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The town of Salem was governed and tightly controlled by the brethren of the Moravian Church. The affairs in Salem were controlled by two groups:
The Aeltester Conferenz, or Board of Elders, was responsible for the supervision of the spiritual affairs of the congregation.
The Aufseher Collegium, or Supervising Board, was charged with the care of the material, the financial interests of the congregation (functions much like those of a present day City Council).
Another Board appointed in 1772 was the Grosse Helfer Conferenz, an advisory Board of ex-officers and elected members. This Board consisted of nine elected brethren and sisters, with the ex-officio members including the members of the Aeltesten Conferenz and the Aufseher Collegium, along with five other Brethren and Sisters. This Board had no executive power, but served as a kind of management advisory committee which presented to the other Boards anything that in their judgment needed attention.
There was a night watch of some sort in Salem from the time it began functioning as a Congregation Town. The minutes of the Grosse Hefler Conferenz on April 27, 1772, reports that ..."in the future instead of blowing, the bell shall be rung in the morning at 7..." It was not until two years later, however that the position of night watchman seems to have been formally instituted:
A night watchman for the community is indispensable. Br. (Heinrich) Zillman has been suggested, and a contract concerning his salary and his duties is to be made with him, should he be found willing to take over the job.
Zillman, a tailor by trade, accepted the offer on March 22, 1774, at a salary, agree upon by him and the Congregation Council, of f22 a year ..."out of which he will pay all expenses except the great coat for which he has asked." The salary would be paid by all adult male residents of the town. The assessment of each apparently determined the extent of protection provided.
For example, the storekeeper, whose place of business would be a natural attraction to thieves, was assessed seven shillings every four weeks, while an ordinary householder or single brother was asked to pay only four pence.
It's interesting that the only "perq," Zillman, a tailor, asked for, was a coat.
Each night Zillman was to cover a prescribed beat, which according to the present day street pattern, took him from Main Street west on Academy to Liberty (then called Salt St) north on Liberty almost to Shallowford, east to main, south on Main to midway between west and Walnut, north on Main, east on West St., north on Church and west on Academy to the beginning. There is no record of Zillman's specific duties as he made his rounds, but presumably his responsibilities followed generally those spelled out by the Aufserher Collegium ion the 1790s:
At ten in the evening the night watchman is going to start on his watch. He will blow his horn hourly during the night, before midnight with a long tune and after midnight with a short one. This will be done at the end and in the middle of the Community. If he is able to sing, it is very nice if he now and then sings a verse wile he makes his round.
During the summer from Lady-Day (Annunciation Day, March 25) til Michaelmas (September 29), he will make his last round at three.
In the winter, from Michaelmas to Lady-Day, he will make his last round at four.
He will past at least once before and after midnight through the large yards of the Gemein Haus and the Sisters House, the yard of the Brothers House, the Tavern, the Red and White Tanners, and through the gardens in the upper part of the Community toward Br. Holland.
If he notices fire, he will have to announce this at first in the house where he notices it, then in the Brothers House. If there is anything doubtful going on, like burglary, etc., he will announce this first in the Brothers House.
If there is a loud barking of the dogs or other unusual noises, he will have to find out what it means.
He will keep a good, strong dog, whom he takes with him during his rounds through the Community.
If there is anything doubtful going on in the middle of the night-also concerning our citizens- he shall investigate this and make a report about it the following day.
If there is a fire or a candle burning in one of the houses or windows at an unusual time of the night, he will enter the house quickly and ask the reason for this.
If he knows that there are sick people in a house, he will check them frequently, and ask for their welfare. Upon request he is to fetch the doctor.
If there are any travelers who are looking for the Tavern, the doctor, etc., he will show them the way.
If he cannot go on his night watch because of illness or any other reason, he shall not appoint anybody else without giving notice to the Community Warden.
Once when the Single Brothers' horses broke into Johan George Stockburger's oat field, Zillman was mildly reprimanded for neither driving the horses out nor notifying Stockburger of the trouble. By and large though, he seems to have discharged his duties satisfactorily, though from time to time Zillman registered complaints–mainly about his sleeping accommodations.
Arrangements had been made for Zillman to occupy a front room in the home of Christina Triebel. The Triebel house was on Main St just north of the Town Square. Triebel also agreed to feed Zillman's dog. A service which, together with the rent for the room, cost the Community Diacony f2 a year. The trouble was, Triebel's house was located in the noisiest part of town and Zillman found it was impossible to sleep in the daytime amid the creaking of wagon wheels, the clop-clop of horses' hooves, the clank of cow bells and the chatter of town's people as they went about the day's business. As he complained to the Aufserher Collegium, the loss of sleep "unfits him for watching"; besides he said, "The place smokes."
So in November 1778, the Collegium decided to build a small house for the watchman, but two months later changed its mind, voting instead "to ask Br. Triebel to make his (the watchman's) quarters as comfortable as possible." It was not until June 17, 1780 that the watchman's house- a log structure measuring sixteen by thirteen feet- was erected on the lot just a bit further north on Main. And it was not until September 165 that Zillman moved into it.
He was not to remain there long, however, nor would he enjoy many calm days or nights. For by then the Revolutionary War was moving closer to Salem, and the burden of keeping watch during the perilous times lay heavy on him: "Many people pass through our town at night, and the night watchman is reminded to take good care." Frequently, the potential danger was so great that additional Brethren joined him in the watch.
Zillman had been living in the little log house less than four months when he was asked to vacate it to make room for a group of six Virginia cavalrymen who had been ordered by General Greene to go to Salem to recuperate. It was then used for the temporary storage of gunpowder that had been brought to Salem from Greene's army, and shortly after the powder was moved out, the Salem Diary reported that a sick militiaman had arrived and "was added to the wounded men in the house of the night watchman."
So, with all these demands tumbling down on Salem as a result of the Revolution, it may be that Zillman never gain was permitted to enjoy the privacy of the night watchman's house. For by this time, mid-February 1781, his tenure as watchman was drawing to a close. He was in his late sixties, and particularly in those troubled times in Salem, the job was too strenuous for a man of that age. The Elders Conference decided to tell him "that he is relieved" and could devote his full time to tailoring.
Mar. 1, 1781-"Br. Rudolph Strehle has taken the place of Br. Zillman as night-watchman. His blowing (Conch shell trumpet) last night put him in danger of being shot, and it will be well for Br. Meyer, when there are officers in the Tavern, especially when they are on the way to the Army, to explain that our night-watchman always announces the hours by blowing."
April 5, 1781-"Br. Strehle asks increase of pay as night-watchman. He has been receiving 14 pence a night, and wishes 18pence. This is fair, and it is a quarter more than he has been getting. The Brethren must increase their contributions to his salary proportionately."
Tycho Nissen covered the watchman's beat by night and then worked at the Community Store "from nine o'clock in the morning until toward evening." With this grueling schedule, it is little wondering that after only a couple of months, Nissen suffered "an apoplectic attack and some other Brother had to take over the watch." His indisposition turned out to be only temporary and he remained as Salem's night watch for nearly three years. Not once during that time is there a recorded complaint about his work.
Unfortunately, the same cannot be said of his successors. Neither the pay nor the hours of the night watchman being very attractive, the Aufserher Collegium was hard pressed to find reliable Brethren willing to take the job and often had to fall back on men who were not overly conscientious. As a consequence, there were continual complaints:
There is general complaint that our night watchman does not do his duty faithfully. It was resolved that the Brn Schnepff, Reuz and Herbst should speak with him earnestly and then it will appear whether he will do better or must be relieve of the job. ....there was a new complaint about the negligent manner in which the night watchman's job is attended to, which makes many citizens unwilling to pay their subscriptions.
In July 1801, John Daniel Christman, a cooper, took over the watch promising "to fulfill his office with the utmost care and faithfulness." But with the coming of winter when the hours grew longer and the nights colder, his resolve began to flag. First, he protested that "he cannot do his watch in the cold winter nights without a coat but does not have the money to buy one." The Aufsher Collegium stood firm. With a salary of f39, it said, he should be able to afford a coat. Two months later Christman complained again–this time that "he cannot keep dry when watching on rainy nights, for he cannot afford to buy a blanket..." And on this occasion he had better Luck; the storekeeper gave him a blanket but "on condition that in the future in making rounds at night he would go through the store yard."
By 1809, Christman was getting old and the Collegium decided to split the watch between him and Samuel Schulz, a blacksmith. Christman would work until midnight, after which Schultz would take over. But that system did not work entirely well either, because more and more often when he went off duty at midnight, Christman forgot to awaken Schulz, thus leaving the town unguarded sometimes for several hours.
Ill health caused Christman soon to retire and his place was taken by Johann Gotlib Schrocter, a tailor, who apparently was less forgetful. At any rate, he and Schulz held the watch jointly for about eight years.
Even so, the night watch seems to have been a perennial problem for the Aufsher Collegium. Solomon Lick had to be shifted from the after-midnight watch to the before-midnight one because the "idea that everybody is asleep might induce him to be negligent and careless." It was necessary to have a "brotherly talk" with watchman Christina Fockel who was "reported not to be punctual."
Three years later Fockel was in trouble again. His health was failing, and on many nights, he as too sick to take the watch. As he understood it, Joseph Stauber would fill in for him on those nights, but Stauber apparently did not understand it that way. The result was that on more than one occasion, no one was on duty for the entire night! And even when Stauber did work, he was a less than satisfactory watchman owing to the fact that he never could master the art of conch shell blowing.
But if the Collegium had its headaches, so did the watchmen themselves; their "customers" were not easy to please. Once in the 1790's it was suggested that "the night watchman, instead of blowing, might call the hours and sing a verse for each, which will make his service more agreeable." Adam Koffler, who had the watch at the time, made an earnest effort to comply. But he was not blessed with a strong voice, and within six months, the Brethren and Sisters were complaining that they could not hear him. So the Collegium concluded that "it will be better to return to the blowing."
In 1846 the reaction was just the opposite: "Complaints have been raised about too much unnecessary noise caused by the night watchman's tooting the hours. It was reported that various inhabitants of the community would rather do without a night watchman than suffer being disturbed continually during the night."
Then, too, the watchmen were beset with minor irritations, such as the time in 1804 when "some frivolous people (probably mischievous young Single Brothers)...mock the night watchman's call by echoing it."
As now, the job of watching the town was a lonely one, often uncomfortable due to the element and sometime dangerous. In composing a verse for the last hour, Count Zinzendorf must have understood well the relief with which the watchman finished his nights work:
The clock is six! And from the watch I'm free. And every one may his own watchman be.
Salem was incorporated on December 13, 1856. The Board of Commissioners, elected by the voters, took over where the Aufserher Collegium left off in dealing with the night watchmen who were now employees of the town as opposed to working for the church that controlled the town.
The first law enforcement-related action of the Board of Commissioners was almost three months after incorporation when they approved the two-year rental of a house on Main Street in the block just north of the square to be used as a "hall and watch house." The price was thirty dollars per year. The two-story house had been a hat shop earlier. It has been reconstructed as a hat shop as part of Old Salem. Soft drinks and snacks are now sold out of what was once the lockup.
Commissioners minutes report that Frank Fries was commissioned to build a lockup in the lower part of the house of "12 feet square or thereabout and of 2 inch oak plants with a good and substantial iron grated door." At the next meeting they rescinded these plans and told Fries to build a lockup" in any manner of any material he may think best."
The appointment of W. H. Hauser as Salem town constable on March 11 1858 constitutes the beginning of structured law enforcement. the Commissioners approved a salary and listed specific duties...."do the nightwatching as heretofore, to collect taxes, attend to the street lamps and the execution of the newly adopted town ordinances....Attend to making a fire and lighting Commissioners Hall at the time specified for meetings, attend to the lockup and whatever else my be require to promote good government of the town of Salem."
The board guaranteed Hauser $300 per year plus a percentage of fees and fines he collected. The cost on warrants and the feeding of prisoners was not to be included in the $300.
April 7, 1858- Since the lockup below Commissioners Hall was probably the most secure building in Salem; it would have been useful for holding slaves as well as criminals. At this meeting the Mayor proposed rules for use of the lockup by slave owners include the amount they were to be charged for feeding an the responsibility for cleaning the lockup when they left.
The next year John Weissel was appointed as assistant town constable. The town was divided at West Street, just south of the Square. Weissel was assigned the lower or south beat and the board admonished both men to stay in their assigned areas. The Commission minutes state that Weissel was told to walk through every inhabited street on his beat at least once an hour.
Commissioners' minutes of August 16, 1859 show that the constable should work the streets in the daytime to keep them in good repair and to work five or six hour per night and to be paid $25 a month
The Mayor of Salem was authorized to appoint additional personnel for special occasion or to deal with specific problems. Regularly there were appointments to help with crowd control at Easter Sunrise services. Three extra men were hired for the week of final exams at Salem Female Academy in 1858, evidently to keep the peace for studying.
April 22, 1860-Moved- that the town officer keep persons from gathering on the streets corners or sidewalks.
Street work, bridge repair and tax collection were all part of the constable's job during the Civil War years as well as keeping up with the stream of veterans and wounded returning from the battlefields. Salary or guarantee for the job was cut to $225 per year in 1862 for the first constable and $149 a year for his assistant.
Beginning in 1863, bids were accepted twice a year for the position of constable/lamplighter. The names and their bids for the job were then presented to the Commissions who then "elected" the constable for a six-month term. The low bidder usually, but not always, got the job. This "election," similar to the way Boards and Commissions are appointed by the City Council today, continued until 1913.
In 1873, a police precinct was established at Centerville, presently the area of Waughtown St near the NC School of the Arts. One man was elected to serve the Centerville District at slightly less pay than the Salem Police, probably since Centerville was mostly a residential area. A calaboose was also established for the Centerville Policeman since it was a far walk to the jail on the north side of Salem Square.
June 5, 1874-Board received these bids from applicants:
The Board elected H. N. Null as policeman at his bid of $190.00. Obviously there were factors other than "low bid" that entered into the decision.
June 19, 1874- Mayor Vogler suggested to the Board the necessity of building a pound for hogs and cattle. The Board resolved to build a pound ten feet square and six feet high.
It appears that this Pound was used mainly for impounding hogs running at large within the town limits. The charge against the impounded hog was 40 cents for picking up by the Town Constable, and 10 cents per day for feeding each hog weighing over 100 pounds and 5 cents for pigs less than 100 pounds. The owner could redeem his property by paying the costs. If not redeemed, these animals were sold at public auction, after notices posted at designated places for ten days.
The minutes for July 3, 1874, stated that the pound would not be built for lack of funds.
At the next meeting the Mayor stated he had contracted for building the pound at a cost of $1,800.
On August 6, 1875, an ordinance was adopted placing a $1.00 tax on dogs. A dog running outside its owner's premises was required to wear a collar bearing its owner's name; otherwise, the Constable would impound the animal. To redeem the dog, the owner had to pay a fine of $1.00 plus cost. If no owner was found, the Town Constable was required to destroy the dog.
A.C. Sheppard was elected town constable in 1880. His working hours were from dark until 3 a.m. He was then expected to be on duty in the daytime after a sufficient amount of rest. Sheppard kept the job for five years. The job of lamplighter was given to a second assistant hired in 1884 and Sheppard became Salem's first full time police officer. A Salem newspaper article called him "...a good and efficient officer and the authorities of the town did well in reappointing him."
George S. Ebert was named Chief of Police in 1888. His salary was $40 a month plus fees and fines he collected. Ebert was the first to have the title of Chief of Police.
May 25, 1888- Duties of Policeman
1-It is expected of the Policeman to be on duty from 10 AM until 3 AM during spring and summer seasons and to 4 AM during fall and winter months.
2-No Policeman shall leave the corporate precincts of Salem, without permission of the Mayor except in the discharge of his official duties and should he desire to be absent for pleasure or any other consideration he shall obtain the consent of the Mayor to fill his position in his absent and he shall be require to pay such officer during the time he is absent.
3.-It is expected of the Policeman to patrol the town daily both to maintain peace and quite and demand the observance of the laws and reported promptly all violations of law and order.
4.-Any violations of the above or any violations of the rules governing the Policeman found in the ordinances of the town of Salem or any neglect of duty shall be considered due cause for removal)
The duties of lamplighter, which had separated from the Police job for some time, were also defined. These included that he would "qualify as Policeman of the town and be subject to all ordinances and rules governing the Policeman but shall not receive additional compensation." (4-196) The lamplighter was paid less than the policeman.
The pay was obviously not a hindrance for there were 10 applicants of the job at this meeting.
The State General Assembly was also asked to approve some other changes in the Town Charter including the right of imminent domain and "Whenever by the provisions of any ordinance or fine is imposed for violation thereof, the Mayor shall have the right if such fine is not paid to require the offender to work on the public streets or do other work for the town to the value of any tax, fine, penalty or forfeiture imposed and adjusted to be paid and should be committed to the custody of the Police who shall execute this sentence und the direction of the Street Commissioners or may by putting the party to work under guard or with ball and chain or other safeguard if necessary."
Section 12-Any prostitute or women whose general reputation for chastity is bad, who shall be found on the streets at night, plying her vocation, or soliciting men drinking sitting on the streets or in front of stores or lunging about public houses, or conducting herself in a forward or improper manner shall be deemed guilty of a nuisance and shall be fined $5.00 for each offence.
June 7, 1889-"Commissioner Christ reported a house belonging to Mayor Fries, near their (Fries) warehouse as being filled with bad women and was a nuisance. Mayor said he would attend to it at once and see that it was abated."
Ebert served only one year as W.W. Spainhour was elected in 1889. The first police badges were purchased for the department, which had now grown to six men.
In 1891, the State Legislature issued a new town charter to Salem. It formally gave police jurisdiction to the Town of Salem over a large area south and east of the corporate boundary; this being know as the Centerville District. Under this act, Salem furnished and paid for police service but the citizens could not be taxed by the town and could not vote in town elections.
The Charter also required that the Chief be bonded so when the Board elected the Chief in 1892, it adopted a resolution "that the Chief of Police should give a bond for $500 for faithful discharge of his duties and this his pay shall be heretofore $40.00 a month."
Spainhour resigned two weeks before his term was up in 1892 and George Ebert was appointed to fill the term and then elected for the next year. By 1893, the Salem Police force was nine men.
Spainhour bid for the job again in 1894, was re-elected and held the position for the next four years. He petitioned the commissioners to see that electric lights were installed in the calaboose.
The 1897 election saw four candidates for the job of Chief. Spainhour was appointed after three tied votes.
A note in the 1898 minutes orders heavy screen wire for the windows of the Calaboose to prevent anything being handed to prisoners from the outside.
At the June 7, 1899 board meeting, J.R. Johnson was appointed Chief and Lewis Kimel was appointed lamplighter. He was paid two cents per lamp. That was a cut in pay; his predecessor had received two and a quarter cents.
Minutes of the Board meeting of April 9, 1900.....
Motion that a reward of $25 be offered by the board for the arrest and delivery in Salem of the Negro who shot and wounded Police Officer Everhart and got away while the officer was attempting to arrest him. Adopted Motion that the Board pay Police Officer Everhart for the time lost account of wound received.
There is no record of any other Salem Police Officer being seriously injured in the line of duty. Further, there is no record of the reward being paid.
Sender Newsome
The Police department budget for that year was $783.96. C.W. Russell was elected Chief in 1901. Russell's eight patrolmen were paid ten cents per hour. Former Chief Sender Newsome was now the police officer for the Centerville district and paid $45 per month; slightly less than the Salem Chief.
In the June 1902 Commissioners Meeting we find:
Resolved that in the future, the Chief of Police is required to report to the Mayor or Mayor pro-tem when he starts on duty each day.
He is also required to get written permit before leaving the corporate limits except in discharge of his official duty when his warrant is sufficient evidence.
He is further required to file each day a written record of his movements hourly or half-hourly and name witnesses at each specific time.
Salem would have several Chiefs over the next few years: Spainhour came back for one year in 1902. Centerville Police Officer Sender Newsom followed him. A provision of his election was that he installs a telephone in his own house at his expense. Newsom returned to being the Centerville Police Officer the next year.
John H. McGee was elected Chief on June 2, 1905 at a salary of $50 per month He commanded eleven regular and nine special policemen. Special policemen were usually watchmen at factories and mills.
One year later a nationwide financial panic caused the commissioners to cut McGee's force to only five men. His salary remained the same.
McGee was followed in 1907 by J.H. Yow. The Commissioners approved a motion that the town furnish the Chief with a telephone at home instead of making him pay for it.
On October 2, 1908, the board approved the purchase of two winter hats and two overcoats for the police and ordered two closets built in Commissioners Hall to store the coats.
Lewis Kimball, listed in the minutes as a lamplighter under Chief Johnson in 1899, was the final Chief of Salem. He would serve five years and then become a patrolman in the merged departments. His salary was increased in 1909 to $55 per month and to $60 per month in 1911. Assistant Chief S.L. Swain was given a salary of $50 a month. He too would serve in the combined Winston-Salem Department.
Colonial Salem history was compiled by former city employee, J.R. Snider.
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It is one of our enduring family photos from youth baseball: my sister dutifully in attendance, my father in a tie, my mother with a confectionary meringue of a bouffant. She looks like Peggy from "Mad Men," and she is holding neither peanuts nor Cracker Jack but a can of bug spray.
Then the Astrodome opened in 1965, and we took a couple of eager vacation trips to Houston from south Louisiana, where the temperature and humidity seemed surpassed only by the cholesterol count.
We were excited and astonished to sit in air-conditioning to watch a baseball game, free of the need for any lotion, suntan or calamine. Finally, we could satisfy our itch for big-league ball without the itch of swarming mosquitoes.
The Eighth Wonder of the World, as the Astrodome was nicknamed, with its 200-foot-tall roof and nine-acre footprint, became the most important, distinctive and influential stadium ever built in the United States.
It gave us domed, all-purpose stadiums and artificial turf and expansive scoreboards. It gave us seminal respect for women's sports when Billie Jean King beat Bobby Riggs at tennis in 1973. It gave us the inventor of the end zone dance in 1969, Elmo Wright of the University of Houston. It gave us the first prime-time national television audience for a regular-season college basketball game, with the famed 1968 meeting between Houston and U.C.L.A.
So it was despairing to hear that the vacant Astrodome might be torn down and its site paved over as Houston prepares to host the 2017 Super Bowl. Demolition would be a failure of civic imagination, a betrayal of Houston's greatness as a city of swaggering ambition, of dreamers who dispensed with zoning laws and any restraint on possibility.
A recent drive past the abandoned Astrodome at night revealed it to be unlit. It has been closed since 2008. The stadium was visible in silhouette, like a waning moon.
In daylight, however, beneath the dust and neglect, the Astrodome's silvery exterior continues to summon a city's innovative past and futuristic promise. By contrast, Reliant Stadium next door is a dull football arena, designed with all the imagination of a hangar to park a blimp.
James Glassman, a Houston preservationist, calls the Astrodome the city's Eiffel Tower and the "physical manifestation of Houston's soul." New York could afford to tear down old Yankee Stadium, Glassman said, because the city had hundreds of other signature landmarks. Not Houston. Along with oil, NASA and the pioneering heart surgeons Michael E. DeBakey and Denton A. Cooley, the technological marvel of the Astrodome put a young, yearning city on the global map.
"There was a confluence of space-age, Camelot-era optimism, and we were right there," said Glassman, founder of the Web site Houstorian.org. "It really set us on the road for a go-go future."
Houston's best ideas bring clever solutions to tricky problems. The weed whacker was invented there in 1971 by a dance instructor and developer named George Ballas. He got the idea from whirling brushes at a car wash. His prototype consisted of an edger and fishing wire threaded through a can of popcorn.
The Astrodome was built to solve a vexing conundrum: How to bring major league baseball to a city where the temperature could match the league leaders in runs batted in?
For our first family trip, my sister got new clothes, including a red vinyl hat that made her look like the world's youngest hotel doorman.
"Honey, I had to get a new outfit," she said. "We were going to the big city."
On an August weekend in 1966, we saw Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale pitch for the Dodgers against the Astros. We marveled at the animated scoreboard that celebrated home runs with a snorting bull and a pistol-firing cowboy. We screamed along with the bugling rally cry of "Charge!" We brought home a pennant, a souvenir batting helmet, pens in the shape of baseball bats.
We also saw something no child should, our father pushed aside by another man while chasing a batting-practice home run.
"Y'all were so put out," my mother said.
The Astrodome was the brainchild of Roy Hofheinz, a Barnumesque former mayor of Houston and county judge. He kept a stadium apartment that featured a putting green, a shooting gallery, a puppet theater and a bowling alley. A tour guide once described the décor to Sports Illustrated as "early whorehouse." In Hofheinz's view, invention was nothing without flamboyance.
Mickey Mantle hit the first home run at the Astrodome in an exhibition game, causing the scoreboard to flash "Tilt." Judy Garland, the Supremes, Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones, Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson played concerts there. Muhammad Ali retained his heavyweight title. Evel Knievel jumped 13 cars on his motorcycle.
Memorable Moments at the Astrodome
8 Photos
View Slide Show ›
The Republicans nominated President George H. W. Bush for re-election there in 1992. Robert Altman directed a movie called "Brewster McCloud" in the Astrodome. In 1986, the Mets and the Astros played 16 marathon innings in what was then the longest postseason baseball game. In 2005, a magnanimous civic gesture provided shelter for thousands of evacuees after Hurricane Katrina.
What happens next for the Astrodome is anyone's guess. As Houston sought the 2017 Super Bowl, Roger Goodell, the N.F.L. commissioner, did not call for the wrecking ball. But he said in March that additional parking for nearby Reliant Stadium could be "a very positive change" in Houston's bid.
The game was awarded to Houston last week. The Houston Texans and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo say the Astrodome could be imploded and replaced with 1,600 parking spaces for $29 million. Other officials say demolition would cost more than twice that much.
What a dreary possibility, a stadium that hinted of the Jetsons bulldozed for a Super Bowl that may or may not feature the Jets.
Demolition "would symbolize that we've just decided to quit," said Ryan Slattery, whose master's thesis in architecture at the University of Houston offers a different alternative.
Slattery's plan, which has gained traction, involves a vision of green space. He would strip the Astrodome to its steel skeleton, evoking the Eiffel Tower of sport, and install a park. It could be used for football tailgating, livestock exhibitions, recreational sports. Other ideas have been floated through the years, some more realistic than others: music pavilion, casino, movie studio, hotel, museum, shopping mall, indoor ski resort, amusement park.
All private proposals for the Astrodome are due by June 10 to the Harris County Sports and Convention Corporation, which oversees the stadium.
Legitimate debate can be had about whether the Astrodome's innovations ultimately enhanced or detracted from the broader sporting experience. Whether indoor stadiums lend sterility. Whether artificial turf leaves players more vulnerable to injury. Whether we need scoreboards to tell us to cheer. Whether basketball played in giant arenas is an abomination.
But the Astrodome is too essential to become a parking lot. Slattery is right when he says that Houston should not demolish the memory of its past but reimagine it for the future.

subset: commoncrawl


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Interpreting and Applying Test Results
by Cindy Short and Sue Welch
Interpreting Test Scores
Glossary of Terms
These basic terms will help you understand your child's test results. For definitions of additional terms see Pearson's Glossary of Measurement Terms.
Types of Tests
National Percentile Rank
Percentile does not refer to the percent of questions that were answered correctly.
Percentile ranks individuals within a group on a scale of 1 to 99 with 50 being average. A percentile rank of 60 means the student scored better than 60 percent of the other students in his comparison (norm) group, and 40 percent scored as well as, or better than, he did.
This score shows a comparison of student scores, from a low of 1 to a high of 9. It may be thought of as groupings of percentile ranks.
Grade Equivalent
This is the most commonly misunderstood term in interpreting test scores.
The first digit represents the year of the grade level and the digit after the decimal represents the month of that grade level.
The grade equivalent is not an estimate of the grade in which your child should be placed! Rather it shows that the score your child achieved was the same as the average score made by students at that grade level who took the same test.
For example a 2nd grade student scoring 4.7 on a math subtest, scored the same as the average 4th grade, 7th month student did who took the 2nd grade test. It does not mean that the 2nd grade student can do 4th grade math work.
Read online article by BJU Press, "What do Tests Really Tell?," for more information and examples.
Applying the Results
BJU Press presents the following suggestions.
If your child receives a low score, always compare that information with your own observations. If the low score is consistent with your personal observation and evaluation of your child's skill, develop a plan to strengthen this skill.
Your plan could include checking to see if the skill was taught, reteaching the skill from a different approach, checking curriculum content and methodology, and evaluating the effectiveness of your teaching methods.
Reading Comprehension
If reading comprehension (inferences, analyses, interpretations) scores are low, but mental ability and facts scores are higher, make sure your teaching and curriculum include questions that require interpretation, thought, inference, and other higher levels of thinking as well as literal-recall questions.
See The Teaching Home Newsletters #23, 25-26, 28-30 for ways to teach higher-level reading comprehension skills.
Math Problem Solving
If math problem-solving scores appear low, make sure your teaching and curriculum include visualization, meaning, and understanding in addition to facts and drills. Your curriculum should provide adequate opportunities for practice in solving story problems.
See The Teaching Home Newsletter #38 for many ideas to use in teaching math and how to solve story problems.
Math Computation
If math computation scores are low, check for your child's command of the basic facts and his understanding of mathematic procedures. Also, check for student carelessness while working problems and note how many questions were not answered at all, indicating your child may need to increase his speed as well as his accuracy.
Use "Holey Cards" for timed speed drills of addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication facts. Drill facts in related combinations of addition/subtraction or multiplication/division. Print triangular math facts cards or use ordinary flashcards.
If spelling scores are low, check for evidence that your child is convinced that spelling is important. (This conviction is developed by emphasizing correct spelling in all subject areas.)
Your methodology should teach your child how to spell using spelling principles, rather than just memorizing word lists. Employ a variety of ways to use each lesson's words over the whole week of study.See The Teaching Home Newsletter #32 for information and ideas in teaching spelling.
Maps and Diagrams References and Study Skills
If these skills are low, check for whether you are taking time to read and interpret maps, graphs, and tables in texts and other sources.
Check that you are teaching library, reference, and dictionary skills.
Language Usage and Expression
If aspects of language usage and expression are low, make sure you are teaching writing skills and requiring frequent written work. The proofing of writing assignments is excellent preparation for these tests.
See The Teaching Home Newsletter #36-37 for tips on how to teach writing.
Copyright 2008 by www.TeachingHome.com. Reprinted by permission


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GraphicRiver Trifold Brochures Bundle 2 1392525
Category: Print Template | Comment: ( 0 )
GraphicRiver Trifold Brochures Bundle 2 1392525
Print Template \ Brochures \ Catalogs
Print \ Professional \ Paper \ Pack \ Meeting \ Modern \ Ready \ Service \ Template
Print Template - Trifold Brochures Bundle 2 1392525 by andre28 @ GraphicRiver
Print Template \ Brochures \ Catalogs
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GlossaryThere are 1 terms starting with this letter.
- Near-rhyme (see Rhyme)
Jump to navigation
The attitude that a poem's style implies
From time to time a poet is in residence at the Poetry Archive, talking about poetry with anyone who wants to join in the conversation.
Comic Verse
I'm troubled, as you can tell by my introduction, about comic verse. Comic verse gets bad press because rigid notions of comedy foreground throwaway poems. Surely the best comedy is when the poem surprises us into laughter rather than setting up t... >


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You are here: Home / cropped-logo3.jpg
About Ruby Rusine | Social Success
I help businesses business owners solve their social media problems.
Ruby loves to travel and to chase sunsets with her Huz. She holds a Bachelors Degree in Economics. Also, she holds certificates in Advanced Social Media Marketing and Search Engine Marketing from the University of San Francisco.


text:
Egypt's revenue from tourism, the country's biggest source of income, rose by one billion dollars from July to September 2000 compared with the previous year, President Hosni Mubarak was quoted saying Saturday, March 24.
"Tourism figures are rising well, with an increase of one billion dollars in revenue registered in the first quarter of the budget year," Mubarak told the government daily Al-Ahram.
Mubarak did not say how much the revenues amounted to, but Egypt made $1.18 billion from tourism between July and September 1999, according to the available government figures.
"The government is continuing its efforts in this sector and I have ordered the prime minister to meet regularly with the Superior Council on Tourism to end all obstacles to the flow of tourism," Mubarak said.
He added that within the next 10 years Egypt was expected to have "40 airports serving all tourist regions of the country."
Egyptian aviation officials have recently announced that they will spend more than two billion dollars over the next four years to construct seven new airports and renovate 19 others.
Some 5.5 million tourists visited Egypt in 2000 and the government has a target number of 10 million tourists for 2005.
The figures mark a rebound from a few years ago, when tourism sunk after Islamists killed 58 foreign tourists in November 1997 in Luxor.
It is still unclear whether tourism will be affected by two incidents in March: a disgruntled Luxor tour guide's three-day kidnapping of four German tourists and the stabbing of a Japanese woman at the pyramids in Giza.
The figures cited by Mubarak cover the period just before the start of the Palestinian uprising, which has crippled tourism in nearby Israel and the Palestinian territories. — (AFP, Riyadh)
© Agence France Presse 2001
© 2001 Mena Report (www.menareport.com)


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Kickstarter Video Project Attracts Misogynist Horde
Pages PREV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 . . . 35 NEXT
I for one am glad it's been featured.
But I don't think it should ever be something we should just accept. Gaming sites/gamers saying this is not acceptable is a positive thing, and I'm happy to see it. People who don't participate in it but sit quietly as it goes on don't help.
Um, he isn't doing a documentary? People are allowed to biased, just not when you want to make a documentary. And that's just ForeverPanderings' presentation - he's very aware he comes across as bitching. But "Pure hate" - really? You got that from it? He's definitely not misogynistic, he just doesn't like badly done pointless documentaries.
As for whether everyone already understands this issue, I suppose that's, unfortunately, not true. But here's the thing: are those who don't know this is an issue going to go to this 'documentary' and be enlightened? To me at least, it's obviously not going to happen. You can go to the extra credits coverage of the topic and be enlightened, but this appeals to people who already hold an identical view to the topic - thus, it is completely pointless as a documentary.
Heh, true! Then again the only games I can think of where the female protagonists aren't massive chested sex dolls from the planet action hero are ones where they are children, though I am pretty drunk.
Hey wait, there was that Japanese game on the Wii where you had to photograph ghosts or something where you played some sort of normal looking lady college student wasn't there? Phew! Sexism in video games dispelled!
Saying that I'm all for hyper sexualised protagonists, but I just don't get why they're still throwing bimbos at us to be honest. I mean, all you'd need is some Amelie looking wench with glasses and you've pretty much cornered the nerd fantasy market.
Wow. Someone who uses the phrase "bolshevik feminist jewess" actually mocking someone else for expecting to be taken seriously by the general public. I don't know what's taller, his high horse or the pedestal on which he's planted himself.
Like I said, this sickens me greatly that people are still like this, and we should absolutely not accept this. People who think sexism doesn't exist are just naive/sheltered for sure. It's just... youtube comments are basically the most vile place you can be on the internet at the moment really. *Thinks how the word this*. I just don't see the benefit of a news report that is really just saying this: "Hey guys! Weekly Update: Youtube is still full of ignorant ****s, here's some headdesk material for you!" It's an issue every one of us knows exists on youtube, and it doesn't need a news report. Because unfortunately we get that news report every time we come onto a video touching politics/gender/religoin/sexuality/evolution/something-that-isn't-remotely-related-to-these-but-still-has-comments-discussing-it. It's not acceptable, but it isn't news either, which is what this is supposed to be.
It seems the story the article wants to develop is something to the effect of "Youtube commentators who like video games verbally harass kick-starter project documenting sexism in videogames with sexist comments". Neglecting the fact that Youtube commentators have a notorious habit of verbally harassing, often with sexist comments, everything.
How exactly is that news?
OT: Yea um people can be and often display severe acts of intolerance and idiocy. Also the project itself seems like a waste of money to me, but its not my money funding it so what do I care. That isn't to say there isn't a problem with how females are portrayed in video games. It just isn't going to be progressed/fixed by this $43,000 money pit documentary. Who knows maybe I'll be wrong, but from the description of the documentary I doubt it.
There be ninjas in this thread <<
I urge all the decent people here on the Escapist to let the idiots like Haploguy and his ilk know that their hatred will not be tolerated. Flame them, berate them, let them know that they are wastes of flesh. We outnumber the assholes.
I disagree, because it seems we haven't identified the problem. The problem is sexism, not mysogyny. The problem isn't how women are treated badly in games, it's how all genders are forced to adhere to respective sets of stereotypes. Focusing on the misogyny while ignoring the misandry isn't helping, it's showing unfair bias.
Well...I find myself lacking the words to properly denounce the actions of the scum that seem to be latching onto that video. I for one believe that she brings to light an important topic and I am glad to see the financial support she is getting.
I agree with this. If you look at the sheer diversity of characters and their designs in men compared to women, there's this huge gap. I can think of plenty of deep male characters who break from stereotypes (and yes, many, many more that don't) but only a few female characters that do. Even Samus fell into the "all of this for a man" faux-depth. Female characters just don't get the same treatment in the development phase that male characters do. I think I can say that truthfully, without knowing enough about it to reason out why that is.
Now, with that said, I don't think she should be using a gaming kickstarter to do what at this point appears to be nothing more than a blog. That fundraising can be done elsewhere, this just seems like a cheap and easy way to get access to a large group of people who are in the mode to give money. Not entirely honest there.
Youtube comments are to intelligent debate what a public book burning is to literary criticism.
That aside, this series sounds damn dull, the sort of self flagelating over-analysis parts of the gaming community seems to have an unhealthy fascination with. The very fact that there are exceptions to the stereotypical portrayal of women in video games invalidates the entire premise from the get go.
I can't wait for the Kickstarter bubble to burst.
Exactly. The comments, for the most part, don't discuss whether or not her point of view is valid, or whether the documentary would be worthwhile, they just come out swinging about how she's a Jew that needs a good dicking...except she's a lesbian and the commenters wouldn't fuck her, anyway.
Disagreeing with her point of view is fine, as is thinking her Kickstarter is a lousy idea. This isn't about whether or not her point of view is correct, it's about the sheer level of vitriol being directed at her. People frequently claim there's no sexism in gaming communities...well, take a look, gang. It's out there and it's ugly. Just saying "we knew this would happen" and shrugging it off isn't enough. Maybe some readers aren't "learning anything" because they're aware this goes on, but perhaps we educate some who truly didn't know it got this bad.
Well, I don't want to kill her. Yet. Honestly, I've become rather jaded about feminists. I used to see feminism as something I should support, even as a man, being that I believe in the concept of an equal world. Then the feminazis appeared, effectively piling the same prejudice on men as they said we did to women.
But, the video didn't seem to strongly suggest that'd happen. If she turned out to be one of the "feminazis", then yes, I'd want to do all manner of unspeakably awful things to her. Just as I'd like to that to a racist, or a homophobe.
So, overall, this massive backlash is counterproductive, but possibly understandable. I get the feeling half of those comments may have come from people who heard the word "feminist" and jumped to feminazi in their minds. Dumb, but not necessarily evil. Like capcom. Well, before they went DLC crazy.
once again missing the point
*sigh* as for those comments...what the fucking is wrong with some people?..seriously guys your making me hate you
This isn't any better. I am firmly of the mind they are idiots who have issues with certain social adjustments, but I don't see a full flame war ever being useful. It only makes the position I agree with sink to the level the youtube commenters are on.
[Sorry if you are going for some sarcastic and sort of meta commentary on this whole ordeal, I completely missed it]
I suppose pure hate was a bit harsh. It doesn't come off as hateful as, say, the youtube comments. But it does come off as very mean-spirited to me, especially since he literally laughed at it as he said the name of the kickstarter and named the video 'stupid shitty kickstarter documentaries.' There's a line between pointing out flaws in the idea of something or proving to others that it won't work and simply badmouthing something because you don't agree with it.
I also understand that he's not doing a documentary. But at the same time he is trying to get people to form opinions based on his reasoning, which is something that many would say should also come from an unbiased source rather then someone who just hopes to take the piss out of the projects. Especially about a project that hasn't been released when a lot of his statements are based on what he believes will happen in it. Such as the statement that the video will 'detail the characters you hate in a non-constructive manner.' Now, it's fair to believe that will happen based on the evidence presented. But to say that's what it does when it's something that likely hasn't even begun production isn't really right in my opinion.
As for only people who agree with it watching it, that's an issue for nearly all opinionated documentaries. Most of the people who watch them are those who already believe something it true and want that confirmed however possible, or disagree and want to take the piss out of something. Now, these documentaries aren't always what people will expect. I do agree with the idea that documentaries SHOULD be unbiased. But even the most unbiased documentary won't change many peoples' opinions since many will just claim it was biased anyways (or at least the part against them were). Only a very small minority might form an opinion or change their opinion on documentaries unfortunantly.
Of course, I might be wrong on this matter. I don't claim to be an expert on the subject. And, as I said before, I don't really think this kickstarter is one that I would fund either because it does seem biased. So my opinion against the video you posted wasn't so much that it's wrong in that it's a bad kickstarter. but it's more that the video itself isn't very good either.
Mind if I post that one Critical Miss comic?
And yeah yeah, men have to conform to stereotypes as well. Because conforming to the stereotype of "saving the world and getting all the fame/money/women" is totally the same thing as "just sit back and let the men handle things".
We got time for another comic?
Not at all, man, be my guest.
I'm not missing the point. I'm condemning the people who made the terrible, hateful comments. They're horrible, and indefensible.
I'm just saying that a one-sided diatribe against the treatment of women in video games serves no good purpose, so while I wholeheartedly disagree with their tone and word choice, I share a negative view of this women who seems intent to counter sexism with more sexism.
So tell me what 'point' I'm missing?
I never understand people who say "You can't focus on the problems with this one group unless you focus on the problems of all groups!" Why not? Sure, both men and women are often stereotyped in popular media, but it's pretty easy to argue that the causes behind the stereotyping, and the exact forms that it takes are different. Is she saying anywhere that the typical portrayal of men is perfect or that the issue doesn't deserve any attention? She's just focusing on how one group is portrayed and trying to offer up what her opinions are. If anyone would like to put some time into making a detailed study of the portrayal of men in videogames, or one which handles both genders, they're more than free to do so.
..Okay, you got me. The video wasn't a good source. I just had that video at the ready, having recently-ish watched it, and I suffered some delicious confirmation bias. I still think his points were valid, badly executed or no.
As for documentaries, I'll have to disagree with you there. Me and my friend link each documentaries, and then discuss them afterwards. My most recent one for example was about the Yakuza, and I'm more educated, and more neutral about them now. The documentary was fairly neutral in my opinion, and it was one of the better ones I've seen because of that neutrality. YMMV is in effect here, but I'd definitely advocate that neutral documentaries make better discussion value, and thus better documentaries.
I'll edit my original post to say it isn't the best of sources..
Awww, they're scared!
It's how social failures react to the opposite sex.
because if somone wants to talk about the "issues surrounding women" in regards to not only video games but other forms of popular entertainment the "yeah but MEN are x too!" argument comes up
and yeah, that argument has points..HOWEVER It seems most times it comes up its more of a "shut up and stop complaining THERE ARE NO PROBELMS" thing
and I'm just going to come out and say it...there is a differnce, most entertainment is catered to white adults and this shows, men are usually the main charachters, men usually get to have all the fun, I mean I couldnt bare to think how worse off Mass Effect would be if I was forced to play as default male shep
or think of catwoman and Batman
what do you think of when when you say Batman? is it his rippling abs underneith that tight suit?...no its his status as a badass hero
what about catwoman? what do we know bout her?....heres a hint...its mostly around that defective zipper of hers
BUT I'm also going to say that "eye roll" inducing gender issues havnt come up for me that often in games...Mass effect series, alot of RPG's and I recently finished Dead Space 2 with female charachter who wasnt trying to fuck you over or kill you
then theres uncharted which is eye roll inducing for a number of reasons..but how it handles females isnt (mostly) one of them
BUT I actually havnt encountered many "eye roll inducing" examples
It's youtube, wish I could say I was shocked.
What I find interesting is that people keep saying she shouldn't get money for doing the documentary because there are others who do it for free and then they mention people like Extra Creditz....HELLO they didn't do it for free. They get paid to make that stuff, maybe not directly by the viewer, but they do. There's a reason why there are advertisements on their site. Making a good quality video is expensive and doing research can be expensive too, if for no other reason than that you're not working when you're researching.
If you don't like her kickstarter, don't donate. Her beliefs and her personal life is none of your concern. It's not like she's trying to force something through congress that means a man can never look at titties again. She's just trying to draw attention to a need for better character development in women in video games.
More than that, just because she's focusing on a single issue doesn't make her points invalid. Sometimes we have to take baby steps to an issue as a whole. "This part right here is REALLY bad, let's work on that first and at least get it to the standard of this other part of here and then take them BOTH the rest of the way from here."
I'm perfectly willing to admit that there is a problem of sexism in gaming media and the gaming community, and that this kind of reaction is over the top and unacceptable.
I don't disagree that some of the points were valid, even if I don't agree with all of them. It's always too bad when some good points do fall flat due to poor execution. It happens though. It's not like it was anything more then a video for youtube anyways.
For the documentary point, I meant that for documentaries on very opinionated subjects with little proof for either side or some/a lot of evidence for both sides. Documentaries like one on the Yakuza can be a bit less... debateable? Not sure if that's the right word for it. Generally though those documentaries can use facts and actual events rather then using studies and tests that are possibly biased. Sort of like the Mortal Kombat documentary. Though I've heard that was one which was very good at presented both sides, I highly doubt it really changed many opinions.
And sorry if I'm exhasting you more. ^^; At the very least I'd like to thank you for not being an ass in my dealings with you (I say that as I haven't read the other comments much to be honest). I know the feeling of having people just keep quoting you on the same thing over and over and just wanting it to be done. So it's fine to leave it at that if at this if you'd like.
This Kickstarter NEEDS horrendous people making these posts. Because this kickstarter NEEDS to fail.
We ALL know how women are viewed in gaming, inf act, a god portion are just portrayed as existing women, and not idiotic caricatures of themselves.
Someone already posted the ForeverPandering video, and he's right. The information could be found anywhere, and it's just going to be some guy praddling on for minutes on end about something that can be expressed in a few short sentences.
Glad to seen this kickstarter is doing well! And, honestly, is anyone surprised that youtube is full of the sort of person that breaks down into tears of buttmad when someone dares to issue reasonable criticism of something they like?
[citation needed]
You're about $45,000 too late haha.
There's a small part of me that says she knew exactly what reaction she'd get from making this video, and made it anyways because now she can post your tiny-penis rage up on her website, and blow that funding on buying a kick ass game system for her and her friends. I would. I'd email you pictures of it too.
This is both the 21st Century and not the G.O.P. Go take your hate for women back to the 1950's where it belongs.
No. You could not be more wrong.
Even if you disagree with the Kickstarter project, the response is not to post violent, misogynistic and hateful diatribe. All that does is sadly prove to use that gamedom does indeed have a serious problem with sexism still.
If you have a problem with a Kickstarter Project you have two reasonable options as I can see.
Anyone who supports stuff like
deserves all the scorn that the original poster of it receives. This sort of dialogue, no matter who it's directed to, should have no place in reasoned discussion on the merits (or lacktherof) of a Kickstarter Project.
Because all one has to do is say "Sexism" and...
Because throwing money at a problem is easier than trying to acknowledge it.
Sounds like a challenge. Ten bucks says I could be.
Violence, no. General disdain for the idea and project, yes. Should have been less vague.
1) Ignoring it and hoping it goes away is how Bush landed his second term as president. It's not a realistic option. If this kick starter succeeds, and it's just what we think it is, then this lady got a shit ton of money, to tell us what we could find for free just about anywhere, and we let her get away with it. It's like Scientology. Crazy book says crazy things. But what those crazy things are, you gotta pay for it.
2) While that would be the better option, polite discourse has never stopped someone from being a moron and trying to get money to let us know that it's unfair that Seigfreid comes into battle in full gear while Ivy wears a sex dungeon uniform.
Once again, yeah. Should have been more specific in my post.
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Mary Meeker's "2012 Internet Trends Report put just about every industry on alert: her persuasive argument urged leaders to re-imagine nearly everything about their businesses in no uncertain terms--from advertising, to mobile to media consumption." – Forbes, August
When Mary Meeker speaks, people listen. When she releases her annual report, people really listen. Count me on that list. Meeker, a general partner at Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, recently released the updated version of her report. In it she covers the high points on the trend front, including:
- The dominance of Windows in the operating system world is diminishing (covered in a previous post)
- The number of people using the internet now includes 34% of the global population.
- Worldwide smartphone subscriptions of 42% promises to increase penetration beyond its current 17% of the mobile market.
- Global shipments of Android phones have grown nearly six times as fast as iPhones since their respective launches.
- 29% of adults in the United States own tablets or e-readers compared to 2% in mid-2009.
- Global mobile data traffic is increasing while fixed network traffic is decreasing.
I have a good left-brain, right-brain thing going. I like graphs, charts, and data. But I also like to look at how trends translate into what we do and how we do it. Meeker calls it a "re-imagination of nearly everything." Essentially, devices, connectivity, and user experience are creating change in how we do – well — nearly everything.
Meeker quotes Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg on a similar angle:
"We hope to rewire the way people spread and consume information…We think a more open and connected world will help create a stronger economy with more authentic businesses that build better products and services." --Mark Zuckerberg, Founder/CEO of Facebook in a February 2012 letter to potential shareholders
It's a common theme and an ongoing evolution we're experiencing without really marking the shifts with great fanfare (see Figure 1).
As the ways and places we access and consume information evolve, we change how we go about daily tasks: Meeker's re-imaginations. And somewhere along the way is what Malcom Gladwell would call "the tipping point." What I see on the other side of that tipping point is not just a change in how we do something, but how our interactions with other people change. That, to me, is the most interesting effect: how we connect with each other, interact, share information, and collaborate toward shared outcomes.
Meeker takes Encyclopaedia Britannica to illustrate what she calls the re-imagination of knowledge by comparing it as the "then" to "now's" Wikipedia.
First published in 1768 and counting Nobel laureates among its contributors, Encyclopaedia Britannica was considered an authoritative information source for two centuries. Its position was essentially unchallenged until 1993 with the union of desktop PCs and Microsoft's Encarta CD-ROM. But the real shift came in 2001 with Wikipedia, which today counts more than 488 million unique visitors annually, including 2.8 billion page views on its mobile site – a 95% increase in a single year.
Not only is Wikipedia accessible by anyone from anywhere, but anyone can update it in real time. Granted Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, and Leon Trotsky didn't directly contribute to Wikipedia, but that's where I learned they were among Encyclopaedia Britannica's most notable authors.
Let me build on three of Meeker's examples to highlight the shifts that brought about the collaborative element:
- Photography: The camera progression moves from daguerreotype in 1837 to film in 1888 to consumer digital starting in 1990. Digital cameras were a huge change, but the tipping point came with the integration into smartphones, which allows immediate sharing of images.
- News: From bulletins carved in stone and posted in public spaces in Rome (59 B.C.) to monthly gazettes in Venice (1556) to weekly newspapers and then dailies, news has been a past-tense phenomena for most of history. Twitter tipped that, making it a real-time collective stream of world consciousness, where someone can post a comment or a video as something is occurring (in 140 characters or less, of course).
- Navigation: We've moved from un-refoldable paper maps to Google Maps print-outs to talking GPS systems in cars and on phones. Now, applications like Waze are vying for the role of tipping point and providing the collaborative aspect. Waze "learns" from users' driving times to provide routing and real-time traffic updates and incorporate user-provided information, such as accidents.
Re-Imagination of Collaboration
Meeker's examples show how evolution in devices, connectivity, and user experience are introducing collaborative aspects to activities that were previously performed independently. But how is this same evolution changing activities that weren't originally technology-dependent in the first place?
Not-so-long-ago, it didn't require technology more advanced than furniture to have meetings. Technically, it still doesn't. But technology, specifically collaboration technology, allows more effective meetings — with more people, from more places, on all sorts of devices.
The "thens and nows" of business travel, meetings, team projects, and simply finding co-workers show how simple activities we likely take for granted have evolved — or can evolve — for your organization. My examples (Figure 2) are intentionally mundane. Technology advances are not all about bright shiny objects and space travel.
Sometimes the next big thing is just making the old thing much easier to do. Collaboration itself is not a new idea. But re-imagining collaboration brings together the key ingredients of people, information, devices, software, and clouds to allow the anywhere, anytime ability to access, share, and work together. Because, you'll hear us say it more than once: We believe people working together can achieve extraordinary things.


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Bison has been producing menswear since 1961 and has found inspiration in the bison – a robust and persevering animal, which radiates strength.
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Item no. 80-37192A


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Only two rounds remain until the conclusion of the African football qualifications for the Olympic Games in Sydney, and much is still to be decided.
Ghana kept its hopes for an Olympic berth alive with a 2-1 victory over Guinea. Morocco currently leads Group C pool, followed by Egypt, Ivory Coast and Tunisia respectively.
Cameroon boasts nine points and Ghana and South Africa each have seven and similar goal differences with two rounds left. Last week, Morocco maintained its group C lead by beating Tunisia 2-0 in Casablanca. The Moroccans led Egypt by two points and Ivory Coast by four after two goals, after the Egyptians managed, in a life-or-death match, to beat the Ivorians 2-1 in Cairo. The Egyptians now occupy second place in group C pool. In a heavily anticipated match-up, the Egyptians will face Morocco in Cairo on March 12th, while the Ivory Coast team faces Tunisia in Abidjan on the same date.
Nigeria, the defending Olympic champions, struggled to beat the lowly Ugandan squad in Lagos. With the win, Nigeria advanced to a level position with Zimbabwe, which lost 2-4 to Angola.
© 2000 Al Bawaba (www.albawaba.com)


text:
Janet Jyoti wants to
A man named SAMY ALMOGRABI has a facebook page about Sexual Animal Torture Fetish's (very graphic) .It was reported to
Please Sign this petition so that we may help to shut down this page, and this man. By going public we are also exposing the culprit here, remember his name, "Samy Almograbi" on facebook. We shall expose him for being an, Evil Monster and enjoying torturing innocent Animals. We shall also be making Mark Zuckerberg take a look at their policy on facebook, as to what is morally acceptable and what…
This is a picture from Samy Almograbi's collection on facebook. I have chosen the least Graphic..


text:
demosthenes necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 15 diseños de 7 diseñadores freelance.
We're in the process of creating a new website for a sawmill that specializes in reclaimed and aged woods for antique floors. We need a high quality design that appeals to our target audience - small businesses.
Design Style:
We need a professional looking site that appeals to prospective contractors and remodeling customers. We want a design that is clean and easy to navigate. We will provide images for a image transition slideshow to be prominent on the front page. Please see sites we like for inspiration.
Site to use for inspirations:
http://www.heartpinefloors.com/ like this style the best
Please don't copy this design - use it as inspiration for your own original design. We're only providing this as a reference.
Project Wireframes:
You can view a wireframe of our home page here:
You can view a wireframes of a few of our sub page here:
All contest entrants should should create both a home page design and one sub page design.
Contest Notes:
We will give feedback to all entries with 4 and 5 star ratings. We are not interested in entries that we rate with 3 stars or less.
Stock Photos:
We recommend that all contestants use iStockPhoto or a similar service for the site images. Please use the comp images in your design submissions.
Provided Photos:
Included are examples of the sawmill logo and other products images.
We will pay for the winning contestants stock images. Please bookmark or save the image numbers so we can easily locate them and pay for a license.
If you have any questions or feedback for us please leave a comment in the discussion thread. We will be checking this on a regular basis while the contest is happening.
Good luck on the contest. We look forward to seeing your work!
Future Opportunities:
Even if you don't win this contest we are still interested in quality designers for future projects. We will exchange contact information with 4 and 5 star entrants for the potential to work on future projects.
Payment Methods:
- Item 1...
- 1024 screen resolution
- Classy style site
- burgandy, greens and browns and/or other professional colors (nothing too loud)
- Original design concept
- Usable site
- Fast loading graphics
- Professional imagery that shows high end business presence
- Item 1...