text:
Geoffrey Chaucer Online:
Daniel T. Kline | U of Alaska Anchorage | Chaucer Pedagogy | CV | What's New? | Revision History
Web Resources by Tale
Electronic Canterbury Tales - Kankedort.Net Index Page
Fragment I / Group A
Fragment II / Group B1
The Electronic Canterbury Tales:
Additional Chaucer Pages in The Electronic Canterbury Tales
Chaucer the Pilgrim-Narrator & Author
Documentation Primer
If you need just one
Helen Cooper's
Looking for an Excellent, Inexpensive, One-Volume Original Language Edition of the Canterbury Tales
Jill Mann's new Penguin Edition
Related Schools, Programs, and Local & Regional Organizations
The Single Best Site for Online Term Paper & College Essay
See especially the Purdue OWL publications:
Related Medieval Studies Course and Web Pages
Societies & Organizations
Websites for Calls for Papers
Call for Papers database from the University of Pennsylvania CFP listserv
Major Medieval Conferences Websites
International Congress on Medieval Studies (Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI)
Medieval Congress, University of Leeds
Schools, Programs, and Local & Regional Organizations
Journal & Newsletter Homepages
An Online
Compendium and Companion
About This Website
Though separated by six centuries' history, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and the World Wide Web actually share much in common.
Many of Chaucer's tales are joined by brief snippets of dialogue and action traditionally called "links"; on the WWW one "clicks" on a "hyperlink" to go to another "page" on the Web.
Chaucer's great work was constantly in revision and seems never to have found a final, definitive form. Many of the groups of Tales, called "fragments," seem to have been "free-floating" with several possible arrangements. By the same token, the WWW is constantly in flux. One need never follow the same path to a subject, and new links are being added while others disappear.
And in the same way the WWW is faced with issues of censorship, so Chaucer himself was aware that some might look critically upon a few of his tales, and so the Pilgrim-Narrator of the Canterbury Tales advised that if readers found a Tale offensive, they should turn the page and choose another tale. He even went so far as to rethink the value of the Canterbury Tales in the Retraction.
This page last revised on 08 December 2008
What You'll Find
1. The Canterbury Tales In Middle English
Gerard NeCastro (UMaine - Machias) has put together a wonderfully useful Chaucer Concordance: "To check on the occurrence of a specific word in Chaucer, simply click on the name of the text you wish to search. You can search via the full texts or smaller divisions of them." A very valuable and easy to use tool.
The Complete Tales in Middle English at UVa (1510 kb) or access the Tales individually by the Table of Contents.
Michigan's Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse has a large number of important primary texts, often older Early English Text Society volumes. The new editions also boast an upgraded search engine (Paul Schaffner & Perry Willett, UMichigan). Most important for Chaucer studies are the Chaucer Society editions of important early manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales (edited by the indefatigable Furnivall), including:
The Google Library Project has made a number of venerable older (and out of copyright) works available as fully downloadable (and quite large) .pdf files. These include:
While these older works are vitally important for their historical value and their place in the development of the history of Chaucerian criticism, they should be supplemented with current textual and critical studies.
Arnie Sanders (Goucher College) has written a brief "explanation for how the manuscripts of CT were placed in "families," and how manuscripts get accidentally altered in production. The errors actually turned out to help us discover the relationships among the MSS." See also his nice introduction to Canterbury Tale Orders.
L. Kip Wheeler offers a very nice overview of manuscript issues in his Manuscript Talk (Carson-Newman College). Requires MS PowerPoint.
David Scott Wilson-Okamura (East Carolina U) has developed a fine classroom exercise, with bibliography, illustrating Examples of Chaucerian Revision and "describing examples of authorial revision in the Canterbury Tales. Probably best used in conjunction with a facsimile of the Hengwrt manuscript." In Wilson-Okamura's own words, "Note: author buys Ralph Hanna's booklet theory of Hengwrt MS without reservation, ignores N. F. Blake at his peril." Also available as a .pdf file.
Read the General Prologue, Fragment I, Fragment III, and the Shipman and Pardoner's Tales in the famous Hengwrt manuscript (Hg, Nat. Lib. Wales Peniarth 392), one of the two most important early manuscripts, at the University of Toronto's Representative Poetry On-line site (e-text by Ian Lancashire). The Chaucer link will take you to the Hengwrt transcriptions. The Ellesmere ms (El) is the other important early manuscript.
The British Library has generously made available a stunning online resource, Treasures in Full: Caxton's Chaucer. You can examine the two Caxton editions of The Canterbury Tales (1476 and 1483) individually or compare them tale by tale.
Sinan Kökbugur's helpfully glossed hypertext Middle English rendition of the complete Canterbury Tales is available at the Librarius page.
The Studio for Digital Projects and Research (NYU) has put together a helpful page detailing aspects of the Canterbury Tales Project (DeMontfort U), including a listing of the 88 known pre-1500 witnesses to the text of the Canterbury Tales.
Arnie Sanders (Goucher College) has written a brief "explanation for how the manuscripts of CT were placed in "families," and how manuscripts get accidentally altered in production. The errors actually turned out to help us discover the relationships among the MSS." See also his nice introduction to Canterbury Tale Orders.
L. Kip Wheeler offers a very nice overview of manuscript issues in his Manuscript Talk (Carson-Newman College). Requires MS PowerPoint.
A number of images related to the Tales and CTales manuscripts:
The University of Chicago has issued a centennial celebration that includes profiles of noted faculty, like J.M. Manley and Edith Rickert:
David Scott Wilson-Okamura (East Carolina U) has developed a fine classroom exercise, with bibliography, illustrating Examples of Chaucerian Revision and "describing examples of authorial revision in the Canterbury Tales. Probably best used in conjunction with a facsimile of the Hengwrt manuscript." In Wilson-Okamura's own words, "Note: author buys Ralph Hanna's booklet theory of Hengwrt MS without reservation, ignores N. F. Blake at his peril." Also available as a .pdf file.
From Barbara Bordalejo (Canterbury Tales Project - DeMontfort U), a fully searchable online edition of Caxton's two printed editions of the Canterbury Tales: Caxton's Canterbury Tales: The British Library Copies. Search the page by page comparison of Caxton's two editions.
A real boon for scholars, the Canterbury Tales Project (Peter Robinson, U of Birmingham) has generously made available a series of articles and working papers describing the CTProject in detail, including the following:
2. The Canterbury Tales In Translation
Sinan Kökbugur has assembled a hypertext, helpfully glossed Middle English edition of the Canterbury Tales with side-by-side Modern English translation at the Librarius Homepage.
The Electronic Library Foundation's edition of the Canterbury Tales is available in a variety of format: in Middle English, Modern English, and facing page versions. Very good for student reading.
Michael Murphy (CUNY-Brooklyn) has released an expanded version of his project to "modernize" the Canterbury Tales in his Reader Friendly Edition of the General Prologue and Sixteen Tales (up from the four tales of the so called "Marriage Group"), including the General Prologue and the tales by the
The collection of translations begins with a handsome Introduction and concludes with Endnotes. Each tale also features an introduction. Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader.
The Litrix Reading Room translation of the Canterbury Tales features rhyming couplets.
The Wiretap Canterbury Tales (from an unknown base text digitized by Ted and Florence Daniels) is incomplete and unnumbered. Not recommended.
The Canterbury Tales and other Poems of Geoffrey Chaucer (Ed. D. Laing Purves from an unknown base-text) offers an odd assortment of unnumbered texts and is probably more useful for the introductory essay than for the text and thin critical apparatus. The one advantage to this text is that it is available as an e-book download for a modest $1.75 for you digi-kiddies out there!
3. General Historical & Cultural Backgrounds
Paul Halsall's consummate Internet Medieval Sourcebook (Fordham U) offers a wealth of primary historical and cultural texts and commentary on its numerous subpages. Comprehensive, and unsurpassed for medieval studies. See, for example, The 'Calamitous' Fourteenth Century.
Gallica, the website of the Bibliothèque nationale de France, has made available online page images of an invaluable source, the Acta Sanctorum (Deeds of the Saints), from the Bollandist Society:
Click "Periodiques" at the main page, and scroll down to "Religions chretiennes"
Index to the Rolls Series (99 volumes), with annotations (Steven H. Silver), from ORB, the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies. The Rolls Series is a vital collection of primary documents from medieval England, including chronicles, lives of kings and saints, legal records, and texts from other medieval institutions.
L. Kip Wheeler offers a Heresy Handout: A Convenient Guide to Eternal Damnation (Carson-Newman College). A .pdf file.
Lynn H. Nelson, a respected University of Kansas historian, has generously provided a series of online lectures from his History 108 course at the ORB: Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies. The Table of Contents includes:
Steven Muhlberger (NipissingU) has crafted a very fine introduction to Medieval England at the ORB. The Table of Contents features:
End of Europe's Middle Ages (UCalgary) provides in tutorial form "a brief overview of the conditions at the end of Europe's Middle Ages, the tutorial is presented in a series of chapters that summarize the economic, political, religious and intellectual environment of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries."
Yuri Koszarycz has put together a series of brief lectures at the ORB entitled Ecclesiology: A Short Course on the Medieval Church. The Table of Contents includes:
Medieval Britain (Brittania Online) boasts an impressive array of online vignettes for all aspects of medieval British topics, including famous events, persons, places. Highly recommended, especially for those who would like to review their British history. See the Index and especially:
Exploring Ancient World Cultures (UEvansville) is an excellent, graphics rich website particularly useful to the younger student and undergraduates. Includes subpages on the ancient cultures of the Near East, India, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Islam, and Medieval Europe.
The New Advent Catholic Website hosts a number of important resources, especially the online Catholic Encyclopedia (1913 ed.) and its thousands of entries. Although the entries in the Catholic Encyclopedia are now dated in some areas and sometimes take a polemical or triumphalistic stance toward their subjects, they offer a helpful starting point, especially for matters of Catholic doctrine and practice. See, for example:
From the Annenberg/CPB [Corporation for Public Broadcasting] Multimedia Collection comes The Middle Ages, a beautifully done set of links, images, and brief narratives that attempt to answer the question: "What was it really like to live in the Middle Ages?" Somewhat simplistic and stereotypical descriptions, but good for younger students as an introduction are its subpages on Feudal Life, Religion, Homes, Clothing, Health, Arts and Entertainment, & Town Life.
There are a number of websites devoted to different aspects of the Black Death (or Bubonic Plague) that reached England in the winter of 1347-48 and profoundly affected all aspects of English culture during Chaucer's time:
Steve Mulberger's lecture notes to his course, History 2425 -- Medieval England (1998-9) are available via ORB.
Bartleby.com offers a number (and great variety) of standard reference works (online and searchable). You'll have to tolerate a pop up advertisement or two when using the site, but it's only a minor distraction.
The Internet Archive Collection at the University of Toronto offers several older historical works that are still valuable as references sources (but whose findings would need to be supplemented by more recent scholarship):
Other Medieval Metapages, Search Engines, and Link Sites:
4. Sources, Analogues, & Related Texts
This heading includes the following sections:
Literary Sources & Other Medieval Authors
Michigan's Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse added a number of works in Middle English directly related Chaucer and other medieval authors, including Anglo-Saxon and Early Middle English (Paul Schaffner & Perry Willett, UMichigan). A generous and admirable example of online scholarship, now numbering 146 items (but without copyrighted critical apparatus). There are far too many titles to list completely, but a sampling includes the following treats:
TEAMS Middle English Text Series (Russell Peck, URochester) houses a number of lesser known and hard to find medieval texts in helpful student editions. A generous and fascinating selection not to be missed! Each selection includes a scholarly introduction and full notes.
The Middle English Collection of the University of Virginia Electronic Text Center includes searchable editions of a number of important ME texts (generally from older editions without the critical apparatus), including:
The Middle English Compendium (UMichigan) includes many of the UVa texts, plus a few extra features--some limited to University of Michigan users. One important initiative at Michigan is their digitizing of a number of volumes from the Early English Text Society:
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts (University College, Cork) houses cornucopia of material related to medieval Ireland, many in modern English translation, including:
As of 31 July 2006, CELT offered 649 texts (many from later periods of literature, and also in SGML).
Ovid's Metamorphosis, an absolutely vital text to medieval authors, is available at the Internet Classics Archive.
See the Harvard Chaucer Page entries on Chaucer's classical and contemporary influences (Larry D. Benson):
Several web pages are dedicated to Chaucer's contemporary, William Langland, and the great poem, Piers Plowman:
The Online Classical and Medieval Library (Douglas B. Killings, Berkeley) "is a collection of some of the most important literary works of Classical and Medieval civilization," including:
An online publishing venture on a par with The Cambridge History of English and American Literature (1907-21) is the appearance of the renowned Harvard Classics (New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909-17), which according to Bartleby.com is "The most comprehensive and well-researched anthology of all time comprises both the 50-volume '5-foot shelf of books' and the the 20-volume Shelf of Fiction. Together they cover every major literary figure, philosopher, religion, folklore and historical subject through the twentieth century." Indeed! Texts especially related to Chaucer and the medieval period include:
Harvard Classics (vol. 40), English Poetry I, From Chaucer to Gray reproduces a number of traditional (and some) medieval ballads, including Sir Patrick Spence, The Twa Corbie, The Three Ravens, Edward, The Twa Sisters, Hugh of Lincoln, and A Gest of Robyn Hode.
Bartleby.com continues to do a great service to the educational community by making available out-of-copyright editions of valuable older scholarly texts, including:
Mythology and FolkloreAlthough Chaucer drew from sources like Ovid for his mythology, Bob Fisher has done a very nice, easily accessible, and award winning online edition of Bulfinch's Mythology, in three parts:
A searchable edition (by keyword and table of contents) of Bulfinch's Mythology is also available online via Project Bartleby, in addition to Bulfinch's
For a real treat of 19th century anthropological thinking, you might also consider checking out the 1922 abridged edition of J.G. Frazer's classic, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion (69 chapters!), for mythological themes, patterns in ancient religion, the dynamics of evil and taboos, and comparative ritual. Frazer has been superceded by more recent research, but disciplines as diverse as anthropology, sociology, psychology, religion, and literature owe a debt to Frazer's pioneering work of synthesis.
Bibles and Biblical Texts
The Vulgate Bible, the Latin version in use in the Middle Ages, and a facing page translation of the Douay-Rheims Bible, the best translation to cite when you're working with medieval texts.
Here's another really nice facing page translation of the Latin Vulgate. You can also compare the Douah-Rheims against the King James (Authorized) Version at this site.
The Challoner Revision of the Douay-Rheims Bible. According to CCEL, "The Old Testament was first published by the English College at Douay A.D. 1609 & 1610. The New Testament was first published by the English College at Rheims A.D. 1582. The whole translation was revised and diligently compared with the Latin Vulgate by Bishop Richard Challoner A.D. 1749-1752. He is also credited with the annotations included in this revision."
The CCEL also has compiled Bible reference works in the World Wide Study Bible, accessible by book of the Bible.
Just in case you get a hankering, here's H. B. Sweete's edition of The Septuagint (LXX), the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures, in three volumes (in Greek) plus an introduction in English. Or The Septuagint Version of the Old Testament with an English Translation with facing page in Greek, by Lancelot Brenton. Both of these are digital facsimiles.
Bettina Wagner (Abteilung für Handschriften und Alte Drucke Bayerische, Munich) reports that the Munich copy of the Gutenberg Bible has been digitized and put online:
Theological Sources
The Virtual Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi. 1.0: A new effort from St. Louis University's Digital Theology Project, take a virtual tour of St. Francis's famous 13th Century basilica, which scholars were fortunate enough to document before a devastating 1997 earthquake destroyed part of the building. You can buy the lovely CD ROM for home or classroom study.
Select portions of the Medieval Mass on video, with introduction and commentary by Knud Ottosen (U of Aarhus) at the Liturgical Fragments from Denmark website:
St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica, the pinnacle of high medieval systematic theology, is certainly worth investigating both for the rigorous form as well as the systematic content!
The St. Pachomius Library strives "to make the literature of the early Christian Church available to all in electronic form -- for free!" Specializes in Orthodox sources.
The Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL) offers an unsurpassed wealth of primary sources in a variety of formats (although the digitization quality varies from text to text). Like the online edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia, many of older secondary sources in the CCEL take polemical or apologetic stances toward their material. Nonetheless, some of the goodies include:
Deserving its own listing, the complete 38 volume set of the Writings of the Early Church Fathers, ver. 2.0 (the Ante-, Nicene, and Post-Nicene Fathers series) is available online and searchable from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL) at Wheaton College. Try not to get lost in the treasures here!
Evelyn Underhill's influential text Mysticism is now available online through CCEL.
Other Medieval Authors
Several of the most important influences on Chaucer have marvelous websites devoted to them and their works:
5. Online Notes & Commentary
The best single site devoted to the Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales, The Harvard Chaucer Page, is a tutorial in itself, brought to the WWW by Larry D. Benson, editor of The Riverside Chaucer. Check the Index for easy access to the wealth of primary and secondary material there.
Douglas Grey's little gem of an essay, "Chaucer and the growth of vernacular literature, c.1350–c.1500."
The ORB: Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (Kathryn Talarico, gen. ed.) "is an academic site, written and maintained by medieval scholars for the benefit of their fellow instructors and serious students. All articles have been judged by at least two peer reviewers. Authors are held to high standards of accuracy, currency, and relevance to the field of medieval studies." The Table of Contents includes:
An electronic post-print from Exemplaria, Teaching Chaucer in the 90s (ed. by Christine Rose, Portland State) contains ten essays from leading Chaucerians and medievalists. An excellent pedagogical resource for a wide variety of teaching situations.
Robert Stein (SUNY - Purchase) addresses the theoretically complex question, Medieval, Modern, Post-Modern: Medieval Studies in a Post Modern Perspective in this essay from Georgetown U's 1995 "Cultural Frictions" conference.
Susan Yager's (Iowa State) modest essay answers the nay-sayers who ask, Why Study Chaucer?
L. Kip Wheeler offers a very nice overview of manuscript issues in his Manuscript Talk (Carson-Newman College). Requires MS PowerPoint.
For a peer-reviewed, academically sound evaluation of online Chaucer resources, see the links and annotations at the Chaucer Metapage project (gen. eds. Joe Wittig, UNC & Edwin Duncan, Towson State).
The best one-stop online resource for Chaucerian is David Wilson Okamura's stylish and sophisticated Geoffrey Chaucer: Annotated Guide to Online Resources (Macalaster U).
Arnie Sanders has written a number of brief but thorough introductory essays on a variety of Chaucerian topics as part of his English 330: Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales website:
Michael Delahoyde has posted an eminently readable series of notes to the General Prologue and each of the Canterbury Tales at his Washington State U website:
Still in its beginning stages but promising to be a major academic enterprise, Chaucertext: An On-Line Archive for Electronic Chaucer Scholarship, promises to be a major and important international scholarly enterprise (Josephine Tarvers, Winthrop U).
Highly regarded, The Canterbury Tales Project: An Electronic Chaucer for Scholars and Teachers (DeMontfort U), is offering a series of CDs with comprehensive manuscript coverage of each of the Tales, beginning with the Wife of Bath. Also offers a number of technical essays on Chaucerian manuscripts. The General Prologue has just become available.
Classicnote.com has a series of convenient summaries of each of the Canterbury Tales; ignore the other services offered at the site, however. It smacks of a term paper mill.
Online Essays & Lectures:
Jesús Luis Serrano Reyes fascinating website Chaucer and Spain and its many subpages present a comprehensive view of Chaucer from a unique angle: Chaucer's relationship to the Iberian Peninsula. Professor Reyes' articles include:
An electronic post-print from Exemplaria, Teaching Chaucer in the 90s (ed. by Christine Rose, Portland State) contains ten essays from leading Chaucerians and medievalists. An excellent pedagogical resource for a wide variety of teaching situations.
L. Kip Wheeler offers a very nice overview of manuscript issues in his Manuscript Talk (Carson-Newman College). Requires MS PowerPoint.
6. Online Articles and Books
This heading includes the following sections:
Peer Reviewed Articles
Gallica, the website of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF), has also made available online page images of a number of older, out of copyright journals related to Chaucer and medieval studies, like:
Some of the absolutely classic Chaucer-related articles from these journals include:
Click on Périodiques to go to a full listing of BNF online journals (most of which are in French). These are large, generally slow loading graphical images, but are valuable nonetheless.
A "special web cluster" on Medieval Noise from Exemplaria 16.2 (2004), edited by Jeffrey Jerome Cohen:
Grover Wonderbrook has assembled a collection of peer reviewed essays on his geocities.com website. I am not sure of their copyright status, however:
Chaucer Sourcebook, from the Harvard Chaucer Page, offers a number of classic and professional essays from noted Chaucerians, including:
Teaching Chaucer in the 90s (From Exemplaria, ed. Christine Rose, Portland State). Don't let the date in the title fool you. Good teaching never goes out of style.
Essays in Medieval Studies, full-text articles from the proceedings of the Illinois Medieval Association, edited by Allen J. Frantzen (Loyola - Chicago). Some of the articles related to Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales include:
I found another geocities.com website that houses a number of Chaucer essays:
Academic Books
A generous new online publishing venture: The University of California E-Scholarship Editions. "University of California Press now offers electronic versions of almost all of its journal titles and over 1400 books online, many of them out of print." E-journals are available to subscriber institutions; 400 full texts, many covering medieval topics, are available to the general public; the rest to members of the UC community.
A selection of Chaucer-related and medieval studies titles available to the general public include:
Use the Search function on the UCalifornia E-Editions main page to access the Chaucer-related texts.
R. A. Shoaf, editor of Exemplaria and pioneer in making scholarly articles on medieval studies available online, has issued an e-print of his book Dante, Chaucer, and the Currency of the Word: Money, Images, and Reference in Late Medieval Poetry (Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books, 1983). Exemplaria also issues electronic "pre-prints" of select articles, so be sure to check regularly.
Frederick Martin's e-dissertation in progress, Pilgrimage in the Age of Schism: Chaucer, Sociological Poetics, and the Canterbury Tales (Tulane).
A major e-publishing venture, the 18 volume Cambridge History of English and American Literature (1907-21) is now online at Bartleby.com and offers substantive articles on all aspects of medieval literature. In probably every case the opinions and findings of these older scholars has been superceded by recent investigations, but the CHMAL is still a grand resource and an important critical milestone (11,000 pages & 303 chapters) featuring essays by important figures in medieval literary criticism. See particularly
Please note: Although this older criticism is substantial and important, any serious student must take into account more contemporary research. Many of these findings have been supplanted.
Other Studies
See Julia Bolton Holloway's original research, for as she says, "Poor Second Nun! Who thus becomes a true saint! Chaucer and his wife were honoured by the city of Norwich. Norwich and Lincoln shared in the blood libel tale Chaucer has the Prioress tell. Benedictine Carrow Priory, just outside Norwich walls, had just such a Prioress, who in Julian's time even harboured a murderer. I did a study of it, visited the remains, just the terribly grand Tudor house left that a later Prioress had built for herself there, and this research is on the web. What could help too is the essay on Julian and Judaism, as well as the essay on the Prioress and the Second Nun."
Michael Delahoyde considers "The Plan of the Canterbury Tales" (Washington State U).
Housed at the ORB, Peter G. Beidler's (Lehigh U) Backgrounds to Chaucer includes the following lectures:
1. Chaucer's Life
Medieval Misconceptions (Stephen J. Harris, UMass and Bryon Grigsby, Centenary College) offers succinct essays on several topics, addressing widely misunderstood aspects of medieval life and culture:
The articles from Cultural Frictions: Medieval Cultural Studies in Post-Modern Contexts Conference Proceedings (27-28 October 1995, ed. Martin Irvine and Deborah Everhart) are available online:
Unfolding the Middle Ages
Bounding Culture
Queering Medieval Culture
The Circulation of Cultural Bodies
Harvard Classics (vol. 50) includes the following essay, now quite dated: What the Middle Ages Read, by Professor W. A. Neilson.
Book Reviews
Chaucer Book Reviews (Edwin Duncan, Towson State) from The Medieval Review, an online book review listserv from Western Michigan University. Reviewed books include:
You can also search The Medieval Review directly.
From Google Book Search:
Complete (or near complete) Texts of the Canterbury Tales
Manuscripts and Related Studies
Canterbury Tales (individual or groups)
Other Chaucer Works
General Chaucerian & Medieval Studies
Other Medieval Authors
PLEASE NOTE that some of the pages on some of the scans are imperfect or the pages out of order, especially (it seems) with the titles digitized by Google. As a service to the online community, conscientious users could inform Google (or Microsoft) when they find imperfections in the scans.
7. Student Projects & Essays
Anniina Jokkinen's strikingly beautiful and highly useful Luminarium includes a substantial list of professional and student essays on a number of medieval authors, and individual pages on, Chaucer, the Gawain Poet, Langland, Margery Kempe, and Julian of Norwich. Her Essays and Articles on Chaucer contains both professional and student essays. As with any source, the quality of online materials must be closely assessed before being used for college level work.
Two Auburn students (Christopher Davis and Crystal Wilson) put together Chaucer and Death in Medieval England for a senior level Chaucer course with R. James Goldstein.
Goucher College Chaucer Seminars Annotated Bibliography of Chaucer Criticism, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2001 (Arnie Sanders, Goucher College) offers thorough, student generated summaries of a number of current articles, mostly from The Chaucer Review. A really nice example of critical classroom pedagogy.
Chaucer Meets the YouTube Generation
From the YouTube Generation, a number of new video projects based upon Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales have begun to appear. I include them here less as an approval of their scholarly quality than an appreciation of their creativity and Chaucerian high spirits.
Individual Tales
Chaucer Readings
Descriptions by contributors. [My comments in square brackets.]
8. Online Bibliography
The Chaucer Review: An Indexed Bibliography, vols. 1-30 (Peter Beidler, Lehigh U. & Martha Kalnin, Baylor U).
The Online Chaucer Bibliography (Mark E. Allen, UT San Antonio) is from Studies in the Age of Chaucer and the New Chaucer Society. Another excellent project. Searchable by keyword and other Boolean terms.
The Essential Chaucer (Mark E. Allen, UT San Antonio and John H. Fisher, UTennessee). This selective, annotated bibliography of Chaucer studies from 1900-1984 is divided into almost 90 topics, including themes, techniques, and individual works by Chaucer. An invaluable starting point. See the Table of Contents or check a few of the entries here:
Canterbury Tales / General
Canterbury Tales / By Tale
The Medieval Review (TMR) Reviews of Recent Books about Chaucer (Links to the books reviewed in The Medieval Review, compiled by Edwin Duncan, Towson U.)
Bibliography on Renaissance Chaucer (John F. Plummer, Vanderbilt U) is a helpful compilation of academic sources tracing Chaucer's "afterlife" in the Renaissance.
Michael Hanley's A Limited Canterbury Tales Bibliography (Washington State) is a straightforward listing of important studies and anthologies. No annotations.
The same is true for Alan Baragona's always current Chaucer: A Semi- Systematic, Serendipitous Bibliography (VMI), whose entries are "grouped according to their usefulness for undergraduate research."
Stephen R. Reimer's Chaucer / English 324 Bibliography (UAlberta) is organized by topic and includes a broad array of social and cultural sources. Some annotations.
David Wilson-Okamura offers an annotated list of bibliography links on his geoffreychaucer.org page.
Other Relevant Bibliographies:
9. Chaucer Syllabi& Medieval Course Descriptions
Related Medieval Studies Course & Web Pages
10. Images & Multimedia
This heading contains the following sections:
Chaucer Images
Images from the Canterbury Tales
Alison Stones (Pitt) Images of Medieval Art and Architecture has some lovely images, a terrific clickable map of pilgrimage sites in England, and some especially nice maps:
The University of Glasgow has put together a splendid exhibit, The World of Chaucer: Medieval Books and Manuscripts (Julie Gardham and David Weston). It is the "Web version of the catalogue of an exhibition of manuscripts and early printed books from Glasgow University Library held at the Hunterian Museum 15 May to 28 August 2004." Some of the texts featured include:
The B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library at Long Island University has made available a number of images of the stunningly beautiful Ellesmere ms:
You can easily see difference in quality of the El ms as compared to most other pre-1500 Chaucer ms.
The British Library has generously made available a stunning online resource, Treasures in Full: Caxton's Chaucer. You can examine the two Caxton editions of The Canterbury Tales (1476 and 1483) individually or compare them tale by tale. Transcriptions of these images can then be examined folio by folio in Barbara Bordalejo's online edition (Canterbury Tales Project, De Montfort University). See also at this site:
The University of Wisc - Milwaukee has put together a beautiful collection of important Canterbury Tales manuscripts and printed editions in the series Geoffrey Chaucer | The Canterbury Tales, The Classic Text: Traditions and Interpretations. This guided tour through the history of Canterbury Tales editions includes images from the Ellesmere Chaucer (1400-05), Cambridge MS Gg.4.27 (1410-15), Caxton (1478), Wight (1561), Lintot (1721), Tyrwhitt (1786), Pickering (1852), Kelmscott (1896), through a number of rare modern editions. A very handsome exhibit and case study in the history of the book.
Images from Other Medieval Texts
Images of Oxford, Corpus Christi College, MS. 198, an important 15th century Canterbury Tales manuscript, is now available online (Oxford U).
The Digital Scriptorium (Berkeley SUNSITE), still in its test stage, promises to be a significant project.
Early Manuscripts at Oxford University houses digital facsimiles of a number of beautiful ancient and medieval texts.
Images of Historical, Architectural, and Cultural Artifacts and PlacesThe Canterbury Pilgrims would have encountered both these places as part of their pilgrimage to Thomas a Becket's shrine at Canterbury:
Joshua Merrill's From Gatehouse to Cathedral: A Photographic Pilgrimage to Chaucerian Landmarks is a lovely photo essay (with annotations) of the Canterbury route and the places and things the medieval pilgrims might have encountered. An excellent resource for visualizing the sites and sounds of medieval England.
Hanley's Image Archive (Michael Hanley, UWashington). Photos of Canterbury Cathedral, including a very fine image of the cathedral floor plan.
Monarchs and Monasteries: Knowledge and Power in Medieval France (late 8th -- late 15th centuries), from the Treasures from the Bibliothèque nationale de France, displays a number of wonderful images from the BNF's extensive holdings. Part of the exhibition, Creating French Culture: Treasuries from the Treasures from the Bibliothèque nationale de France
Epact is a beautiful electronic catalogue of 520 medieval and renaissance scientific instruments from four European museums: the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, the Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Florence , the British Museum, London, and the Museum Boerhaave, Leiden. With full cataloguing information and supporting scholarly apparatus. Beautiful images of "astrolabes, armillary spheres, sundials, quadrants, nocturnals, compendia, surveying instruments, and so on."
Collections of Medieval Images
A Hundred Highlights from the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Dutch Royal Library) houses a number of glorious medieval (and post medieval) images:
de miniatures des manuscrits de
l'Université de Liège offers a number of high quality scans.
Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (U of Chicago), one of the most beautiful of medieval books, is "a medieval book of hours. This was a collection of the text for each liturgical hour of the day - hence the name - which often included other, supplementary, texts. Calendars, prayers, psalms and masses for certain holy days were commonly included." Accessible by month of the year.
The Hill Monastic Manuscript Library is one of the largest medieval and Renaissance archives in the world whose aim is to microfilm all the premodern libraries in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.
Literary texts were only one aspect of medieval culture and piety; literary texts can be profitably read alongside of visual texts. Medieval Wall Painting in the Medieval Parish Church (Anne Marshall, Open University, UK) is an absolutely stunning collection of religious images from across England. From Prof. Marshall's page: "This site represents the continuing development of what may one day become a comprehensive catalogue. Vast quantities of Medieval Wall Painting have been lost forever, of course, but there is nevertheless more left on English church walls than is generally realised; paintings continue to be uncovered and more still are known to exist under layers of plaster. Some of these will come to light one day; in fact some are already doing so, . . . "
"The Index of Medieval Medical Images project began in 1988 and aimed to describe and index the content of all medieval manuscript images (up to the year 1500) with medical components held in North American collections." Contains images and descriptions of each text. Search, or browse by subject, date, country of origin, and other factors. Includes a list of contributing collections. From the Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi "is an international research project dedicated to the publication of medieval stained glass. Founded in 1949, the CVMA has committees in fourteen countries and over sixty-five volumes have been published so far." See their stunning (and free!) digital picture archive of over 13,000 images. You can search for images by County Index, County Map, Location Index, or a Search Form. Just as an example, Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, is represented by 972 images, each identified by a Description, Window, and Panel (within the window). A valuable and well produced site.
The English Heritage website is the best single online portal to the remaining material culture of medieval England. A recent general search under "medieval" yielded 371 hits, including:
"The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) supports research, learning and teaching with high quality and dependable digital resources." The ADS site is a great portal to a variety of high quality, nationally supported web resources that often (though not exclusively) relate to medieval history and culture.The ADS houses a number of official reports, including digital images, of medieval archaeological sites around Great Britain, like
11. Audio Files & Language Helps
This heading contains the following sections:
General Audio Resources
From the unparalleled Geoffrey Chaucer Page at Harvard: Teach Yourself to Read Chaucer's Middle English, which includes the following lessons:
See Music of the Fourteenth Century (Alan Baragona & Peter Schwob, VMI) for .midi samples of common medieval musical forms. Their page will also then refer you to Gary Rich's sublime Ars Subtilior. Music of the late Medieval period.
"The Crying and the Soun": The Chaucer Metapage Audio Files, compiled by Alan Baragona (VMI), offers a number of different web linked audio files of Chaucerian readings from the Canterbury Tales and other texts in Middle English. Requires RealPlayer 7, a free browser plug in. To date, Prof. Baragona has archived:
From the General Prologue:
From the Canterbury Tales:
From the Dream Visions and Shorter Poems:
The Chaucer Studio (Paul Thomas, Brigham Young U) offers a variety of reasonably priced cassette tapes of medieval texts in the original dialects, including most of the Canterbury Tales. A great teaching tool; great for polishing your own pronunciation; and great for hearing the music of the Middle English. Find sample audio files of the Canterbury Tales.
Language Helps
Edwin Duncan (Towson State) has put together a handy list of the most used Middle English words in his Basic Chaucer Glossary.
The oft-noted but never fully explained phenomenon known as "The Great Vowel Shift" is described at the Harvard Chaucer Page. Essential for understanding Chaucerian pronunciation.
Chaucer's Pronunciation, Grammar, and Vocabulary (Harvard Chaucer Page) is a fifteen part tutorial--thirteen on pronunciation and two on grammar and vocabulary. Highly recommended for students beginning their study of Middle English.
Middle English Pronunciation Guidelines (Teresa Reed, Jacksonville State U) provides an introductory overview of pronunciation rules. Includes sound files illustrating correct pronunciation.
Glossarial DataBase of Middle English (Larry D. Benson, Harvard Chaucer Page) is a searchable index of Middle English grammatical forms in context. See also the Middle English Glossarial Database at Harvard. Recommended for advanced users.
Melinda J. Menzer (Furman U) has put together a whiz-bang multimedia demonstration and explanation of the Great Vowel Shift. Requires Quicktime.
An excellent introductory hyperlinked essay on The English Language in the Fourteenth Century (Harvard Chaucer Page).
The English Language in the Fourteenth Century (Harvard Chaucer Page) is a fine essay on the varieties of English spoken and written during Chaucer's era.
The Introduction to Michael Murphy's modernized Reader-Friendly Edition of the General Prologue and Sixteen Tales provides a brief overview of Chaucer's career and an easy to follow elaboration of the nuances of Middle English poetics and pronunciation. Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Chaucer Studio Recordings
The best site for professionally done, academically sound, authentic recordings of Chaucer's Middle English is BYU's Chaucer Studio. The cassettes & CDs are inexpensive and first rate. The available titles in the Canterbury Tales include:
The General Prologue (Occasional Readings 8) (.wav, 204KB)
The Knight's Tale (Occasional Readings 13) (.wav, 216KB)
Sir Thopas: Two Readings (NCS Readings 2) (.wav, 190KB)
The Merchant's Tale (NCS Readings 3) (.wav, 160KB)
The Friar's Tale (NCS Readings 4) (.wav, 139KB)
The Summoner's Tale (NCS Readings 6) (.wav, 210KB)
The Franklin's Tale (NCS Readings 7) (.wav, 218KB)
The Prioress's Tale: Two Readings (NCS Readings 8) (.wav, 235KB)
The Pardoner's Tale (Occasional Readings 12) (.wav, 162KB)
The Wife of Bath's Tale (NCS Readings 9) (.wav, 207KB)
The Nun's Priest's Tale (NCS Readings 10) (.wav, 194KB)
The Man of Law's Tale (Occasional Readings 14) (.wav, 209KB)
The Clerk's Tale (Occasional Readings 15) (.wav, 152KB)
The Miller's Tale (NCS Readings 11) (.wav, 143KB)
The Reeve's Tale (NCS Readings 12) (.wav, 178KB)
The Shipman's Tale (NCS Readings 13) (.wav, 189KB)
According to the website, "Chaucer Studio offerings may be ordered by letter, by e-mail,or by means of the order form. Payment may be made in British pounds or in U.S. or Austraian dollars only" to the following contacts:
12. Potpourri
Although a commercial site, billyandcharlie.com, specialists in pewter, has affordable and lovely modern reproductions of pilgrim badges and ampullae from medieval Canterbury, including:
I receive no royalties from billyandcharlie.com sales, unfortunately.
The Medieval Fiefdom Website (Thinkquest) is a graphics rich site that takes advantage of the latest web technologies (VRML, etc.) to help especially younger students visualize the material and social culture of the Middle Ages. Very nice.
Using a clickable map and 500 webpages, Peter Collinson's Canterbury Tour presents a virtual geography of Canterbury that places the viewer in the midst of town by offering both "front" and "back" views of the different locales. Another excellent resource for making the place of Chaucer's Tales come alive.
Read about the most expensive book in the world: Caxton's first edition of the Canterbury Tales (c. 1476-77) was auctioned at Sotheby's for $7.5 million in July 1998!
Geoffrey Chaucer & Co., an acting troupe, "is pioneering the staging of ALL 24 Canterbury Tales . . . fully enacted in modern English. Tailor fit original music underscores each theatrical piece by Bay Area award-winning composer John Geist."
See a page by page digitization of Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims, retold by Katharine Lee Bates, illus. by Angus MacDonall (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1914) at the Making of America site (UMichigan).
13. The Next Step
The Electronic Canterbury
Writing Resources (from Bartleby.com)
As many of you will note, I've gone back to the old, single page format.
© 1998-2008
| Daniel T. Kline
| The Electronic Canterbury
Tales | www.kankedort.net
| All rights reserved
Contact Last revised on 12.08.08 Legal
pages loaded since 06.01.99.


text:
The default mechanism by which SQLite accesses and updates database disk files is the xRead() and xWrite() methods of the [sqlite3_io_methods] VFS object. These methods are typically implemented as "read()" and "write()" system calls which cause the operating system to copy disk content between the kernel buffer cache and user space.
Beginning with [version 3.7.17] ([dateof:3.7.17]), SQLite has the option of accessing disk content directly using memory-mapped I/O and the new xFetch() and xUnfetch() methods on [sqlite3_io_methods].
There are advantages and disadvantages to using memory-mapped I/O. Advantages include:
Many operations, especially I/O intensive operations, can be much faster since content does need to be copied between kernel space and user space. In some cases, performance can nearly double.
The SQLite library may need less RAM since it shares pages with the operating-system page cache and does not always need its own copy of working pages.
But there are also disadvantages:
A stray pointer or buffer overflow in the application program might change the content of mapped memory, potentially corrupting the database file. Bugs in application program that overwrite memory assigned to the SQLite library could, in theory, also cause corruption in read/write mode, but that would require that the overwrite be followed by a call to xWrite() and in practice the buggy application usually errors out or crashes before that point. With memory-mapped I/O, the database corruption occurs immediately and is thus more of a risk.
An I/O error on a memory-mapped file cannot be caught and dealt with by SQLite. Instead, the I/O error causes a signal which, if not caught by the application, results in a program crash.
The operating system must have a unified buffer cache in order for the memory-mapped I/O extension to work correctly, especially in situations where two processes are accessing the same database file and one process is using memory-mapped I/O while the other is not. Not all operating systems have a unified buffer cache. In some operating systems that claim to have a unified buffer cache, the implementation is buggy and can lead to corrupt databases.
Performance does not always increase with memory-mapped I/O. In fact, it is possible to construct test cases where performance is reduced by the use of memory-mapped I/O, though this is hard to do.
Windows is unable to truncate a memory-mapped file. Hence, on Windows, if an operation such as [VACUUM] or [auto_vacuum] tries to reduce the size of a memory-mapped database file, the size reduction attempt will silently fail, leaving unused space at the end of the database file. No data is lost due to this problem, and the unused space will be reused again the next time the database grows. However if a version of SQLite prior to 3.7.0 runs [PRAGMA integrity_check] on such a database, it will (incorrectly) report database corruption due to the unused space at the end. Or if a version of SQLite prior to 3.7.0 writes to the database while it still has unused space at the end, it may make that unused space inaccessible and unavailable for reuse until after the next [VACUUM].
Because of the potential disadvantages, memory-mapped I/O is turned off by default. To activate memory-mapped I/O, use the [mmap_size pragma] and set the mmap_size to some large number, usually 256MB or larger, depending on how much address space your application can spare. The rest is automatic. The [PRAGMA mmap_size] statement will be a silent no-op on systems that do not support memory-mapped I/O.
To read a page of database content using the legacy xRead() method, SQLite first allocates a page-size chunk of heap memory then invokes the xRead() method which causes the database page content to be copied into the newly allocated heap memory. This involves (at a minimum) a copy of the entire page.
But if SQLite wants to access a page of the database file and memory mapped I/O is enabled, it first calls the xFetch() method. The xFetch() method asks the operating system to return a pointer to the requested page, if possible. If the requested page has been or can be mapped into the application address space, then xFetch returns a pointer to that page for SQLite to use without having to copy anything. Skipping the copy step is what makes memory mapped I/O faster.
SQLite does not assume that the xFetch() method will work. If a call to xFetch() returns a NULL pointer (indicating that the requested page is not currently mapped into the applications address space) then SQLite silently falls back to using xRead(). An error is only reported if xRead() also fails.
When updating the database file, SQLite always makes a copy of the page content into heap memory before modifying the page. This is necessary since the changes are not supposed to be visible to other processes until after the transaction commits and so the changes must occur in private memory. After all needed changes are completed, xWrite() is used to move the content back into the database file. The current xWrite() implementations for both unix and windows check to see if section of the file being written is mapped into the applications address space, and if it is the write operation is implemented using memcpy() rather than invoking a "write()" system call, but that is just an implementation detail. A memory copy occurs either way. So the use of memory mapped I/O does not significantly change the performance of database changes. Memory mapped I/O is mostly a benefit for queries.
The "mmap_size" is the maximum number of bytes of the database file that SQLite will try to map into the process address space at one time. The mmap_size applies separately to each database file, so the total amount of process address space that could potentially be used is the mmap_size times the number of open database files.
To activate memory-mapped I/O, an application can set the mmap_size to some large value. For example:
PRAGMA mmap_size=268435456;
To disable memory-mapped I/O, simply set the mmap_size to zero:
PRAGMA mmap_size=0;
If mmap_size is set to N then all current implementations map the first N bytes of the database file and use legacy xRead() calls for any content beyond N bytes. If the database file is smaller than N bytes, then the entire file is mapped. In the future, new OS interfaces could, in theory, map regions of the file other than the first N bytes, but no such implementation currently exists.
The mmap_size is set separately for each database file using the "[PRAGMA mmap_size]" statement. The usual default mmap_size is zero, meaning that memory mapped I/O is disabled by default. However, the default mmap_size can be increased either at compile-time using the [SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE] macro or at start-time using the [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE],...) interface.
SQLite also maintains a hard upper bound on the mmap_size. Attempts to increase the mmap_size above this hard upper bound (using [PRAGMA mmap_size]) will automatically cap the mmap_size at the hard upper bound. If the hard upper bound is zero, then memory mapped I/O is impossible. The hard upper bound can be set at compile-time using the [SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE] macro. If [SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE] is set to zero, then the code used to implement memory mapped I/O is omitted from the build. The hard upper bound is automatically set to zero on certain platforms (ex: OpenBSD) where memory mapped I/O does not work due to the lack of a unified buffer cache.
If the hard upper bound on mmap_size is non-zero at compilation time, it may still be reduced or zeroed at start-time using the [sqlite3_config]([SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE],X,Y) interface. The X and Y parameters must both be 64-bit signed integers. The X parameter is the default mmap_size of the process and the Y is the new hard upper bound. The hard upper bound cannot be increased above its compile-time setting using [SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE] but it can be reduced or zeroed.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Topic : Imprenditoria Sociale
The search found 526 results in 0.028 seconds.
Risultati della ricerca
All America: We See Changemakers Everywhere!
Imagine a country where social problems don't outrun solutions and where all Americans participate in social change, no matter who they are or where they're from. This is what we're working toward.
'Tough Guy' Farmers Stand Up To Italian Mafia — And Win
Calabria is Italy's poorest region.
Pillar IV: How do we foster Economic Inclusion in Latin America ?
Since 2014, Ashoka has partnered with the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) to empower social entrepreneurs – Ashoka Fellows with globally scalable innovations for poverty alleviation - to grow their impact and replicate their model in Latin America, through two Globalizer Summits in Bogota and Buenos Aires.
Pillar III : How do we facilitate access to finance and other resources for social entrepreneurs?
In order to facilitate access to finance and other resources, 10 outstanding entrepreneurs are selected every year to participate in an acceleratio
Pillar V: Knowledge and capacity building
The fifth Pillar of this program aims at disseminating knowledge about social entrepreneurship within SDC, among its partners and more broadly with


text:
"He seemed very intoxicated," said Adrienne Goldston, the receptionist at Access Medical Center on Camino Real in Carlsbad. A man had stumbled in the front door of the center shortly after 3:00 p.m. on November 1. The receptionist said the thin, mustachioed man looked unkempt, and she could smell alcohol on his breath.
"He held up a piece of paper to me," Goldston remembered, when she testified at a preliminary hearing in the Vista courthouse 17 days later.
At first he held the paper with the wrong side toward her, but when he turned it around she read "ROBBERY" and "MONEY BAG PLEASE."
The receptionist told him, "We don't keep money on hand." The would-be robber asked her, "Why?" and the woman didn't know what to answer, so she shrugged. "He seemed somewhat confused," she said. She wondered if he had meant to enter the business next door, Comerica Bank.
The man stumbled out the front door and got into a bright red PT Cruiser. The alert receptionist wrote down the car's make, model, and license-plate number and phoned authorities.
A short time later, at about 3:15 p.m., a thin, gray-haired man entered the Bank of America two blocks north of the medical center.
Teller Michelle Felix waved at the man to come to her counter. When he got to her window, he handed her a note and a small, gray cloth bag. He told her, "Don't say anything." Felix looked at the note, and the first word she saw on it was "ROBBERY." The man said he had a gun. When he spoke, his words were slurred, she remembered. The teller walked away from her station and told other employees what was happening, while the man tapped and tapped on the window barrier at her station. Felix said the man eventually left the bank at "a slow walk."
About a quarter mile north of the Bank of America, across Highway 78 in Oceanside, is a Wells Fargo. It was about 3:30 p.m. when teller Marilyn Bray saw a thin, gray-haired man enter the bank. "He looked lost," she testified at the preliminary hearing. The teller asked if she could help him, and the man approached her counter. "He smelled like he needed a shower," Bray told the superior court judge.
"This is a robbery," the man said.
"I think I was stunned, and he repeated it," Bray testified.
She pushed an alarm button at her counter. Then she wrote a note to her manager, who had come to stand next to the teller, and they both faced the man.
Bray said she took a little cash from her drawer and laid it on top of the counter.
"I gave him a very small amount of money, and he said, 'Oh, come on!'"
She put more cash on the counter.
"It wasn't enough," she remembered. "He said, 'You can do better than that.'"
It was the first of the month, and the robber said he needed money to pay the rent.
The robber also told her, Bray testified, that "He was that bandit."
The bank manager later told Carlsbad police that the robber claimed to be the Geezer Bandit.
Bray told the grizzled man that she would have to "go to the back" to get more money, and this provoked him to shout, "Shut the fuck up!" Then he lifted his shirt to show her a gun tucked into the waistband of his pants, and he said, "If you don't give me what I want, I'm going to start shooting people!"
When the frightened teller saw the dark gray handle of a gun, she became immobile, she said. "I was kind of in shock and nervous." The manager reached into the cash drawer and gave the man "a roll of 20s," the teller testified.
The robber left. "He sauntered out kind of talking about women," Bray said. "He looked angry."
Meanwhile, Carlsbad police had run the license-plate number that Adrienne Goldston called in, and they had already set up surveillance at the Village Apartments at 3665 Village Drive in Carlsbad.
Officers were watching when a red PT Cruiser pulled up to apartment F and parked. The driver got out and went into the apartment. Police later identified the driver as 58-year-old Edward Bernard Power Jr. Within a few minutes, he came back outside with a female later identified as his girlfriend.
Officer Richard Riggin, a 17-year veteran with the Carlsbad police, testified that he "yelled commands" to Power and the woman. "They were both really slow to comply." The officer said that Power yelled back at them, "I'm a Mongol! I'm going to kill you!" Power made this threat five or six times. "There was definitely some signs of intoxication," said Riggin.
Officers arrested Power. Riggin said the suspect's identity was confirmed by information found in his wallet. Power was booked into jail in the early-morning hours of November 2.
Detective Steve Seapker testified at the hearing that after police obtained a search warrant for the apartment, they recovered $2060 in cash rolled up in a carpet in the carport near the front door. The detective said they did not recover a gun.
According to Seapker, Power is a "documented Mongol" — a member of "an outlaw motorcycle gang" whose logo is a portrait of Genghis Khan wearing sunglasses. The detective said that Power has previously claimed to be a member of the Mongol gang and that he has gang tattoos.
The local media reported that a man claiming to be the Geezer Bandit had been arrested. But it became clear that Power was not the Geezer Bandit the following week, on Friday, November 12, when a bank was robbed in Bakersfield by a man whose appearance and methods closely matched the Geezer Bandit's. Power was in custody at the time. The Geezer Bandit has now robbed 12 banks, 10 in San Diego County.
Power had been arrested earlier last year, in February. He was charged with three felonies for allegedly threatening and using force on police officers. He pleaded guilty to one count, admitting that he "Unlawfully attempted by means of threats and violence to prevent a police officer from performing a lawful duty imposed upon such officer and did knowingly resist the officer by the use of force and violence." The judge gave him three years' formal probation.
During the preliminary hearing for his current offense, Power sat next to his court-appointed attorney, Jack Campbell. Power was handcuffed to the chains around his waist, and his heavily tattooed forearms were visible below his short-sleeved jail uniform. His hair was pulled into a short ponytail, the little curl of hair resting on the back of his neck. Sheriff's records describe him as 5 feet 11 inches and 160 pounds. Power nodded often while he listened to witnesses and stared directly at the bank tellers and police officers. Sometimes he whispered to his public defender. The hearing lasted less than an hour.
At the end of the hearing, Power was found in violation of probation, and Judge Timothy Casserly ordered him to face seven new felony charges, including robbery, attempted robbery, and threatening violence upon an officer. Power pled not guilty to all charges.
On January 6, the day his case was set for trial, Power pleaded guilty to three felonies: one robbery and two attempted robberies. He also admitted two prior felony convictions from 1991: assault with a deadly weapon and repeat felon in possession of a firearm. According to the plea-deal paperwork, Power expects to get ten years in prison when he is sentenced on February 15.
More from SDReader
- More stories by Eva Knott
- Fingerprints the clincher — Aug. 2, 2018
- Gap-Toothed Bandit tries to take bite out of justice — Feb. 25, 2016
- Who is the hipster bandit? — Oct. 14, 2015
- Sloppy cops and robbers — July 2, 2015
- Odd robber meets success and failure in El Cajon — May 7, 2013


text:
When one of my colleagues alerted me to this image by retweeting it this morning, my gut instinct was to shout "No way! That's fake!" But minutes later we discovered that the image was shot by Getty Images photographer Rich Lam.
I was beside myself.
The "too-good-to-be-true" element of this photo is the juxtaposition of the riot cops and the couple who made a bed out of the littered street following last nights' Stanley Cup Playoffs in Vancouver.
We've got an interview with Lam coming up around 2pm ET to find out just what was going on that led to this photo. Check back in a couple hours.
UPDATE: 6/16/2011, 2:20pm ET -- I just had a conversation with Rich about this image.
After shooting the final game for Getty Images, Rich Lam headed to the streets to photograph the protests.
"We were in front of the bay where looting and burning was taking place," he said. And that's when it happened. From dogs to horses, tear gas to pepper spray, "it was just mayhem."
Police started pushing everyone out of the streets. At one point Lam looked back and saw the scene above — two people on the ground. His initial instinct was that they were hurt.
"I looked back and thought someone was injured and I shot that. I framed it up, juxtaposed with the policemen."
Lam didn't realize what he had captured. He turned his images in to the photo editors who were processing the volumes of photos chronicling the events of the night.
A little while later another photographer from the Getty team came up to him and said "nice picture of the couple kissing." Unsure of what he was referring to, he returned to the editing room.
"Oh my God – they're making out!" Lam said.
In retrospect Lam said "it was just crazy – for them to do something like that. I don't understand why people riot to begin with."
Some others have their suspicions, and with good reason. Comments like those from Jess, below, give me reason to think the couple are performers of some kind:
I saw the same couple make out in the middle of the road (on the divider between oncoming traffic in Yaletown a week ago. Pacific and Homer to be exact. It looks like they like the thrill of making out in public with people watching.
A photo that appears to have been taken at the same location makes it look even less organic. CNBC's Darren Rovell along with Steve Poller and Sara Lauch questioned whether the two intentionally staged themselves there.
UPDATE: 6/17/2011, 12:00pm ET --
nineMSN.com has uncovered the identity of the male in the photo, after an interview with immediate relatives. The website says that Hannah Jones, from Perth, told them that the man is her brother, Scott Jones, 29, who lives and works in Vancouver.
Late yesterday Getty Images reached out to Lam, who provided his employer with the entire series of images.
You can see them here: http://bit.ly/kwz2JD
UPDATE: 6/20/2011, 9:00am ET --
This morning the couple in the widely-seen photo appeared on the today show. Scott Jones and Alex Thomas address accusations that the photo was faked. "I was just trying to calm her down. It seemed like the thing to do," Jones said. Continue reading...
Related content:
More photos: Stanley cup finals
More photos: Riots break out after the finals
Amusing "Dear Vancouver" tweets out there.


text:
NEW YORK - The NFL may have big stadiums, big players and big games, but when it comes to its IT operation, Nancy Galietti, the NFL's vice president of IT, does not use the word big.
The NFL runs three data centers of about 2,000 square feet each or server rooms as Galietti refers to them. The IT operation supports business functions, a growing film collection, statistics on players, and a looming foray into Big Data.
Galietti is modest about the scope of the NFL's IT operation, but not about the job.
"It's a privilege to work for them -- we have such a fun product," Galietti said.
It turns out that many other people want to work for the NFL's IT department as well. The department has about 50 employees and when openings are advertised piles of resumes will pour in.
Galietti has to readjust expectations of some applicants who believe they'll be doing more than IT.
"You have to love being an engineer, because that's what you're going to be doing. Everybody thinks they are going to suit up and play," she said with a chuckle.
The NFL corporate offices are based in New York, and Galietti was at a small get-together recently with some IBM executives to talk about projects to improve the efficiency of her IT operations.
Although the NFL itself is a large enterprise, the teams have their owners and their independent IT operations, although IT staffs from NFL corporate spend a lot of time on the road helping out with events.
The IT goal, Galietti said, is to keep operational cost flat to meet demand for new services. To accomplish that, the NFL has virtualized 95% of it servers and is using virtualization to expand capacity without having to expand hardware usage.
"We're going to try to stay at the level of virtualization because it gives you maximum flexibility," she said.
IBM was hired to help improve the efficiency of its operations through virtualization, standardization, and use of a private cloud. The move to private cloud services also set the foundation for using public cloud resources as they mature, Galietti said.
Most of the cost savings will come through cost avoidance, by getting more out of the NFL's existing infrastructure, she said.
Steve Sams, IBM vice president of site and facilities, said a study the company did of more than 300 customers found that only about one in five were operating at the highest level of efficiency, spending less than 50% of their IT budgets on keeping the data center operational.
The data center efficiency numbers were compared against the company's balance sheet, Sams said. The companies that also ran the most efficient data centers, also had "significantly higher profits," he said.
The most efficient data centers had virtualized their servers and storage. The leaders, according to IBM's study, managed 8.2 virtual machines per server versus 4.5 virtual machines for "basic data centers."
The study also found, for instance, that 92% of the most efficient data centers were using deduplication technologies, and were automating almost anything they could.
For Galietti, improving the NFL's IT department sets the groundwork for an expanding role.
The NFL is developing what Galietti referred to as a statistics initiative, or what might be called Big Data. What types of data it may collect is uncertain, but the NFL has ample opportunity to collect more data, and has tested, for instance, a biometric shirt that measures heart and breathing rates. The NFL has also considered RFID tags in footballs, and processors in helmets.
"My role in the organization is to provide an efficient, cost-effective infrastructure services," Galietti said. And by keeping cost flat, her IT department is earning the right to bring more value to the organization.
Patrick Thibodeau covers cloud computing and enterprise applications, outsourcing, government IT policies, data centers and IT workforce issues for Computerworld. Follow Patrick on Twitter at @DCgov or subscribe to Patrick's RSS feed. His e-mail address is email@example.com.
See more by Patrick Thibodeau on Computerworld.com.
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Video: La. officer pulling over fellow cop prompts spat
The officers were given verbal counseling following the heated exchange
By PoliceOne Staff
BATON ROUGE, La. — Video has surfaced of an incident from last April in which an officer pulled over a motorist he claimed was driving erratically and twice the posted speed limit, unaware that the driver was an off-duty police officer.
Officer David Stewart — who was off duty and outside his jurisdiction at the time — began pursuing a white pick-up truck when he noticed the driver going about 90 mph. The truck's driver, Cpl. Brian L. Harrison, ignored the officer's lights and siren for about a minute before pulling over, according to the Advocate.
"That's what's wrong with police officers like you," Stewart can be heard saying to Harrison in the video, "You ought not be a police officer."
Harrison was not cited. However, he did send an email to Stewart after the incident lecturing the officer for going "AWOL."
"I understand you are new and want to pull everyone over but please … sometimes give it a rest," Harrison wrote, according to the Advocate. "The best thing you could have done was get on I-12 and go to work."
The spat prompted an internal investigation that led to verbal counseling for both officers.
Harrison apologized "for any inconvenience this incident may have caused to all involved," in a letter to his supervisors. He acknowledged exceeding the speed limit and said he thought a colleague might have been playing a prank on him in trying to pull him over, according to the report.


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A. Samuel Kimball
How do you know whether or not you are a good writer? Here are three answers.
The Simple Answer. Someone tells you that you write well.
If you are a student, you know you write well when your high school teacher or college instructor tells you that you do. If you are submitting your work to an agent, the agent agrees to represent you and your work . If you are submitting your work directly to a publisher without the intermediary of an agent, one of the publisher's editors provides a reader's report and explains what is good about the writing. The simple answer to the question, "How do you know whether or not you are a good writer," is that you get the kind of feedback that indicates that others want to read what you have written because they like what you have to say and how you say it—perhaps even enough to pay you for your words.
A More Complex Answer. Someone tells you where and how your writing is and is not strong and what makes it so.
Someone shows you what is wrong with the way you write or where it is not as strong as it might be; this person explains how you can fix, strengthen, improve, or otherwise advance your writing to the next level of compositional expertise; and you understand the advice well enough to act on it . . . successfully. In other words, someone explains certain general guidelines for writing well, and you follow these guidelines. Over time, as you practice revising your work you come to understand on your own when something is not quite right and needs to be changed. In addition, you learn more and more advanced guidelines, and not only how to act on them but also when to depart from them—because, for example, they do not fit a particular situation.
A Still More Complex Answer. You have developed such proficiency that you are the someone.
You have become so adept that you are the someone who can tell at a glance what is or is not strong about the writing at hand; you are the someone who knows exactly how to edit and revise it; and you are the someone who can explain yourself in a manner that the other person can follow and act on. In other words, you are someone who can explain how strong writers talk to themselves about their own writing and the many different decisions that they make as they write, rewrite, and rewrite yet again.
Experts recognize at a glance what is right and what is not right about a situation that falls under their expertise. I once was present when a swimming coach blew her whistle after watching a student swim not more than about ten yards (two, maybe three strokes); for the next five minutes—a full five minutes—she then proceeded to describe and analyze what her pupil did and how he could correct just about everything he was doing with his body—the degree to which he rotated his shoulders and hips, the timing with which he began the rotation, how far and at what angles he extended each of his arms and what kind of arc he traced, how he aimed and angled each hand into the water and how ahead of and off the center of his skull, how he rotated his neck more than he needed and brought his head and mouth higher than necessary out of the water when he took a breath, and so on. When I first saw the student swimming, I had an impression that there were things that he could do to improve. However, I had no idea that the coach would be able to explain at such length and in such precise and technical detail the number and precise kinds of changes her pupil needed to make in the way he was moving his body. I had no idea of how complex a highly efficient swimming stroke was and what it would take to integrate the micro-movements of the body to produce a maximally powerful swimming stroke.
Expert writers need to read only a couple of paragraphs, perhaps even just a few sentences, in order to know exactly what is going on in a student's writing.
What do they look for? They look for the writer's awareness of and deftness at controlling the many, many different components that go into writing proficiently. Most people are familiar with some of these components—word choice, grammatical correctness, the purpose of the writing, the intended audience, and so on. Very few people have a knowledge of the hundreds of other stylistic elements that could be named.
What is more, very few people can define some of the most basic terms. Everyone knows that good writing is clear and coherent. But what do these concepts imply for how one should go about deciding what words to use, what grammatical constructions to employ, or how to put sentences together into the best possible sequence? Very few people can explain what someone needs to do in order to write clearly and coherently. People affirm the value of clarity and coherence; however, they have a difficult time explaining, except in impressionistic terms, what makes clear writing clear or coherent writing coherent. The compliment, "That's really clearly written," is about as useful to an aspiring writer as the statement, "That's a strong swimming stroke," is to an athlete who hopes to compete successfully against other strong swimmers. In order to improve at a sport, an athlete needs to know exactly what to do differently. In order to write well, a person needs to know what clarity and coherence entail; they need to know how to achieve clarity and coherence; they need to know how to talk to themselves about their writing in a manner that will enable them to recognize when they have written clearly and coherently and when they have not.
We have devised the UNF Writes Self-Talk© rubrics to help students do just that—talk to themselves in something like the way expert writers do. To this end, we have written the rubrics in the form of statements that, with some practice, anyone can use to determine at what level of sophistication they have mastered one or another component of their writing.
When students do not learn how to talk to themselves in something of the way that professional educators do when they read student work, then they will be at the mercy of their teachers' judgments, judgments they will find difficult to understand. Faculty make professional judgments about student work. That is their job. If students want to achieve the compositional skills that their instructors have and that lead them to their judgments about student work, then students need to know how to make an accurate assessment of the level of expertise they have or have not achieved with regard to specific features of their writing.


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In trying to avoid bad mood and keep stress level down, people turn to hobbies. One of my hobbies is working on my textbooks, so I have written a new section on the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation in the circle for the differential equations book. See the draft section. The previous section 4.9 is OK, but the solution is far more natural in the circle in polar coordinates than in a square, that is we obtain
And then we can derive the Poisson formula which is just cool. Also it's a good example showing more complicated change of variables since we do it in polar, and also it shows a somewhat more complicated and different separation variables.
Part of the motivation was that I did this topic in my PDE class so I had lecture notes and it really felt right for that point in the book, even to leave it as reading to interested students. The other part is that I have been improving the graphing ability of genius so I can do polar coordinates for example:
That's the graph of the solution , showing that high frequency on the boundary means fast decay as you go closer to the center of your domain.
Though there is no UI for polar coordinates, there is just a function that allows you to plot arbitrary surface data now. Notice how it's not graphed on a square grid, but above the disc. Also notice that internal rings have fewer points on them, that's because I just compute fewer values at smaller radii, remember I am passing in arbitrary data, a list of tripples (x,y,z). This will be in version 1.0.16, which should come out end of next week sometime (have to let translators have a go at it). Actually the reason for doing this work on genius was not polar coordinates but showing numerical solutions in my PDE class. It's just that one of my test cases was polar coordinates and so it just clicked and I thought: I have to write up this section, it's just too cool to pass up and I can make the graphs now.
This brings the number of pages in the DE book to 315, and the number of exercises to 533. Yaikes! It's become a beast. I'll make the new version in a week or two so that it's usuable for next semester (so if you have comments on the new section do let me know quickly).
I think now a two semester course could possibly be run out of the book. What's going to be added in the new version is essentially about 5-6 lectures. At my speed the whole thing is now approximately 65 lectures, so a bit less than two semesters worth, but if you go just a tad slower (as many people do), do more examples, and if you factor in exams, reviews, quizzes, etc… it's just right I think. You've got lots of room to spare if you want a two quarter course.


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NEW YORK, N.Y. – With a focus on improving a few individual qualifying marks in the final meet before the National Championship, the MIT men's and women's track & field teams traveled to New York for the ECAC Division III Championship over the weekend. A number of individuals met and exceeded expectations and the teams were also able to score well at the meet, with the women taking fifthout of 47 teams and the men placing 37th overall.
Karin Fisher and the rest of the Tech pole vaulters, started the weekend off for the Cardinal and Gray with an incredible overall performance. Fisher and Moravian's Abigail Schaffer put on an impressive display for the second time this season, as both made outstanding efforts to clear the bar at 13-6.25 feet. Fisher avenged an earlier defeat to Schaffer, taking first place in the event based on attempts. Fisher's height set a new program record and is tied for the best mark in Division III on the season, just a week from the NCAA Division III Indoor National Championship. Fisher's teammates, Lauren Kuntz (seventh) and Hazel Briner (eighth) were also solid, as both vaulted 11-6.50 feet. On the men's side, Nathan Peterson took third overall with a vault of 16-5.25 feet, a personal record and the second best mark in Institute history. Peterson currently stands eighth on the NCAA Division III performance list.
Anna Holt-Gosselin continued the positive momentum on Friday, running 17:09.93 in the 5,000 meters, good for fifth place and an NCAA provisional qualifying standard. The New York Armory track was extremely fast, as the top five runners all moved into the top eight on the national list, with Holt-Gosselin currently eighth in Division III.
In the preliminaries of the 55-meter hurdles, three Tech runners would place among the top nine overall, with Jacqueline Brew missing out on the finals by the narrowest of margins, just 0.009 seconds out of eighth. In the finals on Saturday, Portia Jones ran a blistering 8.21 seconds to win the event and establish a new National best for 2011. Amy Magnuson placed fourth with a time of 8.47 seconds, an NCAA provisional mark.
Jamie Simmons continues to perform well in the 400m, as the junior ran 58.48 for sixth place overall. That time was just eight one-hundredths of a second slower than her season best, which currently ranks 29th in the country.
The women's 4x400 meter relay capped the weekend with a tremendous performance in the second to last event on Saturday afternoon. The quartet of Simmons, Briner, Jones and Martha Gross battled the squad from Wheaton College in a thrilling race that came down to a photo finish. Jones, who anchored the relay, crossed the finish just 0.004 seconds faster than Wheaton's fourth runner, as MIT finished in 3:53.245 seconds. That time is an NCAA automatic qualifying mark and currently ranks sixth in Division III.
In the weight throw, Kenneth Cooper and Chinedum Umachi, who each sit in solid position to qualify for Nationals already, placed 11th and 12th respectively in the event.
Tech will find out which athletes officially qualify for next weekend's NCAA Division III Championship on Monday. The Engineers are in good position to send a number of competitors to Capital University for the Championship meet, which begins on Friday, March 11.


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This recipe is an excellent introduction to cooking with tofu.
Preparation Time: 10 mins
Cooking Time: 10 mins
Yield: 8 x patties
Remove tofu from its package and stand on a sloping board for a few minutes, allowing any excess liquid to drain away.
Crumble tofu into a bowl, add garlic and onion, then the remaining ingredients.
Mix together well, then working with wet hands, divide the mixture into quarters, then eighths. Shape each portion into a 3 to 4-inch patty.
Heat a non-stick skillet; cook for 5 minutes per side, or until the burgers are golden brown.
Substitute sherry for a dash of lemon juice.
Serving suggestion not included in recipe analysis.
Firm tofu is recommended for this recipe.


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Opening remarks by Angel Gurría, OECD Secretary-General
Paris, 20 May 2009
Mr. Darcos, distinguished guests from around the world and from here in France:
The OECD is honoured to hold this international symposium with our partner: l'Institut pour l'Education Financière du Public. The Symposium addresses an issue of critical importance in today's world: financial awareness and education.
The financial crisis has reached every country, highlighting the need for strengthened national and global financial regulation and supervision. Corrective policy measures have been implemented in many countries. These measures have also included initiatives to improve consumers' financial literacy, awareness and capability. We should not forget that the low level of financial literacy observed in most countries, has been - if not a direct cause of the crisis - at least one of the aggravating factors.
Financial markets and services are playing a greater social and economic role in the daily life of the average individual. At the same time they are also becoming increasingly complex, and the associated risks are multiplying. Households and individuals are being called upon to take financial decisions that could have severe consequences for their wealth and well being. They need the right financial skills to both protect themselves and also to benefit from the many new products available. Households that are finance savy may also contribute to overall financial and economic stability and to the development of the countries they live in.
If there is a consolation to be gleaned from this crisis, it is that the importance and profile of financial education has been raised decisively around the world. Some might even say that we are experiencing a "teachable moment" when the public is more interested in and wants to know more about financial matters than ever before. Financial education is climbing up national agendas around the world. More and more countries are developing national strategies. The participation today of the French Education Minister Xavier Darcos and the French Economy, Industry and Employment Minister Christine Lagarde attest to the importance the French government places on financial education. It is thus not surprising that financial education is also a component of the OECD Strategic Response to the Financial and Economic Crisis. But not all policymakers are onboard. Financial education is missing from the current G20 statement. We will try to correct this.
In a short while Mr. Laboul will share with you the details of the OECD financial education project and the work carried by the newly created International Network on Financial Education. Financial education is one strategic priority of the OECD. But the creation of this Network conveys another important message from the OECD: we are an open organisation and as such we wish to work together with all interested non OECD countries. This is because financial education is a global issue. I think the message is clear from the composition of this Network, which comprises representatives from more than 50 countries.
But let me be more focussed. I will touch first on the important issue of financial education at school (in honour of our guest Mr Darcos). Next, I will move to vulnerable groups and an area that deserves particularly attention: pensions.
One of the main, and now urgent, challenges is to move from raising awareness on financial issues to actually changing consumers' behaviours. As many of you have identified, we can do this by integrating financial literacy into school curricula. You might assume that our IT-skilled and globally connected young generations would be at ease with financial matters. Evidence clearly shows the opposite. Most surveys conducted in OECD and non OECD countries including in France, demonstrate that youth know little about financial matters -- even less than adults. Young people think this is a boring and stressful topic, not relevant for them. This is all the more worrying since social and economic trends imply that younger generations will need to be more financially skilful than their elders.
Through schools we can reach the widest national audience and nurture financial capability and responsibility. And, as shown in other areas of policy intervention such as health care prevention, children and teenagers are very good disseminators of information and changed behaviours to their parents and relatives.
Many countries have already grasped the significance of this issue and have included financial education into school curriculum. But there are challenges: crowded school curricula, lack of sustainable resources and lack of training for teachers and trainer. And governments must have commitment and must also apply themselves to coordination between relevant public bodies and partners.
In 2005, the OECD Principles and Good Practices on Financial Education and Awareness approved by OECD Governments recommended that the teaching of financial education start as early as possible and at school. Further analytical work was then carried out over 2006/2008 and is now pursued notably by a dedicated expert subgroup of the International Network on Financial Education. This work should lead to the development of tailored international guidelines that can help policymakers and practitioners.
I am particularly pleased to announce that a financial education component will be included in the Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA) for 2012. This programme is now conducted in more than 65 countries. The results of the 2012 PISA exercise should provide another impetus for countries and their government to introduce financial education as a component of the school curriculum and devote the time and resource it deserves.
I would now like to refer to vulnerable groups, which exist in all countries, developed or not. These groups have little or no access to appropriate financial and advisory services and this is exacerbated by their negligible financial awareness and literacy. This is not tolerable. We need to fix this. There is an urgent need to improve their financial literacy in order to better integrate them, not just into the financial system, but also the economy as a whole. We are working on designing tailored programmes to address this.
A few words on something very important for all of us: our pensions. The crisis has generally heightened anxiety about pensions and underlines the importance of informed decisions by individuals on saving for retirement. This concerns especially workers with defined contributions schemes, who fully bear longevity and investment risks and can find themselves with low benefits or even nothing when retiring. The OECD will continue to develop public awareness and education on pension issues and also promote adequate regulation to protect future pensioners. I am pleased to announce today that the OECD Council should soon endorse a revised set of the OECD core principles for the regulation of private pensions.
Mr. Darcos, Dear guests
Awareness of the need for financial education is gaining momentum. It is becoming acknowledged as an essential pillar of a sound and sustainable financial regulatory and supervisory framework.
The OECD will continue to strengthen its efforts to deepen international policy dialogue and cooperation on this fundamental issue notably through the work of its dedicated committees and its International Network on Financial Education. It will also do so through more international analysis, principles and guidelines in areas that need it, as well as methodologies to design, develop and further improve financial education programmes worldwide.
Thank you very much. I wish all a very successful event and discussion.
Related Documents


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Darkness delivered sweetly: That's what drew together the improbable partnership of gentle-voiced Norah Jones and pop-punk arena rocker Billie Joe Armstrong, who leads Green Day. They decided to remake, of all things, an entire album from 1958: the Everly Brothers' "Songs Our Daddy Taught Us" (Cadence).
The Everlys' original is a contender for the most morbid album of the early rock 'n' roll era. It arrived soon after their huge 1957 hits, "Bye Bye Love" and "Wake Up Little Suzie," both of which appeared on their 1958 debut album. Within less than a year, Don and Phil Everly released "Songs Our Daddy Taught Us," an unamplified album of stark traditional ballads and old country songs. The lyrics tell stories that feature dead and dying parents, lovers united only in death, a dying child, prisoners, cheating lovers and a few murders.
"We did some strange albums in our time," Phil Everly said by telephone from California. "That one stands out because of the sparseness and the fact that the songs were our heritage."
The tribute by Mr. Armstrong and Ms. Jones, "Foreverly" (Reprise), treats the songs respectfully, filling out the arrangements and usually keeping the Everly Brothers' harmonies. While it adds an understated rhythm section, it lets the songs stay haunted. "Foreverly" is due for release on Monday, and Ms. Jones and Mr. Armstrong were in New York recently to talk about it.
They were an asymmetrical team for a conversation at, of all places, the venerable theater-district restaurant Sardi's, in a booth presided over by caricatures of Katharine and Audrey Hepburn. They were relaxed with each other, regularly proffering mutual admiration. Yet they still made an odd pair: the ultra-skinny Mr. Armstrong, 41, wearing a cropped leather jacket with his black hair in a punkabilly updo of tangled curls, and Ms. Jones, 34, a dark-eyed, round-faced girl next door wearing a casual sweater.
Still, Ms. Jones's most recent solo album, "Little Broken Hearts," has a dulcet murder ballad of its own, "Miriam," while Mr. Armstrong has prized melody and narrative in Green Day's songs. If these two multimillion-selling, Grammy-winning singers were going to intersect, an album of Everly Brothers songs is a plausible spot.
"Songs Our Daddy Taught Us" could hardly be more sparse or ghostly. Its arrangements use just the close-harmony voices of Don and Phil Everly, backed by a lightly strummed guitar and a bass fiddle. Among the songs are folk standards like "Roving Gambler," about a man who seduces and abandons a woman and kills a man at a card game; "I'm Here to Get My Baby Out of Jail," in which a mother bails out her son and then dies; and "Down in the Willow Garden," about a wastrel who murders his girlfriend.
"Perfect for the holiday season," Mr. Armstrong said.
But both took the music seriously. "It's almost like a meditation," Ms. Jones said. "Their voices are at times high and childlike in the most beautiful way, but these songs are so dark. There's an innocence to their recordings, definitely. But that innocence, juxtaposed with the cheating lovers and everything — it's just creepy when you hear it."
The Everly Brothers, rooted in Kentucky, had been performing songs like those since they were children, appearing daily on a live family radio show at 6 a.m. They were more concerned with melody and harmony than what the words meant.
"I never thought about it too much as a kid when we first learned them," said Phil Everly, 74, two years younger than his brother. "Those songs go back quite a bit. They're real live songs about real things that were going on in people's lives."
The album's severely minimal arrangements, Mr. Everly explained, reflected "the way you'd sing those songs on your porch."
Mr. Armstrong said he discovered the Everlys' album a few years ago and got the idea of rerecording the songs with a woman. But he was hugely prolific with Green Day in 2012, releasing three albums within six months: "Uno!," "Dos!" and "Tre!" Green Day toured internationally through much of 2013, and it's headed to Australia next year. But while blasting Green Day songs, as he has since the 1980s, Mr. Armstrong had also been considering the opposite end of the volume spectrum.
"Having big guitars and Marshalls for so many years, it kind of leaves your ears ringing," he said. "I love the power of playing quiet."
"Me too," Ms. Jones said with a giggle; playing quietly is what she does.
Mr. Armstrong's wife, Adrienne, was the one who suggested Ms. Jones as a duet partner. Mr. Armstrong had met Ms. Jones at the 2005 Grammy Awards, where her duet with Ray Charles on his album "Genius Loves Company" beat out Green Day's "American Idiot" for record of the year and album of the year. ("American Idiot" was named best rock album.) On the broadcast, they stood side by side with Stevie Wonder, Bono and Alicia Keys in an awkward all-star rendition of the Beatles' "Across the Universe." But they had not been in contact until Mr. Armstrong proposed "Foreverly."
"I've been asked to collaborate a lot, but I've never been asked to do a whole record like this," Ms. Jones said.
Mr. Armstrong, who lives in Oakland, Calif., came to New York to make the album with Ms. Jones, who lives in Brooklyn. They didn't tell their record companies. They booked five days in May — between Green Day tour dates — at the Magic Shop, a studio in SoHo, and returned for four days in August, for a total of nine days of recording with a rhythm section Ms. Jones chose the drummer Dan Rieser and the bassist Tim Luntzel.
They had decided to use the Everly Brothers harmonies as a template — Ms. Jones sang Phil's parts, the upper harmony — and agreed not to listen to the many other versions of the old songs.
"When you have that two-part harmony as opposed to that shiny sounding, pretty three-part harmony, there can be dissonance," she said. "Sometimes they jump in and out of perfect thirds. This is nerdery, but that's what makes it so eerie."
The priority was the vocal blend. "I was just trying to find myself in her voice," Mr. Armstrong said.
They sang together live, making eye contact, as the Everlys had done.
And they nudged the songs just slightly: toward a barroom waltz with fiddle for "Barbara Allen"; a backwoods church hymn for a dying child's song, "Put My Little Shoes Away" (complete with squeaking pump organ); a hint of rockabilly for the cuckold's revenge of "Long Time Gone"; some spooky guitar reverb for "Down in the Willow Garden." Ms. Jones's piano often echoes the foursquare honky-tonk of Bobbie Nelson, Willie Nelson's sister and longtime pianist. Mr. Armstrong completely sets aside his Green Day smirk.
"Foreverly" is the kind of side project that pop stars can do on a whim, schedules permitting. It doesn't announce a new direction for Ms. Jones or Mr. Armstrong, except in one aspect, the spontaneity: "I don't think I'll ever make a record and tell anybody again," Mr. Armstrong said. "It's just better that way."
Phil Everly said he was pleased with the remake: "They did a very good job, and they blend very well." And he noted that "Foreverly" was as unexpected as "Songs Our Daddy Taught Us" had been.
"The formula today is to just keep doing what you've been doing," he said. "I have to respect them for not doing that."