Maya particle system to the Golaem Crowd crowd node (this is done with one of the software's tools, so you don't need to manually create those connections). Each member of the crowd can be considered an instance of a model or group of models, although this comparison is very limiting because each crowd member is an independent entity (in both behavior and appearance, if you wish). The advantage of using Maya particles is that you can animate your crowd using standard Maya particle tools, like fields.
Crowds need a "navmesh" (navigation mesh) to know where characters can and cannot go. For example, if your scene is a park with trees, rocks, and a river, you want your characters to remain on the ground, and walk around obstacles, not through them, and this is where the navmesh comes in. Basically, a navmesh is a continuous geometry that defines walkable ground, slopes, obstacles, and such, and it's used by the crowd members to know if there's any kind of obstacle that they need to avoid, when walking towards their goal.
Golaem Crowd easily allows you to use your own characters for your simulations. You can export a skeleton for preview purposes when simulating the crowd, and also the full character for rendering. As I said before, each character can be visually independent, and you do that using the character export window. Imagine you have a soldier, and you want the different soldiers to wield different weapons or pieces of armor. You can export all those assets and then use the rendering rules to let the software know how many of those solders should use a sword, for example, or a spear, or an axe.
You can also export different animations that will be performed by your characters, based on predefined behaviors. You can preview those behaviors in Maya using the skeleton I mentioned. You can turn the bones into thick cylinders so the characters are easier to visualize. You can't, however, preview such animations (or the entire crowd simulation) using the exported characters (or even proxy characters). I can understand previewing the full resolution meshes can cause performance drops when simulating hundreds or thousands of characters, but this feature should be available to make it easy to preview smaller crowds.
Rendering the crowd is the only step that is not done inside Maya. You need to export your simulation in a format compatible with the Mentalray or Renderman renderers. The Golaem Crowd documentation includes a section on how to render those files, but that's something I didn't try myself because I don't own a Mentalray or Renderman standalone renderer (and I am not familiar enough with those standalone render engines either).
Using Golaem Crowd can be very tricky, in part because the workflow is very strict, and you need to backtrack and manually connect things if you forgot something (for example, creating a navmesh after the entire crowd particle system is created requires that you manually connect the navmesh to the other nodes). But, also because video tutorials found on the website tend to skip many steps, so you're wondering what else they did to reach the point you're watching on the video. Luckily, you can also contact tech support to get your questions answered. Another thing is that you need to work in centimeters, so people used to working in other units need to get used to this as well.
Golaem Crowd is a powerful crowd simulation software, and, once you understand its workflow, it can be very straightforward. Using Maya particles as part of the simulation can help a lot when it comes to moving the crowd characters, and best of all, you're not limited to how your characters actually look. To me, not being able to preview your characters inside Maya is a limitation, but not entirely vital. However, a way to render out your crowd without having to make Mentalray or Renderman batch render files manually would be a very welcome addition, especially if you're like me and expect to render your scenes with the simple "Batch Render" command in Maya.
For more information, be sure to visit:
Sergio Aris Rosa [nemirc], is Sr. Staff Writer for the Renderosity Front Page News. Sergio discusses on computer graphics software, animation techniques, and technology. He also hosts interviews with professionals in the animation and cinematography fields. You can follow him on Twitter, and if you want to see what he's up to you can visit his blog.
May 29, 2012
Please note: If you find the color of the text hard to read, please click on "Printer-friendly" and black text will appear on a white background.


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If it's the work of Studio4°C, why did they kept the secret for so long ?
Besides that we will be getting a new Volume soon, on which there will be definetely commercials for the anime too.
Big data marketing analytics high impact advertisements for maximum exposure and trailer 12.25.15 GET.
That's what I thought first but I'm not convinced. I mean the 3 first movies were a little disappointing, so I don't think that's a good strategy to keep the secret. I mean you keep the secret when it's something huge with a lot of success. Yes, a lot of us were waiting for a new anime adaptation, but not necessarily by Studio4°C...
No I don't, and of course years is too much I never said that. And I never said that the movies sucked, I like them, they are just a little disappointing from a general point of view. But at first they were supposed to cover the entire serie if I remember correctly, but after the third movie no news at all... For me they just abandoned the idea. If as you said they had no materials and were thinking their movies sucked, why would they work 2 years on another one ?
And a sequel had also been implied at the end of the first anime (and in a lot of other movies without sequels), it means nothing, it's just an open ending.
And I'm just here to discuss about it and hear your opinions while giving mine, no need to tell me that I know nothing of marketing otherwise I wouldn't talk at all because I know nothing of film making... I'm simply asking why because it didn't seem the best to me and I wanted to know if there was better alternatives.
I'm just saying that if they are not coming with something big, it will be a failed attempt, in brief it's risky from Studio4°C to try things like that. In my opinion.
And we don't know how long they've been working on it, actually. That two years figure you're quoting has no basis in fact.
No actually, no sequel had been implied at the end of the TV series. The epilogue just bridged the end to the beginning. So please don't make empty statements of the sort.
And, again, I don't see how they've taken any risk at all so far.
I get the feeling that I have upset you, maybe not, but in any case it wasn't my intention, sorry.
If this is a continuation of the Golden Age movies as it seems to be and not it's own stand alone film or OVA, one character I'm going to miss that they seem to have cut out is Godot. He isn't included in the new anime and I'm not even sure if he was mentioned, but it is a shame because of his insightful speeches (reminding me from the current re-read podcast everyone did). It makes me wonder, is Erika suppose to be living alone up in the mountains? Anyway, I know there are larger issues at hand with what studio 4C cut out but I'd like to think they fix this and start fresh.
Plus, as Delta Phi said earlier I'm also worried about Puck, if they skip the Black Swordsman how will be their encounter ?I hope that we will find reassuring answers for christmas!
Puck has to make it in. Omitting him would be a gaping hole they couldn't recover from. As to how they'll meet, the opening scene could be done like how the 1997 anime opened, only instead of Colette being transposed in place of Puck, they'd show the actual scene as intended.
Puck has to make it in. Omitting him would be a gaping hole they couldn't recover from. As to how they'll meet, the opening scene could be done like how the 1997 anime opened, only instead of Colette being transposed in place of Puck, they'd show the actual scene as intended.
I wouldn't be surprised that since the Lost Children arc deals a lot with "elves" *hum*, they just tack on a Puck and Guts meeting somewhere inside the story. It would have the level of suckage expected from these adaptations.
It's quite disconcerting that there's still no hint of Puck in these promos.
I agree. The fact that he's still not wearing his original Black Swordsman armor is also disconcerting, especially if this is going to be an adaptation of the Lost Children chapter. As was said on the latest podcast episode, these details are important, and they were an early indication that the last project wasn't going to turn out well. I'll remain skeptical of this one until we see something of quality.
The official twitter account started tweeting some information. https://twitter.com/berserk_anime


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Bead a Square for Cancer Research
It's amazing how a few little beads can do a whole lot of a good.
The Bead-It-Forward project began in 1985 when beader Jeanette Shannigan lost her mother to cancer. She asked beaders to donate small squares of beadwork which she then stitched into a quilt and sold at an online auction held by Bead Artists Against Breast Cancer. In recent years, the number of squares donated has approached 2,000 annually. After several years of management by Bead & Button, Amy Severino, a beader with a background in marketing, stepped up this year to manage the project. I've personally donated a couple of beaded squares over the years, so I was especially excited to talk to Amy about her new challenge.
Why this project?
I'm a little obsessed with this project! Aside from being an active participant, I enjoyed seeing the finished quilts, shadow boxes, and other finished objects on social media. I often thought I would love to be in that room to see and touch those squares. I also love the collaboration of so many beaders from around the word, all beading for the same cause and creating beautiful things. And, of course, there's the cause itself. Sadly, I know ten women who are battling or have battled breast cancer. I'm not talking about acquaintances either. These are women I call my friends. It definitely feels good to be doing something in honor of them.
What is this year's theme?
This year's theme is "Animals: Wild about finding a cure." You can use animals from past themes if you like. (Some past themes have included butterflies, turtles, and birds). Someone asked on the blog whether they could use dragonflies or unicorns. Yes! As long as it's an animal, it will be accepted.
What's the deadline for the squares to be sent in?
The squares are due in the Bead-It-Forward office by March 6, 2015. See the guidelines for the square sizes, submission form, shipping address, and other important details.
Who will receive the money from the auction this year?
The proceeds from the auctions will benefit The Rays of Hope Center for Breast Cancer Research and The Virginia Thurston Healing Garden.
Do you have any tips or suggestions for beaders who want to participate?
- If you've never tried any beadweaving or bead embroidery techniques, this is the perfect time to try! There are free patterns on the Bead-It-Forward website, along links to helpful information such as a tutorial by Chris Franchetti Michaels on how to attach your beaded square to the backing material.
- Experienced beaders might try making the same pattern a couple of times using beads with different finishes or colors. The effect is really dramatic (think U.S. artist Andy Warhol) and looks fantastic on finished products.
- If one small square is too limiting for your idea, consider making a group of several to form a larger animal picture. (The example pictured here is available as a larger PDF download on the Bead-It-Forward website.)
Thank you, Amy!
Let's help Amy make this a record-setting year. Ready, set, bead!


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"Chaotic" doesn't even begin to describe the clusterf**k that went on around Britney Spears' home tonight as the popwreck was taken away to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in an ambulance.
TMZ was there -- and man was it crazazy!!! Our cameras also caught Sean Preston being taken away in a black VW and a throng of paparazzi trying to get the money shot.
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#=======================================================================# ? [VX Scripts Pack] ? Wora's Christmas Giftbox 2008 ? ?#-------------------------------------------------------------------# ? by Woratana [email@example.com]# ? Thaiware RPG Maker Community# ? Released on: 25/12/2008#=================================================================================================*** Note ***==========================- All the scripts I wrote in this demo can be use in any free game for free.As long as you give me a credit in your game.- For the commercial project, please PM me if you want to use my script, ore-mail to email@example.com and we can talk about it.- Keep in mind that I'm not expecting for money, but I'm expecting for free copyof the game. - If you have any question/problem about my scripts, please PM to me in any RMcommunities I'm in (e.g. RRR, rmvx.net, hbgames.org, etc.). However, I'm prettybusy all the time, so please try to figure it out yourself before asking me.Read the comment part in my script carefully, and try the demo if there is one.I'm apologize that I won't answer any question that cause by not reading commentpart carefully.- Or you can just post in that script's topic in any forum if there is one.- Merry Christmas~! And Happy New Year 2009~^^- (Script Name) : Script by Woratana+ (Script Name) : Script by other scripters which need for some of my scripts to work properly (Only for Simple Mouse System so far)This demo contains about 37 scripts. Enjoy~! \('w')/==========================# Database Scripts==========================- Monster Book- On Screen Shop- Mix Skills System- Item Price Changer- Skill learned from Equipment==========================# Scripts on Map==========================- Basic HUD- Map Credit- Multiple Fog- Lock Screen- Advance Scroll Map- Get Item Window II- 1-Direction movement Style==========================# Scripts for Character==========================- Sprite Mover- Event Duplicator- Characrer Textbox II- Floating Event's Name- Move Commands Plus+- Auto Event Properties Change==========================# Scripts in Battle==========================- Enemy Status Filter- Battle Result Window- Full HP/MP when Level Up==========================# Mouse Script==========================+ DerVVulfman's Mouse+ Modern Algebra's Path Finding- Simple Mouse System 1.5==========================# Maker's Tools==========================- Skip Title- Auto Backup- TONE Tester- Outline Text- Simple Debugger==========================# Scripter's Tools==========================- Window_Imagelist- Icon Preview Window (a.k.a. Icon Viewer)==========================# Misc.==========================- Balloon SE- Call Event VX- Neo Gauge Final- Gradient Bug Fix- Animation Bug Fix- Windowskin Changer- Extra Title Screen Button- Quick Save / Load / Delete
- What is it says in error window?- When is it get error? (Right after run game, when you choose something, etc.)- Do you have any other scripts running in your game that may crash with this script?
RMRK7 Theme, Triple Infinity Beta & Open Source
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Friday, November 23, 2012
Deals Deals Deals!
7 comments:
Hi!! I'm having a 20% sale - Monkey Foot Designs :) www.monkeyfootdesigns.com (Code: GOBBLE2012)ReplyDelete
Happy Holidays!!
Thanks for the link up Terri! KSC Designs is having a 10% off sale this weekend! www.knitty34.etsy.com and coupon code 10PERCENT!ReplyDelete
Thanks for enabling me! As if I needed any more temptation...ReplyDelete
I'm having a sale in my little shop this weekend too (hopefully I sell enough to at least break even on what I buy!): thoughtandfound.etsy.com, use CYBER15 for 15% off!
I'm having a 20%off fabric on black Friday and cyber Monday - code is FRIDAY20ReplyDelete
15% off in my shop with coupon code: TDAY15ReplyDelete
Hand Stamped Jewelry, Pet ID Tags and Fine Silver Creations
In case any stitchers pass this way, we're having a sale in our embroidery pattern shop, Little Dorrit & Co.:ReplyDelete
15% off with the code BLACKFRIDAY - I hope everyone enjoys shopping this weekend and gets a little treat for themselves, and thanks for the self-promotional outlet! :)
Wishflower Gifts is having a huge sale!ReplyDelete
Cozy skirts for under $20 for Black Friday
Christmas Buntings on Small Business Saturday (& Sunday)
Holiday Reusable Un-Paper Towels for Cyber Monday
No coupon code needed
Happy Wishing!
Thank you for stopping by. I appreciate that you took a minute to read my post.
Please share what you thought about it with a comment.


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Conceived to reflect our way of respecting people, their context and the environment in which they live. This is the good soul of a project.
From an astute combination of the scientific commitment of Davines' laboratories and the protection of the Mediterranean's artisan and cultural heritage, Essential Haircare has now reborn out, with optimal formulas free from sulphates and parabens, and with just a few, selected active ingredients grown in Italian Slow Food Presidia that contribute to keeping alive vegetable species at risk of extinction.
We have created it using only energy from renewable sources, with Zero Impact® packaging and reduced use of plastic, this is how Essential Haircare renews his commitment towards the environment with a new objective: to contribute to the safeguard of our planet biodiversity.