text:
|Special Introductory Note
|Summary Of Revisions
|Standard Release Time Line
|Figure 1 - ISO Headform
|Qualifications For Certification
|Figure 2 - Extent Of Protection
|Modifications to Certified Products
|Figure 3 - Upward Field Of Vision
|Random Sample Testing
|Figure 4 - Lateral Field Of Vision
|Labeling And Marking
|Figure 5 - Downward Field Of Vision
|Extent Of Protection
|Figure 6 - Breath Deflector Allowance
|Testing Procedures And Requirements
|Snell Home Page
1. The use of motorcycles and other motorized vehicles imposes risks of death or permanent impairment due to head injury.
2. The proper use of protective helmets can minimize the risk of death or permanent impairment.
3. The protective capacity of a helmet is difficult to measure, particularly at the time of purchase or use.
4. Snell certification backed by ongoing random sample testing identifies those helmet models providing and maintaining the highest levels of head protection.
Four of the most critical elements affecting a helmet's protective properties are:
1. Impact management - how well the helmet protects against collisions with large objects.
2. Helmet positional stability - whether the helmet will be in place, on the head, when it's needed.
3. Retention system strength - whether the chin straps are sufficiently strong to hold the helmet throughout a head impact.
4. Extent of Protection - the area of the head protected by the helmet.
This Standard describes simple tests for all four of these items. However, the tests for the second item, helmet stability, of necessity presume that the helmet is well matched to the wearer's head and that it has been carefully adjusted to obtain the best fit possible. Unless you take similar care in the selection and fitting of your own helmet, you may not obtain the level of protection that current headgear can provide.
The Foundation recommends the simple, straightforward procedure recommended to consumers by most helmet manufacturers:
Position the helmet on your head so that it sits low on your forehead; if you can't see the edge of the brim at the extreme upper range of your vision, the helmet is probably out of place. Adjust the retention system so that when in use, it willl hold the helmet firmly in place. This positioning and adjusting should be repeated to obtain the very best result possible. The procedure initially may be time consuming. Take the time.
Try to remove the helmet without undoing the retention system closures. If the helmet comes off or shifts over your eyes, readjust and try again. If no adjustment seems to work, this helmet is not for you; try another.
This procedure is also the basis of the test for helmet stability described in this Standard. This test performs the same steps but uses standard headforms. However, you must still perform this procedure for yourself when buying a helmet and every time you wear a helmet. Only in this way will you be able to make all the proper adjustments to get the best fit possible. Furthermore, your test on your own head will be an improvement on ours; you will determine whether the helmet is appropriate for you personally.
There are several other important aspects of helmets to consider. Full face helmets provide a measure of protection from facial injuries. The external shell of these helmets includes a rigid "chin" guard that passes from left to right over the lower part of the face. The Foundation has devised special tests for the chin bars of full face helmets.
Some helmets come with a separate structure that bolts to the helmet that are designed to cover the lower part of the face. These removable chin bars are often intended to deflect small stones and debris encountered in some motorcycle sports and may not be effective facial protection in falls and accidents. The Foundation does not test removable chin bars and considers any headgear equipped with them to be an open face helmet.
Helmets may also be equipped with a chin or full face guard that pivots or flips up for the rider's convenience. These structures are an integral part of the helmet and are required to meet all of the test criteria for full face helmets. These flip up face guards must always be used in their locked position, or in accordance with the instructions from the manufacturer. Misuse of these fixtures may diminish the overall protective capabilities of the helmet.
If a full face helmet is equipped with a face shield, it may also provide a measure of eye protection. The Foundation tests the face shields of full face helmets for particle penetration resistance. Face shields provided with open face helmets generally do not provide the same levels of eye protection and, for that reason are not considered.
The shells of both open and full face helmets should also provide a measure of protection from penetration. The Foundation tests the shells of both full and open face helmets for penetration resistance.
Effective headgear must be removable. Paramedics and other emergency personnel must be able to quickly remove headgear from accident victims in order to check for vital signs and to perform emergency procedures. The Foundation has devised tests and criteria for helmet removability.
The Foundation tests helmets for visual field. The helmet must provide a minimum range of vision appropriate to its use as measured on standard headforms. Most Snell certified helmets will meet the requirements stated in this Standard and are considered appropriate for street use. However, the Foundation may also certify headgear with much more restricted visual fields for use only in carefully controlled competitive environments. Such headgear will include warning labels identifying them as appropriate only for certain activities.
Be absolutely certain that your helmet is appropriate for your intended uses. Furthermore, since the range of vision you obtain may vary considerably from our measurement, be absolutely certain that the helmet and face shield permit you adequate vision.
Finally, there are several important factors which the Foundation does not consider directly but which bear on the effectiveness of protective helmets. Be certain your helmet is wearable, that is that it's comfortable and adequately ventilated when worn for prolonged periods. Few people will wear an uncomfortable helmet. A helmet that is not worn won't protect anyone.
Check for high visibility. Bright colors and reflective patches will make you more visible to others and therefore less likely to be involved in a collision.
Finally, check the style of the helmet. Unless you're willing to be seen in the helmet, you will not wear it. Select a helmet you know you'll wear.
In a motorcycle accident, the rider may suffer injury or death. Helmets on the market today offer varying degrees of protection, but the consumer has little basis for judging the relative effectiveness of a given model. This Standard presents a rational means for differentiating between helmets which meet specified standards for impact (crash) protection and retention system strength and those which do not.
The Snell Foundation urges that protective helmets be required for all individuals participating in supervised racing events and encourages the general public to wear helmets which meet appropriate performance standards(1).
This 2000 Standard establishes performance characteristics suitable for motorcycling and for use with other open motorized vehicles in which the driver and passengers may not be enclosed such as boats, motorized carts, all-terrain vehicles and snowmobiles. This Standard does not establish construction and material specifications. The Foundation does not recommend specific materials or designs. Manufacturers voluntarily submit helmets to be tested to this Standard and if the submitted helmets pass, a certification is issued.
The Foundation will make available the identity of those products which have been Snell certified but will not attempt to rank those products according to performance nor to any other criteria. Neither does the Foundation distinguish between the needs of participants in competitive events and those of the general public.
All of the requirements described herein, including both initial certification and random sample testing, are an integral part of this Standard. No helmet can satisfy the Standard unless it is subject to both certification and random sample testing by the Foundation.
Snell certification for protective headgear requires a specific contractual agreement between the primary headgear manufacturer and the Foundation. Certification procedures may be obtained upon application to the Foundation.
SNELL MEMORIAL FOUNDATION is a registered certification mark and M2000 is a certification mark of the Snell Memorial Foundation.
This Standard addresses the problem of protecting the head from direct impact with surfaces or objects that might be encountered in a motorcycling accident. The Standard prescribes direct measures of several factors bearing on a helmet's ability to protect the head as well as its general serviceability as motorcyclist headgear. Thus, this Standard is directed towards the kinds of performance bearing on head protection that may not readily be discernible by even knowledgeable consumers at the time of purchase.
Some of these performance requirements have been expressed in terms of limitations on the various components and features of the single general helmet configuration currently available. These expressions have been used only for the sake of clarity and should not be misinterpreted as requiring specific configurations or materials. As newer helmet technologies appear, these limitations will be re-examined and, perhaps, restated.
A motorcycle helmet consists generally of a rigid head covering and a retention system composed of flexible straps and hardware. The rigid covering consists of a stiff outer shell and a crushable liner. The stiff outer shell protects by its capacity to spread a concentrated load at its outer surface over a larger area of the liner and the wearer's head. The crushable liner protects the head from direct impact by its capacity to manage impact energy.
The retention system holds the headgear in position throughout normal usage and especially during falls and accidents. This Standard applies two different tests to the retention system. The first of these tests for stability by fitting the headgear to a standard headform and then attempting to displace it by applying tangential shock loads. The second tests retention system strength by applying a shock load to the system components through a simulated chin.
The quality of the fit and the care taken with the adjustments are absolutely critical elements in these tests. The manufacturer must provide suitable guidance so that the wearer will be able to select and adjust headgear to obtain the necessary quality of fit and positional stability.
The capacity for impact protection is determined by direct measurement of the shock delivered through the helmet to a headform when the helmeted headform is dropped in a specified manner onto any of three unyielding anvils.
Most motorcycle helmets are intended to accommodate a range of head sizes and shapes. Various thickness' of resilient padding are sometimes placed within otherwise identical helmets during production or during fitting to configure the helmet to several different ranges of head size. This resilient padding does not significantly affect the way the helmet absorbs and attenuates impact and is not directly addressed in this Standard.
The helmet must also resist penetration by projectiles such as parts of exploding engines or other damaged mechanical assemblies. This capacity is tested by placing the helmet on a headform and dropping a metal cone of specified mass and geometry onto the shell. The tip of this cone must not penetrate to the headform.
Similarly, the helmets must resist chemical attack by bodily fluids as well as solvents and chemicals associated with motorsports. This capacity may be tested by applying a solvent mix before further conditioning and testing.
Full face helmets provide a measure of facial protection in addition to the impact protection generally sought. The principle feature of a full face helmet is a chin bar that extends forward to cover the jaw area converting the facial opening into a visual port. Frequently, a face shield is also provided so that the wearer's face is completely covered.
In order to be considered a full face helmet, the chin bar must be an integral part of the helmet structure. The Standard then tests the rigidity of the chin bar by dropping a weight onto it at a specified velocity so as to attempt to force the chin bar toward the interior of the helmet. The chin bar must not deflect more than a specified amount.
If a face shield is provided with a full face helmet, then this face shield must resist penetration by small particles. A sharp lead pellet of a specified weight is directed into the face shield at a specified velocity. The pellet must not penetrate into the helmet interior.
This Standard also includes a test intended to determine whether the headgear may be removed from a living but perhaps unconscious accident victim quickly, easily and reliably in spite of any damage the headgear might reasonably be expected to sustain. Traditional helmet architectures have satisfied this requirement so readily that many Standards including previous Snell Foundation Standards have not mentioned it. Even so, it is unthinkable that a headgear might protect its wearer in an accident only to thwart attempts at rescue afterward.
Inadequate ventilation may render a helmet unwearable in hot climates, especially if the helmet is full faced. This Standard limits the diameter of ventilation holes in the helmet shell but makes no direct demands on either the quantity or quality of air flow to the wearer.
Other general features of motorcycle helmets may include eyeshades and accommodations for goggles, and visibility enhancements such as bright colors and reflective surfaces. These features all deal with matters of safety and comfort that are not directly addressed in this Standard but which merit the consideration of wearers as well as manufacturers.
Although helmet use has been shown to reduce the risk of head injuries significantly, there are limits to a helmet's protective capability. No helmet can protect the wearer against all foreseeable accidents. Therefore injury may occur in accidents which exceed the protective capability of any helmet including even those helmets meeting the requirements of this Standard.
A helmet's protective capability may be exhausted protecting the wearer in an accident. Helmets are constructed so that the energy of a blow is managed by the helmet, causing its partial destruction. The damage may not be readily apparent and the Foundation strongly recommends that a helmet involved in an accident be returned to the manufacturer for complete inspection. If it is not possible to do so, the helmet should always be destroyed and replaced.
Finally, the protective capability may diminish over time. Some helmets are made of materials which deteriorate with age and therefore have a limited life span. At the present time, the Foundation recommends that motorcycle helmets be replaced after five (5) years, or less if the manufacturer so recommends.
A. General
The assembled helmet shall have smooth external and internal surfaces. Any feature projecting more than 7 mm beyond the outer surface must readily break away; all other projections on the outer surface shall be smoothly faired and offer minimal frictional resistance to tangential impact forces. Rivets and similar projections into the helmet interior must offer no laceration or puncture hazard. Restraint clips may be used at the rear or on the side of the helmet. The helmet shall provide as nearly uniform impact protection over the entire protected area as is possible.
If the absence of any detachable component of the helmet does not prevent its being worn, then this absence must not compromise either the retention system or the impact protection. If any part of the helmet detaches during testing, it must offer no laceration or puncture hazard nor reduce the coverage of the head.
If the manufacturer provides add-ons such as visors, face shields and neck curtains with the helmet, these add-ons must neither lessen the protective capability of the basic helmet nor create a direct hazard for the wearer.
B. Shell
Shell ventilation holes, if used, shall not exceed 13 mm in diameter. If rivets are used, the heads shall not have sharp edges and shall not project more than 2 mm from the outer surface of the helmet.
C. Materials
Ideally, materials used in the manufacture of the helmet should be of durable quality and not be harmed by exposure to sun, rain, dust, vibration, sweat or products applied to the skin or hair. Similarly, the materials should not degrade due to temperature extremes likely to be encountered in routine storage or transportation.
Materials which are known to cause skin irritation or are conducive to disease shall not be used for the parts which contact the skin. Materials that support the growth of fungi or algae shall not be used. Fabric lining or padding materials, if used, may be detachable for the purpose of washing so long as their absence does not degrade the protective capabilities of the helmet.
D. Finish
All edges of the helmet shall be smoothed and rounded with no metallic parts or other rigid projections on the inside of the shell that might injure the wearer's head in the event of impact.
E. Retention System
The retention system shall be designed so as to discourage misuse. That is, of all the ways in which the retention system might be used, the design use shall be the simplest and quickest to implement. Helmets shall not be fitted with "non-essential" features which, if misused, can degrade the performance. Quick release buckles, if used, shall not be able to be released inadvertently.
F. Peripheral Vision
The helmet shall provide peripheral visual clearance as measured using a reference headform appropriate to the size of the helmet. This peripheral vision includes a horizontal clearance of at least 210 degrees, an upward clearance of at least 7 degrees and a downward clearance of at least 30 degrees. However, this downward clearance makes specific allowance for breath deflectors. These clearances are described in terms of planes fixed in the reference headforms.
Some competitive applications may require helmets with more restricted visual fields. When justified, special addenda to this Standard will define reduced visual fields, the procedures for determining whether a helmet satisfies the requirement and the additional labeling requirements warning that the headgear may be appropriate only for certain uses.
For qualification testing, helmets shall be in the same condition as those offered for sale. No helmet or component which has been subjected to any tests described in this Standard shall be offered for sale after testing. A total of five (5) complete helmets must be submitted by the manufacturer for a certification test program for each distinct structural configuration of the models offered for sale. Four of these samples will be destroyed in testing, the fifth shall be retained for comparison and reference.
Cosmetic changes to certified headgear are permissible. Such changes are generally limited to marking or trimming the headgear with manufacturer approved paint or tape.
Otherwise, modification of certified headgear creates new headgear which will not have the confidence and certification of the Foundation until samples have been submitted and evaluated. Manufacturers must not place the Foundation's certification label in any modified headgear for which they have not received written permission.
After-market modifiers of such certified headgear should be aware that any structural modification may adversely affect a helmet's protective capability and therefore invalidate the certification.
In addition to the certification testing, the Foundation will routinely obtain and test samples of previously certified models. These samples will be selected from among those stocks intended for retail sale to consumers. In this manner, the Foundation will attempt to ensure that the helmets made available to the public continue to meet the performance requirements of this Standard.
In cases where helmets are provided directly to users and do not pass through a normal sales distribution system, the Foundation will set up alternative procedures to monitor certified products. Specifically, if helmets are provided directly to teams or individuals for use in organized events, the Foundation must have access to the helmets for spot checking and non-destructive evaluation.
Each helmet shall have durable, visible and legible labeling identifying the manufacturer, the month and year of manufacture, the model and the size. Labeling shall be uncoded and either in English or a language common to the area where the helmets are to be distributed. The headgear shall also be labeled to the following effect:
1. No helmet can protect the wearer against all foreseeable impacts. However, for maximum protection, the helmet must be of good fit and the retention system must be securely fastened to retain the helmet. The helmet, when fitted and fastened, shall not be removed easily.
2. This helmet is so constructed that the energy of an impact may be absorbed through its partial destruction, though damage may not be visible. If it suffers an impact, it must either be returned to the manufacturer for inspection or be destroyed and replaced.
3. Certified as a full face helmet. (or) Certified as an open face helmet. (as appropriate.)
If any of the helmet components are sensitive to common solvents, adhesives, paints or cleansers; the helmet must also bear labels to the following effect:
This helmet can be seriously damaged by some common substances without visible damage. Apply only the following: (Recommended cleaning agents, paints, adhesives and the like) as appropriate.
If the helmet model was certified according to a special addendum to this standard, each helmet shall also include the warning labels required by that addendum.
Each helmet shall also include one of the Foundation's serialized certification labels. The Snell certification label shall be placed either inside or on the outside of the helmet, as appropriate, in such a way that it cannot be removed intact.
The registered trademark (certification label) of the Snell Memorial Foundation may be used by the manufacturer only under license from the Snell Memorial Foundation. The specifics of licensure may be obtained from the Foundation.
The extent of protection corresponds to that region of the head for which protection is sought. This region is defined according to the geometry of five reference headforms: 'A', 'E', 'J', 'M' and 'O' which are described in International Standards Organization (ISO) Draft Standard ISO DIS 6220-1983.
There are a number of planes fixed in the geometry of these headforms as shown in Figure 1. This description of the extent of protection uses the ISO definitions of the basic plane, the longitudinal plane, the transverse plane and the reference plane. Other planes have also been defined strictly for convenience and clarity.
The basic plane corresponds to the anatomical plane (Frankfort plane)
that includes the auditory meatuses and the inferior orbital rims. The
longitudinal or midsagittal plane is perpendicular to the basic plane and
is the plane of symmetry dividing the right half of the headform from the
left. The transverse or coronal plane is perpendicular to both the longitudinal
and basic planes. It corresponds to the anatomical plane that contains
the two auditory meatuses and divides the front from the rear portions
of the head. The reference plane is parallel to the basic plane and lies
above it at a distance determined by the size of the headform: 24 mm, 26
mm, 27.5 mm, 29 mm and 30 mm for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively.
These four planes are all well known entities. The remaining planes, however, have been defined purely for the purposes of this Standard. The S0 plane is parallel to the basic plane and lies above it at a distance determined by the size of the headform: 46.8 mm, 50 mm, 53 mm, 55.2 mm and 57.2 mm for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively.
The S3 plane is parallel to the S0 plane and the basic plane and lies between them at a distance of 26.1 mm, 28.2 mm, 30 mm, 31.5 mm and 32.2 mm below the S0 plane for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively. The S4 plane is also parallel to the S0 plane and lies below it at a distance of 52.2 mm, 56.4 mm, 60 mm, 63 mm and 64.5 mm for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively.
The rear plane divides the rear third of the head from the front two thirds. It is parallel to the transverse plane and lies at a given distance behind the point where the reference plane and longitudinal planes intersect with the front surface of the headform. The distance from this point, hereafter called the reference point, is determined by the size of the headform: 128.6 mm, 139 mm, 148.4 mm, 155.8 mm and 161.5 mm for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively.
The fore plane is also parallel to the transverse plane. It lies behind the reference point at a distance determined by the size of the headform: 39 mm, 42.2 mm, 45.2 mm, 47.4 mm and 49.2 mm mm for the 'A' through 'O' headforms respectively.
The extent of protection provided by the helmet must include the entire
region above the S0 plane and forward of the fore plane, the
entire region above the S3 plane and between the fore and rear
planes and the entire region above the S4 plane and behind the
rear plane. (See Figure 2.)
A. Helmet Positioning
Each helmet will be positioned on the appropriate headforms for testing according to the helmet positioning indices specified. If the manufacturer fails to provide positioning information with certification samples, the helmets will be positioned according to the best judgment of the Foundation's technical personnel. If the helmets meet certification requirements, the helmet positioning indices will be those used in all future testing.
These helmet positioning indices represent distances on the headform measured from the basic plane along the intersection with the longitudinal plane to the lower edge of the helmet.
Helmet positioning indices will be assigned for all headform sizes appropriate to the headgear. Each headgear could conceivably require five helmet positioning indices, one each for the 'A', 'E', 'J', 'M' and 'O' headforms.
B. Inspection
Each helmet will be inspected for the required labels and for compliance with the general limitations made on structure. The weight and various circumferences will be recorded for comparison with other samples of the same make and model.
Some helmets may incorporate innovations and other features not anticipated by this Standard but which raise concerns about the safety and effectiveness of the headgear. These will be referred to members of the Foundation's Board of Directors for evaluation. Any feature found to reduce the protective capacity of the headgear, whether explicitly mentioned in this Standard or not, will be a cause for rejection.
C. Marking
The helmet is placed upon the largest appropriate ISO headform, positioned according to the apposite helmet positioning index and held in place with an applied force of 50 newtons (11.25 lbs). The intersections of the shell with the various defined planes are then traced onto the outer surface of the helmet in the following manner:
The level of the S0 plane is marked on that portion of the helmet in front of the fore plane. The level of the S3 plane is marked on that portion lying between the fore and rear planes. The level of the S4 plane is marked on that portion behind the rear plane. Finally, line segments along the fore plane are marked to join the S0 and S3 planes and, similarly, line segments along the rear plane are marked to join the S3 and S4 planes.
These lines enclose the top of the helmet and are the boundary of the required extent of protection. However, it shall not be a cause for rejection if parts of this boundary fall below the edge of the helmet. A test line shall be drawn as shown in figure 2.
If identical helmets are to be configured with different thickness' of comfort padding to accommodate different ranges of head size, the required extent of protection marked on the test samples shall include the required extent of protection for each different configuration as marked on the largest headform appropriate for each. That is: the helmet must meet all the requirements of this Standard in each of the intended configurations.
D. Peripheral Vision
The clearance for peripheral vision will be checked by placing the helmet on each appropriate ISO headform, positioning it according to the apposite helmet positioning index and holding it in place with a force of 50 newtons. The clearance must include the following solid angles to the front of the headform:
1. The upward visual clearance.
2. The lateral visual clearance.
3. The downward visual clearance except for the breath deflector allowance.
The upward visual clearance is the solid angle bounded by the reference plane of the headform and a second plane tilted 7 degrees up from the reference plane. This second plane intersects the reference plane at two points on the front surface of the headform that are 31 mm to the right and left of the longitudinal plane as shown in figure 3.
Helmets certified to a special addendum to this standard and bearing
the warning labels specified in the addendum will not be subjected to the
following procedures and criteria for evaluating clearances for vision.
However, the procedures and criteria specified in the addendum will be
applied instead.
The lateral visual clearance, as shown in figure 4, is the solid angle bounded by the reference plane, the S4 plane and two more planes that are perpendicular to the reference plane and that contain the reference point on the front of the headform. One of these two planes forms an angle of 105 degrees with the longitudinal plane and lies to the left of the headform. The other forms the same angle to the right of the headform.
The downward visual clearance is the solid angle bounded by the basic plane of the headform and a second plane tilted 30 degrees down from the basic plane that intersects it at two points on the front surface of the headform that are 31 mm to the right and left of the longitudinal plane as shown in figure 5. However, intrusions into this downward clearance are permitted so long as the intrusions are within the breath deflector allowance.
The breath deflector allowance is shown in figure 6. It includes the
region that is within 31 mm to the right and left of the longitudinal plane
and that lies below the two planes that form 45 degree angles with the
longitudinal plane and that intersect it at the level of the S4
E. Performance Testing
The performance testing subjects helmets to a dynamic test of retention system strength, to a test for positional stability, to impact management tests, to helmet shell penetration tests, to a removability test, and to chin bar and face shield tests if appropriate. These tests are conducted upon helmet samples kept under laboratory ambient temperature and humidity or that have been conditioned in one of three environments simulating some of the conditions in which the helmet might reasonably be expected to be used.
Prior to conditioning and testing, samples may be exposed to solvents common to motorsports which have been found to attack and degrade some helmet components.
In certification testing, the first of the four samples is kept at laboratory ambient temperature and humidity and allowed to come to equilibrium. It is subjected first to the positional stability test and then to the impact management and other tests. The second, third and fourth samples are conditioned hot, cold and wet and subjected to the dynamic test of the retention system, the impact management test and the other tests.
The selection of tests, conditioning and special conditioning is left to the discretion of the Foundation's technical personnel. However, for certification testing, each of the specified tests shall be applied to at least one sample. Furthermore, it is expected that all testing will be conducted so as to exercise all the likely failure modes of the helmet.
E1. Conditioning for Testing
Test samples may be kept at laboratory ambient temperature and humidity or may be conditioned either cold, hot or wet according to the specifications given below. At the discretion of the Foundation's technical personnel and at any point during the testing, a sample previously kept at ambient may be conditioned cold, hot or wet. However, once a sample has been conditioned cold, hot or wet, the sample must be maintained in that condition throughout the rest of the testing.
The special solvent wipe conditioning described below may be applied to any sample at the discretion of the Foundation's technical personnel.
a. Special Conditioning. Prior to any impact or retention system testing helmets may first be conditioned with a solvent mix of 50% toluene and 50% isooctane. A cotton cloth or suitable substitute shall be soaked in the solvent and used as an applicator. The solvent will be applied to the shell first in an area within 5 mm of the chin strap attachments for not less than five (5) seconds on each side and then applied to the remainder of the shell for not less than ten (10) seconds. At least thirty minutes shall elapse before further conditioning and testing.
b. Cold. The sample shall be conditioned by being exposed to a temperature of -20 +/-2 degrees C for a period of not less than four (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours.
c. Heat. The sample shall be conditioned by being exposed to a temperature of 50 +/-2 degrees C for a period of not less than four (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours.
d. Wet. The sample shall be conditioned by being continuously sprayed with water at a temperature of 25 +/-5 degrees C for a period of not less than four (4) hours, nor more than twenty-four (24) hours. This spray shall be directed at the helmet's external surfaces. The helmet shall not be subjected to total immersion.
All testing of these hot, cold and wet helmets shall begin within two (2) minutes from the time of removal from the conditioning apparatus. The samples shall be returned to the conditioning apparatus between tests.
E2. Positional Stability (Roll-Off)
The test for positional stability shall only be applied to samples kept at ambient laboratory temperature and humidity. The helmet shall not have been subjected to any prior performance testing.
The helmet shall be tested on the smallest appropriate standard full-face headform. The headform shall be supported on a stand so that its vertical axis points downward at an angle of 135 to the direction of gravity. The headform shall be oriented face down. The helmet shall be placed on the headform and adjusted to obtain the best configuration of the retention system. An inelastic strap shall be hooked to the edge of the helmet at the rear centerline and brought forward so that its free end hangs downward across the top of the helmet. An inertial hammer shall be suspended from the free end of the strap. This inertial hammer shall enable a 4.0 kg +/-50 g mass to be dropped through a 0.6 m guided fall in order to deliver an abrupt shock load to the headgear. The shock load will force the helmet to rotate forward on the headform. The helmet may be shifted but must remain on the headform.
The headform shall be repositioned so that it is facing upward but with the vertical axis still oriented downward at 135 to gravity. The helmet shall be positioned and adjusted to obtain the best configuration of the retention system. The strap/inertial hammer shall be hooked to the brow edge of the helmet at the center line so that the rope lies along the centerline and the hammer is suspended from the top of the helmet. The shock weight shall be dropped through the 0.6 m guided fall delivering an abrupt shock load forcing the helmet to rotate rearward. The helmet may be shifted but must remain on the headform.
The entire portion of the inertial hammer assembly that participates in the loading of the helmet shall be such that its mass is no more than 5.0 kg including the 4.0 kg shock mass.
E3. Dynamic Test of Retention System
The dynamic test of the retention system may be applied to any sample either kept at ambient temperature and humidity or conditioned hot, cold or wet. This test may be performed before, after, or between any of the other procedures in the test sequence. However, the retention test shall not be valid if an integral chin bar has been removed from a full face helmet.
The helmet shall be placed on a headform in such a manner that the chin strap may be fastened under a device whose upper end approximates the contour of the bony structure of the jaw. The device will then be given a mechanical pre-load followed by a dynamic loading. The retention system fails if it cannot support the mechanical loads or if the maximum deflection during the dynamic load exceeds 30 mm. The retention system also fails if it cannot be easily and quickly unfastened after testing.
a. This chinstrap loading device shall consist of a simulated jaw and accommodations for the pre-load and dynamic load. The jaw portion shall consist of two metal bars or rollers, each one 12.7 +/-0.5 mm in diameter, separated by 76 +/-0.5 mm on center. The mass of this device shall not exceed 6.0 kg.
b. A pre-load shall be applied for at least 60 seconds. This pre-load plus the mass of the chinstrap loading device shall total 23 kg +/- 500 g.
c. A 38 kg +/- 500 g mass shall be dropped in a vertical guided fall a distance of 120 mm so as to load the retaining system abruptly; the 38 kg mass and pre-load mass shall not be additive. In order to protect the test mechanism, the impact of the 38 kg mass may be cushioned with a 00-93 durometer rubber pad 150 mm in diameter by 6 mm thick, or its equivalent.
E4. Impact Management Tests
The impact management tests may be performed on samples kept at ambient temperature and humidity or conditioned hot, cold or wet. The sample shall not have been subjected to the shell penetration test beforehand.
These tests involve a series of controlled impacts in which the helmet is positioned on a test headform. The helmeted headform is then dropped in guided falls onto specified test anvils. The impact site and the impact energy must meet certain requirements in order for the tests to be valid. If in a valid test, the peak acceleration imparted to the headform exceeds 300 G's, the helmet shall be rejected.
If the sample is so constructed that it interferes with the test equipment preventing impacts at sites within the test line, then, at the discretion of the Foundation's technical personnel, parts of the helmet may be cut away to facilitate testing. Every reasonable effort to minimize such cutting will be made. However, there shall be no relaxation of the impact levels or of the test criteria.
Certain tests shall not be valid when performed on samples that have been cut for impact testing: the dynamic strength of retention system test of section E3., the positional stability test of section E2., the chin bar test of section E5. and the removability test of section E8.
E4.1 Impact Management Test Equipment
The test equipment shall consist of at least the following items:
a. The smallest of the headforms appropriate for the helmet sample. This headform shall be of rigid, low resonance metal such as magnesium alloy and shall conform to the 'A', 'E', 'J', 'M' or 'O' geometries specified in ISO DIS 6220-1983.
b. A ball-arm/collar assembly which is fitted to a socket machined into the base of the headform. The ball/socket configuration shall be such that the geometrical center of the ball is located on the central vertical axis of the headform 12.7 mm above the reference plane as described in ISO DIS 6220-1983. The ball-arm/collar assembly shall also include a uniaxial accelerometer fixed firmly into the ball.
c. A headform support assembly rigidly attached to the ball-arm. This support assembly shall be such that it and consequently the headform may be guided in a vertical drop. The weight of the support assembly shall not exceed 25% of the combined weights of the headform, ball-arm, collar and accelerometer. The total mass of the headform/support assembly shall not be less than 5.0 kg +/- .1 kg.
d. A guidance system such that the headform/support assembly is guided in a vertical drop onto a test anvil. This guidance system may consist of two or more wires or one or more rails. The headform/support - guidance system - test anvil alignment shall be such that:
d1. The drop trajectory shall be a straight line within 3 degrees of vertical and within 5 degrees of the sensitive axis of the uniaxial accelerometer.
d2. The line parallel to the drop trajectory and passing through the center of the headform ball-socket shall pass within 5 mm of the center of the test anvil, within 10 mm of the center of gravity of the headform/support assembly, and within 5 mm of the sensitive element of the uniaxial accelerometer.
e. A rigid anvil mount consisting of a solid mass of at least 135 kg. The upper surface of the anvil mount shall consist of a steel plate with a minimum thickness of 12 mm and a minimum surface area of 0.10 m2.
f. Three test anvils : flat, hemispherical and edge.
f1. The flat anvil shall have a minimum surface area of 0.0127 m2, e.g. 127 mm diameter face. When fixed in position on the anvil mount, the surface shall be perpendicular to the headform trajectory.
f2. The hemispherical anvil shall have a 48 +/-0.5 mm radius.
f3. The edge anvil shall have a striking face 6.3 mm wide by at least 180 mm long with a depth of at least 35 mm. When in position, the striking face shall be perpendicular to the headform trajectory.
g. A uniaxial accelerometer. The acceleration data channel must comply with SAE recommended practice J 211 requirements for channel class 1000 with the exception that the frequency response need not include the range from dc to 10 hz which may not be obtainable using certain types of transducers.
h. A velocity measurement device which will yield the velocity of the headform/support assembly within the last 40 mm of travel before impact. The velocity measurements must be accurate to within 1%.
E4.2 Test Definitions
a. The impact site refers to the portion of the helmet struck during an impact test. It is defined as the point where a line passing through the center of the headform ball and the center of the anvil intersects the outer surface of the helmet at the instant the helmet first touches the anvil.
b. The impact energy is the kinetic energy of the headform/support assembly at the instant of impact. It is defined as the mass of the headform/support assembly times the square of the velocity measurement times one half. The mass of the helmet is ignored in this calculation.
E4.3 Test Impacts
Test impact sites shall be on or above the test line. Rivets, vents and any other helmet feature within this region shall be valid test sites. Each impact site will be subjected to a group of one or two impacts according to the anvil selected for that site.
The impact site for the first impact within in a group is the target for all successive impacts in the same group. However, if an impact group is sited closer than 120 mm to any previous impact group, the later impacts shall be declared invalid.
There is no restriction regarding test anvil selection. The impact energies for each test impact are as follows:
a. There shall be two impacts at each site tested against the flat anvil. For the first impact, the impact energy shall be 150 j for all testing regardless of headform size or weight. For the second impact, the impact energy shall be 110 j for all testing regardless of headform size or weight. Given an ideal frictionless mechanical test facility, the certification impact energies represent 3.0+ meter and 2.2+ meter drops of a 5 kg headform and supporting assembly.
b. There shall be two impacts at each site tested against the hemispherical anvil. For the first impact, the impact energy shall be 150 j for all testing regardless of headform size or weight. For the second impact, the impact energy shall be 110 j for all testing regardless of headform size or weight. Given an ideal frictionless mechanical test facility, the impact energies represent 3.0+ meter and 2.2+ meter drops of a 5 kg headform and supporting assembly.
c. There shall be one impact at each site tested against the edge anvil. For each impact against the edge anvil, the impact energy shall be 150 j for all testing regardless of headform size or weight. Given an ideal frictionless mechanical test facility, this energy represents a 3.0+ meter drop of a 5 kg headform and supporting assembly.
d. If the impact energy for any test impact exceeds the energy specified by more than 3%, that impact shall be declared invalid.
Please Note: The impacts described above are based on specific energies and not prescribed drop heights. To attain the proper energy for an impact, it is likely that the drop height will need to be adjusted to compensate for friction inherent in most mechanical helmet testing systems. Height adjustments for these friction's should not account for more than 10% of the total drop height.
E.4 Impact Test Interpretation
If, in certification testing, a sample is found to meet all the test criteria but any two of the impacts were at less than 97% of the impact energy specified, the testing for that sample shall be declared inconclusive and must be repeated. Similarly, if there are two instances where an impact falls beyond 10 mm from the first impacts in its group, the testing for the sample shall be declared inconclusive and must be repeated. Finally, if an invalid impact produces a peak acceleration exceeding 300 G's, the testing for the sample shall be declared inconclusive and must be repeated.
The impact test procedures leave considerable latitude to the helmet tester regarding site and anvil selection. It is expected that the tester will orchestrate each test series in order to investigate potential weaknesses and to exercise each likely failure mode.
If at the end of a certification test series, the Foundation's technical personnel conclude that the results obtained in valid impacts are not sufficient to determine whether the helmet model meets the performance requirements of this standard, additional samples may be conditioned and tested. It is expected that all samples submitted will meet all the test requirements.
E5. Chin Bar Test
The chin bar test applies to full face helmets only. At least one helmet in each certification series shall be tested. The helmet shall be firmly mounted on a rigid base so that the chin bar faces up and the reference plane is at 65 +/-5 degrees from horizontal. A mass of 5 +/-.2 kg with a flat striking face of 0.01 m minimum area shall be dropped in a guided fall so as to strike the central portion of the chin bar with an impact velocity of 3.5 +/-0.2 m/sec. The maximum downward deflection of the chin bar must not exceed 60 mm nor any component fail so as to cause a potential injury to the wearer.
E6. Shell Penetration Test
The complete helmet shall be placed on a rigidly mounted headform. If the helmet contains a sling or some other adjustable sizing component, it shall be relaxed to its most extendable position.
The penetration test striker shall have a mass of 3 kg +/-50 g. The striker shall fall through a height of 3 m +/-15 mm. The point of the striker shall be a cone with an included angle of 60 +/-0.5 and an altitude of 38 +/-0.38 mm. The striking tip shall have a hardness of 60 Rockwell (scale C 3 points) and a radius of .5 +/-.01 mm.
The test striker must not penetrate to achieve even momentary contact with the test headform.
E7. Face Shield Penetration Test
If a face shield is provided with a full face helmet, this face shield shall be tested for penetration resistance in the following manner:
The faceshield shall be tested on the appropriate helmet, correctly deployed across the facial opening and under laboratory ambient conditions. A sharp, soft lead pellet weighing 1 +/-0.1 g with a diameter of 5.5 +/-0.1 mm and traveling at a velocity of 500 +/-20 km per hour shall strike the face shield normal to the surface. The face shield shall be tested in at least three different locations: the center line and 80 +/-5 mm to either side of the center line. The pellet must not penetrate to the interior of the helmet.
E8. Removability
The helmet removability test determines whether the helmet can be removed from an unconscious victim without resorting to any buckles, clasps or other mechanisms which may be rendered non-functional by impact stresses. The helmet is placed on the largest appropriate complete ISO headform with all the closures and retention systems engaged. A technician must remove the helmet from the headform using simple, common hand tools but without accessing any of the helmet mechanisms.
The hand tools for this test are limited to shears, simple edged tools
and flat bladed screw drivers. The operation must not require more than
thirty seconds.
The Snell Memorial Foundation Incorporated, as a Not-For-Profit organization under IRS section 501(C)(3), has registered in its Articles of Incorporation with the State of California the following purpose:
The Purposes of this Foundation are solely and exclusively scientific,
educational and charitable and specifically to aid, help, promote and insure
the life, safety, well-being and comfort of persons participating in or
about any type of travel or vehicular transportation; to investigate, develop,
approve and publicize any and all articles which may possibly relate thereto;
to engage in research related to such articles directly or to finance such
research and take any other action related directly or indirectly thereto,
not for profit, but exclusively for scientific, educational and charitable
Shortly after William "Pete" Snell died of massive head injuries received during an automotive racing accident, his friends and associates formed the Snell Memorial Foundation. The goals of the Foundation were to investigate and understand the mechanisms of head injury and to encourage the development of truly protective helmets for use in automotive sports.
The Snell Memorial Foundation is a not-for profit organization incorporated in 1957 under the laws of The State of California. It exists solely for the purpose of engaging in scientific and educational activities promoting the safety, well-being and comfort of persons engaged in any type of travel or vehicular transportation.
Today, the Snell Memorial Foundation tests various kinds of helmets and certifies them for use in prescribed activities. It currently publishes standards for protective headgear for use in automotive racing, karting, motorcycling, bicycling, non-motorized sports, harness racing and equestrian sports, competitive skiing and skiing and snowboarding. The Foundation is interested in just about every kind of headgear worn to protect against crash impact injury.
Helmet manufacturers submit their products for certification. If their helmets pass the demanding series of performance tests, and therefore meet the referenced standard, the manufacturers are invited to enter a contract with The Snell Memorial Foundation which entitles them to use the Snell Memorial Foundation name and logo in their packaging and advertising, and to purchase certification decals from The Foundation for use in their certified products. However, this contract also requires the certified manufacturers to maintain their high standards for all of their certified production and to participate in the random sample test program. In this program, the Foundation acquires and tests helmets to certify the continuing quality of the products. The Foundation takes pains to see that these random sample helmets are drawn from the same supply as those sold in stores; thus the Foundation is able to monitor the quality of the helmets sold directly to the consumer.
Participation in the Snell certification program is strictly voluntary. Manufacturers are not obliged to seek certification or to continue it, but while a manufacturer does participate, the Foundation demands full compliance. Similarly, the Foundation prosecutes all unauthorized use of the Snell name and logo to the full extent of the law.
The Snell Memorial Foundation maintains a state of the art testing facility in North Highlands, California. There is a Board of Directors who oversees the activities of the Foundation, and a salaried staff who conducts the testing and performs the administrative functions.
The Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc., 3628 Madison Avenue, Suite 11 North Highlands, California 95660
Tel. (916) 331-5073, Fax (916) 331-0359, E-mail email@example.com, WEB Address http://www.smf.org
© 1998 Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc.
Comment Period - November 1, 1998 - May 15, 1999.
Final Draft Completion - May 20, 1999
Certification Testing - Testing to the M2000 standard is available now however no claims of M2000 certification may be made until the official release of the standard.
Release Date - September/October, 2000. The M2000 standard will be officially released as a publication on this date barring any unforeseen complications. M2000 decals will be offered to certified manufacturers.
M-95 standards certification - No further M-95 certifications will be performed, and M-95 decals will no longer be available after the official release of M2000. Manufacturers may continue to use any stocks of M-95 decals they may have in M-95 and M2000 certified helmets until March 1, 2001.
1. 0The Foundation has also published Standards for headgear used in bicycling, non-motorized sports, automobile racing, Karting, skiing and snowboarding and equestrian activities. Copies of these Standards are available on request.


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Stay updated on news from the Clinton Presidential Center.
Upcoming Events
YouthAbility Presents RESPECT!
The White House Collection of American Crafts: 25th Anniversary Exhibit
The William J. Clinton Presidential Center is the home of the Little Rock offices of the Clinton Foundation; the Clinton Presidential Library and Museum; the Clinton School of Public Service, the first institution in the nation to offer a Master of Public Service (MPS) degree; and is a managing partner of the Presidential Leadership Scholars program, a national bipartisan executive-style leadership development initiative. Additionally, the Clinton Center is a world-class educational and cultural venue offering a variety of educational programs, special events, exhibitions, and lectures, presenting a unique perspective of the work – past, present, and future – of the 42nd President of the United States, William Jefferson Clinton.
Our renowned on-site restaurant, 42 bar and table, offers a variety of dining selections for Clinton Center visitors and locals alike. Featuring unparalleled views of the lighted pedestrian bridge and a menu with a delicious blend of local favorites and internationally-inspired cuisine, 42 bar and table ensures a presidential experience for every guest. Admission fees are NOT required to dine at 42 bar and table; however, regular admission fees apply to tour the museum. Visit Website
The Clinton Museum Store, conveniently located in the lobby of the museum, offers a diverse selection of unique memorabilia and gifts, including books, accessories, collectibles, and more. The Museum Store also features items related to the current temporary exhibit. Admission fees are NOT required to shop at the Museum Store; however, regular admission fees apply to tour the museum. Visit Website

subset: commoncrawl


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Sacramento State's Geology Club will hold its seventh annual rock auction, 6 p.m. Friday, Nov 19, in the University Alumni Center.
Club members have been working for weeks, according to club president Katy O'Donnell, to provide a large collection of rocks that should attract professionals and amateur rock hounds alike. The gathering's goal is to raise funds for the club with nearly all of the proceeds going to help subsidize field-trip costs for Sac State's future geologists. Auction coordinator Robin Wham, a Sac State graduate and geology major, says that some of the funds will be used to make "rock boxes" that will be provided to underfunded local schools.
There will be silent and live auctions of hundreds of rocks, gems, fossils and minerals that draw numerous bids as the time-limit approaches. Dave Evans, chair of the department and auctioneer for the event, says that things can get a tad "frantic" as collectors keep raising the stakes with escalating bids.
It's all good fun for a particularly good cause. Last year's auction raised more than $7,500, and the club is hoping for an even larger return this year. In addition to the extensive array of specimens for purchase, there will be catered food and beverages, a children's table with games and mystery gift bags.
The rock auction's festive atmosphere enables community members to enjoy themselves while mingling with Sac State students and faculty.
Auction specimens vary in size from pebbles to large rocks for gardens and include striking crystals, geodes, fossils, highly polished rocks and gems. "This year we have some spectacular museum-quality donations," Evans says.
The items are donated by students, faculty, local firms and mineral collectors. To donate a sample for the auction, or for more information about the event, email the club at firstname.lastname@example.com or call Wham at (916) 995-1436.
For media assistance call Sacramento State's Public Affairs Office (916) 278-6156.


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Posted in Disabilities, Down Syndrome, GiGi's Playhouse Down Syndrome Awareness Centers, Philanthropic, Special Needs Children, Uncategorized
Tags: Portraits by Thomas Balsamo, Thomas Balsamo
My hopes and dreams for creating this Blog is to inspire others to find, develop and use their gifts passions and talents to make a fulfilling career while making contributions to society. What a great place the world would be if everyone would operate in this space. I have never had a job, because my portrait work has been a labor of love. I strive to create my clients most valuable possessions.I have been so privileged that my portraiture has been used to raise millions of dollars for non profit organizations. I am so thankful to have had 30 incredible years of creating portraiture. Please enjoy this site!


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Climate Alarmist Calls For Burning Down Skeptics' Homes
"Let's start keeping track of them…let's make them pay"
Paul Joseph Watson
Prison Planet.com
Thursday, April 19, 2012
Writing for Forbes Magazine, climate change alarmist Steve Zwick calls for skeptics of man-made global warming to be tracked, hunted down and have their homes burned to the ground, yet another shocking illustration of how eco-fascism is rife within the environmentalist lobby.
Comparing climate change skeptics to residents in Tennessee who refused to pay a $75 fee, resulting in firemen sitting back and watching their houses burn down, Zwick rants that anyone who actively questions global warming propaganda should face the same treatment.
"We know who the active denialists are – not the people who buy the lies, mind you, but the people who create the lies. Let's start keeping track of them now, and when the famines come, let's make them pay. Let's let their houses burn. Let's swap their safe land for submerged islands. Let's force them to bear the cost of rising food prices," writes Zwick [1], adding, "They broke the climate. Why should the rest of us have to pay for it?"
As we have profusely documented [2], as polls show that fewer and fewer Americans are convinced by the pseudo-science behind man-made global warming [3], promulgated as it is by control freaks like Zwick who care more about money and power than they do the environment, AGW adherents are becoming increasingly authoritarian in their pronouncements.
Even as the science itself disproves their theories [4] – Arctic ice is thickening, polar bears and penguins are thriving, Himalayan glaciers are growing – climate change alarmists are only becoming more aggressive in their attacks against anyone who dares question the global warming mantra.
Earlier month we highlighted [5] Professor Kari Norgaard's call for climate skeptics to be likened to racists and 'treated' for having a mental disorder. In a letter to Barack Obama, Norgaard also called on the President [6] to ignore the will of the people and suspend democracy in order to enforce draconian ecological mandates.
But that's by no means represents the extreme edge of eco-fascist sentiment that has been expressed in recent years.
In 2010, UK government-backed global warming alarmist group 10:10 produced an infomercial [7] in which children who refused to lower their carbon emissions were slaughtered in an orgy of blood and guts. After a massive backlash, the organization was forced to remove the video from their website and issue an apology.
The same year, 'Gaia hypothesis' creator James Lovelock asserted [8] that "democracy must be put on hold" to combat global warming and that "a few people with authority" should be allowed to run the planet because people were too stupid to be allowed to steer their own destinies.
In 2006, an environmental magazine [9] to which Al Gore and Bill Moyers had both granted interviews advocated that climate skeptics who are part of the "denial industry" be arrested and made to face Nuremberg-style war crimes trials.
ClimateDepot.com's Mark Morano is encouraging AGW skeptics to politely inform Steve Zwick ( [email protected] [10]) that calling for people who express a difference of opinion to be tracked and have their houses burned down is not a rational argument for the legitimacy of man-made global warming science.
Indeed, it's the argument of a demented idiot who's obviously in the throws of a childish tantrum over the fact that Americans are rejecting the global government/carbon tax agenda for which man-made global warming is a front in greater numbers than ever before.
Paul Joseph Watson is the editor and writer for Prison Planet.com [11]. He is the author of Order Out Of Chaos. Watson is also a regular fill-in host for The Alex Jones Show and Infowars Nightly News.
Article printed from Prison Planet.com: http://www.prisonplanet.com
URL to article: http://www.prisonplanet.com/climate-alarmist-calls-for-burning-down-skeptics-homes.html
URLs in this post:
[1] writes Zwick: http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevezwick/2012/04/19/a-tennessee-firemans-solution-to-climate-change/
[2] As we have profusely documented: http://www.prisonplanet.com/green-fascism-the-growing-threat-of-eco-tyranny.html
[3] fewer and fewer Americans are convinced by the pseudo-science behind man-made global warming: http://www.prisonplanet.com/gallup-poll-global-warming-dead-last-again.html
[4] Even as the science itself disproves their theories: http://www.prisonplanet.com/penguins-polar-bears-glaciers-arctic-ice-all-thriving.html
[5] Earlier month we highlighted: http://www.prisonplanet.com/climate-change-skepticism-a-sickness-that-must-be-treated-says-professor.html
[6] Norgaard also called on the President: http://www.prisonplanet.com/professor-norgaard-urged-obama-to-ignore-democracy-public-opinion.html
[7] produced an infomercial: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfnddMpzPsM&feature=player_embedded
[8] James Lovelock asserted: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/blog/2010/mar/29/james-lovelock
[9] an environmental magazine: http://newsbusters.org/node/8249
[10] [email protected]: mailto:[email protected]
[11] Prison Planet.com: http://prisonplanet.com/
Depopulation of a Planet
Blueprint For The "Thinning"
Scoundrels' Plan Unfolds
Part IV: A Picture Emerges
A Report by RICK MARTIN
In his 1957 book New Bottles For New Wine, Julian Huxley writes, [quoting:]
As a result of a thousand million years of evolution, the universe is becoming conscious of itself, able to understand something of its past history and its possible future. This cosmic self-awareness is being realized in one tiny fragment of the universe - in a few of us human beings. Perhaps it has been realized elsewhere too, through the evolution of conscious living creatures on the planets of other stars. But on this our planet, it has never happened before.
Evolution on this planet is a history of the realization of ever new possibilities by the stuff of which Earth (and the rest of the universe) is made - life; strength, speed and awareness; the emergence of mind, long before man was ever dreamt of, with the production of color, beauty, communication, maternal care, and the beginnings of intelligence and insight. And finally, during the last few ticks of the cosmic clock, something wholly new and revolutionary, human beings with their capabilities for conceptual thought and language, for self-conscious awareness and purpose, for accumulating and pooling conscious experience. For do not let us forget that the human species is as radically different from any of the microscopic single-called animals that lived a thousand million years ago as they were from a fragment of stone or metal.
The new understanding of the universe has come about through the new knowledge amassed in the last hundred years - by psychologists, biologists, and other scientists, by archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians. It has defined man's responsibility and destiny - to be an agent for the rest of the world in the job of realizing its inherent potentialities as fully as possible.
It is as if man had been suddenly appointed managing director of the biggest business of all the business of evolution - appointed without being asked if he wanted it, and without proper warning and preparation. What is more, he can't refuse the job. Whether he wants to or not, whether he is conscious of what he is doing or not, he is in point of fact determining the future direction of evolution on this Earth. That is his inescapable destiny, and the sooner he realizes it and starts believing in it, the better for all concerned. [End quoting]
"We will build the New World Order piece by piece right under their noses" (the American people). "The house of the New World Order will have to be built from the bottom up rather than from the top down. An end run around sovereignty, eroding it piece by piece, will accomplish much more than the old-fashioned frontal attack." Richard Gardner, leading American Socialist, Foreign Affairs - The Journal of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), April 1974, quoted from John Coleman's new book Socialism: The Road To Slavery [WIR, 2533 N. Carson St., #J118, Carson City, NV 89706 - 800-942-0821].
[Continuing to quote from Coleman's book:]
"There is an account of the various Socialists' goals set by the British Fabian Society, whose motto is, "Make Haste Slowly." When asked to explain Communism, Lenin replied, "Communism is Socialism in a hurry." Socialism has nowhere to progress but to Communism.
"Socialism is revolution without openly violent methods but nevertheless does the utmost violence to the psyche of the nation. It is a movement governed by stealth. Its slow advance on the United States from its home base in England was almost imperceptible up to the 1950s. The Fabian Socialist movement remains distinct from so-called Socialist Party groups and its forward crawl was thus almost imperceptible to the majority of Americans. "When you wound a Communist, a Socialist bleeds" is a saying that dates back to the early days of Fabian Socialism.
"Socialism ardently welcomes proliferation of central government power which they strive to secure for themselves, always pretending it to be for the common good. The United States and Britain are full to the brim with false prophets pushing the New World Order. These Socialist missionaries preach peace and humanitarianism and common good. Fully aware that they could not overcome the resistance of the American people to Communism by direct means, the insidious Fabian Socialists knew they had to move silently and slowly, and avoid alerting the people to their real objectives. Thus was "scientific Socialism" adopted as the way to overcoming the United States and making of it the leading Socialist country in the world.
"How far Fabian Socialism has succeeded, and where we stand today is told in this book [Socialism: The Road To Slavery]. Presidents Wilson, Roosevelt, Eisenhower, Carter. Kennedy and Johnson were eager, willing servants of Fabian Socialism. Their mantle was passed to President Clinton. Democracy and Socialism go hand-in-hand. All United States presidents since Wilson have repeatedly stated that the United States is a Democracy, when in fact, it is a Confederated Republic. Fabian Socialism directs the destiny of the world in a way which is disguised to render it unrecognizable. Socialism is the author of the graduated income tax, the destroyer of nationalism, the author of so-called 'free trade.'"
Quoting again from New Bottles For New Wine, written in 1957:
"But man does not live by bread alone. He needs power and shelter and clothing, and in addition to all material requirements he needs space and beauty, sport and recreation, interest and enjoyment.
"Excessive population can erode all these things. Up till now, rapid population increase has led to hyper-trophied cities, so big that they are beginning to defeat their own ends; they are producing discomfort, inefficiency and nervous strain as well as cutting off millions of people from any real contact or sense of unity with nature.
"Population increase also threatens the world's open spaces and the beauty of unspoilt nature. In small countries with high population density, like England, the pressure on mere space is becoming acute. But even in newer and less densely inhabited countries the process of erosion and destruction is going on, often at an alarming rate. Everywhere, even in Africa, wild life - not merely big game, but wild life in general - is shrinking and often being exterminated: the world's mountains are being invaded by hydroelectric projects, its forests cut down or commercialized, its wilderness infiltrated by farmers and miners and tourists and other invaders. Even the cultural richness of the world is being impoverished. The pressure of population is being translated into economic and social pressures, which are forcing mass-produced goods into every corner of the globe, pushing people into Western dress and Western habits, sapping ancient cultural ideals and destroying traditional art and craftsmanship.
"Indeed, once we start looking at the population problem as a whole and in all its implications, we find ourselves being pressed into a reconsideration of human values in general. First of all we must reject the idea that mere quantity of human beings is of value apart from the quality of their lives. Then, after realizing that all existence is a process of transformation or evolution, that the human species in its cultural evolution is continuing and extending the process of biological evolution from which it arose, that the well-rounded and developed human personality is the highest product of the evolutionary process of which we have any knowledge, but that the human individual cannot achieve full development except in the environment provided by an adequate society, we find ourselves inevitably driven to the ideal of fulfillment - greater fulfillment for more fully developed human individuals.
"Accordingly, the values we must pursue are those which permit or promote greater human fulfillment. Food and health, energy and leisure are its necessary bases: its value-goals are knowledge and interest, beauty and emotional expression, inner integration and outer participation, enjoyment and a sense of significance. In practice these values often come into competition and even conflict; so to achieve greater fulfillment we need a pattern of compromise and mutual adjustment between values.
"The space and the resources of our planet are limited. Some we must set aside for the satisfaction of man's material needs - for food, raw materials, and energy. But we must set aside others for more ultimate satisfactions - the enjoyment of unspoilt nature and fine scenery, the interest of wild life, travel, satisfying recreation, beauty in place of ugliness in human building, and the preservation of the variety of human culture and of monuments of ancient grandeur.
"In practice this means limiting the use to which some areas are put. You cannot use ploughed fields to land aircraft on, you cannot grow crops in built-over areas, you cannot permit exploitation or unrestricted "development" in National Parks or nature sanctuaries. In the long run, you cannot avoid paying the price for an unrestricted growth of human numbers: and that price is ruinous.
"It is often asserted that science can have no concern with values. On the contrary, in all fields of Social Science, and (in rather a different way) wherever the applications of Natural Science touch social affairs and affect human living, science must take account of values, or it will not be doing its job satisfactorily. The population problem makes this obvious. As soon as we recall that population is merely a collective term for aggressions of living human beings, we find ourselves thinking about relations between quantity and quality-quantity of the human beings in the population and quality of the lives they lead: in other words, values.
"Though I may seem to have painted the picture of world population in gloomy colors, there is hope. Just as the horrible destructiveness of atomic warfare is now prompting a reconsideration of warfare in general, and seems likely to lead to the abandonment of all-out war as an instrument of national policy, so I would predict that the threat of over-population to human values like health, standard of living, and amenity will prompt a reconsideration of values in general and lead eventually to a new value-system for human living. But time is of the essence of the contract. If before the end of the century the rate of human increase is not lowered, instead of continuing to rise, so many values will have been damaged or destroyed that it will be difficult to recreate them, let alone to build a new and better system."
The Vietnam War may have ended, but it continues to claim its victims. Veterans, who were at the peak of their physical condition when they fought in Vietnam, are now sick and dying - not from lingering enemy wounds but from an insidious, poisonous herbicide that was sprayed over the countryside of that war-torn nation.
During the war, U.S. airplanes dumped an estimated twelve million gallons of the defoliant Agent Orange over nearly five million acres of Vietnam in an attempt to deny the enemy protective cover. United States soldiers below - often surrounded by a fog of the herbicide - were told that it was harmless. It was not. Quoting from Fred Wilcox's 1989 book Waiting For An Army To Die - The Tragedy Of Agent Orange:
In 1970 when the order to stop using Agent Orange in South Vietnam was issued, the U.S. military was left with thousands of fifty-five-gallon drums containing this herbicide. Some of these barrels were stored on Johnston Island in the Pacific, while others went to the Naval Construction Battalion Center at Gulfport, Mississippi. But the drums started to rust and their contents began leaking, making it imperative that something more "final" be done about the surplus stocks of herbicide Orange. In February 1972, the Mississippi Air and Pollution Control Commission ordered that the Agent Orange stored at Gulfport be removed immediately. Faced with this, the Air Force tried returning the remaining stocks of Agent Orange to its manufacturers, who refused to accept the offer. Air Force officials also suggested that the surplus herbicide be disposed of "by the prudent disposition of herbicide Orange for use on privately owned or governmentally owned lands." This plan also failed and, seven years after the barrels were removed from Vietnam, the EPA finally granted the Air Force a permit to incinerate the remaining stocks of Agent Orange on the German-built ship Vulcnus in the South Pacific. By the time the permit was granted, more than 5,000 drums containing over a quarter million gallons of Agent Orange had rotted through.
At the first "Defoliation Conference" sponsored by the Department of Defense and attended by several chemical companies (including Dow and Monsanto), General Fred J. Delmore, commanding general, U.S. Army, Edgewood Arsenal, told the companies' representatives that the DOD wanted to make sure that whatever it used for defoliants would be "perfectly innocuous to man and animals and at the same time will do the job." Albert Hayward, chief of the program coordination office at Fort Detrick, told the conference that "it goes without saying that the materials must be applicable by ground and air spray, that they must be logistically feasible, and that they must be nontoxic to humans and livestock in the area affected." In a 1964 press release, Dow asserted that its 2,4,5-T was absolutely nontoxic to humans or animals, but by 1965 the company confirmed that it contained TCDD. Dow also admitted that it had not informed the USDA or the DOD that it had discovered 2,4,5-T to be contaminated with TCDD.
The class action [suit by Vietnam veterans] is not only unique but ironic in many ways: 2.5 million Vietnam veterans suing chemical companies that were, theoretically, manufacturing a product that would save American lives in Vietnam; the chief attorney for the veterans confiding that he gets his most incriminating information on the effects of dioxin from scientists who work for one of the plaintiff war contractors; and the chemical companies arguing they were just "following orders" when they made Agent Orange, some of which was 15 to 15,000 times more contaminated with dioxin than the 2,4,5-T sold for domestic use.
Although the class action suit has been filed on behalf of all veterans who served in Vietnam, the number of veterans who were listed as sick or dying at the time of the interview was approximately 40,000. More veterans will undoubtedly be added to this list in the future. [End quoting.]
In Robert Harris and Jeremy Paxman's book A Higher Form Of Killing - -The Secret Story Of Chemical And Biological Warfare, we read [quoting:]
The secret story of chemical and biological warfare demonstrates few things so clearly as the way in which discoveries made in the cause of human welfare can be used to devise ever more sophisticated instruments of death. Discoveries in veterinary science are tuned to the development of new biological weapons. A potential pesticide is transformed into a nerve agent. Yet the present generation of weapons is based upon scientific discoveries made up to fifty years ago: until the late 1970s British and American chemists were still attempting to produce an antidote to soman, an agent which had first been developed in the laboratories of Nazi Germany. Horrific though the effects of today's weapons may be, however, they are capable of infinite refinement. The present arsenals are huge: the "inadequate" stock of nerve gas in the United States is sufficient to kill the entire population of the world four thousand times over.
It is in the field of biological warfare that the most frightening possibilities present themselves. It is now nearly thirty years since Crick and Watson made their momentous discovery of the "double helix" structure of DNA, the molecule which controls heredity. The discovery has not yet, as far as is known, been applied to the business of war. But in the civilian laboratories of Europe and North America biologists are regularly tampering with the nature of life itself through "gene splicing" or recombinant DNA. It has been called the most awesome discovery since man split the atom. Should the breakthrough, like atomic physics, come to be applied to warfare the implications scarcely bear thinking about.
As long ago as 1962, forty scientists were employed at the U.S. Army biological warfare laboratories on full-time genetics research. "Many others", it was said, "appreciate the implications of genetics for their own work". The implications were made more specific seven years later, when a Department of Defense spokesman claimed that genetic engineering could solve one of the major disadvantages of biological warfare, that it is limited to diseases which occur naturally somewhere in the world.
Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective micro-organism which could differ in certain important respects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory [i.e., not yielding to treatment] to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease.
The possibility that such a "super germ" may have been successfully produced in a laboratory somewhere in the world in the years since that assessment was made is one which should not be too readily cast aside. [End quoting.]
In Phoenix Journal #65, The Last Great Plague Upon Man: AIDS And Related Murder Tools, Hatonn writes [quoting:]
AIDS is, by all definition, a "plague"! It will affect society in ways that you cannot now even imagine. There is no cure within your grasp as a people and no prospects of a vaccine - both of which will be thoroughly discussed as we move along. Even by scientific optimistic projections it is not even hoped for within the next fifteen to twenty years, at best. It is projected by Public Health experts that over 2.4 billion people, half the world's population, will die from AIDS viruses and mutations by those viruses within that period of time. Not a pretty picture by any standard.
Economic devastation is impending for the medical health systems, insurance facilities and all related services within the next decade.
Now, some shocking information for most of you newly interested readers who feel safe and secure with your singular relationships and the comfort of a cozy condom. If things do not change radically and immediately, what you are really destined for is extinction.
AIDS is NOT prevented, nor hardly even impacted, by use of condoms. AIDS is NOT a venereal disease. AIDS is NOT a homosexual disease and AIDS did not come from any monkey bite in far off Africa. It came right out of a man-organized laboratory by cross breeding cattle and sheep viruses.
The AIDS virus was specifically requested, produced, deployed, and now threatens extinction of the species. You are headed for the worst catastrophe in the history of your world.
The first officially diagnosed case of AIDS was in San Francisco in 1981. Actually, it went something like this: The AIDS virus appeared in New York in 1978, San Francisco and Los Angeles in 1980. It appeared in young, white, male homosexuals who were between the ages of twenty and forty and promiscuous in behavior. Simultaneously with its appearance, there was conducted a Hepatitis B vaccine study in New York in 1978 and in San Francisco and Los Angeles in 1980 - among young white male homosexuals who were between the ages of twenty and forty.
You must surely ask yourself if there is a relationship between the Hepatitis B vaccine study in the United States and the subsequent outbreak of AIDS in the same population groups and at exactly the same time.
Further, this followed right on the steps of the outbreak of the disease in Third World areas such as Africa and Haiti in the 1970s. West Coast gays, particularly in San Francisco, made Haiti a main playground and vacation spot during that ensuing period of time, thereby being hit from two directions.
In your mid 1970s the outbreak of smallpox in Africa was epidemic and spreading into many other sectors. An organization was created called the World Health Organization (WHO), which made an all out effort to inoculate thousands and thousands of people, among which were some 15,000 Haitians who were working in Africa at the time.
You have to have some understanding of viruses, bacteria, human cell origin, tissue culture and manipulation of all those things within the laboratory.
In addressing what the AIDS virus is, the virus has a morphology which is actually a D-type retrovirus. So what are viruses? Some of you people are convinced, and I shall not confuse you, that viruses are the smallest replicating micro-organism. That means they are thought to be the smallest replicating organism that require other cells in which to grow themselves.
That viruses are not capable of reproducing themselves on their own, outside of living tissue, is the conviction of the scientists today. Viruses must inhabit another cell for potential growth and reproduction.
Bacteria, fungus, and some other organisms are actually capable of growing outside of tissue, in other words, they don't have to inhabit other tissue to reproduce themselves. They can grow on tissue culture plates such as bacteria. The viruses must grow inside of tissue which requires that there be living human or animal tissue in which they may replicate.
Retrovirus means that it is a small replicating organism which grows inside of living tissue. So what does the term "retro" mean? In the case of this particular virus, it stands for the fact that contained within the AIDS virus, and other so-called human retroviruses, or other animal retroviruses, are small enzymes known as reverse transcriptase. That is where the word "retro" comes from. The reverse transcriptase, which is where the "re" comes from "reverse" and the "tro" from transcriptase. That is an enzyme in the AIDS virus which actually is responsible for duplication of the genes of the AIDS virus which are in an RNA form, different from human form. Human genetic material grows in a DNA form.
If the AIDS virus is to insert itself into human material, somehow after infection of the cell, what happens is this enzyme duplicates the RNA of the AIDS virus into a DNA form and actually inserts that into the human DNA. The AIDS virus genes get in and are actually duplicated into DNA form, copied by the reverse transcriptase. That information is then inserted into the genetic makeup of the human cell. This is now an AIDS virus residing within the human genes which then sends out a signal for production of a NEW AIDS virus. Read carefully - NEW AIDS VIRUS!
Beyond AIDS the genetic information of all retroviruses is copied into the DNA form by the reverse transcriptase inserted into the genes and subsequent production of new viruses.
Let me generalize a bit of information here for better understanding. Virology is the study of viruses which deals with tiny living organisms visible only with the use of the most powerful electron microscopes on your planet as you now recognize the scientific limitations. Millions of AIDS viruses can easily fit onto the head of a small pin. The AIDS virus is particularly deadly to you humans because of its ability to not invade and neutralize human cells, but the virus's ability to put its own genetic material inside the human cell's genetic structure, thereby allowing the virus to use the human cell as a kind of virus factory, reproducing from a human cell's raw materials. [End quoting.]
I seen a interview on the Alex Jones show yesterday and they were discussing a CO2 Tax for every living person .... Have you by chance seen anything on that topic ?
Here's a trailer for a "warmimg alarmist" movie
being pushed at SXSW … self-serving tripe …
that's the clearest description I can come up
with for these LibTard filthy lies:
Great news for humanity, but not for global warmist wackos. Via The Washington Post, Antarctic sea ice hit 35-year record high Saturday:
Antarctic sea ice has grown to a record large extent for a second straight year, baffling scientists seeking to understand why this ice is expanding rather than shrinking in a warming world.
On Saturday, the ice extent reached 19.51 million square kilometers, according to data posted on the National Snow and Ice Data Center Web site. That number bested record high levels set earlier this month and in 2012 (of 19.48 million square kilometers). Records date back to October 1978.
Wait. Wait. The sea ice was shrinking only 6 months ago. Via The Wall Street Journal, Antarctic Ice Shelves Are Shrinking, Study Says:
The ice shelves that float off the coast of Antarctica and act as a bulwark against the melting of the continent's ice sheet have lost volume over the past two decades, according to a new study.
Ice shelves are floating extensions of the permanent ice sheet that covers the continent. They are 400-500 meters (around 1,300-1,600 feet) thick on average and can extend to hundreds of kilometers out to sea. If they thin substantially, more of the land-based ice they support could collapse into the ocean and potentially raise sea levels in years to come.
Another day and another forecast of climate disaster is disproved by observation. One would think that someone somewhere would be questioning the underlying (emphasis on lying) assumptions of the global warming scam that is bilking governments of billions in grant money and consumers of billions in extra costs to avoid the impending bulls***-ocalypse. But one would be wrong


text:
J. F. Healey
Aretas, the name of several kings of the *Nabataeans (Nabataean Aramaic form ḥrtt).
reigned in the early 2nd cent.
'Philhellen' (c.84-60/59
Carthage, history
William Nassau Weech, Brian Herbert Warmington, and R. J. A. Wilson
Chaeremon (2), of Alexandria (1), Greek author, 1st cent. CE
Christopher Pelling
Chaeremon of *Alexandria (1), where he held a priesthood: Greek writer on Egypt. He taught the young *Nero. His writings treated Egyptian history, religion, customs, astrology, and hieroglyphic writings. A Stoic viewpoint is visible.
Cleopatra VII, 69–30 BCE
Dorothy J. Thompson
Iulius Philippus, Marcus
John Frederick Drinkwater
Iulius Philippus, Marcus, Roman emperor 244–9
Stories that Philippus engineered the death of Gordian III, and was a Christian (see
B. C. McGing
Parthian-Roman Wars
Jason M. Schlude
Founded and ruled by the Arsacid royal family, the Parthian empire (c. 250


text:
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So who ya rootin' for in the NFL playoffs this weekend?
If you're a stock-market bull, you may want to pull for the San Francisco 49ers.
The Super Bowl Indicator holds that any NFC team winning the Super Bowl is bullish for stocks. It\'s worked 80% of the time since the Super Bowl began in 1967. But if you take a close look at the S.B.I.'s performance, you'll see the stock market LOVES the 49ers.
In fact, win or lose, San Francisco has been in the Super Bowl in four of the five best years for the stock market since the big game between the NFC and AFC champs began in 1967.
The Niners' Super Bowl wins in 1985, 1989 and 1995 were followed by annual gains of 27.7%, 27.0% and 33.5%, respectively, for the Dow industrials. From 1967 to last year, only the Pittsburgh Steelers' victory in 1975 delivered a bigger advance.
Even in 2013, when San Francisco lost to the Baltimore Ravens, the market boomed.
So S.B.I. believers don't want just any old NFC team to triumph over the AFC champion in the Super Bowl. Under this thinking, it's best for your portfolio to have the 49ers beat the Seattle Seahawks in Sunday's NFC championship — and then win the big game itself on Feb. 2.
Of course, the Super Bowl Indicator is a classic example of confusing correlation with cause and effect. MarketWatch's Mark Hulbert took the whole faulty concept to the woodshed in a column last year
As he blasted "spurious correlations," Hulbert pointed out that Bangladeshi butter production is an even better \"indicator\" for stocks. Perhaps the S.B.I. should be renamed the B.S.I.
Of the nine years when the S.B.I. has failed, four involved Super Bowl appearances by the Denver Broncos — who play the New England Patriots on Sunday in the AFC Championship.
So you may want to be wary of the Broncos — and also the Patriots. The best performance in years when the Pats won it all was a 3.1% gain in 2004. The worst was a 16.8% drop in 2002. And the Patriots\' loss in 2008 to the New York Giants was followed by Wall Street\'s worst year since the Super Bowl began, a 33.8% slide in the Dow.
Seattle\'s only Super Bowl appearance in 2006 was a loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Dow surged that year. (Although the Seahawks are in the NFC, the Steelers have their roots in the old NFL, and for the purposes of the indicator are deemed to be an NFC team, meaning the indicator is deemed to have held that year.)
Overall, you can see the prediction business is tough. Just ask all those Wall Street strategists who haven\'t exactly been spot on.
Check out the sortable table (below) to learn more about how the Super Bowl Indicator has performed when your team has been in the hunt. Just click on the headers of each column to sort by year, winning team, the Dow\'s percentage change that year, etc.
— Victor Reklaitis and Tom Bemis
Follow Vic on Twitter @vicrek
Follow Tom on Twitter @TomBemis
More from MarketWatch:
2013 Super Bowl ads that stole the show
Can Scarlett Johansson bring 'Her' magic to SodaStream?
The Onion\'s 2014 investing tips: Gold deserves love, tap Agassi for financial advice


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2009-10 Subaru Forester Mirror - 1AMRE024401AMRE02440
Frequently bought together
Part Details
- Mirror Operation: Power
- Mirror Color / Finish: Smooth Black - Paint to Match
- Mirror Heating Type: Heated
This replacement mirror is just what you need to get your vehicle in good looking form again!
- RH (Passenger Side)
- Power operation
- Heated
- Folding - Manual operation
Paint To Match Finish
- Can be painted by buyer to match or installed as is
- Replaces dealer part number: 91029-SC060, 91029SC060
- Direct replacement
- Built to strict quality control standards
This mirror makes a great replacement and has good cost savings over a dealer unit.
Paint To Match Note:
"Paint to match finish" refers to a smooth, paintable surface. This item will be shipped unpainted but will be ready for paint. Final preparation is suggested for better paint coverage and adhesion.
This part can also be installed without painting if desired.
Special Note:
- Unless otherwise noted, replacement mirrors will only work properly on vehicles with the exact same options. If your vehicle does not have the options listed in specifications, the mirror(s) may not function properly.
Item Condition:
Lifetime Warranty
This item is backed by a Limited Lifetime Warranty. In the event this item should fail due to manufacturing defects during intended use, we will exchange the part free of charge (excludes shipping charges) for the original purchaser.
step : Removing Door Handle (0:32)
- Remove the Phillips screw
- Slide handle forward and out.
- Using a screwdriver pry the clip and push the handle up and off the rod.
step : Removing Door Panel (1:08)
- Pry the switch panel up and disconnect the lead.
- Pry up the armrest tab and remove the door trim panel
- Use a Phillips head to turn the clip and pry it till it pops out.
- Remove the two screws.
- Pull the door panel off
step : Removing The Mirror (2:50)
- Locate the lead and press the button on the back to release it.
- Remove the three 10 mm nuts
step : Reinstallation of Mirror and Door Panel (4:33)
- Reinstall in reverse order.
- Thread 10 mm bolt stops by hand so they are not over tightened
- Line up door panel clips and push it in, making sure that the lock rod and harness are coming through.
- Install two Phillips screws in armrest, push armrest into place.
- Reconnect power window switch and slide the back in first and push the front down into place.
- Reinstall door handle and push into place.
- Put the trim panel near window back into place.
Tools needed for replacement:
- Ratchet
- Phillips Head Screwdriver
- 10mm Socket
Ratchets & Related
Screwdrivers & Related
Sockets - Metric
|Subaru Forester Power Heated Smooth Black - Paint to Match Mirror Passenger Side
Part #: 1AMRE02440
Order must be placed by 4pm ET
Get it in: 2 - 4 Business Days
Want it sooner? Choose Next Day Air at Checkout