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Encrypt files with bcrypt in Puppy
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[12 Posts]
Joined: 06 Aug 2005
Posts: 322
Location: Manila
Posted: Fri 11 Nov 2005, 04:07
Post subject:
Encrypt files with bcrypt in Puppy
Is there any encryption scheme for Puppy? I want to encrpyt my file called
and sent it via email. At the receiving end, there's also a Puppy PC that will decrpyt my secret file with a password ofcourse. Atleast using 32-128 bit encryption.
# cipher --passwd puppy106 topsecret.doc topsecret.encypted
# decipher --passwd puppy106 topsecret.encrypted topsecret.doc
"If you have knowledge, let others light their candles in it."
~Margaret Fuller
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Posted: Fri 11 Nov 2005, 04:14
Post subject:
bcrypt is easy to use
man page:
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Puppy Master
Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 4078
Posted: Fri 11 Nov 2005, 04:38
Post subject:
by the way, bcrypt is available for Win32 too
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Ted Dog
Joined: 13 Sep 2005
Posts: 4013
Location: Heart of Texas
Posted: Fri 11 Nov 2005, 04:58
Post subject: already in puppy!
bcrypt is already in puppy v1,06. You are good to go!
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Official Crustacean
Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 15520
Location: Paradox Realm
Posted: Fri 11 Nov 2005, 05:22
Post subject:
Go to the directory where your file is
right click with ROX and select
Xterm here
# bcrypt mysecret.txt
mysecret.txt is the name of your secret file
You will then be prompted for an encryption key (twice - use the same one)
- if you can not tell the person or send a secure encryption key- then use a word only they would know and provide this in a seperate email
Encryption key:
a file is created called
This is encrypted. You send that.
To decrypt
bcrypt mysecret.txt.bfe
and put in the Encryption key when prompted
mysecret.txt is restored and readable . . .
Hey this would be a great/easy project for someone to put a front end on. Anyone up for it?
Frequently Asked Questions
BusterPup CE ... testing ...
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Joined: 08 Jun 2005
Posts: 1124
Posted: Fri 11 Nov 2005, 05:30
Post subject: awesome
Very nice. Another app already in puppy getting some attention.
Verynice indeed. Maybe this is why an announcement of packages
would be nice. Especially upgrades
Heaven is on the way, until then let's get the truth out!
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Joined: 08 Aug 2005
Posts: 10
Location: Bracknell, UK
Posted: Fri 11 Nov 2005, 08:17
Post subject:
Another thing to note about bcrypt is that is will overwrite the input file with random data, to make it unrecoverable. (The default is 3 times, but you can tell it to do more).
This seems useful in itself, because (as in other OS's) "deleting" a file will still leave it in a recoverable state. Puppy does not have the Linux "shred" utility, which is usually the way to destroy files securely.
So, to get rid of a file more securely, why not bcrypt it with a random password, let the input file be shredded, and then delete the encypted version.
Does this seem a reasonable procedure?
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Official Crustacean
Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 15520
Location: Paradox Realm
Posted: Sat 12 Nov 2005, 04:40
Post subject: encrypt or decrypt
Hey this would be a great/easy project for someone to put a front end on. Anyone up for it?
OK I have made a start . . .
using just two lines of code - oh OK 3 if you include the header . . .
FILE=`Xdialog --title "Choose file to encrypt or decrypt" --fselect / 28 48 2>&1`
rxvt -e bcrypt $FILE
Look under
Dotpups and stuff
for the 007 program for the installable version
PS - the shredding idea is good too "I did not eat those fish - quick destroy the evidence"
Frequently Asked Questions
BusterPup CE ... testing ...
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Posted: Sat 12 Nov 2005, 07:21
Post subject: Re: Encrypt files with bcrypt in Puppy
gliezl wrote:
Is there any encryption scheme for Puppy? I want to encrpyt my file called
and sent it via email. At the receiving end, there's also a Puppy PC that will decrpyt my secret file with a password ofcourse. Atleast using 32-128 bit encryption.
# cipher --passwd puppy106 topsecret.doc topsecret.encypted
# decipher --passwd puppy106 topsecret.encrypted topsecret.doc
I made a dotpup for GnuPG, which is the open source version of PGP. It's a public key encryption program, which is very good for email. If you're using Thunderbird for your email client there is a very good gui for GnuPG which installs as a plugin/extension into Thunderbird. I don't have the url handy, but you can do a search for GnuPG and get more information on it.
There isn't a parallel of latitude but thinks it would have been the equator if it had had its rights. ~ Mark Twain
Remember, democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts and murders itself. There never was a democracy yet that did not commit suicide.
~ John Adams
...democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths. ~ -James Madison, Federalist Paper 10
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Johnny Reb
Joined: 05 Aug 2005
Posts: 132
Location: The Confederate States of America (occupied)
Posted: Sat 12 Nov 2005, 07:33
Post subject:
That last post was mine, it seems my login expired on me.
When the Founders thought of democracy, they saw democracy in the political sphere, a sphere strictly limited by the Constitution's well-defined and enumerated powers given the federal government. Substituting democratic decision-making for what should be private decision-making is nothing less than tyranny dressed up. ~ Walter E. Williams
Fifty-one percent of a nation can establish a totalitarian regime, suppress minorities and still remain democratic. ~ Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
The human race divides politically into those who want people to be controlled and those who have no such desire. ~ Robert A. Heinlein
He who dares not offend cannot be honest.
~ Thomas Paine
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Posted: Sat 12 Nov 2005, 15:31
Post subject:
Just curious, PGP uses private and public keys which makes it possible to share info without have to agree on any specific code solution and the code will change according to the pivate key you uses to open your info, hope you can follow what i mean. The question here is , in wich way are bcypt unbreakable. compared to PGP.
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Official Dog Handler
Joined: 04 May 2005
Posts: 13343
Location: Arizona USA
Posted: Sat 12 Nov 2005, 15:51
Post subject:
I think I know enough about the subject of encryption to say with confidence that nobody claims any encryption process is impossible to break, only that it would take so long that it isn't worth doing. (Unless you have an unlimited budget and nothing better to do.)
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Review of "Self Comes to Mind" by Antonio Damasio (BSP 90)/
Episode 90 of the Brain Science Podcast is a discussion of Self Comes To Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain, by Antonio Damasio. Damasio's book focuses on the answer to two key questions: How does the brain generate the Mind? and, How does the Brain generate Consciousness? His approach is unusual because many scientists and writers treat the Mind and Consciousness as identical. In contrast, Damasio argues that Mind precedes Consciousness. Listen to this podcast to learn how the Mind becomes Conscious.
How to get this episode:
Premium Subscribers now have unlimited access to all old episodes and transcripts.
New episodes of the Brain Science Podcast are always FREE. All episodes posted after January 1, 2013, are free. See the individual show notes for links the audio files.
Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain, by Antonio Damasio.
The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, by Antonio Damasio.
Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions, by Jaak Panksepp.
The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions, by Jaak Panksepp and Lucy Biven.
Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind, by Evan Thompson
Psychology (10th Edition) by Carole Wade and Carol Tavris.
I of the Vortex: From Neurons to Self, by Rodolfo R. Llinas.
For more references see the episode transcript.
Related Episodes of the Brain Science Podcast:
BSP 65: Jaak Panksepp talks about the subcortical origins of emotions
BSP 89: Evan Thompson talks about his book, Mind in Life
Next month's Brain Science Podcast will be a return interview with Jaak Panksepp to talk about his new book, The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions.
Please check out my other podcast, Books and Ideas.
The earliest episodes of the Brain Science Podcast are no longer available from iTunes but you can get them here or by buying the Brain Science Podcast app, which is available for iPhone, iPad, and Android.
Get my eBook, Are You Sure? The Unconscious Origins of Certainty, from Amazon.com for only $3.99.
Social Websites for the Brain Science Podcast: Discussion Forum on Goodreads, Facebook Fan Page, Google+ page.
Don't forget to get some high quality Brain Science Podcast Logo gear from Printfection.
Sign up for the Brain Science Podcast Newsletter so you never miss a new episode.
Send me feedback at email@example.com or follow me on Twitter (@docartemis).

subset: commoncrawl


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Sunday, 1 April 2007
A Pot of Goodness
It's not the sort of elegant course that lends itself to glossy photos in Gourmet Traveler but given I most often eat it in my PJs while watching TV, I think that's best for all concerned.
Apart from a little chopping there is minimal labour involved. The perfect bowl food to cradle at the end of the day.
La Potee
A note on the title. There's nothing distinctly French about this but I'm rather fond of the rustic farmhouse image it conjures up. It was also the title of one of the dozens of recipes that inspired this pot of goodness.
180g/ 6oz piece of pancetta cubed
180g/6 oz green-brown lentils (canned are fine)
1 tablespoon olive oil
1 carrot chopped
2 medium onions, peeled and chopped
2 celery stalks, sliced
225g/ 8 oz tin crushed tomatoes
3 cloves garlic, peeled and crushed
1.75 litres/3pints stock ( If it's 8pm midweek a nice short-cut is stock made up from chicken stock cubes and bacon stock cubes)
225g/ 8 oz cabbage, finely shredded
salt and freshly milled black pepper
In a large pot fry the pancetta without any additional fat until browned. Watch it carefully to prevent burning. Add in chopped carrots, onion and celery and allow to cook in the fat released by the pancetta. Stir in the lentils plus the contents of the tin of tomatoes followed by the crushed garlic then the stock.
As soon as the soup comes to the boil, put a lid on and simmer, as gently as possible, for about 1 hour. About 15 minutes before the end add the cabbage. This is a good time to warm up some bread in the oven. Season to taste. Serve with warm crusty bread.
This freezes brilliantly. Next time you want to be spared an hour aimlessly searching the supermarket for dinner inspiration, pick up some crusty bread and heat up a bowlful instead.
5 comments:
- Adski said...
Hey, I know what you mean about it being a good time for comfort food! That soup would be amazing comfort food! I love the change in seasons, which means all new types of ingredients at the markets and new recipes to try out. Just tonight I made a Ragu, which simmered for 3 hours! Love the comfort food!
- 2 April 2007 at 2:58 am
You should come to Sydney and cook that for me!
- 2 April 2007 at 3:33 am
- Anh said...
Truffles, this one-pot dish sounds brilliant. I love to eat in my PJs, too. Your post is all about comfy!
- 2 April 2007 at 3:41 pm
Oh my Goodness that looks nice! I think I will stock up my freezer.
- 2 April 2007 at 6:42 pm
- Truffle said...
Thanks adski! Your ragu sounds gorgeous.
Anytime anon. Sydney is my hometown :)
Thanks Anh. Comfy is always my desired effect this time of year.
Thanks very much Anon. I'm a big fan of anything that makes a hearty dinner straight out of the freezer.
- 3 April 2007 at 12:05 am


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The Kellogg Company, the world's leading cereal producer, has agreed to settle Federal Trade Commission charges that a national advertising campaign claiming that a breakfast of Frosted Mini-Wheats was "clinically shown to improve kids' attentiveness by nearly 20% " were false and violated federal law. The proposed settlement bars deceptive or misleading health claims for Kellogg's breakfast and snack foods and bars the company from misrepresenting any tests or studies. There was no admission of wrongdoing or financial penalty according to the FTC news release April 20, 2009. Dr Stephen Barrett in his Consumer Health Digest, states that Kellogg's 9007 sales exceeded $11 billion. Dr. Barrett's free newsletter is sponsored by Quackwatch and The National Council Against Health Fraud.
In a letter to the FTC Dr. Michele Simon, Director, Center for Informed Food Choices (CIFC) summarizes beautifully some of the outstanding issues on false health claims in food marketing for kids and names several examples. Nutrition experts agree these health claims boil down to nothing more than marketing gimmicks to increase sales by health-conscious parents. Marion Nestle, a Professor of Nutrition at NYU is more blunt: "Food companies are desperate for sales and growth and if they can use 'health' to sell junk food, they will," she said. That goes for foods for grown-ups too.


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Making Valentine cards proved to be more than just a fun and creative lesson for second graders at Scobee ES. The students made cards for the elderly residents at Sarah Roberts French Home, the oldest continuously licensed nursing facility in Bexar County.
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The "LibraryPalooza, That Author Thing!" will be held from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on Saturday, Feb. 27 at Brandeis HS. The teen Author Fest will include authors Leigh Bardugo, Kiera Cass, Michael Grant, April Henry, George O'Connor, and Brandon Sanderson.
Some of the hardest working employees in NISD are the police officers who keep our students, staff and schools safe and secure. NISD police officers are fully Certified Texas Peace Officers which means they have all the authority and training of municipal police officers. But in NISD, they receive additional special training to work with students and their families.
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Northside prides itself on the music program offered at all 75 elementary schools. Students learn to read music, are introduced to a variety of instruments, and develop skills to equip them to be successful in life, all while having fun.
Last night, Trustees discussed and took action on several items: appointed principals for Briscoe MS and Rhodes ES, received a report that 100 percent of NISD teachers are "Highly Qualified" and recognized two national champion FFA teams from O'Connor HS.
Check out the latest interviews on Northside Speaks to hear Northside ISD experts talking about interesting topics and activities happening within the District.


text: Home Bed Bases Double Beds 4'6 Double Beds 4'6 Order a standard size double bed today, built to fit yourdouble mattress measuring 135cm by 190cm. Double beds are one of the most common UK bed sizes, we have a range of double bed frames to choose from – from white double bed frames to a fabric divan bed base with storage or without. Alternatively, shop for a metal double bed frame or a pine wooden double bed, even bunk beds. 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text:
THE CSIs INVESTIGATE THE MURDER OF A BASE JUMPER WHO PLUMMETED TO HIS DEATH AFTER RACE PIGEONS DROP OUT OF THE SKY AND SABOTAGE HIS PARACHUTE, ON A REBROADCAST OF "CSI: NY," WEDNESDAY, JULY 4
Kyle Gallner ("Veronica Mars") and John Wesley Shipp ("Dawson's Creek") Guest Star
"Sweet 16" -- While filming a promotional spot, a base jumper plummets to his death after his parachute is punctured by pigeons, leading the CSIs to the competitive world of pigeon racing and to a second victim, a prominent trainer who was also murdered, on a rebroadcast of CSI: NY, Wednesday, July 4 (10:00-11:00 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network. David Jackson directed the episode written by the series' consulting producer Ken Solarz. (Originally broadcast 11/22/06)
Kyle Gallner ("Veronica Mars") guest stars in a recurring role as Reed Garrett, a young man who discovers that Mac is his step dad. John Wesley Shipp, who is best known to television audiences for his parental role as Mitch Leery on "Dawson's Creek," guest stars as Patrick Quinn, the step father of a pigeon trainer.
While investigating the death of a base jumper, Mac, Danny and Det. Flack discover the body of a trainer found brutally murdered on his roof and whose pigeons where poisoned. Meanwhile, Stella, Lindsay and Dr. Hawkes arrive at an elaborate Sweet 16 party that turned deadly when the birthday girl's father is found dead behind the wheel of her new $60,000 dollar car.
Det. Mac Taylor: Gary Sinise
Det. Stella Bonasera: Melina Kanakaredes
Danny Messer: Carmine Giovinazzo
Lindsay Monroe: Anna Belknap
Dr. Sheldon Hawkes: Hill Harper
Det. Don Flack: Eddie Cahill
Dr. Sid Hammerback: Robert Joy
Reed Garrett: Kyle Gallner
Patrick Quinn: John Wesley Shipp
Candace Broadbent: Josie DiVincenzo
Autumn Archerson: Maitland McConnell
Debra Archerson: Stacy Haiduk
Jesse Quinn: Erik Scott Smith
Chaz Archerson: Sean Rose
Edward Archerson: Tim Abell
Paige Rowand: Jana Kramer
Jo O'Keffe: Lela Loren
Howie Davis: Gino Montesinos
Ray Seeley: Trevor Graciano
Snake Charmer: Karl Brian Miller
Tim Swirsky: Levi Ogner


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"The Sorcerer's Apprentice"
Nic Cage and Jay Baruchel star in this reimagining of a classic tale set in New York City.
We don't waste our time on anything not worth your time. We celebrate the best of what's coming on film and TV. We cheer when our expectations are met and criticize when we're let down.


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Techie fired after Tweeting about men's comments
(AP)—A female technology developer has been fired after tweeting about a group of men she said were making sexual comments at a Silicon Valley technology conference.
Adria Richards wrote on her blog, butyouragirl.com, that she was seated in a ballroom at the conference in Santa Clara on Sunday when the men behind her started talking about "big dongles."
A dongle is a device that plugs into a computer, but Richards said the men made the comment in a sexual way.
She turned around, took a photo of the men and posted it on Twitter with their alleged comments.
The men were later escorted from the room by conference staff.
Richards, reached Friday by The Associated Press, said she couldn't comment. But she confirmed her blog and tweets and reports that she's been fired.
Explore further
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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fashizzlepop wrote:Lol,. It's illegal to download ANYTHING.
There is a difference in pirating material and downloading material.
I am assuming that remark was sarcasm...
fashizzlepop wrote:Lol,. It's illegal to download ANYTHING.
thehackertoyou wrote:Okay, well, I kind of have to have windows, but I'll try linux sometime. Also, I've heard you guys mention a torrent, or bit torrent several times. what is that?
fashizzlepop wrote:Torrenting is the best way to download large files, be it legally or illegally. I prefer to always download Linux isos with a torrent as it is way faster and is guaranteed not to be corrupt if you get the torrent from the right source.
cent is making torrenting sound way worse than it actually is.
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An update after 4 years? With a new game too!
My goodness, I've certainly veered away from the old blogging days. What happened? Well, these 4 years contained a lifetime of events that I won't bore you with, but in reality I just kind of stumbled into a new passion. Somehow, making games is pretty addicting. It really takes a lot of effort, but the reward of watching your complete game being played by people is pretty incredible.
I've built 5 apps for the iPhone since that 2010 post, and today marks the 6th, along with my first entry into the Android space.
I present, Kings of Kout! iPhone, Android Google Play, Android Amazon


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ALBANY � Gov. Andrew Cuomo announced Monday $12 million to aid farms in implementing water quality conservation systems in order to help make New York�s farms cleaner and safer.
The funding will be available to county Soil and Water Conservation Districts � including the one in Ontario County � through the New York State Environmental Protection Fund. Grants will be administered by the state Department of Agriculture and Markets and the New York State Soil and Water Conservation Committee.
�New York�s agricultural industry has been an economic success story for the past three years and its continued growth depends on keeping our farms safe and clean,� Gov. Cuomo stated in a release.
�This $12 million will help local farmers across New York maintain a clean water supply, which is vital to their livelihood. With our support, New York�s farms are going to continue to expand, creating more jobs and making our state�s home grown products popular across the country.�
Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution is runoff from agricultural lands that has the potential to enter water bodies. The $12 million in funding will help farmers work with county Soil and Water Conservation Districts to prevent such pollution from occurring by employing soil erosion prevention methods, planting vegetation along streams to prevent runoff, adopting nutrient management systems, and planting cover crops after the annual harvest to protect the soil.
The conservation districts can apply for grants under the Agricultural Nonpoint Source Abatement and Control Program (AgNPS Program) Request for Proposals (RFP). In turn, these districts will address water quality challenges facing farms in priority watersheds throughout the state.
George Proios, chair of the�state Soil and Water Conservation Committee, says the committee is grateful for the support.
"In this 20th cycle of funding, the Committee is pleased to be able to once again provide opportunities to partner local Conservation Districts with farmers to promote conservation across New York State,� Proios stated.


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This week, Brazilian consumer protection agency Procon fined McDonald's $1.6 million for targeting children with advertising and Happy Meal toys.
While this will have little effect on the fast-food behemoth's bottom line (the company spends $2 billion annually on advertising alone), a precedent has been set. More fines aimed at McDonald's marketing could follow.
"This is not an isolated case," urged Renan Ferraciolli, Procon's top lawyer. "There's no need to appeal as they do to children without the maturity or the rationality to enter the market as consumers."
The Happy Meal is one of McDonald's most successful marketing devices: Happy Meals are rumored to account for around 10% of all sales.
But the Happy Meal has collected a range of enemies who want to see it die. Here are a few of them:
Health activists:
Childhood obesity has doubled, while adolescent obesity tripled, in the past three decades. In an unfortunate coincidence, the Happy Meal is 34 years old. Suspicion that these two things are related has led to growing action by consumer groups around the world.
These groups seek to tone down the intensity with which the products are marketed to children. According to a study from Yale University's Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, the average preschooler sees 1,000 ads for fast food each year.
Bans on ads are a frequent occurrence in Europe, but in the U.S. they gain less traction. Last year, a San Franciso judge dismissed a class-action lawsuit seeking to ban Happy Meal toys in California. But the lawsuit shows that concern is growing, and McDonald's is increasingly the target.
"McDonald's must stop exploiting children at some point," said Michael Jacobson, executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest. The Center, along with a mother of two young children, filed the anti-Happy Meal lawsuit.
Eventually, Jacobson believes, McDonald's strategy "will seem as inappropriate and anachronistic as lead paint, child labor, and asbestos."
The city of San Francisco:
In December of 2011, San Francisco put the Healthy Food Incentive Ordinance into effect. The Ordinance requires any meal offering a free toy with purchase to meet strict nutritional standards. Not surprisingly, the Happy Meal didn't make the cut.
The ban was well-intentioned, but McDonald's found a clever way around it. By charging a mere 10 cents for each toy (the proceeds of which go to the Ronald McDonald House Charity), the restaurant ensured that it could continue to market Happy Meals to children.
Clever marketing aside, the Ordinance and McDonald's reaction illustrate the increasing tension between fast food marketers and health-conscious society.
Santa Clara County, California:
The ban on free toys in unhealthy meals had been introduced one year previously in another California jurisdiction, Santa Clara County.
County Supervisor Ken Yeager explained the reason for the ordinance, claiming that it "prevents restaurants from preying on children's love of toys" to sell fast food, and that it "breaks the link between unhealthy food and prizes."
Chile issued a similar law in June 2012, requiring fast food restaurants, cereal brands, and popsicle makers to eliminate the practice of including free toys, crayons, and stickers in their packages.
Senator Giudo Girardi, the main political force behind the law, said that the San Francisco and Santa Clara ordinances inspired him to bring the law forward.
"These businesses know that these foods damage the health of children...They're using fraudulent and abusive methods," Girardi said.
In 2008, Malaysia released guidelines banning fast food ads from children's TV programs and limiting fast food companies from setting up TV show sponsorships.
In a sign that such laws are serious for fast food chains, KFC reacted by changing their marketing outlook. "What we have done," said marketing director Virginia Ng, "is stopped marketing to kids in anticipation of the global movement of marketing to children being unethical...We offer meals for families, but the toys and the rest of it, no."
Is McDonald's slipping?
Though it began offering healthier options, like apple slices in Happy Meals, in 2011, McDonald's has stood its ground in the face of Happy Meal naysayers. "We are very proud of our Happy Meals and will vigorously defend our brand, our reputation and our food," said spokeswoman Danya Proud.
McD's is poised for change anyway, it appears.
Sales are persistently down in crucial Asian and European markets. Comparable store sales in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa were down 3.3% in Q1; in Europe, they were down 1.1%. Grim macroeconomic conditions and intensifying competition are cited as causes for the disappointing figures, and worries abound that stagnation is going to be a recurring theme for McDonald's.
McDonald's stock fell 8.6% in 2012, a figure that came with a CEO ouster and stale growth in emerging markets, the U.S., and Europe.
Having topped growth records in recent years, this year's slowdown shows that times are changing for the restaurant chain. Matthew DiFrisco of Lazard Capital, a market research firm, rates McDonald's as 'Neutral' — he believes its stocks will remain cheaply valued moving forward.


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text:
- Chapter 1. Overview
- togglePart I: Context
- togglePart II: The Successful Economic Story of Peru
- Chapter 3. Explaining the Peruvian Growth Miracle
- Chapter 4. Investment Dynamics in Peru
- Chapter 5. The Role of Fiscal Policies in Peru's Transformation
- Chapter 6. Evolution of Fiscal Rules in Peru
- Chapter 7. Fiscal Framework Alternatives for a Resource-Rich Country
- Chapter 8. The Tax System and Administration as Pillars for Solid Fiscal Accounts
- Chapter 9. Modernization of Peru's Public Financial Management Systems
- Chapter 10. Fiscal Decentralization: Progress and Challenges for the Future
- Chapter 11. The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Closing Infrastructure and Public Services Gaps
- Chapter 12. Monetary Policy in a Partially Dollarized Economy: Peru's Experience with Inflation Targeting
- Chapter 13. Global Policy Spillovers and Peru's Monetary Policy: Inflation Targeting, Foreign Exchange Intervention, and Reserve Requirements
- Chapter 14. Capital Flows, Monetary Policy, and Foreign Exchange Intervention in Peru
- Chapter 15. The Peruvian Financial System from 1990–2014: Balancing Development and Financial Stability
- Chapter 16. Drivers of Dedollarization in Peru
- Chapter 17. Banking Sector Spreads and Bank Competition in Peru
- Chapter 18. Institutional Frameworks for Macroprudential Policy: Considerations for Peru
- Chapter 19. Trade Evolution and Policy Challenges
- Chapter 20. Drivers of Peru's Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate: Is the Nuevo Sol a Commodity Currency?
- Chapter 21. Motives and Effectiveness of Foreign Exchange Interventions: Evidence from Peru
- Chapter 22. Measuring External Risks for Peru: Insights from a Macroeconomic Model for a Small, Open, and Partially Dollarized Economy
- Chapter 23. Advances and Challenges in Social Policies
- togglePart III: Challenges Ahead
Chapter 14. Capital Flows, Monetary Policy, and Foreign Exchange Intervention in Peru
- Alejandro Werner, and Alejandro Santos
- Published Date:
- September 2015
Show Summary Details
Renzo Rossini, Zenón Quispe and Donita Rodríguez
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- Home
- Government
- Departments L - Q
- Parks & Recreation
- Events
- Park & Recreation Month Events
Park & Recreation Month Events
Garland celebrates National Parks and Recreation Month this July. The Parks and Recreation facilities run by the City of Garland offer ample opportunities for residents to Get Out and Play!
Nearly three in ten U.S. adults do not spend time outside on a daily basis and of those who do, almost half spend less than 30 minutes in the fresh air, according to a survey released by the National Recreation and Parks Association (NRPA). That is why this July, the City of Garland and NRPA are challenging everyone to get out and visit their community parks and recreation centers during National Parks and Recreation Month.
To encourage everyone in Garland to Get Out and Play, the following free events are being offered this July to celebrate Parks and Recreation Month.
Movies in the Park
Space Jam
Saturday, July 13
Dusk (around 9 p.m.)
Central Park, 1310 W Avenue F, Garland, TX 75040 (Click for map)
Join us for a free movie, "Space Jam" at Central Park.
For more information
Phone: 972-205-2750.
Ralph Breaks the Internet 2
Saturday, July 20
Dusk (around 9 p.m.)
Audubon Park,342 W Oates Road, Garland, Texas 75043 (Click for map)
Join us for a free movie, "Ralph Breaks the Internet," at Audubon Park.
For more information
Phone: 972-205-2750
PLAY Streets
Follow us on Facebook (@PlayGarland) for dates and locations for pop up & play events.
For more information
Phone: 972-205-3090.
Surf and Swim's Birthday Celebration
Wednesday, July 24
Surf and Swim - 440 W. Oates Rd (Click for map)
Discounted admission! Call 972-205-3993 for more details.
The fun includes discounted admission and concessions, free cupcakes (while supplies last), and giveaways.
For more information
Phone: 972-205-3993 or 972-205-3090.
Family Night Out:
Food, Fun, and Fireworks!
Saturday, July 27
6:30 to 9:30 p.m.
Central Park-1310 W Avenue F, Garland, TX (Click for map)
Join us as we close out our Parks and Recreation Month celebration with a bang! Bring your blankets and chairs and enjoy local food trucks, children's entertainment, bounce houses, games, and the best party music to rock out to with entertainment from a live band.
Live Music - "Vegas Stars"
Fireworks will conclude the evening at dark.
- 6:30 p.m. - Event opens to the public with food trucks, games, and kid's activities
- 7 p.m. - Band take the stage
- 9:30 p.m. - Fireworks
For more information
Phone: 972-205-2750
Email: Special Events Email


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Wolfenstein (PlayStation 3) review
"The missions, at least, are fun. Many are punctuated by well-scripted action sequences involving explosions, otherworldly encounters, and Nazi secret experiments. The levels and enemies are extremely varied and the sheer number of things in the environment that can go flying or be smashed during a gunfight is quite satisfying. Still, I never really got over my disappointment that the game didnt live up to the established atmosphere. At the start it had me feeling like an actual undercover agent with enemies all around me. Despite early promises, it turned out to be just another shooter, albeit a very polished one."
Freelance review by Jonathan Stark (September 18, 2009)
Zipp has spent most of his life standing in an open field west of a white house, with a boarded front door. There is a small mailbox there. Sometimes he writes reviews and puts them in the mailbox.
More Reviews by Jonathan Stark [+]
If you enjoyed this Wolfenstein review, you're encouraged to discuss it with the author and with other members of the site's community. If you don't already have an HonestGamers account, you can sign up for one in a snap. Thank you for reading!
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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
Columbus's arrival launched an era of initial encounters between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans that continued for nearly 300 years. This unit examines how these contacts began the phenomenon now known as the Columbian Exchange, profoundly altering the way of life of peoples around the globe.
Early encounters between Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans expanded existing trade practices, uniting previously isolated regions and initiating the Columbian Exchange. More
Initial encounters occurred over three centuries and a vast geographic region. More
A wide variety of historical records illustrate how differing experiences and expectations shaped initial encounters. More
© Annenberg Foundation 2017. All rights reserved. Legal Policy


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Big Rapids, Mich. - The Ferris State University women's tennis team posted a decisive 9-0 triumph over Lake Erie in its 2012-13 home debut on Friday (Sept. 14) at the FSU Racquet and Fitness Center in Big Rapids.
The Bulldogs, who are guided by first-year head coach Chad Berryhill, improved to 3-1 overall and in Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) play with the home win. Lake Erie dropped to 0-4 this season.
Ferris State won all seven contested matches and earned forfeit victories at the number six singles flight and third doubles as the Storm had only five players in the lineup.
All six singles matches were claimed in straight-sets with the closest decision coming by a 6-2, 6-0 score at the number one flight.
Additionally, FSU won the two doubles contests by scores of 8-2 and 8-0 at the first and second positions, respectively.
The victory came in the initial home match for the Bulldogs under Berryhill's direction.
Ferris State continues its three-match weekend homestand as the Bulldogs face league newcomer Malone on Saturday (Sept. 15) at 11 a.m. (ET). FSU then will square off against the other conference newcomer in Walsh on Sunday (Sept. 16) at 10 a.m. (ET) in Big Rapids.
Below are the complete match results:
Ferris State 9, Lake Erie 0
Sep 14, 2012 at Big Rapids, Mich. (FSU Racquet & Fitness Center)
|Singles competition
|1. Ana Jan (FS) def. Cristina Suarez (LECW) 6-2, 6-0
|2. Tabitha Simpson (FS) def. Erika Ginn (LECW) 6-1, 6-0
|3. Laurence LeBlanc (FS) def. Brittany Kelly (LECW) 6-0, 6-0
|4. Sydnie Sine (FS) def. Emily Rose-Gray (LECW) 6-1, 6-0
|5. Janie Sell (FS) def. Michaela Isbell (LECW) 6-0, 6-0
|6. Julia Fusik (FS) def. No player (LECW), by forfeit
|Doubles competition
|1. Ana Jan/Tabitha Simpson (FS) def. Cristina Suarez/Erika Ginn (LECW) 8-2
|2. Laurence LeBlanc/Julia Fusik (FS) def. Emily Rose-Gray/Brittany Kelly (LECW) 8-0
|3. Sydnie Sine/Janie Sell (FS) def. No player/No player (LECW), by forfeit


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It was as if I were both the fever-dreamer and the dream itself.
If you were paying attention in 2009 you may have seen the birthing of Forecast across the internet, from July to December, in forty-two installments. Billed as the Forecast 42 Project, this story is set in the year 2212, and is the bastard love-child of Kurt Vonnegut and Philip K. Dick, weaving elements of noir and science fiction into a humorous, touching love story, a narrative on what it means to see and be seen, to exist and yet be nothing more than a cog. Following this story across such esteemed online journals as Juked, Flatmancrooked, Keyhole, Redivider, Opium, Electric Literature, PANK, Word Riot, 3:AM Magazine, and Puerto Del Sol, it was a serial story that ended up landing Shya Scanlon a book deal at Flatmancrooked Publishing, giving hopes to many authors that the ways we publish, and get discovered, aren't static and predictable.
Forecast is the story of Zara, a woman who evolves (or devolves) into Helen, changing from a spirited, independent girl, into a Stepford wife, her life a dull suburban waste, married to Jack, an oblivious idiot, undeserving of her spirit. Watching over this is Maxwell Point, a Citizen Surveillant, a man who loses himself in the process of watching her, both an essential, and irrelevant, part of her life. There is of course the talking dog, Rocket, who often provides comic relief. There is Asseem, her rebellious boyfriend, CEO of Street Cred, Inc. There is the split personality of Blain/Busy, who may be more than he seems, good cop, bad cop, all in one body. Or is it two? Her parents, the professor, Knuckle and his Dirty Dogs fast food chain, it's a full cast of miscreants and prophets, players and pawns. And this all takes place in Seattle, where in this possible future, electricity is gone, power created by negative energy, farmed by Emotional Transfer Machines (ETMs). The weather changes at the drop of a hat—rain, snow, fog and sleet, all within minutes, and feet, of each other, coining trademarked words like Slice, Slurm and Spindy. It's a strange world that Shya Scanlon creates, but it's easy to slip into it, the familiar opening the door for the unexpected.
The opening of the book sets up this new society, quickly establishing a setting that is strange and different, but based on city and suburban life that we all should recognize:
Wind was strong-arming a small group of saplings huddled together for protection at the end of the street, snow was immobilizing a car two houses down, and the sun was punishing Helen's front yard with an unremitting heat that reminded her of the drought they'd had that morning just before another monsoon had swept through the neighborhood, flooding a couple of storm drains and drowning all the iguanas. Helen was glad to be rid of the iguanas, frankly. They don't get along well with dogs.
We slip into this new world order and are quickly dropped into Zara/Helen's life. We see the boring life she has now, but we also see that society has changed, appliances powered by negative energy, forcing the populace to tap into their fears, their sorrows, as a form of currency, a means for survival, a surreal way of existing, and defining one's worth:
Zara followed Knuckle's gaze across the street to the line that was beginning to form at the ETM. People stood around, eyeing one another suspiciously, pockets full of old dead batteries. It was still a strange and unnatural sight: the glowing, sweating machine producing its low, ominous hum. The conduction spot, fenced-off and set back from the road. One after another, people moved inside the fence and waited for a minute, getting their bearings, then went to work.
Watching all of this, Maxwell feels a sense of power, a sense of community, as he makes sure that his job is done well, the rules are followed, and his citizen is kept safe. But what happens when this is your job to watch, to live the life vicariously? There is certain to be an intimacy, false or real, a connection:
Fundamentally, there is no single CS way, rather there are as many ways as there are practitioners, each possessing the nearly ineffable key to unlocking the mysterious bond between watcher and Watchjob. Put simply: to see through someone else's eyes requires a leap of faith so personal that while we're (of course) normally under strict orders to maintain utter secrecy with regard to our practice, the issue is nearly moot.
What is it that Alan Moore asks when speaking about his award-winning graphic novel, Watchmen? "Who watches the watchmen?" This is big brother of course, in one of the many possible ways that government could rule over us, could manipulate us, but not a way that many have certainly anticipated. And of course, this is where the story goes wrong, where the curtain is pulled back and the truth is revealed. If the ETMs are the means to create power, electricity, and people were able to figure out how to STOP creating Buzz, stop being worker bees, then this would threaten the way that society worked, it would be dangerous. Those kinds of anarchists, those wishing to not be harnessed, they would be trouble, and need to be tamped down. Right?
Not if they got away. Without revealing the ending, we come full circle, back to where we started, firmly entrenched in the thoughts of Maxwell, whose narrative frames this novel. He contemplates what his role actually was in the life of Zara/Helen, one of the few citizens to not produce Buzz, the energy needed to run the world. In a game of chess, while the many different pieces move around the board, all with a role to play, the pawn has to believe it is a part of the cause, the solution, and not the sacrifice it truly is:
Sometimes you're lucky. You're lucky or you're just damn good, or both. Sometimes you're inside their head in ways they don't even understand themselves, speaking with their mouth to tell you things they didn't even know, or don't and likely won't ever. Sometimes you're so far inside them you can't tell the difference, anymore, between yourself and your watchjob. I know we're taught to perform each part of the job with equal enthusiasm, or indifference, but every Surveillant in the business knows that those tiny transcendences are what make the job worth doing. And I shared many such moments with Zara, perhaps even more with Helen. I was inside Zara's feelings for her parents, and I was inside her feelings for Asseem. I waded through the placid waters of Helen's relationship with Jack. I kidnapped Rocket with her and drove her directly into Busy's arms. I shared her most intimate moments and I felt her fear. I knew I was good. I knew I was capturing, recording, creating her very essence – an essence that often, to my astonishment, eluded even those closest to her. The bottom line is, I was a model Citizen Surveillant. I was at the top of my game.
And that's what the rest of Maxwell's crew was counting on.
Forecast is a funny book, with Zara and the talking dog Rocket providing numerous occasions to laugh at the bizarre and ridiculous nature of the world. It's a sad story, tapping into the concept of manipulation, our value as human beings, and what our identities mean to us. It's a genre-bending book that mixes the best of science fiction, noir, fantasy, and literary prose. And it's getting the attention and praise of talented voices like Brian Evenson, Peter Straub and Laird Hunt, who call it vital, brilliant, and frightening. There is a movement on the ground in literary fiction today that doesn't shy away from the horrific, the fantastic, or the speculative, and Shya Scanlon, with Forecast, is at the forefront of it.


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Brussels, 08 March 2005
Questions & Answers on Emissions Trading and National Allocation Plans
(Updated version as of 20 June 2005)
1) What is the aim of emissions trading?
The Emission Trading Scheme[1] (ETS) is a cornerstone in the fight against climate change. It is the first international trading system for CO2 emissions in the world. It covers over 11.500 energy-intensive installations across the EU, which represent close to half of Europe's emissions of CO2. These installations include combustion plants, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel plants, and factories making cement, glass, lime, brick, ceramics, pulp and paper.
The aim of the EU ETS is to help EU Member States achieve compliance with their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Emissions trading does not imply new environmental targets, but allows for cheaper compliance with existing targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Letting participating companies buy or sell emission allowances means that the targets can be achieved at least cost. If the Emissions Trading Scheme had not been adopted, other – more costly – measures would have had to be implemented.
2) What determines the price of allowances?
The Commission has no view on what the price of allowances should be. The price is a function of supply and demand as in any other free market. Market intermediaries quote prices for allowances offered or bid for. The Commission will not intervene in the allowance market. Should distortions occur, competition law would be applicable as with any other market.
3) What is the purpose of national allocation plans?
The National Allocation Plans (NAPs) determine the total quantity of CO2 emissions that Member States grant to their companies, which can then be sold or bought by the companies themselves. This means each Member State must ex-ante decide how many allowances to allocate in total for a trading period and how many each plant covered by the Emissions Trading Scheme will receive. The first trading period runs from 2005-2007, the second one from 2008-2012, and the third one will start in 2013.
The idea is that Member States limit CO2 emissions from the energy and industrial sectors through the allocation of allowances, thereby creating scarcity, so that a functioning market can develop later and overall emissions are then really reduced.
NAPs have to be drawn up periodically. Each Member State had to prepare and publish a first NAP for the 2005-2007 trading period by 31 March 2004 (1 May 2004 for the 10 new Member States). The NAPs for the second 2008-2012 trading period have to be prepared and published by 30 June 2006.
4) Based on which criteria did the Commission assess the allocation plans for the first period? Will there by any differences in the assessment of the plans for the second trading period?
The assessment of the allocation plans is based on the 12 common criteria in Annex III to the Directive on Emission Trading. For the 2005-2007 trading period, 11 criteria were relevant.
Criterion 1 provides that the proposed total quantity of allowances must be in line with a Member State's Kyoto target. This means that a Member State should make sure that the allocations that they grant their plants will allow it to meet its Kyoto target.
Of course, the Member State can and should also take other measures. Other sectors also generate greenhouse gas emissions: in the EU, transport is responsible for 21% of EU greenhouse gas emissions, households and small businesses for 17% and agriculture for 10%. So, Member States can and should also take measures to reduce emissions in these sectors. In addition, Member States can plan to purchase emission credits through Kyoto's flexible project-based instruments Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) and international emissions trading under the Kyoto Protocol. CDM and JI allow governments to implement emission-reduction projects abroad and count the achieved reductions against their own Kyoto targets. JI projects can be undertaken in other industrialised countries with Kyoto targets, while CDM projects can be hosted by developing countries, which under the Protocol have no targets.
All these measures and their projected results must be mentioned in the allocation plans. Under criterion 1 the Commission assesses whether the emission levels of the industries that participate in Emission Trading, alongside these other measures, will enable the Member State to meet its Kyoto targets. As only the combined effect of different policies and measures will allow Member States to achieve their targets, the Directive speaks of the "path" to Kyoto. A number of other criteria also ask Member States to assess emissions developments and potentials for reductions in all sectors.
In addition, there are criteria that seek to ensure non-discrimination between companies and between the different sectors as well as compliance with the EU's competition and state aid rules. Other criteria relate to provisions in the plan for new entrants, the accommodation of early reduction efforts and clean technology.
The Directive foresees that the procedure for assessing plans for the second trading period (2008 to 2012) stays the same and is based on the same set of criteria, except for two issues. Under criterion 1 it will be necessary to assess not only whether the plan puts the Member State on its path to Kyoto, but rather whether the plan, together with other policies and measures, will guarantee the achievement of the Member State's Kyoto target. Furthermore, criterion 12, which was not relevant for the allocation process for the 2005-2007 trading period, will become relevant for the 2008-2012 trading period: the Linking Directive (see question 13) has added an additional criterion that requires each plan to state how many credits from JI and CDM projects the plants covered by the allocation plan are permitted to surrender for compliance in the second trading period.
Under the Linking Directive, Member States will set limits to guarantee that a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions still takes place within the European Union, and not abroad.
The Commission published guidance on the implementation of these allocation criteria in early January 2004. If the Commission finds that a plan is not in line with the criteria and the EU Treaty it can, in part or in full, reject it. If the Commission has not rejected any aspect of its plan, the Member State can proceed to take a final allocation decision. The Commission's decision has to be taken within three months from the date a Member State notifies a national allocation plan to the Commission.
5) Does this mean that a Member State cannot issue as many allowances as it wants?
Yes. The quantity of allowances a Member State may issue is governed by the 12 criteria. The Directive does not explicitly prescribe a given number of allowances, but each Member State must respect the criteria.
This means that in practice their leeway is limited. If a Member State were over-generous in issuing allowances, not only would the plan probably be failing to comply with some of the allocation criteria, but the Member State would also miss out on the opportunity to use the Emissions Trading Scheme as a tool to help it comply with Kyoto. And if too many allowances were issued, there would be no scarcity so no market would develop.
6) When and with which results did the Commission assess the national allocation plans for the first trading period?
On 7 July 2004, the Commission concluded the assessment of a first set of eight plans. It accepted five plans unconditionally (Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden), and partially rejected the other three - those of Austria, Germany and the UK.
On 20 October 2004, the Commission concluded the assessment of a second set of eight plans. It accepted six plans unconditionally (Belgium, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg the Slovak Republic and Portugal), and conditionally approved the other two - those of Finland and France.
In late December 2004, the Commission concluded the assessment of a third set of five plans. It accepted four plans unconditionally (Cyprus, Hungary, Lithuania and Malta), and conditionally approved the Spanish plan.
On 8 March 2005, the Commission conditionally approved the Polish plan, and on 12 April 2005, it accepted the plan of the Czech Republic without conditions. On 25 May 2005, the Italian plan was conditionally accepted, and on 20 June 2005, the Commission concluded the assessment of the last plan, from Greece, approving it without conditions.
In each case of conditional approvals, the Commission indicated the steps that need to be taken by the Member State to make the plan fully acceptable.
7) For what reasons did the Commission require changes to plans?
The Commission identified problems in three areas of general importance:
Excessive allocation can result from various cases:
Firstly, where a Member State does not reason how the Kyoto target in 2008-2012 would be respected, but left a gap to be closed with measures to be defined later.
Secondly, where a Member State states the intention to purchase Kyoto credits, but does not demonstrate credible and reliable steps to realise these purchases.
Thirdly, where a Member State bases its plan on projections (including economic and emission growth rates) that are inconsistent and exaggerated compared to official growth forecasts by the Member State itself or other impartial sources.
Ex-post adjustments are incompatible with the legal framework and represent interventions that disrupt the market and create uncertainty for companies. For example, if a company faces the possibility that the government may take away allowances after it has reduced its emissions, it will hesitate to do so.
And if companies think they can receive additional allowances for free from
their governments, they will pursue this route rather than turn to the market
and buy allowances.
8) What happens if the Commission rejects a national allocation plan?
A rejection of a national allocation plan means that the Member State may not proceed to implement the plan as it stands, i.e. may not allocate the number of allowances proposed. The Commission must give reasons in any rejection decision. These reasons will give guidance to the Member State on how to make the plan compatible with the allocation criteria.
If the Member States whose plans were partially rejected implement the proposed changes they will not have to submit their plans to the Commission a second time, but automatically qualify for emissions trading.
9) What steps follow in the allocation process after the Commission's approval of a (revised) plan?
After a positive Commission decision on a plan or after the necessary amendments foreseen by a Commission decision have been undertaken, the allocation process is completed with a final allocation decision at national level and the allocation of allowances in the national electronic registry (registries see questions 16 and 17).
10) Can a Member State change the plan after Commission approval?
After the approval of the Commission a Member State has to proceed to take a final allocation decision at national level. Before doing so, it can make changes to the number of allowances for individual plants as a result of improved data, e.g. if historic emissions data are used for a plant-level allocation formula. A Member State may, however, under no circumstance increase the total number of allowances it intends to put into circulation.
Once the final allocation decision at national level has been taken and the final plan is published, no more changes whatsoever to the number of allowances in total or per plant can be made. The final allocation decision concludes the allocation process and opens formally the market for allowances in the Member State.
11) Do Member States have a say on each other's plans?
While the Commission has the sole responsibility to assess the plans, the Directive provides that the Climate Change Committee, consisting of Member State representatives, considers each plan. This Committee is a forum to debate each plan. The Commission, as the Committee's chair, is following this debate and takes the conclusions into account in its assessments.
As a general point, the Climate Change Committee has stressed the importance of national allocation plans to ensure the functioning and effectiveness of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and maintain and strengthen the EU's international leadership and credibility on climate change.
12) What is the role of participating companies, Member States and the Commission now that the EU ETS has kicked off?
Since 1 January 2005, companies have been required to keep track of their emissions. At the end of each year, they have to produce a report on annual emissions, which will be verified by a third party (similar to an auditor verifying the financial accounts of a company). At the same time, they have to make sure that they are in possession of a sufficient number of allowances to surrender year by year (first surrender date is end of April 2006) so not to be subject to financial sanctions.
Member States have to issue allowances by the end of February each year in accordance with the final allocation decisions, operate the national registry (see questions 16 and 17), collect verified emissions data and make sure that a sufficient number of allowances is surrendered by each company. Each Member State will also have to produce a regular annual report to the Commission.
The Commission operates the European hub of the registry system, and will prepare an annual report on the basis of Member States reports. It closely follows the performance of, and reviews the experience with, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. In accordance with the Directive, the Commission will present a report to Council and Parliament by 30 June 2006. In preparation of this report the Commission will seek input from stakeholders.
13) How much will it cost to reach the Kyoto targets? Will the Emissions Trading Scheme jeopardise Europe's competitiveness?
This depends on the set of measures chosen. One of the underlying principles of the European Climate Change Programme has consistently been to identify the most cost-effective measures to achieve the Kyoto targets. Recent Commission studies conclude that the targets can be achieved at an annual cost of €2.9 to €3.7 billion, which is less than 0.1 % of GDP in the EU. One of these studies concluded that without the Emissions Trading Scheme costs could reach € 6.8 billion. So emission trading allows the costs of Kyoto to be reduced even further.
How these costs are distributed depends on the decisions taken in the allocation plans and on further measures adopted to control emissions in sectors not covered by the Emissions Trading Scheme.
The scheme will not jeopardise, but rather protect, the competitiveness of the EU economy, as any alternative measures would mean imposing higher than necessary costs on EU businesses. Implementing Kyoto will, however, mean not only new economic opportunities but also costs for EU businesses.
This is unavoidable – we cannot have something (i.e. Kyoto compliance) for nothing. Europe gets the best value for money with the Emissions Trading Scheme. If governments do not use the trading scheme to assist compliance, more costly measures will have to be imposed on other sectors. Costs have to be seen in relation to the opportunities arising for suppliers of clean, low-carbon technologies in Europe and beyond and the medium-term advantage for European industry in the transition to a low-carbon global economy.
The "Linking Directive"[2] further lowers the costs and protects the competitiveness of EU businesses. As its name implies, the Linking Directive creates a link between the Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol - Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - and the EU emissions trading scheme (Kyoto Flexible Mechanisms see question 4).
In principle, companies which carry out emission reduction projects outside the EU through JI or CDM can convert the credits they earn from those projects into allowances that can be used for compliance under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. The Linking Directive will therefore further lower the cost to EU industry by offering more options for complying with the requirements of the Emissions Trading Scheme. CDM is already operational, so that European companies running CDM projects can use the earned credits for compliance during the first trading period. JI projects will kick off in 2008 with the beginning of the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, which also marks the beginning of the second trading period under the EU ETS (2008-2012). However, preparations for JI projects are already underway.
14) Will emissions trading lead to higher electricity prices?
It is important to distinguish between the target and the instrument in this debate. Changes in electricity prices will not be a consequence of emissions trading, but of implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol sets a cap on allowable greenhouse gas emissions, which means that the EU economy is becoming a carbon-constrained economy.
This carbon constraint gives value to the allowances and leads to changes in relative prices in the EU economy. Goods that contain more carbon will be relatively more expensive than goods that contain less carbon.
As the trading scheme is the cheapest way to implement Kyoto, it means that any price changes will be the lowest necessary. Many studies have been put forward about the likely development of power prices and a wide range of estimates are available.
Pricing decisions in the liberalised power market are increasingly complex and difficult to predict. There are many events that directly affect the electricity price, emission trading is just one of them. There are structural aspects such as the liberalisation of the energy market and variations in the internal energy market that have very far-reaching effects. The Commission will carefully monitor the development of power prices and all other aspects related to the Emissions Trading Scheme.
15) How will companies benefit from emissions trading?
Let's say that companies A and B both emit 100,000 tonnes of CO2 per year. The government gives each of them 95,000 emission allowances. One allowance represents the right to emit 1 tonne of CO2. So, neither company is fully covered for its emissions. At the end of each year, the companies have to surrender a number of allowances corresponding to their emissions during the year, whatever the emissions of the individual company are. If they fail to do so, they face a fine of € 40 per missing allowance during the 2005-2007 trading period, and € 100 during the second 2008-2012 trading period. Companies A and B do not want to pay the fine and both have to cover 5,000 tonnes of CO2. They have two ways of doing this.
They can either reduce their emissions by 5,000 tonnes, or purchase 5,000 allowances in the market. In order to decide which option to pursue, they will compare the costs of reducing their emissions by 5,000 tonnes with the market price for allowances.
For the sake of the example, let's say that the allowance market price is € 10 per tonne of CO2. Company A's reduction costs are € 5 (i.e. lower than the market price). Company A will reduce its emissions, because it is cheaper than buying allowances. Company A may even reduce its emissions by more than 5,000 tonnes, say 10,000 tonnes. For Company B, the situation may be the opposite: its reduction costs are € 15 (i.e. higher than the market price) so it will prefer to buy allowances instead of reducing emissions.
Company A spends € 50,000 on reducing 10,000 tonnes at a cost of € 5 per tonne and receives € 50,000 from selling 5,000 tonnes at a price of € 10. So Company A fully offsets its emission reduction costs by selling allowances, whereas without the Emissions Trading Scheme it would have had a net cost of € 25,000 to bear. Company B spends € 50,000 on buying 5,000 tonnes at a price of € 10. In the absence of the flexibility provided by the Emissions Trading Scheme, company B would have had to spend € 75,000.
Since only a company that has low reduction costs and therefore has chosen to reduce its emissions, like Company A, is able to sell, the allowances that Company B buys represent a reduction of emissions, even if Company B did not itself reduce emissions.
This is important to remember. This ensures that the cheapest reductions are made first. Since the scheme is EU-wide, companies will seek out the cheapest reductions in the whole of the EU and ensure that they are made first. It is this flexibility in the system which makes emissions trading the most cost-effective manner of achieving a given environmental target. The overall cost to industry would have been higher if Company B had been forced to reduce emissions at its own plant at a higher cost.
16) How does allowance trading work in practice?
The legal framework of the trading scheme does not regulate how and where the market in allowances takes place. Companies with commitments may trade allowances directly with each other, or they may buy or sell via a broker, bank or other allowance market intermediary.
It could also be the case that a company purchasing a fossil fuel (coal or gas) will be offered allowances in combination with the fuel. Finally, several organised markets (e.g. energy exchanges) have begun to offer allowance trading services.
There is also an electronic registry system that keeps track of the ownership of emission allowances as they change hands in the market. This registry system is separate from trading activity - not all trades result in changes in ownership of allowances, but where a trade culminates in a change in ownership, there is a transfer of allowances between accounts in the registry system.
In this way, the registry system is similar to a banking system which keeps track of the ownership of money in accounts, but does not track the deals made in the goods and services markets, which are the cause of the money changing hands. So the registry system is not a marketplace; the way in which allowances are traded is a decision made by the participants in the market.
The system is purely electronic, and so allowances are not printed on paper but exist only in an online registry account. Each company with a commitment and any person interested in buying or selling allowances need to open an account.
The system consists of a national component in each Member State where the allowances are held and of a hub at European level, which will conduct automated checks on each transfer of allowances to ensure that the rules of the Directive are respected. Some of the data held in the registry will be released periodically, in accordance with UN rules and the Electronic Registries Regulation[3]. A balance has been sought between environmental transparency and commercial confidentiality.
17) Are all the national registries operational?
The Community transaction log has been up and running since 1 January 2005. As of 17 June 2005, nine national registries are operational (see table in the annex) and about half of allowances to be put in circulation per year have already been credited on company accounts. Other Member States are still working on finalising the launch of their registries.
18) What are the next steps?
The Commission is closely monitoring the functioning of the EU ETS. In
mid-2006, it has to present a report to the Council and the European Parliament,
considering the items listed in Article 30 of the Directive (e.g. inclusion of
other sectors and gases, allocation method, level of the excess emissions
See also:
DG Environment's emissions trading web site:
National Allocation Plans:
Community Transaction Log:
[1] Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community
[2] Directive
2004/101/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004
amending Directive 2003/87/EC
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Badwater Morning
Badwater Morning
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Automation and IT-as-a-Service at Cisco Live in Melbourne
We're in the sporting and cultural capital of Australia this week for Cisco Live! Did you know that Melbourne is the only city in the world that has five international standard sporting facilities surrounding its central business district?
You might see a rugby match while in town, but I'd suggest you also tackle the Cisco Live World of Solutions expo. We have an exciting demo to show you in the Cisco Data Centre booth: Intelligent Automation for Cloud, a key component of the Unified Management pillar of our Unified Data Center platform.
Cisco Intelligent Automation for Cloud is a cloud management and orchestration software solution that complements Cisco UCS and Nexus to provide self-service on-demand provisioning of IT resources. This new solution is becoming as ubiquitous as the sporting facilities in Melbourne. Cisco partners including Alphawest / Optus, CSC, and VCE are also showcasing our Intelligent Automation for Cloud software in action at their booths.
Essentially, this solution will help you tackle the challenge of deploying infrastructure-as-a-service – and adopt an IT-as-a-Service (ITaaS) strategy. Here's a short analyst video on delivering ITaaS with Cisco Intelligent Automation:
While you're at Cisco Live, don't miss these IT management breakout sessions to learn how Cisco IT deployed a private cloud using Intelligent Automation:
ITMGEN-2000: Wednesday, March 21 4PM
Data Centre Transformation – Cisco's Virtualisation and Cloud Journey
Join John Manville, Cisco VP of IT Network and Data Centre Services, for his presentation on how Cisco uses its own Data Centre virtualisation and cloud technologies to transform IT into a services organisation and enable new business models for the company.
ITMGEN-2624: Thursday, March 22 4PM
Cisco IT Elastic Infrastructure Services (CITEIS)
In this session, you will learn how Cisco IT is designing and deploying next-generation Data Centre solutions. Attendees will also learn the benefits of automation and virtualisation across Cisco's global network environment. Read more about "CITEIS" here.
We hope to see you there! Follow us on Twitter for more updates @CiscoIA.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.


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I recently dug out some old paperwork I had collected on my maternal Dartnell family and discovered that my 2 x great grandfather Edward John Dartnell was working in The Atheneum Club in Pall Mall, London.
The 1851 Census shows that he was working at this Gentleman's Club, so now I am off on a hunt to see if I can find staff records of sorts from that time. I am hoping there is an archive for the Club somewhere as it is still going today and it would be very good to learn more about it.
I've been having a browse on the internet to see what there is about the Atheneum and it's so good to see the photos of it – very grand!! It must have been a wonderful place to work in, although probably very hard work at the time.
It's going to be interesting finding out more about this!!


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We're implementing a new phone system over the next few weeks. The transition should be seamless but there is a possibility of interrupted service during this time. If you experience difficulties over the phone, be assured we're working to quickly resolve the issue.
Salus University faculty are widely recognized scholars whose presentations, articles and scientific papers are published in the leading outlets of their disciplines. Passionate about their research, they are equally dedicated to teaching.
Associate Professor, CER, Blindness and Low Vision


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A forum about Atari 16/32 computers and their clones. This forum is in no way affiliated with Atari Interactive.
Moderators: Moderator Team, Reservoir Gods
sh3-rg wrote:It's quite funny reading back over this.
See you at outline 09, RGs there this time: Pink, Damo, mSg, Partycle, Stratagem(!) & sh3. Prods...? Erm, no promises
Heavy Stylus wrote:I was expecting a game from you to be entered in the compo sh3! What happened?
Heavy Stylus wrote:Ah, sorry to hear that mate. :/
Heavy Stylus wrote:But at least there is hope for the future, now that Pinks is back on the scene
dma wrote:SH3: I still want to play that game...
dma wrote:Stefan, you may want to check this video.
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