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Insulin's High Cost Can Lead to Deadly Rationing
This article appears courtesy of Bram Sable-Smith, Side Effects Public Media, and Kaiser Health News.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a terrible way to die. It's what happens when you don't have enough insulin. Your blood sugar gets so high that your blood becomes highly acidic, your cells dehydrate, and your body stops functioning.
Nicole Smith-Holt lost her son to diabetic ketoacidosis, three days before his payday, because he couldn't afford his insulin.
"It shouldn't have happened," Smith-Holt said, looking down at her son's death certificate on her dining room table in Richfield, Minn. "That cause of death of diabetic ketoacidosis should have never happened."
The price of insulin in the U.S. has more than doubled since 2012 alone. That's put the lifesaving hormone out of reach for some people with diabetes, like Smith-Holt's son Alec Raeshawn Smith. It has left others scrambling for solutions to afford the one thing they need to live. I'm one of those scrambling.
Not Enough Time
Most people's bodies create insulin, which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. The roughly 1.25 million of us in the U.S. with Type 1 diabetes have to buy insulin at a pharmacy because our pancreases stopped producing it.
My first vial of insulin cost $24.56 in 2011, after insurance. Seven years later, I pay more than $80. That's nothing compared with what Alec was up against when he turned 26 and aged off his mother's insurance plan.
Smith-Holt said she and Alec started reviewing his options in February 2017, three months before his birthday on May 20. Alec's pharmacist told him his diabetes supplies would cost $1,300 a month without insurance - most of that for insulin. His options with insurance weren't much better.
Alec's yearly salary as a restaurant manager was about $35,000. Too high to qualify for Medicaid, and, Smith-Holt said, too high to qualify for significant subsidies in Minnesota's Affordable Care Act insurance marketplace. The plan they found had a $450 premium each month and an annual deductible of $7,600.
"At first he didn't realize what a deductible was," Smith-Holt said. She said Alec figured he could pick up a part-time job to help cover the $450 per month.
Then Smith-Holt explained to her son what a deductible was.
"You have to pay the $7,600 out-of-pocket before your insurance is even going to kick in," she recalled telling him. Alec decided going uninsured would be more manageable. Although there might have been cheaper alternatives for his insulin supply that Alec could have worked out with his doctor, he never made it that far.
He died less than one month after going off of his mother's insurance. His family thinks he was rationing his insulin - using less than he needed - to try to make it last until he could afford to buy more. He died alone in his apartment three days before payday. The insulin pen he used to give himself shots was empty.
"It's just not even enough time to really test whether [going without insurance] was working or not," Smith-Holt said.
A Miracle Discovery
Insulin is an unlikely symbol of America's problem with rising prescription costs.
Before the early 1920s, Type 1 diabetes was a death sentence for patients. Then researchers at the University of Toronto - notably Dr. Frederick Banting, Charles Best and J.J.R. Macleod - discovered a method of extracting and purifying insulin that could be used to treat the condition. Banting and Macleod were awarded a Nobel Prize for the discovery in 1923.
For patients, it was nothing short of a miracle. The patent for the discovery was sold to the University of Toronto for only $1 so that lifesaving insulin would be available to everyone who needed it.
Today, however, the list price for a single vial of insulin is more than $250. Most patients use two to four vials per month (I personally use two). Without insurance or other forms of medical assistance, those prices can get out of hand quickly, as they did for Alec.
Depending on whom you ask, you'll get a different response for why insulin prices have risen so high. Some blame middlemen - such as pharmacy benefit managers, like Express Scripts and CVS Health - for negotiating lower prices with pharmaceutical companies without passing savings on to customers. Others say patents on incremental changes to insulin have kept cheaper generic versions out of the market.
For Nicole Smith-Holt, as well as a growing number of online activists who tweet under the hashtag #insulin4all, much of the blame should fall on the three main manufacturers of insulin today: Sanofi of France, Novo Nordisk of Denmark and Eli Lilly in the U.S.
The three companies are being sued in U.S. federal court by diabetic patients in Massachusetts who allege the prices are rising at the expense of patients' health.
Eli Lilly and Company did not make anyone available for an interview for this story. But a company spokesman noted in an email that high-deductible health insurance plans - like the one Alec found - are exposing more patients to higher prices. In August, Eli Lilly opened a help line that patients can call for assistance in finding discounted or even free insulin.
A Dangerous Solution
Rationing insulin, as Nicole Smith-Holt's son Alec did, is a dangerous solution. Still, one in four people with diabetes admits to having done it. I've done it. Actually, there's a lot of Alec's story that feels familiar to me.
We were both born and raised in the Midwest, just two states apart. We were both diagnosed at age 23 - pretty old to develop a condition that used to be called "juvenile diabetes." I even used to use the same sort of insulin pens that Alec was using when he died. They're more expensive, but they make management a lot easier.
"My story is not so different from what I hear from other families," Smith-Holt recently told a panel of Senate Democrats in Washington, D.C., in a hearing on the high price of prescription drugs.
"Young adults are dropping out of college," she told the lawmakers. "They're getting married just to have insurance, or not getting married to the love of their lives because they'll lose their state-funded insurance."
I can relate to that too. My fiancée moved to a different state recently and soon I'll be joining her. I'll be freelancing, and won't have health benefits, though she will, via her job. We got married - one year before our actual wedding - so I can get insured, too.
This story is part of a partnership that includes Side Effects Public Media, NPR and Kaiser Health News. A version of this story appears in The Workaround podcast.
KHN's coverage of prescription drug development, costs and pricing is supported in part by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation.


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Welcome to the Tan Socks fourm. this is where you can talk about the comic, make fun of the artist, and discuss things amongst yourselves.
i encourage you to be nice to one another, and not to use foul language (be creative) and not to post porn.
that's all for now- have fun!

subset: commoncrawl


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Under the work programme with Middle East and North African countries (MENA), the third meeting of the OECD-MENA Senior Budget Officials network was hosted by the authorities of the United Arab Emirates and was held in Dubai on 31 October and 1 November 2010.
The meeting was chaired by Mr. Bader Ahmed Al Qayed, Director of the Public Audit Department and Vice-Chairman of the State Finance Committee, Ministry of Finance, Qatar. The co-chairs of the meeting were Mr. Saeed Rashed Alyateem, Executive Director of Budget and Revenue, Ministry of Finance, United Arab Emirates, Mr. Mårten Blix, Director of the Budget Department, Ministry of Finance, Sweden and Mr. Gerhard Steger, Director-General of Budget, Ministry of Finance, Austria and Chairman of the OECD working Party of Senior Budget Officials.
Sunday, 31 October 2010
Welcome address by His Excellency Younis Haji ALKHOORI, General Manager, Ministry of Finance, United Arab Emirates.
Roundtable on Responding to the Crisis - One Year Later:
The agenda of last year's MENA-SBO meeting was dominated by the financial and economic crisis. The discussion revealed the great diversity in how the crisis manifested itself in individual countries as well as the range of policy responses being adopted.
This session has been designed for delegates to provide updates – one-year later – on developments in their respective countries in terms of the response to the crisis and the status of exit strategies.
The session was opened with two overview presentations – one focused on the European Union and the other on the MENA region. This has been followed by substantial time for exchanges and debates among delegates. Three countries opened the roundtable.
Opening discussants:
Implementing Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks:
Medium-term expenditure frameworks (MTEFs) are the cornerstone of well functioning budget processes. They provide baseline projections of government expenditures, most often for three years beyond the budget. As such, they are the foundation for the annual budget process and can serve to reinforce credibility in the government's fiscal stewardship. They are however complex in operation and there are many examples of unsuccessful MTEFs.
This session offer insights for the launch of MTEFs from two different points of view. The first speaker drew on the experience of OECD countries and outlined key success factors for their implementation. The second speaker presented information from the very recent and on-going launch of the MTEF initiative in Abu Dhabi. Following their presentations, the floor was opened for questions and comments by all delegates.
Long-Term Budget Projections:
Long-term budget projections provide a basis to discuss the sustainability of current public policies by qualifying and quantifying the impact of public policies with long-term fiscal consequences, as well as the impacts of demographic and other exogenous changes on selected summary indicators. Such projections have been considered best practice for budget/fiscal transparency for nearly a decade, yet their use is still limited to a relatively small number of OECD countries.
The first speaker highlighted what this effort entails and its consequences for budget institutions, even in the countries most advanced in this area. The second speaker discussed the relevancy of these techniques for the MENA region, in particular for those heavily dependant on the export of hydrocarbons, and what adjustments to the general approach – if any – may be appropriate. Following their presentations, the floor was opened for questions and comments by all delegates.
Monday, 1 November 2010
Budgetary Co-ordination across Levels of Government:
The issues surrounding the euro earlier this year brought forward the question of budgetary co-ordination between governments using the same currency. Similar issues exist within countries, especially federal ones where subnational entities enjoy substantial fiscal autonomy. Even in some unitary countries, recent decentralisation has led to concerns about national fiscal coordination and how to achieve it. Fiscal federalism issues are not new but they raise especially relevant challenges now.
The speakers presented two examples of substantially different arrangements in two federal countries whose subnational government budgets are large relative to the national government's and where they enjoy very substantial spending and taxing autonomy. Following their presentations, the floor was opened for questions and comments by all delegates.
Gender Budgeting:
Gender budgeting is a relatively recent form of analysis in budgeting. It highlights the share of the budget that benefits men and women, respectively. It is usually seen as part of a larger policy setting of pursuing greater gender equality. This session will focus on the technique for gender budget analysis.
The first speaker presented the experience of Austria in implementing gender budgeting. He highlighted the working methods for doing such analysis as well as outline how it is presented and used. The second speaker offered an overview of a recent survey of gender budgeting practices carried out in 24 countries, describing the extent and nature of initiatives taken in those countries. Following their presentations, the floor was opened for questions and comments by all delegates.
Country presentation: Performance Budgeting in the United Arab Emirates
Performance budgeting is the most important common thread of reform within the MENA region. Virtually all countries have been pursuing major efforts in the field, some for extended periods of time. Following Morocco's in-depth presentation at the Cairo MENA-SBO, this year's presentation focused on the experiences of the United Arab Emirates with performance budgeting. It is envisaged that such country presentations will become a regular feature of MENA-SBO meetings. The objective is to promote the sharing of experiences among countries – the approaches taken, the results obtained and the lessons learned.
The presentation was made by a team from the Ministry of Finance, UAE. Following their presentations, the floor was opened for questions and comments by all delegates.
MENA SBO: Organisational matters and future work:
This session discussed organisational issues for the MENA-SBO, including the selection of a new chairman and financing issues. It is also been an opportunity for delegates to identify emerging priority areas for future work, the nature of their interest in the subject and their willingness to participate in particular studies.
Related Documents


text:
Out with the old and in with the new.
After the departures of longtime stars Taran Killam and Jay Pharoah, "Saturday Night Live" has added three new cast members, NBC announced Monday.
The three newbies are Mikey Day, Alex Moffat and Melissa Villasenor, who are joining the show as featured players and will make their debuts in the Oct. 1 premiere episode.
Day, who recurred on Maya&Marty this summer, has been a writer on the iconic late night sketch series since 2013, while Villaseor was a Top 16 finalist on America's Got Talent's sixth season.
14 Superstars You Probably Forgot Got Their Start on Saturday Night Live
SNL fans were shocked this summer when it was announced Killam and Pharoah would both not be returning for the upcoming season after being released from their contacts a year early. "It sucks," SNL star Pete Davidson told us of their exits. "We're going to miss them, but they'll be fine no matter what they do. They're hilarious."
Shortly after the news broke, it was revealed both stars were cast in lead roles in their own Showtime pilots, set to debut in 2017. Pharoah will star in "White Famous," a half-hour comedy based on an idea by Jamie Foxx about a young black comedian "whose star is rising, forcing him to navigate the treacherous waters of maintaining his credibility as he begins to cross-over towards becoming 'white famous.'"
Killam, meanwhile, will star in "Mating," a half-hour anthology comedy pilot from Jason Katims (Parenthood, Friday Night Lights) and Stu Zicherman (The Americans, The Affair).
Also not returning for season 42 is freshman Jon Rudnitsky.
Season 42 of Saturday Night Live premieres Saturday, October 1 at 11:30 p.m. on NBC.


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Balance - Start It Up Freestyle [Label Submitted]
"the official video for balance "Start It Up" freestyle. Part 1 of "Murdah Monthly" series. www.balancemuzic.com twitter: @balance510 "
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Livin' like the rock stars
The gang form system for all shapes and sizes
Columns from the Framax Xlife "construction kit"
For forming columns from the Frami Xlife "construction kit"
The next generation in self-climbing formwork and working platform technology for highrise cores
In tough everyday construction site situations, everyone should be aware of the safety precautions needed for formwork that will ensure a safe jobsite. Worksite safety is the responsibility of all involved – from the engineer to the contractor to equipment suppliers and, of course, the workers themselves. The safer the work environment, the fewer accidents, or even better none at all, with the added benefit of increased productivity at the worksite.
Safety pays off at a remarkable 1:2.2 cost-benefit ratio. Not just a jobsite obligation, safety is also a key opportunity to boost on-site performance. Why not extract that extra economic benefit from your return on prevention on-site?
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Model Information
Voice Recognition
Content may not apply to all models. See Related Information or consult your owner's manual for specific information about your vehicle.
Voice Recognition System
The Voice Recognition system lets you operate all key functions of the navigation, audio, and climate control systems through simple verbal commands, so you can keep your eyes on the road and hands on the wheel. Simply press the "Talk" button on the steering wheel, and it will mute the audio system and await your command. You can state hundreds of command phrases, such as "Display gas stations," "CD play disc 4 track 3," or "Turn on rear defrost." You can also enter a specific address, as the system will recognize over a million city and street names.
Need more help? Contact your local Acura Dealer for assistance.


text:
Look to Capitalize on Momentum
NEW HAVEN, Conn.—On the heels of victories against Drew and Vassar this past weekend, the Yale women's fencing team will head to the Feb. 8-9 Ivy League Championship, hosted this year by Brown in Providence, R.I.
The Bulldogs will enter the round robin with momentum from their wins earlier in the spring. They beat Sacred Heart at home in a thrilling 14-13 finish, before posting a 2-3 record at the NYU Invitational in New York, where they defeated NYU and Wayne State.
This past weekend Yale overcame Drew and Vassar by substantial 15-5 and 19-8 margins, respectively. That result included a 9-0 shutout by the sabre team in the match against Vassar and a 9-0 clean sweep by the epee squad against Drew.
Both new and experienced fencers stepped up to the challenge, and will be looking to do so again at the Ivy League Championship. The Bulldogs will seek to improve on their performance at last year's championship, where a tough day of competition left the team with an 0-6 record.
Performance at the Ivy League Championship, as well as earlier in the season, will be combined to determine which fencers advance to the Mar. 9 NCAA Northeast Regional, held this year in Wellesley, Mass. Before that event, the Bulldogs will also compete at the USAG Collegiate Nationals on Feb. 23 at Penn in Philadelphia.
Fencing at the Ivy League Championship will kick off at 11:00 a.m. on Saturday and 11:00 a.m. on Sunday.
Report filed by James Lu '14, Yale Sports Publicity.


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A reflection of a bridge.
Hi! I'm Victoria, and I'm from Chelmsford, UK.
I love photography, especially macro photography. I also enjoy keeping fit, listening to music and reading.
You can keep up with my latest photographs and news updates on my Facebook page, by typing VAWPhotography into Facebook's search.
If you have any queries or requests, please don't hesitate to contact me through my Facebook page.


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The Massachusetts chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations is calling for a hate crime investigation after someone threw rocks into the windows of the Islamic Society of Greater Nashua in New Hampshire.
Officials say two windows were damaged Sunday night while people prayed inside. Witnesses reported seeing three juveniles leaving the area, according to Nashua Police.
Police said they received a report 20 minutes earlier of three juveniles throwing rocks in an adjacent area.
CAIR noted that the crime occurred on the anniversary of the 9/11 terror attacks.
Volunteer President Muhammad Akbar said one rock narrowly missed a worshiper sitting near the windows.
He added that they have been holding their prayer services in this area for three years and have never seen something like happen.
There is no word yet from police on whether the incident is going to be treated as a possible hate crime investigation.


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Saved from eviction… for now
Ronald de la Cruz addresses a crowd of activists who have turned out to help stop his family from being evicted from their home for failing to keep up mortgage payments. Ronald is a Dominican man who bought a flat in Villaverde Alto, Madrid, in 2004 for 216,000 euros. After losing his job in the construction sector, he was unable to keep up payments on the flat and the bank valued it at half its original price. This negative equity, plus interest and legal fees mean Ronald will still owe the bank thousands even if it manages to take back the property. On this occasion, the protest outside the flat persuaded the legal authorities to suspend the repossession for several days, just minutes after Ronald spoke to supporters. The PAH anti-eviction platform estimates that around 200 evictions are taking place in Spain each day.


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Obama's not-so-super PAC
Last spring, Sean Sweeney — a co-founder of Priorities USA Action, Barack Obama's not-so-super super PAC — rode an elevator up to a donor's office atop a Chicago skyscraper, hoping to ride down with a big check.
His pitch: Sure, Obama has made a career of railing against the power of big money in politics — but the president's 2012 campaign needs a handful of his rich supporters to write six- and seven-figure checks to counter the hundreds of millions Karl Rove and others plan to raise for Republicans.
Story Continued Below
Sweeney's host leaned back in his chair, pained expression on his face, and asked: "Is this what we've become?"
Unfortunately for Sweeney, who declined to comment for this story, Obama feels the same way. That's a major reason Priorities USA Action and its nonprofit affiliate raised only about $5 million through the first half of 2011 — less than half of the $12 million collected by the super PAC supporting Mitt Romney.
But the scorching effectiveness of the pro-Romney PAC attack on Newt Gingrich in Iowa, and the lack of a defense from any super PAC supporting the former speaker, has some of the president's top campaign officials questioning a clean-hands stance born of principle and circa-2008 political packaging.
"I don't think the president is just ambivalent about his super PAC. He's flat-out opposed to it," said former South Carolina Democratic Chairman Dick Harpootlian, a member of the Obama campaign's national finance committee who has raised more than $200,000 for the president's Chicago-based campaign so far this cycle.
"I was at the national finance committee in Chicago, and these are the people with these connections, and nobody was talking, even behind the scenes, about writing checks to the super PAC," Harpootlian said. "That's a problem. We didn't make the rules. The president has called out the Supreme Court on Citizens United to their faces. … But it's the state of play now, and we have to look at what Romney's PAC did to Newt in Iowa. It's dangerous. We can't unilaterally disarm."
So far, Obama and his inner circle have mostly avoided the kind of donor schmoozing that made rich supporters want to open their wallets wide to help Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and that's made fundraising tough for Sweeney, his partner Bill Burton and allied outside groups.
Obama's campaign has pledged that neither the president nor his aides will raise money for super PACS, but his team recognizes the magnitude of the threat. For the first time, Obama's senior campaign staff will allow their top bundlers to ask wealthy contributors for donations to Priorities USA Action, POLITICO has learned.
A pair of 2010 federal court rulings, including the seminal Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, paved the way for super PACs and nonprofit groups to accept unlimited contributions to air campaign ads. While federal law bars them from coordinating with the campaigns they're trying to assist, team Obama's decision to greenlight bundler cross-pollination sends a clear message of support.
And Obama's campaign has found other ways to reach out to potential super PAC contributors, including dispatching Vice President Joe Biden to speak to an invitation-only meeting of major donors in November, hours after attendees heard pitches from representatives of Priorities USA Action and its affiliate Priorities USA, as well as other Democratic outside groups.


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Tom Groggin 1-50,000 scale Vicmap Topographical map is used for Walking, 4WD, Fishing, Camping, Motorcycle, both On and Off Road, Gold Prospecting and for those simply going for a family weekend drive.
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text: WILKES-BARRE - Two young girls were hospitalized in critical condition Sunday, a day after they were wounded in a shooting at a northeastern Pennsylvania apartment complex, authorities said. A 2-year-old girl is in critical condition and a 5-year-old girl in critical-stable condition after the shooting Saturday afternoon in Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne County District Attorney Stefanie Salavantis said. Salavantis told the Wilkes-Barre Times Leader the girls appeared to be living or staying in the apartment where the shooting happened. No arrests have been made. Salavantis declined to discuss the investigation in detail out of concern it could hamper police efforts. 'This case is very important to me,' Salavantis told the newspaper. 'My thoughts and prayers are with the family right now. I'm very grateful that both children are still alive.' The shooting happened around 1:30 p.m. Saturday at the Sherman Hills Apartments but police released few details about what happened. Brian Lee, 34, who lives in an adjacent apartment complex, told the Scranton Times-Tribune he heard screaming and ran to see what was happening. 'I saw the cops carrying a little girl. They put her down, trying to do CPR on her. Then they carried another kid down,' Lee said. The girls were airlifted to Geisinger Medical Center in Danville. Authorities did not release their names.


text:
LONDON/JOHANNESBURG (Reuters) - A U.N. committee has completed the draft design of a fund to help developing countries tackle climate change, paving the way for its launch in 2013, the U.N.'s climate chief said on Friday.
Last year, countries agreed to create the 'Green Climate Fund' to channel up to $100 billion a year by 2020 to help developing countries fight climate change.
An international committee in charge of designing the fund met this week in South Africa, but some organizations accused the United States and Saudi Arabia of hampering the process.
Negotiators from around the world will consider whether to approve the design at next month's U.N. climate summit in Durban, at which hopes have faded for sealing a new globally binding climate pact to succeed the Kyoto Protocol from 2013.
"The Committee ended its work by submitting for consideration and approval in Durban both a draft instrument for the Green Climate Fund and recommendations on transitional arrangements to get it launched quickly," Christiana Figueres, executive secretary of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, said in a statement emailed to Reuters.
"The submissions (...) include a strong signal to engage the private sector and a solid basis to develop country-driven operations through direct access to funds."
"Once approved in Durban, they would allow the fund to grow quite quickly, especially as the financial environment improves, and the way would be open for a fairly rapid set-up of the fund in 2012 and full initial operations in 2013," she added.
The UK-based International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) said on Thursday that the United States and Saudi Arabia had withdrawn their support for the overall design of the fund due to concerns about some wording of the text.
Ambassador Luis Alfonso de Alba, Mexico's special climate envoy, however, told Reuters on the sidelines of a pre-COP 17 ministerial briefing in Stellenbosch outside Cape Town that while there were some concerns about the document from the two countries, he did not see any obstacles to its implementation.
"What is important is that we agreed to forward that document to the COP for action," he said.
"We still need to do a lot of work in identifying the sources (of funding) and combination of public and private sources ... this will take us some time next year."
Host South Africa stressed that the issue of financing has been overshadowed by the global economic crisis.
"I have no doubt that the G20 finance ministers do not need much persuasion; the problems stem from the short-term financial crisis. The green climate fund will have to grow to receive anything close to the $100 billion annually," said Dumisa Jele, chief of staff at the presidency.
At a U.N. meeting in Panama last month, more than 100 of the world's poorest nations accused the United States of blocking talks on how to scale up climate finance.
Some of the poorest nations in Africa and Asia, which are particularly vulnerable to climate change, have been urging more direct access to the fund and want to ensure green finance is in place before committing to a binding climate pact.
They argue that national climate change trust funds in developing nations should be able to access the Green Climate Fund directly, rather than going through a third party such as the World Bank, which entails long delays and excessive paperwork.
"Direct access means that you don't have to go through implementing agencies. Many developing countries already have the capability of developing and implementing their own projects, to address their needs directly," Bernarditas Muller, the chief negotiator for the G77 group of developing nations and China, told a briefing in Johannesburg.
"Most important of all, it will allow equal access for developing countries. We need predictable financing to be able to do long-term adaptation and mitigation planning."
Additional reporting by Wendell Roelf in Cape Town, editing by Jane Baird


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Skip to Content
Room: UW2-218
Phone: 425-352-5332
Box: 358531
Academic Interests
Dr. Van Galen's research focuses on social class and social mobility through education. Most recently, she has focused on ways in which new forms of participatory digital media enable the inclusion of more voices in deliberations about civic and cultural life. She is currently guest editing a special issue of the journal Excellence and Equity in Education on bridging new digital divides in uses of social media as a means of supporting civic engagement and agency.
Recent Courses Taught (Selected):
BEDUC 320: Education and Society
BEDUC 325: The Dream Project
BEDUC 417: Families, Communities, and Schools (Preservice)
BEDUC 425: Professional Practice Seminar
BEDUC 427: Reflection on Professional Practice
BEDUC 437: Technology in EducationBEDUC 491: New Literacies for Digital Learning
BEDUC 455: Meanings and Realities of Inequality
BEDUC 501: Inquiry in Education
BEDUC 522: Education and the American Dream
BEDUC 555: Families, Communities, and Schools (Graduate)
BEDUC 565: Technology in Education
BEDUC 567: Telling our Stories as Teachers: Digital Storytelling and Teacher Reflection
IAS 300: Community Engagement and Participatory Media
Professional Activities
American Education Research Association
Phi Delta Kappa
American Educational Studies Association
Working Class Studies Association
Association of Working Class Academics
Honors and Awards
Ph.D. Sociology of Education, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
M.Ed. Special Education, Eastern Kentucky University
B.S. Education, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay
Selected Publications and Presentations
Van Galen, J. (2014). Mediated Stories of Educational Mobility: Digital Stories in Teacher Education. Book chapter in J. Flores Carmona and K. Luschen (eds). Crafting Critical Stories: Toward Pedagogies and Methodologies of Collaboration, Inclusion, and Voice. Peter Lang Publishers
Van Galen, J. (2014). Introduction to the Special Issue: New Media Literacies, New Digital Divides, and Educational Access. Equity and Excellence in Education, 47, 1.
Van Galen, J. (2012). Learning in the Digital Age: Control or Connection? Rethinking Schools, Winter. pp. 4651.
Van Galen, J. (2010). Class, identity, and teacher education. The Urban Review, 42, 2, p. 253.
Van Galen, J. (2008). Teachers in class. Equity and Excellence in Education, 41,1, I98-113
Van Galen, J. (2007). Late to class: Social class and schooling in the new economy. Educational Horizons, 85, 156-167.
Van Galen, J. and Dempsey, V. (Eds) (2009). Trajectories: The Educational and Social Mobility of Education Scholars from Poor and Working Class Backgrounds. Sense Publishers
Van Galen, J. and Noblit, G. (Eds.) (2007). Late to Class: Schooling and Social Class in the New Economy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Van Galen, J. and Noblit G. (in press), Late to Class: Schooling and Social Class in the New Economy. SUNY Press.
Van Galen, J., (2004) School reform and class work. Journal of Educational Change, 5, 111-139.
Van Galen, J. (2004) Seeing classes: Toward a broadened research agenda for critical qualitative researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 17, 663-685.
Van Galen, J. (2003) Guest Editor, Special Issue: Rising Up: Critical Educators from Poor and Working Working Class Backgrounds. Educational Foundations.
Van Galen, J. and Sillins, V. (2001). Juxtaposing Research, Theory and Practice: A Course for Inservice Teachers. Teacher Education Quarterly.
Van Galen, J. & Navarro, J. (2001) When foundations faculty design teacher education: a narrative of triumphs and tensions. Educational Foundations, 15, 55-70.
Van Galen, J. (200) Education and Class. Multicultural Education, 7, (3), 2-11.
Eaker, D. and Van Galen J. (eds.) (1996) Caring in an Unjust World: Negotiating Borders and Barriers in Schools. Albany: SUNY Press.
Van Galen, J. & Pitman, M.A. (eds.) (1991). Home schooling: Historical, Political and Pedagogical Perspectives. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.
Book Series Editor:
Mobility Studies in Education. Sense Publishers.
Professional Presentations: International
Van Galen, J. (2011). No, I never tell my story: Social Class, Mobility and Teacher Education. International Conference on Digital Storytelling, Lillehammer, Norway.
Recent Professional Presentations: National
Van Galen, J. (2015). Blogging and conversations around excellence in teaching. Panelist, the American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education, Atlanta.
Van Galen, J. (2013). Digital Bridges: Participatory Media and Foundations Courses. American Educational Studies Association, Baltimore.
Van Galen J. (2013). Panelist: edTPA: Friere or Foucault? American Educational Studies Association, Baltimore.
Van Galen, J. (2011) Reframing Retention: Mentoring and Leadership Development in the UWB Dream Project. American Education Research Association, New Orleans.
Van Galen, J. (2011). Working Class Students and the Participation Divide: Learning in Participatory Culture. Working Class Studies Association, Chicago.
Van Galen, J. (2011). An Excellent Teacher in Every Classroom: Digital Divides in Participatory Culture. American Educational Studies Association, St. Louis.
Van Galen, J. (2010). Telling our stories as teachers: Multimedia Authoring as Reflective Identity Construction. American Educational Studies Association, Denver.
Van Galen, J. (2010). Mediated narratives of social class. American Education Resesarch Association, Denver.


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Biomarker subanalysis of the phase III study of regorafenib vs placebo in TKI-refractory metastatic GIST
Detection of oncogenic kinase mutations in circulating plasma DNA and correlation with clinical benefit
- Date: 10 Apr 2013
- Topic: Translational research / Sarcomas
Researchers using a tool called BEAMing technology, which can detect cancer-driving gene mutations in patients' blood samples, were able to identify oncogenic mutations associated with distinct responses to therapies used to treat patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST), according to data presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013, held in Washington D.C., April 6-10.
GRID (GIST–Regorafenib In Progressive Disease) is a phase III study for patients with advanced GIST following failure of imatinib and sunitinib who were randomized to receive either the multikinase inhibitor regorafenib or placebo. Regorafenib demonstrated a highly significant improvement in progression-free survival compared with placebo (HR 0.27, p<0.0001).
A preplanned retrospective biomarker analysis was conducted to assess GIST genotypes in GRID patients and to explore the possible impact of different driver oncogene mutations on clinical outcomes.
Dr George Demetri, director of the Ludwig Centre at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School in Boston and colleagues conducted this exploratory analysis on patients in the GRID study to assess GIST genotypes. They isolated DNA from archival tumour tissue, which was then analysed for mutations in two genes, KIT and PDGFRA, which generate the cancer-driving proteins that are the targets of imatinib, sunitinib and regorafenib. The researchers believed that primary mutations would be detectable using traditional analysis, but that those mutations that developed after treatment with imatinib and sunitinib would not be detectable. They then took blood samples drawn at study entry after failure of both imatinib and sunitinib, and analysed them for mutations via BEAMing technology.
Mutations in the KIT gene were detected in 60% of the blood samples compared with 65% of the tumour tissue samples. However, when focusing their analysis on secondary KIT mutations, which are the mutations that drive resistance to targeted therapies like imatinib and sunitinib, the researchers found mutations in 48% of blood samples compared with only 12% of tissue samples. In addition, nearly half of the plasma samples in which secondary KIT mutations were identified harboured multiple secondary mutations, consistent with the results of previous studies on fresh tumour biopsies taken following resistance to both imatinib and sunitinib. Regorafenib was clinically active compared with placebo in all KIT mutational subgroups evaluated, including in patients with secondary KIT mutations.
According to Dr Demetri, these results show a clear association between the presence of different cancer-driving gene mutations in patients' blood samples and clinical outcomes.
The researchers concluded that in GIST patients from the GRID trial, driver oncogenic mutations and secondary oncogenic mutations leading to imatinib and sunitinib resistance are readily detectable via BEAMing of circulating DNA from plasma. BEAMing may provide a real-time assessment of tumour genotype in GIST and other cancers using blood-derived circulating DNA that may be more comprehensive than tumour sampling. GIST patients with a wide spectrum of primary and secondary mutations in oncogenic kinases benefit from treatment with regorafenib.


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Height/Weight: 6'2"/192 lbs
Acquired: 2nd rd '09 (Ward-Melville HS)
Born: 5/29/91
2009 Rank: NR
Why Ranked Here: The Mets signed Matz, their first pick in the 2009 draft at #72 overall, for $895,000 on August 17th, making Matz, who grew up a Mets fan on Long Island, very happy. Now it's his turn to return the excitement for the team and its fans.
On the day Matz signed, the Mets Director of Amateur Scouting, Rudy Terrasas explained what attracted the Mets to Matz, "The first thing that we were really impressed with Steven was his size, he's 6'4", 195, and he's lefthanded. We liked his delivery. We liked his arm action. We liked the athleticism. We liked the way he competed." Matz grew late in high school, which helped him add velocity, pushing him into the low 90s with regularity. He also attempted to add a slider last winter, but, by his own admission, that project was not an immediate success, as he felt more comfortable with his fastball, curveball and changeup.
Matz slips ahead of Juan Urbina because his fastball is presently better and he's 20 lbs bigger. Matz can work in the low 90s, while Urbina's heat at that velocity is still a projection. Also, if Matz was able to induce $900K from the Mets, wouldn't he have been worth more than Urbina's $1.25 million on the open market?
2009: Matz signed too late to appear in a GCL game, but reported for instructs in the DR.
Dr. Pangloss Says: Matz and Urbina give the Mets two potential LHP starters in the slightly distant future.
Debbie Downer Says: MLB teams drafted 71 players ahead of Matz in the '09, so not everyone was as excited about him as the Mets.
Projected 2010 Start: Kingsport or the GCL, where with success, he'll make a cameo in Brooklyn or Savannah.
MLB Arrival: Mid-late 2014


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In Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage, players assume the role of Ken, a man with seven scars on his chest and the chosen successor of the legendary assassin's art known as Hokuto Shinken. Sworn to protect the weak and innocent from malicious gangs roaming the post-apocalyptic planet, players use Ken's trademark moves to decimate enemies on his quest to find his long-lost love.
Tearing through the scorched landscape, manga and action fans will pummel their way through dozens of enemies at once and crush obstacles in their path, using them against their foes. They will execute blistering finish attacks in faithfully recreated environments ripped straight from the comic legend. But Ken doesn't need to fight alone – he's joined by an unforgettable cast of playable characters from the Fist of the North Star universe, including Mamiya and Rei, among others.
Back in October of last year we reported that Tecmo Koei had announced a new game based on the popular-in-Japan manga, Fist of the North Star. Today, the European leg of the publisher has revealed that the title will be coming to the European market sometime this summer. Read More »
Fist of the North Star is one of the most well-loved and famous manga of all time. The 25-year-old series is getting a new lease on life according to a press release sent out by publisher Koei earlier today. At a conference held in Japan, a new project based on the license -- called Hokutou Musou -- was confirmed for both PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 after an initial reveal video played at the recent Tokyo Game Show.
Get more details after the jump. Read More »
Also known as: Dynasty Warriors: Fist of the North Star, Fist of the North Star Warriors, Hokuto no Ken Hokutou Musou
Release Region: United States
Release Date: November 2, 2010
Publisher: Tecmo KOEI
Release Region: United Kingdom
Release Date: November 5, 2010
Publisher: Tecmo KOEI
Release Region: Australia
Release Date: February 8, 2013
Publisher: Tecmo KOEI
Release Region: Japan
Release Date: December 31, 2010
Publisher: Tecmo KOEI
Also available on: Xbox 360
Fist of the North Star... at IGN
Fist of the North Star... at GameSpy
Fist of the North Star... at GameStats


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innmunities suffocation
The place to discuss using and abusing the first edition Mutants & Masterminds rules. Rules questions, rules interpretations, house rules, and more rules.
4 posts • Page 1 of 1
innmunities suffocation
if a character's players has inmunitties for suffocation, he don't need breath or he dosn't breath at all, i asking for the gas generation power and others like that
When immune to suffocation, it can mean one of several things, though all with the same effect, game wise. Either the person has a mask or other air supply that means he doesn't need to worry about breathing the air around him, or he has no need to breath, like a vampire. Either way, he could avoid gas attacks that require the gas to be inhaled simply by either using his alternate air supply, or not breathing. But gas attacks that cause damage on contact, or don't need to be inhaled, would still get by it. Real world equivalents of things that would get past immunity: suffocation would be things like mustard gas, which is highly corrosive, or some nerve gasses, which only need contact with the skin to work. Immunity to suffocation would not be a sure defense against biological weapons either.
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When Ben Rybeck signed up for a University of Southern Maine class called "The Phenomenology of Performance: David Bowie," he wasn't quite sure what to expect.
He knew the professor, Shelton Waldrep, to be a thoughtful, well-prepared teacher who challenged students. Still, he had never taken a course like this, and it made him wonder.
Could a course on a glittery, gender-bending pop music star be as challenging as, say, in-depth studies of the works of James Joyce or Charles Dickens? Or would the course be filled with Bowie fans hoping for an in-class Bowie love fest?
"I was surprised, in a good way, by the level of difficulty of the criticism we had to read," said Rybeck, who took the course about five years ago and now teaches English at the University of Arizona. "He (Waldrep) uses this very populist material and funnels it into some of the most difficult critical text, such as pieces on gender and performance.
"I think in an academic setting, people think if you're not studying Dickens or Joyce you're not doing serious analytical work. But the popular material can often teach you a lot more about the times in which they were made."
Bowie, 66, is releasing his first album in 10 years, "The Next Day," in stores on Tuesday. The event is causing fans and critics to reflect on a 40-plus year career that has significantly impacted the worlds of music, fashion, film, performance, art and pop culture.
But very few fans take such a wide-ranging, critical-analytic look at Bowie's cultural significance as Waldrep, a USM English professor since 1998. He became a Bowie fan in college, when he first heard Bowie's 1980 album "Scary Monsters."
As an academic, Waldrep has been teaching a Bowie seminar for more than 10 years, and wrote about Bowie in his academic book "The Aesthetics of Self-Invention: Oscar Wilde to David Bowie" (University of Minnesota Press). He's been working the last few years on another book, focused solely on Bowie, titled "Future Nostalgia: Performing David Bowie."
Waldrep is trying to finalize a publishing deal for the book, and hopes to finish it this year. The book is not a biography or a retrospective, but instead a critical look at the various stages of Bowie's career and the impact his work in so many areas has had on popular culture.
"The book is an attempt to bring the strands of his career together, looking at things like his connection to Lady Gaga and his connection to disability studies (Bowie's half brother was schizophrenic)," said Waldrep, 52. "I think what makes him stand out in popular culture is that he has exposed people to ideas that come from the avant garde consistently throughout his career."
In his Bowie seminars at USM, Waldrep says studying Bowie helps serve as a way to "dissolve the boundary" between high and low art, which is an increasing trend in academia. He thinks it's an important thing to do when trying to study a certain culture at a certain time.
"If we dismiss a lot of popular culture, we miss an opportunity to learn a lot about ourselves. The novels we read and the music we listen to are important to us; we care about them," said Waldrep. "It's not just a novel or a film, it's an artifact that tells us something about the culture we live in."
In the area of pop culture, Waldrep also co-authored a book called "Inside the Mouse: Work and Play at Disney World." But he teaches poetry and Victorian literature as well, and wrote a book called "Inauthentic Pleasures: Victorian Fakery and the Limitations of Form."
Waldrep admits he is a Bowie fan, but wasn't always. In fact, growing up in the college town of Tuscaloosa, Ala., he had no interest at all in pop music. He preferred classical music, and was more interested in science than literature or pop culture.
But then he heard Bowie's "Scary Monsters" in college, and it started him down a different path.
"It was the first record I played over and over," Waldrep said. "And then I found a book that was a very brief but prescient examination of Bowie's career at that point (around 1980). I think my interest goes back to that."
In college, Waldrep ended up majoring in English and art history, with a minor in creative writing. When he began teaching, he gravitated toward popular culture, and his USM superiors allowed him to start the Bowie seminar.
"Shelton brings together so many different things in his class, from performance studies to art history, media studies. It cuts across so many forms of media and technology," said Ben Bertram, an English professor at USM and chairman of the department.
In his seminar, Waldrep spans Bowie's career and its various periods, from his Ziggy Stardust glam period in the '70s to his video experimentation, his "Berlin trilogy" albums, his pop-hit album "Let's Dance" and his work through the 1990s and today.
Waldrep knows the class might raise some eyebrows and might be thought of as too fluffy for a senior college course. So he constantly works to try to keep the academic standards on a level with literature or other more traditional college subjects.
"I know there are conservative lit majors who don't think (Bowie) is worthy of this attention," said Waldrep. "And then there are people who take the class thinking it'll be all fan tidbits."
Although Bowie's new album is not yet in stores, it is available for streaming online, so Waldrep has heard it.
"It's very melodic, with a lot of short intros and guitar fuzz, and some sly references to his own past," he said. "There's a song about wandering around in Berlin, 'Where Are We Now,' that's very moving and emotional. It's the only ballad."
Because the book he's currently working on is not a biography, Waldrep did not seek approval from Bowie. In the past, he has reached out to Bowie's people to try to talk to him, even though the somewhat reclusive star is well-known for not cooperating on such matters.
But Waldrep said he may try again to talk to the man who inspired his college course.
If Bowie's career is any indicator, his attitude on anything — including talking to writers — could change.
Staff Writer Ray Routhier can be contacted at 791-6454 or at:
Twitter: RayRouthier
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She remembers seeing sparks—bright blasts of gunfire that hit her mother and her 6-year-old sister. The night was Aug. 13, 2004, and a young girl named Sandra Uwiringiy'imana was in the middle of a massacre in Africa. There were men with machetes and guns, slashing throats and burning bodies. Ten-year-old Sandra first fainted, then ran, only to find herself with a gun pointed at her own head. In that moment, she remembers thinking, "Goodbye, life."
Today Sandra is a high-school junior in Rochester, N.Y. She hangs out at the mall and goes to the movies with her friends. She moved to the U.S. with her family in 2007, with the help of a United Nations refugee program. When she first told her friends her story, they didn't believe her. "They were like, 'No way,'" she says. "But I can understand this. It's hard to picture that people can be so cruel."
Sandra grew up in the South Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. One of seven siblings, she remembers living in a modest home and studying hard at school but facing discrimination against her ethnic group, the Banyamulenge, which had deep roots in the area—but across the border in nearby Rwanda. "Some people didn't view us as truly Congolese," she says. "Our noses were thinner." Her father advised her to ignore slurs from other students.
Ancient tensions and turf battles between tribes and communities in Africa are the root of some of the most horrific violence in modern times. Millions have died in civil war in the Congo; despite the signing of peace accords in 2003, conflicts continue in some areas. Sandra's family was caught in one of those clashes.
In her area of Kivu, which had long been embroiled in ethnic disputes, the fighting escalated in 2004. Sandra and her family fled for a refugee camp across the border in Burundi, along with fellow members of her tribe.
They barely made it there alive. Along the way, Sandra says, a group of armed men and boys stopped the car. "I was sitting next to my little sister. She was 6 years old. This guy broke the window and punched my sister in the face," she says. "They threatened to burn us and shoot us. They took everything we owned—our watches, our necklaces. There were little kids with guns, trained to kill."
She and her family were saved, she says, by one of the armed men, who apparently took pity on them: "A guy came out of nowhere and said, 'You need to get out of here before you die.'" He paid the driver, and the family sped away to the sound of gunfire.
At the refugee camp, near the city of Gatumba, the family packed into tents. Days were spent waiting in line to obtain fresh water from a tank. Meals consisted primarily of rice and beans. Sandra kept thinking she would go home soon.
The massacre came after three months, when a rival group known as the Forces Nationales de Libération attacked the camp. "It was around 10:30 at night," Sandra says. "We were inside the tent, falling asleep. I could hear my mom out in front, talking with my aunt. Suddenly I hear my mom screaming, 'Get up! Get up!' I see my aunt's arm barely hanging by the skin. Blood is shooting out."
People began fleeing through a hole in the side of the tent, only to face bullets. "Everyone who ran out of there got killed, including my cousin," Sandra says. "Then two men came in and said they would help us. I was with my mom, my little sister, and my aunt. We went with them, but somehow I thought, these guys are dangerous. I ran back to the tent to hide under my mattress. I heard one of the men say, 'Shoot them.' I saw sparks going through my mother."
Sandra believes that she blacked out from fear underneath the mattress, which may have saved her. She next remembers waking up with the tent burning around her. When she made her way outside, a man pointed a gun to her head. And then, in a strange twist of fate, another man violently kicked her to the ground—before the gunman could pull the trigger. That, too, she thinks, saved her life. "I got up and ran," she says. "I saw my great-uncle—he had been set on fire. He was screaming. My best friend's brother was dead. I thought, this only happens in movies."
She fled to a nearby farm, joining other tribe members. There, a man told her he had seen her mother, and Sandra said that was impossible. She was wrong—her mother had survived. When the two found each other, they were so emotional, Sandra says, "we could barely speak." Her younger sister didn't make it out alive. The rest of the family did.
The next day, Sandra and her family walked through the charred camp. She saw the spot where her sister and aunt had been shot, now a bed of ashes and burned bodies. Some 166 people died in the attack. More than 100 others were injured.
In the following months, the family simply tried to survive, Sandra says, first by staying with acquaintances in Burundi and then by getting a small apartment in Rwanda. "We all shrank," she says, recounting how much weight everyone lost as a result of stress and poverty. "My mother, always a tall, big, strong woman, became so tiny, it didn't seem possible."
When her father heard the U.N. was helping survivors of the massacre move to the U.S., he applied for the program. In 2007, after several rounds of interviews, the family got the news: they were moving to the States. "It was unbelievable," Sandra says, laughing when she recalls a series of training sessions on how to live in America, where she learned not to stare. "Then we flew to New York City, and there was a snowstorm. It was so scary. I thought, oh my goodness, these people live in ice."
The family settled in Rochester, and Sandra, then 13, started high school, even though she didn't speak English. Her first impression of America: "Everyone was obsessed with their cellphones!"
The adjustment was "really hard at times," she says. The family had to learn to navigate a new world. Her parents found odd jobs, such as cleaning. Early on, her father was hit by a car while riding his bike. No other refugee families from Congo were in the area, Sandra says, as the rest were scattered around the States.
Sandra learned English by watching cartoons and taking classes, and gradually began making friends. Over the months, she found her footing, in part through a group her older sister helped form, called the Foundation of Hope, which helps refugees from the massacre connect.
Now, every year on Aug. 13, the anniversary of the attack, the survivors living in the U.S. meet. "We sing, we talk," says Sandra, now 17. "We remember." In recent years, Sandra has begun taking portraits of the people at these gatherings. "It's another way to tell their story," she says. Her brother Alex Ngabo takes portraits with her, and the two have their first exhibit in Rochester this month, at the Visual Studies Workshop.
Opening night was heartening, Sandra says, as friends and classmates showed up to cheer her on. She's not sure they all fully believe her story. "I know they look at me and think, this girl is something else," she says. That's for sure.


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Subscribe To ABC 2014-2015 Schedule Moves Scandal, The Goldbergs And Others, Saves Agent Carter For Later Updates
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ABC has released its 2014-2015 lineup. It includes a slight move for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., which will return for Season 2 this fall, but will air an hour later than usual. Meanwhile, Scandal and Grey's Anatomy have been shifted up on the Thursday night schedule.
Among the new series are AMERICAN CRIME, Black-ish, Cristela, Forever, Fresh Off the Boat, GALAVANT, How to Get Away with Murder, Manhattan Love Story, Marvel's Agent Carter, SECRETS AND LIES, Selfie and THE WHISPERS.
ABC's fall primetime schedule is as follows (all times listed are Eastern); new shows are in bold:
Returning drama Resurrection is set up on Sunday night, along with Once Upon a Time and Revenge.
I think The Goldbergs' move to Wednesday nights will be a good thing. I hope so, anyway as it's wedged between The Middle and Modern Family. Meanwhile, we're not seeing Agent Carter on the lineup, but ABC says that's one of two shows (Dan Fogelman's Galavant -- pictured above -- is the other) that will "serve as bridge programming between the fall finales and winter premieres of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Once Upon a Time respectively." So we might expect to see Peggy Carter on the small screen sometime in December? ABC doesn't specify a month.
We'll have more information, photos and videos for the new shows coming soon. In the meantime, you can view the Fox lineup here and the NBC 2014-2015 lineup here.


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These songs will have you moving to the beat while you learn the letters of the alphabet. For each letter, a phonics song and an action song are given. The two CDs include vocal performances for easy learning of the songs, and accompaniment (karaoke) tracks for the action songs so they can be sung in classroom or performance. �In the Digital Resources, the songs in the collection are given in two formats: PowerPoint and Smart Notebook files. Teachers who have a computer/projector or a Smartboard will love the simplicity of projecting the words to the songs and using the linked audio. �This resource now includes Quick Time Kids Demo movies of each of the songs.
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A former CIA agent who was punished for publishing a memoir in the 1970s about intelligence failures in the Vietnam war has come down hard against former NSA contractor Edward Snowden.
Frank Snepp, who served at the U.S. embassy in Saigon for five years, wrote in the Los Angeles Times that Snowden "may have sparked an important national privacy debate, but he did so through reprehensible actions that harmed national security."
Snepp also takes offence at Snowden's aversion to the U.S. legal system — "Yet, for all that I suffered personally, I never ran or tried to hide." — and pushes back on Snowden's claim that he didn't want to hurt vital intelligence programs.
He claims his only concern is for privacy. But many of his leaks, like those exposing National Security Agency operations against Chinese targets, and those involving critics and allies in Europe and Latin America, have nothing to do with 4th Amendment protections for American citizens and everything to do with ingratiating himself with potential benefactors, from Beijing to Moscow.
Had he read though his stolen documents, moreover, he would have realised that Russia and China are as aggressive as anyone on the planet in attacking our digital firewalls. If he were to cripple the NSA, which seems to be his real purpose, he would simply be sabotaging our defenses against governments that abhor our constitutional values, including privacy rights.
Andrei Soldatov, a Russian investigative journalist and Russian security services expert, echoed that there seemed to be a shift in Snowden stories from spying on ordinary citizens to stories about political espionage on targets such as one of German Chancellor Angela Merkel's cell phones.
"I don't want to care about security of German officials. And I don't think that German citizens should care about theses things because it is a task for German security services," Soldatov told BI. "And to be frank it's a traditional espionage: It's not about privacy, it's not about public interest anymore."
The larger context of the Snowden revelations is the global debate over control of the Internet, according to Soldatov. Consequently, he finds it odd and frustrating that Snowden, who currently lives in Russia, and primary source Glenn Greenwald have not expressed any criticism toward oppressive countries.
"It seems to be completely crazy because we need to talk about all security services," Soldatov, co-author of the definitive book on Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), told BI. "Why is it all about Americans? They are missing the point."
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Pandora has become so popular it feels as if it's almost ubiquitous. Yet, as Bloomberg points out, it has fewer active users than Rihanna has Facebook fans.
Pandora has 54.9 million active users currently, while Rihanna has 63 million fans on Facebook.
So Pandora has claimed only a small part of the music listener universe. And as the chart below shows, user growth at Pandora isn't very aggressive — it doesn't look as if the company is going to double its user base anytime soon.
This isn't a business problem for Pandora until you look at it in the context of Pandora's overall user base and its contractual relationships with artists like Rihanna.
Sound Exchange, the artists' royalties company that distributes fees from online music companies, paid out $122.5 million to its artists in Q3 2012. According to Pandora's most recent quarterly filing, it paid $60 million to Sound Exchange artists, after booking about $90 million in ads played between those songs.
So even though Pandora is the biggest music streamer, it might be less than half of the entire music streaming universe (Spotify and various radio stations make up the rest).
At the same time, Sound Exchange and the artists it represents is lobbying against Pandora's desire to lower the royalties it pays even further. Lower royalties would ensure Pandora's economic survival, but it would make the service even less important to huge artists like Rihanna. If Pandora doesn't get those lower royalties, it will eventually run out of cash (absent debt or third party financing).
Lastly, Rihanna's Facebook page functions like a giant ad for her new album on iTunes.
In other words, Rihanna doesn't need Pandora financially as much as Pandora needs Rihanna.
And that's a huge problem for Pandora.
Until now, Pandora's argument has been that without it, artists would lose the huge revenue stream it pays them. But for the most important artists, Pandora is something they'll barely notice if it went away.


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Cables, Power, Tweaks, Speakers, Accessories (DBT-Free Forum)
Useful Links
Describing Sound -- A Glossary.
Due to the flame wars that erupt as a result, this, and the other forums (other than the Sound Science forum), are DBT and ABX-free zones and posts about either will be moved or deleted. See Jude's original post on the matter.