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Course Architects: Hugh Wilson (1912), William Toomey/Howard Flynn (1920s),
Tom Fazio/Tom Marzolf (2000-12).
Year Opened: 1912
Location: Ardmore, Pennsylvania
Slope: 142. Rating: 73.6
Par: 70
Yardage: 6,996
Hole-by-Hole: 1 - Par 4 350 Yds 10 - Par 4 303 Yds
2 - Par 5 556 Yds 11 - Par 4 367 Yds
3 - Par 3 256 Yds 12 - Par 4 403 Yds
4 - Par 5 628 Yds 13 - Par 3 115 Yds
5 - Par 4 504 Yds 14 - Par 4 464 Yds
6 - Par 4 487 Yds 15 - Par 4 411 Yds
7 - Par 4 360 Yds 16 - Par 4 430 Yds
8 - Par 4 359 Yds 17 - Par 3 246 Yds
9 - Par 3 236 Yds 18 - Par 4 521 Yds
Par 36 3,736 Yds Par 34 3,260 Yds
Key Events Held: U.S. Open Championship (1934, '50, '71, '81, 2013),
U.S. Amateur (1916, '24, '30, '66, '89, 2005),
U.S. Women's Amateur (1904, '09, '26, '49),
U.S. Girls' Junior (1998),
World Amateur Team (1960),
Walker Cup (2009),
Curtis Cup (1954).
Awards Won: Ranked #8 Golf Digest - America's 100 Greatest Courses (2013-14),
#2 by Golf Digest - Best in State (Pennsylvania) (2005-14),
#10 by Golf Magazine - Top 100 World Courses (2009-11),
#7 by Golf Magazine - Top 100 U.S. Courses (2007-11),
Top 100 Most Prestigious Private Clubs in U.S. - Golf Connoisseur.
Course Record: 64 (Lee Mackey, Jr - 1950; Ben Crenshaw - 1981).
Website: meriongolfclub.com.
HISTORY: Merion Golf Club is steeped in history, dating back to 1896 when the
original course was laid out. However, in 1910 the powers that be chose to
lay out a new course to be designed by Hugh Wilson, a 32-year-old member of
the club. Wilson was sent to Scotland and England to study and play their
great links courses in an effort to gain insight and knowledge for his
crafting of a masterpiece back home.
Upon completion in September 1912, Wilson crammed 18 holes into just 126 acres
of land (some courses use over 300 acres). The Scottish immigrant also dotted
the course with 120 steep-faced, Scottish-style bunkers, which came to be
known as the "white faces of Merion." Wilson's bunkering would eventually
influence generations of architects.
Consistently ranked as one of the top-10 courses in the United States, Merion
East made its national debut when it hosted the 1916 U.S. Amateur won by Chick
Evans. It also marked the first appearance by the legendary Robert Tyre Jones
at age 14. Jones later made history at Merion in 1930 when he completed his
"Grand Slam" by winning the U.S. Amateur, following victories at the U.S. and
British Opens and the British Amateur. Jones, who also captured the 1924 U.S.
Amateur, has a plaque placed in his honor at the 11th hole commemorating
golf's grandest feat.
History at Merion is not relegated to the Amateur. The first that comes to
mind is the 1934 U.S. Open. Relative unknown Olin Dutra of Los Angeles, came
back from eight shots back after two rounds to defeat the legendary Gene
Sarazen by one.
Bobby Cruickshank held the 36-hole lead by three over Sarazen at 142, 2-over
par. Playing 36 on the final day, Sarazen took the lead with a morning 73,
while Cruickshank shot 77 and Dutra shot 71 to trail only by three. It must be
noted that Dutra, who arrived tournament week with a stomach ailment, played
the final day terribly ill with dysentery, taking pills and sugar cubes for
Cruickshank and Sarazen were even after nine holes with Dutra still trailing
by three. At the famous 11th, Cruickshank mishit his second shot, sending it
toward the creek surrounding the green. Amazingly, the ball hit a rock in the
creek and bounded on the putting surface. Shocked, Cruickshank tossed his club
up in astonishment, yelling "Thank you, Lord." Just after bellowing this
phrase, the club came down and struck him directly on his head. Cruickshank
was never the same and finished with 76, tying for third.
Sarazen suffered on the 11th as well, as he hooked his tee shot into the creek
and made a triple-bogey seven en route to a 76. Dutra played steady on the
back side with birdies on 10 and 15, and despite back-to-back 3-putt bogeys on
the last two holes, was still able to eke out the win, his second in a major
championship (he also won the 1932 PGA Championship). Dutra's winning score
was 13-over par and along with Oakmont in 1927, the second-highest score by a
winner in U.S. Open history (plus-17 in 1919 at Brae Burn Country Club). For
the week, only one player broke par and the scoring average was a whopping
The 1950 U.S. Open comes next. Just 16 months after colliding head-on with a
bus in Texas, Ben Hogan outlasted Lloyd Mangrum and George Fazio in a playoff
to win the second of his four U.S. Open titles.
The most famous picture in golf is Hogan hitting his iconic 1-iron to the 18th
green at Merion during the final round to help secure his spot in the playoff
en route to the championship. This shot also was memorialized with a plaque in
the fairway. It should be noted that Hogan needed only to play the final four
holes in 1-over par, but missed a 30-inch par putt on 15 and bogeyed the 17th
from a bunker. His approach on 18 finished 40 feet from the cup and he safely
two-putted to finish regulation at 7-over par.
Fazio struggled in the playoff, but Hogan was only one clear of Mangrum as the
trio played the 16th. Ready to play his fourth shot, Mangrum noticed a bug on
his ball and picked it up in order to blow the insect off. However, prior to
1960 this was not permitted according to the rules of golf and therefore he
was assessed a two-shot penalty. Hogan then birdied the difficult 17th and won
by four over Mangrum and by six over Fazio. For the week, the players averaged
just over 76 shots per round. Of the 27 amateurs in the field, only one, P.J.
Boatwright, made the cut. Boatwright later became the executive director of
the USGA from 1969-80.
One of the most bizarre stories that has occurred in a U.S. Open took place
in 1950. A Philadelphia newspaper on the final day ran a story that Joe
Kirkwood Sr. was killed in an automobile accident several months prior to the
championship. A man approached Joe Jr. while he was playing his last group of
holes and expressed his sympathy. Since he had not seen his father, he thought
the worse and promptly bogeyed his final three holes. Following his round, he
learned that his father was well. Unfortunately for Kirkwood Jr., he missed
the playoff by two shots.
The 1971 U.S. Open held at Merion also ended in a playoff. This time around,
Jack Nicklaus and Lee Trevino squared off in an 18-hole duel. Amateur Jim
Simons, who led after 54 holes, needed birdie on the last to join the playoff,
but drove in the rough and failed to make three.
To ease the tension of the playoff, Trevino pulled out a rubber snake on the
first tee and threw it to Nicklaus. The "Merry Mex" then went on to shoot 68
to Nicklaus' 71 and win his second U.S. Open crown. Following his win, Trevino
was quoted as saying, "I love Merion, and I don't even know her last name."
It must be noted that both Trevino and Nicklaus had chances to win the
championship in regulation, but failed to do so. Trevino's eight-foot par putt
missed on the last hole when a man fell from a scoreboard and distracted him,
and Nicklaus, needing par on the last to force the playoff, missed a 15-foot
birdie putt on the famed final hole which would have won him the title.
The victory for Trevino was his second U.S. Open title and part of one of the
most amazing feats in golf, winning the Open Championships of the United
States, Great Britain and Canada, which he accomplished in 20 days.
"The thing that intrigues me more about this golf course than most others,"
said Trevino, "is that it's a proven fact that you can have a golf course
that's under 7,000 yards long and bring a U.S. Open to it and still challenge a
golf professional."
"It's living proof and architects from all over the world should come and see
something like this," Trevino continued. "It shows you that you don't really
have to build a golf course that's a hundred yards wide fairways, and the
greens are 12,000 square feet, and it has to be 7,600 yards, 8,000 yards long.
You can still build something on 115 acres which will challenge the best."
The average score for the week was 74.23, with 59 rounds of par or better.
Simons carded the lowest round of the week, a third-round 65.
When Nicklaus led the United States to victory in the 1960 World Amateur Team
Championship at Merion Golf Club, his four-day score of 269 is often referred
to as one of the most dominant performances in golf. Although individual
scores are not recognized, Nicklaus carded rounds of 66-67-68-68 as the United
States won the event by 42 shots. Nicklaus' teammates were Deane Beman and
Robert Gardner.
The fourth and final Open held at Merion came in 1981, as David Graham became
the first Australian to win the title. Trailing George Burns by three shots
heading into the final day, Graham carded a 3-under 67 for a 3-shot win over
Burns and Bill Rogers. Burns' third-round total of 203 set a new 54-hole mark
at the time. The third round also produced the lowest score of the week, a
sizzling 6-under 64 by Ben Crenshaw. In just his second year on Tour, Crenshaw
finished tied for 11th.
Graham and Burns were even through 13 holes, but Graham took the lead with
back-to-back birdies on 14 and 15 and then parred out for his second major
title, having captured the 1979 PGA Championship. Called one of the finest
finishing rounds in Open history, Graham hit 15 of 18 greens in regulation
(missing the three other greens by inches), missed only the first fairway
(although he birdied the hole) and took 33 putts on the day.
The first round of the 1981 U.S. Open proved to be a historic one, as Jim
Thorpe garnered the lead following the opening round, becoming the first black
ever to lead the Open. Thorpe opened with 66 and finished tied for 11th with
Crenshaw and Isao Aoki.
For the week, only five players finished under par and Graham's total of 273
was one shy of the mark set by Jack Nicklaus a year earlier. Graham and Rogers
were the only players in the field to shoot par or better in all four rounds.
In addition, the course played to a scoring average of 73.63 for the week, the
lowest of all four U.S. Opens held at Merion.
In 2005, the USGA returned to Merion for the 105th playing of the U.S.
Amateur. After two days of stroke play, only four players broke par, shooting
1-under-par 69s.
The match play portion of the event dwindled down to American Dillon Dougherty
and Edoardo Molinari of Italy. Following the morning 18 holes, Dougherty held
a 3-up advantage over Molinari; however, the Italian captured the first two
holes of the afternoon session and then squared the match on the fifth (23rd
hole). Molinari, who became the first Italian to compete in the U.S. Amateur,
birdied the seventh (25th) for the lead and then extended his position with a
birdie on the ninth (27th). Molinari closed out the match with a birdie on the
15th (33rd) to win, 4 & 3.
Over the final 15 holes, Molinari was an impressive 7-under par, using just 18
putts and one-putting 10 times in his last 15 holes. With the victory,
Molinari became the first European to win the Amateur since Harold Hilton of
England captured the event in 1911. Current PGA Tour stars who competed at the
2005 U.S. Amateur included Anthony Kim, Webb Simpson, Billy Horschel, Luke
List and Colt Knost.
Following the U.S. Amateur, the USGA awarded the East Course at Merion the
2013 U.S. Open Championship. "This probably will be the most precise golf
course we play a U.S. Open on," said Mike Davis, executive director of the
USGA. "It just requires precision off the teeing ground and precision into the
greens, with your approach shots."
Next up for Merion was the 2009 staging of the Walker Cup, as the United
States overwhelmed the team from Great Britain and Ireland, 16 1/2 to 9 1/2.
The Americans had an 8-4 lead heading into the final day and continued to play
strong golf. They took three points in the foursomes matches in the morning
and lost only one match.
In the singles, the U.S. squad displayed its great depth, although the first
match went to Gavin Dear of Great Britain and Ireland. He defeated Brian
Harman, 3 & 2, but the United States swept the next three matches. Rickie
Fowler capped off a perfect week with a 2 & 1 win over Matt Haines, then Peter
Uihlein defeated Stiggy Hodgson, 3 & 1, and Morgan Hoffmann pulled off a 1-up
victory over Wallace Booth. Fowler and Uihlein both went 4-0 as the United
States captured the Walker Cup for the third consecutive time. Long-time
Merion member Buddy Marucci captained the U.S. squad. Fowler was quite
impressed with the course. "It's a special, awesome place."
With the playing of the 2013 U.S. Open, Merion Golf Club will be hosting its
18th USGA Championship, the most by any club in history. In fact, Merion has
hosted a USGA event every decade since 1900. In addition, since the playing of
the U.S. Amateur, the course has been lengthened 150 yards and since it hosted
the 1981 U.S. Open, it's been stretched some 452 yards.
"Merion and its East Course, beyond the history, is on virtually everybody's
hit list of great golf courses and great architectural features," Davis said.
"Merion itself is a true blend of short and long."
Also unique to Merion are its flagsticks, or should I say, wicker poles.
Instead of a flag on each stick, Merion has a wicker, bowl-shaped ornament
adorning each pole, a mystery that still has people guessing on its origin.
Rumor has it that Wilson got the idea from the flagsticks at Sunningdale Golf
Club outside London. Estimated at $1,000 each, the wicker flag sticks are
collected every evening and put back out each morning.
Over the past several years, Fazio Golf's architect Tom Marzolf, along with
Merion officials have lengthened the course by adding new tees and have
adjusted fairway widths, not to mention soften some of the green contours to
make the East Course U.S. Open worthy. Not that it wasn't already!
HOLE-BY-HOLE REVIEW: The course starts out innocently enough with a short
dogleg right
par-4 of just 350 yards. Let me re-phrase, there is nothing innocent at
Merion. Numerous bunkers dot both sides of the fairway, with trees guarding
left and right. A short-iron approach is left to a green that slopes from back
to front and right to left. Take advantage of the first because birdies will
not be easy to come by as play continues.
Players now cross over Ardmore Avenue to battle the next 11 holes. The par-5
second is long, uphill, and bends slightly to the left, as it has been
lengthened in recent years. Out of bounds looms along the right because the
fairway was shifted closer to the road, but two solid shots will set up a
wedge or less to a 35-yard-long green, flanked on both sides by four bunkers.
A cross bunker has been added short of the green, so the longest hitters will
now have to think about getting home in two. Birdie is possible, but make
sure you don't short side yourself.
The uphill, par-3 third, also lengthened in recent years, presents the first
really tough challenge at Merion, as there is little room for error and proper
club selection is key. Stretched to 256 yards, hitting the green will take
great skill, and even then there is no guarantee for par, as the contours of
the putting surface, which bend hard from left to right and back to front will
test even the most-skilled player. This hole ranks as the second longest par-3
in U.S. Open history. The teeing area for the third also can be used for the
sixth hole.
The demand of the course continues when you reach holes four, five and six, as
these are the most difficult on the outward nine. At 628 yards and lengthened
with a new tee, the fourth is the longest and last par-5 on the course. Trees
guard the right side of the fairway halfway down and two huge sand pits guard
the left. The right-to-left tilting fairway will move balls quickly to the
left rough, making even your layup shot next to impossible. The big hitters
can think about getting home in two, as the hole plays downhill toward the
green, but the second shot will be blind to a well-guarded green, fronted by a
creek. The layup shot will be difficult due to a side hill or hanging lie and
should be placed well short of the creek, leaving a pitch of 80-100 yards. The
putting surface slopes severely from back-to-front and is guarded by five deep
bunkers. Nothing wrong with making par on the fourth.
Now it's time to tackle the fifth. A new tee, some 60-80 yards back, has been
added to this rugged par-4, stretching it to 504 yards. The hole bends to the
left and the fairway slopes hard from right to left toward the meandering
stream that encompasses the entire left side to the green. The fairway
slightly opens up on the right side just past a 20-yard bunker, leaving a long
iron or fairway metal approach to a very difficult green, which slopes hard
from right to left. The putting surface sits precariously close to the stream,
so play toward the right and let gravity takes its course. No question, par is
a great score here. Bogey is not bad, either.
The third hole of this triumvirate is the increased sixth, which now reaches
487 yards. Out-of-bounds flanks the right side and bunkers left put an extreme
premium on accuracy off the tee. A medium-to-long iron will be required to
reach a green that is offset at an angle, making your approach shot quite
testing. Pin placement could be tricky, as three large bunkers surround the
putting surface, which features a false front. Miss long and your chance at
par is slim. Even par or better after these three holes, and you should
consider yourself fortunate.
Holes seven and eight are short par-4s and could enable yourself to get back
in the game - maybe. The seventh at 360 yards requires an iron or hybrid off
the elevated tee, as the fairway is quite tight. Out-of-bounds right, trees
and sand left must be avoided at all cost. A successful tee shot will set up a
wedge to a very narrow, but deep (41 yards) green. To make matters worse,
players must negotiate the two-tiered green, which slopes from back-to-front.
Just another one of the diabolical putting surfaces at Merion.
The eighth also suggests an iron or hybrid off the tee, which must be placed
between large bunkers right and deep rough left. Just a flip wedge approach
awaits the player to one of the smallest greens on the course, which is just
21 paces in depth and slopes severely from back-to-front. Judge the downhill
approach correctly or a huge, fronting bunker awaits. A definite birdie
The outward nine concludes with a long, downhill par-3, which now after the
addition of a new teeing area stretches to 236 yards. This beauty has
alternate teeing grounds, both right and left of the eighth green. Fronting
the long kidney-shaped green are a pond and stream, while the putting surface
itself is guarded by five nasty bunkers. With a back-left pin, you might need
to play this hole as a par four! Just another one of the many signature holes
at Merion.
The back nine begins with a short dogleg left par-4, just 303 yards in length
from an elevated tee. Your tee shot starts from a chute of trees and requires
a big draw if you have any chance of driving the green. It's certainly
possible, but quite risky, as out-of-bounds is just a few feet from the green.
The difficulty here lies in and around the putting surface, as deep fescue,
rough and sand provide plenty of cover. In addition, the green is very small
and narrow, and slopes from back-to-front with a ridge in the center. Take
some spin off your approach, or you'll spin back off the green. Nothing worse
than par is acceptable on 10.
The 11th is one of the most famous holes in golf, as this is the spot that
Bobby Jones clinched his "Grand Slam" in 1930. "I mean it's hard to think of a
moment in time in the United States that was more important than Bob Jones
winning the Grand Slam here at Merion," Davis said. "And back then, let us not
forget the U.S. Amateur was a more important championship than the U.S. Open."
The fairway has been shifted to the left, closer to a stream, so what was once
a straightaway, downhill par-4, now requires thought and extreme accuracy. A
fairway metal or long iron is the play to a narrow and blind fairway. The
approach shot will be difficult, as the green is guarded front, right and back
by Cobb's Creek and left by a deep bunker. From the rough, you'll have a
decision to make, as you'll be hard-pressed to keep your ball on the green.
The lima bean-shaped putting surface is just 23 yards deep and runs from back
to front. Par here and you'll think you made history.
Not so simple anymore, the 12th has been lengthened to over 400 yards and is
now a very difficult, dogleg-right par-4 that places a premium first on the
tee shot and then the approach. The tee area stands deep into a chute of trees
and requires a fade over a creek, some 220 yards away. Bunkers guard the left
side of the left-to-right tilting fairway, while deep woods cover the right.
Even with a successful tee shot, your approach will be uphill to a long,
narrow green, trapped heavily on both sides, with the most difficult of
bunkers on the right. The surface of the green slopes from left to right and
back to front, and although it has been tapered somewhat, it still is one of
the quickest on the course. There is virtually no chance of two-putting from
above the hole. Take par if you're lucky or bogey and move on.
Back across the road, players are greeted by the friendly and sometimes not-
so-friendly 13th, most likely your last chance at birdie. Just 115 yards, this
gem of a hole is fronted by a huge bunker with additional sand left and behind
the small 20-yard deep and sloping green. This minuscule putting surface will
yield plenty of birdies, but will certainly penalize the errant shot.
The final five holes at Merion are considered the best finishing holes in
championship golf and will test the best of players as they near the end of
their round. Many players, including 2012 U.S. Open champion Webb Simpson, who
played here in the 2005 U.S. Amateur, have commented that this is the best
stretch of holes in golf. "The last five are going to be some of maybe the
hardest that we have ever had in the U.S. Open," Simpson said.
Starting off with the 14th, this dogleg-left, uphill par-4 has been stretched
to 464 yards. Not only does it require incredible accuracy off the tee, you'll
need power out a massive blast to have a reasonable chance of knocking on your
second shot. Thick, nasty rough lines the left side of the fairway, while deep
fairway bunkers protect the right. Certainly, a draw is the play here, but
with such a narrow landing area, this might be one of those, hit and hope
shots. With a successful tee shot, you'll be left with an uphill and semi-
blind approach to a putting surface guarded by sand right and short left and a
huge, shaved slope to the left. The putting surface features a hollow in the
center and slopes quickly from back-to-front. Par will be outstanding.
Just the opposite is the lengthened, but shorter 15th, a dogleg right of 411
yards. Requiring a fade, your tee shot must carry three large, angled bunkers
that cover the corner of the bend. The last trap, which was moved closer to
the fairway, necessitates a 300-yard pop, but beware of the out-of-bounds down
the left of the tight landing area. "Those players that work it right to left
and that can't do it the other way or at least aren't comfortable in
competition, that is probably the scariest tee shot at Merion," Davis said.
With a quality tee ball, players will be left with a short iron, played uphill
to another severely sloped putting surface. Sand protects par very nicely
here, while the green itself cants from back left to front right. If the pin
is tucked back and right, be thankful if you make bogey. If the pin is up
front, make sure you stay below the hole, even off the green, as you'll have a
better chance at birdie. According to Davis, the 15th green is "one of the
most challenging greens at Merion."
The first of the final three quarry holes, the 16th features a downhill tee
shot to a narrow fairway. Trees have been cleared on the right to open up the
hole visually, but sand still remains left and right of the fairway, which, if
you land into, will leave just a pitch out to the short grass. Your second
shot on this uphill 430-yarder will be with a mid-to-long iron to an
incredibly long, 43-yard green. What makes this hole so demanding is the
second shot, which must carry over a wide quarry of sand and scrub. Even if
you reach the putting surface, your ball must be on the right level, or three-
putting or worse is a cinch.
At 246 yards from the tips, the 17th is a brute, as the player is faced with
hitting metal over a quarry to a narrow, but deep, three-tiered green. Once
again, the putting surface is surrounded, this time by six bunkers and deep
rough! Let's not forget the valley of sin short of the green. This hole is all
carry. Not so easy when your hitting fairway metal or hybrid to a spec of a
green. Lee Trevino called the difficult 17th, "the shortest par-4 in Open
If you thought the 17th was tough, well, as they say, "You ain't seen nothing
yet." The closing hole is one of the finest finishers in the game of golf. Now
measuring 521 yards from the new back markers, the 18th is the third-longest
par-4 in U.S. Open history and features a blind, uphill tee shot that must
carry back over the quarry 240 yards to an undulating fairway. If your tee
shot reaches the fairway, it's very possible to have a mid-iron to the green.
If not, the player is faced with a long-iron or fairway metal to an elevated
and domed green which slopes from right to left. Any shot short will roll back
down the fairway and long will bound over the green. Some competitors play
short of the green in hopes of bouncing up on the green. Little chance that
will happen. This could be one of the hardest greens to hold in two,
especially when needing a par on to win your match, good luck! "I would
consider 18th the toughest finishing hole in all of the U.S. Opens," said
Davis. "It requires a great tee shot, a great second shot, and it's one of
Merion's most challenging greens."
OVERALL: Prior to 2000, Merion's chances for hosting a U.S. Open again seemed
dim, but with the increased length (400-500 yards) and recently purchased land
nearby for corporate tents, the USGA awarded Merion with the 2013 Open.
This course has withstood the test of time and will undoubtedly host other
USGA events in the future. Pound-for-pound, Merion is one of the finest
courses in the world and matches up against all challengers. All you need to
know is that 1950 U.S. Open champion Ben Hogan called Merion, "The best
parkland golf course in the United States."
All aspects at Merion - layout, conditioning, clubhouse and service - are
second to none. Walking is a must at Merion, as no carts are allowed, which
gives you the opportunity to stroll these hallowed grounds where the immortal
players of the past and present have.
"This place is just magical," Davis said. "In so many ways, it's a historical,
it's an architectural treasure. From a golf standpoint, I think you could
easily say it's a landmark."
A word of advice ... listen to your caddie. They have been surveying the
course for years and know what they're doing, trust me. Your caddie will tell
you what to aim for and how to read the greens. Heck, he might even tell you
what club to use. Advise at Merion is a good thing.
At just under 7,000 yards from the tips, Merion is certainly not the longest
course in the world, but it definitely has plenty of bite, not to mention the
respect of the golf community. "I tell people all the time, it is my favorite
golf course in the world," Simpson said. "What it demands out of the players
is so different than most golf courses."
If you think you're going to post your best score ever ... good luck with
"The uniqueness of the sloped fairways, they're tight and the greens are
small," Simpson said. "There's a lot of intricacies with Merion that a player
will go around the first time and not see them all."
Not only are the greens small, as Simpson indicated, but the slope and speed
will keep you guessing. "What's interesting or, well, almost fascinating about
Merion's putting greens," Davis said, "is that in so many ways there's no
specific traits to these greens. They are wonderfully designed and I think for
that they're fascinating the more and more you get to study them, and
certainly how you approach them strategically is very important."
So, you have these tight fairways, thick rough, deep bunkers and toss in some
of the most diabolical greens around, and you still want to come back ... you
What a great mix of par-3s and par-4s and, of course, the two stellar par-5s.
The four one-shotters, although three are roughly the same in length, play
quite differently. From the slightly uphill third, to the downhill ninth over
water, the short 13th and the massive 17th, the par 3s at Merion are quite a
foursome. "I would contend three out of four of those par-3s would match up,
in fact surpass any of the par-3s of any other U.S. Open course we play," said
The par-4s are also quite interesting. Five are under 400 yards, four are over
460 and three are a little over 400. Now that's a variety. Davis continued,
"What's so neat about this architecture is that when Bob Jones was playing
here in 1930, those short holes were short. But what Merion's been able to do
is take the long holes and make them long for today's players."
When the round is complete, take time to sip a cocktail or two or grab a bowl
of Snapper Soup on the lawn adjacent to the first tee. It's worth the price of
In a word or two or three, Merion is phenomenal, awesome and grand. Those
sentiments are felt by the game's greatest, Jack Nicklaus, who said "acre for
acre, it may be the best test of golf in the world."
How can you argue with that?


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Blue Overalls Thank You
Baby Birthday Thank You Cards
Blue Overalls Thank You, Item# TYBI114
Note: Sparkles are simulated and will not light up.
Blue Overalls Thank You, Item# TYBI114
Note: Sparkles are simulated and will not light up.
Blue Overalls Return Address Labels
Your Baby Photo Postage Stamps
Blue Overalls Postage Stamps Sheet
11 Ounce Photo Mug
The "Blue Overalls" note card opens like a book. Featuring an adorable blue overall graphic, with a primary colored choo-choo train on the bib, complemented by 4 red buttons (with accents of yellow and blue). Variated blue and white stripes in the background enhance our Blue Overalls.
A custom message can be printed with flat printing inside the fold-over card (for an additional $0.50), to acknowledge that special gift.
You will be able to select the typestyle and ink colors to use for your personalized text during the design process. Start by clicking on the green 'Personalize and Continue' button. We recommend using the default typestyle and ink colors.
|Estimated Postage Required:
|$0.55 stamp - if other items are not added into the Envelope. Click here for additional postage information.
|Item Type:
|Flat Notecard
|Card Dimensions:
|4 1/8" x 5 1/2" (W x H)
|Printing Process:
|Thermography Printing
|Paper Weight:
|80 lb. White Matte Cardstock
|Typestyle Shown:
|Comic Sans
|Matching Ink Color:
|Envelopes included. Printed return address and/or Calligraphy is available for an additional cost.

subset: commoncrawl


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Ideal for sanding the edges of PETG tubing, after using a chamfer tool.
XSPC © 2003-2019, XSPC is a registered trademark
One-Year Limited Warranty: XSPC warrants products to be free of defects in materials or workmanship. This warranty does not include damage resulting from accident or misuse. If this product should become defective, return to your place of purchase. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties expressed or implied including the implied warranties of merchantability of fitness for a particular purpose, whether arising by law, custom or conduct, and the rights and remedies provided under this warranty are exclusive and in lieu of any other rights or remedies. In no event shall XSPC be liable for consequential damages.


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Ex-skiers, ex-climbers, ex-hikers take on long-distance travel with motorbikes.
Items by JT Thomas
Rural folks find common ground at a vet's office in Western Colorado.
In rural western Colorado, a vet tends to pets and their humans. Michelle Nijhuis reads her essay, along with slides by JT Thomas.
UPDATED: An audio slideshow illustrating the rise of an epidemic amidst an ongoing cultural struggle.
Backcountry seasonal ranger Tony Prendergast has spent much of the past six summers working in western Colorado's Gunnison National Forest
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land, a book of photographs by Subhankar Banerjee, stirs up so much controversy in Washington, D.C., that the Smithsonian relocates an exhibition of the images
A day spent on skis with avalanche forecaster Jerry Roberts is filled with stellar crystals, snow haiku and unexpected beauty
Today's Featured Stories
OPERATIONS AND FINANCE MANAGERGreat Old Broads for Wilderness, a national grassroots organization led by women, seeks a resourceful, self-motivated, team player to serve as Operations and Finance Manager....
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORORGANIZATIONAL BACKGROUND Colorado Canyons Association (CCA) fosters community stewardship, education and awareness of our National Conservation Lands with a focus on Dominguez-Escalante, Gunnison Gorge and...
WYOMING STATE DIRECTORSave the World ... or at least a piece of it! Join The Nature Conservancy and make a tangible and lasting impact by creating a...
PROGRAM DIRECTOR FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCACY NON-PROFIT NEAR YOSEMITEDemanding, but rewarding, advocacy work on forest, water, wildland, and wildlife issues. Applicants should have experience dealing with land management planning, public speaking, grassroots organizing,...
NEW AGRARIAN APPRENTICESHIPQuivira Coalition's 2020 New Agrarian Apprenticeships in Regenerative Ranching and Farming -Apprenticeships run 4/20 - 11/20 Applications accepted 10/15/19 - 12/1/19 NAP partners with skilled...
PHILANTHROPY DIRECTOR AT WILDERNESS WORKSHOPWilderness Workshop seeks a full time Philanthropy Director to raise funds for our team. Learn more: www.wildernessworkshop.org
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT WITH WESTERN RESOURCE ADVOCATESWestern Resource Advocates (WRA) seeks an enthusiastic and organized problem solver to join our growing team as an Executive Assistant. The Executive Assistant is instrumental...
WYOMING OUTDOOR COUNCILTwo positions: Development Director OR Development Writer, Communications Director. Full job descriptions at https://wyomingoutdoorcouncil.org/careers.
CONSERVATION PROJECT MANAGERGreat Land Trust seeks to hire a Conservation Project Manager. Position is full-time, based in Anchorage, Alaska. First review of applications will be on October...
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOREagle Valley Land Trust Executive Director Position Description Summary of Position: The Executive Director, working with and reporting to the Board of Directors, has overall...
FINANCE & LOGISTICS COORDINATORThe Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, founded in 1928 as an independent nonprofit organization, is a biological field station located near Crested Butte, Colorado. Our primary...
DEVELOPMENT DIRECTORSee Full Job Description
DEVELOPMENT COORDINATORPosition: Development Coordinator Responsible to: Executive Director Time Commitment: 15-20 hours per week, or as otherwise agreed upon General Description: The Development Coordinator assists the...
EDUCATION CENTER MANAGERFriends of Cedar Mesa seeks a full-time Education Manager for the Bears Ears Education Center to provide day to day operational and administrative oversight. See...
TROUT UNLIMITED SCP SOUTHWEST REGIONAL DIRECTORSeeking to hire an experienced advocate/manager to oversee the organization's sportsmen/women-driven advocacy in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. Open until filled
PROGRAM MANAGERfor northern AZ collaborative conservation ranchlands group
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORPartners are seeking an experienced and energetic Executive Director who is excited about the opportunity to lead our growing organization! A full description of the...
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORHigh Country News Seeks an Executive Director to advance its mission, grow its audience and influence, and strategically and sustainably guide the organization through a...
2 PROPERTIES ON THE WESTERN EDGE OF THE GILA WILDERNESSOrganic farm, hot springs, San Francisco River runs through both. [email protected]
CHUCK BURR'S CULTUREQUAKE.COM BLOGChange will happen when we see a new way of living. Thinking to save the world.


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The climate is a complex system controlled by the balance of energy between the Earth and space. The Earth receives a continuous influx of radiation from the sun. Some of this radiation is absorbed directly by the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. Some of this radiation is reflected back into space. Roughly two-thirds of this reflectivity is due to clouds and small particles in the atmosphere called aerosols.
Aerosols interact with the Earth's energy balance in two very different ways—directly and indirectly. As a direct effect, aerosols both absorb and scatter sunlight. This reduces the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface, resulting in a cooling effect on the planet. As an indirect effect, aerosols can interact with and modify cloud properties. These interactions also impact the Earth's energy budget, although there are significant gaps in our understanding of what these impacts are.
Much of the uncertainty in projections of global climate change is due to the complexity of clouds, aerosols, and cloud-aerosol interactions, and the difficulty of incorporating this information into climate models. In view of the significance of climate forcing by both man-made and natural aerosols and the relatively undeveloped ability to incorporate this forcing into climate models, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has undertaken the Aerosol Climate Initiative to address critical scientific questions related to aerosols and their impact on climate. Our vision, mission and approach for this research takes into account the complexity of climate science and the need for key advances that will help decision makers as they face policy challenges related to the environment.
The Aerosol Chemistry and Climate Institute combines the considerable resources of PNNL and the University of California San Diego, advancing the scientific understanding of how aerosols affect global climate change.


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Even Hours of Instant Messaging Can't Help Us Make Sense of 'Indiana Jones 4'
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull has been unveiled at last for international critics, and with most verdicts coming in mixed to above-average, our discriminating tastes still found much left to be desired. Defamer editor Seth Abramovitch and senior editor S.T. VanAirsdale attended yesterday's screenings in Los Angeles and New York, respectively, after which the slow process of psychological reckoning and franchise restoration began the only way they knew how: via instant messaging.
What follows contains numerous spoilers, though not much that isn't distinguishable from the trailer or the word-of-mouth teeming around the Web this morning. In any case, if you want a virginal Indy experience when the film opens Thursday, we'd recommend skipping to the next item right about now. Or join in the fray as our wounded critical minds clear the air and let the healing begin.
STV: I'm reading a few OK reviews here and there.
SA: I did that too.
STV: I don't get it; that movie was not good.
SA: No. Bad. A.O. Scott said he was bored. The opening was the most engaging part, but still not great
STV: It was engaging-ish.
SA: The whole movie felt tone-deaf.
STV: But where Raiders was a throwback to the serials of yore, this was a throwback to Raiders and as such was both parodic and, yes, tone-deaf.
SA: The rambling exposition was ridiculous.
STV: SPOILER ALERT! Shia LeBeouf is his son! SHOCKER!
SA: There were no surprises, and I don't understand the plot.
STV: OK, so: Some Russians break into Area 51 with Indy and pal Ray Winstone as their hostages. They want something in the hangar there, but it's a bombing range. That sets up a nuclear bomb point that goes... poorly.
SA: Well, we return to the massive warehouse that ends Raiders. So instantly the reference is made: This is vintage Indy.
STV: OMG there's the Ark! I wish the Russians had stolen that.
SA: Yeah, me too. So the mean Russian lady cuts open the tinfoil-wrapped alien baked potato —
STV: The heavily magnetized tinfoil-wrapped alien baked potato!
SA: That only starts pulling metal towards it when Indy arrives. Action sequence, mushroom cloud.
STV: Indy escapes unharmed, but the Feds suspect him now because he aided the Russians. He gets sent out on a leave of absence from university! Blacklisted! Jim Broadbent shows up, does dignified Jim Broadbent shit: Drinks, has an accent.
SA: Indy addresses a series of framed 8x10s of actors who refused to sign on for the sequels and/or died. He boards a train — destination: unknown. Or can't recall.
STV: Here comes Shia La Brando.
SA: His hog is his steed.
STV: Who just happens to find Indy on a moving train — from the platform. They go have a burger and Cokes at the New Haven diner where the KGB also hangs out after lower-division biology class.
SA: Indiana explains the legend of the crystal skulls, but we miss it because were too preoccupied monitoring the table behind him and how they deal with the "Shia Rewetting His Comb In Their Glass of Coke" problem.
STV: Shia: "Ugh, this is Diet! Fuck!" Anyway, they fight off the KGB. A chase ensues. They lay waste to Yale, go biking through the library. Next stop Peru!
SA: Yes! The Redline Express to savage countries guarded by a loincloth-clad, brown-peopled nation.
STV: And there's Ray Winstone again, who betrayed Indy early on by selling out to the Russians.
SA: Do they find the skull at this point? Or fend off Russians?
STV: They find the skull, then are caught and taken to a Russian fairgrounds/labor camp deep in the Peruvian jungle, where comrades dance, Marion's being held hostage and Cate Blanchett digs out her Roswell space alien. The skull has mental powers — she wants to brainwash the world.
SA: Finally, we have some idea what this movie is about. Indy is in arm restraints and goes face to face with the crystal skull. This is no ordinary quartz skull that looks like an alien head! The skull hurts his brain!
STV: And mine! Anyway, they are reunited and they escape with Shia and John Hurt, who does an hour or so of crazy-man schtick. Quicksand, snakes... Fuck it, jump ahead 30 minutes.
SA: So they escape again with the skull. Are they in Incaland yet? Does all this take place in Peru, or are they in Mexico?
STV: Your guess is as good as mine.
SA: They arrive at a Mayan temple only accessible by removing stone chads. Suddenly! 50,000 dancing chihuahuas appear! Then they are certain this place has significance.
STV: I can't keep going. The end!
SA: Shia didn't need to be in this movie; nor did john hurt. WTF was that?
STV: Shia is the future of the franchise.
SA: The whole skull thing — carrying around a Lucite skull that seems to have 1,000 purposes? Repels ants! Scares savages!
STV: The ants were horrifying.
SA: That was at least, like, something to watch.
STV: SPOILER ALERT! Those fucking ants pulled that big Russian dude INTO AN ANTHOLE AND ATE HIM.
SA: That was cool; it at least had some bite. And did you notice how Indy doesnt put up a fight? He just keeps answering every question that she asked him. Right from the first scene! 'Where is it?' 'Well, it's over here!' Or, 'See theres this legend that goes...' I mean, what happened to spitting in their faces and saying, "Never!"
STV: Yeah, fuck that.
SA: I want the old Indy.
STV: I want the Indy who steals artifacts, destroys everything in sight.
SA: It felt like Invasion of the Indy Snatchers. And the end was a mess. I have no idea what the fuck that was nor did I care.
STV: I mean, that whole alien subplot was literally laughable.
SA: What about the triple waterfall sequence? I could hear an audible groan. I mean, if you're going to just have a car tumble down three waterfalls like a pachinko machine, don't warn us ahead of time
STV: But I love, love, love that long shot of the valley below them collapsing and the spaceship flying up. Storywise, it was absurd, but the shot was fantastic.
SA: I got angry when I saw the spaceship. I felt they ruined the franchise by making it so sci-fi
STV: Maybe so. But technically speaking, it was really well-done. But then there were the monkeys.
SA: Oh yeah. Shia turns into Tarzan. They really lost their minds, kind of.
STV: Shia as Marlon Brando as George of the Jungle. I'll take at least two more installments of that.
SA: What about the cactus-LaBeouf-cockballtorture sequence?
STV: Cactus is an interesting plant variant in the jungle.
SA: Indiana Jones and the Ow LaBeouf's Balls.
STV: And poor John Hurt!
SA: I wonder what he thought when he read the script: "He caresses the crystal skull again and mutters an unintelligible phrase."
STV: His character's name is "OX." Better than "THE ELEPHANT MAN," I guess
SA: The audience was mostly dead silent for the movie. There wasn't one moment when you felt joy. I mean, there's a few stunt sequences that were well-done. That first five minutes, I liked.
STV: The drag race was a good tone-setter.
SA: Oh! Get this: our sound was out the first minute of that, which is like an eternity when fanboys are rioting.
STV: Who were those people who came out of nowhere to beat up Indy and Shia with the Parkour action moves and the blowdarts?
SA: Oh, that was killer blowdart skull mask killer pygmies! They were guarding the sound stage!
STV: I think they symbolized the fans who were down on the whole idea of Indy 4 from the start. They kick LeBeouf's ass until Ford, symbolizing Lucas, shows up to blow a poison dart in their mouths.
SA: At least a blow dart was a reference point I got.
STV: And then there's M. Night Spielberg, who must never touch the franchise again. If LeBeouf comes back, as it seems he will, give it to someone else.
SA: My friend asked why he needs to have Transformers and Indy. It's true. How much LaBeouf can one nation swallow?
STV: This movie is gonna make so much money. Paramount is going to win the summer easily.
SA: I mean, my friend liked it. Maybe it was actually a fun summer movie, and we both need attitude readjustments. The problem is that Iron Man opened two weeks ago. If it hadn't, I honestly wouldn't have remembered that a summer movie can be good.
STV: I refuse to accept responsibility for a blockbuster sucking.
SA: Even Transformers seemed more emotionally true. Giant alien robots — something to care about. I wonder if the fanboys will revolt.
STV: This movie's gonna make $400 million next weekend.
SA: How much will it really make?
STV: This is Pirates/Spider-Man territory. If they're counting over Memorial Day, easily $140. Anyway, let's end on a positive note. Man, wasn't Iron Man great?
SA: Get Smart: In theaters soon!


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OGUNQUIT, Maine — High Noon, the 1952 American Western film directed by Fred Zimmerman continues the 12th season of Ogunquit Performing Arts' Classic film series at the Dunaway Center Wednesday April 10, 2013 at 7 p.m. The film tells in nearly real time the story of a town marshal (Gary Cooper) forced to face a gang of killers by himself. High Noon won four Academy Awards and two Golden Globe awards.
This Western classic stars Gary Cooper as Hadleyville marshal Will Kane and his new Quaker bride, Amy (Grace Kelly). Just as Marshal Kane decides to retire from office and go on his honeymoon with his new bride, he finds that his happiness is short lived when he is informed that the Miller Gang and their leader, Ian McDonald (whom Kane had arrested), are due on the 12:00 train.
Pacifist Amy urges Will to leave town and forget the Millers, but this isn't Will's style. His duty has been and continues to be to protect Hadleyville. But when he asks for deputies to help him fend off the Millers, no one will stand by him. Chief Deputy Harvey Pell (Lloyd Bridges) is looking forward to getting Will's job and ex-mistress (Katy Jurado) so isn't anxious to get involved and his mentor, former lawman Martin Howe (Lon Chaney Jr.) is now too old to even handle a gun. Even Amy, who doesn't want to be around for what appears to be her husband's demise, also deserts him.
Completely alone, Marshal Kane walks to the center of town steeling himself for the showdown with the Miller Gang. Meanwhile, the clock ticks off the minutes until the train's arrival at high noon. The film is shot in "real time" so that its 85-minute length corresponds to the actual story's time frame.
High Noon, considered a landmark of the ''adult western", won four Academy Awards (including Best Actor for Gary Cooper) and Best Song for the hit, "Do Not forsake Me, O My Darling" sung by Tex Ritter. The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant," entering the registry during the NFR's first year of existence. It is also #27 on the American Film Institute's 2007 list of great films.
For an evening of suspense Western style, come to the Dunaway Center, 23 School St., Wednesday April 10, at 7 p.m., for the screening of High Noon starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly and featuring Lloyd Bridges and Lon Chaney Jr. The film will be shown on a full wall-size screen using quality projection equipment. Admission is free and there is plenty of free parking. Free popcorn, too.


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Other large ancestry groups are Irish (10.8 percent), African-American (8.8 percent), English (8.7 percent), Mexican (6.5 percent) and Italian (5.6 percent). Twenty million people, or 7.2 percent, simply called themselves "American." (Not to be confused with American Indian, which another 7.9 million people reported.)
Irish, Italian and German ancestries (in that order) dominate in the northeastern United States, with 30 percent of residents claiming at least one of the three. You're most likely to meet descendants of Germans in the Midwest, where nearly a quarter of census respondents have Deutschers in their pasts. African-American and "American" heritages are most common in the South, with 14 percent and 11.2 percent, respectively. In the US Southwest, Mexican (16 percent) and German (13.3 percent) ancestries top the list.


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The Cleveland Browns have completed their interview process and are in talks with St. Louis Rams offensive coordinator Pat Shurmur to become their head coach, league sources said Wednesday.
The Browns expect to announce the move Thursday, when Shurmur's agent, Bob LaMonte, comes to Cleveland to finalize the deal. LaMonte's clients also include Browns president Mike Holmgren, general manager Tom Heckert and executive vice president Bryan Wiedmeier.
|St. Louis Rams offensive coordinator Pat Shurmur was the first candidate to interview for the Cleveland Browns' head-coaching job. (Jeff Roberson/Associated Press)
Lamonte didn't return numerous phone messages left by The Associated Press with his agency.
Shurmur, 45, is one of the rising coordinators in the NFL, and Rams officials have said privately that they expected the Browns to hire him sometime this week.
Shurmur worked in Philadelphia under coach Andy Reid, a protege and close friend of Holmgren, and helped develop Donovan McNabb into one of the league's top quarterbacks. Shurmur also worked with Browns general manager Tom Heckert as an Eagle.
Although he lacks head-coaching experience, Shurmur's background running a West Coast offense and working with young quarterbacks appeals to Holmgren, who started his search determined to "find exactly the right person for the job who can eventually someday lead us to the championship. That is my only goal."
Holmgren wants to expand the Browns' offense, which languished under coach Eric Mangini and offensive coordinator Brian Daboll. Mangini was fired earlier this month after two 5-11 seasons.
Under Shurmur's guidance this season, Rams rookie quarterback Sam Bradford passed for 18 touchdowns and 3,512 yards -- second-most by a rookie behind Peyton Manning's 3,739 in 1998
When Shurmur departs, former Denver Broncos coach Josh McDaniels is among the candidates to replace him in St. Louis.
The Browns met with two other head-coaching candidates, Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey and New York Giants defensive coordinator Perry Fewell, over the past week. It also was assumed that the Browns would interview Eagles offensive coordinator Marty Mornhinweg, but that meeting never took place.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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One of the most interesting things about covering the electrical business is learning about the family businesses that make this industry tick. Entrepreneurs that start electrical contractors are often colorful characters with interesting tales to tell, and these stories make for great reading in CEE News. Successful entrepreneurs have that certain spark - that fire in the belly. They are leaders who make things happen.
The owners of electrical contracting firms and their families live, eat and breathe the company 24 hours a day. The company often surfaces as the main topic of discussion at the dinner table. The vice president of one family-owned electrical company said they have spent more than one family gathering immersed in discussions about the company with his cousins who work in the business. "We can't get away from it. I get tied up talking about every little detail. The wives hate it and try to get us to stop. We are in it 60-70 hours a week and then on the weekends, too. It's inescapable."
When the company scores with a big bid, the family rejoices together; when times turn tough and jobs don't come in for the company, they shed the same tears. As anyone who has lived through a family-owned business can tell you, it's an intense experience. The family relationships and sibling rivalries between "sons-of-bosses" (SOBs) and "daughters of bosses" (DOBs) bind tight and cut deep.
One of the most important chapters in the saga of any family-owned business is the story of succession. As owners approach retirement age, they must decide whether or not to groom a son or daughter to take over the reins of the company, sell it to a group of interested employees or sell out to one of the large national firms that have acquired so many family-owned electrical contractors over the past few years. It's not an easy decision for any owner, and experts on succession planning all emphasize the need for a well thought-out plan that should begin well before AARP starts sending those oh-so-humbling mailers.
A third-generation electrical contractor that has successfully plotted its succession course is the subject of one of the main features of this issue. The oldest independently owned electrical contractor in the U.S., 101-year-old E-J Electric Installation Co., Long Island City, N.Y., is featured in Staff Writer Amy Fischbach's article "Towering Security," (page 14). The article covers the security system that E-J Electric installed in the World Trade Center. Tony Mann, company president, is the grandson of company founder, Jacques Mann, and son of Bob Mann, E-J Electric's chairman and CEO.
While dozens of electrical contractors have sold their businesses to large national consolidators such as Integrated Electrical Services, Encompass, Bracknell and Quanta, independently owned electrical contractors like E-J Electric outnumber the nationals by far, and stand to play just as important a role in the electrical construction industry's future as they have in the past.
I would also like to call your attention to our new "Home Networking" department making its debut in this issue. The editors of CEE News see structured wiring for the home as one of the biggest business opportunities to come along in some time. To help you learn about this market niche, Paul Rosenberg, CEE News datacom consultant and contributing editor, will be writing a monthly correspondence course on home networking in conjunction with Iowa State University. Enjoy!


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Purchases made on KIKO are secure and guaranteed. All information relating to payments, including personal information and credit card information, is protected through an advanced encrypted data transmission system. Under no circumstances will KIKO file your credit card number, nor will it use or keep the information you provided on its own systems.
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Colores brillantes y bonitos
fijne oogpotlood
Mi básico


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The definition of pride is: a high or inordinate opinion of one's own dignity, importance, merit, or superiority, whether as cherished in the mind or as displayed in bearing, conduct.
The word "pride" standing alone can be viewed as someone coming off as a conceited, pompous, self-righteous, egotistical person. But, when you marry pride with words like honor and courage, it takes on a very different look.
I can remember this one kid when I was a junior in high school. He was a very skinny, frail, pale-looking, white boy. He was cute, too. I'd see him in the halls from time to time. I guess the way he dressed and carried himself reflected everyone's impression of him. We all knew he was gay. He just had to be. He'd always cheer with the girls during football games. His mannerisms were overly dramatic and feminine. His electives drew an even closer picture. He was in the drama club. He performed in choir class. He took art classes. I mean, he made a very good impression for himself.
Everyone in school seemed cool knowing that he was gay. That was until he decided to come out. Now, I remember that he didn't just decide to come out. He was getting sick and tired of the petty rumors and talk circulating. He was sick and tired of getting picked on. His hand was forced. The way in which he did it was bold. He wrote an article about the issue and submitted it to our school newspaper. The head teacher in charge allowed his story to be published. It pretty much went downhill from there.
I think, about a week later, I found out that he was in the hospital. Apparently, some football players weren't cool with the notion of having an openly gay kid in our school. They found him and isolated him. They beat the living crap out of him and put him in the hospital. When I found out about it, I can remember feeling really bad for him. I also thought to myself: Well, it kind of is HIS own fault for what happened. He just should've kept his mouth shut. What was he trying to pull anyway?
He came back to school about a month later. I can still remember how hurt his body looked. His face was covered in bruises. He wore a cast on one of his hands. He limped a little, but walked on through like nothing had happened. His body may have looked defeated, but his eyes said another thing. His eyes told me that he had lost his fear.
"He was simply saying: _Yes, I am gay. Please let me be who I am._ That's it. Bold and full of courage."
Looking back at that incident today, I can honestly say that I view this kid's motives differently. He demonstrated genuine courage in doing what he did. He was proud to be gay, but also humble. His pride demonstrated no connection to boasting or arrogance. His pride had no ties to conceitedness or egocentricities. When he was forced to come out, he wasn't saying: Hey, that's right, I'M GAY. LOOK AT ME. I demand respect and affection from ALL of you. No, he was simply saying: Yes, I am gay. Please let me be who I am. That's it. Bold and full of courage. Proud to have the intestinal fortitude to come out. Proud to live his true life openly, knowing what some of the consequences from ignorant and stupid people might be. Proud to refuse to continue to live in fear.
All of those feelings and emotions ran through ME that day I left the U.S. Army. I remember having to sign out on my last day at Fort Hood, Texas. I had to pick up my release papers, including my DD214 (Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty). It read: Honorable Discharge. That day, I woke up bright and early at 6 a.m. I showered up and put on my DCUs (Desert Camouflage Uniform) for what would be my last time. I professionally placed my sergeant rank on my chest. I slapped on my boots and laced them, tucking the excess shoe strings in my boot. I adjusted my beret onto my bald head and drove out towards Killeen.
The last office I had to go in and sign out of was the JAG (Judge Advocate General) Liaison Office. I got out on a Chapter 15 (Homosexual Conduct). The officer informed me of my rights and that I could never appeal this should I try to reenter the Army. I already understood this. At this point, it all was merely a formality to me. I was just happy to have that Honorable Discharge in my hands.
"I want my pride to shine through with courage and humility. There are no limits to demonstrating pride, if we can live our lives with such qualities. We will be better for it, and so will those who see us."
I can remember walking towards the front door. I calmly clicked my pen and signed their form at the front desk. As I headed towards the door, I was approached by a female Army Captain. I immediately thought to myself: Great, here it comes ... What's she going to tell me? Bye fag or something like that. How should I react? I looked around and noticed a bunch of Soldiers hovering over their desks. They all were staring at me. She opened the door for me and extended her right hand. She told me, "Thank you for your service."
I was surprised and thanked her. I shook her warm hand and left the building. It was a sunny day that day. I left that building and headed towards my truck like nothing happened. A young Army Captain was walking by me. Without hesitation, I rendered my salute. "Good afternoon, Sergeant. How you doing?" he asked me. I smiled and replied loud and thunderously to him, "HOOAH, Sir."
And that was how it went. No parades, no lavish exit dinner, no great speech to be heard. Just me hopping in my truck and getting ready to start living my life. And that's how it seemed when that young kid came back to us at school. He went on to his classes and did his thing. I like to think that my coming out, like his, was full of a quiet, humble pride. I am a firm believer that a person is defined by how he/she lives their lives. How they conduct themselves speaks volumes to EVERYONE that is watching. That kid was a trailblazer. I am a trailblazer.
I am proud of who he is and who I am. But I want my pride to shine through with courage and humility. There are no limits to demonstrating pride, if we can live our lives with such qualities. We will be better for it, and so will those who see us.
Read more of A Brighter Vision_, Enrique Franco's blog, at TheBody.com._


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Dillon Family 1
Dillon Family 1
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Prints- gallery quality print on Kodak Professional Supra Endura VC Digital Lustre Paper, archival.
Fine Art Canvases- gallery quality fine art canvas with laminate coating. 1.5" deep wood frame with standard saw-tooth hangers. Matte, Semi-Gloss or High-Gloss finish can be chosen upon request, Semi-Gloss will be chosen if not indicated otherwise.
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Thanks to CBR's enterprising Comics Twitter Directory, we're able to keep track of the multitude of comics creators and see what they're talking about. Like comics writer/retailer and friend of the blog Vito Delsante posting the full issue of his book The Mercury Chronicles (with artist Mike Lilly) on his blog. This #0 issue saw the light of day five years ago at SDCC as a giveaway for now-defunct comics publisher Speakeasy, but has been without a home since. Seems like Delsante has dusted it off and wants to see if fans would like to see more.
To find out more, we asked Delsante himself -- and here's what he said:
I just wanted more eyes on it since it's been written for years and is still not available for purchase or download. Anyone who knows me knows that it's been a bit of a labor of love, emphasis on labor (as in childbirth with contractions and it takes forever), and that the only speed bump on the road to publishing is that Mike Lilly, the artist, has been offered paying work throughout the life of the comic, which meant putting Mercury on hold until enough of a war chest was saved up. Maybe, if enough people tell Mike that they'd be willing to shell out $3 for each issue (or $20 or so for a graphic novel), maybe we can get this done. I'd contemplate making a Kickstarter project out of it, if I only knew that yes, people do want to see this.
Read the 16-page zero issue over at Vito's site, and make your voice heard if you'd like to read more on this pulp/hero series.


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Prime視力健康配方 - 單瓶裝(30份)
- 透過: Market America
- 產品代號: 13063
含有FloraGlo葉黃素與玉米黄素專業營養成分的Prime視力健康配方,基於已獲得高度認可和推崇的退化性眼睛疾病研究(AREDS2)第二代成果,該研究致力於尋找維護熟齡人士視力健康的營養解決方案。本產品配方經廣泛研究和精心選配,含有AREDS與AREDS2的成分,以及與AREDS2研究中使用的相同份量的FloraGlo葉黃素及玉米黄素。*Prime視力健康配方促進黃斑密度和視力的健康,並支援眼睛老化過程中的健康。本配方基於迄今為止最廣泛的臨床研究,致力於保護我們擁有的最重要的健康財富 — 視力。*本產品主要成分為FloraGLO®葉黃素,其獨特的淨化過程和穩定性特別經過專利認證。FloraGLO®葉黃素是有關視力健康的調查研究和臨床試驗中使用最廣泛的類胡蘿蔔素,也是保持維護視力健康的首選物質。*本配方的營養基礎由兩種抗氧化維生素C和E組成,這些營養素與礦物質鋅和銅共同幫助維護老化過程中的視力健康。*強效抗氧化物山桑果可強化血管,促進健康循環,為這些維生素和礦物質提供協效運作的支援。本配方另含有玉米黄素,是一種強效的類胡蘿蔔素,支援人體形成黃斑色素的正常功能。*Prime視力健康配方中的營養素經臨床驗證,有助維持晶狀體透明度和視錐細胞的結構完整性。本配方同時有助支援視網膜和血管的細胞健康,促進氧氣和營養素輸送至眼睛,並保護其免受氧化壓力。*
- 促進視力健康
- 支援眼部的組織與血液循環健康
- 促進健康的黃斑密度
- 隨著年齡增長有助維護眼睛的健康
- 根據退化性眼睛疾病研究(AREDS2)的用法,利用建議量的FloraGlo®葉黃素及玉米黃素
Prime視力健康配方促進黃斑密度和視力的健康,並支援眼睛老化過程中的健康。本配方基於迄今為止最廣泛的臨床研究,致力於保護我們擁有的最重要的健康財富 — 視力。*
Lutein (FloraGLO®) (10 mg)
Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in many fresh fruits and vegetables. Of the more than 600 carotenoids found in nature, lutein is one of only two carotenoids specifically located in the macula of the eye. It acts as an antioxidant to protect the eye from free radicals and supports macular pigment density. FloraGLO lutein is sourced from marigold flowers and purified from marigold flower oleoresin. It naturally contains zeaxanthin and is the world's leading patented, purified lutein. FloraGLO lutein is used in more clinical trials than any other lutein and has been shown to support eye health and maintain healthy skin. Several studies have confirmed its effects on helping to maintain healthy visual function. Additionally, FloraGLO Lutein is the source of lutein chosen by the investigators of the AREDS2 study, sponsored by the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health. This ongoing clinical study being conducted in the USA is set to evaluate the efficacy of 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin alone and/or in combination with 1 g omega-3 fatty acids to promote eye health. Another recent study showed that lutein and zeaxanthin promote vision health in healthy young adults.*
Zeaxanthin (2 mg)
Like lutein, zeaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in many fresh fruits and vegetables and is one of only two carotenoids concentrated in the eye. Zeaxanthin is the most powerful antioxidant carotenoid found in the retina. As an antioxidant, it serves to protect the eye from free radicals. Much scientific evidence suggests that zeaxanthin is beneficial for eye health and may promote healthy macular density.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) (75 mg)
Vitamin C promotes healthy vision and macular density.
Vitamin E (d-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate) (33 IU
Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant which helps to protect the eye from reactive oxygen species (ROS). It helps maintain epithelial cell health. The function of the epithalamus, located in the brain's thalamus, is to pass on nerve signals for the senses and movement. Also, supplementation with antioxidants, such as vitamin C or E, and zinc appears to promote healthy macular density.
Zinc (Lactate) (7 mg)
Zinc plays a key role in the maintenance of healthy vision. It is present in high concentrations in the eye, particularly in the retina and choroid. Supplementation with antioxidants, such as vitamin C or E, and zinc, appears to promote healthy macular density. Zinc, in combination with vitamin A and other nutrients, appears to support normal plasma membranes in the photoreceptors, support the body's regulation of the light-rhodopsin reaction within the photoreceptor, promote normal modulation of synaptic transmissions, and serves as an antioxidant in both the RPE and retina.
Copper (Gluconate) (100 mcg)
Copper-containing enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, have been shown to be highly effective in neutralizing oxygen radicals, which promotes eye health. Studies have shown that high levels of superoxide dismutase promote eye health.
Bilberry (Mirtoselect® 36 percent anthocyanosides) (50 mg)
The active components of bilberry, flavonoid anthocyanosides, are powerful antioxidants with a particular affinity for the eye and vascular tissues. Bilberry supplementation supports healthy vision. Bilberry's effectiveness for promoting night vision is contradictory, though some research has suggested that bilberry supplementation promotes healthy night vision. Bilberry acts as an antioxidant. It appears to promote healthy circulation, particularly to the small capillaries that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the eyes.
How does Prime™ Vision Eye Health Formula work?
Thanks to its unique formula utilizing clinically recommended amounts of specific eye health ingredients, Prime Vision Eye Health Formula gives the eye and its supporting structures optimal nutrition to promote healthy vision as you age.*
FloraGLO® Lutein specifically helps maintain healthy macular density, while Optisharp zeaxanthin helps protect the eye from oxidation. The combination of these ingredients — as well as the inclusion of additional nutrients found to promote eye health — allow Prime Vision Eye Health Formula to help support the various functions of the eye as you age.*
How is Prime Vision Eye Health Formula different from Isotonix® Vision Formula?
While Isotonix Vision Formula is designed for the general support and maintenance of normal eye health, Prime Vision Eye Health Formula is intended for those who have specific concerns about retaining their visual acuity through the aging process and may require a more advanced formulation.*
What is unique about FloraGLO® Lutein?
FloraGLO lutein is used in more clinical trials than any other lutein, and has been shown to support eye health and maintain healthy skin. Several studies have confirmed its effects on supporting visual function. Additionally, FloraGLO Lutein is the source of lutein chosen by the investigators of the AREDS2 study, sponsored by the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health.*
What if I am taking a prescription, is Prime Vision Eye Health Formula safe?
As with all dietary supplements, you should contact your health professional before using this product. Do not take this product with antibiotics. If you are allergic to marigold, be advised that the lutein in this product is derived from marigold extract.
What studies have been done to show that the ingredients in Prime Vision Eye Health Formula are effective?
In addition to the recent AREDS2 study touting the benefits of lutein and zeaxanthin for eye health, there are numerous studies which endorse the use of these same nutrients in similar combinations for the purpose of promoting healthy vision. These two powerful carotenoids are well established as an ideal pairing for supporting eye health. According to the results of a government study led in part by researchers at Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, daily supplements of antioxidant vitamins and zinc help maintain healthy vision. In October 2001, the National Eye Institute published the results of the original, seven-year Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). The results of the study showed that a high dose combination of vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc support healthy vision. A nutritional supplement featuring this unique combination could help you maintain a high quality of eyesight into your golden years.
Which other products are best combined with Prime Vision Eye Health Formula?
Prime Vision Eye Health Formula can be effectively combined with any other nutritional supplement related to general health, such as a Isotonix® Multivitamin, Isotonix Maximum ORAC or Isotonix Calcium Plus. In addition, it can be combined with supplements designed around specific needs, such as Heart Health™ Essential Omega III Fish Oil with Vitamin E or Heart Health Advanced Co-Q10.
- Bahrami, H., et al. Lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa: PC-based vision assessment in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial [NCT00029289]. BMC Ophthalmology. 6: 23, 2006.
- Bartlett, H. and Eperjesi, F. Age-related macular degeneration and nutritional supplementation: a review of randomized controlled trials. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 23(5): 383-399, 2003.
- Berendschot, T., et al. Lens aging in relation to nutritional determinants and possible risk factors for age-related cataract. Archives of Ophthalmology. 120(12): 1732-1737, 2002.
- Bone, R, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans. Journal of Nutrition. 133(4): 992-998, 2003.
- Bone, R., et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the eyes, serum and diet of human subjects. Experimental Eye Research. 71(3): 239-245, 2000.
- Bone, R., et al. Macular pigment response to a supplement containing meso-zeaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin. Nutrition & Metabolism. 11: 4-12, 2007.
- Bressler, M., et al. Potential public health impact of Age-Related Eye Disease Study results: AREDS report no. 11. Archives of Ophthalmology. 121(11): 1621-1624, 2003.
- Cangemi, F. TOZAL Study: an open case control study of an oral antioxidant and omega-3 supplement for dry AMD. BMC Ophthalmology. 7: 3, 2007.
- Chasan-Taber, L., et al. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70(4): 509-516, 1999.
- Chitchumroonchokchai, C., et al. Xanthophylls and alpha-tocopherol decrease UVB-induced lipid peroxidation and stress signaling in human lens epithelial cells. Journal of Nutrition. 134(12): 3225-3232, 2004.
- Christian, P., et al. Zinc supplementation might potentiate the effect of vitamin A in restoring night vision in pregnant Nepalese women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 73(6): 1045-51, 2001.
- Congdon, N., et al. Responsiveness of dark-adaptation threshold to vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation in pregnant and lactating women in Nepal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72(4): 1004-1009, 2000.
- Devamanoharan, P., et al. Prevention of lens protein glycation by taurine. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 177(1-2): 245-250, 1997.
- Hammond Jr., B. and Johnson, M. The age-related eye disease study (AREDS). Nutrition Reviews. 60(9): 283-288, 2002.
- Hankinson, S., et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. British Medical Journal. 305(6849): 335-339, 1992.
- Kassoff, A., et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Archives of Ophthalmology. 119(10): 1417-1436, 2001.
- Mares-Perlman, J., et al. Serum antioxidants and age-related macular degeneration in a population-based case-control study. Archives of Ophthalmology. 113(12): 1518-1523, 1995.
- Richer, S., et al. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry. 75(4): 216-230, 2004.
- Taren, D., et al. The night vision threshold test is a better predictor of low serum vitamin A concentration than self-reported night blindness in pregnant urban Nepalese women. Journal of Nutrition. 134(10): 2573-2578, 2004.
- Varma, S., et al. Diabetic cataracts and flavonoids. Science. 195(4274): 205-206, 1977.
- Wondmikun, Y. Dark adaptation pattern of pregnant women as an indicator of functional disturbance at acceptable serum vitamin A levels. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56(5): 462-466, 2002.


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ATV-3 departed from the International Space Station at 21:44 GMT (23:44 CEST) on 28 September in a flawless undocking under control of the ATV Control Centre in Toulouse, France and in close cooperation with control centres in Moscow, Russia and Houston, USA.
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Discover how to lead children in worship — from, dynamic children's worship leader Yancy.
As she trains worship leaders throughout the country, Yancy Richmond often quotes this mind-boggling statistic: By the time children reach age 18, they have an estimated 10,000 songs in their heads. Richmond, known onstage as Yancy, wants to make sure they're getting the right musical message.
"I want to talk about things that are important for kids to get into their brains," says the 30-year-old singer, songwriter, and worship leader. "If I teach a song filled with God's Word, and kids remember it years later, God's Word doesn't come back void."
Crank up the volume on any Yancy CD, including her new release Stars, Guitars and Megaphone Dreams (Yancy Ministries), and it's apparent why kids are drawn to her music. Her upbeat, pop-style tunes make children of all ages — and their parents — want to sing, dance, and shout. Best of all, her Bible-based lyrics make God's truth come alive in cool, relevant, and Christ-centered ways.
In person, Yancy is as colorful and creative as her high-energy songs. While her clothing and hairstyle might be flamboyant, her message is grounded in God. As the daughter of children's ministry veteran Jim Wideman, author of Children's Ministry Leadership: The You-Can-Do-It-Guide (Group), Yancy grew up in the church. For the past eight years, she's combined her musical gifts with her passion for connecting kids to Christ.
Yancy has a pitch-perfect strategy for creating worship that rocks for children of all ages and stages. "As children's ministry and worship leaders, we need to send the message to all kids — especially the older ones — that Jesus is relevant yesterday, today, and forever." But how we "package" that important message matters, Yancy notes. By packaging, she means "cutting the right bite-size piece for each person at a particular stage of life."
Read on to discover more ideas for keeping children worship.
Rockin' With Preschoolers Through fun, upbeat, action-oriented songs, preschoolers learn that Jesus is their friend. "For preschoolers, worshipping God is singing to him out of love," Yancy says. "It's more than wiggling and jumping."
Yancy offers these tips for staying in rhythm with kids this age.
Choose short songs with easily understandable lyrics and lots of repetition. Ask yourself, "Is this being said in a way that fits a preschooler's Monday through Saturday world?" Worship songs with one verse and a chorus that are sung repeatedly tend to work best with this age group. Yancy recommends songs ranging from one-and-a-half to two minutes long.
"Occasionally, it's okay to use slower songs that are a little longer because the beat is longer," she says. "But that's the exception, not the rule." For great preschool worship songs to add to your set list, check out Yancy's Little Praise Party or Group's Play-n-Worship for Preschoolers.
Teach the easiest parts first, explaining lyrics as needed. Yancy suggests teaching the chorus first because it's easiest for preschoolers to pick up. Break down the words for children, clarifying with images or motions when necessary. For example, preschoolers may not grasp that "Jesus is my Savior," but they can understand that "Jesus is my friend."
Make motions purposeful and meaningful. Otherwise, all the random-seeming movements will just be distracting to preschoolers. Have children practice the motions a few times to get a tiny taste of what they'll experience in the song.
At this point, let children sing the song, even though they haven't learned the whole thing yet. It'll seem awkward at first, but preschoolers catch on amazingly quickly. The second time through, they'll know most of the words to simple, upbeat songs.
To teach slower worship songs, take a seat. "When children sit down, it's easier for them to focus," Yancy says, "especially if you've just done a fast song." Sitting redirects preschoolers, allowing them to show God they love him in a different way.
Mix it up and make it fun. Most of Yancy's preschool worship sets begin with a few upbeat songs, transition to a slower one, and then finish with another high-energy tune. This change in tempo and intensity taps into preschoolers' short attention spans.


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It's a bit like digging for dinosaur bones.
Only in this archaeological excavation, researchers have so far uncovered 327 new tropical systems and revised the tracks or strengths of 453 more by poring through old ships reports and hand-drawn ocean maps.
This is the National Hurricane Center's project to reanalyze storm seasons from 1851 to 2000, to ensure tropical history is as accurate as possible. It's a herculean task because new meteorological techniques must be applied to dusty-old data, said Chris Landsea, the center's science and operations officer.
CLICK HERE FOR INTERACTIVE GRAPHIC: Florida's hurricanes and tropical storms, 1851-2010
"We continue to discover new tropical storms that occurred over open ocean but weren't recognized as tropical storms at the time," he said. "We've removed nine systems from the database, which we determined were not in reality tropical storms."
The job isn't even half complete. Since starting the reanalysis project in 2000, Landsea and a team of researchers, usually university students, have scrutinized 60 seasons, from 1886 to 1945. They plan to reanalyze 90 more, including 35 before 1886 and 55 after 1945.
The team most recently examined the period from 1941 to 1945 and found four new tropical systems, including a hurricane. It also revised the intensity of three hurricanes.
Notable among them was a hurricane that slammed into Homestead in September 1945. It was upgraded from a Category 3 to Category 4 with sustained winds of 135 mph.
"It was amazing the similarities that hurricane had with Hurricane Andrew," Landsea said. "Both were very small and both tracked right over Miami-Dade County."
Another similarity: Ten years after it struck, Andrew also was upgraded from Category 4 to 5.
However, while Andrew demolished whole communities, the one 68 years ago did little damage to homes because so few people lived there then. However, it destroyed 25 blimps, more than 360 planes, 150 cars and a giant blimp hangar at what was then the Richmond Naval Air Station, near what is now Zoo Miami.
The reanalysis team also downgraded the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane from Category 3 to 2. That system struck New York and killed 390 along the East Coast.
And an October 1944 hurricane, which struck Cuba, killing 315 people, was upgraded from Category 3 to 4.
To study storms that popped up more than 60 years ago, before satellites and other sophisticated observation techniques, Landsea and his researchers largely resorted to a comprehensive ships report database, kept by the National Climatic Data Center, in Asheville, N.C.
The reports were filed by both commercial and military ships that either blundered into storms or skirted around them, recording atmospheric measurements, such as barometric pressure, along the way. But the reports were usually crude. For instance, wind speeds were estimated by the amount of white froth on waves, Landsea said.
The team also found hand-drawn storm-track maps, dug into hurricane center microfilm files and perused old weather record books.
Additionally, for the 1945 Homestead hurricane, the researchers were able to draw on military aircraft reconnaissance reports. At that time, planes were just beginning to fly into storms to get more accurate readings, said Chris Luckett, who took the lead role in studying that storm while interning at the hurricane center.
"Mainly from aircraft reconnaissance reports, we noticed the wind observations didn't really match," said Luckett, today a forecaster in Albuquerque, N.M. "We had to do a lot of research to find that information."
In all, the team scrutinized 52 storms in the early 1940s, which wasn't easy because it was during World War II, when few commercial ships took to the sea and many military ships destroyed their records.
Landsea said his research team is now in the process of reanalyzing storms from 1946 through 1959. He wants to make sure the entire hurricane database has been "homogenized" with modern-day techniques because emergency managers, insurance companies and other agencies count on it to be accurate.
But he noted the tropical record may never be complete.
"No way we can go back to 1943 and take a satellite image," he said. "So there are going to be storms that we missed."
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