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Ondansetron Approved for Children as Young as One Month of Age
The sNDA was filed on September 28, 2004 and was granted priority review status by the FDA. This new indication makes ZOFRAN the only medication approved to prevent post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in infants. ZOFRAN was previously the first product to receive a pediatric indication for the prevention of PONV and CINV in children two years of age and older.
"Nausea and vomiting in young children following surgery or chemotherapy can be very upsetting to patients and their parents," said Kevin Lokay, vice president, Oncology and Acute Care, GlaxoSmithKline. "This new indication further supports the clinical utility of ZOFRAN and its value as a trusted option for preventing these troublesome complications of surgery and chemotherapy in young patients."
ZOFRAN Prevents Vomiting in Pediatric Clinical Trials
In one double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled study of 670 pediatric patients aged one month to two years of age undergoing routine surgery under general anesthesia, a single (0.1 mg/kg I.V.) dose of ZOFRAN Injection, administered within five minutes following induction of anesthesia, was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing vomiting. In the placebo group, 28 percent of patients experienced vomiting compared to 11 percent of subjects who received ZOFRAN. Overall, 10 percent of patients given placebo received anti-emetic rescue medication(s) or prematurely withdrew from the study compared to 5 percent of patients who received ZOFRAN. The incidence of adverse events considered possibly related to study medication was similar between ZOFRAN and placebo (1 percent with placebo; 2 percent with ZOFRAN). The most commonly reported related adverse events, agitation and swelling, occurred in less than 1 percent of either group.
The safety and anti-emetic effects of ZOFRAN Injection in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced vomiting were studied in an open-label, multi-center, non-comparative trial of ZOFRAN in 75 pediatric cancer patients aged six months to four years of age receiving chemotherapy that would be expected to result in at least 50 percent of patients experiencing an episode of vomiting if no anti-emetic were administered. Study results showed that 56 percent of patients who received ZOFRAN intravenously over 15 minutes in three doses of 0.15 mg/kg (first dose administered 30 minutes before the start of chemotherapy, the second and third doses administered at four and eight hours after the first dose, respectively) experienced a complete response, defined as no vomiting, no use of rescue medication and no early withdrawal from the study. No serious adverse events were reported in the study. Only one adverse event in the study, a rash, was thought possibly related to treatment with ZOFRAN.
Source: GlaxoSmithKline


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As requested, we begin this year with a series of webinars on assessment for person centred care planning.
Why? Because the ACFI documents state the tools provided for funding may not be adequate for care, and generally that is correct. This leaves nurses and organisations at risk, even if ...Read the rest of this topic


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In September 2013, four elderly sisters in Botswana were finally and definitively allowed to remain in the ancestral home where they had spent most of their lives — the result of their own tenacity and determination that a young nephew could not step in and take ownership of a property they had lovingly maintained.
This landmark decision by the highest court in Botswana, the Court of Appeal, followed five years of efforts by women's networks and legal associations who helped the sisters bring their claim. The judges decided that customary laws favoring the rights of the youngest male heir were simply out of date.
"The Constitutional values of equality before the law and the increased leveling of the power structures with more and more women heading households and participating with men as equals in the public sphere and increasingly in the private sphere demonstrate that there is no rational and justifiable basis for sticking to the narrow norms of days gone by when such norms go against current value systems," wrote Justice Lesetedi of the Botswana Court of Appeal.
The reform of discriminatory laws can lead to transformative change.
Inheritance law reform in India equalizing unmarried daughters' rights to ancestral land led to increased investment in girls' education and later marriage. In Ethiopia, reform of family laws — including changes that removed husbands' control over marital property — saw increased female labor force participation overall and in more productive sectors. These legal changes have consequences for health as well. Equal inheritance and property rights for women and girls can help mitigate the economic and social burdens of HIV.
Two decades ago, also in Botswana, Unity Dow successfully challenged citizenship laws that prevented her from passing on citizenship to her non-national husband and her children. The government not only endorsed the court's decision by reforming citizenship laws, but changed family laws that gave financial control over joint property to the husband and even changed the Constitution itself.
The opportunities and the pathways for reform are important to understand from a policy perspective and can be complex in systems where statutory and customary laws and courts exist side by side.
We trace the process of reform from the milestone case of Unity Dow to the present day Mmusi case in our new paper, "Women's Movements, Plural Legal Systems, and the Botswana Constitution: How Reform Happens." We also explore how this can apply in other contexts.
The reforms in Botswana are consistent with global trends: A 2013 study found that more than 50% of legal constraints affecting women's economic empowerment that were in force in 1960 have now been reformed.
But it's not over yet. Some 90% of the 143 countries covered by the World Bank Group's Women, Business, and the Law report still have one discriminatory law on the books, and almost one-fifth have more than 10 discriminatory laws.
So what can we learn from the perseverance of these four sisters and their road to groundbreaking legal victory?
- Lasting legal reform can start from the bottom up. Collective action by women's networks can be an early driver of change.
- It takes a legal village. Community mobilization, legal networks, the judiciary, community leaders, government champions, and international support are key elements in the reform process.
- Never say never. Discriminatory norms and laws do evolve and change for the better. International institutions can support the process by sharing knowledge and expertise, raising awareness, building capacity, and helping amplify the voices and pathways for transformative change.
Join the Conversation
It is good to read that changes are actually being made. But see the example in Timor Leste (East Timor), the country where I currently live: Family Law changed, but costumary law and the traditions are so strongly implemented in timorese mentallity, that I can't imagine the day they will treat us equally.
I know that the World Bank has an office here maybe you can write about the timorese reality. I'm saying this because I am a Family and Inheritance Law Professor at the University and when discussing these subjects with my students they all say: Professor, that is all really nice, but you know what, that is not the reality in Timor Leste. People here don't have access to this information. Women in the districts (far from Dili, the capital) don't know their rights, they still think that the man controls and women (wife/daughters)are not heirs.
In any case, the Law is here and it's just a question of time to see it implemented.
Like you say in the end of your article: it takes a legal village! and never say never!
Tazeen, having read this I feel like a truly inspired and empowered woman now!
Also very enlightening statistics with respect to discriminatory laws.
Tazeen, your in depth study on the status of gender bias is really heartening because it promises a bright future for the girl child of today with the transformative efforts made by the World Health Organisation and other women's organisation's. As an Indian woman I feel really elated to see the growing awareness among women to protect their rights and empower themselves.
Taazen, you will study a good thing in our country but, i will more likely if you are study more and more upon social problems in Ethiopia, just like child labor, exclusions of of marginalized group and also the problems came because of urbanization's in Ethiopia.IF I WILL GET THE OPPORTUNITY I AM SO HAPPY TO DO WITH YOU, BECAUSE I AM SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNER IN ADDIS ABABA PLANNING REVISEUN OFFICE AND I AM A SOCIOLOGIST, THANKS FOR ALL


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The Lord's Supper
Martin Luther rejected the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, that is, that the Communion bread and wine are changed into the actual body and blood of Christ. Luther saw no need for this doctrine. Rather, he agreed that Christ's presence did not replace the presence of bread and wine but was added to the bread and wine. Luther maintained that the body and blood of Christ are somehow present in, under, and through the elements of bread and wine. It is customary to call the Lutheran view consubstantiation because the substance of the body and blood of Christ are present with (con) the substance of bread and wine. Lutheran theologians, however, do not like the term consubstantiation and protest that it is understood in terms that are too closely associated with the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.
But it is clear that Luther insisted on the real physical and substantial presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper. He repeatedly cited Jesus' words of institution, "this is My body," to prove his point. Luther would not allow the verb is to be taken in a figurative or representative sense. Luther also adopted the doctrine of the communication of attributes by which the divine attribute of omnipresence was communicated to the human nature of Jesus, making it possible for His body and blood to be present at more than one place at the same time.
Ulrich Zwingli and others argued that Jesus' words "this is My body" meant really "This represents My body." Jesus frequently used the verb to be in such a figurative sense. He said, "I am the door," "I am the true vine," etc. Zwingli and others argued that Christ's body is not present in actual substance at the Lord's Supper. The supper is a memorial only, with Christ's presence no different from His normal presence through the Holy Spirit.
John Calvin, on the other hand, when he debated with Rome and Luther, denied the "substantial" presence of Christ at the Lord's Supper. Yet when he debated with the Anabaptists, who reduced the Lord's Supper to a mere memorial, he insisted on the "substantial" presence of Christ.
On the surface it seems that Calvin was caught in a blatant contradiction. However, upon closer scrutiny we see that Calvin used the term substantial in two different ways. When he addressed Roman Catholics and Lutherans, he used the term substantial to mean "physical." He denied the physical presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper. When he addressed the Anabaptists, he insisted on the term substantial in the sense of "real." Calvin thus argued that Christ was really or truly present in the Lord's Supper, though not in a physical sense.
Because Calvin rejected the idea of the communication of attributes from the divine nature to the human nature, he was accused of separating and dividing the two natures of Christ and committing the Nestorian heresy, which was condemned at the Council of Chalcedon in A.D. 451. Calvin replied that he was not separating the two natures but distinguishing between them.
The human nature of Jesus is presently localized in heaven. It remains in perfect union with His divine nature. Though the human nature is contained in one place, the person of Christ is not so contained because His divine nature still has the power of omnipresence. Jesus said, "I am with you always, even to the end of the age" (Matthew 28:20). Despite its limitations, and at the risk of being misunderstood, we give the following picture to illustrate what we are saying.
Calvin taught that though Christ's body and blood remain in heaven, they are spiritually "made present" to us by Jesus' omnipresent divine nature. Wherever the divine nature of Christ is present, He is truly present. This is consistent with Jesus' own teaching that He was "going away" yet would abide with us. When we meet Him at the Lord's Supper we commune with Him. By meeting us in His divine presence, we are brought into His human presence mystically, because His divine nature is never separated from His human nature. The divine nature leads us to the ascended Christ, and in the Lord's Supper we have a taste of heaven.
- Luther taught that the body and blood of Christ were added in, under, and through the elements of bread and wine.
- Zwingli taught the memorial view of the Lord's Supper.
- Calvin denied the physical presence of Christ at the Lord's Supper, but affirmed the real presence of Christ.
- Jesus' human nature is localized in heaven; His divine nature is omnipresent.
The Essential Truths of the Christian Faith devotional is excerpted from Essential Truths of the Christian Faith Copyright © 1992 by R. C. Sproul. All rights reserved.


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From: SC, United States
Genre: Alternative/Alt. Rock, Post-Rock, Indie Rock
Ghosts of the Kodiak hails from Sumter, SC, although over the years the members have spread out across the state. Ghosts of the Kodiak combines honest, confronting lyrics with dynamic, textural melodies, often starting out calm and minimal and crescendoing to powerful climaxes. The band's first release "The Honesty E.P." was released in July 2011 and serves as a teaser for their first full length album which is set to release later in the year.


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