text:
The Great Seljuk state was part of the medieval Islamic civilization. Most of its scientific institutions and educational traditions were inherited from previous and contemporary Muslim and Turkish states. In this well documented article, the late Professor Ali Haydar Bayat focuses on the medical life of the Seljuk State. After a short historical survey, he describes the medical tradition during the Turkish Seljukid period, focussing on hospitals, medical education, the physicians and their work, the healing of epidemics, and the practice of folk medicine.
Professor Ali Haydar Bayat*
Table of contents
1. Some History: the Great Seljuk era
2. Medicine during the Turkish Seljukid period
3. Hospitals
4. Medical education
5. Physicians and their work
6. Epidemics
7. The Practice of folk medicine
8. Further resources
1. Some History: the Great Seljuk era
The Oguzlar, who were a part of the Gokturk Empire that was disbanded in 744 CE, had settled in an area that was under Samanogullari's rule in Maveraunnehir, Harezm and Horasan. However, after a dispute, Seljuk Bey migrated with his followers to the banks of the Ceyhun River (present Oxus River). After they won the war of Dandanakan against the Gaznelis, the Seljuks established the Great Seljuk State in 1040 and conquered vast lands in the neighborhood, covering large regions from the Middle Asia to India, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Anatolia [1].
Figure 1: Prof. Dr. Ali Haydar. (Source).
The scientific and civil life of the Great Seljuk state cannot be separated from the Islamic civilization. During this era, although born and raised in Turkish states, medical great names like Ibn Sina and al-Biruni, who wrote their works in Arabic, the scientific language of the era, were real heroes of the Islamic scientific tradition. In an era when the idea of community was more important, it was not expected to question the scholar's nationality. Thus, the scientists were able to travel, settle, teach and carry on scientific and medical investigation without any political boundaries. This was a very common feature for this era.
To quote just few names, among the famous names pertaining to this tradition were Ibn al-Tilimdh, Abu 'l-Barakat al-Baghdadi, Ibn Jazala. Ibn al-Tilmidh worked for the Sultan Sancak [2], whilst Sultan Mesud's physician Abu Al-Barakat from Baghdad worked in the palace and had been awarded once with a hilat, a robe of honour [3]. During the era of the Sultan Meliksah, there were such physicians as Saîd b. Hibetillah, who wrote Kitâb al-Mugni fi al-Tibb and Ibn Jazala who wrote Kitâb Taqwîm al-Abdân and Minhâj al-Bayan fî mâ Yasta'milah al-insan [4]. Abdullah ibn al-Muzaffar al-Bahalî from Andalusia had been the physician of Mahmud, the son of Sultan Meliksah [5]. One of the most important books on pharmaceuticals that was written in this era was Kitab al-Abniye 'an Haqâyik al-Adwiya [6].
Hospitals that existed in the Muslim world before the Seljuks were developed and spread by them. However, we have little information on Seljuk hospitals. Among these there are the hospitals and madrasas that were built by order of the vizier to Sultan Sancak, Ahmed Kâshî, in Kâshan, Ebher, Zencan, Gence and Errân [7], hospitals in Kirmân (1281) and Berdesir (11th and 12th centuries) [8], and care centres for the blind and disabled in Mosul (1159). Additionally the vizier Kunduri, upon the order of Tugrul Bey, restored hospitals such as the hospital al-Adhudi built by Adhud Al-Dawla in Baghdad [9]. They also created field hospitals for the military, where camel- earned physicians, medical personnel, provided the wounded with medicines and medical supplies [10].
The Turkish Seljuks, in the beginning, acted as the western arm of the Great Seljuk State, but then became independent and created their own identity. The science of medicine in the era of Turkish Seljuks was not of their own but a continuation of the experience, tradition and knowledge of the Islamic medicine which they helped spread through the Seljuk territories.
Figure 2: A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malikshah in 1092. (Source).
2. Medicine during the Turkish Seljukid period
After the victory of Alparslan in Malazgirt (Manzikert) in 1071, the doors to Anatolia opened for many Turks to migrate through. By the 13th century, Anatolia had become the homeland to one third of the Turks. Even Europeans started to call Anatolia by the name of "Turkey".
As Anatolia was an economical bridge between east-west and north-south, the economic and political policies of the sultans caused an economic rise of the region. Among the measures edited were: the lowering of the customs tax, the absence of taxes from wheat and metalwork, the guaranteeing of the safety of the international trade routes and the caravanserais on them, the safety provided to the traders. Therefore, the income of the country grew parallel to the agricultural and industrial production [11]. The budget of the state was 27 million dinars (gold), compared to 3 million in France and 4 million in England [12]. The treasury that was stored was used for making public works.
It is in this context that we understand the following statement by Ibn Havkal in the 10th century: "In the Islamic countries, the rich are spending their money for their own pleasures, where in Turkistan the rich population is using their wealth for religion and charity [13]." From his part, Ibn Battuta remarked in the 13th century: "Abundance in Damascus, compassion in Anatolia [14]." With these favorable factors, Anatolia, which knew a period of trouble and confusion in the previous period, started to experience an economic and cultural growth not seen before [15]. Cities, whose population exceeded one hundred thousand on important caravan routes like Konya, Kayseri, Sivas, became important centres. Mosques, madrasas, soup kitchens for the poor, lodges for the dervishes, bridges, inns, hammams and hospitals were built, and the social status of the people was raised. Especially during the reign of Kilic Asian II and Ala Al-Din Keykubat, many scientists and artists were invited to live in Anatolia, and these men, by moving in temporarily or permanently, helped the progress of sciences and arts.
Figure 3: The Kharaghan twin towers, built in 1053 in Iran, are the burial place of Seljuq princes. (Source).
Among the architectural works that have survived to the present, those that are important for medical history are the dar al-shifa-s (hospitals) that prove the civilized status of the Anatolian Seljuks.
3. Hospitals
During the Anatolian Seljuk times with its economic growth and cultural progress, hospitals called dar al-shifa, dar al-sihha or bimâristan were opened in every city. Medical assistance was given to those who got sick at caravanserais [16], and soup kitchens were create for the poor. The hospitals that were built by the royal family and supported by foundations were able to do their duties over a long period without becoming a financial burden on the state. Medical treatments were given free of charge and physicians, ophthalmologists, surgeons and pharmacists worked in these hospitals. Some of the many Seljuk hospitals that have made it to the present are as follows:
- Mardin, Necmeddin Ilgazi Hospital (MâristanMâristan) [502-516 H/1108-1121: It was started by the Sultan of Artuklu Necmeddin Ilgazi and completed after his death in the name of his brother by Amin Al-Din Ilgazi. The hospital institution consisted of a mosque, a madrasa, a hammam and a fountain. The institution was built over a vast land and the mosque, madrasa, hammam and fountain survived until today in ruins. The hospital was in the area south of the hammam.
- Kayseri, Gevher Nesibe Medical Madrasa and Hospital (Mâristan) [602 H/1205-1206]: It is the first medical building the Turkish Seljuks built in Anatolia. The ruler of the Seljuks Giyaseddin Keyhusrev, through the will of his sister Gevher Nesibe Sultan, who died at a young age, built the complex with a hospital (Shifâiye) on the west and a medical madrasa (Giyasiye) on the east.
Figure 4: Ince Minareli (founded in 1258) Madrasa in Konya and Sifahiye Madrasa (founded in 1217-18) in Sivas, both in Turkey. (Source).
The two buildings were connected by a corridor that was 1.5 x 11 meters; the hospital was 40 x 42 m (1680 m2), and the madrasa was 28 x 40m (1120 m2). Both sections had a plan that included a pool in the middle, a courtyard that was surrounded with pavilions and four antechambers. Together with the rooms around the courtyard, 18 cells that were discovered in the latest excavation on the western wall of the hospital were restored. As it was traditional among the Anatolian Seljuks to bury the founder of the place in the complex, one of the rooms in the medical madrasa with an octagon pyramid roof was built for Gevher Nesibe's grave.
- Sivas, Izzeddin Keykavus Hospital (Dar al-Sihha) [614 H/1217): The hospital built by Izzedin Keykavus in Sivas in 1217, together with its destroyed parts (54.65 x 61.90m), was about 3400m2. It was the largest of the Seljuk hospitals.
The hospital was built like a madrasa with antechambers and a courtyard. The 690m2 courtyard was covered with stone and surrounded with 30 rooms with porches. The mausoleum of the donator, Izzeddin Keykavus, which is located inside the hospital, was built with the special Seljuk art of brick lying and mosaic tile.
The foundation deed, dated 1220 CE, is the only example from the Seljuk hospitals that has survived to the present. This is why it is very important. From this foundation deed, we are able to gather information on the hospital staff and how the hospital was run. The administration of the hospital foundation was given to the palace treasurer and founder of the Cankiri hospital, Cemaleddin Ferruh. The administrators decided on the wages of the experienced and well performing physicians, surgeons, ophthalmologists and pharmacists, and provided the raw material for the making of medicine. They also decided on the wages of the various workers in the hospital. Five farms, 7 pieces of land and 108 shops devoted to the foundation covered an area as big as a couple villages and the money generated from these economic resources was used in maintaining the hospital. The leftover money was used to buy more income generating resources [17].
Figure 5: Tile assemblage from the first half of the 13th-century Seljuq Anatolia. Composite body, overglaze-painted, its dimensions being 9,3 inches (23.3 cm). This composite tile formed by smaller elements to create a hexagon probably originates from the palace of 'Ala' al-Din Kay-Qubadh (reigned in Konya from 1220 to 1237). © The Metroplolitan Museum of Art, New York. (Source).
- Divrigi, Turan Melek Hospital (Dar al-Shifa) (628 H / 1228): The complex consisted of a mosque and a hospital. Ahmed Shah, the ruler of the Divrigi area of the Mengüceks, built the mosque and his wife, the daughter of the Erzincan Bey, Turan Melek Sultan, built the hospital. This one and only Ulucami and hospital complex was built on the east side of the city on sloping land. It is very fortunate for Anatolian Turkish art that this building has survived. The hospital had a plan of a madrasa with a courtyard with four antechambers and due to the harshness of the climate, it was covered with three vaults supported by four columns, and was lit up with a large lamp. There were seven rooms around the courtyard and an octagon pool under the place where the light was hanging. There was a stone stairway in the south corner that led to the mezzanine and there was a big hall and two rooms across the front. In the northeast corner of the courtyard, where the gate to the mosque and hospital was located was the mausoleum of Turan Melek.
- Konya and Aksaray Hospital (Dar al-shifa): It is known that in Konya and Aksaray, as they were the capitals of the Anatolian Seljuk State and adorned with many monuments, there were three hospitals. The first of these three hospitals that has not survived to the present was probably commissioned by Kilic Arslan II and became the Mâristan-i Atik.
- Dar al-shifa-i Alai, which was commissioned by Ala Al-Din Keykubad, was located on the north side of the Ala Al-Din hill, near the Seljuk kiosk, just in front of the Ertas gate, on the left side of the Ferhuniye/Sud Tekke street.
The third hospital in Konya was commissioned by one of the viziers of Izzeddin Keykavus II, the religious judge Izzeddin Muhammed. The complex had a mosque, a madrasa and a hospital. The hospital unit was funded from revenues from the Kestel and Kocmar villages near Kadinhani. In 1254, when Izzeddin Muhammed reorganized the foundation, the hospital was referred to as Mâristân-i Atik.
We do not have much information on the hospital that was established in Aksaray circa 13th century.
- Cankiri, Cemaleddin Ferruh Hospital (Dar al-afiye) (633 H/1235): the foundation administrator of the Sivas hospital, Atabey Cemaleddin Ferruh, commissioned this hospital. The only remaining parts of the hospital are the inscription made by Atabey Cemaleddin Ferruh and a grail with two intertwined snakes.
- Kastamonu, Ali bin Süleyman Hospital (Mâristan) [671 H/1272|: It was commissioned by Muhezzibuddin Ali, the son of one of the Seljuk viziers Muineddin Süleyman in 1272 in Kastamonu. After a terrible fire about one hundred and fifty years ago, only the front where the door was and some of the sidewalls remain.
- Tokat, Muinuddin Suleyman Hospital (Dar al-Shifa) [1255-1275]: One of the buildings of the complex (madrasa, hospital) that was built in Tokat by one of the statesman of the Seljuk State, Pervane Muinuddin Süleyman, was a hospital. From the complex only the madrasa, now used as the Tokat Museum, has remained. Probably the hospital was one of the adjacent buildings to the madrasa.
- Amasya, Anber bin Abdullah Hospital (Dar al-shifa) [708 H/1308/9]: It was built during the era of the Ilhan ruler Olcayto Mehmed, around the years 1308/09, by Amber bin Abdullah, the slave of princess Yildiz Hatun. The hospital was built on the side of the road next to the Yesilirmak river and its dimensions were 24.58x32.90m using a madrasa plan and with an antechamber and ten rooms.
Besides being a hospital complex, it was also known as a place that trained physicians. We have information about the physicians that were assigned there during the Ottoman era. Some of these physicians were Shukrullah (1488), Sabuncuoglu Serefeddin (after 1465), who worked here for ten years and created many valuable pieces of work for Turkish medical history, and Halimi (1516).
- Hot springs: Due to its geological structure, Anatolia has rich healthy hot water sources. The hot springs that had been mentioned since antiquity by writers such as Homer, Calinos and Strabon were used for healing purposes. Hot springs that were left from the Roman and Byzantium eras were still used during the Turkish Seljuk State and new springs were opened for public use.
According to the 14th century writer Omari, there were over 300 thermal springs that the public used for healing purposes. The most famous was the Ilgin hot springs built by Ala Al-Din Keykubad in 1236 on top of the thermal springs that had been known about since the time of the Roman Justinian. This hot springs area that has remained intact along with its inscriptions consisted of two hammams with a pool under its domed roof [18]. We can also mention the other hot springs of the time as follows: Agamemnun in Izmir, Haymana, Kizilcahammam in Ankara, Cardak (1175) in Eskisehir, Yoncali (1233) in Kütahya, Kizozü/Aslanagzi (1256) in Havza, Karakurt (1135) in Kirsehir, Ilica in Erzurum and Karakaya in Ayas [19].
Figure 6: Gevher Nesibe Sultan's statue. (Source).
Hammams also played an important role in the development of health areas during the Seljuk time. Many hammams were built by foundations, sultans and statesman for the public, for both men and women [20].
In the Islamic world, in the Mustansiriye Madrasa in Baghdad, other than the professors teaching Islamic science, the existence of sheikh al-tibb professors that taught 10 students [21] and the announcement that medical classes were being given in the Mansuriyye and Muayyadiya madrasas in Cairo, show that medicine was taught in some of the madrasas. Also, Nuaymi's introduction of three medical madrasas in Damascus (Dinvariyya, Dunaysiriyya ve Labbudiyya), illustrates that although they were few, there were independent medical schools [22]. Private lessons were also given. Damascus physicians Muhazzab Al-Din and Muhaddab (1232) had left instructions that after their deaths their homes and books were to be used for medical studies [23].
There is no proof that medical classes were given in Turkish Seljuk madrasas. The Seljuk hospitals in Anatolia, on one hand being a health facility, were also places where physicians were educated through a master-apprentice relationship. Two documents regarding the appointment of physicians in hospitals have survived to the present. In one of these, the physician Burhan Al-Din Abu Bakr, who was appointed to succeed on the death of physician Izzeddin of the Konya hospital was told to take care of the sick with kindness and compassion, not to discriminate between the sick and the insane, and that his salary would be paid by the foundation of the hospital. The second document stated that Serafeddin Yakûb being a talented physician, he was to be appointed to the hospital, that he should not mix the medicines together other than what was stated in medical books, that he should not discriminate between the rich and the poor, and that he should enlighten the students with precise proofs during their education at the hospital [24].
Figure 7: Gevher Nesibe Sultan Madrasa in Kayseri, Turkey.
We are able to gather information on the Turkish Seljuk physicians from history books, publications, literature, and from their writings that have survived to the present. Although some present publications state that the position of head physician was given, there are no documents to prove this [25]. Seljuk rulers appointed some of the valuable physicians for their own health problems when they saw fit.
From sources that have survived until now, we can see that in the Anatolian Seljuk era, due to developments in the medical field, there were many physicians active in the cities. Especially during the rule of Kilic Arslan II and Ala Al-Din Keykubad, there were many physicians invited to Anatolia. Because of their wide range of knowledge, their reputation and intellectual personalities, some physicians were sent on political missions to foreign countries by their administrators (for instance, Abu Bakr bin Yusuf) [26].
Some of the physicians worked in hospitals, but some of them travelled from city to city, practicing medicine. For example, the physician Saduddin Mes'ud, in a letter he wrote to a friend, mentioned going to Sinop, Kastamonu, Amasya and Niksar to heal patients and that he longed to return but that he had to go to the Canik area to cure some patients. We learn from the narratives of Evhadudduddin Kirmani that in Anatolia there were ear cleaners that travelled with a copper flask that contained oil and alcohol [27], similar to the quack eye physicians that roam the same areas today performing cataract operations.
Well known physicians with good reputations were addressed as: "Malik al-Hukama', Sultân al-Atibbâ, Aflâtun al-Dahr, Bakurat al-'Asr, Masîh al-Zaman, Fakhr al-Milla wa-l-Din... " [28]
There were many physicians who created works during the Anatolian Seljuk era, who were invited by the rulers to come to Anatolia temporarily to do their job. Some of these physicians are as follows:
- Hakim Barka/Baraka: He is the first physician to write a medical book in Turkish, Tuhfa-i Mubarizi. In the preface, he states that he first wrote the book in Arabic under the name Lubâb al-Nukhab, then he translated it into Persian under the name Tuhfa-i Mubarizi. He then submitted this book to the Amasya Governor of Ala Al-Din Keykubat, Mubaruziddin Halifet Alp Gazi. The Governor liked the book but stated: "If it had been written in Turkish, it would have been an invaluable piece of work." Therefore, he translated it into Turkish. He also wrote the book Kitab-i Hulasa der 'ilm al-Tibb [29].
- Ekmeleddin Muayyad el-Nahcuvani: Ekmeleddin, who was described to Mevlana as "our son whose self is pure and correct," was born in Nahçivan. We do not have the information of where he learned to become a physician and when he came to Konya. We understand from the names given to him by the palace, statesman and Mevlana: malik al-hukemâ, wa al-atibbâ; rais al-atibbâ; hukamâ-i cihân, sultân-i etibbâ-i zaman; iftihâr all-atibbâ; Calinus al-fazl, Aflâtun al-tadbir, Calinus al-zamân; tadbir-i dahr, Aflâtun al-zaman; Bakurat al-'asr, that he was a well-respected physician [30].
- Abu Bakr b. Al-Zaki el-Mutatabbib el-Konavi: We get most of the information about him from the works Ravzat al-Kuttâb and Hadikat al-Elbâb that he wrote in 1279 from letters to Ekmeleddin. From this we learn that he was a student of Ekmeleddin, that he made medicine for the statesmen, that he cured an emir's son, that he found an impostor trying to be a physician and that he had written a brochure Bab-i Munazara-i Meyân-i Dil u Dimag (the debate between the heart and brain) [31].
- Gazanfer Tabrizi: His real name was Abu Ishak Ibrahim b. Muhammed known as Gazanfer al-Tabrizî (if there is not someone else with the same name at that time). He was one of the physicians that worked with Ekmeleddin on the deathbed of Mevlana Jalal Al-Din Rumi to cure him. His copies of the writings of the commentary Hâsil al-Masa'il on Huneyn b. Ishak's (871) al-Masa'il fi al-Tibb lil-Mutaallimin and his commentary on Ibn Sina's al-Ishârat wa al-tanbihât, that he wrote in 1301-2, has survived until the present. We know two of his works that he reproduced. These are Biruni's Kitâb al-Saydana and the criticism of Bahmanyâr to Ibn Sina's Anvâr al-afkâr [32].
- Hubaysh al-Tiflisî: It is thought that he came to Anatolia when Kilicarslan II decked out Aksaray with mosques, madrasas, soup kitchens for the poor and bazaars, and when many scientists and merchants settled there from Azerbaijan. He has written about thirty books on topics such as medicine, language, literature, astrology, dream explanations and the pronunciation of words in the holy Qur'an. Although he has many works, he is not mentioned in Islamic sources. Among his medical works, some examples that he wrote are as follows:
Adviyat al-Adviya: A book on pharmaceuticals, the gathering of medicines, how to store, burn, cook and use the formulas of ink medicine and how they are made.
Ihtisaru Fusuli al-Bukrat: An Arabic copy of Hippocrates' Aphorisms.
Kifayat al-Tibb: This work consisted of two books and 224 chapters. It was written in Persian and was presented to Meliksah.
Risala fi Sharh Ba'zi al-Masail- li-Asbab and 'Alamat Muntahabe Min al- Qanun: It is a pamphlet that explains the reasons and symptoms of illnesses, using examples from Ibn Sina's Qanun.
Other works include Sihhat al-Abdan, Takdîm al-'ilac and Bezrekat al-Minhac, Rumuz al-Minhac and Kunuz al-'Ilac and Lubab al-Asbab [33].
- Najm Al-Din Nahçuvânî: He was a very talented scientist who lived in the 13th century. He was also the vizier to Keykâvûs II. He wrote a commentary on the works of Fahreddin Râzî's Sharh Kulliyât al-Qanun and Hallu Shukuk al-Mufrada fi Sharh al-Fahr al-Razî written in 1253, Ibn Sina's al-Isharat wa al-Tenbihât in his books Zubdat al-Nakz and Lubâb al-Kaff [34].
- Abdullah Sivasi: He lived in the 14th century and was known for his summary of the works of Hippocrates' Aforizma, Ibn Abi Sadik al-Nishaburi's commentary in his book Umdat al-Fuhul fi Sharh al-Fusul, written in 1314 in Aksaray [35].
- Ali Sivasi: He lived in the 14th century and is known for his book Kitâbu Iksir al-Hayat fi Talhisi Kava'id al-Muâjalât that he wrote for the Amasya princes' tutor, Emir Yasbak [36].
- Tacuddin Bulgari: He was one of the students who came from the Volga Bulgarian Turks who had come to the Islamic states for scientific education. He was sent in his older age as an ambassador to Baghdad by Giyaseddin Keyhusrev II. He has one book, Muhtasar fi Ma 'rifat a1-Adviyat al-Mufrada [37].
- Muhazzibiddin bin Hubel (1213): He was a student of the famous physician Abu al-Barakat from Baghdad. He was praised highly by Allatsahi Ibrahim and made a fortune when he returned to Damascus. One of the physicians that tried to cure Sultan Ala Al-Din Keykubat when he was in Malatya, Izzeddin ibn Hubel was probably his son. His book al-Muhtar fi al-Tibb was used as a main reference book during his time [38].
Other than these physicians whom we know about from their works, there are also those who we know about from their being in the sultan's service such as: Hasnun, Faridaddin Muhammed Câcermi, Izzeddin ibn Hubel, 'Isâ, Carrah Vasil, Ebu Salim b. Keraya, Safiyuddevle, Rakkali Ridvan bin Ali (1247) [39], Resü'laynli Takiyeddin Abu Bakr [40], and Erzincanli Ala Al-Din [41]. There are those who had also been mentioned for being around the Sultan, such as Sarafaddin Ya'kub, Burhanuddin Abu Bakr, Sa'duddin Mas'ud, Badraddin ibn Hariri, Bedruddin Ceriri, Shamsuddin b. Hubel, Fahruddin Abu Bakr Ahmed b. Mikail bin Abdullah Konevî. There were also those physicians who had been temporarily invited to come to Anatolia. Abdullatif bin Yusuf el-Bagdadi, who had been invited by Ala Al-Din Davutshah of the Mencunuk at a high salary, wrote many books when he was in Erzincan [42]. It is also known of a physician in Konya named Mevlana Emir Hasan [43]. There was also Gabriel, Urfali Hasnun (1227) and his student 'Isa, Harputlu Shamon and Ahron who worked in Malatya. From libraries that kept written works in Sivas, Erzincan, Konya, Aksaray, the copied works of great physicians prove that there was a dynamic and active scientific life in these areas [44].
It is understood that a portion of these scientists had a very active life. For example the physicians from Konya Fahreddin Abu Bakr Ahmed bin Mika'il bin Abdullah and Fahreddin Abu al-Barakat bin Abdussalam bin Mansur Mardini [45], pharmacist Kutbeddin Sancar bin Abdullah Atik es-Sahib Ala Al-Din Ata el-Melik Cuveyni er-Rumi, had moved to Tabriz from Anatolia [46]. After the battlefield loss in Kosedag in 1241, there was a lot of activity in the Eastern cities and the physician Imaduddin Malati and other scientists moved from Malatya to Konya [47].
During Seljuk times, medicines were prepared and sold in herbal stores (attar). The medicines were prepared accordingly to the medical books and the main ingredients consisted mainly of plants from Anatolia. The rest of the raw material was obtained from India and other Islamic countries through the Spice and Silk Roads. Hospitals and caravanserais had their own little pharmacists [48].
6. Epidemics
Throughout history one of the greatest disasters humankind has seen are epidemics. In their most critical times, they have killed millions, causing people to migrate, paralyzing work forces, agriculture and stockbreeding decline, creating numerous negative effects on the economy. The worst epidemics of the Middle Ages were the plague, black death/peste noir, peste, pestis in the West, ta'un in the Islamic world and kiran, olet among the Turks.
Because Anatolia is a bridge between the East and West, it has seen many epidemics throughout its history. The first great epidemic was seen in the Mediterranean countries during the 6th century, called the Justinian Plague. It lasted three years and destroyed a great number of the population it hit. There are no records of the deaths and destruction in Anatolia but just in Istanbul about 16,000 died per day, which gives an idea of its destruction.
There were many epidemics in various places where the Seljuks ruled that came from Anatolia and foreign countries. Mostly epidemics started after military campaigns, sieges and famines. The main epidemics were: the plague that started in Istanbul; during the time of Suleyman Shah I (1078), killing 160,000 in four months; during the time of Kilicarslan I (1093), during the siege of Antakya, during the First Crusade (1098) when just from the French military 100,000 died; during the time of the Danismand ruler Melik Muhammed (1143), an epidemic in Malatya first killed poultry, then humans, mostly small children; during the military campaign to Cukurova of Mesud I (1153), a part of the Seljuk and Konya military; during the rule of Kilicarslan II (1178) a plague due to a famine in Syria, Iraq, Diyarbakir and Ahlat, the people were not able to bury their dead in time as the rate of death was too high; during the Third Crusade (1189), the French army had many casualties due to an epidemic stemming from the heat and famine; during the rule of Ala Al-Din Keykubad (1221), an epidemic in Konya, in 1244 in Malatya, in 1259 in Syria and in Anatolia due to a famine; and the Mongolian invasion that took place at the same time brought an epidemic in Mardin and Meyyafarikin (Silvan) that caused immense damage.
The reasons for the epidemics were not known, and they were explained by supernatural causes, as the people tried to stop the epidemic material and spiritual ways. In the Christian world, sacrifices, magic, religious ceremonies were performed and miracles were expected from saints. In the Islamic world they obeyed the saying of Prophet Muhammed: "Do not enter a place of plague, and do not leave it," creating a quarantine, but as they did not know the cause of the epidemics other from trying various medicines, they also tried superstitious beliefs [49].
Figure 10: Picture of Sultanhan on the Konya-Aksaray Road: the main portal, the stalactite arch of the main portal, an inscription detail, and the side arcades of the main portal. Source: Miniaturk-Istanbul.
7. The Practice of folk medicine
In Anatolian Seljuk society, as it has always been over time, the people attempted to cure diseases apart from science, by going to sheikhs for religious (Tibb-i Nebevi), magical and practical solutions.
We are able to follow the folk physicians, like all social life of the era, through the writings about Mevlana Jalal Al-Din Rumi and his environment. Examples of folk medicine are: recitations by sheikhs for inability to hold urine, boils, malaria; writing words of ailment on cloves of garlic and almonds for swallowing; drinking water containing a piece of paper with religious writings; fumigating with dog hair; in the case of eye diseases having the sheikhs rub their fingers on patients eyes with their saliva while praying; and for broken bones canting religious words over the broken bone; wiping with the palm of the hand for ablution; reading or writing religious words over the skin with boils and warts.
Other than the already mentioned methods of treatment, herbal remedies were also used in scientific medication that was also used by the people. For example, garlic for prolonged fevers (allium sativum) or honey made into a paste; myrobalan (fructus myrobalani citrinae) for diarrhea; a mix of honey and vinegar to lower fever; honey, garlic and yogurt for colds; eating of raw turnip to strengthen the eye; scammony plant for constipation; myrobalan roots (radix scammoniae) for diarrhea; theriacs for intestinal pains; visits to thermal baths for skin diseases; drinking watered wine for reaction to weather changes; opium milk for over sleeping (opium, succus papaveris); hot springs for leprosy; blood letting for colds and visits to a hamam [50].
The most important part of the Anatolian Seljuk medical practice for Turkish cultural history is probably that it started to put medical practice into Turkish, and within the paradigm of Islamic medicine, the first Turkish works were produced. This started in 1233 when the physician Baraka moved from Harezm to Anatolia and translated his own book Tuhfa-i Mubârizi, that he had written in Arabic into Turkish, and continued during the Beylik (principality) era when works written in Aydinoglu, Mentese, Karesi, Candaroglu Beyliks were in Turkish [51].
The articles published on www.MuslimHeritage.com on the Seljuks' art, culture, history and knowledge:
- The Seljuk Madrassa
- Architecture Under Seljuk Patronage (1038-1327)
- The Seljuk Iwan
- The Seljuk Kiosk Mosque and General Plan
- The Seljuk Minarets
- The Seljuk Caravanserai (the Khan)
- The Seljuk Madrassa
- The Seljuk Mausoleum
- The Seljuk Face of Anatolia: Aspects of the Social and Intellectual History of Seljuk Architecture
- Were the Berbers and Seljuks instrumental in decline of Muslim Civilisation?
- Cosmic Motifs & Elements in Seljuk and Ottoman Architecture
- Scientific Life during the Period of the Anatolian Seljuks
- Karatay Madrasa, Konya 1252
- Islamic Citadel in Busra
- Ince Minare Madrasa
[1] Ali Sevim, Suriye ve Filistin Seljuklulari Tarihi, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1983, p. XI.
[2] Osman Turan, Seljuklular Tarihi ve Turk-Islam Medeniyeti, Turk Kulturunu Arastirma Enstitusu, Ankara, 1965, pp. 243-244.
[3] Nihat Keklik, Türkler ve Felsefe, Istanbul, 1986, p. 76.
[4] Ibrahim Kafesoglu, Sultan Meliksah, Istanbul, 1973, p. 172.
[5] A. Süheyl Ünver, " Selçuklular Zamaninda Seyyar Hastahanenin Müessisi", Turk Tip Tarihi Arkivi, vol. 18, Istanbul, 1940, pp. 70-71.
[6] Bedi'ullah Debiri Nejad, "Seljuklular Devrinde Kültürel Durum", Erdem, III, 8, Ankara, 1987, p. 489.
[7] Nasruddin Kirmani, Nesaimu'l-Eshar (edited by. Celaleddin Urmevi), Tehran, 1338, p. 65; Osman Turan, Seljuklular Tarihi ve Turk-Islam Medeniyeti, Turk Kulturunu Arastirma Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1965, p. 250.
[8] Erdogan Mercil, Kirman Seljuklulari, Ministry of Culture, Ankara, 1980, pp. 235, 354-355, 362-363.
[9] Mehmet Altay Koymen, Tugrul Bey ve Zamani, Ministry of Culture, Ankara, 1976, p. 121.
[10] Imad ad-Din Katib al-Isfahani, Irak ve Horasan Seljuklulan Tarihi (translated by Kivameddin Burslan), Turk Tarih Kurumu, Istanbul 1943, pp. 129-230; A. Süheyl Unver, "Seljuklular Zamaninda Seyyar Hastahanenin Muessisi", Turk Tip Tarihi Arkivi, vol. 5, No. 18, Istanbul, 1940, pp. 70-71.
[11] Osman Turan, Seljuklular Zamaninda Türkiye, Turan Nesriyat Yurdu, Istanbul, 1971, p. XXVI.
[12] Osman Turan, Seljuklular Tarihi ve Türk-islam Medeniyeti, Türk Kulturunu Arastirma Enstitüsu, Ankara, 1965, p. 276.
[13] Ramazan Sesen, Islam Cografyacilarina Gore Turkler ve Türk Ulkeleri, Turk Kulturunu Arastirma Enstitusü, Ankara, 1985, p. 209.
[14] Ibn Batuta, Seyahatname-i ibn Batuta (translated by Mehmed Serif), Matbaa-i Amire, Istanbul, 1322 H, p. 310.
[15] Claude Cahen, Osmanlilardan önce Anadolu'da Türkler (translated by Y. Moran), E. Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1979, p. 169.
[16] Osman Turan, "Celaleddin Karatay, Vakiflari ve Vakfiyeleri", Belleten, vol. XII, No. 45, Ankara, 1948, p. 58.
[17] Ali Haydar Bayat, "Anadolu Seljuklu Hastane Vakfiyelerinin Tek Ornegi Olarak Sivas Darüssifasi Vakfiyesi", Turk Kulturü, vol. XXIX, No. 333, 1991, pp. 5-19.
[18] Ali Haydar Bayat, "Anadolu Seljuklu Donemi Darussifalari Uzerine Toplu Bir Degerlendirme", I. Uluslararasi Seljuklu Kültür ve Medeniyeti Kongresi, Bildiriler, I, Seljuk University, Seljuklu Arastirmalari Merkezi, Konya, 2001, pp. 121-148.
[19] Bedi Sehsuvaroglu, "Anadolu Kaplicalari ve Seljuklular", I. U. Tip Fakultesi Mecmuasi, 1957, 2, pp. 305-325; A. Süheyl Unver, "Kutahya'da Seljuklulardan Kalma Yoncali Ilicasi 631 [1233]", Turk Tip Tarihi Arkivi, VI, 21, Istanbul 1943, p. 29-34; A. Süheyl Unver, "Seljuklular Zamaninda ve Sonra Anadolu Kaplicalari Tarihi Uzerine", CHP Konferanslan Serisi, Kitap 8, Ankara, 1939, pp. 89-109; Riza Reman, Balneoloji ve sifali Kaynaklarimiz, Istanbul, 1942; Enis Karakaya, "Kaphca", Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islam Ansiklopedisi, XXIV, Istanbul, 2002, pp. 351-352.
[20] A. Süheyl Unver, "Konya'da Seljuklular Zamanindaki Hamamlara Dair", Turk Tip Tarihi Arkivi, V, 17, Istanbul, 1940, pp. 83-86.
[21] Abdullah Kuran, Anadolu Medreseleri, I, Ankara, 1969, p. 4; Osman Turan, "Seljuklu Devri Vakfiyeleri III", Belleten, XII, 45, Ankara, 1948, p. 75.
[22] Ismail Yigit, "Memluklar Donemi (1250-1517) Ilmî Hareketine Genel Bir Bakis", Turkler, V, Yeni Turkiye Yayinlari, Ankara, 2002, pp. 750, 751, 752; Nuaymî, ed-Daris fi Tarihi'l-Medaris, edited by Ja'far el-Hashem, vol. 1, Beirut 1405 H, p. 54.
[23] Osman Turan, Seljuklular Tarihi ve Turk-Islam Medeniyeti, Turk Kulturunu Arastirma Enstitüsu, Ankara, 1965, p. 241; Dogu Anadolu, Turk Devletleri Tarihi, Turan Nesriyat Yurdu, Istanbul, 1973, p. 220; Turkiye Seljuklulari Hakkinda Resmi Vesikalar, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1958, p. 54.
[24] Osman Turan, Turkiye Seljuklulan Hakkinda Resmi Vesikalar, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1958, pp. 51-52, 53, 67-68; Osman Turan, Seljuklular Tarihi ve Turk islam Medeniyeti, Turk Kulturunu Arastirma Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1965, p. 251.
[25] Ali Haydar Bayat, Osmanli Devletinde Hekimbasilik Kurumu ve Hekirnbasilar, Ataturk Kultür Merkezi Baskanligi, Ankara, 1999, p. 3; same author, "Mevlânâ'nin Dostlarindan Tabib Ekmeleddin Mueyyed el-Nahcuvani", III. Millî Mevlana Kongresi, 12-14 Dec. 1988 (Tebligler), Seljuk University, Konya 1988, p. 233.
[26] Kamal al-Din ibn al-Adim, Bughyat at-Talab fi Tarikh Halab, edited by Ali Sevim, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1976, p. 94.
[27] Mikail Bayram, "Anadolu Seljuklulari Donemi Tababeti ile ilgili bazi Notlar", Yeni Tip Tarihi Arastirmalari, vol. 4, Istanbul, 1994, p. 151.
[28] Hasan b. 'Abdi'l-Mu'min el-Hoyi, Ghunyetu 'l-Katib ve Munyetu at-Talib Rusumu ar-Resail ve Nucümu'l-Faza'il, by Adnan Erzi, Ankara University Faculty of Theology, Ankara, 1963, p. 13.
[29] Cevat izgi, "Anadolu Seljuklu Tabibleri", III. Turk Tip Tarihi Kongresi, Istanbul 20-23 Sept. 1993, Bildiriler, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1999, p. 220-221.
[30] Ali Haydar Bayat, "Mevlând'nin Dostlarindan Tabip Ekmeleddin Mueyyed el-Nahcuvâni", III. Millî Mevlana Kongresi [Konya, 12-14 Dec. 1988] (Tebligiler), Konya 1988, pp. 231-262.
[31] Feridun Nafiz Uzluk, "Anadolu Seljuklulari Hekimlerinden Zeki Oglu Ebubekir 'Sadr-i Kunevi'", Ankara Tip Fakultesi Mecmuasi, vol. 1, No. 3, 1947, pp. 91-99; German version: "Ebubekr der Sohn des Zeki, Gennant Sadri Kunevi ein Ariz aus Zeit des Anatolischen Seldhukkenmiches", Acta Medica Turcica, vol. I, No. 2, Ankara, 1949, pp. 29-37; Abu Bakr ibn al-Zaki, Rawzat al-Kuttab wa Hadikat al-Albab, editd by Ali Sevim, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1972, pp. 51-52 (139-149); Feridun Nafiz Uzluk (pub.), Mevlana'nin Mektuplari, Sebat Basimevi, Istanbul, 1937, pp. 21-25; A. Suheyl Unver, "Turk Tip Tarihi Hakkinda M. Cevdetin Bibliyografyasi", Muallim M. Cevdet'in Hayati, Eserleri ve Kütüphanesi (by. Osman Ergin), Bozkurt Matbaasi, Istanbul, 1937, p. 632; Cevat Izgi, "Anadolu Seljuklu Tabibleri", III. Turk Tip Tarihi Kongresi (Istanbul 20-23 Sept 1993), Bildirileri, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1999, p. 229.
[32] Cevat Izgi, "Anadolu Seljuklu Tabibleri", III. Turk Tip Tarihi Kongresi (Istanbul 20-23 Sept. 1993, Bildirileri, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1999, pp. 225-226; Cevat Izgi, "Gazanfer et-Tebrizi", Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi Islam Ansiklopedisi, XII, Istanbul, 1996, pp. 433-434.
[33] Cevat Izgi, "Anadolu Seljuklu Tabibleri", III. Turk Tip Tarihi Kongresi (Istanbul 20-23 Sept. 1993), Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1999, s. 212-219; Cevat Izgi, "Hubeys et-Tiflisi", Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi islam Ansiklopedisi, XVIII, Istanbul, 1999, pp.. 268-270; Mikail Bayram, Baciyan-i Rum, Konya, 1987, p. 40; Claude Cahen, Osmanlilardan Once Anadolu'da Turkler, translated by Yildiz Moran, E Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1979, p. 248.
[34] Cevat Izgi, "Anadolu Seljuklu Tabibleri", op. cit., pp. 224-225.
[35] Idem, p. 228.
[36] Idem, p. 229.
[37] Idem, pp. 219-220; Emine Uyumaz, "Sultan I. Aldeddin Keykubad Döneminde Anadolu 'da Hekimlik Yapan Bazi Tabibler", Yeni Tip Tarihi Arastirmalari, vol. 4, Istanbul, 1998, pp. 153-156.
[38] Ibn Abi 'Usaybi'a, 'Uyun al-Anba fi Tabakat al-atibba', al-Dar al-thaqafiya, Beirut, 1987, vol. II, pp. 334-336; Osman Turan, Dogu Anadolu Turk Devletleri Tarihi, Turan Nesriyat Yurdu, Istanbul, 1973, p. 120.
[39] Ibn Bibi, El-Awâmir al-'Ala'iyye fi 'l-'Umuri 'l-Ala'iyye (facsimile), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1956, p. 296; Turkish translation: Ibn Bibi, el-Evamirül Ala'iye fi Umuri'l-Alaiye, translated by Mürsel Oztürk, Ministry of Culture, 1000 Temel Eser, Ankara 1996, p. 312; Emine Uyumaz, "Sultan I. Aldeddin Keykubad Doneminde Anadolu'da Hekimlik Yapan bazi Tabibler", Yeni Tip Tarihi Arastirmalari, vol. 4, Istanbul, 1998, p. 153-154; Ali Sevim (Trans.), Ibnü'l-Adim, Biyografilerle Seljuklular Tarihi [Bugyetü't-Taleb fi Tarihi Haleb] (Secmeler), Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1972, pp. 193-194.
[40] Kamal al-Din ibn al-Adim, Bughyat at-Talab fi Tarih Halab, edited by Ali Sevim), Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1976, p. 94.
[41] Osman Turan, Dogu Anadolu Turk Devletleri Tarihi, Turan Nesriyat Yurdu, Istanbul, 1973, p. 74, Eflaki, Ariflerin Menkibeleri, vol 1,translated by Tahsin Yazici, second edition, Milli Egitim Bakanligi Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1964, pp. 337-338.
[42] Osman Turan, Dogu Anadolu Turk Devletleri Tarihi, Turan Nesriyat Yurdu, Istanbul, 1973, pp. 64, 74.
[43] Ahmet Eflaki, Ariflerin Menkibeleri, translated by Tahsin Yazici, vol. II, Maarif Vekaleti, Istanbul, 1954, p. 446.
[44] Cevat Izgi, "Anadolu Seljuklu Tabibleri", op. cit., pp. 232-233.
[45] Ibrahim-Cevriye Artuk, "Fahreddin el-Mardini", II. Turk Tip Tarihi Kongresi (Istanbul, 20-21 Sept 1990), Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1999, pp. 187-189; Ilhami Nasuhioglu, "Artuklular Doneminde Bilim ve Kultür", Dirim, 1, 5, Istanbul 1976, p. 217.
[46] Ziya Musa Bünyatov, "Ibn al-Fuvati'nin Talhis Macma' al-Adab fi Mu'cam al-Alkab Eserinde Belirtilen Konya Sultanliginin Gorkemli sahislan", VIII. Turk Tarih Kongresi (Ankara, 11-15 Oct. 1976), Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, II, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1981, pp. 594-596.
[47] Mikail Bayram, "Seljuklular Zamaninda Anadolu'da Bazi Yoreler Arasindaki Farkh Kültürel Yapilanma ve Siyâsi Boyutlari", Seljuk University Türkiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi, 1, Konya, 1994, p. 85; "Seljuklular Zamaninda Malatya'da Ilmi ve Fikri Faaliyetler", I-II. Milli Seljuklu Kültür ve Medeniyeti Semineri, Seljuk University, Seljuklu Arastirmalari Merkezi, Konya, 1993, p. 123.
[48] Erdogan Mercil, "Anadolu Seljuklulari'nda Serbest Meslekler", Cogito, No. 29, Istanbul, 2001, pp. 147-148; Osman Turan, Türkiye Seljuklulari Hakkinda Resmi Vesikalar, Turk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1958, p. 54.
[49] Feda Samil Arik, "Seljuklular Zamaninda Anadolu 'da Veba Salginlari", Tarih Arastirmalari Dergisi 1990-1991, vol. XV, No. 26, Ankara, 1991, pp. 27-57; Sezgin Guclüay, "Tarihte Ticareti Etkileyen Unsurlar", Turk Dünyasi Arastirmalari, 126, 2000, pp. 48-49.
[50] Ali Haydar Bayat, "Anadolu Seljuklulari Devrinde Konya 'da Saglik Hayati", Turk Kültürü, XXVII, 311, Ankara 1989, p. 174.
[51] Ihsan Fazlioglu, "Seljuklular Döneminde Anadolu'da Felsefe ve Bilim (Bir Giris)", Cogito, No. 29, Istanbul 2001, p. 164.
*The late Professor Dr Ali Haydar Bayat (1941-2006) belonged to Ege University in Izmir (Turkey). He was member of the Medical Faculty, Medical Ethics and History Department. He published extensively on the history of medicine, especially in the Ottoman period. See this list, this one also, and the references mentioned in the footnotes.


text:
Chelsey Alexander is the daughter of Matt and Wendy Alexander. Chelsey was involved in many academic, athletic, and civic activities in high school. She was a freshman duchess, a four year varsity softball player where she earned 2nd team outfield her sophomore year, she was a four year all district academic, and earned 1st team outfield her senior year. Chelsey was a lady in waiting during the 75th East Texas Yamboree. Chelsey was a four year member of the FFA and served as student athletic trainer. She was the 2012 football sweetheart. Chelsey is a member of the National Honor Society, an NHS officer, and a member of the student council for 3 years. She is graduating 8th in her class. She plans to attend Kilgore College to finish her basics then transfer to Texas Women's University to get her degree in nursing.
Anna Potter is the daughter of Yale and Carla Potter. Anna was a cheerleader for four years, including Head Cheerleader her senior year. She was on the Four Year Honor Roll. Anna was a member of the volleyball team for two years, played basketball for one year and played softball one year. She plans to attend Tyler Junior College in the fall where she will work on her basics the first year and will apply to enter the Sonography program, which is highly competitive and only allows 12 students into the program a year. TJC is also the only school in the area to offer this program which makes it that much more difficult to qualify. Anna plans to complete the program and become an Ultrasound Technician.
Connor is the son of Scott and Charlotte Hewitt. Connor participated in football and golf for two years and even though Gilmer doesn't have a rodeo team, Connor belongs to the Texas High School Rodeo Association and has qualified for state in 2012-2013. Connor was an active member of the FFA. Connor was a class officer his freshman year and was no stranger to the A Honor Roll and A/B Honor Roll throughout high school. Connor plans to begin his studies at Blinn College in Bryan to major in Ag Business. Later, he plans to transfer to Texas A&M to finish his degree.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
And the Winners of Spike's 2012 Video Game Awards Are…
Spike's 2012 Video Game Awards has come and gone and this year's best of the best have finally been announced. Below you'll find the full list of 2012's winners, handpicked by the Spike 2012 VGA Advisory Council and fans like you.
The biggest winners of the year are Telltale Games with their amazing story-driven apocalyptic adventure, Walking Dead: The Game. Not only did they win Game of the Year and Studio of the Year, but they also took the prizes for Best Adapted Video Game, Best Downloadable Game, and their own Melissa Hutchinson won for Best Performance by a Human Female thanks to her voice-work for Clementine.
Did any of your favorite games win? Let us know in the comments below!
- Game of the Year: The Walking Dead: The Game
- Studio of the Year: Telltale Games
- Best Xbox 360 Game: Halo 4
- Best PlayStation 3 Game: Journey
- Best Wii/Wii U Game: New Super Mario Bros. U
- Best PC Game: XCOM: Enemy Unknown
- Best Shooter: Borderlands 2
- Best Action/Adventure Game: Dishonored
- Best RPG: Mass Effect 3
- Best Multiplayer Game: Borderlands 2
- Best Individual Sports Game: SSX
- Best Team Sports Game: NBA 2K13
- Best Driving Game: Need for Speed Most Wanted
- Best Song in a Game: "Cities" by Beck (Sound Shapes)
- Best Original Score: Journey
- Best Graphics: Halo 4
- Best Independent Game: Journey
- Best Fighting Game: Persona 4 Arena
- Best Handheld/Mobile Game: Sound Shapes
- Best Performance by a Human Female: Melissa Hutchinson as Clementine (Walking Dead: The Game)
- Best Performance by a Human Male: Dameon Clarke as Handsome Jack (Borderlands 2)
- Best Adapted Video Game: Walking Dead: The Game
- Best DLC: Dawnguard (The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim)
- Best Downloadable Game: Walking Dead: The Game
- Best Social Game: You Don't Know Jack


text:
SAN FRANCISCO — Last Sunday's concussion won't keep tight end Vernon Davis out of the 49ers' regular-season finale against the Arizona Cardinals, apparently extending his streak to 91 consecutive starts.
Defensive tackle Justin Smith will miss his second straight game with a partially torn triceps tendon.
Davis did not practice Wednesday and was limited the next two days. He sustained the concussion from a sideline hit by Seattle Seahawks safety Kam Chancellor in the first half of last Sunday's 42-13 loss.
Davis ranks second on the 49ers with five touchdown catches and 543 receiving yards. His 40 receptions are third behind Michael Crabtree (77) and Mario Manningham (42).
The only 49ers player who's been sidelined in a game after a concussion was quarterback Alex Smith, who sustained his Nov. 11 against the St. Louis Rams and hasn't played a snap since then.
Defensive lineman Will Tukuafu (neck) is out, meaning recently promoted Tony Jerod-Eddie (No. 63) is active in his place.
Also inactive for 49ers are linebacker Eric Bakhtiari, quarterback Scott Tolzien, guard Joe Looney, running back Jewel Hampton and safety Trenton Robinson.
Standing in the way of Aldon Smith's pursuit of the single-season sack record will be left tackle D'Anthony Batiste, who's coming off the Cardinals bench and reclaiming his starting spot in place of the injured Nate Potter.
Also out for the Cardinals are: quarterback John Skelton (who engineered a comeback win over the 49ers last December), wide receiver Early Doucet (Dashon Goldson's boxing partner last game here), wide receiver LaRon Byrd, fullback Anthony Sherman, guard/center Mike Gibson and defensive end Ronald Talley.


text:
*Please contact dealer to verify price, options, and other vehicle details.
MPG Disclaimer: *Based on 2018 EPA mileage and driving range ratings. Use for comparison purposes only. Your MPGe/MPG and driving range will vary depending on driving conditions, how you drive and maintain your vehicle, battery age/condition, and other factors.
All current factory rebates assigned to dealer (Offer includes $1000 trade assistance, $1000 down payment assistance and all applicable manufacturer rebates). Not all customers will qualify for all rebates. Check with your sales consultant to see which available rebates you qualify for. With approved credit through GM Financial. Vehicle may have previously been a courtesy loaner vehicle. Plus $699 McCarthy Protection Package, Administrative Fee, License, other applicable state titling fees and taxes. **Trade assistance required trade of a 2009 or newer vehicle with less than 100,000 miles. Dealership must arrange financing for down payment assistance. Includes GM Financial down payment assistance, must finance through GM Financial. Not eligible on cash purchases.


text:
'Champions' is getting better all the time. I find myself liking it these days. But it's still a Mary Sue off a game.
Hello. I'm a long-time fan of Patchwork Heroes, John G. I once advocated that Friv drop the 'behind the scenes' because I loved the main story so much.
It's been a year or more now, maybe 2 years since Patchwork Champions started. I just wanted to say that to me, and some others, Patchwork Heroes was a unique work of greatness that few will find and understand but nevertheless will remain one of the most exquisite comics ever to grace the web.
Please, please, please make a sequel.
While I may be wrong to guess at this:
Patchwork Champions while an honest and dedicated work is a Mary Sue, dependant on the established and narrow genre of superhero comics and the flash-in-the-pan, City of Heroes. The artwork consists of default facial expressions set on smile, always in profile, the sprites lack the blurred feel and colors of the earlier generation. While 'Order of Thorns' (I don't quite remember the name) had story but the same art, Patcwork Champions has consisted mainly of crude jokes and villains for a while... I haven't been reading for the last few months, I assume the plot is getting somewhere, that literary value is being created.
Please don't take this as an offence. My lonely opinion is that Champions has some value but is... well, it's a Mary Sue and not a good one at that, though it's been trying hard lately and might be getting out of the rut.
Patcwork Heroes had a story to tell... it was a ruby, red in the light of an epic tale on a local scale - the fire in the eyes of a tale so true.
'Roses' was a slice of life and it moved slower, perhaps it would be easier to do it in the old art? It might take forever, like a novel, but.... please?
I made a new account to say this, I didn't want to, but... I felt it had to be done.
I'm sorry and good luck, whatever you choose.


text:
Traffic Court – Failure to Appear Holds and Penalties
Print this Page
(415) 444-7180
Civic Center, Hall of Justice, Room C-10
Office Hours:
8:00am - 4:00pm
An individual who disregards the citation, courtesy notice and final notice and fails to pay the bail or appear in court by the due date is subject to immediate sanctions by the Court, as follows:
The Court will notify Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to place a HOLD on the issuance or renewal of the driver's license and/or vehicle registration;
Driving privilege suspension;
Transfer to the Enhanced Court Collection (ECC) program which will take responsibility for collection of this debt. For more information about ECC, please
click here
The Court will add a $300 civil assessment and other monetary sanctions to the amount owed.
Receipt of a notice from the DMV regarding a hold or suspension of driver's license or registration due to a violation of Vehicle Code section 40508 indicates that the Court has reported the violator's failure to appear in court to DMV.
Once these violations have been reported to DMV, individuals must pay the increased amount of bail, which will include the civil assessment and other sanctions.
The Traffic Clerk's Office is open Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., except holidays. The office is located on the Court Floor of the Marin County Civic Center Hall of Justice in Room C-10. For directions to the Civic Center, please
click here
The Marin County Civic Center has three drive-though arches. From the middle arch lobby only, take the elevator to the "C" floor. After passing through security screening, go left to the end of the hall to Room C-10. For individuals wishing to speak with a clerk in this office, please call (415) 444-7180 between 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. Calls are answered in the order received.
The mailing address is:
Marin County Superior Court - Traffic
P.O. Box 4988
San Rafael, CA 94913-4988
Spanish Language Services
The Traffic Clerk's Office has several Spanish speaking clerks to assist the public and some forms are also available for review in Spanish. In court hearings, there is usually a Spanish language interpreter in the courtroom to assist non-English speakers at these hearings.
The Marin County Superior Court has made every effort to provide accurate information at this website; however, inaccuracies and outdated information may be found here on occasion.
External sites are responsible for their own content; the Marin County Superior Court accepts no responsibility for information found at other sites to which we are linked.


text:
Born in New York City, the granddaughter of both a vaudeville comedian and a publicist for RKO, Hallie Jordan is an up and coming theater and film actress who resides in Los Angeles, CA.
She has a background in Musical Theater and at 23 years old has performed in over 35 different staged productions- some alongside renowned Broadway performers and Tony Nominees. She practices and performs improv comedy frequently with her improv team "Ladies Like Tea" at different venues around LA, and writes her own sketches that can be found on Youtube. She recently started her own LA video diary, where she shares advice from her experiences living in LA, and will be seen in her own web series shooting in April.
Along with her study abroad experiences in Paris France, Salzburg Austria, Arezzo Italy, and Nepal, Hallie had the opportunity to complete The Comedy Studies Conservatory at The Second City, Chicago, while still in college. She carries a Bachelors degree in Integrative Studies with a self directed emphasis in "The Ontology of a Performer" from the University of Redlands, and is soon launching her own entertainment magazine "womentertain.com", which will feature articles to, from, and based on the women who shake up the entertainment industry.
She is a member in good standing with SAG-AFTRA and can be seen in various AEA theater shows both with her theater company "The Open Fist", and around Los Angeles.
Hallie's mother jokes that she "came cart wheeling out of the womb". Hallie has always had the support of her family when it came to the arts, but continues to perform in memory of her father- an entrepreneur in the 1980's who discovered the 18 GH frequency that jump started many major cable companies- who passed away when she was six years old. Now, as she performs professionally more and more, she often thinks about her father's accomplishments and how his perseverance got him far in life. His journey inspires her to continue on her path in the arts, and push forward with her career.
Hallie wants to continue to gain notoriety as a performer in theater and film as she books bigger and better productions. She wants to get to a place where she can inspire other girls to follow their dreams without fear. She is soon launching an online magazine called "womentertain.com" which interviews and reviews stories of powerful women in the entertainment industry, how they have achieved success, and where they want to go. The site will also include observation pieces on what's happening with women in the industry and change the perspective of girls who are afraid to take the leap of faith into entertainment.
She will soon be speaking on January Jone's show, as well as many radio shows all over the United States. Past interviews can be found at:


text:
Warner Brothers' Mr. Skeffington was a great vehicle for Bette Davis because it showed her metamorphosis from a spoiled (but actually impoverished) and faithless society beauty into a diphtheria-scarred, sadder-but-wiser woman who realizes just before it's too late that "a woman is beautiful only when she's loved." The man who really loves her is her unglamorous businessman husband Claude Rains, the Mr. Job Skeffington of the title. Nevertheless, Fanny Skeffington's infidelities and coldness drive him away to Europe, where the Nazis blinded him. At last he returns and forgives her. The tear-jerker finale finds the disfigured Fanny leading the blind Job up the stairs of their home, reconciled at last. Sure it's corn, but it's hot and buttery, and Franz Waxman's music makes it all that much more delicious.
If the sentimentally susceptible Max Steiner had scored Mr. Skeffington, the film might have lost whatever backbone it had. Waxman was a great choice. He wrote memorable themes for the two main and several subsidiary characters, and he deploys them with a generosity and imagination worthy of Richard Strauss. Bill Whitaker's notes call this chromatic and lyrical score "perhaps the best Strauss score not written by Strauss," and he is not wide of the mark. Mr. Skeffington's music is patient, centered, caring, and yet a little formal, and Waxman subtly reminds listeners that Job is a Jew; after all, this is an important plot device. Fanny's music is skittish and harmonically unsettled, and Waxman turns her theme upside-down and rightside-up to show what kind of a woman she is. Later in the score, when she has lost her looks and her suitors, Waxman approaches frank atonality – a pretty rare device for a Hollywood score of that era. Mr. Skeffington gave Waxman many chances to explore unusual instrumental timbres. A solo violin – both electric and acoustic – appears at pivotal emotional points, and scoring for celesta creates a mood of vulnerability. Waxman uses a novachord (an early electronic instrument) to create a chilling atmosphere for Job and Fanny's reunion. There is a lot of beautifully melancholy writing for the woodwinds as well. Waxman also quotes from period songs ("Bye Bye Blackbird" to "Deutschland über Alles") to set time and place. Interest never flags during this nearly 63-minute CD, and it can be enthusiastically recommended to anyone who likes ultra-ripe romanticism.
Devotion was a Warner Brothers production from 1943, just one year before Mr. Skeffington. The film wasn't released until 1946, however, and it died a well-deserved death. It purports to be a biopic about the Brontë family, but it has little to do with factual accuracy, and as little to do with a competent script. There are good performances by Ida Lupino and Olivia de Havilland, but today, Erich Wolfgang's Korngold's music is the most memorable thing about Devotion. The score holds no surprises for fans of this composer. There are warm, central European melodies all over the place, and when love or death is on the screen, Korngold responds with appropriate passion. Annotator Brendan Carroll (author of an excellent biography about the composer) identifies nine primary themes – one to represent the Brontës, seven to represent each of the main characters and one to represent Emily's recurring dream about a horseman (who in turn represents Death). Suffice it to say that this is a melodically generous score, and full of Korngold's characteristic delicacy and good taste. The orchestrations were done by no less than six individuals, surely a record for a Korngold film! It is remarkable how well the score hangs together, in spite of the many hands that touched it. Having said that, I must remark that its nearly 70-minute length is not quite as absorbing as Waxman's score. Nevertheless, Devotion is an example of old-fashioned scoring at its best, and it is a powerful listening experience in its own right.
While Stromberg and the Moscow Symphony Orchestra don't quite reach the level of Charles Gerhardt and the National Philharmonic Orchestra (the strings are not as assured, the overall sound not as rich), each new recording with this team brings new pleasures. Stromberg understands this music, and the Russian players approach it without preconceptions, but with plenty of enthusiasm. The engineering is excellent, and both releases feature very complete notes about the film and the music itself. Kudos to Marco Polo for bringing these scores the attention they deserve – both are receiving their digital world première recordings here.
Copyright © 1999, Raymond Tuttle


text:
The Super Saver Advantage:
Super Saver saves you 25% and FREE Shipping
With Super Saver you enjoy the convenience of automatic delivery and you save at least 25%! You will automatically receive a fresh supply at the shipping frequency you select. You are in charge, and you can customize or cancel your order at any time.
1 - 5 of 5 Search Results for
- Popular Searches
- Eye Supplements Without Vitamin A
View: Grid | List
Page 1 of 1
Eye Supplements Without Vitamin A
Ultimate Eye Formula
- Supports Healthy Vision*
- Contains 10 mg of Lutein
- Contains 100 mg of Alpha Lipoic Acid
Perfect Multi Super Essentials - Elite User
- Advanced multivitamin amplified by whole food & super fruit extracts.
- Supports heart, immune, brain, & skin health.*
- Lutein, Zeaxanthin & Black Currant Extract promote healthy day & night vision*
- Supports Healthy Vision During the Day and Night*
- Promote Glare Recovery*
- Helps Relieve Occasional Eye Fatigue*
CoQ10 Daily with Lutein
- Provides superior quality Kaneka Q10® plus FloraGLO® Lutein
- Supports heart & cardiovascular function and ocular health*
- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity*
Ultimate Eye Kit
- Supports Healthy Vision and Eye Health*
- Contains 10 mg of Lutein
- Promotes a Healthy Immunity*
Page 1 of 1


text:
May 29, 2008
By Paul Feinberg
BEVERLY HILLS - Howard Schultz, Starbucks' chairman, president and CEO, is the recipient of the inaugural John Wooden Global Leadership Award. The award, presented by UCLA Anderson School of Management, goes to "an exceptional leader" for their "exemplary leadership style and service to the community." The John Wooden Global Leadership Award has as its namesake UCLA's legendary basketball coach John Wooden, himself a renowned author and expert on leadership.
The award was presented Wednesday evening at a gala celebration at the Beverly Hilton Hotel. In presenting the award to Mr. Schulz, Dean Judy D. Olian of UCLA Anderson said, "As he has led (Starbucks), Howard always said that the main goal was 'to serve a great cup of coffee' by 'building a company with soul.' It's certainly worked out."
"Coach Wooden always advocated to 'treat all people with dignity and respect,'" said Dean Judy Olian. "It is very bold, and I might say unusual, that the first of Starbuck's six guiding principles is 'to provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity'. Coach Wooden also once said: 'I am just a common man who is true to his beliefs.' And Howard certainly lives those words. And while Howard wasn't the first person to be carried away by the aroma of a well-roasted coffee bean, through his leadership and his beliefs, he was undoubtedly the first to turn that experience into a billion dollar retail operation."
Highlighting the event were a pair of unscripted discussions. First, Wooden chatted alone with FORTUNE magazine's managing editor Andy Serwer, with Schultz joining the pair later on. Wooden regaled Serwer and the audience with wit, wisdom and poetry, noting that "A leader must command respect. You must let others know you care for them. Effective leadership is when you join people in a common goal and no one cares who gets the credit."
When Schultz came on stage, the two titans of leadership revealed they had much in common, such as placing a high value on trust and the importance of listening, whether listening to those subordinate to oneself or to those whom one is subordinate to. Both also revealed how they learned their core leadership values in their youth, Wooden from his father, an Indiana farmer and Schultz on the school yards of Brooklyn, where his diverse neighborhood taught him how to get along with different types of people while offering an opportunity to see the world in different ways.
During the evening, Dean Judy Olian announced that Andrea Swanson (FEMBA '09), and Christopher Schnakenberg (MBA '09) were the recipients of the John Wooden Global Leadership Fellowships for 2008. Proceeds from the dinner funded the fellowships in the amount of $25,000 each. The fellowships are associated with the John Wooden Leadership Program at UCLA Anderson.
After the award presentation by Dean Olian, Schultz expressed his gratitude both for the award and the opportunity to spend time with Wooden. "I have struggled with what to say," Schultz said. "When you listen to Coach Wooden, read his books, it's humbling (to accept an award bearing his name). I accept with a deep sense of humility and honor.
"We live in a time where there are not so many people who speak so honestly about how to treat people," Schultz said. "It's a shame we don't have more people in America and around the world like John Wooden."
View a Slideshow from the Awards Dinner
Watch Video Clips from the Awards Dinner
- Steve Jamison, co-author of Wooden on Leadership
- John Wooden interviewed by Andy Serwer, Managing Editor, FORTUNE Magazine
- John Wooden and Howard Schultz interviewed by Andy Serwer
- Award presentation by Dean Judy D. Olian
About UCLA Anderson School of Management
UCLA Anderson School of Management, established in 1935, is regarded among the very best business schools in the world. UCLA Anderson faculty are ranked #1 in "Intellectual Capital" by BusinessWeek and are renowned for their teaching excellence and research in advancing management thinking. Furthermore, the finance faculty is ranked #1 in research publications in the four leading peer-reviewed journals by the Financial Management Association. Each year, UCLA Anderson provides management education to more than 1,600 students enrolled in MBA, Executive MBA, Fully-Employed MBA and doctoral programs, and to more than 2,000 professional managers through executive education programs. Combining highly selective admissions, varied and innovative learning programs, and a world-wide network of 35,000 alumni, UCLA Anderson develops and prepares global leaders.


text:
From: Wednesday, March 25, 2009
Elizabeth A. Dreyer, author of Making Sense of God: A Woman's Perspective, is general editor of the Called to Holiness series and professor of religious studies at Fairfield University in Connecticut. She lectures widely on the Christian tradition, especially medieval mysticism, grace, the Holy Spirit and contemporary lay spirituality. Elizabeth was a former campus minister at Marquette and we welcomed her back in March.
Please click in the area below to begin the video.
Rhea Emmer, CSA, D.Min.
From: Wednesday, April 15, 2009
Sister Rhea Emmer, is a member of the Congregation of Sisters of St. Agnes, in Fond du Lac, WI and a primary facilitator of the program for executive leaders entitled, "Engaging the Power and Creativity of Compassion." Her presentation, "Power, Compassion and Competency: Are They Compatible?" looks at compassion, a powerful and expansive energy, as having a place not only in the empathetic nature of service, but in the often questionable role found around "hard business decisions" required of leadership and the cultivation of a healthy organizational culture. Her presentation explores an understanding of compassion that encompasses both sides of this energy.
Please click in the area below to begin the video.


text:
amazincc wrote:Where'd you keep your hot dog???
mnp13 wrote:In a pink, baby powder scented poop bag in my right pocket.
In intermediate we had to carry an entire package of hotdogs that was so old that the hotdogs were gray and the "juice" was greenish. That writeup should be done in a few days.
Leslie H wrote:Excellent, I've been wondering how things went. I wish Cheryl Carlson lived in New England.
Users browsing this forum: No registered users


text:
01.26.13: The CCRI Knights men's basketball team hosted the Lions of Nassau Community College from Garden City, NY on Saturday as part of a basketball doubleheader. The Knights defeated the Lions 83-69. With the victory the Knights improve to 15-8 on the season.
The Knights and Lions battled back and forth in the first half as both teams exchanged the lead and went into the break tied 44-44. The Knights used pressure defense to create turnovers and take a second half advantage to outscore the lions 39-25 with a balanced attack of five Knights scoring in double-figures to pull away for the 83-69 victory.
The Knights were led by Co-Captain Isaac Medeiros (Johnston, RI) with a double-double consisting of a team-high 19 points while ripping down 13 rebounds and adding three blocked shots and two assists and Co-Captain Bryan Yarce (Cranston, RI) added 18 points eight assist, four steals and four rebounds. Also helping the Knights was Co-Captain Desmond Williams (Torrington, CT) with 13 points, three steals and two assists and Rob Hazard (North Providence, RI) had 10 points on a perfect 4-4 shooting from the floor. Rounding out the Knights' top performers was Pat Marchand (Cranston, RI) had 10 points, seven rebounds and three blocked shots and Jerome Harris (Hartford, CT) added nine points, on three 3-pointers with six rebounds and three steals.
After the game Coach Rick Harris commented," The team played well again today against an opponent that brought their "A" game! We switched to our half court 1-3-1 defense to start the second half and Nassau had trouble solving it. Our ability to play multiple defenses well may be our greatest asset. We will continue to try and improve every game both defensively and on offense so that we're fully prepared for the regional playoffs."
The Knights have little time to rest as they will host the very talented Sharks of Suffolk County Community College Sunday at 2:00pm.
The Community College of Rhode Island, New England's largest comprehensive community college, enrolls nearly 18,000 students in credit courses and thousands more in non-credit and job training classes. Its athletic program boasts 12 varsity programs and an academic support program for all student-athletes.
This page developed and maintained by CCRI Athletics. Send comments and suggestions to email@example.com.


text:
|Indiana Astronauts Visit Wabash
Crawfordsville native and veteran astronaut Joe Allen and his colleague Janice Voss (a South Bend native) were on campus as part of the Experience Indiana Speakers Program, funded by Lilly Endowment Inc. Allen, who grew up just blocks from the Wabash campus, has been a photographer all his life. He took this photo of a fellow Space Shuttle astronaut during a space walk. The photo ran on the cover of Time magazine, though Allen was disappointed when the photo credit read "Photo courtesy of NASA." Allen was the third astronaut ever to make an untethered space walk.


text:
From MeritBadgeDotOrg
(Difference between revisions)
(added Related awards)
(→Requirement resources: Added a site)
|Line 49:
|Line 49:
*[http://ftp.arl.mil/ftp/historic-computers/ Historic Computer Images]
*[http://ftp.arl.mil/ftp/historic-computers/ Historic Computer Images]
*[http://www.chac.org/chhistpg.html CHAC History Pages]
*[http://www.chac.org/chhistpg.html CHAC History Pages]
;4 a
;4 a
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware Computer hardware]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware Computer hardware]
Revision as of 20:10, July 9, 2008
|Computers merit badge
|BSA Advancement ID:
|Requirements revision:
|Latest pamphlet revision:
| This is the Boy Scout Computers Merit Badge
Cub Scouts and Webelos Scouts can earn the Cub Scout Computers Belt Loop & Pin
Computers requirements
View the change list (history) of these requirements. The text of these requirements may be locked. In that case, they can only be edited by an administrator.
Please note any errors found in the above requirements on this article's Talk Page.
Requirement resources
- Free/Open Source Software
Many of the requirements can be satisfied using Free (often called "Freeware") and Open Source software programs. These programs are free to download and use under Free/Open Source software licenses. Such licenses remove many of the restrictions on sharing software imposed by proprietary software licenses.
- 1
- How to Keep Children Safe Online From McAfee Protection
- 2
- A Timeline of the History of the Computer
- A History of the IEEE Computer Society
- Computer History
- Computer History Museum
- The Virtual Museum of Computing
- Historic Computer Images
- CHAC History Pages
- The History of Computers
- 4 a
- 4 b
- 5 b
- 5 e
- 6
- OpenOffice.org is an open source suite that includes word processing, spreadsheet, presentation and database programs. It is also capable of opening and saving documents in Microsoft format allowing users to work with and save to Word, Excel, Access, and PowerPoint files.
- Google Docs contains basic spreadsheet, word processor and presentation software. Imports Microsoft Word, Excel and Powerpoint formatted files. Requires only a web browser and a (free) Google account.
- 6 a
- See the sample duty roster table in the Camping Worksheet Req. 4b.
- 6 b
- See the sample food list & cost table in the Cooking Worksheet Req. 3c & 5b.
- 6 e
- 10 slide presentation is similar to: Art #1, Communications #3, Photography #4b.
- 6 g
- Irfanview is free (no cost) to download and use (though not Open Source).
- Paint.net is a free, open source image editing and photo manipulation software designed to be used on Windows PCs. It supports layers, unlimited undo, special effects, and a wide variety of useful and powerful tools.
- Picasa is free photo organization and editing tool from Google that can help you make web pages, slide shows and share your photos. A similar application for the Macintosh is iPhoto.
- For those looking for more advanced photo editing software (or those using Linux) there's The G.I.M.P.. It is a good choice for those who can't use or afford Adobe Photoshop.
- 7 b
- Sketchup is a "3D modeling software tool that's easy to learn, simple to use, and lets you place your models in Google Earth".
- QCad A free trial copy of QCad is available for downloading. The trial copy does have certain limitations (such as terminating after 10 minutes of use) but should suffice for this requirement and give a scout the chance to try a CAD program. (The Community edition of QCad is open source (with fewer limitations than the Professional trial), but only useful if you know how to compile source code.)
- 7 d
- NVU - an open source html editor with WYSIWYG capability for building web pages. Also, Linux users can use Quanta Plus (which is also open source, and similar to NVU.)
- Notepad++ - A more stable free HTML editor also with WYSIWYG and a spacebar HTML tag entry
- 8
- 9 b
- DRM Information on music copyright protection.
- 10.
Related awards
- 6 a
- See the sample duty roster table in the Camping Worksheet Req. 4b.
- 6 b
- See the sample food list & cost table in the Cooking Worksheet Req. 3c & 5b.
- 6 e
- 10 slide presentation is similar to: Art #1, Communications #3, Photography #4b.
See also
|General Merit Badge information
External links
- Computer Meritbadge Resource for Scouts and Meritbadge Councilor
- The Computer Merit Badge
- Scouting Website & Software Information
- Welcome to Triumph of the Nerds! - accidental dynasties in computing history
- Calculating Machines
- ACM's Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction
- WWW Virtual Library: Logic Programming
- WWW Virtual Library: Artificial Intelligence
- WWW Virtual Library: Web Design


text:
Opinion: MH17: Obama Denounces, But Doesn't Punish Putin
Editorial Page Editor Paul Gigot on the U.S. strategy to get Russia to cooperate in the Malaysia Airlines crash investigation. Photo credit: Getty Images.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... I ... the ... once the separatists ... Russia ... and President Putin in particular ... has direct response buildings to compel them to cooperate ... with the investigation that is the least the bacon ... welcome to Opinion Journal I'm Mary Kissel that was the bomb I in these last hours ... and emitting that Russian President Vladimir couldn't allow access to the crash site ... of Malaysia Airlines to seventeen ... editoral page and or Polish ago joins me now call the strong words that were sustained ... well I think she wants to cooperate ... so I was going to hear the call was from the can and consistent ... and that's good so ... aam and I'm glad to hear that ... they'll want to go to sanctions or anything for them because right now they want to the cooperation with Russia ... is a clear to now there were several days after the crash that Russia ultimately is response I think it's clear I mean I think that is the only question is the only questions at this stage or whether ... the Russian ... technicians actually helped ... fire ... the ... the missiles the essay ... allotments ... or if the thing and we supplied them ... with no question that they supplied them ... so I think that's ... the the the the but that hardly absolves the Russians that they did not ... I'll pull the trigger ... or advise them on poetry are they still supply them and that does make them Copel book all I see he argued that Obama wants cooperation from Russia but ... but given what just happened almost three hundred people murdered ... why are we punishing Russia right now what I wish he would speak before I he he it decided to sanctions said ... that's what you what what what you mean the punishment well OPEC opening opening energy exports S sanction was assaulted a seven day doing that long ago liao show opened an energy exports Longo Eva for Crimea after crying immediately that we should of done ... we should of them ... aam you know there's a ... sense of what Obama does not want to get ahead ... of the Europeans ... and there are still ... on the fence you've Cameron talking that may be more sanctions if the French talking that may be more sanctions ... Merkel notices not mentioning sanctions that isolate a very quiet you know she has had a lot of phone calls with a prudent ... so I think ... basically right now they wanna make sure they get access to the Crown did to the crime scene that's what it does get into that accident site ... Bebo to find out what happened for that they need put his cooperation ... I think ... though if we conclude ... aam formerly ... too bad they are culpable here and I think the West should ... move firmly to say a lot ... of Russian disco ball ... you must do the following things ... in Ukraine step back ... stop supplying weapons and sauna so forth or ... we will ... certainly put the falling sanctions ... but this is a symbolic step of why should beat the traffic at the World Cup that's been something that some commentators have suggested the takeaway well I'm not against that you know I mean you have to insist fee for the sector bodies of governments don't have the ability to dictate that ... but I'm not against that side is that the important to kind of thing to do ok editoral page editor Paul Gigot thanks very much


text:
Shelve this one under a category that should be named "bouquet memoirs."
Books like Amy Ephron's "Loose Diamonds … and Other Things I've Lost (and Found) Along the Way" are a nosegay of life essays whose pronouns are mostly "I" and "we," but are also by implication "you" — as in, "here's my experience of this or that life-changing moment; what's yours?"
So the essays in such collections fall into two sorts. The first are the accounts of seminal events that the author shares with many of the rest of us — friends, work, marriage, divorce, remarriage, families blended and un-blended, dealing with parents and dealing with being a parent. Who doesn't have some version of this echt Ephron first-love comedown: "What I took for a laconic, laid-back nature was really a heroin addiction"?
The second kind of essay has to do with the one-off moments that the reader will probably never get to experience. This is where I would lump the stories that I tell to my friends, like the one that begins, "The second time I met Cary Grant…" They love hearing them, but unless they met Cary Grant, there's no equivalent of their own.
Ephron shuttles back and forth between these two, usually adroitly, and sometimes in the same essay. There she is, in marathon labor — OK, most women have been there, done that — but she's in a hospital in L.A., and who strolls in to visit the screaming young woman in the bed opposite Ephron but Elizabeth Taylor, mother-in-law of the screamer. La Taylor is carrying a tiny white dog, and her assistant is carrying a primitive cellphone "almost as large as the dog."
As an accomplished writer in a family of accomplished writers, Ephron's life is already pitched at a more exalted level than most people's. Her son drops an anchor on his toe early one summer — kid mishap, OK — and spends "the rest of the vacation lying on the couch" in a house on Martha's Vineyard, rented from Alexandra Styron, daughter of novelist William Styron (and a writer as well). In the amusing chapter, "Why I Quit Being Psychic," I was momentarily stopped short on the sentence that casually begins, "My first husband, Sasha, and I were playing bridge with T-Bone Burnett…"
I'm not sure whether Ephron wants us to linger vicariously on these moments, with our noses pressed to these glamorous windows, or wants to hurry through them to get to the "just-us" parts of her tales.
The most journalistic essay in "Loose Diamonds" is Ephron's 1971 encounter with Manson family member — and later attempted presidential assassin — Lynette Alice "Squeaky" Fromme; wherever else Fromme's needle flicked over from odd to ominous, there is a female universe of poignancy in Fromme, sitting on a fence at the notorious Spahn Ranch, telling Ephron, "Charlie was the first person who ever told me I was pretty. And so, I went with him."
It's a book like my grandmother's beloved Whitman's Sampler — or maybe, in Ephron's family, a Godiva assortment: one or two, you take a tentative bite to see what's inside and spit it out (coconut — gross), and one or two are unforgettable, like the essay "Security Check." Ephron's boarding a plane two years before Sept. 11 when another passenger, a bearded Middle Eastern man, strokes the fuselage and smiles and says, "Going to explode." It was an unsettling story to tell before Sept. 11 — what, it asks, would you have done? — but to read it now is downright harrowing.
The "loose diamonds" of the title is also an introduction to her essay spun around the theft of Ephron's jewelry. The phrase also serves as a metaphor for the aimless, deracinated men and women who populate Ephron's native Los Angeles.
And because I agree with her in that, I will give her a Southern California dispensation for the final essay, "I Love Saks," about her first pilgrimage to the New York mercantile sanctum. The dispensation comes only because Bullocks Wilshire, the proper shopping temple for an Angeleno, could not, to my sorrow, meet Ephron's Saks' standard: "It's still there."


text:
HP Pavilion DV6725US 15.4" Notebook PC
If you're ready to take the plunge with a new notebook PC, look at our Pavilion dv6707us. It has everything you need for working, e-mailing, Web surfing, digital photography, movies, and music. It even comes with a webcam so you can hold video chats.
Power and flexibility
Movie, music, or game?
Connections and software
First-class warranty and support


text:
Bah, the Commtech Stormie is good enough for me. Pass.
Quote from: Reid on December 29, 2006, 06:53 PMBah, the Commtech Stormie is good enough for me. Pass.Dude. Please wake up. I know it's your thing to come out against every clone trooper and imperial army builder and say it sucks or the version from the 90's is good enough, but just come out with the real reasons you are passing, if that's even true. This little game is getting very, very old. Seriously, what else do you want from these figures that you come out with the "pass" every time something good is shown?
Page created in 0.081 seconds with 19 queries.


text:
Overstock Coupons - Savings You Can See
Why pay full price and why search everywhere for discounts? Here's everything you need to know about saving with Overstock coupons.
After a long day of planting in her prize garden, she'll welcome this very unique moss purse tote filled with earthly delights designed to rescue weary hands and relax tired muscles. Our exclusive Art d' Moi Gardeners Relief Green Tea Spa line features a light refreshing scent, and is moisturizing and healing as well. Silk sunflower and wild flower accents will brighten the recipient's day. Each basket is hand crafted with attention to detail, shrink wrapped and tied with a bow for presentation, ready for gift giving. Add a personalized message with your order by selecting gift at check out.
An original gift arrangement by Art of Appreciation Gift Baskets. Each gift is hand crafted and assembled in the USA, US Trademark #4371601. NOTE: Some components may be imported.
|Birthday, Christmas, Thinking of You
|Creative, Spirtual Soul, Trendy
|Friend, Her, Teen Girl
|Model Number
|Country of Origin
|United States
Why pay full price and why search everywhere for discounts? Here's everything you need to know about saving with Overstock coupons.
To help you pick out presents that will make this Christmas extra special, here are our top Christmas gift ideas for grandma.
If you've been wondering what to get your girlfriend for Christmas to really make an impression, these top 10 Christmas gifts for girlfriends are sure to be a hit.
How to Choose the Best Hair Straightener for your Hair from Overstock.com. The key to optimum hair care and straightening without damage is choosing the best flat iron for your hair type.
If your well of brilliant gift ideas has run dry, run through our list of possible Mother's Day gifts and see if any of them would be a good fit for your better half. Give your wife a gift that she's sure to love this Mother's Day.
When to Give a Gourmet Gift Basket from Overstock.com. Giving an unexpected gift basket is a great way to show a loved one how much you care.
Gift Basket Ideas for Mother's Day from Overstock.com. Looking for a great gift for your mom? A gift basket is an easy way to shower her with gifts she'll love.
Stocking stuffers are proof that good things come in small packages. Show the women in your life that you care with thoughtful stocking stuffers. Look for gifts tailored to their interests or hobbies to evoke feelings of love this Christmas.
Your wife is your closest friend and companion, and Mother's Day is your chance to celebrate everything she does for your family. Here are a few easy gift ideas that are sure to be a hit with her this Mother's Day.
Whether she's your wife, your daughter, your sister, or your friend, you can celebrate a mom's first Mother's Day with the perfect gift. If you're not sure what to get her this year, try one of these first Mother's Day gift ideas.
When the seasons change, your beauty routine needs to change too. It is time to heal the drying effects of winter and treat your skin to a little love.
Usually leaves our warehouse in 1-2 business days. *
Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final
shipping cost and estimated delivery timeframe will be available at checkout.
Standard shipping details
Expedited shipping details
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. For the return policy on a Marketplace item, please refer to the Seller's individual policy, located on the product page by clicking on the Seller name. More Details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
This item cannot be shipped to Alaska or Hawaii. More details
For your protection, all orders are screened for security purposes. If your order is selected for review, our Loss Prevention Team may contact you by phone or email. There may be a two business day delay to process your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.
Gardener's Delight Green Tea Spa Bath and Body Gift Basket
Today: $53.99


text:
The contract of University of Kentucky football head coach Mark Stoops has been amended to extend through the 2018 season, UK Director of Athletics Mitch Barnhart announced Tuesday.
The new agreement extends the term from Dec. 31, 2017 to June 30, 2019, giving the coach five years remaining on his contract.
"We are excited about the enthusiasm and recruiting success that Mark and his staff have brought to our football program," Barnhart said. "We had the nation's second-largest increase in attendance last season and we have had the two largest spring-game attendances in school history (in 2013 and 2014).
"In recruiting, Mark and his tireless assistant coaches have made an obvious impact with their first two classes and that momentum is carrying forward for 2015."
When Stoops took over the program in December 2012, UK's recruiting class was ranked in the 60s by the national evaluation services. But, in the next two months, Stoops and staff were able to secure 14 additional commitments, moving the needle for the 2013 signing class as high as No. 29 nationally.
With a full year to recruit the 2014 signing group, the Kentucky coaches landed a consensus national top-25 class, including a No. 17 ranking by Rivals.com, UK's highest-rated class in the Internet era of recruiting evaluation.
In 2013, Stoops' first season as head coach, Kentucky averaged 59,472 in attendance per game, an increase of 9,781 from the previous season and representing the second-best improvement in the nation. The two Blue/White Spring Games under Stoops have drawn crowds of more than 50,000 and 35,000, easily the two largest spring attendances in school history.
Additional momentum has been generated with UK's football facilities. A $110 million renovation of Commonwealth Stadium has begun and is slated for completion for the 2015 season and a $45 million football complex has been approved and is going through the design stages.


text:
I just finished uploading this Townhouse for sale, TH2 1107 W 7TH AVENUE, Vancouver West, BC
Choklit Park Terraces, 4 sophisticated residences in the heart of Fairview Slopes. This 2 BR, Den, Family Rm & 2.5 bath home features a private elevator w/ direct access to 2 parking & a huge private storage. Sensational city & mountain views from the large 19' x 12' terrace off the living area which features a built-in bbq, fridge & sink. Masterful kitchens by Boffi are equipped w/ gourmet Gaggenau appliances incl fully-automated coffee machine, wine fridge, steam convection oven & warming drawer. Enjoy smooth heated marble floors, a spacious walk-in shower & regal free-standing tub in the bath. Minutes to galleries, designer boutiques, award-winning restaurants, Granville Island & d/t Vancouver. An urban lifestyle within the quiet confines of Fairview. Est. completion mid-2018


text:
International Conference on Applied Physico-Inorganic ChemistryActivity by Koxanenko Evgeney | added on Jun 07, 2011 | Ukraine
The International Conference on Applied Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, the mighty branch of Applied Physical Chemistry, gathers biennially scientists and engineers on the bank of Black Sea in Sevastopol ( Crimea, Ukraine, 2-7.10. 2011). Website: http://aphyn.org.ua/en e-mail: email@example.com
The International Conference on Applied physico - Inorganic Chemistry, the mighty branch of Applied physical Chemistry, gathers biennially scientists and engineers on the bank of Black Sea in Sevastopol ( Crimea, Ukraine, 2-7.10. 2011) for the discussion and decisions on acute problems in many branches of modern chemistry.
General purpose of current conference is to put problems of interaction between technology and ecology from positions of V.I. Vernadsky theory of biogeochemistry Here positions of evolution of "green" chemistry, environmental control, rational processing of natural raw materials, abnormal impact of nature on living bodies and many other related things will be the basic. This conference is celebrating 150 th birthday of V.I. Vernadsky (one of the famous naturalist of 20 th century)
The conference should provide opportunities for exchange of the latest ideas and presentation and discussion of recent work on aspects of physico - chemical processes in ecosystems – water, air and soil and sustainable development including engineering and modeling. Now such problems become the problems of all mankind.
The aim of the conference is to encourage and facilitate the interdisciplinary communication among scientists, engineers, economists and professionals working in ecological systems and sustainable development.
We expecting that positions of evolution of sustainable and "green" chemistry ,
will be discussed by European chemical community during our Conference.
Contacts: website: http://aphyn.org.ua/en
e-mail: email@example.com
|conferences, networking, sustainable and green chemistry, website, publications
|students, professional chemists, professors, educators, research scientists
Want to submit your own activity or comment?
In order to do so you need to be part of the IYC network. Please log in or sign up now.
Join the IYC Network


text:
Cutting jobs. Closing bases. Reducing health care benefits for service members. On a list of policies to reform defense spending, these would rank near the top in their potential to rub the American public the wrong way. But the hard truth, says former undersecretary of defense Michèle Flournoy, is that these measures could help the U.S. military get back on track toward being the most effective in the world in the long run. Referring to a recent open letter to Secretary Hagel from a coalition of think tanks leaders across the partisan spectrum, Flournoy argued at the Aspen Ideas Fesitval on Wednesday that these kinds of cuts would help the military maintain maximal power and the ability to adapt in the future.
Unsexy Ways to Cut Defense Spending
By using this service you agree not to post material that is obscene, harassing, defamatory, or otherwise objectionable. Although GovExec.com does not monitor comments posted to this site (and has no obligation to), it reserves the right to delete, edit, or move any material that it deems to be in violation of this rule.


text:
Irish needed a new print or packaging design and created a contest on 99designs.
A winner was selected from 40 designs submitted by 15 freelance designers.
Mickey Finn
The brand is green and red pressed apple liquor. It is premium so the job must have a premium feel to it. 2 items it must contain a hybrid apple and a logo, also some discreet wording. Play around with it.
- Item 1...
- Size: 39cm Long x 19cm High.
- Premium image about the artwork
- It must have the Hybrid apple which I will send you on request, if one can change the logo in the apple to have the new logo I call hybrid logo this would be better
•One option is to have a wooden crate effect behind the apple if possible - not essential
- I will send you Mickey Finn Logo for .
- Must contain the following in small print.www.mickeyfinn.ie
Please enjoy responsibly. in small print
Imported by BABCO Imports, Manhasset, NY 11030 in very small print
- Item 1...