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ARCA CM18 Overview
ARCA CM18 Cash Recycler
How does a cash recycler work?
CM18 Cash Recycler In Action
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ARCA Is Your Kiosk Development Partner
Each web application you build is composed of objects that collaborate to get stuff done. These objects need to be instantiated and wired together for the app to work. In AngularJS apps most of these objects are instantiated and wired together automatically by the injector service .
The injector creates two types of objects, services and specialized objects .services specialized objects
Services are objects whose API is defined by the developer writing the service.
Specialized objects conform to a specific AngularJS framework API. These objects are one of controllers, directives, filters or animations.
The injector needs to know how to create these objects. You tell it by registering a "recipe" for creating your object with the injector. There are five recipe types.
The most verbose, but also the most comprehensive one is a Provider recipe. The remaining four recipe types — Value, Factory, Service and Constant — are just syntactic sugar on top of a provider recipe.
Let's take a look at the different scenarios for creating and using services via various recipe types. We'll start with the simplest case possible where various places in your code need a shared string and we'll accomplish this via Value recipe.
In order for the injector to know how to create and wire together all of these objects, it needs a registry of "recipes". Each recipe has an identifier of the object and the description of how to create this object.
Each recipe belongs to an
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. An AngularJS module is a bag that holds one or more recipes. And since manually keeping track of module dependencies is no fun, a module can contain information about dependencies on other modules as well.
When an AngularJS application starts with a given application module, AngularJS creates a new instance of injector, which in turn creates a registry of recipes as a union of all recipes defined in the core "ng" module, application module and its dependencies. The injector then consults the recipe registry when it needs to create an object for your application.
Let's say that we want to have a very simple service called "clientId" that provides a string representing an authentication id used for some remote API. You would define it like this:
Notice how we created an AngularJS module called
, and specified that this module definition contains a "recipe" for constructing the
service, which is a simple string in this case.
And this is how you would display it via AngularJS's data-binding:
In this example, we've used the Value recipe to define the value to provide when
asks for the service with id "clientId".
July 18-August 5
Parkman Bandstand, Boston Common
By William Shakespeare
Directed by Steven Maler
P erformances are FREE and open to the public. Tuesday –Saturday at 8pm, Sundays at 7pm (off Mondays) Matinee performance on Saturday, August 4 at 3pm
Accessibility Performances: Audio Described Performance: Saturday, August 4 at 3pm (rain date: Sunday, August 5) Open Captioned: Saturday, July 28 at 8pm (Rain Date: Wednesday, August 1) ASL (American Sign Language) dates coming soon!Accessibility Performances:
Plan Your Trip including Parking, Accessibility and FAQ's!
Shakespeare's searing drama chronicles the ruthless ascension of a king and the devastation he leaves in his wake as he gains power over the realm.Featuring stage, film, and television actor, Faran Tahir as Richard III.
$60 Friend Section Chairs Chairs are a $60 donation until July 17 and then increase to $75during performance weeks.$60 Friend Section Chairs
Free Shakespeare on the Common is made possible each year through a combination of grants, sponsorships, and donations collected through the Friends Section program. The Friends Section consists of lawn chairs set in front of the stage for your convenience. Individuals can reserve a chair at a performance with a donation of $60 per chair, with all proceeds going directly towards the cost of the production. After July 17th, chairs increase to $75 during performance weeks. Online reservations can be made up to 5 hours prior to the performance.Individuals can reserve a chair at a performance with a donation of $60 per chair, with all proceeds going directly towards the cost of the production. After July 17th, chairs increase to $75 during performance weeks.
Friends Section chairs are preassigned.You will be seated at the performance by a member of our team.You must select the performance date you would like to attend at time of purchase or seats will not be reserved.
All donations are NON-REFUNDABLE and NON-TRANSFERABLE. Proceeds from the Friends Section help keep Shakespeare on the Common free for all!
Rights assessment is your responsibility.
More about
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For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources .
Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate.
. Abbeville, La.: Widow E. Guegnon, E.I. Addison. (Abbeville, LA), Jan. 1 1856. https://lccn.loc.gov/sn88064005.
(1856, January 1) . Abbeville, La.: Widow E. Guegnon, E.I. Addison. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/sn88064005.
. Abbeville, La.: Widow E. Guegnon, E.I. Addison. (Abbeville, LA) 1 Jan. 1856. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, lccn.loc.gov/sn88064005.
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Connecticut Hybrid Business Doctorate Programs
Hybrid PhD programs in business span two academically equivalent degrees, the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Business Administration (DBA). Both types of business doctorates may be offered in many fields of interest, such as finance, organizational systems, and public policy.
GradSchools.com Top Schools with Business Doctorate Hybrid Degrees*
Format / Location - Hybrid
Total Enrollments - 296+
Student / Teacher Ratio - 8:1
Format / Location - Hybrid
Total Enrollments - N/A
Student / Teacher Ratio - N/A
Format / Location - Hybrid
Total Enrollments - 619+
Student / Teacher Ratio - N/A
Jacksonville University
Format / Location - Hybrid
Total Enrollments - 1,171+
Student / Teacher Ratio - 12:1
EducationDynamics maintains business relationships with the schools it features.
Also, they both entail rigorous courses of study with a heavy emphasis on research. Students must write and defend a doctoral dissertation, as well as take a comprehensive exam to show their mastery over the content area.
Hybrid PhD programs in Business provide terminal business degrees delivered through a mix of online and on campus requirements. In some universities, students attend campus at the onset of their program for an orientation. Other schools might require students to be on campus several times per year for brief residencies.
These sessions provide face to face contact with professors, and a chance to collaborate with peers. Moreover, they allow a busy professional to work towards an advanced degree while they maintain career and other lifestyle duties.
Hybrid Business Doctorate Degrees: PhD vs DBA
While the degrees share some commonalities, there are key differences between the two degrees.
About the PhD in Business
To apply into a PhD in Business, students need a Bachelors degree and possibly, some relevant work history. PhD candidates typically pursue their degree to prepare for a career in research and academia. The course of study they follow often focuses on a key area of study such as accounting, economics or organizational behavior. Furthermore, the endeavor of a full-time PhD in Business may take four to five years. This is often because students spend a lot of time on research for their dissertation.
In it, their goal is to take the data they harnessed and contribute new thought to their field in research that is publishable. To this end, many schools have extensive online libraries and often, inter-library loan systems. Hybrid PhD students might also make use of student support services such as writing tutors.
About the DBA
To apply into a DBA program, students may need an MBA or related business degree, prerequisite courses and usually, a certain amount of work history. DBA candidates typically pursue their degree to develop expertise, acquire complex decision and analysis skills. The course of study they follow might develop the ability to apply theory and their research to current business problems.
As a result, the DBA may target senior managers who want to advance their careers. Finally, a full-time student may earn their DBA degree in about three years, and many schools offer part-time, hybrid programs. Even more convenient for the current executive. Plus, many universities offer one-one mentoring with an advisor. This might be done on campus and/or through video conferencing office hours.
Accredited Hybrid PhD Programs in Business
Regionally-accredited online and traditional universities offer Hybrid PhD programs in business. Some individual programs may be professionally-accredited through an agency such as the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).
GradSchools.com offers 1 Business Doctorate Hybrid Degree Programs
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Sonakshi Sinha definitely stole the hearts of the contestants! Don't miss Indias Next Superstars, Tonight at 8pm only on STAR PLUS. #NaKhaandanNaSifaarish
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- Home
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Jam Session - Last Wednesday of the Month
An amazing group of talented musicians and vocalists perform at the Center from 1:00 until 3:00 p.m. on the last Wednesday of each month. Lunch is available at a cost of $3.50 and is served at noon. Thank you to all the musicians and those who prepare a wonderful lunch! This event is open to the public.


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Carnival offers a wide range of products providing a complete tabletop in four vibrant colours. A fun alternative to food presentation with countless possible combinations.
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By Sally Hults
A Taste of Olive opened in mid-October at 8505 Germantown Ave. in the former Bone Appetit space. Nancy Smith and her daughter, Kimber Schladweiler, also own stores in Ardmore, West Chester and Haddonfield. "We really wanted to be in Chestnut Hill, to be a part of the community," Smith said last week.
After 28 years as an educator in Indiana, Smith, 67, retired and moved to the Philadelphia area to take a position at a Central Bucks County school for 10 years until she retired for the second time.
Why open a store showcasing 100% extra virgin olive oils and balsamic vinegars, which are available in so many groceries, gourmet shops and supermarket chains? "We loved the healthy aspect and the delicious food aspect of olive oil," Smith replied. "You can make something very simple and up the flavor with an infused olive oil. It appeals to beginning cooks, gourmet cooks and vegetarian cooks."
More than 70 types of extra virgin olive oil in the new store are stored in stainless steel containers (fusti) with taps. Every oil in the store can be sampled using small paper tasting cups. When you make your choice, you buy a glass bottle, fill it and cork it. "At first, customers were a little reluctant to taste the olive oil," said Smith. "They are much more comfortable now. Education is part of our role."
The olive tree is among the oldest known cultivated trees in the world. As early as 3,000 B.C., civilizations including Minoans, Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians and Romans began to cultivate olives. Olive oil was a religious, medical and nutritious symbol used to anoint kings, athletes and newborn babies, and as a hygiene and beauty product, infused with flowers and with grasses to produce both medicine and cosmetics.
When you buy olive oil from a supermarket chain store, "You don't know when the olives were pressed, how long it has been sitting on the shelf. Heat degrades the oil, and unlike wine, age is not a good thing," according to Smith.
"Different countries grow different varieties of olives. Climate is a major factor. Taste from the same field can change from year to year." Pressing also contributes to taste. "An early pressing yields a stronger, grassier, greener taste. A mid-season pressing tastes what we consider 'normal.' A late pressing has a softer fruitier taste."
The olive oils come from Italy, Spain, Greece, Morocco, Tunisia, Chile, Australia and California. "We vet the growers, look at the certification, taste the oil and critique the quality. We have returned oil if we don't like it," Smith said. The oils come from olives grown and pressed by artisans and small farmers.
Some of the top selling oils include parmesan cheese and hot red pepper; Tuscan spice; citrus blood orange; Sorrento lemon and Persian lime. One of the stores newest arrivals, Monte Vibiano ($17.95 for 375 ml), comes from Umbria, where some of the olive trees are more than 1,000 years old. Another one, Rosemary olive oil ($16.95 for 375 ml), is produced using Arbequina olives from the base of the Andes in Argentina, and it is infused with oil distilled from fresh rosemary.
The store also sells 45 balsamic vinegars and 10 wine vinegars on tap. The flavors are as exotic as the oils: from cinnamon pear, pineapple, fig and strawberry to dark chocolate, espresso and lavender. Like the oils, every vinegar can be sampled. In addition, A Taste of Oil sells such items as pasta from Italy, organic peppercorns, jams, honey, jellies, mustards, flavored sea salts, stuffed olives, tapenades and glazes for meats, mustards, almonds, black and white truffle oil and pure almond oil.
"We like to buy from local producers," Smith said. Locally made pasta bowls, maple syrup and honey are available. "We promote recycling. If you bring back a washed olive oil bottle, we give you $1 off when you refill it,"
Holiday hours are: Monday 10-6, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday 10-7, Wednesday 10-9, Saturday 9:30-7 and Sunday 10-6. For more information, call 215-242-4845 or visit www.atasteofolive.com. (As of last weekend, the new Chestnut Hill store is not mentioned on the website.)


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The first job I had in San Francisco was at a gluten- and dairy-free wholesale bakery called Crave. The company consisted of myself, another baker, and the owner. We baked out of a communal kitchen in the 'Dogpatch' district of San Francisco, which housed a couple of other caterers and a (now well-known) San Francisco charcuterie maker.
Our table sat next to 'the pig guy,' as I called him in my head, and while Amber and I were cutting up hundreds of pretty little organic brownies on our steel table, the pig guy would be hacking up a whole pig four feet away on the next table over. Being incredibly squeamish, I found this horrifying, and oftenhad to stare at the grisly deed for hours until I'd pluck up the courage to ask Amber to switch sides with me.
Sometimes I would open the compost bin to dump in our eggshells and used parchment paper, and the vacant eyes of a pig's head would stare back at me (when the pig guy wasn't using it to make headcheese, that is). One day, the pig guy brought a vat of burgundy liquid into the walk-in. Innocently thinking it was some kind of red wine reduction, I asked after the contents. 'You don't want to know,' he said darkly. And I'll never forget themorning when the bell rang before the pig guy had arrived for his daily butchering and grinding. A man stood outside with a pig in a large plastic bag, which Amber and I had to drag into the kitchen ourselves.
Now I wish I hadn't been so squeamish, because I would have liked to taste his now renowned sausages. But the sight put me off meat (particularly pork) for a good while.
When I moved in with vegetarian Jay, I used it as an excuse to invest in many plant-based cookbooks. Everything by Deborah Madison found its way onto my shelf, in addition to Chez Panisse Vegetables, The Moosewood Cookbook and Enchanted Broccoli Forest, and Everyday Greens, to name just a few. When I learned that Real Food Daily, a vegan restaurant in my old haunts of Santa Monica, had come out with a collection oftantalizingrecipes and photography, I snapped it up.
It had been many years since I had eaten real pâté when I pureed up this lentil walnut goop for the first time. When I tasted it, a million memories rushed back of eating the Trader Joe's pâté my dad used to buy, with cornichons (tiny, tangy pickles) and stone-ground, whole-wheat crackers. It tasted exactly the way I remembered the piggy stuff: sweet, meaty and rich, with the texture of velvet on the tongue.
While sherry and liver gave the pâté with which I was familiar its characteristically complex taste, a stealthy trio of Japanese ingredients flavor this vegan spread. First, caramelized onions and garlic are deglazed with Mirin, a sweet cooking wine. Bay leaf-scented lentils and toasted walnuts are then blended with umeboshi, a pink puree made from pickled sour plums, and miso, fermented soybean paste. A handful of fresh herbs adds further depth and flecks of color. The recipe does require several steps – sauteing onions, toasting the nuts, cooking the lentils – but in the end, it comes together in minutes with the help of a food processor.
Top: umeboshi (pickled plum) paste Bottom: yellow miso
I've made this pâté many times, for many events, varying the herbs, adding a bit of olive oil for moisture, but keeping the rest exactly the same. Every skeptical mouth that tastes this unassuming spread smiles in rapturous surprise; most go on to ask for the recipe.
And I'm always happy to tell them that no pigs were harmed in the making of this pâté.
Noshes and nibbles:
Herby Cheese Straws (a.k.a Crack Sticks)
Sourdough Crackers
Smoky Baba Ganoush
One year ago:
Lentil Walnut Pâté
Adapted from the Real Food Daily Cookbook
Makes about 3 cups, 8 – 10 appetizer-sized servings
Miso, umeboshi paste and mirin can all be found in hippy health food stores/Whole Foods in the Asian foods aisle, or at Asian (Japanese) markets. Look for miso that is stored in the refrigerator rather than shelf stable, as it will contain all the beneficial bacteria and probiotics of which miso is full. Don't worry about the pâté's lack of salt – the miso and umeboshi paste both contain the salt needed to give the pâté just the right amount of flavor.
3/4 cup dried green lentils (lentils de puy)
3 cups water
1 bay leaf
3 tablespoons olive oil (divided use)
1 small, yellow onion, chopped
6 cloves garlic, peeled and coarsely chopped
1 tablespoon mirin
1 1/4 cups walnuts, toasted (for 10 – 12 minutes at 350º) and cooled
1/3 cup fresh cilantro, basil or parsley, plus extra for garnish, chopped
1 tablespoon chopped fresh thyme, oregano or marjoram, chopped
3 tablespoons yellow miso
1 1/2 tablespoons umeboshi paste
3/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
extra olive oil, for drizzling
In a medium saucepan, combine the lentils, water and bay leaf. Bring to a boil, then reduce to a simmer and cook, partially covered and stirring occasionally, until the lentils are very tender (but not falling apart), 20 – 30 minutes. Drain, discard the bay leaf, and cool completely (you can speed this up by spreading the lentils out on a plate and sticking them in the fridge).
Meanwhile, heat 2 tablespoons of the olive oil in a heavy skillet over medium heat. Add the onion and garlic and saute, stirring frequently and reducing the heat if necessary, until the onions are golden, about 15 minutes. Stir in the mirin and remove from the heat. Cool completely (to speed up the process, see lentils, above).
Place the toasted and cooled walnuts in the bowl of a food processor and puree until it looks like nut butter, scraping the sides of the bowl as needed. Add the cooled lentils and the onion mixture and puree smooth. Add in the herbs, miso, umeboshi, pepper, and remaining tablespoon of olive oil, and blend until smooth.
Serve immediately, or store in the refrigerator for up to a week. Drizzle with olive oil and chopped fresh herbs, and serve with crackers or sliced baguette and cornichons or olives.


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Welcome to Morgan Evans & Co Ltd
At Morgan Evans & Co Ltd, we pride ourselves on our ability to offer complete, professional services to our customers. These include:
• Estate AgencyFor more information about our services please browse the about us page or click below.
• Property Letting Services
• Land Estate Management
• Land and Property Auctions
• Land and Property Chartered Surveyors
• Livestock Auctions
• Antique & Fine Art Auctions
• Household and Collectable Auctions
• Tools, Machinery and Farm Implement Auctions
• Vehicle Auctions
• Carpet Auctions


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Profile of Janet Yellen
Janet Yellen is an economist nominated by President Barack Obama in October of 2013 to be head of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (the Fed) and sworn into office 3 February 2014. Yellen is a 1967 graduate of Brown University, and she earned her doctorate in 1971 from Yale University. She has taught at Harvard and the London School of Economics, and she's been a professor at the University of California in Berkeley since 1980. In the 1990s, she served on the Fed (1994-97) and advised President Bill Clinton (1997-99). Yellen served as the president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco from 2004 until 2010, when she became Vice Chair of the Fed, second to Chair Ben Bernanke. Yellen is the first woman to chair the Federal Reserve Board, arguably one of the most important positions in the United States.
Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.


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We don't know about you, but once the hot and humid weather hits, we don't feel like doing much of anything ... much less slaving over a hot stove. We're big fans of warm salads, and other easy breezy meals.
So if you're sitting on a super simple Asian recipe for lazy summer days, share it and you could be one of FOUR winners of Nina Simonds' "Simple Asian Meals" cookbook. The four cookbooks will go to the recipes with the greater number of Facebook likes.
Ready? Login to your account, or sign up!


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SATURDAY Jan 20 - MCW "Breakthrough" in Joppa, MD! Jan 15 - 08:34 pm EST
Live Report by natestein
SATURDAY Jan 20 - MCW "Breakthrough" in Joppa, MD!
MCWProWrestling.com - THIS SATURDAY, January 20, MCW Pro Wrestling presents "Breakthrough" at the MCW Arena, 1000 Joppa Farm RD in Joppa, MD! Doors open 6:30 pm, event starts 7:30 pm.
- MCW Pro Wrestling champion Bruiser takes on MCW Rage TV champion Greg Excellent!
- MCW Women's champion Sahara Se7en defends against MCW Pro Wrestling Training Center graduate Gia Scott!
- MCW Tag Team champions The Cartel (Dante Caballero, Joe Keys) face Guns 4 Hire (Paul Jordane, Bill Collier) in their rematch opportunity.
- After months of antagonizing each other, "Big" Sean Studd and Ken Dixon go one-on-one.
- Napalm leads The Bomb Squad against Drolix, Chuck Lennox, Brandon Scott, and Dirty Money!
- The Hell Cats (Jimmy Starz, Sexy Steve) have a new edge, but can they get past The Classics (Erin Martin, Tyler Stone)?
- Ryan McBride faces Eric Chapel.
- Rock N' Bowl Express' "Mr. 300" Nick Jeremy vs. ROBBY!
(Show support on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/events/149110062416154/ [facebook.com])
Then, on February 17 (Meet and Greet at 4 pm, Event at 7:30 pm):
- Featuring Ric Flair, Arn Anderson, Tully Blanchard, Barry Windham, JJ Dillon, former WWE Diva Rosa Mendez, The Bruiser, Drolix, Brandon Scott, Robby and Bobby, and more.
Tickets available now at MCWProWrestling.com or, day of, at the venue.
facebook.com/mcwprowrestling - twitter.com/mcwwrestling - instagram.com/mcwprowrestling


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Alfred Métraux: Between Ethnography and Applied Knowledge
Rodrigo Bulamah
Alfred Métraux was part of a prolific moment in which French sociology and ethnology were enlarging their scientific scope and advancing toward new fields. Following the colonial expansion of France, Métraux participated in establishing ethnographic methods for codifying social life, material culture, and artistic forms. Through his own transatlantic voyages and personal exchanges, Métraux left personal documents in different parts of the world. Consequently, many are the archives that hold parts of his personal collections, letters, and published or unpublished materials. In addition, because of Métraux's own cosmopolitanism, studies on the ethnologist's life and works can be found in different languages. Métraux meticulously collected artifacts and documents from different cultures, and these items are now part of collections in museums in Argentina, France, and the United States. The multiplicity of themes Métraux dedicated himself to during his life reveal logics and developments of his work, as well as the importance of fieldwork to his making as an anthropologist, or a "man of the field," as he used to describe himself. His intense and long-term relationship with Haitian Vodou was central in his career as it arose from his early interest in vanishing civilizations, religious systems, and material culture, and defined his personal agenda for future research.
Atrocity, Race, and Region in the Early Haitian Revolution: The Fond d'Icaque Rising
David Geggus
Set within a larger analysis of class relations in the Haitian Revolution, this is a microhistory that intersects with several important themes in the revolution: rumor, atrocity, the arming of slaves, race relations, and the origins and wealth of the free colored population. It is an empirical investigation of an obscure rebellion by free men of color in the Grande Anse region in 1791. Although the rebellion is obscure, it is associated with an atrocity story that has long resonated in discussion of the revolution. Formerly the least-known segment of Caribbean society, research has shed much new light on free people of color in recent decades, but much remains to be clarified. In certain ways, they are the key to understanding the Haitian Revolution, because of their anomalous position in Saint Domingue society and the way their activism precipitated its unraveling. The Grande Anse region had a unique experience of the revolution in that white supremacy and slavery were maintained there longer than in any other part of the colony. Based primarily on unexploited or little-known sources the article demonstrates the range and depth of research that remains possible and suggests that a regional focus is best way to advance current scholarship on the Haitian Revolution.
Canary Island Immigration to the Hispanic Caribbean
Manuel Hernández González
The configuration of Canarian migration during the Conquest and colonization of the Spanish Caribbean was significantly influenced by its historic continuity, familial nature (with an elevated presence of women and children), dedication to agriculture, and contribution to the settlement of towns. This migration gave rise to quintessentially rural prototypes, such as the Cuban guajiro, linked to self-sustaining agriculture and tobacco; the Puerto Rican jíbaro, a coffee grower; and the Dominican montero or farmer from Cibao. All of these contributed a great many aspects of their speech, idiosyncrasies, and culture.
The migratory dynamic has evolved since the Conquest and includes such processes as Cuban tobacco colonization, the foundation of townships in Santo Domingo and Puerto Rico (in order to further analyze their adaptation to the economic boom of sugar plantations in Cuba and Puerto Rico), and the uprising of slaves in French Santo Domingo, as well as the cession of the Spanish portion of the island to this country in 1795. This event merits special focus, due to its great transcendence in terms of the signs of identity that emerged during the rebellion of the Canarian vegueros against the monopoly within the Havana context, and the defense of their configuration as a distinct people in San Carlos de Tenerife: processes that explain their response to 19th-century innovations in Cuba and Puerto Rico and to Dominican political avatars, as well as their attitudes toward criollismo and emancipation. Their singularities are reflected in the mass Cuban emigration that took place during the early decades of the 20th century.
The Caribbean Visual Palette
Patricia Mohammed
From the 15th century onward, the Caribbean has been populated with different ethnic groups, cultures, flora, and fauna in a way that is constantly changing the visual sensibilities of the space. The mixture of ethnic and nation groups that had settled by the 20th century produced a range of iconographic symbols, use of colors and forms that would signify the Caribbean aesthetic. This included a style of Caribbean painting which is referred to as Caribbean expressionism, the latter which included the group of artists known as intuitives or primitives. With few formal schools or institutions for instruction or opportunities for critical review, the Caribbean visual palette was established largely through the creativity of those involved in various festivals or ritual practices. Artistic expressions resemble performance or installation art rather than the classic forms of painting or sculpture. This work is somewhat iconoclastic in the interpretation of a Caribbean aesthetic and focuses on the homegrown artistic expressions that merge, collide, contradict, and emerge to create originality in this cultural space.
Central America's Caribbean Coast: Politics and Ethnicity
Robert Sierakowski
From the period of imperial conquest and competition, the Caribbean coast of Central America has served as an interstitial space: between British and Spanish rule; between foreign corporate control and national inclusion; mestizo, black, and indigenous. Running from Guatemala in the north through Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama in the south, "la Costa" has functioned as a contested terrain imbued with economic import, ethnic difference, and symbolic power. The coastal zones were transformed in the 20th century through the construction of railroads and later highways, large-scale foreign immigration, the spread of states' bureaucratic agents, and internal migrants, as well as transnational projects such as the Panama Canal and the United Fruit Company's integrated banana plantation empire.
The coastal region's inaccessible terrain, large communities of lowland indigenous people, and vast numbers of Afro-Caribbean migrants from islands such as Jamaica markedly differentiated these lowlands from the wider Central American republics. From indigenous groups such as the Rama, Mayangna-Sumu, Kuna, Guaymí, and Bribri, to the Afro-indigenous Garifuna and Miskitu, and the English-speaking black Creoles and Afro-Antilleans, the region has enjoyed great ethnic diversity compared to the nominally mestizo republics of which it has formed part. Finally, ladino (non-indigenous) or mestizo (mixed-race) campesino migrants from the Pacific or Central regions of the isthmus arrived in large numbers throughout the 20th century. Racism, ethnic exclusion, and marginalization were often the response of national states toward these coastal populations. In some contexts, tensions between and among ethnic groups over land and natural resources, as well as between national states and local autonomy, flared into violent conflict. Elsewhere in Central America, the Caribbean coast's position in national political development permitted a gradual meshing of national and regional cultures during the second half of the 20th century.
Conflicts between Caribbean Basin Dictators and Democracies, 1944–1959
Aaron Coy Moulton
Between 1944 and 1959, conflicts with anti-dictatorial exiles and democratic leaders against dictatorial regimes and dissident exiles shaped inter-American relations in the Caribbean Basin. At the end of World War II, anti-dictatorial exiles networked with students, laborers, journalists, and politicians in denouncing the Dominican Republic's Rafael Trujillo, Nicaragua's Anastasio Somoza, and Honduras's Tiburcio Carías. Opponents of and dissident exiles from the 1944 Guatemalan Revolution and Venezuela's Trienio Adeco (Adeco Triennium) under Rómulo Betancourt likewise turned to dictatorial regimes for aid. By 1947, a loose coalition of anti-dictatorial exiles with the help of Cuba, Guatemala, and Venezuela's democratic leaders formed what would become known as the Caribbean Legion and organized the abortive Cayo Confites expedition against Trujillo. Seeking regional stability, U.S. officials intervened against this expedition and Caribbean Basin dictators and dissident exiles' attempts to air-bomb Guatemala City and Caracas.
Caribbean Basin leaders and exiles focused upon these inter-American conflicts, rather than the international Cold War. José Figueres's rise to power in Costa Rica provided a pivotal ally to democratic leaders and anti-dictatorial exiles, and Caribbean Basin dictators began working with the Venezuelan military regime after the 1948 military coup. In 1949, Trujillo's regime coordinated a counter-intelligence operation that destroyed the Caribbean Legion's expedition at Luperón and brought greater attention to the region.
By the early 1950s, dictatorial regimes operated as a counter-revolutionary network sharing intelligence, aiding dissident exiles, supporting Fulgencio Batista's 1952 coup in Cuba, and lobbying U.S. officials against Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala and Figueres in Costa Rica. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) utilized these dictators and exiles during Operations PBFORTUNE and PBSUCCESS to overthrow the Guatemalan government in 1954, but U.S. officials intervened when the counter-revolutionary network invaded Costa Rica in 1955.
From 1955 onward, anti-dictatorial exiles from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Venezuela continued organizing expeditions against Caribbean Basin dictatorships, and multiple groups conspired against Batista's regime. Among Cuban exiles, Fidel Castro rose to prominence and received important resources and alliances through anti-dictatorial exiles. Dictators shared intelligence and gave aid to Batista, yet Caribbean Legion veterans, Cuban exiles, Betancourt, Figueres, and others helped Castro undermine Batista. In 1959, Castro supported anti-dictatorial expeditions, most notably those against Trujillo and Luis Somoza. However, Castro disagreed with many former exiles and Betancourt and Figueres's policies, so the resulting tension separated Castro from democratic leaders and divided the region among dictatorial regimes, democratic governments, and Castro.
Cuban Immigration to the United States
Eric Paul Roorda
After more than a century of sporadic immigration from the island of Cuba to the United States, the trajectory of the diaspora accelerated steeply, beginning with Fidel Castro coming to power in 1959. In the ensuing years, as bilateral relations between the Communist regime in Havana and the administrations of President Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy soured and the exodus of upper-class, then middle-class, Cubans increased until Castro clamped down on it. Thereafter, the pace of departures became episodic, involving mainly working-class people, and their nature turned increasingly desperate. Three major immigration events punctuated the next 30 years: in 1965 from the port of Camarioca, in 1980 from the bay city of Mariel, and, again in 1994, a more general wave of flight that also heavily involved the port of Mariel. These bursts of seaborne migration came against a backdrop of constant, low-level, individual efforts to flee adverse circumstances in Castro's Cuba. These include manifold political pressures, with opponents of the regime and cultural nonconformists alike facing harassment and imprisonment; as well as other severe economic challenges, with food scarcity, fuel shortages, and unreliable electric power making daily life difficult for the vast majority of Cuban citizens.
U.S. opposition to Castro has taken many forms, beginning with economic sanctions. A complete break in relations followed in early 1961, an invasion attempt at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961, and, later, a Central Intelligence Agency–sponsored campaign of terrorist attacks and assassination attempts code-named Operation Mongoose. Since the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, a nearly complete embargo has prevented any sort of trade or tourism. In response to the influx of new Cuban arrivals, U.S. policy toward the immigrants themselves altered radically, facilitating their arrival and assimilation as political refugees until August 1994, then actively preventing their entry as economic refugees, until this writing.
Cuba's Second Golden Age of Popular Music, 1989–2005
Anita Casavantes Bradford and Raúl Fernandez
The years between 1989 and 2005 were a period of exceptional musical productivity and creativity, a "second golden age" of Cuban popular music—the first golden age referring to the 1950s explosion of the mambo and the cha-cha-chá. During this more recent golden age multiple and diverse forms of musical expression gained traction, and island artists enjoyed a dramatic increase in international visibility. The exciting new sounds of timba and Latin jazz, the Buena Vista Social Club–styled reinvention of the son cubano, and the reemergence of música guajira during the 1990s all reflected the dynamic tensions between tradition and innovation, the local and global, and between an imaginary "authentic" and the much denigrated "commercial" that have long animated the island's extraordinary musical culture. Despite the seeming newness and singularity of much of the music produced during this period, this second golden age was in fact characterized as much by cross-genre collaboration and continuities with earlier trends in Cuban music and musical culture as by the impact on musical production of unprecedented circumstances of economic deprivation of those years known as the Special Period. A closer look at this second golden age of popular music reveals a cosmopolitan Cuban musical landscape in which styles from different periods coexisted with ease and remained relevant, both as distinct sounds and in dialogue with one another, bringing together a dynamic community of musicians of all levels and styles, old and young, on and off the island. Dynamically poised between the forces of tradition and innovation, and beloved by both local and global audiences, the artists who rose to prominence or were rediscovered during these years each spoke, in their own unique ways, to the innovation, the cross genre collaborations, and above all to the profound historical continuities that have long animated the island's extraordinary musical culture.
Current Perspectives in the Precolonial Archaeology of Puerto Rico
Reniel Rodríguez Ramos
During the past two decades, many of the traditional conceptions about the configuration of the cultural landscape of precolonial Puerto Rico have been critically addressed from both political and disciplinary perspectives. Colonialist undercurrents embedded in the traditional models used to structure the indigenous history of the island have come into question and some of the fundamental ideas about the social and cultural makeup of the human collectivities that inhabited Puerto Rico have been drastically altered. The timing of the initial occupation of the island has been pushed back to more than five thousand years ago and the potential origin of some of these societies has also been reconsidered, including the possibility that some of groups moved across the Caribbean Sea from the Isthmo-Colombian region from where they brought phytocultural traditions that included the cultivation of a wide array of important economic plants. The cultural landscape of the island later expanded with the arrival of migrants from the surrounding continents who participated in long-distance interaction networks, as demonstrated by the trade of exotic goods mainly used for making personal adornments. The cultural plurality that existed on the island led to the development of distinct traditions that were not only forged by the diverse interactions that took place within Puerto Rico, but also by engagements that continued to take place with the inhabitants of other islands of the Antilles and surrounding continental regions. This all led to the articulation of a mosaic of cultural traditions that were diffusely united through the intersocietal negotiation of a set of codes that allowed the different collectivities to engage with one another while retaining their differences.
Digital Resources: En el Ojo del Huracán, Private Letters from the Caribbean to Spain
Werner Stangl
The early 19th century was a period of intense turmoil and chaos in the Spanish-speaking world: The Napoleonic Wars and French occupation of the Peninsula in the 1800s, independence movements in the Americas, the liberal constitution of Cádiz, Napoleon's defeat, and the reinstallation of the Bourbons in the 1810s, and finally, the second constitutional period, the iron fist of restoration, and the eventual loss of most American possessions between 1821 and 1825. The least affected areas in the midst of this turmoil were the loyalist islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico, metaphorically the "eye of the hurricane." It is within this context that a corpus of some dozen letters, preserved in the Spanish National Archive, were written. They were produced in the circum-Caribbean region—most in Puerto Rico—and addressed mainly to relatives and business partners on the other side of the Atlantic. The letters in question were archived without accompanying documentation, probably seized by authorities loyal to the restoration of the Ancien Régime. As a central element, this digital resource—"En el Ojo del Huracán"—displays these primary sources in an online presentation.
Beyond the historiographic value of the sources, the project explores the differences between traditional and digital edition standards (TEI) for digital letter editions with the aim of showcasing the benefits of implementing the digital paradigm and for different visualizations, functionalities, analysis and incorporation in larger infrastructures.
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Maroon 5′s Adam Levine Shows Off Fake British Accent in 'Payphone' Behind-the-Scenes Clip
Maroon 5's Adam Levine gives us another guided tour of the behind-the-scenes action from the band's video for 'Payphone.' It's Day 2, clip 2 and Adam has to jack Wiz Khalifa's car.
While wearing a knit gray beanie and grandpa cardigan, the singer is mulling and musing over whether or not his character will get the girl… to escape a bank heist with him.
Levine then demonstrates a hilarious fake British accent while standing around with said girl he escapes with.
Later, Levine, bruised, bloodied and grimy with makeup from the action sequences, espouses the virtues of director Sam Bayer, who lensed Nirvana's 'Smells Like to Teen Spirit' video. Levine shared his love and respect for Bayer, who directed iconic clips, saying, "for a guy like me who grew up worshipping bands like Nirvana, he did that Blind Melon video that is so amazing for 'No Rain.' He doesn't shoot music videos that much anymore and he loved the idea that I had and brought it to life, times a million. I am too tired to express my enthusiasm and ecstasy, but I am so happy."
Happy. Dirty. Tired. Bloody. It's all in a day's work for Adam Levine and Maroon 5.
Watch Second Maroon 5 Behind-the-Scenes for 'Pay Phone'


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Darius Rucker to Host 2012 ACM Lifting Lives Celebrity Golf Classic
It's great to know that wherever a ton of celebrities convene in one place for an event, there's sure to be a philanthropic angle somewhere in the mix. This year, Darius Rucker is hosting the sixth annual ACM Lifting Lives Celebrity Golf Classic, a golf tournament that will take place Saturday (March 31) at TPC Las Vegas. The event will benefit the Diana Holcomb Emergency Relief Fund, an organization which provides relief to people in need in the music industry.
Rucker's involvement is no coincidence, as the 'Come Back Song' singer is actually quite the golfer himself -- and he's contributed to ACM Lifting Lives on several occasions. In the telecast for last year's ACM Awards, Rucker raised awareness of the cause by performing his song 'Music From the Heart' alongside people who had attended the ACM Lifting Lives Music Camp. Plus, the country star wrote the original song 'Together, Anything is Possible' to raise money for a variety of PGA philanthropies.
Gayle Holcomb, who contributed the seed money in 2006 to start the Diane Holcomb Emergency Relief Fund in honor of her mother, says she's excited to get back into the Lifting Lives tournament after a three year break.
"I'm delighted the tournament will take place again and that Darius will host," Holcomb says, according to a press release. "The industry has been served by the fund in so many ways we don't publicize, helping music industry professionals when they need it most, meeting private financial urgent needs."
Executive Director for ACM Lifting Lives Lisa Huddleson says the organization is honored to have Rucker hosting this year's classis, adding, "His continued generosity and support of our organization has been instrumental in our growing success and his golf game is sure to challenge his fellow country artists."
In addition to teeing up and hosting this year's tournament, Rucker will also be performing at the star-studded concert ACM Presents: Lionel Richie and Friends -- In Concert, which will take place just one day after the 2012 ACM Awards live telecast at the MGM Grand Garden Arena. Rucker and Richie will join forces to perform the song 'Stuck on You.' The can't-miss special will air on CBS Friday, April 13.


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Why We Outlasted the Neanderthal
Chip Walter, author of "Last Ape Standing," describes what we know about the Neanderthal's day-to-day life and why Homo sapiens were better adapted to survive and thrive.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... Paul Ryan said ... that we ... are of dubious J weekend Revue ... I'm here today with choked Walter who is the author of a new book called The Last extending to that of many prehistoric cousins too ... did not make it with us into the modern age of chip there's been a lot of talk this week on line about the idea of bringing a Neanderthal or community of Neanderthals back to life or to back its target ... yes George Church two hundred rupees a molecular biologist and his work is about using it every Ready DNA and all sorts of interesting ways and use that as a ... powerful example of what you can do whatever you rewriting DNA ... so what Leno about the son of David the existence of of Neanderthals ... well a lot more as time now in essence ... there is of French ... anthropologists back and it ... almost exactly a hundred years ago too ... who was working with the bones of up to Neanderthal that have had ... severe arthritis and so every and rebuilt his bones and everything he ... she betrayed him as the stoop shouldered new routes ... that ... you know you just by looking at him you got the impression that he is stupid ... and and so ... that in hell for four decades that's the way we look to the end of the word handers also attended indicates that there are ... no stupid and brutish up ... but in fact they were very very right of the Rings fractionally on average larger than ours ... they had a lot of it and skills of inventory hunters they survive to ... buy stages in your of while policy ins in our direct ancestors combining their time ... and Africa ... but life is pretty rough when you look at their fossils ... their loans and been broken and healed him ... so some people say they ... look like Bronco Buster snow in a because they've been injured so many times ... that also indicates that ... they took care of one ... you know it's not as though someone Courtenay abandoned them ... there are and there's lots of evidence that the city they took share of one another they must offer one another and never very tight ... communities where we know about ... their ability to to so to speak ... a language ... sch well there's you know it's hard to understand ... what was going on in terms of language because earn any real hard fossils that can be a blast of wind which are ... you know ... that is just not existed call to see there is evidence that ... the fronts were different than ours ... which made me more difficult in this by the way to strokes for different partly because they're kind of selected for cold climates ... and so because it throws for a little different different in their larynx was a little different they may not been able to make all the sounds that we can make ... up and so there's a lot of interesting theories about ... exactly how complex airline which was but ... generally now it's snowing poses a coming around to the belief that they did have a ... pretty sophisticated ways ... of communicating that they may have been quite different from ours and one of the kind of musical limited accommodation and gestures and sounds ... so ... that in itself but it made it difficult ... to share ideas because it might not have as rich vocabulary and two ... to share those ideas the other thing is that if there were very many of them ... it doesn't mean you are running into different groups ... that made at different new ideas and then they couldn't cross pollinated and share those ideas ... and any other thing is that they didn't live very well I mean individually that in winter long so ... you know the rare ... and as the lead pastor air pollutants thirty five ... to go up to age fifty with some fossils indicate that they did you are really ancient ... up ... and if you're dying early then it also means that you're not been as much time to mentor ... you know younger members of the group and you don't have as much time to get experience and new ideas as long so ... they they were dealing with a lot of issues and that might have ultimately been one of the problems ... that ... accelerated their extinction ... Sherlund and one final question so ... obviously were in the Roman period here but ... what allowed humans to become the last eight while everyone else ... faded away ... well ... that's that's really the key premise of the op and and and the answer to that is ... then be more than any other primate ... developed ... along child ... the getting over a million years ago ... there was a ... was a dilemma that our direct ancestors taste ... Ashley Olsen and they said were an African states ... they're all walking operate ... some of them their brains are growing larger rather rapidly ... what happened was due to large ring ... and that ... in no danger of walking upright which narrows and tell us it means that either ... you're not going to be warm ... because France today than you can get out ... if you go full term when you get more narrow ... and so what happened to us and our direct ancestors as we got more early ... so we really come in the world even now it means the world the steel gates ... where our brand triples in size after World War ... with most other primates most of the work and most of the development of brain takes place before the war ... so as a result we live out in the world ... and we can't step away from our ... DNA and our genes ... and our personal experiences children ... does anyone lays the foundation for ... you know the interesting people to come later ... so we can develop individual talents later those turning to the individual ideas ... and then there were more more sapiens ... as it became more and more successful ... because of our larger brand because of our ability to communicate and share our creativity ... and ultimately that's all you end up with civilization and that's why ... there are no more Neanderthals left ... there are no more dear KP board in the seasons are all the other ... Siemens's who were living on planet seventy five thousand years ago ... and a seven point one billion of us and were living in every nook and cranny of the plan ...


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Just Let the Sunshine in by American Folk. Arranged by Aden Lewis. For 2-part Chorus, Keyboard (2-part). Standard notation. Published by Coronet Press (PR.392413390).
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Charles Stewart Desmond served on the Court of Appeals for 26 full years-the second longest tenure of a Judge on the Court of Appeals. He was, at the time of his appointment, the second youngest man to ever be elected to the Court and was the first Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals to also hold the title of Chief Judge of the State of New York.1 He was a devout family man and the pride of Buffalo, New York. The prestigious Moot Court competition at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law bears his name to this day.
Judge Desmond was born in a room above his father's saloon near the Lake Erie docks in Buffalo on December 2, 1896; he was the son of Patrick Desmond and Katherine Jordan Desmond. His grandfather was a very strong-willed railroad man from County Court, Ireland.2 Judge Desmond attended Immaculate Conception grade school where he was selected to give the commencement speech in 1910. He graduated in 1913 from the Jesuit-run Canisius High School, where he developed a lifelong connection to Catholic principles and a flair for Latin.
Charles Desmond obtained an A.B. degree in 1917 and an M.A. degree in 1918 from another Jesuit institution, Canisius College. At Canisius, Desmond received many academic honors, participated in several dramatic productions, was an editor and frequent contributor to the Canisius Monthly (a literary magazine), served as an officer for the Athletic Association in football and basketball, and was elected senior class president.3
The First World War briefly interrupted Desmond's studies. He served as gunnery sergeant and a second lieutenant in the United States Marines Flying Force. However, he caught influenza during training and did not serve overseas before the Armistice. Upon his graduation from Canisius, he entered law school at the University of Buffalo where he received his LL.B. degree in 1920. Desmond was admitted to the New York Bar on October 16, 1920.4
Desmond engaged in the general private practice of law in Buffalo from 1920 to 1939, first as an associate of, and then as a partner with, Thomas C. Burke. Not much is known of Desmond's private practice, but he did practice considerable admiralty law.5 During this period he became active in Democratic Party politics. In 1928, at the age of 33, he married Helen Ryan in Buffalo. The couple had four children: Ryan, born 1929; Sheila, born 1931; Kathleen, born 1932; and Patricia, born 1938.
In the early 1930's Desmond was mentioned as a possible United States Attorney for the Western District of New York, but President Roosevelt chose another for the post. In 1935, during the middle of the Great Depression, Governor Herbert Lehman appointed Desmond to the New York State Board of Social Welfare, an entity which had supervision over private asylums and charity institutions in the state. During this time, Desmond became increasingly involved in various welfare and civic organizations in western New York.6
Desmond experienced an almost meteoric rise to the Court of Appeals. In January 1940, Governor Lehman appointed Desmond to the vacancy on the State Supreme Court created when Presiding Justice of the Appellate Division, Fourth Department, Charles Sears was appointed to the Court of Appeals. Desmond would need to run for office that November to secure the full 14-year term. His political sponsor, Paul E. Fitzpatrick, tried to persuade western New York Republicans to cross-endorse Desmond for the full elective term on the Supreme Court in the fall of 1940. When Fitzpatrick failed to secure the cross endorsement, he decided instead to put Desmond's name on the ballot as the Democratic candidate for the Court of Appeals. Desmond secured the nomination and then defeated his opponent in the general election.
Judge Desmond was so well admired and well respected that when he ran for reelection in 1954, he was cross-endorsed by all major political parties. He was elected as Chief Judge in November 1959 and took that seat on January 1, 1960, following the retirement of Chief Judge Albert Conway. Judge Desmond served as the 28th Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals until he reached the constitutional age limit of 70 and his term expired on December 31, 1966. During his more than a quarter of a century on the Court, he wrote more than 700 opinions and by his own estimation participated in over 12,000 appeals.
Writing Accomplishments
In 1949, Judge Desmond published his first book, called Sharp Quillets of the Law (From Decisions of the New York Court of Appeals),7 a collection of 83 unusual and curious cases decided by the Court between 1847 and 1947. Designed for the lay person, the work gives a glimpse into the kinds of cases that reached the Court during its first 100 years and offers a brief view into the workings of the Court.
In 1959, Judge Desmond followed up Sharp Quillets with Through the Courtroom Window, which he designed in a similar format to his first book by collecting 32 short descriptions of cases that reached the Court during his tenure. Among the highlights of the book are Judge Desmond's account of People v. Valletutti (297 NY 226 [1948]), a felony murder case where the Judge authored the majority opinion reversing the conviction; People v. Conroy (287 NY 201 [1941]), a capital murder prosecution where-following the Court of Appeals' affirmance of the conviction -the defendant was executed; and People v. Wolfe (304 NY 556 [1952]), a fantastic murder prosecution where the defendant insisted on trying to represent himself and claimed he was God.
The gem of the book may be the vignette, entitled "The Crime that was Never Committed."8 In very readable prose, Judge Desmond recounts the full story of People v. Trowbridge (305 NY 471 [1953]), which, many New York lawyers will remember from their law school days, is famous for the rule of evidence prohibiting bolstering. Desmond's account of Trowbridge, and the robbery that never occurred, yields three remarkable insights. First, the case demonstrates how a seemingly technical rule of evidence, often criticized by the public as responsible for letting the guilty go free, can produce equitable results. Second, Trowbridge shows that juries are made up of human beings who do not always come to the right answer in a criminal case. Third, and perhaps most significantly, the case is revealing of the rules that assigned counsel worked under prior to Gideon v. Wainwright (372 US 335 [1963]). Judge Desmond observes that a key aspect of the case was the able representation by "a youthful but able and aggressive lawyer (John A. Murray of Troy)" who represented Trowbridge without compensation.9 At that time, only lawyers appointed by the court in capital cases were entitled to compensation for their services; lawyers appointed by the court to serve indigent defendants in noncapital cases worked for free in "the fine old traditional rule of the profession."10
Apart from his two books, Judge Desmond was a prolific contributor to legal journals, covering almost every major subject. Judge Desmond's writings frequently ventured beyond the realm of state law. For example in 1943, he spoke to the graduates of Canisius College warning against American isolationism:
"Our acceptance, after victory is ours, of our share of world responsibilities added to the sacrifices in the conflict itself, will give us the right to be heard as to the interpretation of the war aims we have announced...We shall then have the right to say that 'freedom for all peoples' was no mere slogan...Let us face the fact that colonial empires are things of the past, and then perhaps wars, too, will become things of the past."11
Judge Desmond's writings were frequently influenced by Catholic moral teachings on natural law and social justice. On the bench, natural law principles no doubt influenced his opinions for the Court in Packer Collegiate Inst. v. University of the State of New York (298 NY 184 [1948])-holding an Education Law statute, requiring registration of private nonsectarian schools under the Board of Regents, unconstitutional as an invalid delegation of legislative power-and People ex rel. Portnoy v. Strasser (303 NY 539 [1952])-overturning a lower court order that removed a child from her mother's custody and firmly establishing that the custodial parent has sole control of the child's upbringing.
In a 1943 speech, Judge Desmond observed: "Disabuse your minds of any idea that Catholic teaching as to moral law conflicts with American traditions, history or law system."12 Judge Desmond rejected the criticisms directed at believers in natural law: "We need not be ashamed of being naive when we find ourselves in the company of Cicero and Sophocles, Blackstone and Chief Justice Marshall, as well as the greats minds of our own Church."13 Judge Desmond continued: "Either we admit that there is a higher law, not of our making to which the majority is subject and the majority is bound, or we have the way wide open to totalitarianism."14
In an address at a symposium held by the Guild of Catholic Lawyers of New York City in December 1953, Judge Desmond asserted: "from the Republic's founding days till now, the decisions of our highest courts have repeated over and over that there is a higher or natural law, antedating all positive law and expressing fundamental rights which governments and constitutions do not grant and cannot take away, but must protect, and that the courts must strike down as unconstitutional legislative or administrative acts of government repugnant to natural justice."15
Prayer from his faith tradition also permeated his public speeches. Thus, on the retirement of Chief Judge Albert Conway in December 1959, Judge Desmond stated:
"and we pray for you (Chief Judge Conway) in the words of Cardinal Newman: 'may He support us all day long till the shades lengthen and the evening comes, and the busy world is hushed and the fever of life is over and our work is done. Then in His mercy may He give us a safe lodging and a holy rest and peace at the last.'"16
Work as a Court of Appeals Judge
Judge Desmond served 19 years as an associate judge under four Chief Judges. During this time, he refined a very forceful and lean writing style. As noted by former Presiding Justice of the Fourth Department Michael Dillon, Judge Desmond "was a master in the use of words, insisting always upon precision of language-and particularly so in the art of opinion writing. . . . He wrote exactly what he meant to say, sprinkled with just enough Latin to provide emphasis and reflect his liberal arts Jesuit training."17
Judge Desmond was difficult to classify politically. According to the New York Times, he was generally regarded as a leader of the liberal wing of the Court, but his opinions often defied easy characterization.18 Judge Desmond's progressive side was illustrated most notably in criminal law and criminal procedure law, illustrated, for example, by his dissents in People v. Prior (294 NY 405 [1945]) and People v. Spano (4 NY2d 256 [1958], revd sub nom Spano v. New York, 360 US 315 [1959]) and by his majority opinion in People v. DiBiasi (7 NY2d 544 [1960]).19
In the area of First Amendment law, Judge Desmond could be regarded as a balancer. He was no absolutist and somewhat conservative, at least from a current perspective. In People v. Doubleday & Co. (297 NY 687 [1947], affd by an equally divided Court 335 US 848 [1948]), he joined a unanimous Court in upholding a conviction of a publisher for releasing a book "composed of six interrelated stories" that were allegedly "obscene and lewd." In Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (303 NY 242 [1951], revd 343 US 495 [1952]), Judge Desmond joined a majority of five Judges and concurred separately in upholding a determination of the Board of Regents which revoked a license to exhibit a motion picture on the ground that it was "sacrilegious." The Judge's concurring opinion specifically upheld the right of the government to censor motion pictures, and advocated a deferential standard of judicial review of the state regulators' decision that the film was sacrilegious, a term he concluded was constitutionally no less vague and definite as the term "obscene."
The Judge, however, was not a sure vote in favor of censorship. He wrote the opinion for the Court in Matter of Excelsior Pictures Corp. v. Regents of Univ. of the State of N.Y. (3 NY2d 237 [1957]) striking down a Board of Regents' refusal to grant a license to a motion picture called "Garden of Eden" on the ground that it was "indecent." The Judge held that the word "indecent" within the meaning of Education Law ' 122 means "obscene" and that the picture, which was a fictionalized description of a nudist group in a secluded private camp in Florida, was not obscene nor was it found to be obscene by the Board of Regents. Nevertheless, the very next year in Matter of Kingsley Intl. Pictures Corp. v. Regents of the Univ. of the State of N.Y. (4 NY2d 349 [1958]), he concurred with the majority in holding constitutional the Board of Regents' decision to deny a license to the film "Lady Chatterley's Lover" that had been based on the ground that the film was immoral because it "'portray[ed] acts of sexual immorality...or lewdness' and... 'present[ed] such acts as desirable, acceptable or proper patterns of behavior.'"20
Judge Desmond's position on the relationship between the First Amendment and obscene or pornographic works can best be illustrated in his extrajudicial writings. The Judge noted in his characteristically direct style:
"My thesis, so far as I have one, is that there is nothing in American law, constitutional, statutory or conventional, to prevent pre-censorship for obscenity, and that pre-censorship, applied reasonably and justly and without destruction of real literary values is not offensive to historic American tradition of freedom of publication. . . . We agree with Thomas Jefferson that as to the general content of newspapers, interference is the worst of all evils, since 'our liberty depends upon the freedom of the press, and that cannot be limited without being lost.' But obscenity, real serious, not imagined or puritanically exaggerated, is today as in the past centuries, a public evil, a public nuisance, a public pollution."21
In the area of tort law, Judge Desmond could be viewed as a moderate. On the pro-defendant side, he dissented from the majority in Battalla v. State of New York (10 NY2d 237 [1961]), which gave a plaintiff a cause of action where she alleged that the defendant's employee had failed to lock her securely into a ski-lift and, even though there was no physical impact, she suffered emotional damages. He also dissented in Klimas v. Trans Caribbean Airways (10 NY2d 209 [1961]), a case where the majority upheld an award of workers' compensation benefits to an employee whose fatal heart seizure was allegedly brought on by workplace stress and anxiety. Finally, in Badigian v. Badigian (9 NY2d 472 [1961], overruled in part Gelbman v. Gelbman, 23 NY2d 434 [1969]), the Judge refused to abandon the rule that immunized a parent from negligence actions brought by the parent's son or daughter.
As illustrated by other many tort cases, however, the Judge could be considered pro-plaintiff. The leading example is the Judge's opinion in Woods v. Lancet (303 NY 349 [1951]), holding that an individual could recover damages for injuries she alleged the defendant negligently inflicted while she was still in her mother's womb. In a classic common-law passage, Judge Desmond wrote:
"[Lack of precedent] . . . is not a very strong reason . . . in a case like this. Of course, rules of law on which men rely in their business dealings should not be changed in the middle of the game, but what has that to do with bringing justice to a tort-feasor who surely has no moral or other right to rely on a decision of the New York Court of Appeals? Negligence law is common law and the common law has been molded and changed and brought up-to-date in many another case." 22
In Steitz v. City of Beacon (295 NY 51 [1945]), the plaintiff's house was destroyed when, upon the outbreak of a fire, it proved impossible to douse the flames, because the City had negligently failed to maintain the valves and hydrants regulating the pressure. Relying on Moch Co. v. Rensselaer Water Co. (247 NY 160 [1928]), the majority affirmed the dismissal of the complaint. Judge Desmond dissented on the ground that the waiver of governmental immunity effectuated by Court of Claims Act ' 8 and the Court's decision in Bernardine v. City of New York (294 NY 361 [1945]) should apply to the negligent conduct of the fire department. Judge Desmond continued on this theme later as Chief Judge in his lone dissent in Motyka v. City of Amsterdam (15 NY2d 134 [1965]) stating: "[t]he time has come to remove from our law all the remaining vestiges of governmental immunity. We should be done with exceptions and incongruities. . . . Cities should be held to the same standards of conduct as apply to private persons, since the risk of liability (and insurance against the risk) is incidental to municipal activities."23
Morever, Judge Desmond either wrote or was solidly in support of the majority of the Court in the development of the law of warranty, putting to bed any remnants of the ancient doctrine of privity in cases like Greenberg v. Lorenz (9 NY2d 195 [1961]), Randy Knitwear, Inc. v. American Cyanamid Co. (11 NY2d 5 [1962]) and Goldberg v. Kollsman Instrument Corp. (12 NY2d 432 [1963]). In a decision that cannot be easily characterized as either liberal or conservative, Judge Desmond was instrumental in writing a landmark opinion for the Court in the conflicts of law field. Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines (9 NY2d 34 [1961]) is generally regarded as the central building block upon which all of New York's modern conflicts of law jurisprudence is built because it is expressly built on an "interests analysis" instead of a more formalistic approach.
Interestingly, during the years Judge Desmond served as an Associate Judge, he engaged in other outside activities besides his writing projects and teaching duties. Slightly after World War II, Judge Desmond advised the United States Atomic Energy Commission on legal affairs.24 In 1951, he was named chairman of a new Defense Production Administration Committee that was to scrutinize the effect of special tax concessions to industry on the negotiation of defense contracts.25
Court Years as Chief Judge
As Chief Judge, Desmond wielded a powerful presence in the Conference Room. Desmond, according to Judge Stanley Fuld, urged "his views upon his associates fervidly and persuasively, eager to have them prevail, but always willing to modify his positions when discussion engender[ed] doubt."26 Judge John Van Voorhis said "when the conflicts in thought and experience that go into the fashioning of the law were over," Chief Judge Desmond could "unfailingly eat and drink with his judicial colleagues as friends."27 Judge Kenneth Keating called Chief Judge Desmond's presence in the Conference Room "dynamic, but never domineering. [He kept] order among seven men of rather determined views whose arguments in the conference room were often more heated than those in the courtroom."28
During this period, the Judges dined most frequently at the Fort Orange Club, an exclusive men's club, immediately to the west of the State Capitol. Chief Judge Desmond would enjoy a before-dinner highball, preferably scotch, and sometimes a post-dinner cigar. Dinner time was relaxed; the Judges talked about football, the weather, and other light subjects, but tried hard to keep the Court's work out of the conversation.
As Chief, Judge Desmond's interests gravitated toward judicial administration, sometimes taking controversial stands. For example, the Judge tried for many years to abolish jury trials in civil cases, a move he was confident would unclog court calendars.29 He supported a merger of all trial courts, calling the Court of Claims "a historic accident."30 He also spoke of judicial reform when he left the Court in 1966, observing with the wisdom of personal experience:
"the present caseload is far too heavy for this seven member court. Those who are expert at judicial statistics say that a court like ours should not be burdened with more than 25 to 35 cases per judge per year. Here, the average per judge is more than twice that-and ever growing."31
Within the area of criminal law, Chief Judge Desmond remained keenly cognizant of defendants' rights. In People v. Donovan (13 NY2d 148 [1963]), the Chief Judge joined the majority in holding that a written confession taken from a defendant in a police station after his lawyer had been refused access to him was inadmissible and a violation of the defendant's state constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel. Most notably, he authored People v. Huntley (15 NY2d 72 [1965]) which implemented Jackson v. Denno (378 US 368 [1964]) addressing the voluntariness of confessions and what sort of remedy should be available for those imprisoned based on convictions that had been predicated upon confessions put to a jury without any prior factual finding of voluntariness by a judge. Huntley was a major broadening of the availability of state post-conviction remedies in New York and gave Chief Judge Desmond strong grounds on which to rest his attacks on the widespread use of federal habeas corpus review to "second guess" state appellate court review of criminal convictions.32
Although Judge Desmond never voted to declare New York's death penalty unconstitutional, he did become satisfied as a policy matter that the death penalty should have been abolished. According to the Buffalo Evening News, Judge Desmond stated: "I question the state's right to take human life. I doubt that it [the death penalty] acted as a deterrent. And only a relatively few persons sentenced to death paid the supreme penalty."33
Post Court Years
Judge Desmond's retirement from the Court at age 70 on December 31, 1966 did not mark the end of his public life. In 1967, he was the only delegate to the State Constitutional Convention elected with a Democratic and Republican endorsement. At the Convention, he led an unsuccessful effort to add an anti-bugging amendment to New York's Bill of Rights. "I predict that this convention, which holds in horror the secret police, will continue a practice that is characteristic of totalitarianism everywhere. . . . Wiretapping is an excuse for lazy police work," he said.34 Judge Desmond called wiretapping "a dirty business, revolting business, abhorrent business. This practice is destructive of one of the basic rights for which our forefathers died."35
Judge Desmond also continued to teach at Cornell Law School, a position he first accepted in 1957. When the Court was not in session, the Judge would travel to Ithaca one day a week and teach a course on appellate advocacy.36 After retirement, he also served as a lecturer in appellate practice at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law and continued to teach at a summer seminar at New York University for appellate judges from across the country.
Judge Desmond also served as Chairman of the Canisius College Board of Trustees (he was the first layman so chosen), as a member of the Board of Editors of the New York Law Journal, as co-campaign chairman for Arthur Goldberg-the former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States-in his run for Governor in 1970, and as a frequent arbitrator in labor disputes. According to the Buffalo News, Judge Desmond "gave [former New York State Governor Mario] Cuomo a strong and politically important endorsement in the primary contest for the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1982 when Cuomo upset New York City Mayor Edward I. Koch, the endorsed candidate."37
Tributes and Honors
Obviously, one would expect many tributes for any Judge who sat on the state's highest court for as long as Judge Desmond, but the sheer amount and depth of the praise for the man is overwhelming. According to one commentator, "[f]ew appellate judges enjoy more genuine popularity and more affectionate esteem than the friendly, even tempered, unassuming and plain spoken Chief Judge of the State of New York."38 At Chief Judge Desmond's retirement, Judge Stanley Fuld, who would soon be installed as Chief Judge, observed in part:
"Chief, you came to the Court as a young man some 26 years ago and you step down from the bench today still a young in heart, vision and mind, notwithstanding that along the way you have acquired in years the Biblical three score and ten. You have served on the Court with e?clat and distinction, longer than any of our predecessors, and yet you still retain the priceless attributes of talented youth-a keen intellect, tireless energy and infectious enthusiasm. To this Court and our consultations you have brought not only dedication and skill but also rare wisdom and fresh insights, the products of your firmly held and oft expressed belief that the dictates of common sense are compatible with the principles of the common law"39
The praise from his colleagues on the bench was unanimous. Judge Adrian Burke keenly described the Judge's strength of character, observing that in Judge Desmond's
"legal endeavors there is no loss of individuality-no enlistment in the mass movements of the particular moment. He is neither vague nor casual, and his work will always be a living reflection of what he thinks and what he cherishes. Untouched by the success he has achieved, through the years he has remained his unique self, exploring ways to express his attitudes toward life and the world around him in his own fashion."40
Former Presiding Justice of the Appellate Division Michael Dillon said:
"This remarkable, unique man of four score and ten years never grew old, even as his body gave way to the years. He was ever young and up to date, whether the subject be law, politics or other current events. He lived not in the past, except to apply its experience to the present and the future. He spoke often and reverently about his parents and the politics he learned from his father. He exuded paternal love when he spoke of his children and he reveled in the accomplishments of his grandchildren."41
United States Supreme Court Justice William Brennan described the qualities possessed by Judge Desmond in this way: "massive common sense, downright forcefulness, and obvious lack of subtlety and an abiding instinct for fair play."42 Governor Mario Cuomo, who knew the judge well from his days as a law clerk to Judge Adrian Burke, praised Judge Desmond in a testimonial held in April 1986, calling the Judge "a man of extraordinary intelligence, rock-solid judgment and unbending convictions."43 He characterized the witty Judge Desmond as blessed with "a quick and incisive mind and a pleasant sense of humor . . . [He was] a man with a love of people and integrity of person and purpose."44
Judge Desmond was the recipient of 13 honorary degrees from colleges and universities across the country.45 The Judge received a citation for distinguished service to the legal profession from the University of Buffalo in 1954. He was the winner of the National Conference of Christians and Jews "Brotherhood Award" in 1955 and recipient of the New York State Bar Association's prestigious Gold Medal Award in 1967.
Judge Desmond died on February 9, 1987 in Mercy Hospital after a brief illness. Just the Wednesday before his death, Judge Desmond finished teaching a course at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law. Memorial exercises were held at the Court of Appeals on February 10, 1987. Chief Judge Wachtler expressed the deepest sympathy of the Court to his family as it remembered him in thoughts and prayers. Judge Desmond is buried in the Immaculate Conception section of the Eden Evergreen Cemetery in Eden, New York.
Judge Desmond was survived by three daughters and 12 grandchildren. Daughters: Sheila Landon (children Peter Cook Landon, Timothy Landon, Patrick Desmond Landon [deceased], Christopher Landon [deceased]); Kathleen Hughes (children Bridget Trimboli, Maura Bowman and Desmond Hughes); Patricia Williams (children: Amelia Williams, Gregory Williams, Edward Williams). Judge Desmond's only son, Charles Ryan Desmond (known as Ryan), died tragically in a car accident in 1985. He was survived by four children: Charles S. Desmond II, Julie Schechter, Joseph Desmond and Mollie Scanlon.
This biography appears in The Judges of the New York Court of Appeals: A Biographical History, ed. Hon. Albert M. Rosenblatt (New York: Fordham University Press, 2007). It has not been updated since publication.
Sources Consulted
(In addition to all of the Judges' Published Writings and the sources listed in the biography endnotes)
Biographical File at the University Archives, State University of New York at Buffalo - consisting of many newspaper articles from Buffalo New York Newspapers, including, but not limited to, many articles cited in the endnotes to the biography.
Charles S. Desmond, A Quarter Century Service to New York and The Nation, 15 Buffalo L Rev 253 (Winter 1965). This entire volume contains tributes by William J. Brennan Jr., Sir George Coldstream, Stanley H. Fuld, and Ray Forrester, and the following articles within the overall heading The Path of New York Law: 1945-1965: Bergan, The New York Court of Appeals. Laufer, Tort Law. Paulsen Criminal Procedure. Karlen and Harris, Judicial Administration. Hyman, Home Rule.
Desmond, Appeals under Election Law, NY Times, Jan. 9, 1965, at 36.
In Memoriam: Remarks by Sol Wachtler, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals on the Death of Former Chief Judge Charles S. Desmond, 69 NY2d VII.
1965 New York "Redbook."
Remarks at Ceremony Marking Retirement of Chief Judge Charles S. Desmond,18 NY2d VII.
Taylor, Eminent Members of the Bench and Bar of New York (1943).
A Tribute to Chief Judge Charles S. Desmond, 52 Cornell LQ 351 (Winter II 1967), includes the following two articles: Van Voorhis, Chief Judge Desmond and the New York Court of Appeals. Thoron, Chief Judge Desmond and Cornell.
Van Voorhis, Burke, Scileppi, Bergan, Keating, Charles S. Desmond-Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals-A Tribute, 8 St. John's L Rev 8-17 (1967).
Published Writings
Through The Courtroom Window, West Publ. Co. (1959).
Sharp Quillets Of The Law, From Decisions of The New York Court of Appeals, Dennis & Co. (1949).
Articles, Book Reviews, and Forwards To Other Works:
A Tribute to Thomas Headrick, 34 Buffalo L Rev 631 (1985).
Dedication: A Tribute to Adolf Homburger, 26 Buffalo L Rev 209-218 (1977).
Dedication: A Salute to Joseph Laufer, 28 Buffalo L Rev 447 (1977).
Tribute to Maurice H. Frey, 24 Buffalo L Rev 265 (1974-1975).
A Tribute to Judge Adrian P. Burke (with others), 48 St. John's L Rev 437 (1974).
Faculty Memorial for Dr. Harold F. McNeice, 47 St. John's L Rev VII (1973), Reprinted in 19 Cath Lawyer 5 (1973).
A Memorandum as to the Constitutionality of the so-called "Gordon No-Fault Automobile Insurance Reparations Bill" (1972) (available in New York State Library)
Proposals for Judicial Reform in New York, 36 Brooklyn L Rev 329 (1970).
Mr. Justice Jackson: 4 Lectures in His Honor (with Paul A. Freund, Justice Potter Stewart, and Lord Shawcross) (Colum Univ Press 1969).
May It Please the Committee, 22 Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York (Republished 39 Oklahoma Bar Assn. J. 1177 [1968]).
Lawyers, 53 Cornell L Rev 547 (1967-1968).
Courts Judges and Constitutional Reform, 39 NYS Bar J 285 (1967).
After 26 Years on the Court of Appeals, 42 St. John's L Rev 5 (1967).
Twenty Six Years, Twenty Six Cases, 24 NY County Bar Bulletin 24:147 (1966-1967).
Reflections of a State Reviewing Court Judge Upon The Supreme Court's Mandates in Criminal Cases (combined with other articles in a symposium on The Supreme Court and the Police, 57 Journal of Crim Law 238 [1966]).
Courts, The Public and the Law Explosion: A Critique, 54 Georgetown LJ 777 (1966).
Appreciation of Judge Marvin Dye, 51 Cornell LQ 151 (1965-1966).
Current Problems of State Court Administration, 65 Colum L Rev 561 (1965).
Advance and Change in the Law, 32 Tenn L Rev 18 (1964-1965).
What the Courts Expect of Bar Examiners, 33 Bar Exam 38 (1964).
Federal Habeas Corpus Review of State Court Convictions, 9 Utah L Rev 18 (1964).
Juries In Civil Cases-Yes or No, 36 NYSBJ 104 (1964).
Forward to Francis Gary Power's Book Strangers On A Bridge: The Case of Colonel Abel, Atheneum (1964).
Memoriam To Justice Phillip Halpern. Logic, Liberalism and The Convention of 1938: Phillip Halpern's Role (with other tributes), 13 Buffalo L Rev 303 (1964)
Federal Habeas Corpus Review of State Court Convictions (with other articles on Judicial Review), 50 Georgetown LJ 653 (1962).
Book Review of Karl Llewellyn's Common Law Tradition: Deciding Appeals, 36 NYU L Rev 529 (1961).
Integrate the New York Bar?, 13 Syracuse L Rev 201 (1961).
Musings, 54 Law Lib Journal 29 (1961).
Current Court Problems (with other authors), 19 NY County Bar Bull 132 (1961).
Copyright Symposium, Forward, 11 Copyright Law Sym (1960).
Some Major Proposed Changes in the Civil Practice Act (with other authors) 32 NYS Bar Bull 313 (1960).
Some Civil Rights Cases in the New York Court of Appeals, 22 Rocky Mountain L Rev 1 (1959-1960).
Albert Conway-Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, A Tribute, with C.W. Froessel, C.A. Keeler, G. Goodnough & J.P. McGrath, 34 St. John's L Rev 1 (1959).
Desmond, A Modern Day Law Guild, 140 NYLJ No. 44, P2 (October 19, 1958).
Free Speech and Obscenity, Reprinted in 1958 Joint Legislative Committee To Study the Publication and Dissemination of Offensive and Obscene Material, Legislative Documents Series N 130.
Book Review of N. St. John-Stevas's Obscenity and the Law, 32 Notre Dame Law 547 (May 1957).
The Formation Of The Law: The Interrelation of Decision and Statute, 26 Fordham L Rev 217 (1957).
University of Detroit Law Journal's 40th Anniversary Messages of Felicitation: Why A Law Review, 34 U Det LJ 247 (December 1956).
Slow Process Toward A Speed Up, 8 Brooklyn Bar 5 (October 1956).
Legal Problems In Censoring The Media of Mass Communications, 40 Marquette Law Rev 38 (1956).
Idea Of A Law School, 1 Vill L Rev 5 (January 1956).
Natural Law and the American Constitution, 22 Fordham L Rev 235 (1953).
Censoring the Movies, 29 Notre Dame Lawyer 27 (1953).
Practical Problems of the Courts, 19 Ins Counsel J 270 (1952).
Bail-Ancient And Modern, 1 Buffalo L Rev 245 (1952).
Where Have the Litigants Gone, 20 Fordham L Rev 229 (1951).
Arising Out of And In The Course of Employment In New York, 26 Notre Dame Lawyer 462 (1950-1951).
The Limited Jurisdiction of the New York Court of Appeals B How Does It Work? (a comparison between 1948-49 and 1923-1924), 2 Syracuse L Rev 1507 (1950).
Book Review of James Willard Hurst's, Growth of American Law: The Lawmakers, 26 Notre Dame Law 169 (1950).
How Many Kinds Of Courts Do We Need, 21 NYSBA Bull 442 (1949).
The Annulment Problem (Address), 20 NYSBA Bull 59 (1948).
The Soldier-Lawyers Return To Practice (Address), 67 NYSBA 362 (1944).
Forfeiture Of Vessels In Enforcement of National Prohibition, 11 ABA J 21 (1925).


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Gibbon Call Produced Like Human Soprano Song
It's too bad a gibbon can't sing in the opera—these apes vocalize with the same techniques that sopranos use to bring down the house. A study in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology raised the curtain on gibbons' voices…with helium. [Hiroki Koda et al., Soprano singing in gibbons]
If you've ever inhaled helium, you know that it increases the rate of vibration of the vocal cords—which raises the pitch of your voice too. When researchers let a white-handed gibbon breathe helium-enriched air, the ape's musical, penetrating call [normal gibbon call] turned into this [helium gibbon call].
As Scientific American's Kate Wong reported last week, these vocal changes told researchers that the two parts of a gibbon's sound-making apparatus—the larynx that produces a call and the vocal tract that filters and modifies it—function independently, just like in humans. And the same technique that lets gibbons project their melodious cries through a dense forest also helps operatic sopranos fill a room with sound [singing sound].
—Sophie Bushwick
[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]


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Leather Handle Cutting Board - Maple
These wooden cutting boards, both decorative and functional, are made of crooked maple. They are handcrafted in Philadelphia and detailed with a leather strap inset for hanging that reads, "made in Philadelphia, oil often". Making great wall art, they are meant to have one side used for chopping and the other for show. Functional wooden objects such as cutting boards are a traditional housewarming or wedding gift because they symbolize stability, harmony, and peace. Wood grain and color will vary and variations in the wood including wormholes or termite holes are inherent and sparse. Some boards are made of two pieces of wood, we love the variation.


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International Friendly: Chile 4 Costa Rica 0
Chile underlined the depth of their squad with a resounding 4-0 thrashing of ten-man Costa Rica in a friendly at the Estadio Bicentenario.
With both teams electing not to choose European based players, the Chileans were without Alexis Sanchez, Arturo Vidal and Gary Medal, while the Costa Ricans missed Bryan Ruiz, Alvaro Saborio and Bryan Oviedo.
It only took Chile 13 minutes to get off the mark with Miiko Albornoz underlining the home side's dominance with a crisp strike.
Despite conceding the majority of the possession, Costa Rica managed to hold on to the half-time break but the floodgates opened soon after.
Chilean midfielder Pablo Hernandez struck a quick-fire brace three minutes after half-time to establish a comfortable 3-0 lead for his side.
Any hope of Costa Rica getting back into the game was wiped in the 63rd minute with a second yellow card to defender Michael Umana.
Striker Carlos Munoz finished off the Costa Ricans on 79 minutes as Chile completed a comprehensive victory.
Costa Rica will be hoping to improve when they meet South Korea in a friendly on Friday in the United States, while Chile's next match is a tough exhibition encounter away against Germany.


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Whenever you use an orange, lemon, lime, or grapefruit, make sure to save the peel, which contains skin-rejuvenating essential oils.
Citrus does double duty: The acid in the oil helps loosen the dead top layer of skin, and the ground-up peels slough it off.
Buy It
- Murad Pomegranate Exfoliating Mask is left on the skin for 10 to 15 minutes. $23 for six; murad.com
- Kiss My Face Start Up Exfoliating Face Wash gently renews with alpha hydroxy acids from fruit. $15; kissmyface.com
- Jurlique Fruit Enzyme Exfoliator has a blend of natural fruit acids that removes the top layer of skin. $45; jurlique.com
DIY It
A natural exfoliator from Janice Cox, author of "Natural Beauty at Home."
- 1 Tbsp. dried citrus peel, chopped and finely ground in a food processor
- 1/2 cup plain yogurt
- 1 tsp. pure honey
- 1/4 cup vitamin E oil
- 2 Tbsp. cornmeal
Mix the ingredients until well blended and massage on a damp face. Rinse well with warm water and finish with a splash of cold. Though the scrub's nicest when used fresh, you can store leftovers in the refrigerator for up to a week.


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Arnold Schwarzenegger's Biggest Role Regret Is Turning Down Michael Bay's 'The Rock'
Arnold Schwarzenegger is out promoting his upcoming action film The Last Stand – and rather than just hit the talk show and junket circuit, the former California governor is embracing the power of the Internet by engaging with Reddit users in one of the site's popular Ask Me Anything sessions.
As usual, pretty much anything goes over at Reddit, so we don't get a ton of questions about The Last Stand, but Schwarzenegger did reveal a few interesting tidbits about his career and his hopes for the future – and also showed off his iPad penmanship in a few answers.
When asked what role he most regretted turning down, Schwarzenegger responded with Michael Bay's The Rock. The actor says, "I love the movie, and it turned out well. When it was offered to me there was only an 80-page script with a lot of handwriting and scribbles and it didn't seem fully baked. But they obviously did a fantastic job." Of course, he never clarifies which role he would have played. It's hard to picture him playing Cage's character and he wasn't really old enough to play the Connery part – that guy had been locked away for ages.
The Bay lovefest continues in another question, where Schwarzenegger is asked what directors he'd most like to work with. "I would like to work with Michael Bay and Steven Spielberg. Also, Sam Raimi would be great to work with." We can certainly see Arnold in a Bay film – but seeing him work with Spielberg and Raimi would be more interesting if only because they'd probably lead to very different performances than we're used to.
When asked about doing the rumored sequel to Twins, the actor took to his iPad to write "Yes I will make Twins II with Danny DeVito and Eddie Murphy." Seems pretty straightforward to us.
And finally, the iconic action star showed off his sense of humor when a Reddit user asked him: "Would you rather fight 100 duck-sized Predators or one Predator-sized duck?" Schwarzenegger told the questioner that he'd opt for the Predator-sized duck, because he's "already fought a Predator-sized Predator so I am confident I could handle the duck."
Swing by Reddit for more of the wit and wisdom of Schwarzenegger and catch The Last Stand when it opens nationwide this Friday.
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