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The ridiculous pseudo-scientific exercise by an Orthodox rabbi
By Shmuel-Pairont de la Meyraque
posted in July 2006
To be frank, I am writing this essay against my natural inclinations. I am doing it only because some friends asked me to spend time and effort on rebuffing the article by some Orthodox rabbi named Dovid Kornreich. His screed titled "Can We Make Do Without Science?" can be accessed at http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5766/chukas/ordk2chk66.htm .
This piece is in fact so absurd that the proper reaction to it should be to shrug and forget about it. My friends who asked me to write about the article in question argued that although that paper is obviously full of crap, it has an appeal to Orthodox Jews who are looking for an allegedly scientifically based support for their beliefs.
I don't think the firmly believing Orthodox Jews would be swayed by any arguments which contradict (or seem to contradict) their faith, so repudiating Rabbi Kornreich's exercise is a futile endeavor regardless of how well substantiated my counter-argument may happen to be. The true believers' minds are hermetically closed to facts and arguments as they live in a strange world having little to do with reality. Indeed, this is what Rabbi Kornreich himself proclaims to be the foundation of his approach to reality, science, and facts.
Indeed, on the very first page of his screed Kornreich wrote:
….we need to become discriminating consumers of scientific theories.
We start off with the following a priori position that is never negotiable: The ultimate truth about our reality was revealed to us by the same Creator of that reality through prophecy and various levels of ruach hakodesh preserved by our mesorah.
A few lines further Kornreich continues:
As a consequence, those scientific understandings that either confirm or conform to our superior source of absolute truth — the Torah — may be adopted. Those that don't, must be mistaken. And it makes no difference whether the scientists will eventually discover the mistake through investigation or they will not.
It is distinctly possible that they cannot in principle discover their mistake simply because they cannot access the non-physicality of the forces involved in the formation of the world (and its deconstruction and reconstruction during the Mabul period). But mistaken they must be. G-d informed mankind of unnatural formation of the universe well in advance of the theories that try to pretend that all events are natural. This is self-deception on the part of mainstream science.
The quoted display of arrogance by a religious fanatic echoes a similar utterance by his Christian counterpart William Dembski (on page 14 in the collection of articles titled Mere Creation, Inter Varsity Press, 1998). Dembski wrote:
As Christian we know that naturalism is false.
Both versions, Judaic and Christian, illustrate the touching unity of attitudes in both faiths and show the clearly anti-scientific nature of their authors' worldviews.
If one already "knows" something, any debate about this "something" is out of the question. That is the attitude of true believers whose minds are impervious to any arguments and facts which are not in tune with their blind faith. Dembski "knows" that naturalism is false. He also "knows" that Jesus of Nazareth was Son of God, who came back to life after having died on a cross. Rabbi Kornreich does not possess the "knowledge" proclaimed by Dembski, but he "knows" something Dembski does not – that "ruah hakodesh" (holy spirit) has been preserved by the Jewish "mesora."
What if Rabbi Kornreich and William Dembski were both born in Islamabad to a Muslim family? Dembski certainly would not "know" that Jesus rose from the dead, and Kornreich would certainly "know" that many of Quran's "revelations" abolish those in the Torah.
Unlike faiths, science never "knows" anything a priori. It learns the truth through a painstaking process of inquiry based on observed facts and logic. It never claims to "know" anything for sure but only offers the most plausible explanations of the observed facts. Operating this way, science has achieved enormous success, but, unlike faith with its pretense for possessing the absolute truth, science remains modest in its claims despite its well proven power.
Since Kornreich claims in advance of discussing scientific questions that any scientific theory that contradict the Torah "must" be wrong, what level of discussion can be expected from his essay?
How does Kornreich "know" that the Torah reveals the ultimate truth? He "knows" that because that is what he was told by other rabbis who lived before him. Is there any logically consistent proof of the Torah's reliability? None whatsoever. The Torah is claimed to be reliable only because the Torah itself says so. Moreover, as is obvious to any minimally reasonable mind, the Torah is full of contradictions, inconsistencies, and plainly fictitious stories, like those of the Exodus or Noah's ark. Discussing scientific theories in light of the Torah is like deciding whether to buy shares of, say, Bank of America, on the basis of the events in what the world press unanimously and ridiculously refers to by a geographically preposterous name "the West Bank" (meaning the territory between the Jordan river and the Mediterranean Sea).
I believe any reasonable reader would stop reading Kornreich screed immediately after seeing the above quoted assertions.
Since, however, my friends asked me to read Kornreich's opus to the end and to provide answers to his asseverations, I'll turn now to some of his specific points allegedly showing a lack of understanding on the part of the poor "mainstream scientists."
Kornreich suggests some arguments allegedly pointing to the "young" earth, its age being just thousands years rather than the billions of years asserted by the "mainstream" science. Before turning to any of his specific arguments, it seems proper to point out that not one of these arguments are Kornreich's own. All these arguments are copied wholesale from the publications of Christian young earth creationists, such as Henry Morris, Ken Hovind, and Russell Humphrey.
Furthermore, Kornreich's argument essentially boils down to the assertion that "mainstream scientists" only offered hypothetical models without having made any actual measurements. Kornreich in defense of experimental approach – what a farce. First, Kornreich conveniently forgets to mention that Morris, Hovind, and Co. have never conducted any measurements whatsoever in any area of research, including those fields which are relevant to the arguments in favor of the young earth. Apparently, in Kornreich's opinion only the "mainstream scientists" are under obligation to support their opinions by experimental data obtained by them personally. The creationists, as per Kornreich, are free of such obligations, as they are in possession of the ultimate revealed truth. Reading Kornreich's demand for experimental data from mainstream scientists creates a strong desire to remind Kornreich that double standards are a sign of intellectual dishonesty. What empirical data support blind faith in the Torah's inerrancy? Well, this question is plainly rhetorical, as the esteemed rabbi, with all of his immense erudition in the Torah and Talmud-related matters, does not seem to have any experience in experimental work. I have, a few times, met such "experts" in experimental science who could hardly distinguish between binoculars and a bicycle.
Last but not least, Kornreich is either ignorant of the real arguments against the young earth notions or deliberately ignores them. Such behavior is typical of creationists of all variations. They offer arguments in favor of their belief in the young earth. Scientists offer rebuttals of such arguments. Creationists dismiss them – they are simply incapable of accepting the factual evidence which negates or seems to negate their faith. No argument, however fact-based and scientifically sound, can penetrate the thick envelope of prejudice reigning in the creationist's mind; accepting the rebuttal of their faith means a disastrous crush of their entire world.
Let us briefly discuss some of Kornreich's specific arguments (each and all of them borrowed from Christian creationist literature).
Actually I don't need to provide detailed rebuttals of Kornreich's stale arguments – all of them have been thoroughly and unequivocally shown to be wrong many times over. All I need to do is point to publications that have made mincemeat of Kornreich's borrowed arguments originating in the output of Christian young earth creationists. Contrary to Kornreich's asseverations, such rebuttals are quite far from being just speculations. Even those rebuttals which do not cite specific measurements, usually follow the standard scientific methodology which has brought about the great successes of science.
As an example, let me address Kornreich's asseveration regarding the concentration of helium in the Earth's atmosphere. The essence of the argument is the assertion that the helium concentration in the atmosphere is lower than what would be expected if the Earth were indeed a few billion years old. Gaseous helium is a product of processes of radioactive decay of minerals in the Earth's crust. The rate of helium emission from minerals is pretty well known. Based on that rate, assert young earth creationists, the accumulation of helium molecules in the atmosphere can be calculated. If the Earth were indeed as old as science maintains, the concentration of He in the earth's atmosphere would be many times larger than the one actually observed, or so say young earth creationists.
Not to be accused of distorting Kornreich's argument (if we assume that it is at all possible to avoid being so accused) here is the quotation from Kornreich's opus:
The "nexta" example (love that Yiddish) comes from smaller than expected amounts of Helium-4 if earth is old. Helium-4 is created by radioactive decay (alpha particles are helium nuclei) and is constantly added to the atmosphere. Helium is not light enough to escape the Earth's gravity (unlike hydrogen), and it will therefore accumulate over time. The current level of helium in the atmosphere would accumulate in far less than billions of years. Therefore the Earth is relatively young compared to their theories.
Once again, the conventional response is to assert that polar wind can account for the escape. And if that won't do the trick (because they haven't actually measured it to know for sure) then there is always the handy "interaction of the solar wind with the upper atmosphere during the short periods of lower magnetic-field intensity while the field is reversing." However, no one has ever measured a single magnetic-field reversal of the earth taking place, let alone how long they last before reaching full intensity. But that doesn't stop mainstream scientists from simply assuming that 20 of them could have taken place over the past 3.5 billion "years" to account for the missing helium. Problem solved.
Like every one of his arguments in favor of young earth, also this one is borrowed by Kornreich literally from the opuses by fundamentalist Christian Bible literalists such as Henry Morris (see Morris, Henry M., 1974. Scientific Creationism, Green Forest, AR: Master Books, pp. 150-151) Ken Hovind, the biblical literalist whose ridiculous output is largely rejected even by some other creationists, and Russell Humphrey (see, for example http://www.nmsr.org/humphrey.htm ).
From Kornreich's texts it seems to follow that he is more or less familiar with repudiation of the creationist arguments regarding helium concentration, as he mentions certain counter-arguments by "mainstream scientists." However, Kornreich not only omits any references to the Christian creationists from whom he borrowed his arguments favoring young earth concepts, he also studiously avoids providing any references to publications where Morris, Hovind, etc. have been convincingly shown to be egregiously wrong. I will fill the void left by Kornreich. The creationists' argument regarding helium concentration has been thoroughly debunked, for example, at http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hovind/howgood-yea.html#proof14 . A detailed discussion showing the fallacy of creationist quasi-arguments regarding helium was also provided by Dalrymple (Dalrymple, G. Brent. 1984. "How Old is the Earth? A Reply to Scientific Creationism" Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Volume 1, Part 3, edited by Frank Awbrey and William Thwaites, April 30, 1984, pages 66-131).
In his brief description of the counter-arguments by mainstream scientists, Kornreich, as it could be expected, reduces these arguments to their caricature. I invite readers to look up the above references themselves rather than rely upon the straw man erected by Kornreich.
Furthermore, Kornreich brazenly makes obviously incorrect assertions – such as, for example, his statement (not supported by any data) that helium molecules are too heavy for escaping the earth's gravitational pull and therefore cannot escape the atmosphere (see the above quotation). This assertion betrays Kornreich's ignorance of the pertinent scientific facts. Contrary to Kornreich, helium molecules can very well escape the atmosphere. It is true that the rate of their escape indeed is insufficient to account for the amount of helium in the atmosphere. However, there is a well substantiated explanation of why helium escapes the atmosphere at a rate much higher than calculated for helium molecules. Helium gets ionized in the upper atmosphere, and this is not just a speculation, as Kornreich wants us to believe, but a firmly established fact. If ionization is accounted for, the seeming discrepancy between the observed amount of helium and the age of the earth completely disappears. Whether Kornreich accepts this explanation or prefers to mislead his reader -- in either case mainstream scientists would hardly lose sleep.
Kornreich repeatedly asserts that scientists have not conducted any measurements to support their explanation of, say, the observed amount of helium in the atmosphere, and that therefore their explanation is just unsubstantiated theorizing. The answer to that thesis is twofold.
Number one: What measurements have creationists ever conducted to substantiate their anti-science stands? None whatsoever. Neither did Kornreich himself, and he can't cite any empirical data supporting his position besides quasi-arguments borrowed from his Christian partners in the creationist enterprise. Why does Kornreich consider it
reasonable to demand measurements and detailed calculations from mainstream scientists while allowing creationists to make assertions not supported by any measurements or any factual data at all?
Number two: Kornreich's assertion is false. NASA scientists have performed enough measurements to show Kornreich's assertions for what they are: the rants of a religious zealot who either is blind to facts or deliberately misleads his readers.
To find out where helium in the atmosphere goes (including description of pertinent measurements), please see
http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast08dec98_1.htm and
http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast08dec98_1b.htm where data are presented showing the absurdity of creationist asseverations, and with them of Kornreich's piffle.
The helium concentration question is just one example of the sheer absurdity propagated by Kornreich, who follows in the footsteps of thoroughly debunked Christian creationists. His other arguments, likewise borrowed from Christian creationist literature, are about the amount of salts and metals in ocean water and about variations in the direction and strength of the earth's magnetic field . Both are as absurd as the argument regarding helium – see, for example, the pertinent items in Mark Isaak's Index of Creationist Claims (at http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/list.html ).
Of course, when a person starts a discussion with a categorical assertion that he "knows" in advance the absolute truth, so anything that contradicts his self-confident "knowledge" must be wrong regardless of actual evidence, whoever is inclined to rely on such person's opinion may do so only at his/her peril.
Perhaps it is proper to note that Kornreich's attitude is imbued with unbounded arrogance: the fruit of scientific research has been gained through the hard work of thousands of honest scientists; Rabbi Kornreich takes the liberty of summarily denying science's achievements while in his own personal behavior he does not hesitate to make use of the results of the scientific exploration he brazenly rejects. He flies aboard airplanes, takes pills when sick, perhaps drives a car or at least takes buses and taxis, wears clothes made of modern fabrics, eats food obtained in abundance thanks to scientific breakthroughs, and with all this insults the same scientists, to whom he owes so much, with his anti-science fanatic rants. A little humility and a dose of apology would go a long way to at least partially salvage Rabbi Kornreich's so far shamelessly offensive image.
I see two possible results of having read Kornreich's screed: one can either laugh at the sheer absurdity of his discourse, or cry over the time wasted on a senseless anti-science diatribe, and that in the 21st century such crock can be posted as allegedly serious stuff. Readers have the choice between the two above possibilities.
Shmuel-Pairont de la Meyraque is a post doc researcher with a specialization in astrophysics. He is part French, part Jewish, with an admixture of at least three more ancestries, including some obscure offshoot of a tribe whose name nobody can pronounce. One of his avocations is making motor-driven dolls, another is speleology, and still another is occasionally debunking pseudo-science of creationists of all types.


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(CNN) -- In the summer of 1989, Nickelodeon debuted its first scripted sitcom, which followed an Arizona dude ranch owner and the teens he employed for the summer. A lovably goofy concept even then, "Hey Dude" ran for 65 episodes and ultimately helped define Nick's programming for the next 25 years. It's since become a cult classic that would find new life on the Internet and on DVD, with reruns still getting airtime.
Cast and crew members of the beloved comedy reunited in honor of the show's 25th anniversary in Austin, Texas, for the third annual ATX Television Festival. It marked the first time the group had sat down together since the show wrapped filming in 1991. The "Hey Dude" gang sat down with both fans and reporters for an afternoon of questions, anecdotes and memories.
David Lascher, who portrayed lovable troublemaker Ted McGriff, said he was taken aback when he saw his cast mates.
"It's so nice to see everybody. It's just a flood of amazing memories," he says. "Everyone looks great, seems happy. I can't believe it's been so long."
Christine Taylor, who played bubbly girl-next-door Melody Hanson, said her kids played in the same gym class as Lascher's at one point, but it has been difficult to keep in contact with everyone.
"Some of us did stay in touch, but it was back in the day when we all left, and we didn't have e-mail addresses," she says. "If you moved and you weren't responsible with your address book, you lost touch."
Series writer Alan Goodman went on to write and produce 1990s Nick hits "Clarissa Explains It All" and "The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo," and opens up about why "Hey Dude" remains close to the hearts of everyone involved.
"None of us had any experience at all before this," Goodman said, "so it's something we all do remember fondly."
Taylor said some memories of the show's aesthetics continue to make her cringe -- especially when it comes to the wardrobe.
"I don't even think that was cool then! I don't remember pleated khaki shorts belted with a shirt and a bolero being cool -- even for people who lived on a dude ranch," she says.
But Debrah Kalman, who co-starred as ranch mother figure Lucy, said she took some of the costumes home after the show wrapped and wears them to this day.
The youngest star, Josh Tygiel, got the role of the skateboarding Buddy after responding to an open call notice in a local Tucson newspaper. Tygiel lived at home during the show's filming, but as Taylor recalls, the rest of the cast were in much closer quarters.
"Being away from home, we bonded very quickly. We were at the Ramada Inn, and then we upgraded to the Radisson Suites."
There were two major absences from the reunion: Kelly Brown, who portrayed strong-minded rich girl Brad Taylor, and Joe Torres, who played the easy-going Danny. Brown had to pull out at the last minute due to a family emergency -- and no one in the group is still in contact with Torres or clued in to his whereabouts.
"We don't really know," Goodman said. "We just know the same rumors that everybody else knows that reads the Internet. There was a rumor he died, there was a rumor he was selling cars in New Jersey, but I don't know if anybody has confirmed any of these things. He's been hard to find."
Taylor and Torres visited the former Bar None Dude Ranch set in Tucson together a year or two after the show wrapped. Although not as run-down as it appears in a recently uploaded fan visit, Taylor said it was depressing nonetheless.
"It was really sad. It was all still standing, but it just all looked decrepit. Pieces were taken, everything was stripped down."
The cast members now have children of their own, and have had a variety of experiences introducing "Hey Dude" to a new generation.
"A few years ago, somebody contacted me and said they're rerunning all the episodes, so I DVR'd them for my children," says Lascher. "My oldest, who was probably like 8 at the time, really loved it. She totally was into it!"
It wasn't quite the same positive reaction for Jonathan Galkin, who joined the show as series regular Jake Decker in Season 3.
"I bought the DVDs and showed them to my children, but their eyes glazed over," recalls Galkin. "They did not think it was funny."
The cast and crew are mostly in agreement a reboot of the series doesn't sound like a good idea, with or without the original characters. For Taylor, "Hey Dude" worked so well in part because of the time it aired.
"Nowadays, a reboot would be so different. There's something very simple about the show," she says. "It was just these kids on a dude ranch navigating their way through these simple issues. I don't think it would be cool to see Brad and Melody texting each other or Instagram-ing each other!"
Show writer Lisa Melamed says "Hey Dude" is still the most asked-about credit on her résumé, despite later work on critical favorites like "Party of Five" and "Sisters."
"I've actually had people come up to me over the last few years ... and say things like, 'You shaped my childhood.' It's an amazing thing to hear!"
Of all the times people have recognized her from the show, Taylor said, one instance stands out.
"The year I was marrying my husband [actor/director Ben Stiller], we're at a party, and this sort of L.A., blonde type comes up to me and says, 'Oh my god! Melody from "Hey Dude".' And I said, 'Oh my god, you know "Hey Dude"?' And she said, 'Yeah. I'm Paris Hilton.' And that was the first time I met Paris Hilton."
Hey, dude, see more comedy biz stories at CNN Comedy.

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On Wednesday, June 6, 2012, over 190 business, government and academic leaders came to the Crowne Plaza Hotel to hear the remarkable success stories from the RMI Green Team initiative. Dr. Leo Christodoulou, the head of the U.S. DOE Advanced Manufacturing Office, Baltimore County Executive Kevin Kamenetz and leaders from the Maryland business community were able to hear how six manufacturing companies: Acadia Windows & Doors, GM Baltimore Operations, Green Bay Packaging, Kirk-Habicht Company, Lion Brothers and MarquipWardUnited were able to achieve some great energy savings in just nine months time.
The secret to the success of this program has been RMI's approach to get buy-in first by creating that trusting atmosphere," said Dr. Mike Galiazzo, President of RMI. "Our efforts have been unique in that we have been able to make the case for energy upgrades to all of the key officials within the plants and we created a culture of energy conservation as well," said Galiazzo. We are filling an important void in service delivery and I believe this is a model that should be replicated," he said. "
"Having the RMI Green Team is like having a concierge service," said Bill Tiger, Plant Manager for GM Baltimore Operations. "They bring resources to our attention and work with our team to make the payback case to help us make decisions that can help our bottom line. That fills a huge gap between government and industry," he said.
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The enduring royal pain of Prince Charles
Amid all the wild celebrations and emotional accolades pouring in from well-wishers - well, all right, make that bored indifference - in the aftermath of Queen Beatrix of The Netherland's announcement that she will abdicate the throne this spring, one observer likely stamped his royal foot and allowed a famously stiff upper lip to curl while muttering expletives.
That would be Prince Charles of Great Britain, who now has the Guinness record for length of time waiting for his mum to die, or at least, for the love of God, to finally step down.
The Prince of Wales was 4 years old at Elizabeth II's 1952 coronation, and if you look closely at pictures of the lad then, squirming impatiently between his aunt, Princess Margaret, and grandmother, the Queen Mother, you can see him scheming and plotting, "One day this will all be MINE!"
Well, nearly 61 years have passed and at 86 Queen Elizabeth II shows no signs of slowing down, giving up or shuffling off the mortal coil.
Meanwhile, the 2011 wedding of Charles's son, Prince William, to Catherine Middleton, and the news that they are expecting a future prince or princess in July, has increased the likelihood that if Charles ever does become king he will be the shortest-reigning British monarch since King Sweyn I assumed the throne in 1013 and died only one month and nine days later.
That's because surveys of most Brits today find they'd rather see Prince William on the throne than his frumpy dad, who is married to the even frumpier Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. Even more subjects probably would prefer William's younger brother, Prince Harry, who would certainly liven things up at the stuffy Buckingham Palace if he managed to keep his knickers buttoned.
This brings us to the main point: Why do we Yanks give a fig about the House of Windsor? After all, didn't we go to war nearly 238 years ago to get out from under the royal thumb?
Frankly, we've been mystified by all the attention paid on this side of the pond to the comings and goings of kings, queens, princes, princesses, dukes, duchesses, lords, ladies. earls, viscounts, viscountesses, marquises, marquesses, barons, baronesses, counts and countesses.
Blimey - almost as many people here turned on the telly for William and Kate's wedding as they did for the Super Bowl!
Of course Americans have their own "royal" families - the Clintons, the Bushes, the Kennedys, to name but three - yet most of us still resist the notion of "to the manner born."
So even though we can't get too enthusiastic about Dutch Queen Beatrix, 75, preparing to pass the crown to her eldest son, Crown Prince Willem-Alexander, 45, we agree it is the right decision. As she noted, "It was not because the office was too heavy for me, but because the responsibility for this country should lie in the hands of a new generation."
Evidently Elizabeth II doesn't share this perspective. But we shouldn't feel too sorry for Prince Charles, who recently publicly admitted, not in so many words, that his patience is wearing thin.
After all he may not yet be king but at least remains Duke of Cornwall and, in the Scottish peerage, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. Not too shabby.
Of course, if Elizabeth II doesn't die she may still follow a course set by her uncle, Edward VIII, who abdicated as king in 1936 so he could marry the American divorc�e Wallis Simpson. This allowed Elizabeth II's father, George VI, to assume the throne, where he remained until his death 16 years later.
It's not bloody likely, though, that Elizabeth II will dump her husband, Prince Philip, and run off with another man.
Possibly Queen Elizabeth will wait at least three more years to abdicate so that she can eclipse the British monarch longevity record held by Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837 until her death in 1901.
Who knows, perhaps by then President Clinton - Hillary, that is - will attend the coronation.
The Day editorial board meets regularly with political, business and community leaders and convenes weekly to formulate editorial viewpoints. It is composed of President and Publisher Tim Dwyer, Editorial Page Editor Paul Choiniere, retired Day editor Lisa McGinley, Managing Editor Tim Cotter and Staff Writer Julia Bergman. However, only the publisher and editorial page editor are responsible for developing the editorial opinions. The board operates independently from the Day newsroom.
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I grew up in Butler. I was born and lived there until I finished college. A friend still in Butler made me aware of the story involving state Rep. Daryl Metcalfe. and I felt compelled to comment.
As reported, Rep. Brian Sims, D-Philadephia, took the floor in the Pennsylvania House to comment on the United States Supreme Court striking down the key component of the Defense of Marriage Act, but was blocked by procedural moves orchestrated by several people including Metcalfe on the premise that it was a violation of "God's Law".
I am proud of where I grew up, but I am not proud of actions like these.
I would ask Metcalfe and his associates, what about separation of church and state? What about freedom of speech?
Whether one likes it or not, we are no longer a nation dominated by white Christian men — and that is a good thing as that is what led to the genocide of the native population of this country and the ugly era of slavery. We are one nation, but we are many cultures, religions and beliefs.
The Founding Fathers had a reason for including a separation of church and state. They understood the religious tenets of one group should not supercede the rights and liberties of any other.
The founding principles of this country are freedom and equality; do Metcalfe and his associates believe those should be selectively applied?


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(RNN) - Newton Minow called television a "vast wasteland" half a century before anyone would ever have thought to allow four-letter words or implied nudity on broadcast television.
The television industry implemented its Parental Guidelines and V-chip 16 years ago, making it the last major entertainment medium - the internet withstanding - to have some type to parental warning about potentially offensive content.
The pending confirmation of a new Federal Communications Commission chairman, an ongoing debate about indecency in the media and unprecedented access to information raise the question: Are parental content systems fulfilling their intended purpose?
The music industry does not have a rating system, rather, it is left to the discretion of labels and distributors to place the "Parental Advisory" sticker on potentially offensive content.
The rating systems for movies, TV and video games are all voluntary, and TV networks rate their own programs. Members of the board that rates video games do not play games before they are released, but rely on producers to self-report content.
That's a problem, according to the Parents Television Council, an advocacy group that has spent several years fighting for tighter regulations of TV content.
The group released a report in June that found during the first four months of 2013, nearly 70 percent of blurred or pixilated full-body nudity occurred on shows rated TV-PG. The report also found 94 percent of those shows did not contain an "S" descriptor warning of heightened sexual content.
"People who produce content rate their own content, and so they have built-in economic incentive to do so inaccurately," said Dan Isett, PTC director of public policy. "If the ratings are inaccurate to begin with the V-chip parental controls are ineffectual. This once again gets the FCC involved because they have oversight over the entire [TV ratings] system."
Isett's argument is networks do not rate programs with mature content accurately because they fear it will drive advertisers away.
FCC nominee Tom Wheeler lightly hinted at the subject by quoting Minow during his Senate confirmation hearing on June 18.
"He did that without regulatory authority. It caught the public's attention," Wheeler said of the comments by Minow, a former FCC chairman. "Maybe it's possible to do the same kind of thing today and say 'can't we do better?'"
It's difficult to speculate whether Wheeler has in mind revisions for the Parental Guidelines system since he isn't officially FCC chair yet, and he mostly dodged Senators' questions about his agenda.
But the voices of people on both sides of the issue leave no doubt he will have to deal with it in some capacity sooner or later.
One day after Wheeler's confirmation hearing before the Senate, FOX Broadcasting Company filed a brief suggesting the FCC should entirely give up regulating and attempting to enforce broadcast decency limits.
"Time and technology have moved inexorably forward, but the commission's untenable effort to define indecent content through a hodgepodge of inconsistent and uneven rulings remain stuck in a bygone era," the brief said.
Pushback against the FCC came to a head last year when FOX sued the commission. The FCC slapped the network with fines for swear words uttered during nationally televised awards shows. The instances were in violation of a policy on incidental profanity and nudity in place since 2004.
The Supreme Court voted 8-0 in favor of FOX, explaining the FCC policy was too vague, and the fines were overturned. However, the policy was not deemed to be in violation of the First Amendment, meaning it remained in place.
The FCC invited public comments on whether it should relax its policy this year. More than 101,000 people responded in favor of upholding the current guidelines.
"I oppose any changes to the current FCC indecency standards. The FCC must continue to vigorously oppose all indecent content, even if brief or 'fleeting,'" wrote a respondent from New York.
Much of the entertainment industry's argument is established on defense against censorship and freedom of speech, and the fight did not begin recently.
As early as the 1930s, the American Civil Liberties Union has defended freedom of expression for various media. One focus of the ACLU's fight was the now-defunct Hays Code for Hollywood movies, which was in place from 1930 until the late 1960s. The code prohibited - among other things - nudity, suggestive dancing, homosexuality, interracial relationships, passionate kissing and mocking religion.
A new rating system for big-screen movies was introduced in 1968 and was revised multiple times before it became the Classification and Ratings Administration (CARA) in 2004.
It wasn't until the mid-1990s that other industries followed suit and devised some combination of content guidelines, rating systems and warnings for consumers.
Isett said rather than overhaul the ratings systems, emphasis must first be put on educating parents and advancing technology to reflect the times.
"V-chip technology has not changed one iota in 15 years. How many other electronic items can you say that about?" said Isett. "There have been rapid and vast changes in technology in the last 15 years, but the entertainment industry is committed to this outdated model we have. Inasmuch as flaws in the system exist, they could do a whole lot more about educating people how it works."
Copyright 2013 Raycom News Network. All rights reserved.


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Provide headphones for your entire reading group with Califone 3064USB Multimedia Stereo Headphones Pack. This pack includes 10 lightweight headphones and a durable carrying case. The headphones allow for faster access to audio files and streaming audio files, allowing more time for computer lessons. They each come with high-speed connectivity with a backwards-compatible USB 2.0 plug that eliminates the need for a sound card. The headphones are Mac and Windows compatible. Cushioned, leather ear cups fit around the ear and block out ambient noise, allowing students to keep volume at safer levels. The electret microphone sits on a flexible gooseneck arm and picks up sounds from any direction. Califone 3064USB Multimedia Stereo Headphones meet the latest requirements for the PARCC Common Core test. Backed by a six-month warranty.
Key Features
- Includes 10 headphones and a durable carrying case
- Electret microphone sits on a flexible gooseneck arm
- Backwards-compatible USB 2.0 plug eliminates need for a sound card
- Lightweight
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- Type: Stereo
- Ear Cushion: Padded leatherette
- Plug: USB
- Warranty: 6 months


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The Women, Power and Peace 10th Anniversary Awards
Each year Peace X Peace presents awards honoring extraordinary women and men on the frontlines of peacebuilding. In 2012, as we celebrate 10 years of connecting across divides and raising women's voices for peace, we are adding a Peace Art Award and inviting our readers and the global community to nominate potential award winners. We will accept submissions for the new Patricia Smith Melton Art of Peace Award and nominations for the other five awards until August 21, 2012. The winners of all six awards will be announced on September 21, the International Day of Peace.
1. The Patricia Smith Melton Art of Peace Award(new this year) honors the artist or artists of an original work of art created since September 1, 2011 that informs or inspires others to create peace. It may be a song, painting, short video, story (1200 words or less), or other artistic creation. Nominations may be made by the artists or others. Preference is given to works focused on women's needs and actions, celebrating women's gifts, or that propose the most effective, wide-reaching, and enduring way for women to achieve peace.Submissions will be judged by a panel of working artists. The winner will receive $200. Her or his work will be disseminated to our network of readers in 125 countries. Other specific entries may also be selected for dissemination to the network.
2. The Community Peacebuilder Award honors a person or organization that builds cultures of peace at a community level, facilitating activities to promote a peaceful, just, equitable, and healthy community and inspiring others to do the same.
3. The Peace Media Award honors a contribution in writing, photography, radio, television, or other news medium that has informed audiences about the role women play in building peace. Winners use the power of media to inform and inspire civil society to build cultures of peace.
4. The Connection Point Award honors a person or organization that builds dialogue and understanding between Arab, Muslim, and Western women or within a community to achieve harmony within and across cultures.
5. The Generation Peace Award honors someone between the ages of 18 and 30 who produces action-oriented, inspiring work with exceptional initiative, originality, and creativity.
6. The Peace Philanthropy Award honors a person or organization that has contributed generous funds over time to address the needs of women and to support women in developing cultures of peace.
Click here to submit your artwork or nomination by August 21 2012. Questions? Email Administration and Outreach Manager Corinne Mitchell at corinne(a)peacexpeace.org. And watch for the announcement of these and the other four 2012 Women, Power, and Peace Awards on September 21st!


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Girl Scouts of Eastern Massachusetts Council will hold a Create-a-Cook program for Junior Scouts at Camp Virginia in Bolton on Sunday, May 2 from 1 to 4 p.m. Juliette Scouts in grades 4 & 5 may also register. This event is for Troops and individual Scouts. Individual Scouts must attend with an adult.
PROGRAM: Get Smart: Who said you can't play with your food? Experiment with kitchen tools and see what a serving size should look like. Then turn the heat up in the kitchen and Create-a-Cook.
camp Virgina is located on Hudson Road in Bolton.
Registration fee is $13 per Scout.
Registration deadline will occur when the maximum number of Scout register or about 2 weeks prior to the event date (about April 16).


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Aker Marine Inc.
Naval Architects & Marine Engineers
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design services, advanced analyses
Vancouver Canada
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Vancouver BC V6J1C7
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Barge | Flag: Republic of Indonesia | Port: Banjarmasin
Maritime News
The Future: Autonomous Robotic Hull Grooming
Ship hull biofouling has significant impacts on fleet readiness, ship performance, cost, and the environment. Biofouling results in increased hydrodynamic drag which results in greater fuel use and greater emissions per distance traveled than a hydraulically-smooth hull. A study by Schultz, et al. found the typical fouling rating (FR) of a US Navy DDG-51 class vessel, FR-30, increases fuel consumption by 10.3% over a hydraulically-smooth DDG-51. Results showed that reducing this fouling rating to FR-20 would lead to savings of $340K per ship and more than double that when the hull was kept at a fouling rating of FR-10, saving the US Navy nearly $800K per hull annually.
Sanmar, CAT Work on Innovative Hybrid Tug
Turkey's leading tug builder Sanmar Shipyards was selected by Caterpillar Marine to build the first tug to incorporate its hydraulic hybrid propulsion system. Construction is currently under way with delivery scheduled for October 2019. Furthermore the two companies, from different continents, are joining together to present their collaborative efforts at the Tugnology 19 Conference and Exhibition, scheduled to be held in Liverpool, England, May 14-15, 2019.Tugs represent some of the more power dense and cost competitive vessels, making them uniquely challenging platforms in which to adopt hybridisation technologies.
Shipbuilding: Rewriting the Book
As maritime digests a number of historical changes, Norway's Fjellstrand shipyard wants to put aside the rule book and look at the whole process in a new way, reducing engineering costs up to 70% and production costs up to 20%.The process of designing and building a ship, even in today's highly standardized mass manufacturing environment, remains largely a one-off, one-of-a-kind design and build. Ships are most often built to a shipowner's or operator's specific requirements, which are often based on fixed parameters such as speed, fuel consumption, route and cargo or passenger capacity.
MSC Orders Four Cruise Ship
MSC Cruises and Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri signed the final contracts for the construction of four luxury cruise ships.The announcement follows the initial signing of a memorandum of agreement between the two parties in October 2018. The contracts, subject to shipowner financing, have a total value exceeding $2.2 billion.As per the terms of the agreement, the first of the four ships will be delivered by Spring 2023. The remaining three will come into service one per year over the following three years through 2026.Pierfrancesco Vago, Executive Chairman of MSC's Cruises Division, said: "With this now firm order, MSC is entering a new segment that bears significant potential globally.
"The best expedition cruise ship ever"
A cruise industry veteran of more than 25 years, Nikolaos Doulis, Lindblad Expeditions' SVP, New Buildings, discusses with Maritime Reporter & Engineering News the build plan for "the best expedition cruise ship ever built."Born in Greece to a seafaring family, Nikolaos Doulis was destined for a maritime career. His father was a ship captain and eventually a ship owner, and to support the family business he wanted his son to have an engineering education. So at the age of 14, Doulis started spending more time in and around ships, in workshops, learning the technical ins and outs of ship machinery and systems.


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Aimed for release in 2004, The Saga of Ryzom is Parisian studio Nevrax' imaginative science fantasy persistent state project set in the world of Atys, called the "Planet Tree", a living globe without rocks, minerals, metals or other inert materials. Among its resident races, the Trykers seek free wind and clear water, wanting nothing to do with laws and regulations. The Fyros are the warriors and Fire Masters, with a society built upon a strict code of honor. The Matis are refined, decadent aristocrats and skilled biologists, and the Zorais are mystics whose powers are shrouded in secrecy.
Two exclusive screenshots


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After years of practice and studying under the photographer Gene Ho, Kelly has ventured into the world of professional photography. She shoots what looks interesting, and hopes you find it so. News flash: Kelly has illustrated her first book: "It Wasn't Me!" Written by Myrtle Beach author Julie Pardue, "It Wasn't Me!" is an emotionally funny and uplifting provocative book of short stories and crazy ramblings. Step through the pictures and let the words lead you where your psyche needs to go. Surf over to MyrtlBeach-Art.com/KellyMezzapelleArtist.html for details. When she doesn't have a camera in her hand, Kelly can be found in her beading studio. Her handcrafted jewelry and her original photography may be seen and purchased at...
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It's one thing to be versatile.
But when a new coaching staff which hasn't worked with you walks in the door and asks you to change positions, it's probably not a good sign for your future.
We mentioned earlier this week the report that Eagles tight end Clay Harbor was getting some work at linebacker, but coach Chip Kelly apparently isn't finished tinkering.
According to Geoff Mosher of CSNPhilly.com, wide receiver Jason Avant got some work in the secondary as well.
The 30-year-old Avant has caught 259 passes in seven seasons, more than 50 in each of the last three seasons. So it's not as if he lacks the ability to play the position at the NFL level.
"It's one of those things that I work hard, I'm going to continue to work hard and whatever that may be, whatever the team wants to do with me, I'm going to do it as best as I can for the team, whatever that may be," Avant said. "I don't necessarily think it'll cloud my future. I really think it's an honor anyway for a coach to think you can do other things."
Likewise, Harbor downplayed the notion he's not a tight end any longer, or that he's in jeopardy.
"I'm a tight end, and for emergency situations and versatility purposes, for me, I'm learning something new," Harbor said. "If something happens in a game, you have 52 guys on the roster, 45 guys that can dress. If something happens where you do need an outside linebacker, it's good to know something. I'm still a tight end. I'm not switching positions."
Still, Harbor and Avant should also consider the possibility that their new boss thinks they're topped out at their current positions or surplus to requirements, and that they might be plying their trade elsewhere.


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Agrarian Revolt in the Sierra of Chihuahua
Elizabeth A. Henson
On September 23, 1965, several years of protest, including land invasions, strikes, sit-ins, and cross-country marches, culminated in an armed attack on an army base located in the remote town of Madera, Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. Protesters had demanded that the state comply with land reform guarantees provided for by the constitution of Mexico; students from the normal schools joined in and raised their own demands. Instead of negotiating partial reforms, the state governor called out troops to burnish his reputation as an anti-communist crusader. Nominally organized in the Unión General de Obreros y Campesinos de México, movement leaders broke with national directives and encouraged "direct action" and illegal occupations, while the normalistas acted within a student activist tradition rooted in the Marxism of the 1930s. The agrarian demands came from landless workers in an agricultural valley planted in cotton, whose fortunes were linked to the world market and from dispossessed smallholders in the mountainous backlands now claimed by timber export companies. This mid-century modernization of land use had its counterpart in the protestors' emulation of the Cuban revolution and their attempt to apply Che's theory of guerrilla warfare. As the governor's recalcitrance radicalized the movement, small groups undertook sporadic armed actions in the mountains, disarming forces sent after them. Other leaders moved to Mexico City to avoid arrest, undergo military training, and attempt to gather support; they returned to Chihuahua with the plan to attack the army base. Despite its spectacular failure, the event has been hailed as Mexico's first socialist guerrilla struggle and served as inspiration for the dirty war of the 1970s, when armed revolutionaries fought the armed power of the state. Attention to its armed component has eclipsed the movement's underlying basis, which was equally innovative and had lasting influence on Mexican social protest.
Atrocity, Race, and Region in the Early Haitian Revolution: The Fond d'Icaque Rising
David Geggus
Set within a larger analysis of class relations in the Haitian Revolution, this is a microhistory that intersects with several important themes in the revolution: rumor, atrocity, the arming of slaves, race relations, and the origins and wealth of the free colored population. It is an empirical investigation of an obscure rebellion by free men of color in the Grande Anse region in 1791. Although the rebellion is obscure, it is associated with an atrocity story that has long resonated in discussion of the revolution. Formerly the least-known segment of Caribbean society, research has shed much new light on free people of color in recent decades, but much remains to be clarified. In certain ways, they are the key to understanding the Haitian Revolution, because of their anomalous position in Saint Domingue society and the way their activism precipitated its unraveling. The Grande Anse region had a unique experience of the revolution in that white supremacy and slavery were maintained there longer than in any other part of the colony. Based primarily on unexploited or little-known sources the article demonstrates the range and depth of research that remains possible and suggests that a regional focus is best way to advance current scholarship on the Haitian Revolution.
Brazilian Independence: Change and Continuity
João Paulo Pimenta
Stemming from an accelerated and tumultuous process unleashed by European wars in the first decade of the 19th century, Brazil and Portugal split politically in 1822. In a sense, Brazil's independence reflects a number of peculiar characteristics within the context of the time due, in part, to three centuries of Portuguese colonization and to changes within the colonial system beginning in the second half of the 1700s. In other ways, however, Brazilian independence is linked to external events like the French Revolution, the independence of Haiti, and, above all, the wars of independence in Spanish America. The most profound and lasting consequences of the break with Portugal were the emergence of a Brazilian state and nation that until that point did not exist and that was consolidated over the course of the nineteenth century, as well as the nationalization of certain colonial institutions that were partially maintained. Historiography and national memory would later imbue independence with supreme importance as the foundational moment of the nation such that it has become a recurring theme in historical studies of Brazil.
The Cádiz Constitution in the Atlantic World
Natalia Sobrevilla Perea
On 19 March 1812, representatives from across the Hispanic Monarchy put forward a constitution in the Spanish port city of Cádiz. This foundational document was a response to their king's abdication in favor of Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte, obtained under pressure from invading French troops. The constitution aimed to address what they viewed as a lack of legitimacy because the monarch was captive, as the drafters expected it would be the basis of government in all the corners of the empire, from Madrid to Mexico and Manila. Written under the protection of the British fleet in the last bastion of the Peninsula that remained unoccupied, the constitution instituted a very extensive male suffrage, freedom of the press, national sovereignty, and the abolition of privileges for citizens from all parts of the vast empire. These measures were the reason why the men who debated the constitution were the first ones to be called liberal. The liberalism of the drafters at Cádiz must be considered in the context of the early nineteenth century. When in 1814 Ferdinand VII returned to Spain, he abolished the constitution. But in 1820 a mutiny of troops forced the king to accept it grudgingly. A constitutional monarchy was established lasting until 1823, when the so-called 100,000 sons of Saint Louis crossed from France to reinstate absolutism. This period came to be known as the Liberal Triennium. In 1836 the Progressives reinstated the Cádiz Constitution, albeit briefly when they passed a new charter in 1837.
Until quite recently there was very limited scholarship on the Cádiz Constitution in English, and, as Roberto Breña shows, even the literature in Spanish had been mostly limited to the study of the text itself and its impact in the peninsula. In the past decade, Atlantic history and studies on the Enlightenment's influence on revolution in general have led to renewed interest in the Spanish constitutional experience. The reevaluation of Spanish American independence movements in light of the Cádiz Constitution have also sparked debate among historians. François-Xavier Guerra (1992) and Jaime Rodriguez O. (1998)1 consider that it is impossible to understand the process of independence if attention is not paid to Cádiz and the enacting of the constitution. Guerra goes as far as to state that the election of deputies to Cortes was the revolution2 (1993) Bicentennial celebrations have led to a dramatic increase of publications on the constitution. Its importance, especially in influencing subsequent constitutions, is increasingly acknowledged today in academic circles.
In this article I will discuss the calling of the Cortes, the elections that brought representatives from all over the empire to Cádiz, the demands made from far-away provinces, and major issues discussed in the constitutional debates. I conclude by assessing the constitution's reception, as well as the way in which it influenced the advent of modernity in the Hispanic world and beyond. I begin by discussing the development of constitutional thinking in the late eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century. A revision of the events that led to the Peninsular War and the context in which the constitution was put forward follows. The article then analyzes the process through which the constitution was passed, the intellectual debates that surrounded it, the impact the charter had in the wider Atlantic world, as well as the role it played in the process of independence in Spanish America. Finally, it ends with a review of how liberalism developed in the Hispanic Monarchy and the long-lasting legacy of the Cádiz Constitution.
Caste Wars in Yucatán
Michele McArdle Stephens
The Caste Wars of the Yucatán tore apart the peninsula between 1847 and 1901. While the violence was not constant throughout the more than five decades between the start and conclusion of the war itself, the threat of rebel hostilities was ever present. Scholars have debated the origins of the war for many decades, with most recent academic treatments focusing on heavy tax burdens, poor working conditions for Yucatán's peasantry, and the loss of land that occurred during the second half of the century. Tensions between political leaders exacerbated relations with the Mayas in particular and the peasantry more generally. The emergence of the breakaway state of Chan Santa Cruz, in the southeastern part of Yucatán, allowed rebel forces to coalesce between 1850 and the early 1870s. Here, a "Speaking Cross" oracle gave direction to the rebellious Mayas, who crushed their enemies and exacted revenge against those who would not support their cause. The emergence of Porfirio Díaz as President of Mexico in 1876 led to a gradual "reconquest" of the areas held by the cruzob, or "people of the Cross." By 1901, the Mexican military ended the Caste Wars, though violent episodes still marred Yucatán until the early 1930s.
Chiapas and the Zapatista National Liberation Army
Marco Estrada-Saavedra
The 1994 Zapatista uprising in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas was the culmination of centuries of repression and exploitation of the country's indigenous minority at the hands of its Spanish and mestizo leaders and the landed elite. The Liberal Reform initiated in 1854, followed by the "modernizing" policies of President Porfirio Díaz (1877–1880; 1884–1911), and then the revolution that ousted him, would strengthen and institutionalize a new set of institutional frameworks, discourses, and practices that lasted through the 20th century. The Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (Zapatista National Liberation Army, or EZLN) emerged from a history of complex and volatile relationships between indigenous peoples of the impoverished state and its economic and political elite, relationships that began a process of redefinition in the 1950s. Zapatismo is one of the expressions of indigenous and working-class struggles in this social and historical context. It can be distinguished from other rural and indigenous movements by its repudiation of the strategies of protest and negotiation within an institutional framework, its adoption of armed struggle, and its rejection of the conventional objectives of land and commercial agricultural production in favor of territorial autonomy and de facto self-government.
Constitutionalism in the Hispanic World
Jaime E. Rodríguez O.
The concept of a constitution, a political entity that determines how a people are governed, emerged in ancient times. The government of the Roman Republic (509–27 BC) influenced the Western world. Later, Romanized Visigoths adopted a charter, the Fuero Juzgo (654), in the Iberian Peninsula that integrated Roman and Visigothic legal systems. The document influenced regional political entities throughout the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, each of the realms of the Iberian Peninsula adopted individual rather than shared fundamental codes. In 1265, King Alfonso X established Castilla's and Leon's first constitution, the Siete Partidas. The New World obtained its own legal system, known as the Derecho Indiano (Laws of the Indies). Like the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, those of America created a compact between the monarch and the citizens of each realm rather than Hispanic America as a whole. These systems of uncodified legislation evolved to meet changing circumstances and societal norms. They provided corporations and individuals expanding opportunities for indirect and direct experience in self-government.
In 1808, an unexpected upheaval transformed the Hispanic world. The French invaded Spain. Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte lured the royal family into France, compelled them to abdicate in his favor, and then granted the Spanish monarchy to his brother, José. The Spanish people did not accept the usurper king, José I. They formed the Junta Central to oppose the invaders. As the French continued to conquer the nation, they convened a Cortes, which met on September 24, 1810, in the port of Cádiz. Approximately 220 deputies, including sixty-five Americans and two Filipinos, eventually participated in the extraordinary Cortes of Cádiz. Deputies representing overseas dominions played a central role in developing the most progressive constitution of the 19th century. Despite the political chaos that surrounded the constituent congress, the delegates debated and eventually reached consensus on a modern, flexible charter that reconciled the competing interests of the multiplicity of areas and ideological positions represented at the assembly. They produced a constitution for the entire Hispanic world that made the executive and the judiciary subordinate to the legislature. It also increased the scope of political activity by establishing representative government at three levels: the city or town with a thousand or more inhabitants (constitutional ayuntamiento), the province (provincial deputation), and the monarchy (Cortes). The charter transferred political power from the center to the localities, and incorporated large numbers of people into the political process for the first time by redefining the concept of active citizenship (i.e., those eligible to vote). This fundamental document formed the basis for constitutional development throughout the Hispanic monarchy and for most charters promulgated in the nations that emerged after the breakup of that political entity.
Cuban Immigration to the United States
Eric Paul Roorda
After more than a century of sporadic immigration from the island of Cuba to the United States, the trajectory of the diaspora accelerated steeply, beginning with Fidel Castro coming to power in 1959. In the ensuing years, as bilateral relations between the Communist regime in Havana and the administrations of President Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy soured and the exodus of upper-class, then middle-class, Cubans increased until Castro clamped down on it. Thereafter, the pace of departures became episodic, involving mainly working-class people, and their nature turned increasingly desperate. Three major immigration events punctuated the next 30 years: in 1965 from the port of Camarioca, in 1980 from the bay city of Mariel, and, again in 1994, a more general wave of flight that also heavily involved the port of Mariel. These bursts of seaborne migration came against a backdrop of constant, low-level, individual efforts to flee adverse circumstances in Castro's Cuba. These include manifold political pressures, with opponents of the regime and cultural nonconformists alike facing harassment and imprisonment; as well as other severe economic challenges, with food scarcity, fuel shortages, and unreliable electric power making daily life difficult for the vast majority of Cuban citizens.
U.S. opposition to Castro has taken many forms, beginning with economic sanctions. A complete break in relations followed in early 1961, an invasion attempt at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961, and, later, a Central Intelligence Agency–sponsored campaign of terrorist attacks and assassination attempts code-named Operation Mongoose. Since the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, a nearly complete embargo has prevented any sort of trade or tourism. In response to the influx of new Cuban arrivals, U.S. policy toward the immigrants themselves altered radically, facilitating their arrival and assimilation as political refugees until August 1994, then actively preventing their entry as economic refugees, until this writing.
Digital Resources: En el Ojo del Huracán, Private Letters from the Caribbean to Spain
Werner Stangl
The early 19th century was a period of intense turmoil and chaos in the Spanish-speaking world: The Napoleonic Wars and French occupation of the Peninsula in the 1800s, independence movements in the Americas, the liberal constitution of Cádiz, Napoleon's defeat, and the reinstallation of the Bourbons in the 1810s, and finally, the second constitutional period, the iron fist of restoration, and the eventual loss of most American possessions between 1821 and 1825. The least affected areas in the midst of this turmoil were the loyalist islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico, metaphorically the "eye of the hurricane." It is within this context that a corpus of some dozen letters, preserved in the Spanish National Archive, were written. They were produced in the circum-Caribbean region—most in Puerto Rico—and addressed mainly to relatives and business partners on the other side of the Atlantic. The letters in question were archived without accompanying documentation, probably seized by authorities loyal to the restoration of the Ancien Régime. As a central element, this digital resource—"En el Ojo del Huracán"—displays these primary sources in an online presentation.
Beyond the historiographic value of the sources, the project explores the differences between traditional and digital edition standards (TEI) for digital letter editions with the aim of showcasing the benefits of implementing the digital paradigm and for different visualizations, functionalities, analysis and incorporation in larger infrastructures.
Digital Resources: The Sandino Rebellion Digital Historical Archive
Michael Schroeder
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. Please check back later for the full article.
The Sandino Rebellion Digital Historical Archive website, a work in progress, is envisioned as a comprehensive, interpretive, open-access digital archive housing all relevant primary documents, and rare, out-of-print, or hard-to-access published works, that treat the period of the Sandino rebellion in Nicaragua (1927–1934) and the counterinsurgency campaign waged by the U.S. and Nicaraguan governments against this homegrown, campesino-based nationalist insurgency led by Augusto C. Sandino, the supreme chief of the Defending Army of Nicaraguan National Sovereignty (Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional de Nicaragua, or EDSN). Primary documents, digitized from the originals in public and private archives in the United States, Nicaragua, Great Britain, Honduras, and elsewhere, are categorized by type, provenance, and theme, with many transcribed and fully searchable. The website currently housed more than 3,700 hitherto unpublished primary documents as of May 2014; ultimately, the goal is to make universally accessible approximately 30,000 documents, including letters, diaries, military reports, consular dispatches, court records, newspaper accounts, oral histories, photographs, maps, rare published works, and other materials, to be accompanied by interpretive commentaries on specific documents, events, issues, and controversies.
The digital archive is organized in the manner of a historian's workspace in the wake of repeated visits to the many libraries, archives, and repositories that bear on the questions we seek to address. The criterion informing the selection of documents is simple: material is included if it helps to shed light on how Nicaraguans struggled to make their own history during this period. In the spirit of social and cultural history, the focus is on ordinary people and members of subordinate groups—campesinos, indigenous communities, women, migrants—while abiding attention is also paid to more prominent and powerful actors, including merchants, landowners, politicians, and military leaders.
Roughly two-thirds of this material was culled from Record Group 127 (Records of the United States Marines) in the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, which includes a staggering array of documentation relating to virtually every aspect of this rebellion and the counterinsurgency campaign that sought to crush it: patrol and combat reports, intelligence reports and memoranda, photographs, captured correspondence, court records, prisoners' statements, and much else. Other major repositories and collections include the Library of Congress; the records of the U.S. Department of State (Record Groups 59 and 84 of the U.S. National Archives II in College Park, MD); the Marine Corps Research Center (Quantico, VA); the oral histories produced by the Instituto de Estudio del Sandinismo in the 1980s (now the Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centroamérica of the Universidad Centroamericana, or IHNCA-UCA, in Managua); and private collections, most notably material generously shared by Walter Castillo Sandino, the grandson of General Sandino.
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The purpose of the MD—Marina District is to preserve and protect the natural, environmental, and historic resources of the lakeshore and to provide waterfront access to Cayuga Lake.
In the MD—Marina District, no building or structure shall be erected, altered or extended, and no land or building thereof shall be used for any purpose or purposes other than the following:
Recreational facility, such as park, playground, preserve, fishing pier, or yacht club.
Such necessary uses as are customarily incidental to the above uses:
Accessory buildings.
Docks and moorings as regulated by state and federal agencies.
Single-family residence and their accessory structures.
Swimming beach, as regulated by Tompkins County Health Department.
Temporary buildings and structures used for office, sales, storage and fabrication activities related to the development of a site, provided that such building or structure may not be continued for more than one year except upon receipt of a special permit.
The following uses are allowed within the MD—Marina District upon receipt of site plan approval from the Planning Board pursuant to Article III, § 212-19, and subject to the design standards set forth in relevant sections of Article XX:
Business or professional office.
Sale, rental, repair, or storage of marine-related recreation equipment, such as boats, sails.
The following uses are allowed within the MD—Marina District upon approval of a special permit pursuant to Article III, § 212-18, upon receipt of site plan approval from the Planning Board pursuant to Article III, § 212-19, and subject to the design standards set forth in relevant sections of Article XX:
Cultural facility, such as museum or nature center.
Public, private, or parochial school.
Minimum lot area shall be five acres.
Minimum lot width at front lot line shall be 250 feet. In the case of lots with frontage on a lake, minimum lot width shall be measured at the front yard setback opposite the side fronting on the lake.
Minimum lot depth shall be 250 feet.
Minimum front yard setback shall be 50 feet.
Minimum side yard setbacks shall be 50 feet.
Minimum rear setback shall be 50 feet.
Maximum building height shall be 32 feet.
Maximum lot coverage shall be 5% of the lot area.
The above notwithstanding, in the case of a lot with frontage on a lake, accessory uses such as boathouses, pump houses, docks, piers, boat ramps, patios, decks and other facilities typically associated with water-oriented recreational pursuits are permitted within the front yard setback area fronting on the lake; provided, however, that they are located outside the required side yard setback areas.
No buildings or other structures, or parking areas, shall be located within 100 feet from a stream edge or any wetland as defined by state or federal law.
Permanent and impermanent streams are, and wetlands may become, prominent features of the Marina District, and the condition of these water bodies directly affects the health of Cayuga Lake and the various creatures that depend on the water for sustenance. As such, it is the intent of these Marina District regulations to ensure the continued preservation and health of these many Cayuga Lake tributaries for current and future generations.
For the purposes of this section, the area of a wetland is defined by both state and federal governing regulations. Buffer areas apply to federally protected wetlands greater than 0.1 acre.
To the extent possible, permanent and impermanent streams shall be protected from sediment, effluent, sewage, and driveway runoff.
Diverting or altering the course of permanent or impermanent streams shall be prohibited, except where a NYSDEC permit is obtained in advance of starting work.
Unless otherwise authorized by the Planning Board or state or federal agency, no disturbance as listed previously in this section shall be located within 100 feet of any wetland.
During the site plan approval process where there is evidence of a wetland, the Planning Board may require a wetland delineation study to determine potential impacts of development on said wetland.
Plowing of salt laden snow from driveways into streams should be avoided.
The proximity of docks to mouths of tributaries should consider natural variation in stream boundary location so as to not interfere with stream flow over time.
Stream bank vegetation should be encouraged to minimize erosion. Where necessary, stream banks should be replanted with native species.
Flow of water in Cayuga Lake tributaries should not be impeded by human-made structures in or spanning streams.
Vegetation and landscape.
The intent of the Town of Ulysses is to preserve and encourage vegetation, especially noninvasive trees and shrubs, in the Marina District in order to prevent erosion, sedimentation of the lake and streams, and maintain the rural, scenic nature of the Town. The intent of this section is to encourage landowners in this district to preserve and encourage vegetation for the benefit of current and future residents of the Town.
The intent of the Town of Ulysses is to preserve the natural features of the Marina District and, as such, to allow development that uses mechanisms that minimize disruption of the current ecological balance. The Zoning Officer and Planning Board shall review all development with the following guidelines when reviewing a site plan for approval.
Requirements. Tree removal, except clear-cutting, is allowed in the Marina District outside of unique natural areas or slope overlay areas. Tree removal is allowed in the Marina District in the unique natural areas or slope overlay areas according to the following terms and conditions:[1]
Without Town approval: a tree or trees whose location and conditions combine to make it a threat to human life or property.
With the approval of the Zoning Officer and the possession of a valid building permit: those trees that are in the footprint of a construction site, septic system, parking areas, and the driveway access.
Clear-cutting of forest stands for any use other than necessary minimal clearing for the requirements of a building project is prohibited.
In unique natural areas or slope overlay areas, a woodland management plan shall be filed with and approved by the Zoning Officer and/or the Town's consulting forester for multiple trees removed for the landowner's firewood or lumber use, and for forest management and forest improvement. A woodland management plan shall be prepared by a professional forester with Society of American Foresters certification or by a cooperating consulting forester with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
In areas outside of unique natural areas and slope overlay areas, a woodland management plan is recommended when removing multiple trees for firewood or lumber use and for forest management and forest improvement.
Existing noninvasive vegetation should be maintained to the extent practicable to minimize runoff.
Buffer areas proximal to water bodies are to be promoted using noninvasive plants to protect water resources.
Removal of trees for the purpose of expanding a view is discouraged.
Removal of trees for the purpose of expanding sunlight exposure is discouraged.
Native plants should be encouraged, especially shrubs and trees that produce edible fruit and nuts for wildlife.
Removal of invasive plants (garlic mustard, swallowwort, barberry, honeysuckle, buckthorn, multiflora rose, Russian olive and Norway maple, etc.) is encouraged so long as this effort does not contribute to significant soil disturbance or erosion.
Wildlife habitats, biological corridors, contiguous forests, and open space linkages should be encouraged and preserved.
Dead trees that do not pose a threat to life, property or a healthy forest should be left to provide wildlife habitat for both birds and animals.
New development should not compromise scenic views, in particular viewing points from adjacent roads and trails.
Regrading should blend in with the natural contours and undulations of the land.
Buildings proposed to be located within significant viewing areas should be screened and landscaped to minimize their intrusion on the character of the area.
Building design should harmonize with the natural setting.
Building materials should harmonize with their natural setting and be compatible with neighboring land uses.
Soil and sediment control.
A structure or parking area shall have a minimum setback to permanent and impermanent streams of 50 feet and 25 feet, respectively, as measured from the top edge of the slope rising from the bank of the stream. See § 212-124B of this chapter.
On sites within the slope overlay area or unique natural area, there shall be no excavation, grading or filling without the submission to the Zoning Officer of an excavation, fill, and grading permit. Excavation, grading or filling of more than 10 cubic yards is subject to site plan approval. The Planning Board may seek recommendations from the Town Engineer, and the associated cost shall be paid for by the applicant. This provision is not applicable to projects with a valid permit from a county, state, or federal agency; nor is it applicable to any projects with current site plan approval.[2]
In addition to the requirements of this article, any construction, grading, or other activities shall be conducted in accordance with any federal, state, or other local law or requirement pertaining to such activity, including, but not limited to, any requirements of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
Roads and driveways should follow existing contours to the extent practicable to minimize erosion from cuts and fills.
Driveways and parking.
For new impervious surfaces proposed for driveways, parking areas, or walkways in unique natural areas or slope overlay areas, site plan review procedures shall be followed, and the Planning Board may seek recommendations from a licensed engineer selected by the Town and paid for by the applicant.
For safety purposes, parking areas shall be designed and built to avoid the necessity for drivers to back their vehicles onto Route 89.
Semipervious and pervious surfaces for driveways and parking areas are encouraged to minimize runoff and erosion.
Driveways and parking areas should be designed to include a combination of pervious and impervious surface materials as needed to provide for safe passage of traffic and to minimize the total area of impervious surface, which would contribute to runoff.
Driveways and parking areas should follow contour lines of the land as much as possible.
Excavation and regrading of slopes for parking areas should be minimized.


text:
The Dallas Stars have signed their first-round pick to a three-year contract.
The Stars took Radek Faksa (RHAD'-ehk FOKS'-uh) with the No. 13 overall pick in last month's draft. They announced the signing Friday.
The 18-year-old Faksa had 29 goals and 37 assists last season with the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League.
He also played for his native Czech Republic in the 2011 Under-18 World Championships.


text:
Lobbyists representing Harden Healthcare, 2010:
|Lobbying Firm Hired
|Subsidiary (Lobbied For)
|Mehlman Vogel Castagnetti Inc
|Harden Healthcare
Bingel, Kelly
Brown, Cindy S
Castagnetti, David
Desmarais, Colette
Hantman, Jamie Brown
Hoganson, Jonathan
Mehlman, Bruce P
Pickering, Elise Finley
Rampy, Stacey
Rosen, Dean
Thomas, David R
Thompson, Allen
Vogel, Alex
*Each quarterly filing is treated as a separate report.
Feel free to distribute or cite this material, but please credit the Center for Responsive Politics. For permission to reprint for commercial uses, such as textbooks, contact the Center: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Hotele w Bodo
Breathtaking is the only way to describe Bodø's scenery! North of the Arctic Circle and surrounded by water and dramatic mountains, this lively town is home to great shopping and sights. Nestled in the harbour, the luxury Radisson Blu hotel offers magnificent views and is ideally situated for exploring the Norwegian Aviation Centre, the Svartisen glacier, the old trading centre at Kjerringøy and Saltstraumen maelstrom.
Bodø is known for its spectacular scenery and stark contrasts. From the blinding midnight sun to the magical northern lights in the darkness. From sea safaris along the world's most stunning coastline to the ski paradise in the borderlands. From the urban, pulsating city centre to the calm, country areas. Bodø delivers!
Getting to Bodø is quick and easy. The airport is in the middle of town and there are train, bus, steamer, express boat and ferry services. Bodø is just a short distance from attractions such as Kjerringøy and Saltsraumen, where you will also find the Norwegian Airline museum.
You wouldn't think that Bodø and Oslo had anything in common, but what makes both these cities special is their proximity to nature and the sea. In Bodø, just like the capital, you can combine an urban espresso and shopping experience with salt water rafting and mountain hiking. You can also choose between taking in concerts and exhibitions - or jumping in the kayak or going for a mountain bike ride. The opportunities are endless and the choice is yours.
A lot has happened in Bodø in recent years. City development has been rapid and extensive. The college was recently accredited as a university and a new cultural district has been planned, as have extensions to both the hospital and the harbour. There is a rich cultural life here. With the Nordland Music Festival Week, Parken Festival, Bodø Air and Space Festival, Aspmyra Live, Bodø Hardcore Festival and numerous other cultural events, the city boasts great diversity and attracts many visitors. Bodø is home to Halvdan Sivertsen and Sirkus Eliassen – two counterparts on the Norwegian music scene and the city has nurtured several musicians, writers and artists who have attained national acclaim.
In the heart of Bodø's harbour area is the Radisson Blu Hotel, Bodø with wonderful views out over the Norwegian sea and the surrounding mountains. This modern hotel is the perfect base from which to explore this beautiful city.
Bodø people have always been particularly interested in clothes and shoes. Several smaller shops have emerged recently by national and international designers. The city has also its own famous designer in Synnøve Mo. She is best-known for her dresses with raven prints, so perhaps she is a little inspired by her home town? With large chains and smaller boutiques, it's only lack of imagination that limits the stocking up one's wardrobe.
Go on a treasure hunt along Bodø's kilometre long Storgata, or take a breather on the hill at one of the many cafés. Weather not behaving itself? Want to avoid getting wet? Take a trip to Bodø's shopping mall and explore the shopping opportunities under one roof. Try Glasshuset in the city centre and not far from the Radisson Blu Hotel, or go to City Nord at Stormyra, the largest shopping centre in the area. There are over 70 shops here and you're guaranteed to find something you just can't live without.
Head towards Saltstraumen, a small strait with the world's strongest tidal current. Saltstraumen is a diver's and fisherman's paradise, with its large numbers of cod, pollock, halibut, monkfish and catfish. It is also worth mentioning that the world's largest saithe caught on a rod came from this current. Cod and catfish are common catches for anglers and there are large populations of sea birds that winter and feed on fish here.
With its chalk-white, soft, sandy beaches clustered along the seafront, the Kjerringøy peninsula lies like a pearl on the coast of Nordland. Just a half hour drive outside the city, like Salstraumen, a trip to Kjerringøy makes for a perfect day out when you visit Bodø. Here the sea eagle circles the steep mountains, white beaches and green fields, while time stands still. If you need to recharge your batteries, then Kjerringøy is a must-see destination and with a room at the Radisson Blu Hotel, Bodø is only a short drive back.
A short walk from Radisson Blu is Bodø Culture house, the city's large art and culture centre. This is where you can experience all kinds of music, dance and theatre throughout the year. The Culture House in Bodø also plays an important role as one of the stages in the Nordland Music Festival week, which takes place yearly in the second week of August. As an important part of Bodø's cultural environment, for over 30 years the festival has gathered together music lovers for a week of classical and contemporary music, musical theatre, dance, jazz and pop/rock. The Nordland Music festival week is one of the biggest festivals in Norway and is known for its concerts and untraditional locations on top of Keiservarden, out at Hyjolmen Skandse, on Bodø Torg or Mjelle. Concerts are also held at the city's more traditional concert halls, such as the Culture House in Bodø.
If you like music, you should try the Parken Festival in Bodø. In late summer this festival attracts several thousand people to Rensåsparken. Bodø's art and cultural environment is varied, stylish and never dull.
Whether you're dreaming of a tasty pizza or a five course dinner to celebrate something special, you are sure to find it in Bodø. At Radisson Blu Hotel, Bodø's own Sjøsiden restaurant, you can enjoy a hearty breakfast, delicious lunch and a magnificent dinner. Seafood bisque and pan fried lamb, fresh local cuisine and spectacular harbour views create an unforgettable dining experience. After a sumptuous dinner at Sjøsiden, head to the 13th floor where the Top 13 roof terrace bar welcomes you with an incredible view and a wide selection of drinks. Enjoy an exotic cocktail while you look out over Bodø and the surrounding area.
Restaurant Bjørk is Bodø's largest restaurant, with several rooms, and is centrally located in the Glass House. Here there's a warm and informal atmosphere, perfect for both everyday and special occasions. The menu is broad and varied and, weather permitting, you can enjoy your food and drinks outside. You will have a great view of the cultural quarter and the harbour. Why not try Bjørk's signature dish: grilled stockfish?
The Chonticha Thai Restaurant is at Sjøgata 21 and where only the freshest Thai dishes using the best ingredients are served.
Bodø's new cultural district will open shortly with the Stormen Concert Hall and Stormen Library. Here, a stone's throw from the Radisson Blu Hotel, Bodø, you can enjoy theatre and concerts, stand-up comedy and a number of other exciting cultural events. The library is also worth a visit because this will be the most modern of its kind in Norway.
Out in the realm of the midnight sun, enjoy a 16-year old malt whisky in the fading light, or a bubbly umbrella cocktail followed by great music. Bodø has plenty of pubs, bars and night clubs. Share a bottle of Italian red wine or enjoy a half-litre carafe in peace while reading the paper. Have a BBQ at sunset on the quay, a cocktail at a rooftop bar or dance the night away to live music at Torget. Bodø is the little city BIG on experiences.


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(Fixes chart and story to reflect that leisure and hospitality employment grew during the month.)
Here's the sector breakdown of jobs growth for June, showing the biggest gain coming in the professional and business sector.
"In terms of the composition of June payrolls we were disappointed by the small 6,000 gain in construction payrolls, but surprised on the upside by the strength in retail payrolls, financial activity and business & professional service payrolls, as well as, by local government payrolls," said economists at Stone & McCarthy.
For June more broadly, 288,000 jobs were created as the unemployment rate fell to 6.1%.
Also read: More than half of 2014′s new jobs pay higher than average wage