text:
You first, Navi.
1-Their work should be over by the time we arrive.
2-Their work has to be over by the time we arrive.
3-Their work must be over by the time we arrive.
4-They should finish their work by the time we arrive.
5-They have to finish their work by the time we arrive.
6-They must finish their work by the time we arrive.
Which of the above express:
a-an inference and the idea of likelihood (their work will very probably be over by that time)
and which:
b-an obligation (it is their obligation to finish their work by that time)
You first, Navi.
OK. Challenge accepted!
I would say the ones with "should" could mean either that there is an obligation for the work to be finished by that time or that is it likely that it would be finished by that time.
To me, "5" and "6" only carry the idea of obligation. I am less sure about "2" and "3". I would say that in general they would convey the idea of obligation, but maybe by stressing "has to" and "must" one could make the sentences express the idea that it is highly likely that the work would be finished by then.
Last edited by billmcd; 12-Dec-2012 at 22:41. Reason: Addendum
Thanks a lot Bill for the detailed reply,
Azz is my girlfriend. She must have logged in and forgetten to log out! She rarely visits the site. I just thought things were as I had left them on the computer, but apparently she has come to the site.
My apologies.
PS. Apparently it was my mistake. I used the Mozilla engine while normally I use IE. She uses that one and she stays logged on. I did not know that. Sorry. In any case, I take full responsibility for the mistake.
Last edited by navi tasan; 13-Dec-2012 at 02:00.
Thanks 5jj.
We will try not to create this kind of confusion again.


text:
Hover cursor over segment slices, below, for exact grade of a particular segment.
Background photo - U.S. #5 Pikes Peak CO.
Each elevation segment is ~ 1/5 mile.
Note: To return to this page after clicking on a link in this text, either (a) backspace, or (b) click the back arrow on your browser.
Note: Scroll in text box to view more of the Ride Description.
Note: Click on "View full route" (top left) which opens the Hwy 190 RideWithGPS page. Hover over the distance line at the spot you would like to begin a sub- segment for this climb. Click your mouse on the start point and drag the vertical graphing line the distance you wish to obtain sub-detail from, then release the mouse at the end point. This will give you the following sub-detail for the selected segment in the "Metrics" window top right of the page: (a) distance, (b) elevation gained and lost, (c) max grade, (d) average grade (e) that segment's climb category – e.g. Cat 1, HC, etc., and (f) FIETS score for the segment.
Start(click and drag map; double click to move forward)

subset: commoncrawl


text: Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums :: View topic - What's your favorite singer in Japan? Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in What's your favorite singer in Japan? Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Music View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message salyJoined: 30 Apr 2007Posts: 3Location: JAPAN Posted: Mon May 21, 2007 5:27 pm Post subject: What's your favorite singer in Japan? My favorite singer is aiko. Do you like her? Back to top akino321Joined: 11 Jun 2007Posts: 6Location: MIE,JAPAN Posted: Thu Jun 14, 2007 6:37 pm Post subject: Hotei is I like aiko. "Hanauta" is like song. But, My favorite singer is "Tomoyasu Hotei" "POISON" and "GRORIUS DAYS". Do you know "Hotei"? Back to top IrialJoined: 01 Apr 2007Posts: 43Location: Spain Posted: Sat Jun 23, 2007 3:47 pm Post subject: i like Misia, she has a pretty voice. listen to her song : namae no nai sora wo miagete kokia -arigatou: http://youtube.com/watch?v=biavjISGmAs (very sad song, she wrote it when her pet died) -Daiji na mono wa mabuta no ura http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZG_V4heOo_s -Dandelion http://youtube.com/watch?v=WfnDVH2ObYU (a capella i can't find with background music but her voice is awesome!) -Tenshi http://youtube.com/watch?v=YeeWGNZ0tqM -So much I love you http://youtube.com/watch?v=RFh3JCK0-Ig Mika Nakashima - Glamorous Sky http://youtube.com/watch?v=MykzzEDqDhI THE TRAX -Criminal scream http://youtube.com/watch?v=SP6kIVmXbdc -sad wedding song http://youtube.com/watch?v=c3q9N_LLrPo -knife http://youtube.com/watch?v=G1wiV60OGFY -end of the world http://youtube.com/watch?v=92yIROPheO0 Youhna - Houki Boshi http://youtube.com/watch?v=6L-mUrQdZGU FAYRAY - hitoriyorifutari (the images are don't have relation with the song but anyway is great!) http://youtube.com/watch?v=bCcTiDw-wD8 Yano Maki - ashburn http://youtube.com/watch?v=JU21qzusQvM spitz - yoru wo kakeru (it's an insert song but is very pretty) http://youtube.com/watch?v=LUtEYTRa9oc BoA (I Know she is korean but she sing that in japanese) - meri kuri (oh she is so cute!!! ) http://youtube.com/watch?v=OGJwFf53NMs Angela: -The end of the world http://youtube.com/watch?v=QDxfPxdkAsM (short version) Namie Amuro -All for you http://youtube.com/watch?v=laQdkOswltE -Say the word http://youtube.com/watch?v=CRULNrAL0M4 -So crazy http://youtube.com/watch?v=4VjSGzbX9eI X Japan - Endless rain http://youtube.com/watch?v=UgC6-bh3A7U (the last live.. i don't have words... ) Gackt (handsome!) -storm http://youtube.com/watch?v=_V-vfJn38F8 -last song http://youtube.com/watch?v=KYMjrAOD1oE&mode=related&search= -another world http://youtube.com/watch?v=iwleOpB3ubY -white eyes http://youtube.com/watch?v=elXJH6McozA -mizerables (his first song he is so young!!!) http://youtube.com/watch?v=VhDY4GMSQpw - 12 gatsu no love song http://youtube.com/watch?v=jMAij8WD4oQ ...continue...._________________What is life? A frenzy. What is life? An illusion, A shadow, a fiction, And the greatest profit is small; For all of life is a dream, And dreams are nothing but dreams. Back to top ArashinokanojyoJoined: 15 Apr 2007Posts: 6Location: Busan,Korea Posted: Sat Jun 30, 2007 11:25 pm Post subject: oh. I like Arashi and Boa. I don't know Aiko. Back to top hiroki.tokaiJoined: 30 Sep 2007Posts: 1 Posted: Wed Oct 17, 2007 7:01 pm Post subject: i really love m-flo i love m-flo alot!!!!!! i've been to yokohama arena which is final concert of m-flo cosmicolor tour 2007! i got tickets of standing area. in that concert, there were alot of superstar with m-flo. like Auro namie, Monkey majic, double, Boa and so on. that was huge concert of all time. and the concert dvd will be on sale on 31st Oct. you should check that out! Back to top avrilJoined: 06 Sep 2007Posts: 7Location: South Korea Posted: Fri Oct 19, 2007 4:19 am Post subject: I love I like Arashi, M-flo and Namie Amuro. They're very good singer. (The trax and Youhna are Korean.) Back to top HIRO AOKIJoined: 06 Nov 2007Posts: 4Location: JAPAN Posted: Sat Nov 10, 2007 6:20 pm Post subject: Hello I rearly like Mr. chilidlen and Kazumasa Oda. Both of them excel in their lirics. It heal or encourage you when you are depressed. And their love song are very good! You should listen their songs if you are in love now!! Back to top shinpeiJoined: 13 Nov 2007Posts: 2 Posted: Tue Dec 04, 2007 6:00 pm Post subject: AK-69 I like AK-69. He is from nagoya japan. Me too. He is Hip-Hop singer. Back to top ItoeJoined: 10 Nov 2008Posts: 12 Posted: Mon Nov 17, 2008 10:58 pm Post subject: Hi! Hi, I am Itoe and I am Japanese. Nice to meet you. I like listening to many kind of music very much. I listen to not only Japanese music but also other country's music. By the way, my favorite Japanese singer are... Monkey Magic, Ayaka, Chitose Hajime, Ayaka Hirahara, Miho Hukuhara, Takayuki Atari, Hitotoyo, and so on. I really like them! There voice is so nice and there songs are comfortable to me. Please listening to there songs if you have chance. I like to sing as well as listening to music. To sing make me cheerful. Do you like to sing? Thank you for reading my message! Back to top connievioletJoined: 13 Jul 2009Posts: 3Location: China Nanjing Posted: Fri Jul 17, 2009 4:35 am Post subject: I love BONNIE PINK! Her English is very good and her lyrics are great! I'm trying to translate her Japanese Songs into English but I'm not good at Japanese. I'm wondering if someone here can help me._________________I will ring a bell until you feel me by your side. Back to top isreadingJoined: 27 Sep 2004Posts: 78Location: Sendai, Japan Posted: Thu Apr 15, 2010 6:33 pm Post subject: Aiko Yes, me too. Aiko is very cute. And I like her song, "Kabutomushi". Do you know that song? If you don't know this song, I want you to listen to it. Thank you. Mari Back to top TakamixxxJoined: 10 May 2010Posts: 7 Posted: Mon Jun 07, 2010 4:44 pm Post subject: I like aiko too! I have her CD Albums I always sing her song "kirakira""chouchomusubi" when I go to Karaoke!! Do you like this song?? Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Dave's ESL Cafe's Student Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Music All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Student Forums----------------ComputersCurrent NewsCultureEnglish SchoolsFamilyFilm and CinemaFoodHealth and FitnessHelp CenterHobbiesHolidaysLearning EnglishLiteratureMaking FriendsMusicOpinionsPetsScienceSportsThe Strange and MysteriousTOEFL and Other English ExamsTravel You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Dave's ESL Cafe is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. 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text: With her powerful IPS engines, you'll experience exceptional V Class performance, efficiency andmanoeuvrability, as well as all the exquisite refinement you'd expect from a Princess.The enclosed main deck features a spacious saloon, which provides a wonderful escape from the heat of the day. At the same time with a large powered roof and triple-sliding doors, you can simply transform this area for true 'open boating'. The bathing platform is large enough to stow a tender and can be fitted with a raise/lower mechanism, making water sports easily accessible for you and your guests.


text:
FB necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 182 diseños de 47 diseñadores freelance.
Stock Market Prowess.com
The company was started by myself with the primary goal of providing value based financial markets education to stock market beginners.
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text:
Petite Amethyst Avalon Ring
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text:
ROCKLEDGE, FL (October 22, 2013) – Health First is pleased to announce Gail Stalnaker has been named director of Health First Medical Equipment. Stalnaker is responsible for the planning and execution of programmatic opportunities across the Health First system and has been serving as interim director since June 2013.
Stalnaker has also worked for Health First in the Finance Department from 1996 to 2011. She previously served as the Division Controller with responsibilities for Health First, Health First Family Pharmacy, Palm Bay Hospital, Home Health Care, Health First Medical Equipment, Private Duty Nursing, Medical Staffing, Hospice and Pro Health. Stalnaker has also worked for Citigroup as a project manager overseeing global implementation projects.
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text:
U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates' recently announced plan to cut nearly $100 billion from the defense budget over the next five years isn't likely to be embraced by Congress as it looks ahead to the 2012 elections, according to a UAB study that examined U.S. data over a 44-year period.
"Military spending is affected by the electoral cycles," says University of Alabama at Birmingham Assistant Professor of Sociology Casey Borch, Ph.D., an expert on defense spending who teaches in UAB's Department of Sociology and Social Work. "Historically, about a year or two before national elections you can see a fairly substantial increase in military spending. During an election year and immediately after an election year is when military spending is reduced."
And, he says, the reluctance to cut military spending prior to an election year holds true among both Republicans and Democrats alike.
"It's largely because you have people coming up for re-election and politicians want to make sure the economy is as strong as possible — and one of the good ways to ensure economic stability is to increase military spending," says Borch. "Increased spending on defense is something that is largely supported by the public and is commonly used to shore up a bad economy."
Borch's conclusions are based on an examination of time-series public and employment datasets covering the military spending of 49 U.S. states from 1964 to 2008. On average, he says, military spending increases about 9 percent in the year prior to the national elections. Borch recently presented findings from the study at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association.
Gates has proposed slashing the military budget by eliminating the Joint Services Command, cutting the number of top-ranking generals and officers and cutting about 10 percent of private contractors from the defense intelligence budget.
"A 10 percent cut on private contracts seems unlikely given the weak economy we are in now," says Borch. "If he does cut, I suspect that they will hire more Department of Defense employees and it really won't be a cut. Military spending is one of the best stimulus packages that the government has, and it has been that way since the 1940s.
"To cut military spending on contracts when we have a relatively weak economy doesn't seem to be a strategy that would be politically or economically useful."
Some states would have a lot to lose from spending cuts. States with legislators on the Armed Services Committee see significant increases in the amount of military spending being funneled to them, Borch says. "And it doesn't matter if the legislator on the committee is a Republican or Democrat or a U.S. senator or representative.
"In fact, states that have a legislator on the Armed Services Committee will receive on average about $120 million more in military spending than a state that doesn't have a legislator on the committee," Borch says. "If a state has two legislators on the committee, the state will receive double that amount in military spending. And the longer a congressman serves on the committee, the more funds they bring to the state."
The researchers also found that states that support the winning candidate for president are usually rewarded with increased levels of military spending, Borch says. And if cuts to the military are made, they are not made in states that support the president
"For instance, when President Bill Clinton cut the military budget, he largely cut the budgets in states that were predominately Republican and left the states that were predominately Democrat alone," Borch says. "And then when George W. Bush came into office, he did a massive relocation project where he closed some military bases in some states, opened them in others and moved lots of money from the blue states to the red states."
Overall, however, the U.S. military budget has decreased over the last 40 years, says Borch.
"The new military is less dependent on the foot soldier, guns, ammunition and tanks and more dependent on intelligence, smart bombs and people who can use technology to deliver the weapons that used to be carried by the foot soldier," he says.


text:
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text:
Milpitas, Calif., March 23, 2010 - SanDisk Corporation (NASDAQ: SNDK), the global leader in flash memory cards, today announced that the 16-gigabyte (GB)1 SanDisk® pSSD™ modular SSD Gen2 was selected by Malata for its new PC-98905 pocket netbook computer. Malata, Wanlida Group Co. Ltd, is a leading manufacturer of portable computers, e-book readers and other consumer electronics.
The new Malata pocket design netbook is compact, measuring 256X27X143mm thin with an 8.9 inch LCD screen, making portable computing easier than ever. Additional features include a built-in Webcam, Bluetooth, WiFi and an 8-second boot-up option. Equipped with an Intel Atom/Pineview processor, this device delivers enhanced performance and extended battery life, and runs Microsoft Windows® 7 OS.
The SanDisk pSSD modular SSD Gen 2 measures only 30mm x 50.95mm x 3.6mm and weighs 6 grams, enabling Malata's innovative pocket-size netbook design. The SanDisk pSSD modular SSD is a key enabler of the fast-growing netbook category of products due to its small footprint, durable solid-state design, low power consumption and fast performance. SanDisk pSSD modular SSD is ideally suited to the slim netbook shell where a HDD, with its spinning disk and bulky shape, is not an option.
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1. The logical capacity of the drive conforms with the IDEMA HDD Specification. See www.idema.org for details. 1GB = 1, 000,000,000 bytes. Some capacity not available for data storage.
2. While running MobileMark and average (typical) power.
3. Assumes HIPM (Host Initiated Power Management) is enabled.
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SanDisk's product and executive images can be downloaded from: /corporate/media.asp
SanDisk's web site/home page address:
© 2010 SanDisk Corporation. All rights reserved. SanDisk and the SanDisk logo are trademarks of SanDisk Corporation, registered in the United States and other countries. SanDisk pSSD and nCache are trademarks of SanDisk Corporation. Other brand names mentioned herein are for identification purposes only and may be the trademarks of their respective holder (s).
This press release contains certain forward-looking statements, including expectations for new product introductions, specifications, applications, markets, and customers that are based on our current expectations and involve numerous risks and uncertainties that may cause these forward-looking statements to be inaccurate. Risks that may cause these forward-looking statements to be inaccurate include among others: market demand for our products may grow more slowly than our expectations or there may be a slower adoption rate for these products in new markets that we are targeting, our products may not perform as expected or may not be available at the prices, in the regions, in the capacities or at the time expected and the other risks detailed from time-to-time in our Securities and Exchange Commission filings and reports, including, but not limited to, our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and our subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. We do not intend to update the information contained in this press release.
|Media Contact:
|SanDisk Corporation
|Mike Wong
|Email: email@example.com


text: Handles on a gas pump in Brooklyn. Jonathan Fickies /Landov hide caption toggle caption Jonathan Fickies /Landov The Two-Way Gasoline Pushed Consumer Prices Up Sharply In February March 15, 2013 Prices rose overall by 0.7 percent. The major factor: a 9.1 percent surge in gasoline. Since February, though, gas prices have retreated. So economists do not think the latest report changes the inflation picture.


text:
Contact Center SIP Trunks Part 1 — Reducing Costs and Improving Call Control for Outsourced Contact Centers Today
Cisco has partnered with several outsourced vendors over the years for initial handling of many front-line calls and general information inquiries. Connecting these vendor environments into a single Cisco customer contact environment is critical for good customer care, but costly and not always easy. However, early this year we made a change: we're using SIP trunking and Cisco Unified Border Element to bring us much closer together, and save money into the bargain.
Traditionally, when engaging vendor services our Cisco Unified Contact Center Enterprise (UCCE) system routed calls to the desired outsourced vendor over a simple PSTN connection. However, this can get expensive, and doesn't always provide the best service. It got expensive because our call volumes (and call costs) continue to grow, and because of tighter budget constraints we couldn't continue routing calls over the PSTN. It just was not scalable both from a risk and budget perspective: it was costing Cisco nearly US $8 million per year just to route our customer calls between our call centers calls throughout the globe.
Another point to consider when using basic PSTN to interconnect contact centres: you lose important customer information entered at the entry IVR level. For example if you are requesting specific client or call data (like a ticket or account number, calling number etc) then this is not passed over PSTN. This can impact customer service as the client and agent may have to re confirm specific data that was already entered upon calling the Contact centre. Secondly when sending calls out via PSTN there is no absolute certainty that the call has been successfully delivered; we are just sending the call to a predefined PSTN number configured at the partner location (we call this a "Blind Push"). If a rare outage occurs on the PSTN circuits or at the carrier exchange you may not know this until informed by a client which can negatively impact your client experience without you even knowing about it.
To reduce this significant spend, mitigate risk and increase business resiliency, we implemented CUBE on the local voice gateway routers (ASR 1004s) with two DS3 SIP trunks between Cisco and the vendor. Thanks to this configuration it now allows us to route the call over dedicated IP links to the vendor's Cisco UCCE system. Importantly, there is no more sending the call "blind" over the PSTN network not being certain of 100% successful call delivery 100% of the time. With two SIP circuits and two PSTN circuits for failover at each site, we gained a more robust redundancy and survivability model for these critical communications links.
As a direct result of combining SIP trunks and the Cisco Unified Border Element this has helped us achieve an annual reduction in spend by nearly US$2M. That's just the most impressive of many benefits for our contact centers. I'll describe some more of these benefits, and where we're going in the future, in a future blog.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.


text:
1/4"-20 Hot Dip Galvanized Plain Pattern Eye Bolts with Nuts
Forged Lifting Hardware | Hot Dip Galvanized
- Drop Forged, Passivated and Electropolished for a durable corrosion resistant finish
- ASTM A-193-B8 and UNC-2A
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- HDG Steel provides superior corrosion resistance due to its tightly bonded Molten Zinc Alloy finish
1/4"-20 Hot Dip Galvanized Plain Pattern Eye Bolts with Nuts have a threaded shank with a ring for a head. This ring is used to hold a hanging fitting or a load, commonly seen in industrial applications. In a shoulder pattern Eye Bolt, there is a shoulder between the shank and the eye. The shoulder pattern variety features a shoulder between the ring and the shank. Comes with Nut.
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If you are unsure if an Eye Bolt has the appropriate specifications for your application, or have a question regarding any of the information concerning Eye bolts, please call us at 866-573-0445 for further assistance.
Please follow Ken Forge's recommendations for load capacities of Eye Bolts and their safety information for the installation and usage of Eye bolts on their website.
Sizes listed as: Shank Diameter - Thread Pitch x Shank Length
Proudly Made in The USA
Please Note: This item is not eligible for free shipping
See Product Specifications


text:
Circulus Hydrogen Concept
October 11th, 2009
With every concept I see, I get more and more excited about the future of transportation. This is one of the most intelligent green vehicles I have yet to come across. Designed by Santosh Chawla of San Francisco, the Circulus is a Hydrogen-Powered car designed to trek every terrain possible, whether it's snow-packed back roads, sandy dunes, death curved goat trails, or congested city commuting, this pod can handle it. More specs… [ Continue Reading ]


text:
- Price: $3,172.50
- Availability In Stock
- Product Code: CWB Ink 5 Gallon Kit
CWB Ink Seps 5 Gallon Kit
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|Image from here. La Lucciola is one of the many restaurants we frequented.
Until I arrived.
Until I laid eyes on my first menu. Oh my!
Until I had my first beer in 8 weeks.
I knew it would be near impossible to follow the schedule. Impossible to have a relatively low-carb diet. The food was too good! There were too many new things to try.
The whole week revolved around food. We had our own chef who made us breakfast, lunch and/or dinner when we weren't out and about. We frequented some of Seminyak and Ubud's best restaurants. The flavours were incredible. So many new dishes to try. New fruit. New desserts. There may or may not have been a pork-belly dish that was sampled... when in Bali...
I tried to off-set some of the excessive consumption with exercise. We rode bikes. We went for runs. I even did a 2 hour Yoga class with the most amazing human noodle as the instructor. I sweated for hours after the class finished and my arms were sore for days. But I knew it wouldn't be enough.
I dreaded the scales upon my return. I left it until Monday (four days after I got back) before I braved it. I had a bit of post-Bali belly in the interim which I felt sure would only help my cause, although was really quite awful!
75.2kg. An increase of 700g. Not too bad considering.
I have the rest of this week and another two weeks after to complete this challenge. I am going to go hard, and then go home.
I hope to reach 73kg by the end of the challenge.
Do you put on weight when you go on holidays? If you do, how do you deal with post-holiday weight gain?


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terpcast necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 40 diseños de 10 diseñadores freelance.
TerpCast LLC
Thanks for checking out this project for TerpCast.com!
I'm a trainer and mentor for Sign Language Interpreters. Utilizing online multimedia courses, I teach essential skills and concepts to empower new and aspiring interpreters to become nationally Certified at the Master level.
My target audience consists of ITP (Interpreter Training Program) students and low-level certified interpreters who desire to maximize their interpreting potential.
Most of this market fall into the following demographics/psychographics:
1. age 21-30
2. 86% female
3. college graduate (or soon to be)
4. visually oriented, detail attentive
5. confident
*Note: While a high percentage of my target market is female, they dislike labels and stereotypes. Please avoid stereotypically "girly" or "feminine" features in your designs.
You can learn more about interpreters and interpreting for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing at
if you need help understanding this market niche.
I need a logo that will instantly communicate the purpose of my website and digital products. Here are the parameters of the project:
1. The colors should compliment my existing color scheme. You can view http://TerpCast.com to get an idea of my existing color scheme.
2. Include a wordmark in your design using my business name (TerpCast). The prominence of this wordmark is up to your discretion.
3. The logo and wordmark should be able to stand alone without a background.
4. Final output file to be provided in the following formats:
a. Print file format - .ai (CMYK)
b. Web file format - .jpg, .png, and layered .psd (RGB)
Constructive feedback will be provided during the development of the project.
The winning design will be creative and intuitively understandable.
I look forward to seeing your designs.
Best of luck!
Jason Burr
Founder, TerpCast LLC
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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NRA tactics erode post-Newtown support for gun-control measures
WASHINGTON -- Sen Mark. Begich declared a "sea change" in the politics of gun control immediately after the school shooting in Newtown, Conn., telling his local newspaper that he would not hesitate to buck the powerful National Rifle Association.
But in the months since, the gun-rights group has made itself impossible for the Alaska Democrat, and many other lawmakers, to resist.
Begich has signed on as a co-sponsor of a bill, drafted in consultation with the NRA, that would change the way mental illness is reported in the background check system -- a measure that critics say could make firearms more easily available to the mentally ill.
Over the past two weeks, while Congress has been in recess, Begich said he was approached repeatedly by constituents who echoed NRA views, telling him not to, in his words, "mess with our gun rights" or "ban anything."
The NRA's recent successes on Capitol Hill -- as well as a string of victories in state legislatures across the country -- demonstrate the effectiveness of the group's strategy to overcome a post-Newtown tilt toward gun control. The organization has drafted and circulated legislation, mobilized its members and continued to put pressure on politically vulnerable lawmakers. At the same time, groups attempting to promote stricter gun control measures have faltered.
New restrictions that a couple of months ago seemed possible, even likely, such as bans on assault weapons and universal background checks on gun purchases, are now in doubt.
"The NRA is one of the most important groups in my state," said Begich, one of several Democrats from conservative states who are up for reelection next year. He and others like him are the swing voters in the gun debate in the Senate, where deliberation over new legislation is expected to begin this month.
The gun-rights group has suffered some serious setbacks since the December school shooting. New gun limits have passed in reliably liberal Maryland and New York and in Colorado and Connecticut, where two of the most recent shooting rampages occurred.
But even gun-control advocates acknowledge that the NRA is getting the better of them, both in Congress and state capitals across the country.
The NRA's congressional operation is so effective that one of the gun lobby's most outspoken critics, Sen. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., initially signed on as a sponsor of the NRA-supported background check bill. Blumenthal said he had no direct contact with the NRA when he signed on to the measure but had been drawn by the idea of a bipartisan initiative to improve background checks.
On Friday, Blumenthal withdrew his support, saying in an interview that he was no longer comfortable with the bill because of "serious unintended consequences" related to provisions governing the mentally ill.
The NRA strategy has stretched into the states, as well. For instance, the group dispatched a lobbyist to Minnesota for much of the past three months because lawmakers there were considering expanded background checks and other measures.
Spurred by email alerts from the group, NRA members and other gun-rights activists jammed legislative committee rooms, deluged lawmakers with emails and phone calls -- and succeeded in killing proposals that were once widely expected to pass.
"I was sabotaged by the NRA," said state Rep. Michael Paymar, a St. Paul Democrat who authored the gun-control package he thought had a good shot at passing the liberal state House and Senate.
The Minnesota measures had been supported by the White House, with President Barack Obama paying a visit in January and Vice President Joe Biden calling legislators in March.
But their efforts were not enough to counteract gun-rights advocates. NRA alerts warned that the background-checks proposal would result in increased costs and could lead to the establishment a government gun registry, while achieving no provable reduction in the crime.
Republican state Rep. Tony Cornish said he received 2,897 emails about the bills while they were being considered last month. "Only five were in favor," he said.
Now, the legislation gathering the most support in Minnesota is an NRA-backed bill, similar in some ways to the one being pushed by the group in Congress, designed to improve reporting of mental illness.
In Congress and in some states, the NRA has already found ways to expand gun rights in the months since Newtown. The group successfully won congressional approval for new rules to ease importation of firearms that contradicted what Obama requested in the January launch of his anti-violence initiative.
The most powerful case in point is the background check legislation now being co-sponsored by Begich, Sen. Mark Pryor of Arkansas -- another conservative-state Democrat up for reelection next year -- and Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, who also is running next year to keep his seat.
Those co-sponsors say the bill would make technical improvements to the current background check system and allow veterans and others to regain their Second Amendment rights after recovering from mental illness. Graham said in a statement Friday that the bill would "ensure that those who have been declared an imminent danger to themselves or others aren't legally able to obtain a firearm. I would expect overwhelming bipartisan support for our legislation."
The NRA's spokesman, Andrew Arulanandam, acknowledged the group had endorsed the legislation, a rarity by the NRA in this Congress.
The measure is opposed by Mayors Against Illegal Guns, the gun-control group led by New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, I, and an organization of big city police chiefs. They say the measure provides no improvement to the current background check system and allows some categories of the mentally ill to have access to weapons.
The director of Mayors Against Illegal Guns, Mark Glaze, said the legislation is so troublesome that supporters "are going to have questions to answer when, God forbid, another mass shooting happens."
Glaze said the measure reflected a move by the NRA to provide political cover for lawmakers wanting to oppose new gun restrictions but wary of the state of public opinion. "The NRA realizes that they cannot force allies to vote against a background check bill, a measure that has a 90 percent approval rating," he said.
The NRA backed-measure appears to be gaining steam as an alternative to the near-universal background checks proposed by Democratic leaders.
The NRA's success comes amid an onslaught of expensive television ads purchased by the Bloomberg group. The ads targeted Begich, Pryor and others who are sponsoring the NRA-backed bill on background checks.
Some gun-control advocates wonder whether the Bloomberg ads -- coupled with aggressive proposals by Democratic senators and state lawmakers to ban assault weapons and impose other restrictions -- have helped feed NRA warnings to its members that their gun rights were in danger.
Rep. Mike Thompson, D-Calif., a hunter and gun owner who had been tasked by party leaders to design a strategy to woo NRA members into backing gun-control measures, said in an interview that his efforts have been frustrated in part by overreaching from the left. Some of the people he had hoped to win over now recite the NRA's oft-broadcast concerns about government intrusion into the private rights of citizens. Thompson said a new ammunition tax and record-keeping proposal moving in the California legislature is giving even his constituents pause.
"I have to have three meetings today with gun owner constituents who are livid about what the state is proposing," he said.
Alice Crites contributed to this report.


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Korea coach Sam-Ryong Park: "It was a good quality game. We didn't have a higher level than them today, we just had the luck with us."
Korea captain Sa-Nee Kim: "I'm very happy with today's victory. It was a difficult match for us. Our goal is to win one game at a time. We thought we were on an even level with them. They were powerful. We kept encouraging each other during the match and the momentum swung our way."
Turkey coach Mehmet Bedestenlioglu: "We had a nice quality match. We did well when we concentrated, but lost it in the middle of the match."Turkey captain Esra Gumus: "It was a great battle today. We are sad about losing this game. They never stopped coming at us."Turkey player Eda Erdem: "They played a really good game. Sometimes we made too many mistakes. That was the difference."


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A&M study says raising minimum wage would not stimulate economy
Texas A&M University researchers say raising the minimum wage will reduce job creation, but will not affect employee turnover or layoffs.
In President Barack Obama's State of the Union address, he proposed raising the minimum wage from $7.25 an hour to $9, along with an annual boost for inflation, sparking a national debate.
The recent Texas A&M study, "Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment Dynamics," analyzed the factors related to the minimum wage and changes in employment and found that job creation was reduced substantially, but jobs lost did not increase.
The study by Jonathan Meer, an assistant professor of economics at Texas A&M, and Jeremy West, an economics graduate student, shows that net job growth falls in response to an increase in the minimum wage, but employee turnover is unaffected.
Job survey: Low-wage workers gloomy about future
"This makes intuitive sense: firing people is unpleasant and costly, so adjustment takes some time as employers reduce their hiring of new or replacement workers," Meer said in a statement.
He says there are numerous reasons not to increase the minimum wage or to even have one at all. He said when something costs more, people purchase less of it.
Meer concluded in the study that raising the minimum wage has a negative effect on hiring and the number of people it would help would not help stimulate the economy.
"While some people may get slightly higher pay and be somewhat better off, being unemployed is really, really bad, and there's no reason why we should be focusing on the people who currently have these jobs (and will keep them) rather than those who are trying to get these jobs but can't," Meer said.
Economists have been arguing over the years about whether the minimum wage can lead to broader economic benefits or whether it would unfairly burden employers.
In 1994, a study found that a rise in New Jersey's minimum wage did not reduce employment levels in the fast food industry. Other economists have argued that comparing different states over time shows that raising the minimum wage hurts job growth.
More than 15 million workers earn the national minimum wage, making about $15,080 a year.
In numerical terms, Texas has more workers toiling for minimum wage or less than in any other state, according to a U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics report. Last year, 452,000 Texans earned the minimum wage or less. That includes young workers paid the subminimum training wage.
Ten states already make similar cost-of-living adjustments to the minimum wage. In Washington state, workers earn at least $9.19 an hour, which is the highest minimum in the country. A total of 19 states and the District of Columbia have minimum wages above the federal rate of $7.25.
-The Associated Press contributed to this report


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Judge Milian
The Cast
When It's On
Show Schedule
Roommate Sex Refusal
Published on
Apr 18, 2016
ALL NEW - Roommate sex refusal.
« Newer
Older »
when it's on
Find out when People's
Court is on in your city.
get tickets
Will you be in the Stamford,
Connecticut area? See
The People's Court Live!
the cast
Learn more about Curt Chaplin, Douglas McIntosh and Harvey Levin


text:
HASTUschon API
HASTUschon is a German marketplace with over 10 million products that can also bought through Bitcoin Payment. The site also lets users participate in auctions such as normal bid oder fixed price auctions. The API is for accessing site data on shopping, bitcoins, product information, etc. This data can be integrated into third party web sites and applications. The API uses HTTP calls and responses can be formatted in XML, JSON and Text. Documentation available as an open Google Doc at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qqxXtVg7eVXHXYpEMIa2Y2cz6xq0t8GXuKXmpKDrfPY/edit?hl=de&authkey=CLnAp8oO


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[Part 1 of this post can be found here]
After you've properly addressed that first heckler comment, then you've done your job. You remained professional, read the audience, and used your "stock line" to address the situation. You were a true standup comedian in every respect.
Your stock line should be polite enough to not sound rude, but assertive enough to put the heckler in his place, letting him know that he's treading upon dangerous waters, and that an outburst like that is not appreciated and to not be repeated during your set.
Remember, you own the stage. And you're renting that microphone in the meantime. You should not allow any unruly neighbor to let their dog piss all over your lawn. You've mowed and pruned, and watered that lawn. So you need to assess and take charge! That's what 'Step Two' is about.
You remember the look your mother gave you when you were a child, and she suspected that you were about to get out of line. Not only should you study that look, be able emulate it and unleash it at will, but that deadly look should be translated to a stock line. It should be ominous, biting, stinging, and stays with the heckler forever so much that it haunts him in his dreams. And it should be funny enough to make the audience laugh. That look should be able to penetrate even the most inebriated and belligerent of drunks, stopping them in their tracks before they even had a chance.
Understanding the Heckler's modus operandi
If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles ---Sun Tzu, The Art of War
So I know it's trite and cliché to quote Sun Tzu's, The Art of War. (I've never been a fan of war, and the idea of living that as a lifestyle or business tactic (yes, I mean you, Donald Trump) makes me want to puke.)
Be that as it may, this quote sums up how to approach a heckler after 'Step One' has been executed, but has failed. Like Sun Tzu says, you need to know the heckler--know your enemy inside and out. So then, we ask the question:
What is the heckler's motivation?
According to Wikipedia,
Thank you, Wikipedia---I've never thought about it that way. But yes, the heckler likes the idea of being on stage just as much as you do.
I would also include somewhere in that definition, "to put an end to your set." There is nothing more satisfying to the heckler than to bring your performance to a dead halt, completely burning your set to a crisp. An even more satisfying feeling to him is basking in the idea that he was the sole cause of your "Towering Inferno.' And the only evidence of your demise are the embers floating above the stage. He revels in your downfall, hoping that you will never to rise again from the ashes. Because then his job is done .
- Step Two - Understand that at this point, once the heckler decides to open his mouth for a second time, he no longer represents the audience. He has now crossed the line from diplomatic representative to power-hungry dictator. Also keep in mind that the first comment may have been a dare. Yeah, he got suckered into it by his frat boy buddies, with the hopes that he will receive approval and acceptance as a result of his stupidness. And you're there as the worthy opponent to put him back in his place. Or it may have been a testament to what the audience was feeling. Maybe the first comment was his way of testing you, just to see how you would react. Perhaps, he's jealous and wants to trade places with you. All these are valid reasons--for letting that first comment slip by.
But the second comment: ah, now onto the second comment--the table have turned. Fortunately, they have turned on the heckler. He took a few too many liberties that he shouldn't have otherwise taken by opening his mouth the second time. In fact, the audience is beginning to turn against him, especially if the audience was enjoying your set.
How does one deal with the second comment?
Simply the same as the first, but you're a little more stern this time. The first time your response is "not out of anger." The same goes with this one--not out of anger.
*+*+*+* IF YOU ENJOYED THIS POST, THERE'S MANY MORE TO COME--GET FREE UPDATES BY EMAIL or RSS.


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Today is Sunday, June 30, the 181st day of 2013. There are 184 days left in the year.
Today's Highlight in History:
On June 30, 1953, the first Chevrolet Corvette, with its innovative fiberglass body, was built at a General Motors assembly facility in Flint, Mich.
On this date:
In 1859, French acrobat Charles Blondin (blahn-DAN') walked back and forth on a tightrope above the gorge of Niagara Falls as thousands of spectators watched.
In 1886, Arturo Toscanini, a 19-year-old cellist, made his legendary conducting debut as he stepped in as a last-minute substitute to lead the orchestra of an Italian touring company's performance of the Verdi opera "Aida" in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
In 1908, the Tunguska Event took place in Russia as an asteroid exploded above Siberia, leaving 800 square miles of scorched or blown-down trees.
In 1912, Canada's deadliest tornado on record occurred as a cyclone struck Regina, the provincial capital of Saskatchewan, killing 28 people.
In 1921, President Warren G. Harding nominated former President William Howard Taft to be chief justice of the United States, succeeding the late Edward Douglass White.
In 1933, the Screen Actors Guild was established.
In 1934, Adolf Hitler carried out his "blood purge" of political and military rivals in Germany in what came to be known as "The Night of the Long Knives."
In 1958, the U.S. Senate passed the Alaska statehood bill by a vote of 64-20.
In 1963, Pope Paul VI was crowned the 262nd head of the Roman Catholic Church.
In 1972, for the first time, a leap-second was added to Coordinated Universal Time to account for the slowing rotation of the Earth.
In 1985, 39 American hostages from a hijacked TWA jetliner were freed in Beirut after being held 17 days.
In 1993, actor George "Spanky" McFarland of "Our Gang" and "Little Rascals" fame died in Grapevine, Texas, at age 64.
Ten years ago: Israeli and Palestinian commanders shook hands as bulldozers dismantled checkpoints and Palestinian traffic flowed freely in the Gaza Strip. Comedian-actor Buddy Hackett died in Malibu, Calif., at age 78.
Five years ago: President George W. Bush signed legislation to pay for war operations in Iraq and Afghanistan for the rest of his presidency and beyond, hailing the $162 billion plan as a rare product of bipartisan cooperation. The United States announced that it was charging Saudi Arabian Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri (ahbd al-ruh-HEEM' al-nuh-SHEE'-ree) with "organizing and directing" the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole in waters off Yemen, and would seek the death penalty. (Al-Nashiri, who's being held at Guantanamo, has yet to stand trial.)
One year ago: Islamist Mohammed Morsi became Egypt's first freely elected president as he was sworn in during a pair of ceremonies. An international conference in Geneva accepted a U.N.-brokered peace plan calling for creation of a transitional government in Syria, but at Russia's insistence the compromise left the door open to Syria's president being a part of it. Former Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir died at age 96. Yaroslava Shvedova of Kazakhstan became the first player in a Grand Slam tournament to win every point of a set on her way to beating French Open runner-up Sara Errani 6-0, 6-4 in the third round of Wimbledon.
Today's Birthdays: Actress Lea Massari is 80. Actor Tony Musante is 77. Actress Nancy Dussault is 77. Singer Glenn Shorrock is 69. Jazz musician Stanley Clarke is 62. Actor David Garrison is 61. Rock musician Hal Lindes (Dire Straits) is 60. Actor-comedian David Alan Grier is 57. Actor Vincent D'Onofrio is 54. Actress Deirdre Lovejoy is 51. Actor Rupert Graves is 50. Boxer Mike Tyson is 47. Actor Peter Outerbridge is 47. Rock musician Tom Drummond (Better Than Ezra) is 44. Actor Brian Bloom is 43. Actor Brian Vincent is 43. Actress Monica Potter is 42. Actor Rick Gonzalez is 34. Actress Lizzy Caplan is 31. Rhythm-and-blues singer Fantasia ("American Idol") is 29. Olympic gold medal swimmer Michael Phelps is 28.
Thought for Today: "I believe the future is only the past again, entered through another gate." — Sir Arthur Wing Pinero, English dramatist (1855-1934).
Today in History - Sunday, June 30, 2013
Today is Sunday, June 30, the 181st day of 2013. There are 184 days left in the year.


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You have a situation like this:The label inside the yellow oval is at the end of the curve and even thought you force the labels to show 'INSIDE' of the curve on the label style...
As far of what you need this label appear to be at the wrong side of the alignment…so, how do you correct the problem with this label?
Here is a quick reminder of some cool tools:
1.Select the labels.
2.Hold the Ctrl key and select the label that is pointing to the wrong direction.
3.Right click and select Flip label, this will change the direction of this label only.
You can also do this from the ribbon content sensitive as well…
Now everything looks just the way you need it!


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The Python code below looks pretty straightforward.
import arcpy
if arcpy.Exists("D:/temp/test.gdb"):
if arcpy.Exists("in_memory"):
arcpy.CreateFishnet_management("D:/temp/test.gdb/test","0 0","0 1","1","1","1","1","#","NO_LABELS","#","POLYGON")
and when I run it on a PC (ArcGIS 10.0 SP2; Windows XP SP3; 32bit) it completes in 4-5 seconds. This is the case when I run from IDLE or as a Python script tool in ArcMap (where I added it to a toolbox with no parameters).
However, when I move it to a virtual server (ArcGIS 10.0 SP3; Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard; 64bit) it still runs fine from IDLE, but when run as a Python script tool in ArcMap it just sits at:
Executing: test
Start Time: Thu Mar 15 10:31:50 2012
Running script test...
When I move the tool I find a small Error dialog with a white "i" in a blue filled circled.
To dismiss that dialog I click the OK button and/or the "x" at its top right.
When it goes, a second Error dialog appears - this time with the text below:
General function failure [test3]
The Python test code provided here has been stripped out from a much larger tool that I need to publish as a Geoprocessing Service, which in turn requires that I save it as a tool layer within a map at 10.0 (10.1 won't be an option for quite a while).
The culprit seems to be the CopyFeatures from the in_memory workspace which will take some working around, and if I need to eliminate in_memory from this polygon overlay intensive application, then its performance is going to take a big hit.
Would someone be able to run the same test as I describe above on a virtual server (it may also manifest on a physical server but I don't have one to test on) running ArcGIS 10.0 and Windows Server to see if they can reproduce what I am seeing, please?
If it works, or if it does not, can you specify your ArcGIS and Windows versions and whether you ran it on a physical or virtual server, please?


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This article is aimed at complete beginners, who need no more experience in using the C++ language other than simple programs involving arithmetic with integers, and interaction with the user through cin and cout. Here, strings are introduced as a beginners' topic, where they belong, rather than as a more advanced topic, which is, unfortunately where many C++ books and tutorials seem to place them. Behind the scenes, strings may not be trivial beasts, but C++ hides all that away from the programmer, allowing many common problems to be solved with just a few keystrokes.
For those with a 'C' background, or who have been taught strings in C++ the 'old fashioned' way, then its time to hang up that knowledge and learn a new, better way to think about strings. The way that the 'C' language handles strings is considered poor practice for a C++ program, and certainly not beginners' territory. For this reason, 'C' string handling will not be discussed further.
Natural languages are based upon words and punctuation, connected to form sentences and paragraphs. In computer science jargon, these are usually referred to as strings. Computer programming languages all need to represent natural language in some form or another, either to interact with users, record data to a file, send data to a printing device, etc. This article defines what is really meant by string in C++, and presents an introduction to the way strings are used in C++ programs.
Strings as raw data
Here's a familiar example of a program which contains a string. In this program, that string is used to send the user a message
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello, World"; }
The text enclosed in double quotes is known in C++ jargon as a string literal. The term "literal" implies that the string is 'raw' data (representing natural language). It may not be modified at any time, and the data is hard-wired into the program.
Just for clarity, C++ is very explicit about what constitutes a string literal; Only words and characters which appear in-between double quotes "". All other symbols and characters in the above program are a part of the program's own syntax, which are translated by the compiler to generate machine-code instructions.
C++ Strings
Here is a new example containing another kind of string, a C++ String. Sometimes these are known as string variables or string objects, to differentiate between these and string literals, but also to differentiate them from the way that strings are used in the 'C' programming language.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string hello = "Hello, World"; cout << hello; }
There are some new elements to this program; The first is
#include <string>
This instruction informs the compiler that the program needs to use the <string> library. This library contains a whole bunch of pre-fabricated tools which make the programmer's life easier when handling string data. Any program using C++ Strings must add that line somewhere.
Here is the instruction which creates the C++ string.
string hello = "Hello, World";
The left-hand-side of the = symbol is the same string literal from the first program, "Hello, World". On the right-hand-side, is a C++ string object which has a variable name of hello.
Note - Just to dispel any confusion, The term variable takes a different meaning in computer science than the common English language definition. In this context, a variable is a name for an area of memory. the usage by computer scientists of the term variable derives from its mathematical meaning, where a 'variable' is a name/identifier for an unknown or changable component of an algebraic expression
Behind the scenes, the program creates a C++ string variable called hello. This variable owns an area in memory, to which the data, "Hello, World" is copied into. the 'hello' variable allows the programmer to access, modify or delete any of the data stored in this memory. What actually goes on behind the scenes is unimportant, however, unlike a string literal, the data stored in memory is modifiable, or mutable. The possibilities which are opened up by this fact are far more interesting.
Note - The term mutable derives from the latin word for "change", which is 'muto'. C and C++ programmers often refer to objects as being mutable if the programmer is allowed by the language to change its stored data. If the language prevents the programmer from making any alterations, then that object or data is said to be immutable.
Strings as input
Often times, a programmer might want to ask the user to input a string, such as the their name, the name of a file, details about a book, etc. C++ strings are well equipped for this task.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string your_name; cout << "Hello, What is your name? "; cin >> your_name; cout << "Pleased to meet you, " << your_name; }
Again, the program creates a C++ string, but initially leaves it empty. After sending the user a message, the program calls upon cin to help out.
cin >> your_name;
The program should wait for the user to type their name and press enter, then output a message directed at them, "Pleased to meet you".
Hello, What is your name? Bench Pleased to meet you, Bench
There's a hidden problem, however. If the user enters their full name, cin only recognises the first part of their name, the rest is left alone.
Hello, What is your name? Joe Bloggs Pleased to meet you, Joe
What happens here is a direct result of one of the shortcomings of the >> symbol, which is used for reading data from the user. The program only reads from the user up until the first 'white space' character. A white space character is usually either a space, a tab, a carriage return, or a new line. This is problematic; especially if the next action the program does is asks the user for some different input - the program retrieves the user's second name instead - suddenly, a simple program just got messy!
The solution is to force the program to read everything up until the point when the user hit 'return' or 'enter'. C++ has the perfect tool for the job, called getline which, as its name suggests, retrieves an entire line of text.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string full_name; cout << "Hello, What is your name? "; getline( cin, full_name ); cout << "Pleased to meet you, " << full_name; }
getline is a function. The whens/whys/hows of functions are are beyond the scope of this article; for the moment, a function is just a name which performs some task. In this case, the task performed by getline, is to use some behind-the-scenes faerie magic involving cin and full_name to take a line of text from the user, and dump that text into the memory owned by the full_name variable.
Modifying string data
Often, strings stored in memory need changing in some way, in order to suit a specific purpose to solve a particular problem. the area of software development surrounding strings is usually referred to as String manipulation, an extremely large, expansive topic within software development which could easily fill a book on its own. Though the purpose of this article is just to demonstrate some very simple, easy techniques to fulfil some simple tasks.
Concatenation is a long word which simply means 'adding strings together'. So far, all the examples have shown blank strings being filled from other strings, and from the user, but sometimes, strings aren't blank, and a problem requires the existing string to be kept intact, with a little bit more added to the end.
Suppose the "what is your name" program were to work differently, asking for the user to type their forename and surname separately, but then needed the two names meshed together as a single full name string. The answer to the problem is as simple as the problem itself - C++ strings allow the + symbol to be used to concatenate two or more strings together seamlessly.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string forename, surname; cout << "Hello, what is your first name? "; getline(cin, forename); cout << "Hello, " << forename << ", what is your surname? "; getline(cin, surname); string full_name = forename + " " + surname; cout << "Pleased to meet you, " << full_name; }
This program works well. The next bit of code shows that this technique has a 'danger' sign hanging over it. Due to historical reasons from the 'C' programming language, the + symbol, when used to concatenate string literals has a rather nasty little "gotcha", which isn't at all obvious to the casual reader skimming over a program, but will throw up the most confusing compiler error.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string full_name = "Joe " + "Bloggs"; cout << "Hello, " << full_name; }Compiler: error C2110: '+' : cannot add two pointers
Uh-oh! In plain english, that means the compiler doesn't understand what the program intends to do; or, more accurately, it thinks the program is trying to do something completely different, something which the compiler knows is bad for your health. it doesn't realise that the program merely wants to concatenate "Joe " and "Bloggs" together.
But here's the reason why - "Joe " and "Bloggs" are string literals. Forget the fact that there is a string variable on the other side of the = sign. The compiler has to process instructions in a specific order, and the first thing it sees is "Joe " + "Bloggs".
string literals cannot be modified, ever, which means the programmer must be careful when using + to concatenate strings, that at least one of the strings is a C++ string object.
On the plus side, the compiler is there all the way to report errors (Even if the errors are cryptic), and there are many other ways to do this correctly. One neat way is to concatenate strings one-at-a-time, using += instead
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string full_name; full_name += "Joe "; full_name += "Bloggs"; cout << "Hello, " << full_name; }
Concatenation is a one-way process. Being that concatenation uses the + and += operators, it might seem logical that the 'subtraction' operator -, does the opposite. Alas, there is no such operation which allows the programmer to 'subtract' anything from a string in this way.
Strings as character sequences
Thus far, strings have been treated as complete entities, although, in reality, strings are actually sequences of characters. Many problems involving strings are interested with specific characters, and the positions where those characters occur in a string.
C++ provides complete un-hindered access to characters in a string through the subscript operator. the subscript operator is a pair of square brackets, which takes an integer, representing a character's position in a string.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string hello = "Hello, World!"; cout << "The first character of " << hello << " is " << hello[0]; }
Output: The first character of Hello, World! is H
The first character in a string is always position zero. This seemingly illogical idea comes from the fact that computers always start counting from zero. If there's ever a golden rule which all programmers need to recite in their sleep, its this one about computers counting 0,1,2,3 etc.
- Since the first character in a string is position zero, logic dictates that the last character in a string must be at a position 'one less' than the string's length. For "Hello, World!", which is 13 characters long, its last character will appear at position 12.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string hello = "Hello, World!"; cout << "The last character of " << hello << " is " << hello[12]; }The notion of beginning to count from zero seems unnatural at first, but get used to it - Counting from zero upwards is a recurring theme in C++. When the programmer gets it wrong and begins accessing positions which exist beyond the boundaries of the string, the compiler can't help, and the program will display all kinds of weird behaviour.
How long is a string?
Since finding the string's upper boundary is clearly important, C++ has another neat tool for the job, a function called size() to find the number of characters in a string. The programmer already knows that the string starts at position zero, so with knowledge of how to obtain the string's size, the above program can be re-factored to work with a string of any length.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string hello = "Hello, World!"; int last = hello.size() - 1; cout << "The last character of " << hello << " is " << hello[last]; }
Output : The last character of Hello, World! is !
Unlike the getline function before, which stood on its own, size() is a part of the 'hello' string object itself. This is denoted by a period . which appears in-between the string variable name hello and size(). string objects are complicated beasts behind the scenes, which store all kinds of features that aren't available to other types of data; There's no use memorising them all, though some are useful to have at hand.
Changing characters within a string
Since string objects are mutable (modifiable), then it follows that individual characters within the string ought to be just as easily changeable. The subscript operator provides direct access to the memory area where a particular character is stored, as a consequence of this, any character within a string object can be modified in much the same way as a normal variable.
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string hello = "Hello, World!"; hello[0] = '*'; cout << hello; }
Output: *ello, World!
The notion of adding the [ ] symbol to the left-hand side of the = may look a little odd, however, remember the name hello on its own identifies the entire string. The subscript operator tells the compiler to locate a particular character within the string instead, and allows that character's memory location to be directly referenced.
Note - lone character values always appear in single quotes. This is for the compiler to differentiate between a character value and a string literal. Characters and strings are like apples and oranges from the compiler's perspective; mixing up the two will generally result in the compiler throwing out an error.
Summary : Putting it all together
Here's a program which combines together a few of the techniques discussed in this article. The program asks the user to type his/her full name, and then tells the user what the middle character of their name is (If their name has an even number of characters, then the program automatically rounds down)
#include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Please enter your full name: "; string full_name; getline( cin, full_name ); int middle = full_name.size() / 2; string greeting = "Hello " + full_name + ", "; cout << greeting << "the middle character of your name is " << full_name[middle] << " at position " << middle; }
This article has introduced strings, covering literals and C++ string objects, whilst demonstrating a number of commonly useful techniques to crack simple string problems. The reader should now be equipped with knowledge of how to create C++ strings and fill them with data, how to add strings together, and how to manipulate individual characters within a string.
- the C++ string library is far more powerful than shown by the short examples here. When combined with other features of the C++ language, strings can enable a programmer to do some remarkably interesting things.
The C++ Programming Language - Bjarne Stroustrup
The C++ Standard Library - Nicolai Jossutis
Accelerated C++ - Andrew Koenig & Barbara E. Moo


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The KTM 250 EXC-F Six Days is packed with a comprehensive list of accessories which make it perfectly suited for the requirements of the toughest enduro circuits. The special Six Days Equipment includes a 4CS closed-cartridge fork from WP Suspension with revamped settings, new machined triple clamps, orange anodized, a black anodised handlebar with KTM Six Days logo, a skid plate, a Radiator guard and an exhaust silencer with Six Days anodising (anthracite) and Six Days logo.
The motorcycle is built around a 249.91 cc, 1-cylinder 4-stroke, water-cooled engine which comes with a new case manufactured of aluminium alloy in a pressure die-casting process. The motorcycle is equipped with a new six-speed enduro gearbox that was developed specially for this model.
The motorcycle's backbone is represented by a stiff frame made from high quality, lightweight, chrome-molybdenum steel profiles.
Hit the jump for more information on the KTM 250 EXC-F SIX DAYS.
Engine:1-cylinder 4-stroke engine, water-cooled
Energy:Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI)
Displacement:249 cc
2014 KTM 250 EXC-F SIX DAYS: Legendary
The 250 EXC-F - "READY TO RACE" for the world's largest enduro competition, the "International Six Days Enduro". Six days in succession, over a thousand offroad kilometres, 40 hours in the saddle - a gruelling test, not only for the rider. A whole package of high-quality special options makes the KTM 250 EXC-F fit for this ruthless contest, in which more than half the starters bank on KTM every year. 250 EXC-F Six Days - only authentic with the orange powder-coated frame of the KTM Factory Team. No other brand is anywhere near as strongly and successfully represented in offroad sport as KTM. This is particularly clear in the world's largest enduro competition, the "International Six Days Enduro" (ISDE), where more than 500 enduro riders from over 30 countries compete for the World Team Championship. A marathon enduro race that places just as high demands on the motorcycles as it does on the riders. That's why year after year more than half the competitors place their trust in the tried and tested products from Austria. In 2013, the Six Days Race will be held on the Italian island of Sardinia. Those who want to arrive safely at the finish on the demanding, rocky terrain will have to make no compromises. In the form of the new Six Days models, KTM offers well-proven, robust machines that fully satisfy the high demands of this extraordinarily tough competition.
2014 KTM 250 EXC-F SIX DAYS Features and Benefits:
Improved Performance:
Engine Case
Thanks to a completely new design of engine case, which is now manufactured in a pressure die-casting process, it has been possible to significantly reduce the wall thicknesses compared with a gravity die-cast case. A new, high-strength, aluminium alloy ensures that the case is resistant to stone impact and other damage.
The crankshaft on the new 250 EXC-F Six Days has 5% more gyrating mass available for achieving optimum traction. Similarly to last season's KTM SX-F models, it is equipped with a plain bearing in the lower conrod eye. The previous needle bearing is replaced with two press-fit bearing shells that run directly on the crankshaft's crank pin. The engine's direct pressure lubrication system ensures the necessary oil supply. This design enhances the durability of the engine, thereby enabling an extension to the service intervals for the crankshaft - a benefit in terms of time and costs.
New Engine
The 250 EXC-F Six Days is virtually a guarantor for top places in hard-fought enduro battles – this is substantiated not only by the numerous world titles. For the 2014 model year, KTM engineers have ignited the next evolutionary stage and developed a completely new, state-of-the-art DOHC engine that unites the concentrated engine expertise amassed from motorsport and development. The design of the new generation shares numerous basic components with the successful 350 EXC-F engine. This results in a perceptible increase in torque, above all in the low to mid rev range (an additional 4 Nm between 6,000 and 7,000 rpm).
Cylinder Head
The heart of the newly developed DOHC engine is the redesigned cylinder head with twin overhead camshafts and DLC-coated cam followers. Compared with the previous year, larger, flow-optimised ducts in conjunction with the more generously dimensioned intake valves guarantee 10% more gas flow and therefore significantly improved performance. The new camshafts have also been designed to achieve a perceptible increase in torque compared to the predecessor model, together with enduro-specific engine characteristics. The engine's optimised water jacket ensures even better heat dissipation.
Balancer Shaft
To counterbalance the inertia forces, the new 250 EXC-F engine is now also equipped with a balancer shaft that acts as a multi-function shaft, driving timing chain and water pump simultaneously.
The new 250 EXC-F Six Days engine can be started with either a kickstarter or an electric starter. Positioned behind the cylinder, the electric starter is well protected and connected via the electric starter drive in the ignition cover to the further improved freewheel on the ignition rotor. The starter freewheel has been optimised for increased durability and reliability.
DDS Clutch
The new 250 EXC-F Six Days is also equipped with the further optimised DDS (Damped Diaphragm Steel) clutch, which features a wear-free outer clutch hub and diaphragm springs. The single-piece hub is machined along with its primary gear from a solid block of high-strength steel. This process guarantees unbeatable reliability and allows the engine to be extremely narrow thanks to the compact, rivetless design of the outer clutch hub. In addition, this design allows use of thin steel discs, which also contributes to the compact dimensions of the clutch. The diaphragm spring enables implementation of an additional hub damping mechanism - a benefit in terms of traction and gearbox wear. Furthermore, an optimised inner clutch hub improves the durability of the clutch. Finally, in conjunction with the diaphragm spring, the hydraulic clutch actuation system from Brembo ensures very smooth and very precise clutch control.
Compared with its predecessor, the new six-speed enduro gearbox, developed especially for the 250 EXC-F Six Days, has slightly shorter transmission ratios for 4th, 5th and 6th gears. The new gearbox excels with high precision and easy shifting. The secondary transmission has also been adapted to the new gearbox.
Engine Management System (EMS)
The engine management system from Keihin, with electronic fuel injection and 42 mm throttle body, ensures spontaneous responsiveness and maximum engine performance. An oil-cooled, 196 W alternator provides sufficient power for the fuel injection system, lights and other electrical loads. A redesigned ECU ensures even faster and absolutely reliable data processing. Various engine characteristics can be selected via the EMS, with a map-select switch available as a PowerPart. Furthermore, a user-setting tool (also available as an option) allows data to be read from the bike by laptop and the mapping, ignition and fuel injection to be modified in a matter of a few mouse clicks.
Air Box
The airbox on the KTM 250 EXC-F Six Days allows maximum air to pass through, but minimum dust and spray. Replacement of the twin-air filter takes approx. 15 seconds, without any tools. Absolutely "READY TO RACE".
Transparent Plastic Tank
The fuel level can be seen directly from the outside on the 9.5-litre, transparent plastic tank. A micro-filter in the fuel line keeps even the smallest of particles away from the injection nozzle and now sits in the fuel line's quick-release coupling between tank and injection valve. Therefore, replacing it is child's play. 13-litre fuel tanks are available for all models from the PowerParts range. The tried and tested bayonet filler cap - including safety mechanism to prevent unintentional twisting - allows the fuel tank to be opened and closed quickly with only a quarter turn.
Slim Ergonomics For Perfect Control:
The KTM 250 EXC-F Six Days has bodywork with extremely slim ergonomics and excellent contact points between rider and machine. It provides unlimited freedom of movement. For MY 2014, the bike excels with the graphics restyled in 2013 in the colours of the ISDE in Germany.
The KTM 250 EXC-F Six Days is equipped with a tapered Neken handlebar made from high-strength aluminium alloy. In accordance with the proven KTM standard, the handlebar can be fixed in a choice of four positions. Redesigned handguards made from ultra-sturdy 2-component plastic have been fitted for the 2014 model year, ensuring more efficient hand protection. The newly installed clutch armature from Brembo has been adapted to the appearance of the brake armature.
Superior Chassis:
Telescopic Fork
The KTM Six Days models are equipped with a 48 mm 4CS closed-cartridge fork from WP Suspension. The 4-chamber technology (4CS) patented by WP not only provides a key benefit in terms of responsiveness and consistent damping characteristics, it is also lighter and oil services prove to be far simpler than on the conventional closed-cartridge versions. The setting has been made slightly stiffer and sportier for the 2014 model year to give the fork even more reserves on extremely rutted tracks as well. Naturally, the setting can easily be adapted to track and rider in a matter of a few clicks at the top of the fork: compression damping on the left-hand shaft, rebound damping on the right - another advantage of the 4CS technology.
Triple Clamp
Meticulously finished triple clamps, machined from a solid block: Not only do they look classy in anodised orange; they are also designed in such a way that they support the responsiveness and sliding behaviour of the new fork with their special shaping. The attachment points on the lower triple clamp have been adapted for new front fenders for the 2014 model year.
High Quality Wheels
The high quality, alloy wheels from GIANT made of extremely stable 7050 aluminium, featuring exclusive Six Days lettering and CNC-machined hubs, are standard on all KTM Six Days models. The MAXXIS FIM tyres provide excellent traction, very precise directional control and a long service life. An additional Six Days standard feature: the Supersprox 2-piece rear sprocket with steel outer ring and aluminium star.
High-tech brakes from Brembo have always been standard equipment on KTM offroad bikes and, together with the lightweight wave brake discs, they are the measure of all things in terms of brake technology. A new handbrake armature has been employed for the 2014 model year, with new remote reservoir, smaller brake piston diameter and a new lever with optimised lever kinematics. As a result and thanks to optimised sintered brake pads (Toyo B169), the performance and application of the front brake have been perceptibly improved again.
Individual Suspension Settings
Each EXC model has its own individual suspension settings, optimally tuned to weight and engine. At the rear, a PDS shock absorber from WP Suspension works with a direct linkage to the upper side of the swingarm. The wide range of setting options for rebound damping and high- and low-speed compression damping are standard on KTM bikes.
In keeping with KTM tradition, the frames are made from high quality, lightweight, chrome-molybdenum steel profiles. In conjunction with the rear PDS damping system, they are designed for optimum absorption of shocks introduced into the frame by the rear wheel. In response to the trend for aluminium frames followed by our rivals, we supply a high-tech steel frame that weighs approx. 0.5 kg less than the lightest competitor. Moreover, it's easier to maintain, work on it is simpler and it provides more space for the fuel tank and other components.
All KTM EXC models are designed with a lightweight, cast aluminium swingarm featuring direct linkage of the PDS shock absorber on the upper side. The aluminium casting process allows production of a single-piece swingarm with unlimited geometric possibilities and reduces inconsistencies caused by welding work. The swingarm has been designed to provide targeted flexibility on the one hand, thereby bolstering the suspension, and high torsional stiffness on the other.
With Exclusive Special Equipment:
Six Days Equipment
• 4CS closed-cartridge fork from WP Suspension with revamped settings
• Frame with high-quality orange coating in race look
• New machined triple clamps, orange anodised
• Black anodised handlebar with KTM Six Days logo
• Supersprox 2-piece rear sprocket with steel outer ring and aluminium star
• Solid rear brake disc (no slots/holes)
• Camel SXS seat with optimised foam core
• Skid plate
• Radiator guard
• Radiator fan
• Exhaust silencer with Six Days anodising (anthracite) and Six Days logo
• Wheels featuring high quality, black anodised rims made by GIANT with Six Days logo and black spokes
• Quick-release spindle at the front
• Orange radiator grille
• Orange chain guide
• New speedo from MAE
• Exclusive Six Days graphics
|Engine Type
|1-cylinder 4-stroke engine, water-cooled
|249.91 cm³
|78 mm
|52.30 mm
|Starting aid
|Electric starter/Kickstarter
|Engine lubrication
|Forced oil lubrication with 2 Eaton pumps
|Primary ratio
|Secondary ratio
|14:52 (13:52)
|Cooling system
|Liquid cooling system, continuous circulation of cooling liquid with water pump
|Wet multi-disc clutch DDS / Brembo hydraulics
|Ignition system
|Contactless, controlled, fully electronic ignition system with digital ignition timing adjustment
|Central tube frame made of chrome molybdenum steel tubing
|Shock absorber
|WP Suspension PDS 5018 DCC
|Suspension travel Front
|292 mm
|Suspension travel Rear
|335 mm
|Brake system
|Disc brakes, brake calipers on floating bearings
|Brake discs - diameter Front
|260 mm
|Brake discs - diameter Rear
|220 mm
|5/8 x 1/4"
|Steering head angle
|1,482±10 mm
|Ground clearance, unloaded
|345 mm
|Seat height, unloaded
|970 mm
|Total fuel tank capacity, approx.
|9 l Unleaded premium fuel (95 RON)
|Weight without fuel, approx.
|105.5 kg


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What could truly embarrass a politician?
We had a state senator who was running for secretary of state but was caught in a sting for illegal gun trafficking, among other charges, and is currently out on bail. It was extremely embarrassing to him and the Senate as he was at the time sponsoring legislation on gun control. He did withdraw his name from the race but the ballots were already printed. Some 287,590 people voted for him. And there's an assemblywoman who is on three years' probation after pleading no contest to shoplifting at Neiman Marcus. She now ran for state Senate and got 14,595 votes putting her in third place in a field of five, beating vote counts for the last two combined. As P.T. Barnum is credited with saying, "There is no such thing as bad publicity."
— David O. Erickson, West Covina
Five Taliban commanders dangerous to release
Tim Rutten's column (June 8) does a great disservice to his readers. It is, quite simply, not an honest assessment of the facts. He asserts that concerns about the Bergdhal trade are without any merit and are mere politics. While I am willing to await the evidence about Bergdhal's service, and give Bergdhal the benefit of the doubt and the opportunity to defend himself, one must at least acknowledge the existence of evidence against him which calls for an explanation. If we are to suspend judgment until the facts come in, shouldn't that apply to Mr. Rutten, as well? And Susan Rice, who speaks glowingly about Bergdhal on behalf of the administration? Are her comments politically motivated?
But I am much more concerned about Mr. Rutten's blithe disregard for any legitimate concerns about the five Taliban prisoners who were traded for Bergdhal.
He accuses others of mere politics, but it is hard to avoid the conclusion that anyone, other than a partisan, would dismiss these concerns.
Mr. Rutten, in his eagerness to defend the deal, does not inform his readers of some important facts. According to Stephen Hayes of the Weekly Standard, the five were commanders in a high-risk group. Mr. Rutten, who asserts that the five are "unsophisticated tribal functionaries," essentially harmless, ignores these facts. His confident assertions are, accordingly, extremely misleading — and mere partisanship.
We deserve better from our commentators. And our country deserves better from our leaders.
— Rich Mason, Altadena
Last Navajo code talker was true American patriot
I just read in the paper of losing our last surviving code talker from World War II. I remember my husband, Bob, 87 years old and a veteran of the South Pacific, talking about the code talkers of the war and what a remarkable service they had provided for our troops. I only wonder if our history teachers teach anything about the heroics of this group of Navajos that helped this country in its hours of need.
I know that World War II is much like the Civil War in its relevance to our world today, but it was what made our world today possible. It would be interesting to find out if the Navajo children are taught about the heroics of their tribesmen during that period. We are so eager to do whatever today, we forget what has made us able to enjoy what we do have. Our country has always been a varied country, with many nationalities represented, and with them, they have brought much to our country in custom, many of which we have adapted, and much pleasure and good food, too. Please, let's not forget the heroes that made that possible. Their memories still deserve our respect. Bless those Navajo code talkers for their heroic service.
— Nancy J. Krug, Whittier


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