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Exclusion is the denial of control over natural resources; the denial of opportunities for healthcare, education, housing; the denial of the right to participation in social, economic, political and cultural life; the denial of human rights and human dignity. Because it is an institutionalised and socially/religiously sanctioned attempt to exclude, segregate or cast out a segment of the population, it is that much more difficult to change. But social exclusion is being challenged in India in multiple ways
Social exclusion, discrimination and identity-formation have become the central focus of discourse in India today. Social exclusion and discrimination refer to the process and outcome of keeping social groups outside power centres and resources. Identity-formation, on the one hand, refers to the process and the effect of articulating this social alienation and on the other hand to the reformulation of one's social characteristics and consequently self-determination.
As long as excluded individuals and social groups remain silent there is no conflict. But the moment they articulate their exclusion and demand their constitutional and human rights, those who have subjected them to exclusion unleash a reign of terror on them. Exclusion, discrimination and identity-formation are both individual and collective processes, and take place in an interactional process.
Exclusion and discrimination take different forms in different societies. They adapt and change themselves according to changing social reality. To say that in a modern, liberal society and polity, exclusion and discrimination are reduced or eliminated would not be in tune with reality. To deny the scope of identity-formation even among the most discriminated social groups would also be unrealistic.
Since social exclusion as a term has come into use very recently, it becomes necessary to spell out some points of agreement amongst academicians and activists. There are some who use the term 'social exclusion' very frequently (but there are concepts that are equally important in understanding social processes in the Indian subcontinent, viz social interaction, power equations, distribution of resources, equal opportunity, domination and subjugation, etc). There are others who avoid using 'social exclusion' and prefer to use terms such as marginalisation and deprivation.
When one speaks of social exclusion one does not refer to the exclusion suffered by a particular social group but all social groups that are subjected to exclusion. Moreover, social exclusion does not limit itself to market discrimination but refers to discrimination and denial of access in all aspects of life.
Finally, social exclusion addresses the multiple and cumulative aspects of being excluded and the consequences that arise out of it. It is also a fact that 'social exclusion' is a term that was used by academics and activists in the West, and is being used in India of late to address the process of social interaction.
Exclusion: A conceptual framework
⢠Exclusion is the denial of ownership, access and control over resources.
⢠Exclusion is the denial of rights over one's labour and rights over one's reproductive resources.
⢠Exclusion is the denial of opportunities for education, healthcare, housing, public amenities, recreational facilities and spaces, basic needs, etc.
⢠Exclusion is the denial of social interaction and denial of access to social spaces.
⢠Exclusion is the denial of the right to representation and participation in the social, economic, political and cultural aspects of society and polity.
⢠Exclusion is the deprivation of the right to mobility, right to practise one's religion and the right to organise and mobilise.
⢠Exclusion is the denial of human dignity.
⢠Exclusion is the denial of constitutional and human rights.
Social exclusion is a discriminatory practice. In the course of human development, exclusion has taken the form of segregating a group of people from the social, political, economic, cultural, educational and religious domains of societal life. But we need to stress that social exclusion does not limit itself to segregation and deprivation. Social seclusion and isolation provide a base for a sense of superiority and inferiority among members of the same society or culture. It also culminates in a system of domination and subjugation. All these processes ultimately lead to oppression and exploitation.
The basic social fact of segregation is that it is justified and legitimised by social and/or religious traditions. Like many social concepts, social exclusion also has evaded a neat definition. But some defining features of this social reality can be presented. According to Arjan, the concept has two main defining characteristics. First, it is a multi-dimensional concept. People may be excluded from livelihoods, employment, earnings, property, housing, minimum consumption, education, the welfare state, citizenship, personal contacts or respect, etc. But the concept focuses on the multi-dimensionality of deprivation, on the fact that people are often deprived of different things at the same time. It refers to exclusion (deprivation) in the economic, social and political sphere.
Second, social exclusion implies a focus on the relations and processes that cause deprivation. People can be excluded by many different sorts of groups, often at the same time: landlords exclude people from access to land or housing; elite political groups exclude others from legal rights; priests in India may exclude scheduled castes from access to temples; minorities may be excluded from expressing their identity; labour markets, as also some trade unions, exclude people (non-members) from getting jobs; and so on.
Exclusion happens at each level of society. Group formation is a fundamental characteristic of human society, and this is accompanied by the exclusion of others. The concept takes us beyond mere descriptions of deprivation, and focuses attention on social relations, the processes and institutions that underlie and are part and parcel of deprivation.
It is irrefutable that exclusion and deprivation have social, cultural and historical roots. This led to a stratification of society, resulting in inequality. But the reason why these discriminatory behaviours exerted such a powerful influence is that they were presented as fixed and final, even 'divinely ordained'. It has been argued that since social stratification is a divine plan it cannot be altered. But of course the unequal division of society is a societal process and not a divine intervention. Social exclusion defines boundaries between groups, locates the different social groups in a hierarchy and regulates and guides their interaction. Since social exclusion is intimately and inherently related to systems of domination and oppression, it is often resistant to change and transformation. And thus social exclusion becomes a focal point for social conflict.
Excluded people
In the Indian context, the following are the most excluded:
Social groups: Dalits/untouchables/lower castes, tribals/adivasis/indigenous peoples, religious and linguistic minorities, the most backward castes, and women and children among these social groups.
Sectoral groups: Agricultural labourers, marginalised farmers, child labourers, domestic workers, informal workers/unorganised sector workers, contract workers, plantation workers, fisher communities, manual scavengers, rural and forest-based communities, vernacular-speaking social groups, people with disability, etc.
Social exclusion: A theoretical framework
Various forms of exclusion, deprivation and discrimination are perceived and propagated as a normal course of behaviour in most societies. But social scientists, social activists and human rights activists are realising that social exclusion is a framework for understanding deprivation, marginalisation, exploitation and oppression. Since this is a framework for analysis of the process and outcome of discrimination and deprivation, social exclusion does not refer to a specific social group.
⢠Social exclusion is the process and outcome of excluding, casting out, depriving and denying equal space to some citizens of a country or some members of a society. It is denial of space in all senses and in all sectors.
⢠Social exclusion is closely associated with relative deprivation. In this regard it has been stated that the rising inequality in various countries has contributed to the exclusion of many social groups from opportunities.
⢠Social exclusion has also come to be seen as denial of capabilities and entitlements. In Amartya Sen's interpretation, capabilities are absolute requirements for full membership of society. Entitlements refer to rights, that is, the command of families over goods, using various economic, political and social opportunities within the legal system.
⢠Social exclusion is detrimental to social integration. In this sense, not just those who are excluded but also those who are excluding others are subject to the crisis and conflict that arise due to the disintegration that accompanies social exclusion.
⢠Social exclusion works against social solidarity in the long run. Since social exclusion discriminates and deprives members of one's own society and nation there is a lack of scope and space for solidarity among members. Further, even those who are poor or victimised in one way or the other do not come together to address the issue as they are divided due to social exclusion. This is especially true of societies that are hierarchical, skewed and ascribing membership to people based on their origin and descent.
⢠Since social exclusion denies social integration and solidarity, the social interaction that emerges in an excluding society is conflictual by nature. Thus, conflict becomes the mainstay of social interaction.
Measuring social exclusion
Social scientists have invested a lot in analysing and understanding social exclusion. Though poverty and, to some extent, deprivation did form an area of study for social scientists, they did not focus on social exclusion. Since most social scientists in South Asia came from the excluding communities they did not feel the need to undertake studies to unravel this widespread social phenomenon. But such studies were undertaken in European countries. For instance, the UNDP's Human Development Index focuses on the multi-dimensional aspects of deprivation. Likewise, the French Action Plan for Employment provides 35 quantitative evaluation indicators on social exclusion. The European Union is trying to establish quantitative indicators to evaluate social inclusion initiatives. British New Labour's 'poverty charter' proposed some 30 measures to track movement towards nationally defined social integration goals.
Some academic circles have been stressing the need to undertake a Dalit Development Index or Dalit Deprivation Index; similarly, a Tribal Development Index or Tribal Deprivation Index and possibly a development index for minorities and women too.
The life of the excluded
The most fundamental focus for any discourse on social exclusion should be on institutionalised attempts to exclude, segregate or cast out a segment of the population from the social order. Here we are not dealing with situations where a particular individual 'ill-treats' another person, but broader social processes that are discriminatory in principle and practice. Thus, social segregation is an institutionalised form of social distancing expressed in physical separation. It signifies the convergence of physical and social space and is to be distinguished from other social forms, which also structure social distance in spatial terms.
Since social exclusion provides space for domination, discrimination and deprivation, those who benefit from this social formation do not want to change the structure. This social system becomes very resistant to change and transformation.
Interestingly, it is not only those who discriminate against people considered 'inferior, incapable, less meritorious and lower' that resist change. Even those who are victims of discrimination are not in a position to mobilise and organise themselves to alter the existing social system. It is not as if these social groups want to remain in the dehumanising social order and therefore do not initiate change; they fear being subjected to repression if they resist exclusion and discrimination.
In the Indian context, dalits, or untouchables, tribals/adivasis/indigenous peoples and minorities are the most excluded segment of the population. Let us look at the everyday forms of social exclusion suffered by these social groups.
The very term 'untouchables' is a socially excluding reference to a group of people who contribute to the overall cleanliness of society. This form of exclusion under the caste system gains legitimacy from religious texts. It is not only in the realm of nomenclature but also in their perception of themselves that dalits have initiated transformation. This has resulted in a serious cultural discourse between dalits and the dominant castes.
This can be presented in a schematic form (Table 1).
Table 1. Cultural discourse: Dalits and non-dalits
|Dominant castes' perception of dalits
|Dalits' perception of themselves
|Dirty, filthy fellows
|Capable, but no opportunities
|Thieves, robbers
|Hardworking but fruits of labour denied
|Honest, but due to situation steal, rob and lie
|Lazy, kaam chor
|Assertive but fear of repression forces them to be subservient
|Useless, good for nothing
|Straightforward, less cunning
|Gluttons, petu, khau
|Culturally talented
|Loose morals
|Sensitive, emotional
|Quarrelsome, no unity
|Sagacious, good judgement
|Collective, but victims of divide-and-rule policy
|Source: Based on discussions held during workshops conducted on the reconstruction of dalit identity in six north Indian states
The first column of the chart presents the perceptions of the dominant castes about dalits -- they are negative, derogatory and simply untrue. Take for instance, dominant perceptions of dalits as petu or khau or gluttons. Like everyone else, dalits eat to survive. Those who have conducted studies on these castes have noted that since members of this community are deprived of a regular supply of food, they consume food as and whenever available. This is not out of choice but forced by living conditions.
The second column deals with dalits' perceptions of themselves. Some would argue that this perception appears unrealistic or aspirational. But it underlines the fact that a community which is at the receiving end of injustice is also able to look at the realities of its life positively.
Further, social exclusion does not remain in the realm of attitude alone. It is built into the social structure. This needs to be highlighted. There are some who argue that it is attitude that leads to exclusion, so a change in attitude will take care of social exclusion. The reality is that attitudes do not come from thin air. They are an outcome of the social structure. The social structure of a society contributes to the formation of attitudes. Attitudes, in turn, contribute to maintaining the social structure. Table 2 presents the everyday forms of exclusion that dalits and tribals are subjected to in India.
Table 2. A profile of dalits/tribals
|S No
|Representation of dalits
|Representation of tribals
|Dropout by high school
|Public sector Unit A grade
|Agricultural labourers
|Agricultural and allied activities
|Households with drinking water, electricity, toilet facilities
|Prime Minister of India
|Chief Justice
|Party leadership
|In teaching profession
|Below the poverty line
|Manual scavenging
|Discriminated against
|Source: Various census reports
Tribal communities are mobilising and organising themselves in contemporary India to secure the rights that are provided to them by the Constitution. On the one hand, they are making efforts to protect their culture, habitats and resources and on the other, they are breaking free from backwardness. But they are struck by the hard reality that they were victims of isolation in the past, now they are subjected to discrimination. This historical experience has provided space and scope for tribal identity-formation across the country. The interaction between tribals and non-tribals can be presented in a schematic form (Table 3).
Table 3. Cultural discourse: Tribals and non-tribals
|SC and ST Commission's perception
|Tribals' perception
|Isolation in forest
|Casteless, classless, equal society
|Tribal dialect
|Community-oriented economic system
|Symbiotic relationship with nature
|Primitive occupation
|Consensus-driven self-rule
|Carnivorous diet
|Struggle for dignity and self-determination
|Naked or semi-naked
|Collective historical sense
|Nomadic habits
|People-oriented art, history and dance
|Love drink and dance
|Changing with the time
From this chart it is clear that the non-tribal perception of tribals is derogatory. Food habits and ways of living, which are different from one's own, are salient features while culturally defining tribals. In contrast, tribals define themselves within their natural, social, cultural and economic surroundings.
There is growing awareness among tribals that they are alienated from their resources, denied their rights and also deprived of a decent living (Table 1). This has given rise to a politicised identity for tribals. A resolution of the Indian Confederation of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, in November 1993, stated: "We the tribals of India are proud of the fact that we are the first inhabitants of our motherland. We have contributed much to the culture, history and heritage of India. However, little respect is today shown to our culture, social systems, political structures and economy. Efforts are made to integrate into the mainstream society as a low caste, though traditionally we have lived in an egalitarian and casteless society... Our culture is looked down upon... our languages are not respected."
Tribals and dalits constitute the backbone of Indian agriculture. But the area of operation in dalit possession is only 7.7%. Similarly, tribals have only 10.5% of total cultivable land. The other castes own over 81.8% of the land. More than 50% of tribals and dalits even today are engaged as landless agricultural labourers. The rest eke out a living as rickshawpullers, construction workers, domestic workers, manual scavengers, etc. Only a small percentage is engaged in non-farm employment. These facts and figures establish the multiple and cumulative exclusion of dalits and tribals in India.
Exclusion of women
Women in South Asia form the most excluded and discriminated segment of the population. Patriarchy is the principal cause. Patriarchy constrains women in many ways. Control of women's reproductive abilities and sexuality is placed in men's hands. Patriarchy limits women's ownership and control of property and other economic resources, including the products of their own labour. Women's mobility is constrained and their access to education and information hindered. Over the years, it has been recognised that the experiences of the majority of women are grounded in both poverty and patriarchy. Both these feed into each other and subject women to exclusion and exploitation. Over the past three decades, theorists, practitioners and activists involved in both women's movements and women's studies around the world have also focused on attitudinal underpinnings in the relationship between men and women.
Table 4. Perceptions about men and women
The very perception of women by men (Table 4) is an indication of the exclusion and discrimination women are subjected to. In these ways, patriarchal structures perpetuate the enduring gaps between the opportunities available to South Asian women and South Asian men. Along with the mindset, if one notes the structural exclusion of women (Table 5) one understands the outcome of exclusion of women in India.
Table 5. Profile of women in India
|Male-female ratio
|Literacy rate
|Literacy rate of dalit women
|Literacy rate of tribal women
|School enrolment of girl-child
|Dropout of girls by primary school
|Dropout of girls by middle school
|Dropout of girls by high school
|Participation in agricultural sector
|Participation in unorganised sector
|Participation in services sector
|Casual labourers
|Membership in Parliament, 1998
Source: Census of India 2001; select educational statistics 1990-91, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India; NSSO Report, 50th Round 1997-98
Exclusion of minorities
The minority Muslim community is excluded in India. There are more Muslims below the poverty line than the total population. They earn less than the others. Only 21% of Muslims use the public distribution system (PDS) compared to 33.2% of the entire population (Table 6). Enrolment rates among them are lower, while dropout rates are higher.
Table 6. Levels of income and material wellbeing
|Poverty head count ratio (%)
|Household income (Rs)
|Per capita income (Rs)
|Work participation rate
|Source of income
|Landholding -- household (acres)
|Kutcha houses (%)
|Electric connection (%)
|Protected water (%)
|Having toilet (%)
|Using PDS (%)
Source: Zoya Hasan. Muslims In India: Why are they Excluded and Discriminated? A concept note prepared for DFID
This data offers only a glimpse of the problem; if one were to examine the everyday forms of exclusion Muslims face, especially deprivation, it is pathetic. Muslims do not get their due as citizens either at the policy level or at the programmatic interventions level.
Affirmative action
There has recently been a growing awareness that exclusion is multiple and cumulative. Those subjected to exclusion suffer many forms of exclusion simultaneously and this has a collective impact, resulting in further discrimination. For instance, a dalit or tribal girl is excluded due to caste and gender. If she is rural-based she faces further exclusion. If she is differently-abled, she suffers even more exclusion. This crucial aspect of exclusion needs to be understood and accepted for any kind of meaningful intervention in the lives of the excluded.
Any society that is hierarchical and highly skewed follows not only division of labour but division of people into inferior and superior. It is bound to practise exclusion. The very structure of society, economy and polity is built on exclusion. Various social groups are excluded on the basis of caste, class, gender, disability, ethnicity, age, location, etc. They are excluded from opportunities, outcomes of development, freedom of mobility, resources, citizenship in polity, and membership in society.
Those who propagate such a social order defend and maintain the status quo. And the excluded social groups, in turn, internalise the principles, practices and institutions that legitimise and enforce such a social order. Therefore, change is resisted by both excluding and excluded social groups.
One of the responses advocated for including excluded communities is affirmative action in countries like the United States, Malaysia, etc, and reservation in South Asia. In India, reservation has been viewed as a special provision for dalits and tribals since 1950, most backward castes since 1990 and religious minorities since 2000. It has been in operation for the last 60 years. But a careful reading will reveal that implementation of this special provision has been tardy and ineffective.
On the one hand, the Indian ruling class has doled out a number of special provisions, schemes and legislation that are supposed to ensure the uplift of weaker sections. On the other hand, they have exhibited immense acumen for subversion or non-implementation of their own policies and programmes. Thus, they have attempted to please the weaker sections through tokenism, at the same time maintaining the status quo.
Not surprisingly, the excluded in many countries are getting progressively disillusioned with affirmative action. They realise that these provisions are made to fool the excluded and that the social control of the ruling elite continues uncontested. In addition, they are also getting disillusioned with democracy. This could lead to crisis, conflict and violence.
Search for alternatives
At the ideological level some argue that attitudinal change will help address exclusion. But those who argue along these lines forget that attitude is an outcome of the social structure. It is the social location of a person that guides his or her attitude, and the attitude in turn either reinforces the skewed social order or calls for change. It is essential to map social reality to identify exclusion and discrimination.
It is also crucial to engage in a two-pronged exercise. Along with present and continuous inequality and exclusion, one needs to comprehend historical and changed forms of inequality and exclusion so as to respond in an appropriate manner.
The response to exclusion is inclusion. But this cannot be a passive exercise. Inclusion has to analyse and understand the processes and outcomes of exclusion and work out mechanisms for inclusion. Inclusion also cannot be forced.
One of the fundamental causes behind exclusion is the denial of ownership, access and control over resources (jal, jungle, zamin). The excluded are realising that the reasons for exclusion were invented to keep a vast majority of the population away from resources. Hence, the demand for ownership, access and control over resources is emerging as a collective claim.
The excluded in South Asia also realise that exclusion is a means to deny opportunities. Hence, they are demanding an Equal Employment Opportunity Act as well as an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to implement the Act. This demand has been in the political arena for a decade or more, and has gained momentum in recent times.
Two interrelated processes are taking place among marginalised communities. On the one hand, they continue to be subjected to exclusion, deprivation and discrimination. On the other, they are protesting the oppression and exploitation they are subjected to and asserting their rights to be citizens of the nation and equal members of society. It is these interrelated processes which have led to identity-formation and assertion among excluded communities. Various stakeholders need to realise this and align with the excluded in their struggle for inclusion and equity.
(Dr Prakash Louis is Director of the Bihar Social Institute, Patna)
Amartya Sen. 'Social Exclusion: Concept, Application and Scrutiny'. Social Development Papers 1
Arjan de Haan. 'Social Exclusion: Towards a Holistic Understanding of Deprivation'. April 1999, unpublished document
Devanesan Nesiah. Discrimination with Reason? The Policy of Reservations in the United States, India and Malaysia. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1997
International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences. Vol 13. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1968, p 144
Jan Breman. 'Social Exclusion in the Context of Globalisation'. Working Paper No 18. ILO, Geneva
Prakash Louis. 'Scheduled Castes and Tribes: The Reservation Debate'. Economic and Political Weekly. Vol XXXVIII, No 25, June 21-27, 2003, p 2475-2478
Millennium Development Goals and Common Minimum Programme. Social Action. Vol 56, No 3, July-September 2006, p 215-227
Sukhadeo Thorat. 'Caste System in India: Social and Economic Exclusion and Poverty'. A concept note prepared for DFID
Caste, Social Exclusion and Poverty Linkages -- Concept, Measurement and Empirical Evidence
Thomas E Weisskopf. 'Consequences of Affirmative Action in US Higher Education: A Review of Recent Empirical Studies'. Economic and Political Weekly. December 22, 2001, Vol 36 (51)
Virginius Xaxa. 'The Adivasis in India'. A concept note prepared for DFID
Zoya Hasan. 'Muslims In India: Why are they Excluded and Discriminated?'. A concept note prepared for DFID
InfoChange News & Features, October 2008


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Wordless (nearly) Wednesday - More Winslow visitors
My Mom and Dad and three youngest brothers visited us in Winslow, Arizona, Spring 1962, I believe. Brothers, from left, Paul, Tom and Barry; Mom and I in back; Nancy holding Annette on right.
Ok, need Dad in the photo! And, like magic, he appears. Must have just come home from Church! ;-)
Families are Forever! ;-)

subset: commoncrawl


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You spoke and we listened! We had several requests for a printer friendly version of our Moda Recipes. You will now notice at the bottom of all our tutorials, there is a new feature!
Simply click on this image at the end of each tutorial to open a new window with an Adobe PDF of the tutorial you selected.
Please note: You must have Adobe Reader in order to open these files. If you have an older version of Adobe Reader, you may need to upgrade.
We strive to provide you with the tools you need to make your Moda experience enjoyable.
If you have a comment or suggestion about our Moda Bake Shop, please let us know. We are always open to hearing your ideas and suggestions.


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Scintillating, discreet, magnetic
Let's skip personalities of the stature of Goethe and Flaubert, Byron and Liszt, or Churchill and move right on to the many Hollywood stars who shared a love of Lake Como.
Greta Garbo led the way in the 1930s, followed by Hitchcock and Frank Sinatra and recently the list of American stars enamoured of the lake has grown apace. Not just for breaks and vacations, but as a location for blockbusters, soaps and movies of all genres. As well as being an idyllic place to live or have a second home, a hideaway from the jet set life, but not too removed. George Clooney bought Villa Oleandra in Laglio and brought his friends and colleagues—Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie, Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Before them came Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, De Niro and Matt Damon and Cindy Crawford, to name but a few. They say "the Hollywood tribe knows best…" so it's no surprise they all chose the middle section where the two branches of Lake Como meet.
This is the most beautiful area with its breathtaking natural scenery and the rich legacy of man's presence through the ages. Villages and villas, churches and castles, archaeological remains and museums offer countless opportunities for a thrilling voyage of discovery. Art, gastronomy, culture and countryside provide an unparalleled choice of attractions that is a sin to miss. There's something for everyone. But one of the beauties of this area is its inimitable taste which has preserved unspoilt this destination for a happy few. Dubbed 'Lariowood' by the VIPs who flock here, like Donatella Versace and Richard Branson, its real charm is that of discretion and understatement, and the many hidden gems to be discovered.


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RED BLUFF — The Tehama County Board of Supervisors continued with its verbal, yet not monetary, support of a feasibility study to create an alternate rail route connecting Humboldt Bay with the national rail system and Tehama County with an international port.
In April, Tehama County was one of several agencies that provided support to the plan being studied by the city of Eureka.
Eureka received a $25,000 Community Development Block Grant to assist in the cost of seeking funding for the study.
At Tuesday"s meeting, the board agreed to a resolution supporting the study and approved a Memorandum of Agreement with Eureka, Trinity County and Humboldt County to become a member of the UpState Rail-Connect Committee.
The committee will seek funding for and manage the process of the feasibility study.
Chief Administrator Bill Goodwin said the agreement did not require any financial support at this point.
The feasibility study would look at the possibility of rekindling a century-old idea to develop an east-west rail line from Humboldt Bay to Gerber.
The original idea was dropped shortly after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake in favor of north-south routes to rebuild the Bay Area.
Tehama County would be the eastern connection point of the proposed idea as it connects both with the national rail system and Interstate 5 and has available land to create a multi-modal terminal.
Tehama County could benefit through job creation and the creation of international routes for olives, fruits and nuts exports.
Supervisor Bob Williams said he hoped the study would examine whether the Humboldt Bay port could feasibly use the bigger ships now being used for imports and exports.


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Topic: New installation with problems - Freebsd 9.0 64
==== Required information ====
- iRedMail version: 0.8.1
- Store mail accounts in which backend (LDAP/MySQL/PGSQL): LDAP
- Linux/BSD distribution name and version: Freebsd 9.0 AMD64
- Related log if you're reporting an issue:
I did a new Virtual Server on my esxi 5 with FreeBSD 9.0 AMD64.
I installed bash, fetched installation of iredmail 0.8.1 and ran iRedMail.sh.
everything installed, i rebooted the server and on my first login on webmail
my connection was closed and i receive this on apache:
[notice] child pid 1380 exit signal Segmentation fault (11).
I can't use webmail, always closes after some seconds.
Zang told to upgrade php.ini memory_limit to 256 mb, but don't work.
Did anyone made a new installation on freebsd recently ?
Thanks a lot.


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Interested? Need more info?
Email us any questions you have to email@example.com, or to talk/text about our snakes call our sales team (714) 900-1603 direct for more information.
The Biopod Terra is ideal for housing terrestrial animals or a large number of plants. The Terra is the ideal size for 2 to 4 small size animals or 1 medium size animal. Includes Plant Pack starter kit. Biopod - The Smart Microhabitat


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foster Interactive brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 89 Designs von 25 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
Terra Structures Inc. is a Canadian company specializing in commercial and residential concrete formwork construction. We're looking to find someone with a design aesthetic matching the brand to complete other required materials after the contest closes. We are running the contest on behalf of our client and will be commenting extensively during the design process.
Terra Structures Inc.
The company is a startup and needs a logo as the first part of their branding. Concrete form work is the process of creating a shaped parts of a building out of concrete. The process is to make temporary structural mould out of wood or metal. Then concrete is then poured into the mould and after it dries you've got a beam, stairs, floor, or basically any part of a modern concrete building. Please take a quick look at this link to get a few images of the process as I'm guessing the winning design will include some graphic element related to form work.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formwork or Google Images "Concrete Formwork"
After working though the logo we will need business cards, letterhead. Whoever wins the contest will be at the top of our list for working on these projects and will get first chance on quoting the job.
- Vector artwork eps, or illustrator form.
- Logo must scale for use in business card to on-site signs (4' square)
- Clean, modern layout
- Use Pantone Process Colours
- Likely a simple symbol accompanying the name. (Check out the link – it could be the tools used in the moulds or the finished concrete products)
- Masculine feel (Let's face it – it's a bunch of guys in hard hats doing construction)
- Too many Gradients (pain to print)
- Tiny text next to a large symbol (Won't scale small well)
- Too many different colours
- Shiny web 2.0 look
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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DANIELSON—Around 75 people gathered at Danielson Superior Court Friday, May 3rd for the Windham Judicial District's Annual Law Day Ceremony. The Windham County Bar Association co-hosted the event which emphasized this year's theme, Realizing the Dream, Equality for All.
In his opening remarks, Windham Judicial District Administrative Judge Michael Riley offered homage to those individuals who "…fought to bring those ageless ideals of freedom and fairness into the rule of law."
Noting that this is the 150th anniversary of President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the 50th anniversary of the courageous words of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in his I Have a Dream speech, Judge Riley added, "Even now that work is not yet finished, opportunity remains painfully unequal for too many among us; justice too often goes undone. Law Day is a chance to reaffirm the critical role that our courts have always played in addressing those wrongs and aligning our nation with its founding principles."
The Windham County Bar Association presented its 2013 Liberty Bell Award to Christine Collins, a local child advocate who works closely with law enforcement at the local Child Advocacy Center. State's Attorney Patricia Froehlich, who nominated Collins, said of her, "Christine has worked tirelessly to coordinate a multidisciplinary response to the investigation and prosecution of child abuse. She has worked to ensure that our Child Advocacy Center is not merely a child-friendly atmosphere, but also a culturally sensitive one in which children and families from all backgrounds can feel comfortable."
In accepting the award, Collins said, "Equality for children is what this is all about. They are our future."
She then noted that the Windham Judicial District has the greatest number of child sexual abuse cases per capita in the state. Consequently, she hopes the attention drawn by her receiving this award will help draw the focus to this abuse.
"We want people talking about it," she said. "I want
perpetrators to know we're talking about this issue and we're not going to
lay down."
Photos from the Windham JD Event - Click to see larger version of Photographs
Law Day Speech by Judge Michael E. Riley - PDF


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Just who is Willie Harris to call out anybody or any team, let alone the one who just beat him?
"No disrespect, but the Pirates aren't much better than we are right now,'' Harris said after last night's meltdown.
That's total disrespect and such a quote should nail down for him "Idiot of the Week Award.''
The Mets' late-inning collapse was again attributable to the bullpen, and Harris' shoddy defense. First, in not getting to a ball and second not knowing where the bag was which failed to get a force, and, well you know the rest.
Maybe Harris was trying to be positive, but he's not helping his team by calling out the Pirates, who play the Mets this afternoon and next week in Pittsburgh.
When you're playing bad, just own up to it and don't give the other team any ammunition. A team such as the Pirates, which has been losing for the better part of two decades, takes its motivation where it can and Harris just gave them a little more.
NEXT UP: Collins' rant.


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I like Sava's explanation
this set isn't enything great, but it's O.K. for two bucks. It has a nice fig, crossbows, oars and a shield
It's an Escape and Life Raft.
Stupid set.
SavaTheAggie wrote:I mean, look. The guy is rowing in the boat, right? Ok, well, to those who are uninformed - when rowing a boat, the direction you are facing is the opposite direction in which you travel.
It's an Escape and Life Raft.
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- Home
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- Broil-Mate Replacement Pipe Burner Universal Stainless Steel 726454 3 Pack
Product Description
This Cast-Iron Steel Burner is made of high quality materials and made to last several years. This Burner is designed to fit many different models and will meet or exceed OEM specifications.
Fits Broil-Mate Gas Grill Models: 726454, 726464, 736454, 736464
Measures: 16.5" X 1"
Porcelain-Coated Steel Burner
Includes: 3 Burners
Aftermarket, NOT made by Broil-Mate
Replacement Part Number: 12411


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Yamaha Phazer Parts & Accessories
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As one of the most recognizable snowmobiles of all time, the legacy of the Phazer is well known. With the majority of the models produced having the handlebar mounted fairing, it stands out from all other snowmobiles. It is also a standout performance wise as well, which vaulted it to be the number one snowmobile in the world for a while. With Dennis Kirk's aftermarket snowmobile parts, your Phazer will continue to turn people's heads as you pass them on the trail.
We know that you would rather be riding and that's why we keep all of our parts in stock and ready to ship the same day, so you get what you need faster. Dennis Kirk has been the leader in the powersports industry since 1969, so you can rest assured that we have your back when it comes to outfitting your Yamaha Phazer with the right snowmobile parts and accessories. With our no-hassle return policy and FREE SHIPPING on all orders over $89, you can buy with confidence!


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TAMPA — Derek Jeter didn't work out at the Yankees' minor league complex yesterday or the day before. And that led to questions as to why.
Since the 38-year-old shortstop is attempting to come back from a fractured left ankle and has been at the complex regularly running and fielding ground balls, eyebrows were raised. However, general manager Brian Cashman said it was not health related.
"He always stops working at the complex about five days before [full-squad] camp [opens],'' Cashman said. "He is healthy.''
The first full-squad workout is Monday at George M. Steinbrenner Field, and Jeter will draw plenty of attention because it will be the first real glimpse of him on a diamond since he suffered the injury in Game 1 of last year's ALCS against the Tigers. The Yankees lost that night in a dozen innings, dropped the next three games and spent the winter wondering if Jeter could make it back.
Numerous times this offseason, Jeter has said the goal is to be ready for Opening Day on April 1. The exhibition season starts Feb. 23.
With only Eduardo Nunez and Jayson Nix behind Jeter, it's imperative the captain not only return on time but play well. From a personal standpoint, a solid year by Jeter, who hit .316 and led the AL in hits with 216, positions him nicely going into the offseason, when he holds an $8 million option for 2014. After making $17 million this year, Jeter can collect a $3 million buyout after the season and become a free agent.
Considering how contentious that process became following the 2010 season, Jeter on the free agent market would certainly be scintillating.


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I love that C-level execs are the only level in which compensation packages are rarely tied to overall corporate performance. Whether it was FoMoCo's exorbitant compensation packages for Mark "Flexmaster" Fields, Don "French Pastry" LeClair or Alan "Well-Paid New Guy" Mulally we saw last week, or whether it's this week with Michael Johnston, the CEO of FoMoCo's spin-off auto supplier, Visteon — they rarely appear to be constructed in such a way as to reward the performance of the actual company. The Freep's reporting today:
"Johnston was paid $10.8 million last year...compensation included $1 million in base salary, $3.3 million in stock awards, $4.2 million in option awards and $185,349 for personal use of corporate aircraft. Johnston also realized $782,792 on the value of stock awards vested in 2006...Visteon also disclosed a package estimated to be worth as much as $27.1 million if Johnston is terminated without cause following any change in control of the company."
And how's Mr. Johnston's company doing? Oh wait —
"Visteon...lost $163 million in 2006, but that was an improvement over the $270 million loss in 2005."
Oh, well that makes sense — they lost $100 million less this year than last. By all means, take your reward Mr. Johnston — for all of your hard work at making your company
profitable less craptastic than the year before.
Visteon CEO received $10.8 million in 2006 [Freep]
Stop The Presses! Ford CEO Earns More Than Blogger [internal]


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Well yeah, we already knew that 335 would be published this week...
I know i post info^^. Here its just info about episode 336.From Young Animal 11. Friends bought today and send me info. Post preview picture tomorrow.
Wonder if Griffith is going to manipulate Rickert with the ghosts of the Falcons?
Very interesting. It makes sense though, seeing as how we see Griffith do something similar in volume 23 so it's cool to see Miura going back to this but in more detail. Curious to hear what Rickert is thinking about all of this.
It'd be interesting to see him ask Griffith about the former Band of the Falcon (and to hear Griffith's response)
Based on my piss-poor knowledge of moonspeak, on page #5, Rickert says: "That's..." and Locus replies 'That is the "other side of death".' Very roughly translated, mind. Sorry it's nothing groundbreaking.
Wow! That initial shot of Griffith gave me chills. So awesome. I'm curious if his "resurrection" ability will have some greater use than just further solidifying himself to the masses as a great (and powerful) person.


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Checking In On… the Big East ConferencePosted by Brian Goodman on January 23rd, 2012
Brian Otskey is the RTC correspondent for the Big East conference. You can find him on Twitter @botskey.
Reader's Take
The Week That Was
- Number One Goes Down: For the seventh time, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish took down a top-ranked team in the Joyce Center, knocking off Syracuse 67-58. Despite all of that prior success, the Irish hadn't beaten a #1 team at home in 25 years. That didn't matter on Saturday night. Taking advantage of Fab Melo's absence, Notre Dame slowed the pace and worked the ball inside, scoring in the paint or kicking it out to an open shooter on the wing. Notre Dame shot 50% for the game and limited the Orange to 34%. Using a +13 edge on the glass, Notre Dame was able to control the tempo and prevent Syracuse from getting out in transition where it is so lethal. I have to say I was surprised. Looking at Syracuse's schedule last week, I thought the Orange could run the table. They had played better than any team in the nation on a consistent basis but drove into a buzzsaw on Saturday. Even if Melo had played, I'm not sure it would have made a major difference.
- South Florida On A Roll: It seems as if nobody has noticed, but South Florida is 5-2 in the Big East after a 2-0 week with wins over St. John's and DePaul. USF has won on the road at improving Villanova and also took down Seton Hall at home when the Pirates were ranked. The Bulls also beat Rutgers, one game after the Scarlet Knights beat Florida. How has USF done it? Jawanza Poland has played very well since returning from a back injury and Stan Heath is getting timely contributions from guys like Victor Rudd and Ron Anderson Jr. However, the two main reasons for USF's success are point guard play and defense. Freshman Anthony Collins has been fantastic at the point, averaging 5.3 APG in Big East play to go with a #28 national ranking in assist rate. Although he's turning the ball over a bit too much, Collins has given the Bulls a huge boost at the most important position in college basketball after years of bad guard play in Tampa. On the defensive end, South Florida's opponents average only 57.6 PPG, tops in the Big East. With a combination of defense, good rebounding and timely scoring, USF is starting to make some noise in the crowded middle of the Big East.
Power Rankings
- Syracuse (20-1, 7-1) – The Orange remain the best team by far in the Big East and I still think they are the best team in the nation even after losing at Notre Dame. Nothing went right for the Orange against the Fighting Irish. The Orange were out-shot 50% to 34%, out-rebounded by 13, and couldn't string stops together when they were trying to get back in the game. Should we have seen this coming? The cracks in the foundation appeared in a closer-than-expected win over Pittsburgh last Monday. The Panthers probed the Syracuse zone fairly well, getting to the free throw line area and making good interior passes. Fab Melo had 10 points, 10 rebounds, and six blocks in that game, but didn't play in South Bend due to a mysterious academic issue. Pitt out-rebounded Syracuse 38-24, meaning the Orange were minus-27 on the glass for the week. Syracuse ranks #320 in defensive rebounding percentage, an issue that needs to be addressed immediately by Jim Boeheim, with or without Melo. Syracuse is struggling from three point land as well, tenth in three-point percentage in Big East games (31.9%). Scoop Jardine had 12 points and ten assists against the Panthers, but didn't make a field goal (0-5) against Notre Dame. A tougher than expected week is ahead. Could the Orange lose again after winning 20 games in a row? This week: 1/23 @ Cincinnati, 1/28 vs. West Virginia. Read the rest of this entry »


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Andrew.burns necesitaba un nuevo diseño de camiseta y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
2 ganadores han sido elegidos entre 254 diseños de 46 diseñadores freelance.
Emmett's Brewing Co.
We're a chicago area microbrewery and restaurant with three locations. We offer guests a taste of history and a sense of community; a return to a time when things were simpler; a time when the local tavern served as a community hub, a place where people would come together at the end of the day and share a pint of handcrafted beer over a hearty meal with neighbors.
Our brewery restaurants are casual and community centered. We feature high quality, skillfully prepared traditional American cuisine and a distinctive selection of craft-brewed specialty beers.
More details and photos can be found on our website http://www.emmettsbrewingco.com
T-shirt designs will be marketed to existing customers at our pub locations, as well as on-line via our website.
We recently began packaging our award-winning craft brewed beer. Part of our launch involved the rebranding of our identity. We have a new logo along with new packaging designs for our six packs. We're very pleased with the brand and now we're looking for some fun exciting retro style t-shirt designs to promote the pub and beer.
Emmett's has always had a very classic look and feel. I'd like to see that spirit carried through in the designs. Vintage/distressed look is important but I'm, open to your interpretations as well.
See our website and some of the uploaded files for exsiting brand imagery and files. Also I have included some images of t-shirt designs that I like and think are headed in a direction that I would like to see merchandise designs go.


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The next-generation production company is committed to delivering storytelling through apps for tablet and mobile devices.
Hooked Digital Media's first app is the ghost story Haunting Melissa, scheduled to release in spring.
"Hooked Digital Media will fill a void in today's entertainment landscape by creating original filmed stories for viewing directly on mobile and tablet devices," said Edelstein, who produced Mulholland Drive [pictured] for David Lynch.
"The way stories are consumed has changed, so we set out to alter how stories are told by harnessing the power of tablet and mobile devices.
"We are not taking movies and stuffing them inside an app; we are crafting stories that embrace app technology and the viewing habits of the new generation of consumers."
Edelstein formed Macari/Edelstein Filmed Entertainment with Mike Macari and served as executive producer on the Ring films for DreamWorks Pictures.
Rounding out Hooked Digital Media are MySpace co-founder Aber Whitcomb and investor Kevin Washington. Whitcomb, who serves as an advisor to for the new production company, is a leader in cross-platform technology design, large scale computing and gobal networking.


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Nikon Coolpix P510 First Look Review
Nikon recently introduced two updated cameras that replace (respectively) the Coolpix P300 and the Coolpix P500. These two new ultrazooms (P310 & P510), although they show no resemblance whatsoever to each other, are remarkably similar. Both cameras share identical GPS systems, EXPEED C2 image processing engines, COOLPIX Picture Control functions, 1080p HD video recording with stereo audio and the ability to utilize zoom during video capture, identical 16 megapixel backlit CMOS sensors, the same lens-shift vibration reduction (VR) system which provides camera shake compensation equivalent to a four-step increase in shutter speed and identical 3.0 inch 921k-dot flip-out LCD monitors.
The most significant differences between the two cameras are in their physical sizes and their zoom lenses. The P310 is a pocketable little camera with a superfast f/1.8-4.9, 24-100mm (35mm equivalent) zoom (currently the fastest maximum aperture available on any P&S digicam), while the P510 is a compact DSLR-sized digicam with an f/3.0-5.9 24-1000mm (35mm equivalent) zoom – currently the longest focal length zoom ratio available on any point-and-shoot digital camera. Either camera would function nicely as an excellent general-use camera.
As a veteran photographer I would love to carry both cameras simultaneously, since together they would be able to adequately cover essentially every photographic genre except studio photography – and both could be adapted to studio shooting. The pocketable and unobtrusive little P310, with its super fast f/1.8 zoom, would work beautifully for street shooting, available light photography, environmental portraits, documentary photography, and classic travel photography. The P510, with its monster zoom, could easily handle landscape/scenic photography, wildlife photography, event photography (festivals, concerts, family gatherings), and sports/action photography. Since the two cameras utilize the same sensor, processor, and imaging software and share identical 921k LCDs ?€? composition/framing, shooting modes, basic controls, menu layout, color interpolation, resolution, white balance, contrast, and noise levels would be essentially identical.
Unfortunately, I usually only get one camera at a time to test, so from this point on we'll focus (no pun intended) on the Coolpix P510. I can't comment on the ergonomics of the P310, but the P510 was clearly designed for photography enthusiasts by photography enthusiasts. Camera makers have been trying since 1839 to develop a single all-in-one camera that will satisfy the needs of every single photographer. In my opinion, the Coolpix P510 comes remarkably comes to filling that order. I've only had the P510 for a bit more than a week, but so far I'm quite impressed with just how easy this camera makes it to capture the images you?€™ve visualized before you press the shutter button – and with more than forty years experience as a photographer (and demanding camera user) I am not easily impressed.
For example, most point-and-shoots permit only limited user input into the exposure process. Enter COOLPIX Picture Control, a comprehensive new feature available only on the P310 and P510 used to adjust color saturation and sharpening applied to images prior to shooting based on the type of subject or scene, shooting conditions, or the creative intent of the shooter. CPC can be used in all exposure modes, including full manual, and provides four preset Picture Controls and six options for additional fine tuning. Shooters can save two frequently used settings as custom CPC scenarios.
The P510 is a rather chunky and somewhat plain looking point-and-shoot, more practical than stylish in its design. Its user interface is uncomplicated and dependably logical and the control layout is traditional and basic – sufficiently similar to every other Nikon P&S digicam ever manufactured to provide anyone who has ever used a Coolpix with a comforting sense of deja vu. Buttons are logically placed and come easily to hand for right-handed shooters, but they are all rather small, in fact the on/off button is very small (and a bit too flush with the top deck) so it often necessitates a couple of pushes to turn the camera on or off. The mode dial and shutter button are larger and both provide excellent tactile response.
There really is no free lunch, so photographers who purchase the P510 will need to have realistic expectations. Any camera with a 42x zoom is bound to be the result of innumerable engineering, optical, and operational compromises and every one of those compromises is going to affect image quality, however the P510 does a remarkably good job of making those compromises palatable. Some of my early handheld test shots at maximum telephoto are impressively sharp.
I'll go into more detail regarding image quality and usability in my full review of the P510, but based on the sample photos included with this brief first impressions review and my experiences with the camera over the past week (I've shot well over 100 images to date) I'm favorably impressed with the Nikon Coolpix P510 so far.
Sample Images


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A Cherry Valley man died after crashing a stolen car into a street sweeper Monday.
Brentyn Mitchell, 22, died shortly before 3 p.m. at the scene at the corner of Avenida Miravilla and Orchard Street in Cherry Valley, Riverside County coroner's officials said.
The California Highway Patrol said Mitchell was driving a 1999 Honda Civic that had been reported stolen from Redlands about three hours earlier.
He ran a stop sign and crashed into a street sweeper. Officers said the man operating the sweeper was not injured.
The CHP said the use of alcohol or drugs has not been ruled out as a contributing factor to the crash.
Reach Melissa via email or call her at 909-386-3878.
Get the latest crime and public safety news on Twitter @IECrime.


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Careers In Nanotechnology
Numerous avenues exist for pursuing a career in molecular nanotechnology, dependent of course on the fields of study selected.
The following resources have information on jobs postings, internships and general career information. You will find additional information in the studying nanotechnology section.
Working In Nanotechnology
TinyTech Jobs
National Nanotechnology Initiative
NanoPros.com -
Recruiting Firms - Executive Search Firms
Meticulum -Meticulum works exclusively in the biotech, pharmaceutical and medical devices industries conducting searches in a number of unusual functional areas, Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology our recent areas that have been added.
NanoTechnologyCareers.com -NanoTechnolgyCareers.com, a division of Progressive Search Associates, Inc., specializes in the Search and Placement of individuals with backgrounds related to nanotechnology applications.
Where can I get more information?
Foresight Institutes web site (http://www.foresight.org) contains information about the development of the various aspects of molecular nanotechnology. In particular, refer to Engines of Creation and Unbounding the Future. Both are freely available on our web site. Additional information is available in some issues of the Foresight Update.
Nanomedicine is becoming an increasing important and exciting field. Much of this excitement stems from the recent publication of Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities - http://www.nanomedicine.com
Primary Foresight Web Site
News on Nanotechnology and other Foresight Topics
Introductory and Technical Nanotechnology Information
Computational Nanotechnology Research
Introductory Nanotechnology Information
Nanotechnology Research Conference
Non-Technical Meeting on Nanotechnology and Related topics, including networking opportunities for business and employment as well as policy discussions.
The following list of publications cover topics related to nanotechnology.
Useful books on nanotechnology:
What should I do if this information hasn't answered my question?
We encourage you to contact our office at firstname.lastname@example.com with your specific question, though we ask that you first exhaust the resources we provide in this document and the Foresight web prior to contacting us directly. Foresight's staff is quite small, and we receive a large number of inquiries on any given day. While we do our best to respond in a prompt and courteous fashion, delays often result. In order to receive the fastest possible execution of your query, please phrase all questions in as detailed a fashion as is possible.
Home Page
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Foresight materials on the Web are ©1986–2019 Foresight Institute. All rights reserved. Legal Notices.
Web site developed by Stephan Spencer and Netconcepts; maintained by James B. Lewis Enterprises.


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2010 Referee Week In Review Week 6
The usssoccer.com Referee Week in Review is designed to address the issues facing referees at all levels by using video highlights from professional games as well as the U.S. National Teams. Written by U.S. Soccer Director of Referee Development Paul Tamberino and U.S. Soccer Manager of Assessment and Training Brian Hall, the Referee Week in Review will highlight specific areas of focus and current U.S. Soccer initiatives designed to improve performance and aid in the development of officials across the country.
Week In Review 2010
Week 6 – Ending May 2, 2010
During week six of MLS play, five red cards were issued. Two additional red cards should have been issued, one of which will be examined in this "Week In Review.†Similarly, a red card was issued for a challenge on a goalkeeper that, under review, was harsh. Referees must be on the outlook for players who commit tackles that endanger the safety of the opponent and who lunge at their opponent leading with the bottom of their boots (cleats exposed). When challenges that involve excessive force exist, referees must not hesitate to dismiss the player regardless of the time of the match; however, this requires that match officials be able to differentiate the hard challenge that is merely reckless.
Week In Review Podcast: For each "Week In Review,†U.S. Soccer produces a related podcast that covers the topics of the week.
Red Card Challenges: Endangering the Safety of the Opponent and Excessive Force
Match officials must be constantly diligent in their effort to ensure player safety and deal with incidents of 100 percent misconduct. For example, referees must be able to successfully identify those situations that clearly meet all criteria for endangering the safety of the opponent and the use of excessive force (both components of red card challenges). To assist officials with deciphering red card tackles, U.S. Soccer has established the SIAPOA criteria:
Speed of play and the tackle
The faster the tackler is moving, the greater the force and likelihood of endangering the safety of the opponent. Additionally, speed also equates to less control of the challenge and the less likely the attacker can cleanly win the ball.
The intent of the tackler. Was the tackle intended to send a message or to cleanly win the ball?
Aggressive nature
Did the tackler lunge for the ball with one or both feet? Consideration should be given to the distance between the attacker and the tackler at the time the tackler leaves his feet. The further the distance, the less control the tackler has of his actions and the less likely the tackler is to play the ball. Are cleats up and exposed to the opponent?
Position of the tackler
In particular, his legs (height of the tackler's leading leg and the follow-up action by the tackler's trailing leg).
Opportunity to play the ball
Was the ball within playing distance? Or, was the ball already past the tackler at the time the tackler's feet came in contact with the opponent. Tackles from behind and from the side (outside of the peripheral vision of the attacker with the ball) increase the likelihood contact will need to be made with the attacker prior to playing the ball.
Atmosphere of the game
Referees must consider the overall temperature of the match and the player in question. Has an aggressive attitude been displayed to that point? Is frustration amongst or between the players evident?
Match officials need to be very familiar with the SIAPOA criteria as split second recognition is vital to ensuring player safety and the appropriate decision is made. It is NOT required that each of the criteria be present. As part of the decision making process, the referee must evaluate the entire action and weigh each criteria while asking:
Does the mix and weight of the evident criteria endanger the safety of the opponent and lead to a determination that excessive force was used?
Note: The ability to quickly differentiate between a reckless tackle (yellow card) and a tackle involving excessive force (red card) needs to be a vital part of a referee's repertoire. By observing and analyzing games and the challenges in the games, referees can train their "mind's eye†to apply the SIAPOA criteria and take the appropriate action.
The referee team does well not to let their guard down despite halftime being moments away. Instead of relaxing just before the halftime whistle, the referee maintains heightened awareness. As a result, the referee is able to clearly evaluate the SIAPOA criteria and decide that a red card (serious foul play) should be issued for a tackle that involves excessive force while endangering the safety of the opponent.
What are the key components of SIAPOA that are evident?
Speed of play and the tackle: The player is running at a high speed just before he leaves his feet to begin the challenge. Speed equates to less control of the challenge by the tackler.
Aggressive nature: The tackler lunges at the opponent and jumps into the tackle leaving his feet several yards before arriving at the ball. The cleats (hard surface) are exposed.
- Opportunity to play the ball: There is no opportunity to play the ball. The attacking player has his back to the defender (the tackler is outside his peripheral vision) and the attacker's body is interposed between the ball and the challenge. Consequently, the tackler can only go through the opponent to attempt to play the ball.
The combination of these clear factors, make this a red card tackle as they endanger the safety of the opponent.
Examine Diagram 1 to the right. The SIAPOA components will be visible.
The referee does an excellent job showing urgency and intervening after the foul. The referee takes preventative action (reduces the potential escalation) by moving to the spot of the foul and preventing opponents from taking action into their own hands. As "mass confrontation†begins to develop, the fourth official and assistant referee (AR) also impose their presence and form the "triangle of control†that has been recommended in U.S. Soccer's 2009 directive, "Game Disrepute and Mass Confrontation.â€Â
Quick work by the officiating team defuses a volatile situation and ensures that the players are not able to take actions into their own hands. The fourth official does a good job observing and taking note of any surrounding incidents while the AR works to channel players away from the hot spot.
Note: The referee is not required to show the red card immediately after whistling the foul. In this clip, lending his presence to prevent escalation is more important and the referee decides this is the priority. Once the referee is assured that the situation is under control, he can isolate the tackler and issue the red card. Consultation with the AR and fourth official involved in the "triangle of control†should occur to solicit their input regarding the incident and the mass confrontation.
Another situation involving a challenge that is similar to the tackle viewed in clip 1. This is a clear tackle in which the player has no opportunity to play the ball. In addition, he leads with the bottom of his boots (cleats exposed) while his right leg is locked thereby increasing the danger to the opponent. The tackler's second leg (left leg) goes through the opponent and connects in the Achilles heal area. Diagram 2 provides a clear visual picture of the endangerment of the opponent resulting from the excessive force used to make the challenge.
A red card for serious foul play is mandated in this 100 percent misconduct situation. The fact that a prior red card has been issued to the same team must not be a consideration. As compared to the first clip, immediately showing the red card is a positive factor as there are not many players in the vicinity and the possibility of escalation in the form of mass confrontation or game disrepute is minimal. Summoning the training staff onto the field to attend to the injured player must be done as quickly as possible.
In the 13th minute of the game, the referee and AR are faced with a red card decision. A tackle is committed in the ARs "area of participation.†As the clip is viewed, use the SIAPOA criteria to evaluate the tackler's actions. Then, ask yourself:
Does the mix and weight of the evident criteria endanger the safety of the opponent and lead to a determination that excessive force was used?
As you review Diagram 3, analyze the tackle. Application of the SIAPOA criteria point to the following:
Aggressive nature: The player lunges, leading with his right leg. Although the distance from which the tackle is initiated is not great, the tackler jumps at the opponent with his cleats exposed. Contact is made directly to the opponent's ankle area. Notice the locked knee and straight legged approach of the tackler.
Position of the tackler: The leading leg is off the ground. There is no "slide†involved in the tackle, just a lunge with force. The tackler's foot is several inches off the ground thereby decreasing the likelihood he can play the ball.
- Opportunity to play the ball: Because the defender is lunging to the ball with his foot raised significantly off the ground, there is very little likelihood that he will have the opportunity to play the ball. By the time the contact is made, the ball is to the side of the defender.
This challenge represents excessive force and the tackler must be sent off for serious foul play. It is a 100 percent misconduct situation. The fact that the game is less than 13 minutes old, should not play a factor in the decision.
In the clip, both the referee and the AR have very good lines of vision to the infringement. Since this is a "game critical situation†and the infringement occurs in the ARs "area of participation,†this infringement necessitates AR involvement after making eye contact with the referee. The 2009 "Assistant Referee Involvement†directive explores the concept of "game critical situations†and offers guidelines for AR involvement. It is imperative that the AR communicate the red card to the referee and not just signal for the foul with the flag.
Note: In the pregame meeting conducted by the referee, a mechanism for communicating misconduct (by ARs and fourth officials) must be established and discussed. The AR can use a "silent†signal to indicate his "red card†opinion to the referee by patting his back pocket while making eye contact after signaling the foul. A yellow card could be indicated by patting the front breast pocket.
The focus of this clip is not on a potential offside decision or the timing of the referee's response to an offside flag. In clip 4, the referee is faced with a difficult decision that requires a keen eye to make a proper decision. During the challenge on the goalkeeper, there are SIAPOA elements that could indicate a red cared is necessary, BUT just because there are some SIAPOA elements doesn't define that a red card is necessary. As mentioned before, a referee needs to take in all the different SIAPOA criteria and answer the question below:
Does the mix and weight of the evident criteria endanger the safety of the opponent and lead to a determination that excessive force was used?
Analyzing the subtle differences of each SIAPOA criteria can be difficult for a referee, especially in real time. In this instance, slow motion review shows that the more appropriate decision should have been to caution the attacking player for unsporting behavior instead of showing a red card.
Diagram 4 can assist in differentiating this yellow card (reckless) challenge from a red card infringement (excessive force).
Below we review each of the SIAPOA criteria in this challenge:
Speed of play: YES
There are elements of speed to this challenge. The attacker is moving with speed to attempt to win the ball. However, the attacker is showing some control as he moves to the left as he approaches the keeper.
Intent: NONE
The attacker's intent was to win/play the ball. This can be observed in the manner in which he approaches the ball and the goalkeeper (leaning to the left). No intent to injure or send a message.
Aggressive Nature: NO
There is no direct lunge for the ball. The attacker does not lead with the cleats. As Diagram 4 shows, the attacker leads with his instep (also a signal of intent to win the ball). The aggressiveness is aimed toward winning the ball and beating the goalkeeper to the ball.
Position of the tackler: NOT A FACTOR
This is subtle but the attacker is not taking a direct approach to the goalkeeper. As the replays are viewed and confirmed by Diagram 4, the attacker is leaning to the left which virtually prohibits him from leading with the hard surface of the cleats.
Opportunity to play the ball: NOT A FACTOR
There is a good and fair opportunity for the attacker to play the ball. The attacker arrives just slightly after the goalkeeper takes possession of the ball.
Atmosphere of the game: NOT EVIDENT
The game's atmosphere is not evident without viewing the entire game to that moment. However, the game was fully under control and the players were responding to the referee up to this point.
Combining these subtle factors should help the referee with defining the challenge as reckless (cautionable) and not as a challenge that used excessive force. Review of the mix and weight of each of the SIAPOA criteria should lead the referee to the decision that the challenge was reckless and merely a yellow card for unsporting behavior.
Note: The referee does a good job reading the "warning sign†of a goalkeeper challenge and intervenes as quickly as possible to prevent retaliation. The referee's prompt presence acts as a deterrent.
Looking Forward – Week 7
Continual focus on the SIAPOA criteria and its positive application in the game. Match officials can continue to ensure proper identification of red card tackles by concentrating on the legs of the tackler (raised or on the ground), the part of the boot initiating the contact (the hard surface of the bottom of the cleat), the straight and/or locked knee on the leg(s), the distance and speed of the challenge and the opportunity to cleanly win the ball.
Note: When evaluating situations, match officials should attempt to take snapshots of the event similar to the diagrams provided in this "Week In Review.†These diagrams/snapshots will assist in evaluating the situation and provide a better foundation for visualizing the criteria.


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Behavioral Health Care Needs in Texas are No Myth
Austin – Holiday blues and a spike in suicides are often assumed to occur during the holidays. But, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the supposed uptick in depression-related issues is just a myth.
The challenges facing Texas' behavioral health care system, however, are not a myth. They include:
Individuals with behavioral health conditions suffer the most from an underfunded and fragmented system. There are adverse consequences, too, for hospitals, taxpayers, law enforcement, employers and the economy. Texas hospitals experience increased uncompensated care, reduced emergency department capacity and financial penalties from preventable readmissions.
"The devastating effects of an underfunded behavioral health care system are felt most profoundly by individuals living with untreated disorders. But we all pay the price for a system that fails to provide timely and appropriate care," said Dan Stultz, M.D., FACP, FACHE, THA president/CEO. "The 83rd Legislature recognized the importance of behavioral health and made an investment that can be built upon."
The 83rd Legislature invested an additional $300 million in the state's behavioral health care system for 2014-15. The funding is critical, and communities across the state will benefit. Long-term policy solutions that address insurance coverage, workforce, access to services and funding are also required. The most effective solutions include:
About the THA


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Sage Wealth Advisors necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 72 diseños de 15 diseñadores freelance.
Sage Wealth Advisors
We are a brand new full service wealth management firm. We are trying to enter unchartered territory for this industry with social networking connectivity, educational resources, & helping families keep their financial affairs coordinated & organized - WE DON'T WANT TO BE LIKE THE OTHER GUYS. We are attempting to escape the culture of greed and salesmanship on Wall Street and replace it with a culture of being a client advocate and doing what is best for them while providing great advice.
We seek to go beyond stocks and bonds & provide value in many other ways - therefore no cliche stock and wall street symbols please!
We want our clients to feel a sense of control and financial strength, ready to battle any of life curve balls, should one come.
We also aspire to provide high end and high quality service & integrity to an otherwise notoriously dishonest industry. We will also pride ourselves on our commitment to educating both clients and those who visit our website.
We will work with real estate investors, retirees, business owners, farmers, high net worth individuals, special needs families, corporations, philanthropic organizations, physicians. We may need future logos for specific services that we will provide for these niche target markets.
Please use the tag words, "Wisdom . Service . Results"
A modern fresh look with a personality is important. We also would like something that is not just words but a symbolic graphic.
We' don't want to hinder creativity but the following are ideas.....
Use of the sage leaf in the logo similar to how mint.com uses a mint leaf is an idea.
Inspire us with colors but the word Sage should standout with color or design or both.
We would like to see designs on a black and white backgrounds.
Logo should be identifiable with the brand and easily adaptable as an iPhone app icon.
To see the logo as part of potential letter-head, envelope, email template, business card, and web homepage layout designs would be a great plus too.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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City Pair Program (CPP)
The City Pair Program (CPP) offers fares considerably lower than comparable commercial fares, saving the federal government billions of dollars annually. Find Airline City Pairs by using the CPP Search Tool. (Note: If the link does not work in Chrome, try it in Internet Explorer.)
The airfares are listed as one-way to allow for multiple destinations, and airfares are valid in either direction. Domestic airfares include:
- Taxes, but not fees such as fuel surcharges;
- Passenger facility charges;
- Segment fees; and
- Passenger security fees.
These fees are additional. International airfares are exclusive of taxes and additional fees.
NEW! The FY19 Contract Awards [csv] are now available. [Note: The CSV file is dynamic and is updated after close of business each night. Please pay attention to the contract expiration date.]
For contract highlights, view the CPP FY19 Fast Facts [DOCX - 79 KB] .
In addition to the price savings, the City Pair Program has many features allowing government travelers all the flexibility possible in planning official travel.
The benefits of this service include:
- Fares priced on one-way routes, permitting agencies to plan multiple destinations;
- No advance purchase required;
- No minimum or maximum length stay required;
- Fully refundable tickets;
- Last seat availability;
- No blackout periods;
- Stable prices enabling travel budgeting; and
- Dual fares availability.
Visit our Baggage Allowance page for weight change information when traveling internationally.
When booking travel, the traveler should use their authorized travel management system, that is, the E-Gov Travel Service for civilian agencies or the Defense Travel System for Department of Defense travelers. If these services are not fully implemented, travelers should use these links for their Travel Agent or Commercial Travel Office.
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Nine Years Later
The health impact of 9/11
Next Saturday marks the 9 year anniversary of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. Over the past several years, we've heard a lot about the illnesses that have afflicted rescue and recovery workers who toiled at the site. But, on this week's Cityscape, we focus more specifically on the plight of those who lived, worked and studied in the area around ground zero.


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First Baptist Church of Las Vegas
Tuesday, March 19, 2019
God's Vision - Our Mission
Food Pantry 10am-12pm
Date: Wednesday, April 25, 2018
Time: 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
Location: Office
Food pantry hours are Tuesdays 12:00pm - 2:00pm and Wednesdays 10:00am - 12:00pm.
Additional perishables, as available, will be given out on Wednesdays from 11:45am - 12:00pm.
Eligibility requirements apply including:
- May only receive food once every 60 days
- Picture ID and utility bill required
- ZIP code requirements may applyPrevious Page


text: 09/30/2009 (08:00PM - 09:00PM) (Wednesday) : VERONICA STRUGGLES AT HOME AND AT THE HOSPITAL - Veronica (Taylor Schilling) and Mike (Diego Klattenhoff) try to rekindle their marriage and move back in together, but their house is in even worse shape than their relationship and both are going to have to be rebuilt. At the hospital, Veronica struggles to stay friends with Dr. Sands (James Tupper), but realizes it's harder than she expected. Meanwhile, Sonia (Jaime Lee Kirchner) has met her match in hunky cop Nick Valentino (Charlie Semine), who turns out to be just as good at playing games as she is. She enlists his help to uncover the identity of an unconscious Jane Doe, while Chloe (Michelle Trachtenberg) learns to assert herself and help a patient everyone else has given up on. James Le Gros, Guillermo Diaz and Kate Mulgrew also star.


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- Inside Athletics
- Tickets
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|Kuching, Malaysia
2015-16: Choo compiled a 16-5 singles record playing out of the No. 1 position for ETSU...Choo and her doubles partner Ana Gerbasi went 11-6 in the top doubles spot...Choo began the 2016 season with an 8-0 record and went 5-2 against SoCon competition...Was named the SoCon Student-Athlete of the Week twice and was the receipent of Ohio Valley Region ITA Arthur Ashe Leadership Award.
2014-15: 2015 SoCon Spring Academic All-Conference Team by accumulating a 3.99 GPA...Went 17-4 in singles play while going 15-4 as the number one position player in singles...Participated in 19 doubles matches and finished 14-5 in doubles...Started the season going 5-0 in singles and 6-0 in doubles.
2013-14: Alongside Ana Gerbasi, began spring competition ranked No. 51 in the ITA Women's Preseason Doubles Rankings, the highest doubles ranking in program history... Posted a 14-4 spring singles record, and 11-6 doubles record, helping ETSU win the Atlantic Sun Tournament Championship and clinch the program's fourth NCAA Tournament berth... Finished with a 3-1 singles record at the Dick Vitale Clay Court Classic, including a marquee win over 35th-ranked Britney Sanders of Notre Dame... Advanced to the Round of 32 at the USTA/ITA Ohio Valley Regional in Memphis, Tenn... Won the A-1 singles flight at the Elon Fall Invitational, beating USC Upstate's Isabel von Stryk, 6-1, 6-3... Teamed with Salma Dahbi to win the A-3 doubles flight at the Elon Fall Invitational... Shared the A singles flight title at the USC Upstate Fall Classic with teammate Ana Gerbasi... Shared the A doubles flight title, alongside Ana Gerbasi, at the USC Upstate Fall Classic with teammates Jessica Brumit and Salma Dahbi.
2012-13: Finished with an overall singles record of 31-8, including an 18-2 record in dual matches... Went a perfect 8-0 in Atlantic Sun singles competition... Finished 28-10 in doubles play, including 14-4 in dual matches... Went unbeaten in A-Sun doubles play alongside Ana Gerbasi...
2011-12: Redshirted the season... earned Atlantic Sun All-Academic honors.
Prior to ETSU: Won the ITF's 42nd Brunei ITF Junior Circuit 2010... was a reserve player for the Fed Cup 2010 Malaysian team, which finished fourth in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group II... held an ITF junior ranking of 769... was the Malaysian champion of the Asia/Oceania pre-qualifier for the Junior Fed Cup in 2009... won five tournaments in '09, including both the singles and doubles Milo National Junior Tennis Championships... won four doubles, three singles and two team titles during 2008.
Personal: Born May 14, 1994... daughter of Seah Ai Kuan and Vincent Choo... majoring in pre-pharmacy.Honors2016 SoCon Tournament Most Outstanding PlayerOhio Valley Region ITA Arthur Ashe Leadership AwardTwo-time SoCon Student-Athlete of the Week2016 All-SoCon First Team (Singles & Doubles) partnered with Ana Gerbasi2015 All-SoCon First Team (Singles & Doubles) partnered with Ana Gerbasi2015 Spring Academic All-SoCon2015 SoCon Academic Honor Roll2013, 2014 Atlantic Sun First Team (Singles)2013, 2014 Atlantic Sun Academic All-Conference2013 Atlantic Sun Freshman-of-the-Year2013 Atlantic Sun Scholar-Athlete of the Year2013 Atlantic Sun Second Team (Doubles; paired with Ana Gerbasi)2013 Atlantic Sun All-Freshman Team