text:
Visit our main website at www.StDavids.com
Pronounced: em-fiss-SEE-mah
Debra Wood, RN
Emphysema is a long-term disease of the lungs. It is a problem with the tiny air sacs that make up the lungs. These tiny elastic sacs should stretch to fill with air and then get smaller as air moves out of the lungs. Emphysema is caused by the destruction of these air sacs. This makes it difficult to move air in and out of the lungs.
Emphysema is a
type of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Emphysema is caused by damage to the air sacs of the lung. This damage may be caused by:
Emphysema is more common in people over 40 years old. Other factors that may increase your risk of emphysema include:
Early symptoms include:
As the disease progresses, you may have:
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Your doctor will need to test how impaired your lungs may be. This may be done with:
Your doctor may also need detailed pictures of your lungs. This may be done with:
There is no cure for emphysema. Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving your quality of life. .
Treatment options may include one or more of the following:
smoking slows the disease. It the most important part of treatment. There are many programs to help you quit including:
Limit the number of irritants in the air you breathe. It may help make breathing easier. Avoid smoke, dust, smog, extreme heat or cold, and high altitudes.
Medication for emphysema may help by:
Some medication may be taken as pills or liquids. Others are inhaled medication that is delivered directly to the lungs.
The flu and pneumonia can make your symptoms worse. Get vaccinated against
and the
flu. The flu vaccine may also reduce flare-ups.
Oxygen therapy may be helpful if the oxygen levels in your blood are too low. It can relieve trouble breathing and improve energy. You may only need it for specific activities or it may be given throughout the day.
Special exercises can strengthen chest muscles. This can make it easier to breathe.
Regular physical activity can reduce the workload on your lungs by building up endurance. Physical activity is also associated with improved quality of life.
Follow your doctor's recommendations for activity levels and restrictions.
Special methods of breathing can help bring more air into the lungs. They can also help force trapped air out of the lungs. Effective coughing techniques can also help clear mucus from your lungs. Ask your doctor if these techniques can help you. Some examples include:
Eating habits to consider with emphysema:
The following may help you manage emphysema symptoms:
A small number of people may benefit from surgery. Surgery options include removing a part of the lung or a lung transplant.
To help reduce your chance of emphysema:
American College of Chest Physicians
American Lung Association
Health Canada
The Lung Association
Chhabra SK, Gupta RK, Singh T. Cutis laxa and pulmonary emphysema.
Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci.
COPD. American Lung Association website. Available at:
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/copd. Accessed March 29, 2013.
COPD. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated March 5 ,2013. Accessed March 29 ,2013.
COPD and asthma. National Lung Health Education Program website. Available at:
http://www.nlhep.org/Pages/COPD-and-Asthma.aspx. Accessed March 29, 2013.
Emphysema. American Lung Association website. Available at:
http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/emphysema. Accessed March 29, 2013.
Explore COPD. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Available at:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/copd. Updated June 8, 2012. Accessed March 29, 2013.
Petrache I, Diab K, Knox KS, et al. HIV associated pulmonary emphysema: A review of the literature and inquiry into its mechanism.
Last reviewed June 2015 by Brian Randall, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.
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text: Sociology is the study of social relationships structures. It focuses on relations among people, groups, organizations, classes, cultures, and society. Sociology explores and analyzes issues vital to our personal lives, communities, society, and the world. The curriculum in sociology is designed to provide students with an understanding of the social character of human life and of the impact of varying forms of social organization on human affairs. Students are introduced to the methods by which such knowledge is obtained and to the applications of sociological knowledge. Students considering sociology as a major are encouraged to speak with a sociology department advisor.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
DUBAI, U.A.E., 18th September 2012: Emirates, one of the world's fastest growing airlines, will boost its Dubai-Singapore route with the introduction of a permanent Airbus A380 service from 1st December 2012. Emirates will be the first and only carrier to offer a scheduled A380 service on this route.
The 517-seat A380 aircraft will be deployed for flights EK354 and EK355 on the back of strong passenger demand in both directions, replacing the 354-seat Boeing 777-300ER, a 46% increase in capacity.
With the addition of A380 services, Emirates' total capacity across four daily services from Dubai to Singapore increases to 1,659 seats daily. The launch of A380 services confirms Changi Airport's status as Emirates' South East Asian hub with over 1,100 seats daily connecting through to Brisbane, Melbourne and Colombo and the strengthening of its vertically integrated business model via dnata's airport services, ground handling and catering operations.
"Emirates is currently operating a two week ad-hoc Airbus A380 service between Dubai and Singapore which has received extremely positive responses from our passengers. In light of this we have decided to bring our flagship aircraft to Singapore on a permanent basis. This follows our progressive build-up of services on this route over the last few years. Despite the current global economic uncertainty, we remain committed to the Singapore market adding significant seat capacity – over 2,200 seats a week – which is set to foster tourism and trade between Singapore, Dubai and beyond," said Salem Obaidalla, Emirates' Senior Vice President, Commercial Operations Far East & Australasia.
"The signature Emirates A380 service is pivotal to our overall business strategy. Our passengers in Singapore can look forward to enjoying the widely admired and popular aircraft, known for its quietness, spaciousness and award-winning on-board products, all the way from Singapore into much of Europe that includes Amsterdam, London Heathrow, Manchester, Munich, Paris and Rome," added Mr Obaidalla.
The Emirates A380's three-class configuration boasts 14 private First Class Suites, 76 lie-flat beds in Business Class and 427 seats in Economy Class. Passengers across all cabins will get to enjoy over 1,400 channels on Emirates' award-winning Digital Widescreen inflight entertainment system, ice and stay connected to the Internet throughout their journey with high speed Wi-Fi access.
Emirates' A380 offers First and Business Class passengers the unique opportunity to socialise, relax and even do business in its onboard lounge. First Class passengers have the added luxury of two exquisitely designed onboard Shower Spas, offering them a revitalised and refreshed arrival at their destination.
Flight EK 354 departs Dubai daily at 0325hrs (local time) and arrives in Singapore at 1440hrs (local time). The return daily flight, EK 355 departs Singapore at 2135hrs (local time) and arrives in Dubai at 0100hrs (local time).
As the largest operator of the double-decker aircraft, Emirates' fleet of 23 A380s now serve Amsterdam, Auckland, Bangkok, Beijing, Hong Kong, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, London Heathrow, Manchester, Munich, New York JFK, Paris, Rome, Seoul, Shanghai, Sydney, Toronto, Tokyo from its Dubai Hub. Additional A380 destinations that are set to launch this year include Melbourne (from 1 October 2012) and both Singapore and Moscow (from 1 December 2012).
The demand for Emirates' services continues to gather pace on its global route network that spans over 120 destinations in 74 countries. Just last year, Emirates increased the frequency of flights on the Singapore-Dubai with seven additional weekly flights, bringing the total number of flights out of Singapore to 28 – the most number of direct Singapore-Dubai flights offered by any airline.


text:
bemedia needed a new web page design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 19 designs submitted by 6 freelance designers.
We need a new visual design supplier for an existing website, http://www.sportpartner.nl.nl. We will start by this contest: the visual design of a new Search Wizard.
At http://www.sportpartner.nl members can find someone to play sport with. For example someone to run with, or someone to play tennis with. Currently they can search by choosing some parameters from a dropdown and click on search. This is an old school search solution. Slow and not really userfriendly.
Therefore we need a state-of-the-are AJAX technology based search tool. We have created a functional design, which can be downloaded here:
We hope and think that this functional design explains everything. If not, please ask.
You can login into sportpartner.nl with
e-mail: email@example.com
password: demo
About the design
Obviously the visual design should fit within the current design of sportpartner.nl. You cannot use totally different colors or totally different fonts. But you can tweak. Please play with the CSS of checkboxes for example, these don't have to be windows default. Make it web2.0 and surprise us. Use nice web 2.0 gradients and buttons. And again, it should fit into the current design. But it also may be very clear that this new search tool is different from the rest of the site. This new search tool is something innovative. Please take into account that this is a ajax tool, with no page refreshes. Your design should fit with this.
You deliver:
1 visual design, outlined in 4 PSD files, according to the PDF.
Designs we like
Usability, CSS, organized. Business with a twist. That is what we like.
Here a short list of design we like. Again, this does not mean you have to design it like this. Maybe the most surprising design will win. Maybe we care very much for usability and modern CSS design.


text:
OVERVIEW:Display slider in a Mac? iPad? iPhone? Android Phone? or even your own Creation?
This is what you need: Emu Slider.
Please give it quick rating if you like this. If you have any suggestions/feature request or you find a bug, you are more than welcome to contact me and I'll address them ASAP.
Live Demo
- 7 pre-designed emulators (iMac, MacBook Pro, Mac Cinema, iPad, iPhone, Nokia Lumia 900, Samsung Galaxy SIII)
- 50+ transitions
- HTML5 animations + fallback for old browsers
- Support multiple sliders on one page with different configurations
- Mobile device compatible
- Simple & Clean HTML
- Browser performance optimizations
- Image pre-caching
- Fully Customizable:
- Emulators can be displayed in any size
- You have the ability to create your own Emulator Skin in 2 simple steps
CHANGE LOGS:v1.01 @ 13 Feb 2013
UPDATE: Performance improvementsv1.00 @ 02 Oct 2012
Initial release


text:
Thomas Roberts of Huntington Beach is one of 52 Major League Baseball fans trying to become a "Cave Dweller" in the 2013 MLB Fan Cave.
Thomas, whose favorite team is the Los Angeles Dodgers, has his contest video posted at http://www.MLBFanCave.com, where fans can vote for their favorite videos. Voting is open through Wednesday. The 30 finalists will be invited to Spring Training where they will audition to be the 2013 Fan Cave Dwellers.
— From staff reports
Tryouts coming
NHB Futbol Club is holding tryouts for the 2013-2014 club soccer season for boys and girls ages 8 to 14 Sunday at Hope View Elementary School in Huntington Beach. For information, visit http://www.nhbfutbol.com.
— From staff reports
Bonanni on Team USA
Bret Bonanni of Huntington Beach, a freshman student/athlete at Stanford University, was named Jan. 24 to the USA Water Polo Men's Senior National Team. The team ended play Sunday at the UANA World Aquatic Championships Qualification Tournament at Calgary, Canada. The U.S. took the silver medal after losing, 6-5, to Canada in the gold medal game.
The U.S. team had qualified for a spot in the FINA World Championships next summer by defeating Argentina, 15-8, in a semifinal game Saturday.
A two-time All CIF Southern Section Division 1 player of the year (2010-11) at Mater Dei High, Bonanni, an attacker, was one of 13 athletes named to the roster for the qualification tournament. The team features four Olympic athletes who competed at the 2012 London Games.
— From staff reports
Camp taking place at Marina
A Youth Strength and Speed Camp is underway at Marina High. Camp sessions are from 4:30 to 5:45 p.m. every Monday through Thursday at the school's track until June 6.
The sessions are open to youth in grades sixth through eighth and are geared to prep athletes to compete on the track, field or court. Sessions will focus on speed development and mobility through strength, power, explosiveness, technique, safety, change of direction and sprinting mechanics, conditioning, injury prevention, leadership and character and work ethic development.
The cost is $5 per session and one-on-one sessions are available.
Youth will be coached by George Pascoe (Marina varsity football head coach), Andrew Bonsall (Marina freshman football head coach), and Turill Engleman (Marina varsity football speed and strength coach).
For more information, call Bonsall at (714) 469-5503.
— From staff reports


text:
Do you like to take part in special occasions? At Fred Meyer Jewelers, we believe the customer experience is more than a purchase; it's a memory. As an Associate, you'll cultivate those memories. You'll bring your people skills to the table and we'll help you reach the next level. Come grow with us!
Since our inception in 1973, Fred Meyer Jewelers has been one of the most innovative jewelers in our industry. Our original stores, in Portland, Oregon were located exclusively within larger Fred Meyer, multi-department stores. Through the years, Fred Meyer Jewelers expanded into select shopping malls across the country.
In the late 1990s, Littman Jewelers became part of our company. Littman Jewelers has been a renowned jeweler on the east coast since 1885. Today we operate our stores under the Fred Meyer Jewelers banner and the Littman Jewelers banner.
In 1998, the Kroger Co. purchased Fred Meyer and Fred Meyer Jewelers. Kroger is America's largest grocer and second largest retailer of any type. Kroger is one of the most respected and honored businesses in America and has been named America's most generous company by Forbes magazine for its commitment to both national charities and the local communities in which we do business.
In 2006, we opened our first Fred Meyer Jewelers location inside of a Kroger Marketplace store. Under one roof, Customers find a innovative grocery store plus the convenience of banking, pharmacy, medical clinics, home and bath and much more.
Because Fred Meyer Jewelers is one of the largest and fastest growing jewelers in America, your career path, which can take you where you want to go. Whether your interest is to be a Sales Professional in the Northeast, a Store Manager in the Midwest or a Regional Supervisor in the Sun Belt … chances are Fred Meyer Jewelers is there with exciting career opportunities for you.
Fred Meyer Jewelers values our leadership role in the communities we serve and within the jewelry industry. Our charitable work focuses on children's needs, including Make-A-Wish, St. Jude's Children Hospital and CASA, the Court Appointed Special Advocates. As members of the Responsible Jewelers Council we are committed to supporting environmental and social sustainability locally and throughout the world through responsible sourcing of our product.
Delivering a shopping experience that makes our Customers want to return and supporting the success of our Associates go hand in hand. To achieve both goals we must be knowledgeable, caring and committed in our approach to all we do.
As a Fred Meyer Jewelry Professional, your learning experience begins on your first day. Our curriculum of courses will support your ongoing development in product knowledge, professional selling skills and leadership development. All Associates have the opportunity to become Diamond and Gemstone Certified with the Diamond Council of America.
We believe that trust is central to building loyal Customer relationships. Our services and guarantees ensure your Customer's total satisfaction. The quality, value and design of our merchandise are the standards of excellence in our industry.
Our commitment to providing a superior shopping experience for our Customers is equaled by our commitment to supporting your success. Customers expect and deserve exquisite merchandise and sparkling stores, but it is not enough.
As we welcome you into our Fred Meyer Jewelers family, we are concerned about the security, health, and safety of you and your family. Our benefits package is extensive and competitive. In addition to competitive salaries and an attractive incentive program upon qualification, Fred Meyer Jewelers offers some or all of the following benefits depending on position, location and/or regions.
Apply for all Store and Corporate Opportunities »
Fred Meyer Jewelers is part of the Kroger Co. and is an equal opportunity employer and employs individuals without regard to race, age, religion, disability, gender or national origin.
Sign up for special offers.
If you are using a screen reader and are having difficulty with this website, please call 1-800-342-6663.


text:
HP has announced a new mobile thin client that aims to combine PC-like performance with the security needed to protect data in enterprise, financial, healthcare and government settings.
The HP mt40 Mobile Thin Client is suited for enterprises that have deployed virtualisation solutions from the major independent software vendors - Citrix, Microsoft, and VMware - as well as those that are considering moving to virtual desktops for their more mobile employees.
Aimed at telecommuters and on-campus mobile workers, the mt40 features a 14-inch HD display, a 1.9GHz Intel Celeron processor and the choice of a either a lightweight or extended battery. It weighs in at 2.17kg (4.78lb) and has no moving parts, making it cheaper than a notebook PC.
The mt40 runs Windows Embedded 7 and HP's Velocity software, which boosts performance on networks that are struggling to work efficiently due to applications which occupy a lot of bandwidth.
"With the growth in telecommuting, as well as the rise in the number of workers who regularly travel between locations, a mobile thin client makes a lot of sense both from a mobility productivity and a security standpoint," said Kobi Elbaz, director of commercial and retail solutions at HP's Printing and Personal Systems Group, EMEA.
"HP now enables global organisations to equip workers with high-performing mobile thin clients that connect them to the cloud, from any location, all while greatly minimising the risk of data loss."
With the HP mt40, employees and contractors can work on sensitive files and save their work to the server, whether they are in the office, roaming the campus or at home. Nothing resides on the device itself, meaning that sensitive data will not be compromised if the device is lost of stolen.
The HP mt40 also comes pre-installed with HP Device Manager 4.5, the latest version of HP's thin client management tool, which can be used by IT to remotely view, configure and manage HP thin clients.
HP Device Manager 4.5 includes a new graphical user interface and enables wireless imaging, allowing updates over the same wireless connection that the remote desktop infrastructure uses - so all HP mt40 devices can be can be accessed and imaged remotely.
The mt40 will go up against similar offerings from Dell, which is moving forward with plans to introduce Wyse thin clients designed for Microsoft's new Windows 8 operating system.
Wyse thin clients are based on x86 and ARM processors, and run on the proprietary ThinOS, Linux and embedded Windows operating systems. Wyse also offers a software stack compatible with Microsoft, VMware and Citrix virtualised environments.
The HP mt40 Mobile Thin Client be available worldwide in mid-December. HP did not disclose pricing.


text:
The Daily Word in sexy censorship, groundhog amnesty and Star Trek/Lord of the Rings crossovers
CNM takes a bold stand against sex, award winning journalism and the first amendment.
The Daily Lobo suspends its print publication to protest CNM's dumb-assery.
The Supreme Court is considering a gay marriage case, but our governor has already made up her mind.
Jane Goodall apparently let one of her chimp friends write her latest book. And it did a bad job.
The groundhog may have failed in doing,HIS ONE JOB, but an Ohio prosecutor decided not to kill him anyway.
Why won't you return our calls, North Korea? RU MAD?
And finally, Gandalf will marry Picard.


text:
Andy Baird necesitaba un nuevo diseño de papelería y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 32 diseños de 9 diseñadores freelance.
Straight Shooter
I am starting a retail marketing consultancy business. The business will focus on how to bring brands to life & develop sales growth through a no nonsense "Straight Shooter" approach and will involve all aspects of brand management, development and retailing including merchandise selection, placement and customer service.
The business will be known for excellent down to earth advice that works but also for using innovative approaches and pushing the traditional boundaries. This business will tell it like it is - with empathy, and will not sugar-coat nor draw out a project just to make money.
A refreshing approach to consulting rather than the protracted and complicated approach of large consulting companies.
I want to appeal to medium to large retail chain companies that are looking for marketing strategies, tactics and advice that work, are easy to implement and measure.
The logo should inspire a level of business confidence
I am looking for a logo design and accompanying stationary i.e. Business Card, Letter Head and Powerpoint presentation
I would like the logo to reflect a no nonsense, straight to the point way of business - I do not want to use a gun or an arrow i.e. the obvious but rather am looking for a more holistic design that incorporates the brand values of
Refreshing - Honest - Innovative
I prefer not to use cartoons or clip art - I don't want anything too serious but it must be professional
Feel free to experiment with colours
I will require both print and web file formats as per print guidelines below
Have Fun!


text:
It's true that the A's are taking something of a risk in signing Scott Kazmir to a two-year deal worth $22 million, but you have to like their thinking.
Yes, this means that Bartolo Colon won't be back after winning 18 games as an All-Star in 2013. Colon is 40, however, meaning he's not in the long-term plans no matter what team he's with.
Kazmir will be the oldest member of the A's pitching staff, it's true, but he's only 29. And while bringing the lefty aboard for all that money after he posted a 29-33 record from 2009-13, there are some indications that he's closer to his pre-2009 style. He was 47-37 with a 3.61 ERA in his first five years with Tampa Bay, including a couple of All-Star selections.
This is a good move for the A's in a couple of ways. First, he went 5-5 with a 3.38 ERA in the second half of the 2013 season with the Indians, increasing his strikeouts and decreasing his walks. That performance suggested he's rediscovered his stuff after years in the wilderness that included a stop in the independent leagues.
He averaged just 2.7 walks per nine innings and 9.2 strikeouts per nine innings with the Indians. In the second half, his strikeouts jumped to 10.3 per nine innings while his walks decreased to 2.1 per nine innings.
Second his addition means the A's will have at least one left-hander in the rotation come 2014. There are two other left-handed candidates on the staff, Brett Anderson and Tommy Milone. Either one could make the rotation, but baseball insiders continue to say the A's are open to the trade of Anderson, who has drawn interest in the past from the Blue Jays.
Assuming the A's don't make any other moves in the rotation, manager Bob Melvin will go to camp with no starter over the age of 29 (Kazmir) and all the members of the rotation under club control through at least 2015.
In short, it's a deal with plenty of upside for Oakland.


text:
The folks in Talent, Oregon have some exciting news today, as electric motorcycle manufacturer Brammo has announced a strategic partnership with TEAM Industries, a leading drivetrain technology firm. The partnership with TEAM brings a variety of advantages to Brammo's production and design process, and it also sees TEAM becoming an investor in the electric vehicle startup.
TEAM's ability to develop and produce, locally in the United States, will help Brammo not only develop its future products more effectively, but also help lower the cost of its current offering. Talking to Brammo CEO Craig Bramscher, he called TEAM Industries "American manufacturing at its finest," and highlighted TEAM's commitment to creating jobs throughout Minnesota, and its ability to work on a wide variety of manufacturing stages
Aside from the capital infusion, which is the lifeblood of any startup company, Brammo seems to be getting a wide array of benefits by working with TEAM.


text:
my iq level is under 100. but im the cleverest on dissensus
i dont think anyone would disupute that claim. i cant do maths like vimothy, or physics like mr tea, or statistics like barty, or read books like craner, and yet i am the cleverest with an iq in the 80s. gestalt. field of vision.
a lot of this is to do with if you are a domesticated animal. you are a domesticated animal if you respond to basic carrot and stick training methods. people who did well at school are people who were trained like animals. nerds were trained like animals and took pride in their ability to jump through hoops.


text:
Author Notes: Brussels sprouts usually play second fiddle on the dinner plate, but in this dish they're the real star. And who could possibly resist a meal with bacon and brown butter? Even a finicky six-year old who at first glance said "I don't think I'm going to like this" ate half a serving. —Jennifer Perillo
Serves: 4 to 6
ounces smoked slab bacon, roughly diced
tablespoons butter
cups diced butternut squash
small shallot, thinly sliced
ounces Brussels sprouts, tough ends trimmed and cut in half
Salt and freshly ground pepper, to taste
1 1/4
cups vegetable stock
ounces dry penne pasta, cooked according to package directions
Freshly grated Parmesan cheese, to taste
In This Recipe
- Add bacon to skillet and heat over medium-high flame. Cook bacon until nicely browned. Transfer to a small bowl using a slotted spoon; set aside. Add butter to skillet and cook until it turns a deep golden color (it will also have a nutty fragrant scent). Add butternut squash to pan and cook 5 minutes, stirring occasionally, until caramelized and lightly browned.
- Add the shallots and Brussels sprouts and season with salt and pepper. Cook for five minutes, until Brussels sprouts are just tender.
- Stir in vegetable stock, adjust salt and pepper, if necessary, and bring to a simmer. Return cooked bacon to the skillet, and cook for 1 to 2 minutes, just until sauce is heated through. Add cooked pasta and toss well to coat. Divide among deep serving bowls and top with freshly grated Parmesan cheese before serving. Cook's Note: Why start the bacon in a cold pan, you ask? It's the easiest way to ensure my pan doesn't overheat since dinnertime is an elaborate juggle with a clingy 17-month old and helping my six year old with her homework. For those less tethered, go ahead and preheat your pan, but why not use those few extra minutes to make a cocktail instead?
- This recipe was entered in the contest for Best Brussel Sprouts
More Great Recipes:
Pasta|Bacon|Butter|Butternut Squash|Vegetable|Shallot|Fall|Entree


text:
It looks like your browser is out of date.
To use all features of KLM.com safely, we recommend that you update your browser, or that you choose a different one. Continuing with this version may result in parts of the website not being displayed properly, if at all. Also, the security of your personal information is better safeguarded with an updated browser.
Swim amongst sea turtles, barracudas and manta rays: diving on Curaçao is a dream. Admire schools of angel fish, parrot fish and trumpet fish, or take a closer look at swaying marine sponges. But to explore this underwater world, one must first learn how to dive. There are around 30 diving schools in Curaçao so take your pick!
It takes a little effort to explore the wonderful underwater world: scuba diving can be a bit complicated at first. Most diving schools offer a 3 or 4-day course for beginners to obtain a basic PADI certification. On Curaçao you will not learn to dive in a cold pool or murky pond but in the lukewarm, azure waters of the Caribbean Sea. And although the official language is Dutch, English is widely spoken everywhere including at the diving schools.
For more than a quarter of a century, Atlantis Diving in Willemstad has been one of the best known diving schools in Curaçao. Located right on the ocean with a beautiful resident reef, Atlantis offers the perfect setting for PADI courses at all levels. The school also offers all the equipment from masks and fins to a dive computer. For a brief introduction to scuba diving book the half-day introduction course, which costs about 70 US dollars and includes a test dive. There are also a number of other affordable packages: how about a course combined with a stay in an apartment (with ocean view) right next to the diving school.
Curaçao's largest diving school is Ocean Encounters. They have dozens of employees, 7 boats and 6 locations across the island, from Willemstad to Nieuwpoort. The school offers different PADI courses, from an introduction course to professional diving courses. In addition, the school offers other special options such as underwater photography and fish identification. Boat trips take divers to dive sites such as the reef at Nieuwpoort where you can see star, brain and horn coral, eagle rays and sea turtles. This reef is only accessible to Ocean Encounters – a real bonus for the clients of the diving school.


text:
Evolution of shells in Linux
From Bourne to Bash and beyond
Shells are like editors: Everyone has a favorite and vehemently defends that choice (and tells you why you should switch). True, shells can offer different capabilities, but they all implement core ideas that were developed decades ago.
My first experience with a modern shell came in the 1980s, when I was developing software on SunOS. Once I learned the capability to apply output from one program as input to another (even doing this multiple times in a chain), I had a simple and efficient way to create filters and transformations. The core idea provided a way to build simple tools that were flexible enough to be applied with other tools in useful combinations. In this way, shells provided not only a way to interact with the kernel and devices but also integrated services (such as pipes and filters) that are now common design patterns in software development.
Let's begin with a short history of modern shells, and then explore some of the useful and exotic shells available for Linux today.
A history of shells
Shells—or command-line interpreters—have
a long history, but this discussion begins with the first UNIX® shell.
Ken Thompson (of Bell Labs) developed the first shell for UNIX called the
V6 shell in 1971. Similar to its predecessor in Multics, this shell
(/bin/sh) was an independent user program that executed outside of the kernel.
Concepts like globbing (pattern matching for parameter expansion, such as *.txt)
were implemented in a separate utility called glob, as was the
if command to evaluate conditional expressions. This
separation kept the shell small, at under 900 lines of
source (see Related topics for a link to the original source).
The shell introduced a compact syntax for redirection (
< >
>>) and piping (
^) that has survived into modern shells. You can also
find support for invoking sequential commands (with
and asynchronous commands (with
What the Thompson shell lacked was the ability to script. Its sole purpose was as an interactive shell (command interpreter) to invoke commands and view results.
UNIX shells since 1977
Beyond the Thompson shell, we begin our look at modern shells in 1977, when the
Bourne shell was introduced. The Bourne shell, created by Stephen Bourne at
AT&T Bell Labs for V7 UNIX, remains a useful shell today (in some cases, as
the default root shell). The author developed the Bourne shell after working on an
ALGOL68 compiler, so you'll find its grammar more similar to the Algorithmic
Language (ALGOL) than other shells. The source code itself, although developed in
C, even made use of macros to give it an ALGOL68 flavor.
The Bourne shell had two primary goals: serve as a command interpreter to interactively execute commands for the operating system and for scripting (writing reusable scripts that could be invoked through the shell). In addition to replacing the Thompson shell, the Bourne shell offered several advantages over its predecessors. Bourne introduced control flows, loops, and variables into scripts, providing a more functional language to interact with the operating system (both interactively and noninteractively). The shell also permitted you to use shell scripts as filters, providing integrated support for handling signals, but lacked the ability to define functions. Finally, it incorporated a number of features we use today, including command substitution (using back quotes) and HERE documents to embed preserved string literals within a script.
The Bourne shell was not only an important step forward but also the anchor for
numerous derivative shells, many of which are used today in typical Linux systems.
Figure 1 illustrates the lineage of important
shells. The Bourne shell led to the development of the Korn shell (ksh),
Almquist shell (ash), and the popular Bourne Again Shell (or Bash). The
C shell (csh) was under development at the time the
Bourne shell was being released. Figure 1 shows the primary
lineage but not all influences; there was significant
contribution across shells that isn't depicted.
Figure 1. Linux shells since 1977
We'll explore some of these shells later and see examples of the language and features that contributed to their advancement.
Basic shell architecture
The fundamental architecture of a hypothetical shell is simple (as evidenced by Bourne's shell). As you can see in Figure 2, the basic architecture looks similar to a pipeline, where input is analyzed and parsed, symbols are expanded (using a variety of methods such as brace, tilde, variable and parameter expansion and substitution, and file name generation), and finally commands are executed (using shell built-in commands, or external commands).
Figure 2. Simple architecture of a hypothetical shell
In the Related topics section, you can find links to learn about the architecture of the open source Bash shell.
Exploring Linux shells
Let's now explore a few of these shells to review their contribution and examine an
example script in each. This review includes the
C shell,
the Korn shell, and Bash.
The Tenex C shell
C shell was developed for Berkeley Software
Distribution (BSD) UNIX systems by Bill Joy while he was a graduate student
at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1978. Five years later, the shell
introduced functionality from the Tenex system (popular on DEC PDP systems).
Tenex introduced file name and command completion in addition to command-line
editing features. The Tenex
C shell (tcsh) remains
backward-compatible with csh but improved its overall interactive features. The
tcsh was developed by Ken Greer at Carnegie Mellon University.
One of the key design objectives for the
C shell was to
create a scripting language that looked similar to the
language. This was a useful goal, given that
C was
the primary language in use (in addition to the operating system being developed
predominantly in
A useful feature introduced by Bill Joy in the
C shell
was command history. This feature maintained a history of the previously
executed commands and allowed the user to review and easily select previous
commands to execute. For example, typing the command
would show the previously executed commands. The up and down arrow keys
could be used to select a command, or the previous command could be executed
!!. It's also possible to refer to arguments of
the prior command; for example,
!* refers to all
arguments of the prior command, where
!$ refers
to the last argument of the prior command.
Take a look at a short example of a tcsh script (Listing 1). This script takes a single argument (a directory name) and emits all executable files in that directory along with the number of files found. I reuse this script design in each example to illustrate differences.
The tcsh script is divided into three basic sections. First, note that I use the shebang, or hashbang symbol, to declare this file as interpretable by the defined shell executable (in this case, the tcsh binary). This allows me to execute the file as a regular executable rather than precede it with the interpreter binary. It maintains a count of the executable files found, so I initialize this count with zero.
Listing 1. File all executable files script in tcsh
#!/bin/tcsh # find all executables set count=0 # Test arguments if ($#argv != 1) then echo "Usage is $0 <dir>" exit 1 endif # Ensure argument is a directory if (! -d $1) then echo "$1 is not a directory." exit 1 endif # Iterate the directory, emit executable files foreach filename ($1/*) if (-x $filename) then echo $filename @ count = $count + 1 endif end echo echo "$count executable files found." exit 0
The first section tests the arguments passed by the user. The
variable represents the number of arguments passed in (excluding the command
name itself). You can access these arguments by specifying their index: For
#1 refers to the first argument (which is
shorthand for
argv[1]). The script is expecting one
argument; if it doesn't find it, it emits an error message, using
$0 to indicate the command name that was typed at
the console (
The second section ensures that the argument passed in was a directory. The
-d operator returns True if the argument is a
directory. But note that I specify a
! symbol first,
which means negate. This way, the expression says that if the argument
is not a directory, emit an error message.
The final section iterates the files in the directory to test whether they're executable.
I use the convenient
foreach iterator, which loops
through each entry in the parentheses (in this case, the directory), and then tests
each as part of the loop. This step uses the
-x operator
to test whether the file is an executable; if it is, the file is emitted and the count
increased. I end the script by emitting the count of executables.
Korn shell
The Korn shell (ksh), designed by David Korn, was introduced around the same
time as the Tenex
C shell. One of the most
interesting features of the Korn shell was its use as a scripting language in
addition to being backward-compatible with the original Bourne shell.
The Korn shell was proprietary software until the year 2000, when it was released as open source (under the Common Public License). In addition to providing strong backward-compatibility with the Bourne shell, the Korn shell includes features from other shells (such as history from csh). The shell also provides several more advanced features found in modern scripting languages like Ruby and Python—for example, associative arrays and floating point arithmetic. The Korn shell is available in a number of operating systems, including IBM® AIX® and HP-UX, and strives to support the Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX (POSIX) shell language standard.
The Korn shell is a derivative of the Bourne shell and looks more similar to it and
Bash than to the
C shell. Let's look at an example
of the Korn shell for finding executables (Listing 2).
Listing 2. Find all executable files script in ksh
#!/usr/bin/ksh # find all executables count=0 # Test arguments if [ $# -ne 1 ] ; then echo "Usage is $0 <dir>" exit 1 fi # Ensure argument is a directory if [ ! -d "$1" ] ; then echo "$1 is not a directory." exit 1 fi # Iterate the directory, emit executable files for filename in "$1"/* do if [ -x "$filename" ] ; then echo $filename count=$((count+1)) fi done echo echo "$count executable files found." exit 0
The first thing you'll notice in Listing 2 is its similarity to Listing 1.
Structurally, the script is almost identical, but key differences
are evident in the way conditionals, expressions, and iteration are
performed. Instead of
C-like test operators, ksh adopts the
typical Bourne-style operators (
-lt, and so on).
The Korn shell also has some differences related to iteration. In the Korn shell, the
for in structure is used, with command substitution
to represent the list of files created from standard output for the command
ls '$1/* representing the contents of the named
In addition to the other features defined above, Korn supports the alias feature (to replace a word with a user-defined string). Korn has many other features that are disabled by default (such as file name completion) but can be enabled by the user.
The Bourne-Again Shell
The Bourne-Again Shell, or Bash, is an open source GNU project intended to replace the Bourne shell. Bash was developed by Brian Fox and has become one of the most ubiquitous shells available (appearing in Linux, Darwin, Windows®, Cygwin, Novell, Haiku, and more). As its name implies, Bash is a superset of the Bourne shell, and most Bourne scripts can be executed unchanged.
In addition to supporting backward-compatibility for scripting, Bash has
incorporated features from the Korn and
C shells.
You'll find command history, command-line editing, a directory stack
pushd and
popd), many
useful environment variables, command completion, and more.
Bash has continued to evolve, with new features, support for regular expressions (similar to Perl), and associative arrays. Although some of these features may not be present in other scripting languages, it's possible to write scripts that are compatible with other languages. To this point, the sample script shown in Listing 3 is identical to the Korn shell script (from Listing 2) except for the shebang difference (/bin/bash).
Listing 3. Find all executable files script in Bash
#!/bin/bash # find all executables count=0 # Test arguments if [ $# -ne 1 ] ; then echo "Usage is $0 <dir>" exit 1 fi # Ensure argument is a directory if [ ! -d "$1" ] ; then echo "$1 is not a directory." exit 1 fi # Iterate the directory, emit executable files for filename in "$1"/* do if [ -x "$filename" ] ; then echo $filename count=$((count+1)) fi done echo echo "$count executable files found." exit 0
One key difference among these shells is the licenses under which they are released. Bash, as you would expect, having been developed by the GNU project, is released under the GPL, but csh, tcsh, zsh, ash, and scsh are all released under the BSD or a BSD-like license. The Korn shell is available under the Common Public License.
Exotic shells
For the adventurous, alternative shells can be used based on your needs or taste. The Scheme shell (scsh) offers a scripting environment using Scheme (a derivative of the Lisp language). The Pyshell is an attempt to create a similar script that uses the Python language. Finally, for embedded systems, there's BusyBox, which incorporates a shell and all commands into a single binary to simplify its distribution and management.
Listing 4 provides a look at the find-all-executables script within the
Scheme shell (scsh). This script may appear foreign, but it implements similar
functionality to the scripts provided thus far. This script includes three functions
and directly executable code (at the end) to test the argument count. The real
meat of the script is within the
showfiles function,
which iterates a list (constructed after
write-ln after each element of the list. This
list is generated by iterating the named directory and filtering it for files that
are executable.
Listing 4. File all executable files script in scsh
#!/usr/bin/scsh -s !# (define argc (length command-line-arguments)) (define (write-ln x) (display x) (newline)) (define (showfiles dir) (for-each write-ln (with-cwd dir (filter file-executable? (directory-files "." #t))))) (if (not (= argc 1)) (write-ln "Usage is fae.scsh dir") (showfiles (argv 1)))
Many of the ideas and much of the interface of the early shells remain the same almost 35 years later—a tremendous testament to the original authors of the early shells. In an industry that continually reinvents itself, the shell has been improved upon but not substantially changed. Although there have been attempts to create specialized shells, the Bourne shell derivatives continue to be the primary shells in use.
Downloadable resources
Related topics
- The V6 Thompson Shell Port (osh), developed and
maintained by J.A. Neitzel, is a great resource for the osh source as well as the
external shell utilities that it relies on (such as
goto). You can also find an archive of utilities written in the Thompson shell in addition to the original source code itself.
- Goosh is the unofficial Google shell, which implements a shell interface over the commonly used Google search interface. Goosh is an interesting example of how shells can be applied to nontraditional interfaces.
The Bourne shell is the anchor from which our current shells were derived. The
files have a certain ALGOL68 flavor that was accomplished through the use
The Bourne-Again Shell is the most
commonly used shell in Linux, combining features of the Bourne shell, Korn shell,
Cshell. For a great read, learn about the structure and internals of Bash in the third chapter of "The Architecture of Open Source Applications."
- Check out additional developerWorks articles on shell scripting, such as Daniel Robbins' "Bash by example" Part 1 (March 2000), Part 2 (April 2000), and Part 3 (May 2000). You can also learn about Korn shell scripting (June 2008) and Tcsh shell variables (August 2008).
- At the kornshell site, get the latest news on the Korn shell, including documentation and other resources.
- Wikipedia includes a great comparison of shells, including general characteristics, interactive features, programming features, syntax, data types, and IPC mechanisms.
- Tim's article "BusyBox simplifies embedded Linux systems" (developerWorks, August 2006) explores the BusyBox application and how to add new commands to this static shell architecture.
- In the developerWorks Linux zone, find hundreds of how-to articles and tutorials, as well as downloads, discussion forums, and a wealth of other resources for Linux developers and administrators.
- Evaluate IBM products in the way that suits you best: Download a product trial, try a product online, use a product in a cloud environment.
- Follow Tim on Twitter. You can also follow developerWorks on Twitter, or subscribe to a feed of Linux tweets on developerWorks.


text:
(EDIT: Revision 2 is available here)
Alright, after trying to bread board the interface between the parallel port and the various bits on the CNC machine I decided to put a board together real quick. I've used the well known method of toner transfer PCB etching.
The features:
- Pulls up on line 10 and 11 for home switches
- Break out all input and output lines
- The emergency stop line is on pin 1 and controls two relays controlling power to the machine.
- Power indicator LED
- Efficient switching power supply so hopefully we can use a small 12V 500mA wall wart to power the machine.
- Screw terminals
- DB25 connector
This diagram has one modification compared to what you'll see in my photos. I forgot to add the pull up resistors in the actual PCB, so I dead-bugged them on top. There really isn't much going on, pretty straight forward stuff.
The layout looks as follows with a mix of SMD and regular components.
This is what the resulting PCB before drilling the holes looks like. Yes it's not perfect but hey, it works and it definitely beats paying and waiting for a PCB.
Now another hour later the PCB looks like this and is working:
Now tonight, hopefully I'll get some movement in the machine!


text:
About Cakebread Cellars
About Cakebread Cellars
Cakebread Cellars Facts
Cakebread Cellars produced its first vintage -- 157 cases of Chardonnay -- in 1973, after owner Jack Cakebread purchased 22 acres of bale clay loam soil in Rutherford, California. The year before, Cakebread, a photographer by trade, found himself in Napa Valley taking shots for a book. He remarked to a few friends that a dream of his was to open a winery in Napa. Later that day, those same friends called to offer him a plot of land which would soon become the site of Cakebread Cellars.
Varietals Produced at Cakebread Cellars
Today, the Cakebread family owns a whopping 982 acres distributed between thirteen sites throughout the Napa Valley and the North Coast. Of those 982, 480 are planted; Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Zinfandel, and Cabernet Franc are the reds harvested, while Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc make up the whites. Among the highlights of Cakebread's portfolio are their distinctive Chardonnays. Their signature house style of both bright acid and sharply delineated fruit flavors makes them immensely food-friendly and has earned them a place on blue chip wine lists around the globe.
Julianne Laks is head winemaker at Cakebread Cellars. She began 20 years ago as an enologist and worked her way up the ranks to assistant winemaker, becoming head winemaker in 2002. Former winemaker Bruce Cakebread took over for his father as president of the winery that same year.


text:
The Bulletin compiles news from in and around the US South. We hope these posts will provide space for lively discussion and debate regarding issues of importance to those living in and intellectually engaging with the US South.
- On Tuesday, June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled five–four to strike down section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This section describes the formula for determining which jurisdictions have a history of racial discrimination and would require federal preclearance to change local voting laws. The formula was renewed by Congress in 2006 after lawmakers concluded that racial discrimination during elections, redistricting, and voter registration did, indeed, still exist. In 2011, Shelby County—an Alabama county that previously fell under the coverage of the provision—sued US Attorney General Eric Holder, arguing that "The South has changed." Chief Justice John Roberts, in the majority opinion, agreed: "Things have changed in the South. "
- Also on that Tuesday, Texas Senator Wendy Davis stood and talked for eleven straight hours, singlehandedly defeating a sweeping abortion regulation bill that would have outlawed abortions after twenty weeks and forced all abortion sites to register as ambulatory surgical centers. Davis previously filibustered a budget that saw huge cuts to education for eight hours. Although that budget ultimately went through after Governor Rick Perry called a special session, Davis's stand against a right-wing state caught the imagination of the nation, inspiring hashtags (#StandwithWendy, #LetHerSpeak), a chant, liveblogs, and a mention from none other than Barack Obama. Governor Perry, however, planned to call a special session for another chance to eliminate abortion in the state of Texas, which is currently underway.
- Texas killed Kimberly McCarthy, the 500th Texan inmate executed since the Supreme Court lifted a nationwide moratorium on executions in 1976, when they ruled that the state of Georgia had the constitutional right to kill Troy Leon Gregg.1 McCarthy, convicted of robbing, beating, and stabbing to death a seventy-one-year-old emeritus professor of psychology, was injected with one large dose of pentobarbital and died at 6:37 p.m. on June 26, 2013. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals overturned her conviction in 2001, but McCarthy lost during a retrial in Dallas County. During sentencing, prosecutors alleged that she had also stabbed to death two elderly women, and the jury sentenced her to die by lethal injection. Governor Rick Perry has presided over 301 of Texas's executions, which make up nearly forty percent of total US executions.
- 1. Incidentally, Gregg was never executed because he escaped from Georgia State Prison the night before his scheduled execution in 1980, only to be beaten to death in a bar fight in North Carolina. Texas executed the nation's first post-moratorium prisoner in 1982, Charles Brooks, the first person to be executed by lethal injection and the first African American executed since 1967.


text:
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2018 ATA $100 Cash Back via Redemption
Allen Company - New for 2018
Anschutz 1771
ATA Arms
Battenfeld - New for 2018
Bushnell Binoculas
Bushnell Night Vision
Bushnell Trail Cameras
Caldwell Ballistic Precision Chronograph
Caldwell Ballistic Precision Chronograph
The Caldwell Ballistic Precision Chronograph Premium Kit is a must have for a variety of shooters from handloaders trying to optimise load data to archers and air gun enthusiasts.
CCI - Copper 22lr
CCI - Copper 22lr
NIOA TV went to the Las Vegas SHOTSHOW and caught up with the guys from CCI. Check out the 22lr - Copper range from CCI.
Eley Ventus - Air Pellets
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Kimber - ShotShow 2018
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Leupold VX-3i LRP - Long Range Precision
Check out the Leupold Long Range Precision (LRP) Riflescope.
NIOA State Finalist in the Telstra Business Awards
NIOA is a 100% Australian owned company and we provide essential products and services to commercial, law enforcement and military markets. We are proud to be a state finalist in the Telstra Business Awards.
NIOA TV - Argentina
NIOA, in conjunction with ATK / Federal Ammunition, ran a year-long competition for our Australian Dealer Network. Seventeen dealers from across the country earned and won their respective seats on a wingshooting expedition to Argentina. Welcome to our very first NIOA TV Special Feature. The 2012 Argentina Dove Hunt.
NIOA TV - Cunnamulla
In this NIOA TV Special Feature join Matt, Ken and Damo as they deliver a radiator to the "Boss" in outback Queensland. With all the hunting, shooting, trail bike riding and field testing, it will be a miracle if they survive the week. Welcome to Cunnamulla.
NIOA TV - Mary River
Join Rob, Ken, Bushy and Matt as they take a couple of suppliers to the edge of Australia. It's buffalo hunting in the 'Top End' at Mary River Station - NIOA TV!
NIOA TV - ShotShow 2013
Join Bushy, Ken and Matt as they navigate their way through 60,000 people to bring you all the highlights of the 2013 Las Vegas Shot Show. See the latest products and hear from the suppliers and manufacturers. It's our largest NIOA TV Special Feature ever! So grab a drink, kick back, relax and enjoy. You'll need some time to watch this one.
At the invitation of Leupold & Stevens, Rob ventured to the Rocky Mountains of Utah for a once in a lifetime opportunity to hunt Elk. Join us on the adventure - NIOA TV.
Nosler - ShotShow 2018
Nosler RDF - Reduced Drag Factor
Nosler RDF - Reduuced Drag Factor
Nosler knows what gives competitive shooters an edge, isn't an edge at all. It's a point. And we've worked hard to bring you the smallest one ever - creating the flattest shooting match bullet on the market. Make the switch to RDF, and put yourself on the podium.
RCBS - New for 2018
RCBS Chargemaster Lite
The new RCBS ChargeMaster Lite packs unparalleled powder-measuring accuracy in a compact package. The one-piece unit features an LCD touchscreen display that ensures accurate data input.
The hopper holds nearly a pound of smokeless powder, and can dispense anywhere between 2-300 grains with a +/-0.1-grain accuracy. The ChargeMaster Lite is an effective, accurate powder-measuring tool, at a price that won't break the bank.
2-300 grain powder dispense range
+/-0.1 grain accuracy (0-500 grains)
Ambidextrous scale pan
LCD Touchscreen display
Durable On/Off and Dispense buttons
Wind Cover
Powder hopper and quick-drain system
Built in bubble level
120/240V switching power supply
Ruger American - New Options
Ruger MKIV - Takedown
Ruger MKIV - Takedown
While the heavily redesigned Mark IV maintains the same classic outward appearance as the Mark III, it incorporates a significant improvement customers will love - a simple, one-button takedown for quick and easy field-stripping. A recessed button in the back of the frame allows the upper receiver to tilt up and off of the grip frame without the use of tools. The bolt simply slides out of the receiver and the barrel can be properly cleaned from chamber to muzzle.
Ruger Precision Rimfire
Ruger Precision Upgrade Rifle
Ruger Precision Upgrade Rifle
The Ruger Precision Rifle is a highly configurable, in-line recoil path, bolt-action rifle. Available in .308 Win, 6mm Creedmoor and 6.5 Creedmoor, the Ruger Precision Rifle Upgrade Model offers outstanding accuracy and long-range capability, at a price that's hard to believe.
Savage Arms - AccuFit Technology
Season 1 / Episode 1
Meet the NIOA TV Team. See why the ATA 686 series of shotguns are causing quite a stir. Damo road tests the Ruger Gunsite Scout Rifle. Mick shows us the the new Polymact? Polymakt?.... ahhh Polymag air rifle pellets from Predator.
Season 1 / Episode 2
On this episode we check out the Leupold RCX Trail Camera, we find out the difference between centrefire and rimfire ammunition and Bushy destroys the morning tea biscuits with a Diana 31 Panther air rifle. Oh yeah... and Mick gets his Waggler out.
Season 1 / Episode 3
On this episode of NIOA TV we test standard velocity, high velocity & hyper velocity rimfire ammunition. Ken takes us through the basics of shotgun cleaning and maintenance. It's chaos in Mick's Warehouse as we try to get an episode filmed.
Season 1 / Episode 4
On this Episode of NIOA TV, Ken gives his rifle a good clean, Damo gives us a look at what's inside his gun safe, Mick dances on Plano cases and Bushy... well Bushy is a little overworked.
Season 1 / Episode 5
On NIOA TV it's our biggest episode ever with Bushy showcasing the Ruger American Rifle. Ken explains how to work out the gauge of your shotgun...it's so complicated, he needs to bring in our resident nerd, Nigel. Damo road tests the Ruger 77/44 All Weather and Matt takes you behind the scenes of the NIOA Law Enforcement & Military Department.
Season 2 / Episode 1
We are back! In this episode Bushy shows off his objective lens size, Ken wades through some .223 ammo, Damo road tests the Anschutz 1780 and Mick puts the boot in. People have been asking why it has taken so long to get this episode out. Rumours that Matt was on holiday for two months in New Zealand are completely untrue.
Season 2 / Episode 2
On this episode of NIOA TV, we compare the knockdown power of 17HMR against 22WMR. We also test the accuracy between 17HMR and 22WMR. Mick puts his Nieto Pigsticker on display and Matt and Damo hold the fort while Ken and Bushy go away.
So settle in and enjoy Australia's favourite shooting program - NIOA TV!
Visit Us: www.nioa.com.au
Season 2 / Episode 3
What an episode! Matt catches up with the cowboys and cowgirls at the Single Action Trials at the Gold Coast Pistol Club. Damo and Ken do a bit of reloading and Mick is looking good in his Blackhawk underwear. All this and more coming up on Australia's favourite shooting show. NIOA TV!
Season 2 / Episode 4
Ken and Damo show how easy it is to reload your own shotshells. Bushy shows off the very popular Counterstrike scope from Redfield. Mick protects his hearing with Pro Ears and we are all getting excited about our new NIOA Facility. It's Australia's favourite shooting show - NIOA TV.
Season 2 / Episode 5
Coming up on this episode on NIOA TV - Bushy, Damo & Ken go through the range of Akkar Churchill Shotguns. Nigel talks about the new Leupold Custom Shop and Mick does a bit of bench resting.
Season 2 / Episode 6
It's our Season Finale! Catch up with Matt, Bushy, Mick and Damo at the Brisbane Sporting Clays as they sponsor the Federal 5000. Ken couldn't make it, 'cause he was at the gym... apparently. Find out what we are putting under the Christmas tree and we have our final facility update for 2013.
Season 3 / Episode 1
You wanted it, we've got it. NIOA TV starts this season with Australia's first 3 barrel shotgun, the Akkar 3. Damo checks out the Leupold Kenai Spotting Scope and Mick has a wander around his new warehouse. It's Australia's favourite shooting show... NIOA TV!
Season 3 / Episode 2
It's a HUGE episode with Leupold Binoculars, Weaver Kaspa Scopes, OTIS Cleaning Products and MetalMAG Air Rifle Pellets. We even let Ken have a go at being the cameraman. Australia's favourite shooting show - NIOA TV!
Season 3 / Episode 3
We road test the Kimber Rimfire Super Target on this episode of NIOA TV. The BOSS talks about some crazy firearm legislation. Bushy explains warranty, Mick starts to clear out the warehouse and Ken makes sure the new building is ready to move into. It's Australia's favourite shooting show, NIOA TV!
Season 3 / Episode 4
In this episode of NIOA TV, Ken gives you a guided tour of the new NIOA facility and gets fired in the process. Damo goes shooting in the new 100 metre test fire range. Bushy relaxes in the firearm showroom and Matt shoots a 50 calibre Barrett sniper rifle. It's chaos in the armoury as Nigel helps out and Mick gives us a tour of his new warehouse.
We are giving you exclusive access to see what goes on in one of Australia's most secure buildings. It's the new NIOA Facility only on NIOA TV!!!
Season 3 / Episode 5
It's our season finale and Bushy checks out the Barrett M98B Tactical. Ken and Damo compare the accuracy and velocity of the Ruger American Rimfire Rifle. Greg gets his Soft Armour balls out and Mick shows us his Bog Pod. Merry Christmas! It's NIOA TV!
Season 4 / Episode 1
We kick off this season of NIOA TV by patterning a whole range of Eley Shotshells. There's trouble at NIOA HQ as a few key staff are in hospital and Nigel takes on the demanding role of CEO. Welcome to NIOA TV!
Season 4 / Episode 2
In this episode of NIOA TV, Damo dusts off his tweeds for a bit of Akkar side by side shooting. Bushy talks Eley, Ken talks Leupold and Mick talks Plano. It's Australia's favourite shooting show - NIOA TV!
Season 4 / Episode 3
On this episode of NIOA TV - Bushy road tests the Savage Model 11 Scout Rifle and Damo has a look at the Savage Rascal. Ken checks out the awesome range of Champion electric traps, Mick gives us a very brief rundown of BlackHawk and the Boss gives us some terrifying news. It's NIOA TV!
Season 4 / Episode 4
Damo and Mick look at Savage rimfire rifles, Ken checks out some Leupold binoculars and Bushy road tests the Akkar black synthetic shotgun. A long term employee resigns and dishes the dirt on the boss in a REVEAL ALL interview! It's an explosive episode of NIOA TV that can't be missed!
Season 4 / Episode 5
It's our final episode for 2015. We check out the Akkar XM12, compare 12 gauge rifled slugs, Ken and Bushy won't stop fighting and we take aim at some papier maché deer. Merry Christmas from NIOA TV.
Season 5 / Episode 1
We kick off 2016 with the new ATA 686EL. Damo road tests the Ruger American Ranch Rifle. Everyone will be excited to see the new Adler Synthetic Lever Action and Ken does a bit of cleaning. Welcome to NIOA TV.
Season 5 / Episode 2
We've got stacks of STUFF on this episode of NIOA TV. Bushy checks out our funky new Kimber Southern Cross Pistol, Damo road tests the Lyman Borecam, Mick takes us through the range of SOG Folders and Ken... well, Ken gets inducted into the Queensland Clay Target Shooter's Hall of Fame. It's Australia's favourite shooting show - NIOA TV!
Season 5 / Episode 3
On this episode of NIOA TV we compare a Leupold VX-3i with a Swarovski Z3, a Meopta Meopro and a Zeiss Terra. Nothing too scientific, just our opinion.
Season 5 / Episode 4
Season 6 / Episode 1
Season 6 / Episode 2
Season 6 / Episode 3
Season 7 / Episode 1
Bushy & Ken review the Savage Model 110 and Bushnell Elite. Ken talks reloading and Matt purchases some new sound effects. It's NIOA TV!
Season 7 / Episode 2
The Ruger Precision Rimfire is so popular in Australia it is extremely difficult to keep up with the demand. Find out all about this innovative product from Ruger. You can also find out how much pepper Ken likes with his spaghetti. NIOA TV.
Season 7 / Episode 3
Join Bushy & Ken as they road test the NEW Savage A22R Repeater. NIOA TV!
SSAA Junior Safety Course
NIOA TV teamed up with the Sporting Shooters Association of Australia (SSAA) to run a Junior Safety Course for 16 juniors. If you or your child wants to get into the shooting sports, here is the first step in getting a firearms licence.
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Carlisle Tire and Wheel Company is a division of Carlisle Companies, Inc., and has a long and proud history which began in 1917, when Charles S. Moomy opened Carlisle Tire and Rubber Company in Carlisle, Pennsylvania to sell inner tubes to Montgomery Ward and Company. With thirty employees working ten-hour days, Carlisle Tire and Rubber Company began producing automobile inner tubes. The Company continued to grow and prosper through the 1920s.
With the Stock Market crash of 1929 and the beginning of the Depression, Carlisle Tire and Rubber, like most other companies during that era, found itself in a desperate struggle to stay afloat. Near the end of the 1930s, in order to avoid bankruptcy, Moomy turned all of his common and preferred stock over to the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia which by then, as the largest shareholder, had control of the Company.
The end of the depression and the beginning of World War II forced changes upon the rubber industry. Japan cut off 95% of the natural rubber supply from the East Indies, forcing Carlisle, along with other companies, to seek other sources. In December 1945, Carlisle began to manufacture inner tubes using synthetic rubber.
Carlisle Tire and Rubber Company was purchased in 1943 by Pharis Tire and Rubber Company for $330,000. But significant losses followed and in 1949, the Board of Directors decided to liquidate the company. All Carlisle stock was distributed to the Pharis stockholders and the company was officially renamed Carlisle Corporation. During the 1950s and 1960s Carlisle began to acquire a variety of other companies diversifying their product mix to include roofing materials, insulated wire and baby food jar sealant rings. By the end of the 1960s, Carlisle was producing aerospace and electronic products, recreational tires, automotive accessories and brake linings as well as other divergent products.
Since that time until today Carlisle's diversification efforts, both through product line extensions within its core businesses and through acquisitions, have continued to build a strong decentralized company that builds market leadership and creates enduring competitive advantage, thereby adding value for our shareholders.
Carlisle Tire and Wheel Company is the foundation of Carlisle Companies, Inc. and continues to produce tires, inner tubes and wheels.
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