text:
Overview of Urban Research
This article originally appeared in "Urban Research" by Loretto Dennis Szucs, FUGA, and John M. Scroggins, MA in The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Research Strategies
- 3 Library and Internet Sources
- 4 Internet Search
- 5 Printed Materials
- 6 City Research Guides
- 7 State Guides
- 8 Multi-City Reference Tools
- 9 Obscure Collections
- 10 Indexes
- 11 City Directories
- 12 Telephone Directories
- 13 Street Directories
- 14 Genealogical Societies
- 15 History
- 16 References
- 17 External Links
From a colonial society of small farms and villages, the United States grew rapidly into a nation dominated by massive urban centers. Early settlers, many of whom had been city dwellers in Europe, congregated in seaport towns along the Atlantic Coast. The larger colonial towns became government centers where brisk commerce attracted a continuous influx of immigrants. Most ports became hubs for milling, shipbuilding, and other manufacturing activities.
In the years between the American Revolution and the Civil War, the populations of the major cities increased dramatically. New York was a city of approximately 33,000 in 1790; there were 800,000 people on the island of Manhattan by 1860. Philadelphia's count of 28,000 people in the 1790 census had leaped to more than 565,000 by the 1860 enumeration. Brooklyn (not yet part of New York City), with a population of 5,000 in 1790, was home to more than 265,000 by 1860, distinguishing it as America's third-largest city.
Climate, geography, and the focus on agriculture dictated a slower growth pattern for Southern urbanization. Yet New Orleans had a population of nearly one thousand as early as 1727, and Charleston was the largest Southern metropolis, with a population of ten thousand by the time of the American Revolution.
Urbanization was not limited to the Atlantic Coast; it expanded inland with new frontiers. The cities of Pittsburgh, Louisville, Cincinnati, and St. Louis flourished along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. With the introduction of steam navigation and the opening of a canal system, the Great Lakes cities of Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, and Milwaukee sprang up. Even in states and territories where the population was sparse, the extent of urbanization was remarkable. Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake City played important roles in the development of the Far West. By 1860, Houston, Galveston, Austin, and San Antonio had also become important cultural, social, and economic centers.<ref>Raymond A. Mohl, ed., The Making of Urban America, 2nd ed. (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1997), 3-20.</ref>
Very early in the process of developing a family history, you will probably encounter the problem of locating information about ancestors who lived in a large American city. The United States today is very much an urban nation'73.5 percent of the population lives in cities'but the trend began well over a century ago.<ref>U.S. Department of Commerce press release, 1993; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), 11-12.</ref> More than 50 percent of the population lived in urban areas as early as 1920. Moreover, many specific ethnic groups had higher percentages of urbanization than the general population. By 1910, approximately 72 percent of the foreign-born lived in cities.<ref>Charles N. Glaab and A. Theodore Brown, A History of Urban America (New York: Macmillan, 1967).</ref> The economics of migration, as well as the personal goals of the migrants, many of whom hoped to make a fortune and return home, necessitated settlement in urban centers, such as New York, Cleveland, and Chicago. There, burgeoning industries welcomed common laborers, ethnic clusters offered a familiar setting for the homesick, and cheap housing and food let migrants accumulate savings.
Research Strategies
Since the publication of the second edition of The Source, many relatively new Internet-based sources and services have become available, making it easier to begin preliminary urban research online. However, few or no changes were made in this chapter in cases where traditional sources remain the best starting point.
Research among the maze of metropolitan records reveals the confusing variety, color, and bustle of the urban surroundings new to the immigrants. Much of the genealogist's knowledge in the use of these resources must be self-taught. No two cities were born of a common history, nor were their political natures, commercial interests, ethnic makeup, or geographical locations ever identical. Research sources readily found in one city may be closed to access or have been destroyed in the next. The experiences of the African American, the German Jew, the Irish Catholic, and the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant frequently differed, and those differences dictate the types of records to be used.
Despite their differences, cities have one thing in common: a reputation for being difficult to research because of their multilayered bureaucracies, the sheer volume of records created by enormous populations, and a lack of printed indexes and access to sources. The advantage is that urban areas often include the resources, human and financial, to preserve and to disseminate information about the past. Also, city governments require more information from their residents than do their rural counterparts.
Historical societies, libraries, and universities collect manuscripts, newspapers, rare books, and similar materials from which sociologists, demographers, urbanologists, and social historians can draw. It is no accident that some of the most dynamic contemporary research is occurring in urban-related topics: the resources are vast.
Many of the sources mentioned in this chapter are further detailed elsewhere in this book. This chapter is specifically designed to identify problems unique to city research and to offer strategies and sources that clarify bureaucratic jurisdictions and make searching massive volumes of urban-created records more manageable. The publications, websites, and organizations cited in this chapter are not comprehensive; they provide examples of the wide array of resources that are available for urban research.
Geography matters! Perhaps more than in any other phase of genealogical research, it is important to gather as much identifying information as possible about the subject of a search from relatives near and far. Knowing the approximate part of the city, a street name, an occupation, or the name of a church or school can make all the difference when it comes to finding people in city directories or census or any other records, particularly when common names are involved.
As cities grew in population and geographical dimensions, their borders and jurisdictions changed. Larger towns annexed other towns over the years, and if you are not aware of such historical facts, there is a good chance that you will overlook desired information. For example, Boston was divided into various wards, and boundaries were redrawn as new areas were added. To add to the confusion, Beacon Hill, East Boston, Fort Hill, the North End, South Boston, the South Cove, the South End, and the West End are the informal names of sections. Brighton, Charlestown, Dorchester, Roxbury, and West Roxbury were annexed by the city of Boston in the 1860s and 1870s, while Hyde Park did not become part of Boston until 1912. Sections of present-day Boston are still called by the names of the former towns. Prior to annexation, each town kept its own records. Other towns in the Boston vicinity remain separate municipalities to the present day, including Cambridge and Somerville (both in Middlesex County) and Brookline (in Norfolk County).<ref>Eibhlin MacIntosh and Richard C. Wade, "The Irish in Boston," Irish at Home and Abroad 1, no. 3 (Winter 1993-94).</ref> Information about boundary changes can be elusive but may often be found in some of the online library and historical sources described later in this chapter.
Different cities and counties have different record-keeping practices, and it is critical to know of these distinctions. Deeds for Rochester, New York, for example, are kept at the county level, but Baltimore and St. Louis deeds are kept at the city level. There may be different access policies and charges among the city, county, and state levels. Most vital records for Illinois have been microfilmed up to around 1915 (depending on the county). In some cases, microfilmed copies of vital records are easier to obtain through the Family History Library of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) in Salt Lake City or through the Illinois State Archives or one of the local archives. Some of the more heavily used record collections are being digitized and made available online at federal, state, county, and local archive websites.
Because the offices of heavily populated cities and counties are frequently hard to access, and because city and county bureaucracies are typically difficult to work with, it may be far easier in some instances to consult indexes for cities at the nearest Family History Center of the LDS Family History Library. Many genealogically important city records have been microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah. The society is microfilming on an ongoing basis, so if records or indexes are not yet available, they might be in six months or a year. It is wise to stay informed. Chapter 2, 'Computers and Technology,' in this volume provides more suggestions on how to keep up with this rapidly changing area of research.
Library and Internet Sources
The basic approach to urban genealogy is similar to that followed for any other research problem. Every genealogist begins with certain facts and progresses to the unknown. If tradition says that an individual emigrated from Germany and settled first in Baltimore, educate yourself on the background and existing materials for research in that city.
Guides have been published for many major cities. Such guides outline in broad terms the location and accessibility of sources, eliminating some blind alleys. With the growth of the Internet since the second edition of this book was published in 1997, much of the most basic finding-aid information formerly found only in printed guides or periodical articles has been published on the Internet. As a result, the best way to start research about an unfamiliar urban area is by reviewing the website of the public library or libraries serving that area, supplemented by an Internet search for other historical and genealogical resources about the area. These Internet sources cannot entirely replace published guides and other finding aids, but they do make it possible to begin preliminary research at home or at your local public library.
Public Libraries
Most large public libraries now have websites and online catalogs that typically include or point to the most significant resources about the areas the libraries serve. No matter where you live, you can find general information and guides to sources about most any urban area by starting with a public library website and online catalog. To find links to libraries, try one or more of the following sites:
- Google: Put the name of the city and 'public library' in the search box.
- Libweb (Library Servers via WWW): Maintained by Thomas Dowling, updated daily, and hosted at SunSITE, the digital library at the University of California, Berkeley, with mirror sites at several other universities.
- LibDex (The Library Index): Maintained by Peter Scott, updated several times each month, and includes links to many library-related organizations and services.
Many urban areas have more than one major library with significant family history resources. In the St. Louis area, for example, both the St. Louis Public Library (city) and the St. Louis County Library have major genealogical collections.
The typical public library homepage will have a link to the library's catalog as well as links to many other resources for family history research in the community. For example, the current homepage of the Cleveland Public Library includes the following relevant links:
- The Library Catalog: Search the catalogs of the CLEVNET consortium, including thirty-one library systems in nine counties throughout northern Ohio.
- Databases & Links Library: The links library points to a number of genealogy-related sites including other Cleveland Public Library pages, the Cuyahoga County Genealogical Society, the Jewish Genealogical Society of Cleveland, The Western Reserve Historical Society, the Ohio Genweb Project, and several national and ethnic-related sites. There are also links to databases that can be accessed at or through either the Cleveland Public Library or the CLEVNET consortium, with icons distinguishing the databases that can be accessed only at the library from those that can be accessed from outside the library by library card holders.
- Cleveland Necrology File: Search Cleveland death notices online.
- Property Research in Cleveland and Cuyahoga County <www.cpl.org/property-research.asp>: Includes a long list of links related to real property in Cleveland and Cuyahoga County and can be found throughtommie?? 'Library Services' in the 'Library Info' pull-down menu.
- Genealogical Research at the Cleveland Public Library <www.cpl.org/libraryresources.asp?FormMode=Exhibit&ID=6>: Not shown as a link on the homepage but can be found on several subordinate pages.
In response to the overwhelming interest in family history and the resulting number of requests in past years, city libraries often published pamphlets describing their genealogy and local history holdings, hours of operation, and research policies. In recent years, many of these brochures have been discontinued because the information is available on the libraries' websites. If you live some distance from the public library in the area of an ancestor's residence and don't have Internet access, any large library should have a current issue of the American Library Directory, a reference volume with essential addresses and telephone numbers for other libraries across the country. Some libraries will even supply lists of researchers, though none of the institutions will specifically recommend or guarantee the quality of the work of individuals listed. If a library is unable to provide a list of researchers, you may wish to contact the Association of Professional Genealogists, P.O. Box 40393, Denver, CO 80204-0393, or the Board for Certification of Genealogists, 1307 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036, for assistance in locating a professional researcher in a particular city.
Internet Search
Since library websites vary in the amount and location of information posted, it is often wise to search the Internet for other sources and links related to genealogy and history. This will often locate resources that are hard to find on the library's site, including many of the types of resources discussed later in this chapter. Continuing with Cleveland as an example, select the [www.google.com/advanced_search advanced search] at Google. Type 'cleveland' in the box labeled 'Find results with all of the words,' then type 'genealogy genealogical history historical' in the box labeled 'Find results with at least one of the words.' The first several relevant results include:
- The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History is sponsored by Case Western Reserve University and includes the complete contents of two books by David D. Van Tassel and John J. Grabowski: The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, 2nd ed. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996) and The Dictionary of Cleveland Biography (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1996).
- The Cleveland Digital Library is sponsored by the Cleveland State University Library and has links to other sites with full text or images of publications, documents, maps, and photographs relating to the history of Cleveland and northern Ohio.
- The Cleveland Memory Project is another Cleveland State University Library site and has online versions of books and documents from the library's own holdings.
- First Maps of Cleveland and the Western Reserve.
- Greater Cleveland Genealogical Society.
- Resource Directory to Cleveland's History, part of the website of the Cleveland Heights-University Heights School District.
Since Cleveland is in Cuyahoga County, repeating the search for 'Cuyahoga' instead of Cleveland will produce a similar list of useful sites.
Other geographically oriented Internet resources include:
- The USGenWeb Project: Websites related to every state and most counties. Some include indexes, transcripts, or scanned images of source documents.
- Ancestry.com and RootsWeb.com message boards: Message boards for every state and county.
- GenForum: Message boards for every state and county.
- RootsWeb.com mailing lists: Mailing lists related to each state, most counties, and some other geographic subdivisions. RootsWeb.com has two search engines for finding older messages: http://searches2.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl and http://archiver.rootsweb.com.
This same approach can be used for Internet searches related to any urban area.
Printed Materials
Despite the wealth of information that has become available on the Internet, traditional printed guides, indexes, and collections remain indispensable sources for family history research. They often provide a historical context and depth of understanding of resources that goes far beyond the typical Web page. The most comprehensive guide to printed genealogical records and finding aids is the companion to this book, Printed Sources: A Guide to Published Genealogical Records, edited by Kory L. Meyerink.<ref>Kory L. Meyerink, ed., Printed Sources: A Guide to Published Genealogical Records (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1998).</ref>
City Research Guides
A number of genealogical and historical guides for specific cities have been published over the past several years, and more are in the development stages. One of the best currently available is Genealogical Resources in New York: The most comprehensive guide to genealogical and biographical resources in New York City and Albany, edited by Estelle Guzik.<ref>Estelle Guzik, ed., Genealogical Resources in New York: The most comprehensive guide to genealogical and biographical resources in New York City and Albany (New York: Jewish Genealogical Society, 2003).</ref> Though published by the Jewish Genealogical Society, the volume is by no means limited to Jewish sources. Archives serving the metropolitan area, bureaus of vital records, city clerks, offices, civil, county, and federal courts, genealogical and historical societies, and libraries with genealogical holdings and special collections are but a few of the topics discussed in the volume. Adding greatly to the usefulness of the guide are geographical and mailing addresses, telephone numbers, hours of operation, and directions for driving or reaching the various facilities by public transportation. The material is organized geographically so that researchers can coordinate their visits to facilities within a particular area. An earlier but still informative volume is Rosalie F. Bailey's Guide to Genealogical and Biographical Sources for New York City, 1783'1898.<ref>Rosalie F. Bailey, Guide to Genealogical and Biographical Sources for New York City, 1783-1898 (New York: the author, 1954; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2000).</ref> Even if New York City is not your area of interest, this work's forty separate categories of records with select bibliographies will give you an analog for the city in which you are interested. Not all of these will apply to every research problem, but knowing of them can stimulate innovative approaches when other paths seem closed.
Those with Chicago research problems will find help in Loretto Dennis Szucs's Chicago and Cook County: A Guide to Research.<ref>Loretto Dennis Szucs, Chicago and Cook County: A Guide to Research (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1996).</ref> It covers many genealogical sources and research strategies from vital records to Chicago communities and neighborhoods, occupational and business resources, and miscellaneous sources and addresses. The volume includes a chronological list of 107 major historical events that affect research in the area. A glance at the chronology pinpoints important changes, such as the incorporation of the city in 1837, the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1848, the cholera epidemic and bank panic of 1849, and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, which destroyed almost all government-created records. 'Archives and Manuscript Collections,' 'Historical Societies,' 'Gazetteer of Cook County,' 'Genealogical Societies,' 'Cemeteries in the Metropolitan Chicago Area,' and collections of the Family History Library and its local Family History Centers, the Newberry Library, and the National Archives'Great Lakes Region in Chicago are among topics described in the eleven appendixes of the book. Specific information is provided where the researcher is likely to confront a forbidding bureaucracy.
Robert W. Barnes's Guide to Research in Baltimore City and County provides important details about genealogical information in archives, libraries, repositories, maps, biographical sources, cemeteries, ethnic histories, newspapers, occupational and political sources, and some hard-to-find city records.<ref>Robert W. Barnes, Guide to Research in Baltimore City and County, 2nd ed. (Westminster: Family Line Publications, 1993).</ref> As the author points out, 'Knowing where to look is an important part of the researcher's job. It is extremely frustrating to drive to the Court House at Towson only to find that the records being sought are some ten miles away in Baltimore City, or thirty miles away in the Maryland State Archives.' Compiled by Connie Stunkel Terheiden and Kenny R. Burck, Guide to Genealogical Resources in Cincinnati & Hamilton County, Ohio is another important guide to a specific area.<ref>Connie Stunkel Terheiden and Kenny R. Burck, comps., Guide to Genealogical Resources in Cincinnati & Hamilton County, Ohio (Hamilton County: Ohio Genealogical Society, 2001).</ref> The guide includes maps and sources most needed by the family historian, including details about cemeteries, census, churches, court records, funeral homes, land records, libraries, surname files, and how to obtain vital records.
FamilySearch now publishes free genealogical research guides in FamilySearch Research Wiki. Guides are available for:
- New York City and its Boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn (Kings County), Manhattan (New York County), Queens, Staten Island (Richmond County)
- Chicago
State Guides
Unfortunately, there are far too few guides yet available for specific cities, but some statewide compilations may be very helpful where city guides are lacking. Carol W. Bell's Ohio Guide to Genealogical Sources is a notable example.<ref>Carol W. Bell, Ohio Guide to Genealogical Sources (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988).</ref> For instance, if Cleveland is an area of interest, addresses of courts, historical and genealogical societies, and other useful information concerning the city can be found under the heading of Cuyahoga County. Additionally, consulting the county lists can reveal which vital and probate records had already been microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah at the time of the guide's publication. Under the heading 'Miscellaneous,' there are also land, marriage, Bible, cemetery, church, and other records for the city, available on microfilm at the Ohio Historical Society and the Western Reserve Historical Society. The guide, of course, details valuable collections that will facilitate research in other Ohio counties and cities as well.
Roseann Hogan's Kentucky Ancestry: A Guide to Genealogical and Historical Research is an in-depth study that will facilitate research in any city or rural area in Kentucky.<ref>Roseann Hogan, Kentucky Ancestry: A Guide to Genealogical and Historical Research (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1993).</ref> Seven chapters of this work provide historical background and methodology for using both standard and unique sources in the state. Chapter 8 inventories records by county. There are also a number of constructive tips on city records, including the fact that, despite irregular reporting of vital events in the state before 1910, more uniform registration began in the cities of Lexington, Louisville, Newport, and Covington almost twenty-five years earlier. Hogan alerts readers to the fact that Kentuckians have filed more than five hundred thousand delayed birth certificates, which typically are completed in order to obtain Social Security benefits, and that there is a possibility that even if no official certificate can be found in Frankfort, a certificate may have been filed with the Social Security Administration or other government agencies.
If you have research to conduct in Atlanta, Savannah, or any other Georgia city, Robert Scott Davis Jr.'s Research in Georgia is particularly helpful.<ref>Robert Scott Davis Jr., Research in Georgia (Easley, S.C.: Southern Historical Press, 1981).</ref> The volume emphasizes the Georgia Department of Archives and History. Yet another essential guide for a southern state is North Carolina Research: Genealogy and Local History, edited by Helen Leary.<ref>Helen Leary, ed., North Carolina Research: Genealogy and Local History (Raleigh: North Carolina Genealogical Society, 1996).</ref>
FamilySearch staff and community volunteers have prepared detailed guides for each state. They have been published in the FamilySearch Research Wiki and are constantly being updated:
Multi-City Reference Tools
Another extremely useful urban tool with a somewhat unlikely title is The Encyclopedia of Jewish Genealogy, by Arthur Kurzweil and Miriam Weiner.<ref>Arthur Kurzweil and Miriam Weiner, The Encyclopedia of Jewish Genealogy (Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1997).</ref> Whether you have Jewish ancestors or not, this work has substantive chapters on city resources in Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.
One of the most important reference works is the third edition of Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources, edited by Alice Eichholz, which covers all U.S. states and their major cities.<ref>Alice Eichholz, ed., Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources, 3rd ed. (Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2004).</ref> The state chapters open with historical segments and proceed to summarize vital, census, land, probate, court, tax, cemetery, church, and military records; local history; maps; periodicals, newspapers, and manuscripts; and archives, libraries, and societies. Each chapter concludes with a table that lists county and town courthouse addresses, dates of formation, parent political units, and the beginning dates of vital and court records. Outline maps showing the counties and county seats complement the chapters on each state.
Obscure Collections
A number of rather obscure city-focused collections and indexes are available in various archives, historical agencies, and libraries in the United States. An increasing number of such collections and indexes are being made available on the Internet.
A New York City example is the Emigrant Savings Bank, established in 1850 by members of the Irish Emigrant Society. The bank ended up serving thousands of Irish immigrants who fled to America following the infamous Potato Famine. The bank kept many volumes of records, including an Index Book; a Test Book; a Transfer, Signature, and Test Book; and a Deposit-Account Ledger. Microfilm copies are available at the New York Public Library, and Ancestry.com has scanned images of the Emigrant Savings Bank collection with the index that provides the given names and surnames of depositors, their account numbers, account dates, and years and places of birth, if given. One of the great features of this collection is that, in most cases, it identifies the exact place of origin (county and townland) of the immigrant depositor. In addition, each indexed individual is linked to the image on which he or she appears, where more information may be available. While the majority of the emigrants found in this collection will be Irish, you may occasionally find emigrants of other nationalities as well.
Index Book
The bank kept an index of all individuals recorded in its volumes. This book will usually provide the name of the depositor, the date of the record, and the individual's account number. This book will also refer you to a Test Book or a Transfer, Signature, and Test Book.
Test Books
The Test Books cover the years 1850'68 and contain a variety of details about depositors and their family. Information that may be found in this set of records includes the date of the record, the name of the depositor, account number, occupation, residence, and other remarks that could include names of other family members, immigration information, or birth or residence information in Ireland.
Transfer, Signature, and Test Books
These books existed from 1850'83 and were used primarily for recording changes made to an individual's account information. Examples of such a change could be a new signature, a change in address, or a change in the account holder. Information that may be found in this set of records includes the signature of the account holder, the date of the record, the account number, the individual's residence, occupation, year born, birthplace, and family relations.
Deposit-Account Ledger
These records are arranged by account number and contain an account history for each individual, recording typical transactions such as deposits and withdrawals.
Many valuable finding tools have not been published, nor are they available on the Internet. The Baltimore City Archives has, for example, a WPA-compiled name index to the municipal records for 1756 to 1938. The Douglas County Historical Society (Omaha, Nebraska) has the Omaha World-Herald Clipping File, a subject and biographic file with four hundred thousand subject files (including more than 5 million clippings from between 1907 and 1983). The Oregon Historical Society has several biographical sources important for searching cities in that state. A vertical file consisting of newspaper clippings includes four thousand subjects on state and local history and fifteen hundred biographies of prominent Oregonians. Also covered are historic structures, ethnic groups, cities, counties, and Portland neighborhoods. A separate Biography Card File was put together from books, scrapbooks, and newspaper clippings, among other things.
City Directories
A decided advantage to conducting research in a metropolitan area is the availability of printed directories for most cities, large and small. There is scarcely a more satisfying or more productive adventure in family history research than finding an ancestor in an old directory, discovering his or her occupation (or multiple occupations), and knowing exactly where in the city he or she lived. The enjoyment grows if you are able to track families for significant time periods. The attached image is from an 1872 directory for Brooklyn, New York. In the past few years, many historical city directories have been placed online. Some sites have images of the original pages, and others have transcripts or abstracts. Some provide free access, while others require a subscription. Directories provides an excellent, in-depth description of this important source. However, there are certain concepts and strategies that bear highlighting here.
While directories of residents may date back to a city's earliest days, no directory is all-inclusive. Because the motive behind the printing of most of these books was to sell advertising, the listing of residents was selective. Stephen Thernstrom cites a study of Newburyport, Massachusetts, city directories. 'Volumes purporting to list every family in the community were published in January 1849 and January 1851. These have been compared with a list of all laborers resident in Newburyport taken from the Seventh United States Census. Fully 45 percent of the laboring families found by the diligent census-taker in September and October of 1850 cannot be located in either directory.'<ref>Steven Thernstrom, Poverty and Progress (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1990).</ref> Thernstrom concludes that, in addition to inadvertently missing many of the city's transient population, 'the compiler of the directories either did not know about or did not choose to include many working class families in his volumes.' Similar conclusions have been made in studies conducted in other cities. Yet, genuine efforts seem to have been made by some of the publishers. The compilers of the Chicago 1844 Directory stated on the first page of the volume:
- It has been the design to include in this Directory the names of all persons and all firms in the City, to arrange them alphabetically, and in every instance to give the correct spelling. There may be cases however, where names may have been accidentally inserted in the wrong connection, and cases also of incorrect orthography'particularly where persons have been unable to spell, and the names have been written from the sound. Immediate measures will be taken to procure the names of all persons who have accidentally been omitted in this volume; a complete list, corrected from time to time, will be kept at the General Intelligence office, where the public can at times get information in regard to the names, business, and residence of every inhabitant of the City. Persons finding themselves excluded and persons coming to the City hereafter, are requested to call at the above place and have their names enrolled. Very few of our buildings are numbered, the necessity, however, of this can be avoided, if persons occupying buildings permanently, will put themselves to the trifling trouble and expense of putting their names on their doors.<ref>Chicago 1844 Directory (Chicago: Norris Publishers).</ref>
Scanned images of a 1903 reprint of this 1844 directory can be found at Old Directory Search. Transcripts of the nonadvertising data in the directory are posted on a number of websites.
As cautious as publishers claimed to be, however, it is clear that immigrants were consistently omitted from the commercial publications'particularly those immigrants who did not speak English. Frequently, entire ethnic neighborhoods were left out of city compilations. Some groups, such as the Poles in Chicago, independently published city or community directories in their native language to offset such gaps.
Cities often had several directory publishers'Chicago had three in 1871. Consult all of them, for each may contain unique details. Richard Edwards's Edwards' 1871 Chicago Census Directory lists not only names, occupations, and addresses of individuals but also provides a ward number; the number of males, females, and total in residence; as well as the birthplace of the head of household.<ref>Richard Edwards, Edwards' 1871 Chicago Census Directory (Chicago: Richard Edwards, 1871).</ref> John Gager's Gager's 1857 Chicago Directory includes the birthplace and years of residence in Chicago with the usual information.<ref>John Gager, Gager's 1857 Chicago Directory (Chicago: John Gager, 1857).</ref> One publication lists 'Miller, Emma, widow,' and one by another publisher in the same year adds 'Emma, widow of James.' Limiting a search to one directory increases the chance of missing precious clues.
Telephone Directories
A year or so after Alexander Graham Bell invented the articulating telephone, telephone directories began to appear in cities across the country. In 1878, Chicago had its first published telephone book. It listed mostly business establishments; the remainder were the handful of private citizens who could afford the luxury. Most of the population has been vastly underrepresented in telephone directories'even in later years. As late as 1900, only seventeen people per one thousand had a telephone; by 1920 that number had risen to twenty-three per one thousand. Having a telephone then, as now, did not guarantee inclusion in a telephone book; many elected not to be listed.
Several Internet services now offer searchable current telephone directories. Some may also offer older directory information, such as the '1994 Phone and Address Directory' from Ancestry.com. Most large libraries seem to have discontinued maintaining large collections of telephone directories, but many may still retain older directories for the area served by the library. The Library of Congress has an online guide to older directories: 'Telephone and City Directories in the Library of Congress: Non-Current (Old),' maintained by Barbara Walsh at http://www.loc.gov/rr/genealogy/bib_guid/telephonnoncurr.html.
Street Directories
One of the frustrations in research is finding incomplete information in a source'for example, a beautiful old portrait that bears the name and street address of the photographer but gives no city, or a candid shot of a group of people on the porch of a charming old house at 4124 Trowbridge Street, or a letter that states, 'Your brother remains close to the shop in the city but has taken up new quarters on Madison Street.' Such information is ultimately useless if the town name remains unknown. The Street Directory of the Principal Cities of the United States, originally published by order of the postmaster general in 1908, is an alphabetical listing of streets, avenues, courts, places, lanes, roads, and wharves to which mail was delivered, with references to all the cities and towns where these street names appear.<ref>The Street Directory of the Principal Cities of the United States (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1973).</ref> City directories frequently included street guides.
Street names in many cities have changed over the years. These changes are often difficult to track. For New Orleans, the New Orleans Public Library offers an online Alphabetical Index of Changes in Street Names, Old and New; Period 1852 to Current Date, Dec. 1st 1938 (updated 2002), based on a 1938 WPA compilation, and New Orleans Street Name Changes (updated 2003) with changes made since 1990.
Genealogical Societies
Genealogical societies at the national, state, and local levels offer educational programs and publications with a strong focus on the locality served. The Dubuque County-Key City Genealogical Society (P.O. Box 13, Dubuque, IA 52004-0013 <www.rootsweb.com/~iadckcgs>), for example, publishes such titles as A Guide to Microfilmed Records at Carnegie-Stout Public Library, Dubuque, Iowa; lists of Dubuque city directories, 1856 to 1983; newspapers for the area; an obituary file; and probate and marriage index information. Other society publications are an Index of Churches and Cemeteries of Dubuque County, Iowa; Burial Records of Dubuque City Cemetery, 1854'1875; Declarations of Intent to Become a Citizen, Dubuque County, Iowa; and Roots in Dubuque County, Iowa: A Genealogical Resource Book.
To find the name and address of the genealogical society in your area of interest, use an Internet search engine, such as Google, or consult The Ancestry Family Historian's Address Book, by Juliana Szucs Smith.<ref>Juliana Szucs Smith, The Ancestry Family Historian's Address Book, 2nd ed. (Orem, Utah: Ancestry, 2003).</ref>
The importance of understanding the history of any geographical area in genealogical research cannot be overstated. Basic historical overviews of most cities can be found in encyclopedias or on relevant websites, but for a better understanding of what types of records may exist or what it was like to live in the times and places of our ancestors, the ever-increasing number of urban studies that are becoming available are among the most encouraging aspects of city research. Online library catalogs and Internet search engines can help you find books on the history of the area, but online sources are almost never an adequate substitute for a well-written published history. If a descriptive volume on the city in which you are interested is not on the shelf of your local public library, a large city or university library may have it or be able to borrow it for you through interlibrary loan.
Brooklyn, U.S.A.: The Fourth Largest City in America, edited by Rita Seiden Miller, is an example of a work that provides a sociological view of the city from its original inhabitants to mobility patterns of residents in the 1970s.<ref>Rita Seiden Miller, ed., Brooklyn, U.S.A.: The Fourth Largest City in America (New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1979).</ref> Discussions of topics and author's notes on subjects as diverse as Kings County in the American Revolution, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Flatbush, the Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Dodgers, neighborhoods of Brooklyn, and even a chapter titled 'Kings English: Fact and Folklore of Brooklyn Speech' provide rare insights into Brooklyn as it was in an ancestor's day, as well as providing precious clues for finding record sources.
Pictorial histories of American cities are enjoying a revival of popularity. Major booksellers in most urban areas usually have significant local history sections where any number of contemporary works can be found. Anyone with Chicago roots can gain a wealth of knowledge about the city from Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis, by Harold Mayer and Richard Wade.<ref>Harold Mayer and Richard Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).</ref> Photographic documentation is especially useful in describing the physical growth and settlement patterns in cities. One thousand photographs and illustrations and an extensive local history bibliography make this well-documented Chicago history volume especially useful. Panoramas can give you a good idea what the city looked like at the time your ancestor lived there. Figure 20-4 shows the destruction of San Francisco before and after the 1906 earthquake and subsequent fire. Typing a city's name plus 'panoramic photos' into a search engine many produce similar results.
A valuable aid for laying the groundwork in any city research is John Buenker, Gerald Michael Greenfield, and William J. Murin's Urban History: A Guide to Information Sources, an annotation of 1,921 scholarly works covering eleven broad topical areas.<ref>William J. Murin, Urban History: A Guide to Information Sources (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1981).</ref> Pertinent information on every major city is listed in it. Many of the sources cited are standard metropolitan histories; others are contemporary works with bibliographies that are potential gold mines in themselves, pointing to the original sources on which the author based his or her study. Such references can lead directly to manuscripts, special collections, and other hidden tools.
County and municipal histories, long used by family historians, can also provide critical information for furthering city research. Kory L. Meyerink has a lengthy discussion of the value and use of these histories in chapters 17 and 18 of Printed Sources: A Guide to Published Genealogical Records. While the greatest number of these histories was published in the 1880s and 1890s, dates vary from one locality to another. The two-volume Kings County History 1683 to 1884: The Civil, Political, Professional and Ecclesiastical History and Commercial and Industrial Record of the County of Kings and the City of Brooklyn, N.Y. From 1683 to 1884, by Henry R. Stiles, is one of several Kings County histories.<ref>Henry R. Stiles, Kings County History 1683 to 1884: The Civil, Political, Professional and Ecclesiastical History and Commercial and Industrial Record of the County of Kings and the City of Brooklyn, N.Y. From 1683 to 1884 (New York: W. W. Munsell and Co., 1884).</ref> It focuses on Brooklyn, which was then the third largest city in the United States.
A helpful, though by no means all-inclusive, source is P. William Filby's A Bibliography of American County Histories.<ref>P. William Filby, comp., A Bibliography of American County Histories (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1985).</ref> To learn if there is a published history for Raleigh, North Carolina, for example, you can consult this bibliography (arranged alphabetically by state and then by county) to see that there are several entries for Wake County, one of which is a 1902 publication titled Historical Raleigh with Sketches of Wake County and Its Important Towns, by Moses N. Amis. As with any other source, it is important to read Filby's preface, in which he explains the criteria used to determine a book's inclusion in his work: 'Books beginning with titles such as 'Historical and Biographical' . . . can contain a history of the county and consist in the main of biographies, yet they are often the only histories available.'<ref>Moses N. Amis, Historical Raleigh With Sketches of Wake County and Its Important Towns (Raleigh: Edwards and Broughton, 1902).</ref> For this reason, Filby included them in his bibliography. On the other hand, he chose not to include books with such titles as 'Biographies of Prominent Men . . .' or 'Portrait and Biographical Histories . . .' As Filby points out, these histories must be used with a degree of skepticism, because publishers made up their costs by including only the most flattering biographical sketches of prominent citizens who were their patrons for such projects.
Another bonus for city research is that many histories were generated to appeal to various segments of the population. Not only will you find volumes that focus on counties or cities but also those defining local political parties, wards, industries, ethnic groups, neighborhoods, religious groups, and fraternal and social organizations. These groups and others provided additional opportunities for less-prominent citizens to be included in a printed source. Consequently, if your ancestor was not mentioned in a standard city or county work, there is still the possibility of his or her inclusion in one of the smaller histories that frequently included biographical sketches. Most local histories are in noncirculating reference sections of libraries, so it is usually necessary to travel to those special collections.
Many of these county and specialized histories, including the biographies excluded by Filby, have been reprinted, indexed, transcribed, or even scanned, often by individuals or small genealogical and historical societies. Copies may be difficult to find using traditional library catalogs or basic Internet searches. The bibliographies in chapters 17 and 18 of Printed Sources can help, but tracking down recent reprints or indexes may require writing to the appropriate local society or posting messages to a mailing list or message board related to the area.


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PROPHECYATL necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 182 diseños de 61 diseñadores freelance.
The Leading Urban Event In Atlanta IS BACK!
After an 8 year absence I need a eye catching, yet professional logo that represents Atlanta, Urban Professionals, and Partying.
I need something that works on print media, letterhead, clothes, and large scale promotional materials. This is a guaranteed contest that has a quick turnaround.
1st Friday Atlanta or First Friday Atlanta
I need a refreshing visual symbol for my new entertainment event:
First Fridays Atanta
I need this done asap. I am one of the leading urban event producers in Atlanta, GA and I do a series of events. This is the most important event that I have ever done. First Fridays on a national level occurs every month in over 30 cities. Due to the transient nature of Atlanta, many of my target patrons have already been exposed to the first friday brand in their respective cities. I need a logo that screams Atlanta, yet still maintains the existing professional equity in the national brand.
- Item 1: something with an Atlanta specific symbol (ie: skyline) or just something text only- Item 2: a logo that looks good on a letterhead and on promo materials- Item 3: a very fast turnaround- Item 4: VECTOR BASED FINAL DESIGN
- Item 1: any people related shapes or imagery- Item 2: traditional club or party imagery
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.

subset: commoncrawl


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Fairoak Housing Association
High quality supported accommodation for people with learning and other disabilities
Call us: 01539 720 082 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Our organisation, our people and our values
Available homes, locations, property information
Information for current and future tenants
July 20, 2017 by Burnett
Fairoak Housing Association 155 Highgate, Kendal, Cumbria LA9 4EN
Telephone. 01539 720 082 Email. email@example.com


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A Great Number Of Impressive Films: The Vimeo Award/
Vimeo Awards- Narrative Category from Vimeo Festival on Vimeo.
As I've mentioned before, I got to be one of the judges for The Vimeo Awards this year. All of the 20 finalist films were worth watching. And it was a total pleasure to discuss them with fellow judges and hear the passion for the work, even when we disagreed. Check them out, particularly these final five and let me know if you agree, and why (or why not).


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Glorious Beacon of Light
Meep, Meep
Senior Member
State your identity!
+rep me to cure my ebola
Chasing Meteors
Sup guys. I'm going to be doing a 24 hour game marathon on October 20th as part of the Extra-Life program to raise money for children's hospitals. I thought I'd post this here in the event anybody wants to support the cause with a donation. I'll be streaming the whole thing via Xsplit, including a webcam view of myself for 24 hours. I haven't decided yet what I'll be playing, I may take requests through the live stream. Link to my page is here
Hear me my brothers, for the time has come! Foul internet critics are lashing our beloved developers with complaints about their video games! Blashpemy! These paying customers surely have no right to criticize the video games that they invest ridiculous amounts of money in!
We must rush to the aid of our Lords and masters, lest this unchecked complaining destroy their business, homes, and families. We shall employ such brilliant strategies as counter-whining, and telling them to 'deal
It's sad when you read old threads on this forum and like 2/3 of the posters are banned


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Guitar legend's sister reflects on new Jimi Hendrix stamp
Janie Hendrix, sister of guitar legend Jimi Hendrix, talks about how her family feels about the new Music Icons stamp issued in his honor. A Postal Service delivery truck makes a stop on its Arizona route, where it shares the street with private airplanes, as a nearby road sign indicates.
Hear thoughts from Jimi Hendrix's sister about the new Forever stamp honoring the legendary rock musician in March's edition of Your Postal Podcast.
You'll also hear the story of a southern Arizona letter carrier who shares the road with some unusual vehicles, as well as the latest postal news. You'll also learn how you can enter to win a Civil War 1861 Commemorative Folio.
The transcript version of this podcast can be read here.
Listen to Your Postal Podcast on your mobile device at YourPostalPodcast.com/mobile.
Thanks for listening -- and don't forget to visit Your Postal Blog for daily updates on all things postal.


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Staten Island Project
Staten Island view towards Verrazano Bridge© SI Borough President's Office
As the least developed of the five boroughs of New York City, Staten Island still has a tremendous opportunity to protect natural places and the birds and other wildlife that depend upon them. From the marshes along its north and west shores to the ribbon of green through its center, the borough supports the city's most diverse plant and animal life. This diversity is enhanced by the island's varied soils and geology as well as its matrix of salt marsh and upland habitats lying within the Atlantic Flyway.
Until the middle of the twentieth century, parts of Staten Island had an almost rural feel. Current residents can recall a time when children could bicycle across the island and swim in its creeks. The opening of the Verrazano Bridge in 1964 unleashed a wave of development that continues today, bringing ever more roads, housing, ball fields, shopping centers, garbage transfer stations and other municipal and industrial infrastructure.
Greenbelt© SI Borough President's Office
Through the efforts of borough and citywide conservation groups, including NYC Audubon, a great deal of the island's natural landscape has been preserved. But significant open spaces remain unprotected, as do numerous small properties whose development would disrupt the ecological integrity of conserved lands.
In the center of the island is the 2,800-acre Greenbelt, a nearly contiguous loop of woodlands, parks, golf courses and other protected lands, although several key parcels are privately owned and remain at risk of development. On the north and west shore, where the Arthur Kill divides Staten Island from New Jersey, a network of marshes and creeks persists among housing, roads, bridges, shipping terminals and other commercial facilities. A green bridge between these two areas will be created by the construction, over a period of 30 years, of a 2,200-acre park on the former Fresh Kills Landfill.
Great Egrets© NYC Audubon
Once part of a larger natural system, Staten Island's patchwork of open spaces retain hydrologic and geologic links. Some places are in a relatively undisturbed state while others bear the scars of former industrial use and need restoration, but together they provide habitat for a remarkable number of species, including rare plants, foraging wading birds, and several hundred migratory bird species.
NYC Audubon's Work in Staten Island
Since our founding, NYC Audubon has worked to study, preserve, restore and build appreciation for this interconnected natural landscape to ensure that it remains a vital place for birds.
John Rowden and Susan Elbin, NYC Audubon ornithologists in Staten Island© NYC Audubon
Research and Monitoring
Since 1986, through our Harbor Herons project, NYC Audubon has been monitoring populations of herons, egrets and other wading birds, which were discovered breeding and nesting on several islands in the Arthur Kill in 1974 after having been extirpated from New York Harbor in the nineteenth century. Hoffman and Swinburne Islands, off the eastern side of Staten Island, are important nesting sites for these birds. NYC Audubon volunteers participate in citizen science programs on Staten Island, collecting data on foraging waders and tracking birds from their nesting colonies, providing data for analysis by our scientists. Drawing on more than 20 years of research, we collaborated with a broad range of government, non-governmental and academic institutions to develop the Harbor Herons Conservation Plan, released in 2010. This plan to protect and support waterbird populations in the harbor is part of the U.S. EPA's Conservation and Management Plan for New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary. Click here to learn more about NYC Audubon's Harbor Herons project and view nesting survey results.
Bird Banding© NYC Audubon
NYC Audubon has been working in coordination with borough, citywide and national conservation groups to protect open space along the Staten Island shore, within the Greenbelt and throughout the island. One of our early successes was winning protection for Shooters Island, Prall's Island and Isle of Meadows, where wading birds first returned to nest in the 1970s. In 2001, we co-produced with the Trust for Public Land, An Islanded Nature, an interpretive guide to Staten Island and the habitat most important to the Harbor Herons.
Arlington Cove Marsh© NYC Audubon
On the northwest shore, we have been vigilant in advocating for the protection of marshland foraging habitat, which is at risk from construction and other proposed projects. We participated in the city's Wetlands Transfer Task Force, which recommended preserving Arlington Cove Marsh instead of keeping it in reserve for possible expansion of the nearby container port, and we continue to press for the land to be officially transferred to the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. We are advocating to minimize the damage to habitat from the construction of the new Goethals Bridge and a proposed underground natural gas pipeline.
Together with civic, scouting and environmental groups and elected officials, we are working to preserve Pouch Camp in the heart of the Greenbelt. Its owner, the Greater New York Councils of the Boy Scouts of America, is considering selling all or part of the camp for development, which would permanently diminish the ecological value of the entire Greenbelt.Restoration and Mitigation
- Partnering with the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation through the National Audubon Society/Toyota TogetherGreen initiative, our volunteers have worked to remove invasive species and plant trees in Clove Lake Park and Mount Loretto State Preserve and have cleaned the beach at Miller Field.
Mount Loretto State Preserve© SI Borough President's Office
We coordinate with the parks department in the management of Prall's Island, where a recent infestation by the Asian long-horned beetle led to extensive tree removal. Herons have not nested on the island since 2005 and we are investigating potential restoration efforts to bring them back.
As part of a joint effort with Audubon New York, we are providing nesting and roosting areas for Chimney Swifts around the city. At Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve on Staten Island, a 260-acre natural area that is one of the city's nine Important Bird Areas, NYC Audubon staff helped erect a Chimney Swift tower in view of the visitor center observation window.
Clay Pit Ponds Chimney Swift Tower© NYC Audubon


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LONDON � Celebrity chef Nigella Lawson and art baron Charles Saatchi have taken the first legal step toward finalizing the end of their marriage.
In a hearing at London's High Court lasting less than a minute, District Judge Anne Aitken granted the couple a decree nisi � the first of two stages of divorce.
The divorce of 70-year-old Saatchi and 53-year-old Lawson can become final after six weeks and a day, with the granting of a decree absolute.
The couple separated after a newspaper published photos last month of Saatchi grasping his wife's throat during an argument at a London restaurant.


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Canvas Fall Tree Card
SUPPLIES: Cardstock: (Rustic Cream, kraft) Papertrey Ink Rubber stamp: (Old Letter) Hero Arts Clear stamps: (happy fall from 2009 Autumn Tags set) Papertrey Ink; (trunk, treetop from Blossom Trees set) Tattered Angels; (harvest circle from Amber Road set) Pink Paislee Pigment ink: (Orange Zest, Terracotta Tile) Papertrey Ink Chalk ink: (Creamy Brown) Clearsnap Specialty ink: (Ripe Avocado, Summer Sunrise, Dark Chocolate, True Black hybrid) Papertrey Ink Accent: (green leaf stick pin) Maya Road Fibers: (natural twine) Papertrey Ink Die: (tag) Provo Craft Other: (natural canvas) Finished size: 4 1/4" x 5 1/2"
1 Make card from cardstock.
2 Cut canvas slightly smaller than card front; stitch and fray edges.
3 Ink canvas. Stamp trunk, treetop, Old Letter, and harvest circle. Adhere to card.
4 Die-cut tag from cardstock. Stamp happy fall, ink edges, and adhere to card.
5 Tie twine on pin; attach.
Adventures with Canvas
Want more projects that showcase all the fun ways you can use canvas in your projects? Check out the "Creatively Canvas" feature in our September/October 2011 issue for canvas ideas from stamping and inking to die-cutting.Get your copy HERE!
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World Triathlon Corporation Professional Athlete Code of Conduct
The World Triathlon Corporation (WTC) Professional Athlete Code of Conduct establishes standards by which Professional athletes are expected to conduct themselves. As the media and participant focus on our sport, Professional athletes are required to abide by these standards at all times whilst participating in WTC Events and associated media.
General conduct
In the attempt to bring some guidance to athletes, officials and event personnel these guidelines have been put in place to assist in enforcing the application of WTC Competitive Rules and Code of Conduct.
The following are examples of unacceptable behavior by current IRONMAN Professional Members that will result in penalties.
I. Audible and visible displays of obscenity and anger.
II. Abuse (physical, verbal, threatening or slanderous) of Race Officials, volunteers, fellow competitors and any event personnel.
III. Unprofessional public communications in person or via any media dialogue.
IV. Blatant and repeated violations of event procedures.
Athletes whose conduct is considered contrary to this Code is subject to penalties, including but not limited to one or more of the following:


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CCBX 2409 Tank car
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|Camera make and model:
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Depew, New York
(map) This is at or near the Buffalo-Depew Amtrak train station in upstate New York, near the Canadian border.
September 10th, 2006
On the last leg of our extended trip home, we stopped at Buffalo's Depew train station for around 5 hours to see what we could find, catching 16 trains: CSXT Q114, Q117, Q632, Q115, NS #310, CSXT Q112, Q109, Q386, Q396, AMTK #64 (VIA #97), Q2??, Q140, Q364, Q268, AMTK #288, and AMTK #63 (VIA #98).This image viewed 13 times, as of last night.


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Wilco Continues To Get The Internet
from the always-nice-to-hear deptWe talk about all sorts of artists who really seem to "get" the internet, and how it can be used for good, rather than something to freak out about. It's worth noting that the band Wilco really was one of the earlier ones to embrace the internet in all sorts of ways, going all the way back to 2002, when the band's label (a Warner Music subsidiary) "rejected" its album Yankee Hotel Foxtrot and dropped the band. It gave the band the rights to the rejected album... and the band responded by streaming the entire thing live on its website. Today that's nothing special. A decade ago that was a pretty big deal. Eventually the album was released and became the band's best seller. We also wrote about them back in 2004, when the band had a cool reaction to an album leaking online before its release date. Rather than freaking out, the band said that it's something inevitable and not a problem. Later that same year, frontman and founder Jeff Tweedy explained a philosophy that will sound quite familiar to folks reading this site:
A piece of art is not a loaf of bread. When someone steals a loaf of bread from the store, that's it. The loaf of bread is gone. When someone downloads a piece of music, it's just data until the listener puts that music back together with their own ears, their mind, their subjective experience. How they perceive your work changes your work. Treating your audience like thieves is absurd. Anyone who chooses to listen to our music becomes a collaborator. People who look at music as commerce don't understand that. They are talking about pieces of plastic they want to sell, packages of intellectual property. I'm not interested in selling pieces of plastic.Anyway, I was just catching up on some podcasts, and listened to an episode of The Nerdist Podcast in which they interview Jeff Tweedy (bonus geek points: Wil Wheaton joins the Nerdist crew for this one) and they have a good discussion on some of his thinking on these subjects. Wheaton actually brings up the whole Yankee Hotel Foxtrot story, and how the band's decision to put it online like that made him, as a fan, feel invested in the band's success because it was so kind to its fans. That lets Tweedy again make some key points that we've talked about here for a while, but it's always great to hear a successful musician saying similar things:
I'm happy with the amount of goodwill that seems to exist between us and our audience. I can only guess as to why that exists, and I've never been in a band where that didn't exist.... We have our collaborators and our patrons, who come to see us play, and I feel like we treated them as patrons of the arts and collaborators.And as for the decision to release YHF online for streaming, he first notes that there was no one around to tell them it was a bad idea. It was just a "practical" decision:
We needed to get out on the road, because that's how we make money -- we don't make money off of records. So our business model, if you want to call it that... we support ourselves on the road. And having our new record done and wanting to play those songs just meant, well, let's let people hear them so they'll know what's up. And it'll be more fun to play those songs for everybody....It's an attitude that has worked well for the band for at least a decade, and seems to work for many others as well. It still amazes me that so many others in that business tend to see their fans as criminals and don't make any effort to treat them right at all.
We just can't look at it as any individual thing is how we're going to be supported by anybody. If they get one record free, they might buy another record. If they get one record free, they might come see the show or they might buy a t-shirt at the show... For us, we've managed to keep our heads above water by not focusing on "the lost sales" but by focusing on the people who are there and are supporting us.
Filed Under: art, the nerdist, wil wheaton, wilco
Companies: warner music


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Highlights: Visit Page (Horseshoe Bend), Antelope Canyon (Lower Antelope Canyon).
You can use this tour reference to customize you vacation
|Child (0-12 yrs)
We're constantly adding new departures dates and times, as they're made available to TakeTours by our local suppliers.
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We also recommend you sign up for TakeTours's monthly email newsletter, in order to stay on top of the latest deals & travel news.
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|Las Vegas, NV
|3850 S Las Vegas Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89109
|Las Vegas, NV
|3645 S Las Vegas Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89109 (Bally's Las Vegas)
|Las Vegas, NV
|3300 S. Las Vegas Bvld., Las Vegas, NV 89106 (Las Vegas, NV)
|Las Vegas, NV
|2880 S Las Vegas Blvd, Las Vegas, NV 89109 (Las Vegas, NV)
*Return time is an estimate and varies based on traffic and weather conditions.
|Antelope Canyon
|Lower Antelope Canyon (Mandatory)
|$35 (7-11 yrs)
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All passengers must arrive 15 minutes before departure time. All passengers must show photo ID and boarding pass or tickets for boarding; absolutely no boarding without tickets. Departure time and boarding location will be confirmed after reservation is made.
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Tour operator is not responsible for any loss of or damage to personal items, or personal injury that may occur on or during the tour. It is optional that passengers to buy travel insurance, for more information, please consult your travel agent.
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We constantly strives to improve tour itineraries and features. If such improvements can be made, or unforeseen circumstances beyond our control make changes necessary - we reserve the right to vary itineraries and to substitute hotels. At certain peak periods duplicate departures may operate, and sometimes in reverse order in which case hotels may vary from those stated on the itinerary pages.
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We reserves the right to cancel or re-schedule any tour departure in accordance with operating requirements or circumstances beyond its control.If cancellation is made any time prior to departure* of the tour, Taketours' only liability will be to refund to the passenger the amount it has received for the tour booking. We are not responsible for any other travel arrangements affected due to our cancellations.
Lugggage: Tour travellers are not allowed to carry luggage of any size, but are allowed to carry backpack within the relevant size.


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So are people complaining about the gay options in Mass Effect 3? Is that what this is about? Maybe I'm one of the few people not paying attention to all the people bitching and moaning about what is wrong in Mass Effect 3, Bioware, EA, the mole people, Antarctica, Universal Studious, and some annoying man-child's mother's bedroom, but I am not aware of such complaints. Wouldn't surprise me, though. But there are never complaints about games allowing for lesbian relationships. And personally, I'm happy just ignoring gay relationships in games. Call me weird, but I can totally do that with no issues.
After watching this, I can see the reason for the age verification. It definitely more than blurred a few lines.
Mature? Kettle = black. It's not the homosexuality, as much as you want to believe. It's the sexually explicit content. That's obvious to probably 95% of people.
I have the sudden desire to play FFIX again.
That was ... oddly arousing. I'M NOT GAY
Seriously, though, that was very entertaining.
Since Jim didn't say it, allow me: Thank god for Jim Sterling.
But seriously, what on earth did I just watch?
Jennifer Helper (a writer for bioware) made a twitter account last week, and closed it soon after because of several people trolling her for including homosexual characters in games, among other things.
That was
Anyway, I always wondered why ME 1 and 2 didn't have any gay options. It's not like Bioware is strictly against them, if you look at DA:O for example.
The whole video basically says "Shut the hell up" to all the homophobes regarding ME3.
With the age verification at the beginning I was thinking an insane slew of profanity(even Yahtzee doesn't have any age verification and he swears nearly constantly), this was... unexpected.
Now what exactly is the name of this "song from FFIX" so I can go download it?
I'd have figured including homosexuality as a dimension in inter-character relationships would only serve to add depth to the world. Perhaps i'm wrong on that one?
And yes, I vaguely heard of what was going on with that woman. Say what you want about her writing (as that is a purely subjective decision) but there was honestly no justification for those people calling her a fat whore etc.
I'm afraid it's too subtle.
You watched the video. That was a lot more than simply mentioning homosexuality. That was a full blown 8 minutes of Mass Effect slash.
...and THAT'S why i create femsheps ^^
didn't have to laugh so hard to any previous episode though - thank gay for gay
"Loss of Me".
Definitely one of the best tracks in that game.
I have a feeling that it was more to do with the fact that there was a lot of eroticism in that video... and I'd wager, that had they had the same sort of post instead with a heterosexual theme there would have been the same verification requirement.
But for a while there I wasn't sure whether or not Jim was being homophobic, then I realized at the end that he was trying to make a point that people who claim that ME3 will make you gay are just that, total irrational homophobes.
I really got that vibe too. Yay for obscure Channel 4 comedies. Great video too.
And people wonder why I play Femshep. Heck, get all my created characters together and I'll have an army of snarky redheaded lesbians.
Yeah, so, I watched, like, half of this.
Does it get funny at some point? Is there some clever twist? Or is it just an eight-minute troll?
*sigh* I was just starting to like him, too...
Oh please. If one screw up is enough to make you dislike something, you're going to be a very bored and lonely human.
Ah yes, bashing the ignorant, deluded, one-celled organisms. Very good, though I doubt them homophobes will get it... I mean, they're brains aren't that evolved to pick-up satirical, ironical and/or sarcastic undertones, right?
This was rather awkward for me to watch,but I managed through it all.
I really hope that this option of same sex romances won't ruin the whole experience,for me at least,such as the characters you've encountered throughout the two games and known what their "preference" is when it comes to partners.
And now they suddenly are bi? That's...wrong in my eyes.
PS: No offense to the bi/gay community.
Ergh... boredom. I usually mildly enjoy Jim but this one is just dull.
Edit: Ok, -finally- got to the point where Jim actually implied what he was trying to get at - i.e. the bullshit some fans where on about before, where they said 'Allowing gay romance would ruin' their game and threaten them.
BUT I have to say, Jim, you could have done this alot better.
That was fucking stupid. What was the point? Where was the comedy? I can't believe I am saying this, but Jim Sterling just wasted 8 minutes of my life.
Lovely just so poetic...
This video... that story, so... amazing, can't hold it in anymore, I'm going to... HNNG
The best story ever finally was read aloud by its genius author. Well done Jim. Well done.
That's what she said.
I could not stop laughing. That was one of the best things I've ever seen on the internet. Thank you Jim. Thank you.
I hate to say it but Jim summed up the majority of Mass Effect fans.
Nice knock against Origins as well.
+1 to Jim for reading the story of his PS Vita and keeping a straight face the whole time.
I'm not exactly an expert on erotica but don't give up your day job Jim...this didn't get me excited at all.
or is it a parable on how all the ME fans are getting fucked by EA?
This is the greatest story since Mr Garrison wrote his romance novel "In The Vally of Penises" xD.
I'm impressed by Jim's ability to paint a picture with his words more then anything else. That took some writing talent.
Wow that was complete asinine garbage. I got about 4 minutes in before I realized the video was still playing in the background and shut it off. Penis penis throbbing penis. I get how that might be funny if it didn't remind me so clearly of waiting in line at the DMV.
Have to agree with you both on that.
Its actually abit of satire on a bunch of homophobes from who declared that allowing gay romance options in Mass Effect 3 would 'ruin the game for them' and they declared Shepard couldn't possibly be gay, no matter what.
The fact that very few people seem to know that this is what its about shows that Jim messed this one up and should have just done a normal video.
There was not a more brilliant way to respond to the ridiculous fan rage about the gay maleShep options. Well done, Jim.
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Subscribe To Captain America 3 In The Works At Marvel Studios Updates
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Comic book movie fans have spent months and months wondering what Marvel Studios has planned for the upcoming Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe outside of Edgar Wright's upcoming Ant-Man, and today that picture has become a bit clearer. Variety is reporting that the studio is now in the process of putting together plans for a Captain America 3, and according to their sources that includes bringing back directors Joe and Anthony Russo.
The trade notes that nothing is official just yet, as the project has not yet been officially greenlit and negotiations haven't begun yet, but reportedly the groundwork is being built now. The development comes as a result of the folks at Marvel being "impressed" with the work that was done on the upcoming Captain America: The Winter Soldier, which has apparently been performing well in recent test screenings.The studio wants to lock up the Russos as quickly as possible, and while Marvel hasn't hired any screenwriters to take care of the script just yet, the directing duo is already working out an outline for the second sequel's plot.
Obviously details are very slim at this point, but Variety notes that many of the actors already have deals set up for a third film, including star Chris Evans. Right now it would seem that the only real big question mark in the equation is whether or not The Winter Soldier will perform well enough at the box office to justify moving forward with a sequel, but after the incredible success of both Iron Man 3 and Thor: The Dark World it's practically impossible to imagine the film doing poorly.
Before signing on to direct Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Joe and Anthony Russo were best known for their work on the small screen, both directing episodes of and producing shows like Arrested Development and Community. When they were first brought into the Marvel fold it seemed like a very strange move for the studio, but if this new report is to be believed then would appear that the gamble has definitely paid off. The film will be in theaters on April 4th, and you can check out the trailer below:
Are you excited that Marvel is already developing a Captain America 3? Answer our poll below and tell us what you think in the comments section!
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OAKLAND — Parents joined a neighborhood cleanup Wednesday to call attention to two incidents in the past month in which a man entered school campuses and inappropriately touched students in East Oakland. Police released a sketch of the suspect in hopes that someone will see him and alert authorities.
The most recent incident was Friday at the World Academy-Education for Change school in East Oakland, where a girl reported that a man had molested her on campus, police said.
The charter school, at 1700 28th Ave., was locked down after the 7-year-old girl told school officials that a stranger approached her about 4:10 p.m. and molested her, police said.
Police searched school grounds but did not find a suspect. The suspect was not a school staff member, police said.
Police believe the same man is suspected in another incident reported Jan. 24 at a nearby Oakland public school, Think College Now Elementary School, which is two blocks from the World Academy campus.
A 6-year-old girl was approached by a stranger, who grabbed and touched her in an inappropriate manner, but the girl struggled and was able to get away and alert an adult at the Think College Now campus.
Teresa Ramos, a parent of an 8-year-old student at Think College Now, joined the cleanup Wednesday.
She said the school has heightened security on campus by requiring all parents to check in at the office, locked doors on campus and, with the help of Oakland police, is training parents to patrol the perimeter of the school.
"We need some new security because it's dangerous here," Ramos said. "We need to have our students safe. We think they're safe and this guy comes on campus and just grabs the girl."
Councilman Noel Gallo, who lives a couple of blocks from the two schools, joined the neighborhood cleanup Wednesday.
"We need the parents and the students to take ownership of their neighborhood and not wait for the police," Gallo said. "You have to report things when you see it in order to get involved."
He said the Police Department planned to start training parents to patrol the school perimeter of Think College Now at 9 a.m. Thursday.
The suspect identified in the police sketch is described as white or Hispanic, 6 feet tall, 180-200 pounds with black hair and a mustache. He may have a rash or birthmark on the left side of his forehead.
He was wearing a black T-shirt, bluejeans and brown Skechers shoes.
A reward of up to $7,500 is being offered for information leading to an arrest. Anyone with information can call 510-238-3641, an anonymous tip line at 510-637-0298 or Crime Stoppers of Oakland at 510-777-8572.
Contact Harry Harris at email@example.com. Contact Doug Oakley at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Public Interest Fellows Pursue Their Dreams
For nearly two decades, ONU Pettit College of Law Summer Public Interest Fellowship Program has allowed ONU law students to pursue their goals and dreams of becoming public interest attorneys – and to make a difference in our society.
Public service is often a challenging area of law education for students to pursue. The majority of public interest internships are unpaid, which creates an obstacle for those who want to work with the underserved, and especially for those looking for experience in large cities.
To combat this issue, ONU Law's Summer Public Interest Fellowship Program has provided more than $80,000 in scholarship aid to committed students in the College of Law who wish to pursue careers in public service. The scholarship funds are raised through the annual Public Interest Auction sponsored by Law Career Services. The first auction was held in 1998, and, since then, these scholarships have been completely funded by this event.
David Frank
Since its creation in 1994, fellowship stipends have been granted to more than 80 students. These stipends serve to further the advancement of ONU law students seeking volunteer work in unpaid fields of the public sector, who also desire to continue a career in public service after graduation. A committee of faculty and administration selects students to become ONU Public Interest Fellows based on their previous interest in public service. This year, the committee chose 10 law students from a variety of backgrounds.
Fellowship program recipients have previously volunteered in nonprofit organizations, government agencies and unassisted clerking positions. In these positions, students work to assist women and children, minorities, the elderly, the mentally and physically disabled, and other groups or persons otherwise unable to obtain legal representation.
Current L-3 David W. Frank, one of the 2011 Public Interest Fellows, spent last summer in Indianapolis at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Indiana. He gained invaluable experience composing legal memoranda, reviewing briefs and records for federal court appearances, and even attending a trial challenging the solitary confinement of mentally ill prisoners.
"I was grateful for the opportunity to use my Public Interest Law Fellowship Award for the purposes of this position," says Frank. "I worked under Legal Director Ken Falk and alongside interns from the law schools of Harvard, Michigan, and Indiana-Indianapolis defending the constitutional rights of students, immigrants, prisoners and many others."
The 2012 Public Interest Fellows are now interning in numerous cities across the country, in states as far away as Texas and Washington. Many students are spending their summer in district attorney, defense and prosecutor's offices where they are furthering their interest in public service for their ONU law degrees and beyond.
—Steve Saunier
Political Science major
Centerburg, OH


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|The Battle has been enjoined...
As I stated in my last post, the biggest hurdle to overcome here will be the removal of the dying UN-52 cartridge bottom bracket. The first thing I knew was that this was going to require some extreme force to accomplish. To be able to apply that force, I was going to need to be able to stabilize my bottom bracket removal tool, so it would not "walk out" when I wrenched on it.
I'm kind of good at improvising things mechanically. Sometimes it works out great, sometimes it is just "okay", but it is a talent I possess at any rate. I grabbed my tool for the bottom bracket, located a crank bolt, and found a SRAM cassette lock ring, but I needed one more piece to the puzzle. Something that would cover the hole in the cassette lock ring, but be big enough in the center to be able to pass the crank bolt through. Aha! I found a derailleur jockey wheel that was without its bushing. Perfect!
The bolt would go through the jockey wheel, and then through the cassette lock ring, which was positioned so the threaded part sat against the tool, and essentially acted as a standoff to give the wrench room to purchase the tool. Tightened down, the tool has no chance of walking out, or stripping the bottom bracket cup. Hammer time........nuthin.
So, I removed the seat post and introduced a copious amount of penetrant and let it marinate. I'll let that sit a day or so, then I will revisit this little battle and ......win!
Stay tuned for further updates.


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Personality filled patterns and hand-lettering licensed for Design Design and sold Wholesale.
As a licensed wallpaper, fabric and greeting card designer, Karla specializes in creating repeat patterns that rely on a hand-drawn aesthetic and intriguing color combinations. Karla's pattern collections contain surprising little details and well proportioned repeats. Collections are inspired by cultures and traditions, far away and in her own backyard in Athens, GA, where Karla lives with her husband and corgis in a little neighborhood called Normaltown.