text:
This policy is a revision of the policy in
Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods, and Hydrolyzed Formulas
This clinical report reviews the nutritional options during pregnancy, lactation, and the first year of life that may affect the development of atopic disease (atopic dermatitis, asthma, food allergy) in early life. It replaces an earlier policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics that addressed the use of hypoallergenic infant formulas and included provisional recommendations for dietary management for the prevention of atopic disease. The documented benefits of nutritional intervention that may prevent or delay the onset of atopic disease are largely limited to infants at high risk of developing allergy (ie, infants with at least 1 first-degree relative [parent or sibling] with allergic disease). Current evidence does not support a major role for maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy or lactation. There is evidence that breastfeeding for at least 4 months, compared with feeding formula made with intact cow milk protein, prevents or delays the occurrence of atopic dermatitis, cow milk allergy, and wheezing in early childhood. In studies of infants at high risk of atopy and who are not exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months, there is modest evidence that the onset of atopic disease may be delayed or prevented by the use of hydrolyzed formulas compared with formula made with intact cow milk protein, particularly for atopic dermatitis. Comparative studies of the various hydrolyzed formulas also indicate that not all formulas have the same protective benefit. There is also little evidence that delaying the timing of the introduction of complementary foods beyond 4 to 6 months of age prevents the occurrence of atopic disease. At present, there are insufficient data to document a protective effect of any dietary intervention beyond 4 to 6 months of age for the development of atopic disease.
Over the past several decades, the incidence of atopic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies has increased dramatically. Among children up to 4 years of age, the incidence of asthma has increased 160%, and the incidence of atopic dermatitis has increased twofold to threefold.1 The incidence of peanut allergy has also doubled in the past decade.2 Thus, atopic diseases increasingly are a problem for clinicians who provide health care to children.
It has been recognized that early childhood events, including diet, are likely to be important in the development of both childhood and adult diseases. This clinical report will review the nutritional options during pregnancy, lactation, and the first year of life that may or may not affect the development of atopic disease. Although atopic diseases have a clear genetic basis, environmental factors, including early infant nutrition, may have an important influence on their development and, thus, present an opportunity to prevent or delay the onset of the disease. This clinical report replaces an earlier policy statement3 from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) that addressed the use of hypoallergenic infant formulas and included provisional recommendations for dietary management for the prevention of atopic disease. This report is not directed at the treatment of atopic disease once an infant or child has developed specific atopic symptoms.
The following definitions are used throughout this clinical report (adapted from work by Muraro et al4):
Allergy: A hypersensitivity reaction initiated by immunologic mechanisms.
Atopy: A personal or familial tendency to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in response to low-dose allergens, confirmed by a positive skin-prick test result.
Atopic disease: Clinical disease characterized by atopy; typically refers to atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy. This report will be limited to the discussion of conditions for which substantial information is available in the medical literature.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema): A pruritic, chronic inflammatory skin disease that commonly presents during early childhood and is often associated with a personal or family history of other atopic diseases.
Asthma: An allergic-mediated response in the bronchial airways that is verified by the variation in lung function (measured by spirometry) either spontaneously or after bronchodilating drugs.
Cow milk allergy: An immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reaction to cow milk, including IgE-mediated and/or non––IgE-mediated allergic reactions.
Food allergy: An immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reaction to any food, including IgE-mediated and/or non––IgE-mediated allergic reactions.
Hypoallergenic: Reduced allergenicity or reduced ability to stimulate an IgE response and induce IgE-mediated reactions.
Infants at high risk of developing allergy: Infants with at least 1 first-degree relative (parent or sibling) with documented allergic disease.
The following definitions are from various industry sources:
Partially hydrolyzed (PH) formula: Contains reduced oligopeptides that have a molecular weight of generally less than 5000 d (Table 1).
Extensively hydrolyzed (EH) formula: Contains only peptides that have a molecular weight of less than 3000 d (Table 1).
Free amino acid––based formula: Peptide-free formula that contains mixtures of essential and nonessential amino acids (Table 1).
The earliest possible nutritional influence on atopic disease in an infant is the diet of the pregnant woman. However, studies generally have not supported a protective effect of a maternal exclusion diet (including the exclusion of cow milk and eggs) during pregnancy on the development of atopic disease in infants, as summarized in a 2006 Cochrane review.5–10 Although previous AAP publications have suggested that pregnant women avoid peanuts,3,11 a more recent study has reported that there is no association between the maternal consumption of peanuts during pregnancy and childhood peanut allergy.12 Previous AAP publications have advised lactating mothers with infants at high risk of developing allergy to avoid peanuts and tree nuts and to consider eliminating eggs, cow milk, and fish from their diets while nursing.3,11 Dietary food allergens can be detected in breast milk, including peanuts, cow milk protein, and egg.13–15 Two studies found a preventive effect of maternal dietary exclusion of milk, egg, and fish while breastfeeding on the development of atopic dermatitis in the infant.16,17 Other studies found no association between the development of atopic diseases and a maternal exclusion diet.8,18,19 A 2003 study found no association between breastfeeding and peanut allergy, and there was no difference in peanut intake during lactation between mothers with and without children with peanut allergy.12 Dietary food allergens in human milk may interact with the mucosal immune system20 and induce allergic reactions in infants who are known to be clinically allergic to the antigen. Rare cases of anaphylaxis to cow milk protein present in human milk have been described even in exclusively breastfed infants.21
Consideration of a large number of studies on maternal diet, not all of which were randomized or included dietary restriction during lactation, demonstrated no impact on various outcomes among the majority of the studies, particularly when follow-up was beyond 4 years, and led one recent group of reviewers to conclude that there is no convincing evidence for a long-term preventive effect of maternal diet during lactation on atopic disease in childhood.22 A 2006 Cochrane review also concluded that there was insufficient evidence that antigen avoidance during lactation was beneficial in preventing atopic disease in the breastfed infant, with the exception of atopic dermatitis.5 Because the available published trials have had methodologic shortcomings, more data are necessary to conclude that the avoidance of antigens during lactation prevents atopic dermatitis in infants.5
Since the 1930s, many studies have examined the benefits of breastfeeding on the development of atopic disease. In general, these have been nonrandomized, retrospective, or observational in design and, thus, inconclusive.22,23 Of course, it is not possible to truly randomize breastfeeding, which is always a confounding variable in these studies. Acknowledging this difficulty, Kramer23 proposed 12 criteria to apply to studies designed to assess the relationship between atopic disease and breastfeeding. These criteria included nonreliance on late maternal recall of breastfeeding, sufficient duration of exclusive breastfeeding, strict diagnostic criteria for atopic outcomes, assessment of effects of children at high risk of atopic outcomes, and adequate statistical power. Unfortunately, no studies to date have completely fulfilled these criteria.
Atopic Dermatitis
A 2001 meta-analysis of 18 prospective studies compared the incidence of atopic dermatitis in infants who were breastfed versus infants who were fed cow milk formula.24 Overall, there was a protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding for 3 months (odds ratio [OR]: 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52–0.88), the stronger effect having been shown for infants with a family history of allergy (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.4–0.92). No protective effect of breastfeeding was seen in children who were not at risk of developing allergy (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.72–2.86).24 A 2005 study published from Sweden25 found no effect of exclusive breastfeeding for ≤4 months on the incidence of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life with or without a family history of atopic disease. On the other hand, another 2005 study from Sweden26 found that exclusive breastfeeding for more than 4 months reduced the risk of atopic dermatitis at 4 years of age (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.63–0.96) with or without a family history of allergy. In their review, Kramer and Kakuma27 also found no benefit of exclusive breastfeeding beyond 3 months of age on the incidence of atopic dermatitis in studies in which parents were not selected for risk of allergy.
A series of recent reports from the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program28–30 also found that breastfeeding reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis, supporting the results of the meta-analysis.24 In the interventional arm of this study, 1834 newborn infants identified as being at high risk of developing atopic disease were enrolled in a 3-year longitudinal, prospective study. Breastfeeding infants at risk for atopic disease were enrolled in the study before 14 days of life and, at that time, were exclusively breastfed and had no history of formula supplementation. Infants were randomly assigned at the time of entry to receive supplements of 1 of 3 hydrolyzed formulas (2 extensively hydrolyzed formulas and 1 partially hydrolyzed formula) or a cow milk formula, if formula supplementation had begun. Eight hundred eighty-nine mothers exclusively breastfed for 4 months and did not use any of the formula supplements they were randomly assigned to use. Nine hundred forty-five infants were introduced to the randomly assigned formula before 4 months and, thus, were not exclusively breastfed. Of these, 689 infants were randomly assigned to receive one of the hydrolyzed formulas, and 256 were randomly assigned to receive cow milk formula. The incidence of atopic dermatitis in infants who were exclusively breastfed, breastfed with supplemental hydrolyzed formula, and breastfed with supplemental cow milk formula was 9.5%, 9.8%, and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1-year follow-up.28–30 Thus, exclusive breastfeeding for 4 months showed a positive effect compared with breastfeeding with supplemental cow milk formula in these infants at high risk of developing allergy. Breastfeeding with supplemental hydrolyzed formula (both partially and extensively hydrolyzed) also showed a positive effect compared with breastfeeding with supplemental cow milk formula; however, breastfeeding with supplements of hydrolyzed formulas showed no advantage compared with exclusive breastfeeding. Both groups showed a one-third decrease in the risk of atopic dermatitis compared with the risk of breastfeeding with supplements of cow milk formula. Thus, exclusive breastfeeding or breastfeeding with hydrolyzed formula is not enough to prevent the majority of cases of atopic dermatitis.
The advantages of breastfeeding are less clear for infants who are not selected for high risk of developing atopic disease, as shown in the noninterventional arm of the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program.28 In this arm, mothers unselected for a history of atopy who either formula fed or partially breastfed their infants were free to select cow milk–based or hydrolyzed formulas. No differences in the incidence of atopic dermatitis occurred among the 3 groups of infants (exclusively breastfed for 4 months, cow milk formula fed with or without breastfeeding, and hydrolyzed formula fed with or without breastfeeding). This lack of effect has been attributed to reverse causation; thus, mothers who knew that their infants were at risk of developing allergy were more likely not only to breastfeed but also to breastfeed for a longer period of time. Alternatively, mothers who were not going to breastfeed or were going to supplement with formula were more likely to choose hydrolyzed formula if they believed that their children were at risk of developing atopy. This reverse causation effect may explain why some studies have found an increased incidence of atopic dermatitis in breastfed infants.31–33
In summary, for infants at high risk of developing atopy, there is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months or breastfeeding with supplements of hydrolyzed infant formulas decreases the risk of atopic dermatitis compared with breastfeeding with supplements of standard cow milk–based formulas. On the basis of currently available evidence, this is less likely to apply to infants who are not at risk of developing atopy, and exclusive breastfeeding beyond 3 to 4 months does not seem to lead to any additional benefit in the incidence of atopic eczema.27
The evidence for the protective effects of human milk on the development of asthma is more controversial. A 2001 meta-analysis of 12 prospective studies that met preestablished criteria found that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 3 months was protective against the development of asthma between 2 and 5 years of age (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.60–0.81).34 The effect of breastfeeding was even stronger when the analysis was limited to children from families with a history of atopic disease (OR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.35–0.79). No benefit was seen in children from families without a history of atopic disease (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.48–2.03).34 Two more studies35,36 not included in this meta-analysis supported these results. On the other hand, a 2002 Cochrane review found no benefit of exclusive breastfeeding beyond 3 months on the incidence of asthma in families not preselected for a history of atopic disease.27
Two additional reports in the literature with a more accurate definition of asthma37,38 made a distinction between the wheezy bronchitis associated with viral infections in younger children and that of the allergic disease seen in older children associated with respiratory spirometric changes. In the first of these studies, a cohort of 1246 children in Tucson, Arizona, was followed from birth to 13 years of age.37 The study found that an association between breastfeeding and asthma at 13 years of age depended on the presence of maternal asthma in children with atopic disease. Infants whose mothers had asthma were at greatest risk of developing asthma by 13 years of age if they had been breastfed exclusively for ≥4 months (OR: 8.7; 95% CI: 3.4–22.2). When infants with atopic disease whose mothers had asthma were exclusively breastfed for any length of time (either greater than or less than 4 months), the risk of developing asthma between 6 and 13 years of age was also increased (OR: 5.7; 95% CI: 2.3–14.1). An increased risk of developing asthma was not found in breastfed children of mothers without asthma. However, in this same study during the first 2 years of life, exclusive breastfeeding was associated with significantly lower rates of recurrent wheezing of infancy (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.2–0.9), similar to results from a recent study performed in Perth, Australia.35
In the second of these studies, a long-term longitudinal study from New Zealand,38 1037 children from a general population (not selected for risk of allergic disease) were followed from 3 to 26 years of age. Five hundred four infants were breastfed for 4 weeks or more, and 533 infants were formula fed from the time of birth or breastfed for less than 4 weeks. Breastfeeding for more than 4 weeks significantly increased the risk of developing asthma at 9 years (OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.36–4.6) and at 21 years (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.35–2.47). This increased risk was not related to the presence of maternal atopic disease, unlike in the Tucson study. The study has been criticized for retrospective determination of breastfeeding and unclear definitions of atopic heredity.22 There was also no evidence of a "dose-response" effect of breastfeeding on the incidence of atopy or asthma.
In summary, at the present time, it is not possible to conclude that exclusive breastfeeding protects young infants who are at risk of atopic disease from developing asthma in the long term (>6 years of age), and it may even have a detrimental effect.37,38 On the other hand, breastfeeding seems to decrease the wheezing episodes seen in younger children (<4 years of age) that are often associated with respiratory infections.35,36
Food Allergy
Food allergy, similar to atopic dermatitis and asthma, is more likely to occur in infants with a family history of atopic disease. In a prospective study of infants born to families with a history of atopic disease, it was determined that 25% will develop food allergy between birth and 7 years of age.39 Because both atopic dermatitis and asthma are closely associated with the development of food allergy, it is difficult to sort out the effect of breastfeeding on the development of food allergy. As reviewed above, maternal dietary exposure during pregnancy and lactation is unlikely to contribute significantly to the development of food allergy in the infant, although many food antigens can be found in human milk. In theory, human milk should inhibit food antigen absorption; however, prospective studies have failed to show a protective effect of human milk–specific antibodies to cow milk on infant sensitization.40 Investigations of the role of breastfeeding on the outcomes of allergies to specific foods have been few, and the results may have been influenced by additional dietary variables such as length and degree of breastfeeding exclusivity. In reviewing the available studies, Muraro et al22 concluded that exclusively breastfeeding for at least 4 months in infants who are at risk of developing atopic diseases is associated with a lower cumulative incidence of cow milk allergy until 18 months of age. A Cochrane review included only 1 study with a blinded challenge (using the double-blind, placebo-controlled food-challenge technique) and concluded that at least 4 months of exclusive breastfeeding did not protect against food allergy at 1 year of age.27 Overall, firm conclusions about the role of breastfeeding in either preventing or delaying the onset of specific food allergies are not possible at this time.
The role of partially hydrolyzed and extensively hydrolyzed formulas for the prevention of atopic disease has been the subject of many studies in both formula-fed and breastfed infants in the last 15 years. Most studies with published results have been of infants at high risk of developing allergy.
Approximately 100 studies in the literature have examined the role of hydrolyzed formulas on the development of atopic disease. However, using the criteria of a 2006 Cochrane review,41 only 14 randomized or quasi-randomized (eg, using alternation) trials in term infants compared the use of partially or extensively hydrolyzed formula with the use of human milk or an adapted cow milk formula.42–55 All of these trials have followed up with at least 80% of study participants. It is important to note that none of these studies reported any adverse effects, including any adverse effect on infant growth. No long-term studies have compared partially or extensively hydrolyzed formula to exclusive breastfeeding. Thus, there is no evidence that the use of these formulas is any better than human milk in the prevention of atopic disease.
Three studies of 251 infants examined the effect of partially hydrolyzed formula on reduction of the occurrence of any allergy compared with cow milk formula in infants at high risk of developing allergy.49,51,52 Two of these studies found no significant effect,51,52 and a third study found an OR of 0.45 (95% CI: 0.22–0.94) for partially hydrolyzed formula versus cow milk formula.49 Three more studies53–55 examined prolonged feeding of extensively hydrolyzed formula compared with partially hydrolyzed formula in 411 infants at high risk of developing allergy. None of these studies found a significant difference in the incidence of atopic dermatitis between the 2 feeding groups. Two of these studies53,55 of 352 infants also examined other manifestations of atopic disease and did not show a significant difference in the occurrence of food allergy, cow milk allergy, or asthma between the groups of infants who were fed extensively or partially hydrolyzed formula.
A very large published study from the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Program30 raised additional issues. In the interventional arm of this study, 945 newborn infants were identified as being at high risk of developing atopic disease and were enrolled in a longitudinal, prospective study through 12 months of age. Although the majority of infants were breastfed initially, formula was introduced in the first 4 weeks to most infants. The infants were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 hydrolyzed formulas (n = 689) or cow milk formula (n = 256). The 3 hydrolyzed formulas were a partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula, an extensively hydrolyzed whey-based formula, and an extensively hydrolyzed casein-based formula. The incidence of atopic dermatitis was significantly reduced in those using the extensively hydrolyzed casein-based formula (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.22–0.79; P < .007) and the partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32–0.99; P < .046) but not the extensively hydrolyzed whey-based formula (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.48–1.4; P < .44), compared with the incidence in those in the cow milk formula group. However, the overall results for prevention of allergic disease (atopic dermatitis, urticaria, and food allergy) for the 3 hydrolyzed formulas compared with cow milk formula were less impressive (extensively hydrolyzed whey-based: OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.52–1.4; partially hydrolyzed whey-based: OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.38–1.1; and extensively hydrolyzed casein-based: OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.28–0.92; P < .025). Thus, this study indicated that different hydrolysates have different effects on atopic disease, and there may be an advantage for the extensively hydrolyzed casein-based formula. However, as the study demonstrated, it is difficult to show that partially hydrolyzed formulas have a very large effect on the reduction of atopic disease in infants who are fed formula or mixed feedings of human milk and formula, even if they are at high risk of developing allergic disease. If atopic disease associated with cow milk allergy has occurred, partially hydrolyzed formula is not recommended, because it contains potentially allergic cow milk peptides.
More studies are needed to determine if any of the hydrolyzed formulas have any effect on the incidence of atopic disease later in childhood and adolescence and whether the modest effects of the use of extensively or partially hydrolyzed formulas in early childhood can be confirmed and are sustained. Such studies should also include a cost/benefit analysis of the use of the more expensive hydrolyzed formulas. It should be noted that the potential benefit of these formulas has only been documented in infants at risk of developing atopic disease. Additional studies are needed among unselected infants or infants at low risk.
The use of amino acid–based formulas for prevention of atopic disease has not been studied. Soy formulas, on the other hand, have a long history of use for atopic disease in infants. In a recent meta-analysis of 5 randomized or quasi-randomized studies, the authors concluded that feeding with soy formula should not be recommended for the prevention of atopy in infants at high risk of developing allergy.56
Many studies have examined the duration of breastfeeding and its effect on atopic disease. However, few studies have examined the timing of the introduction of complementary foods as an independent risk factor for atopic disease in breastfed or formula-fed infants. An expert panel from the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology has recommended delayed introduction of solid foods for 4 to 6 months in breastfed or formula-fed infants.22 The AAP has also recommended that solid foods be delayed until 4 to 6 months of age and that whole cow milk be delayed until 12 months of age.11 Before publication of this clinical report, AAP recommendations for infants who are at risk of developing atopic disease were to avoid eggs until 2 years of age and avoid peanuts, tree nuts, and fish until 3 years of age.3,11 These guidelines for solid food introduction and avoidance of specific allergens were based on the evidence of a few studies with various limitations.39,57–59 Three newer studies have reported mixed results regarding the timing of the introduction of solid foods and development of childhood atopic disease.60–62
In a prospective (nonrandomized) study of infants at risk of developing atopic disease by Kajosaari57, atopic dermatitis and history of food allergy were reduced at 1 year of age if the introduction of solid foods was delayed until 6 months compared with at 3 months of age. However, in a 5-year follow-up study, no difference was seen in the incidence of atopic dermatitis or symptoms of food allergy.57 In a second prospective study of a birth cohort of 1210 unselected children between 2 and 4 years of age, there was more atopic dermatitis but not asthma in infants who were fed 4 or more solid foods compared with no solid foods before 4 months of age.58 This difference was maintained in a 10-year follow-up study in 85% of the original study infants.59
In a study of 257 preterm infants (34.4 weeks' gestational age; birth weight: 2.3–2.4 kg), the introduction of 4 or more, compared with fewer than 4, solid foods before 17 weeks after term was associated with a higher risk of atopic dermatitis (unconfirmed by skin-prick testing) at 12 months after term (OR: 3.49; 95% CI: 1.51–8.05).60 Also in this study, the introduction of solid foods before 10 weeks of age or atopic disease in either parent increased the risk of atopic dermatitis in infants (OR: 2.94; 95% CI: 1.57–5.52). In a more recent prospective, longitudinal cohort study in which atopic dermatitis was confirmed by skin testing, 642 infants were followed until 5.5 years of age.61 The history of the introduction of solid foods was carefully recorded during the first year of life. Most children had at least 1 parent with a positive skin-prick test result. Rice cereal was introduced at a median age of 3 months, milk was introduced at a median age of 6 months, and egg was introduced at a median age of 8 months. However, the later introduction of solids had no effect on the prevalence of asthma or atopic dermatitis (confirmed by skin-prick testing), although there was an increased risk of atopic dermatitis in relation to the late (6–8 months) rather than the earlier introduction of eggs (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1–2.4) or milk (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1–2.5).61
Finally, an ongoing prospective, cohort study62 of 2612 infants (without a risk of developing atopic disease) found no evidence to support delayed introduction of solid foods beyond 6 months of age for prevention of atopic disease. However, in the same study, the effect of delayed introduction of solid foods for the first 4 months of life was less clear. Another study has even suggested that children exposed to cereal grains before 6 months of age (as opposed to after 6 months of age) are protected from the development of wheat-specific IgE.63
In summary, the evidence from these conflicting studies, in balance, does not allow one to conclude that there is a strong relationship between the timing of the introduction of complementary foods and development of atopic disease. This raises serious questions about the benefit of delaying the introduction of solid foods that are thought to be highly allergic (cow milk, fish, eggs, and peanut-containing foods) beyond 4 to 6 months of age; additional studies are needed.
It is evident that inadequate study design and/or a paucity of data currently limit the ability to draw firm conclusions about certain aspects of atopy prevention through dietary interventions. In some circumstances in which there are insufficient studies (pregnancy and lactation avoidance diets, timing of introduction of specific complementary foods), the lack of proven efficacy does not indicate that the approach is disproved. Rather, more studies would be needed to clarify whether there is a positive or negative effect on atopy outcomes. The following statements summarize the current evidence within the context of these limitations.
At the present time, there is lack of evidence that maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy play a significant role in the prevention of atopic disease in infants. Similarly, antigen avoidance during lactation does not prevent atopic disease, with the possible exception of atopic eczema, although more data are needed to substantiate this conclusion.
For infants at high risk of developing atopic disease, there is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months compared with feeding intact cow milk protein formula decreases the cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis and cow milk allergy in the first 2 years of life.
There is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 3 months protects against wheezing in early life. However, in infants at risk of developing atopic disease, the current evidence that exclusive breastfeeding protects against allergic asthma occurring beyond 6 years of age is not convincing.
In studies of infants at high risk of developing atopic disease who are not breastfed exclusively for 4 to 6 months or are formula fed, there is modest evidence that atopic dermatitis may be delayed or prevented by the use of extensively or partially hydrolyzed formulas, compared with cow milk formula, in early childhood. Comparative studies of the various hydrolyzed formulas have also indicated that not all formulas have the same protective benefit. Extensively hydrolyzed formulas may be more effective than partially hydrolyzed in the prevention of atopic disease. In addition, more research is needed to determine whether these benefits extend into late childhood and adolescence. The higher cost of the hydrolyzed formulas must be considered in any decision-making process for their use. To date, the use of amino acid–based formulas for atopy prevention has not been studied.
There is no convincing evidence for the use of soy-based infant formula for the purpose of allergy prevention.
Although solid foods should not be introduced before 4 to 6 months of age, there is no current convincing evidence that delaying their introduction beyond this period has a significant protective effect on the development of atopic disease regardless of whether infants are fed cow milk protein formula or human milk. This includes delaying the introduction of foods that are considered to be highly allergic, such as fish, eggs, and foods containing peanut protein.
For infants after 4 to 6 months of age, there are insufficient data to support a protective effect of any dietary intervention for the development of atopic disease.
Additional studies are needed to document the long-term effect of dietary interventions in infancy to prevent atopic disease, especially in children older than 4 years and in adults.
This document describes means to prevent or delay atopic diseases through dietary changes. For a child who has developed an atopic disease that may be precipitated or exacerbated by ingested proteins (via human milk, infant formula, or specific complementary foods), treatment may require specific identification and restriction of causal food proteins. This topic was not reviewed in this document.
Committee on Nutrition, 2006–2007
Frank R. Greer, MD, Chairperson
Robert D. Baker, Jr, MD, PhD
Jatinder J. S. Bhatia, MD
Stephen Robert Daniels, MD, PhD
Marcie B. Schneider, MD
Janet Silverstein, MD
Dan W. Thomas, MD
Sue Ann Anderson, PhD, RD
Food and Drug Administration
Donna Blum-Kemelor, MS, RD
US Department of Agriculture
Margaret P. Boland, MD
Canadian Paediatric Society
Laurence Grummer-Strawn, PhD
Centers for Disease Control
Capt Van S. Hubbard, MD, PhD
National Institutes of Health
Benson M. Silverman, MD
Food and Drug Administration
Debra Burrowes
Section on Allergy and Immunology, 2006–2007
Paul V. Williams, Chairperson
Michael J. Welch, MD, Immediate Past Chairperson
Sami L. Bahna, MD
Bradley E. Chipps, MD
Mary Beth Fasano, MD
Mitchell R. Lester, MD
Scott H. Sicherer, MD
Frank S. Virant, MD
Todd A. Mahr, MD
American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
Dennis R. Ownby, MD
National Conference and Exhibition Planning Group Liaison
Gary S. Rachelefsky, MD
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
Debra Burrowes
A. Wesley Burks, MD
All clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time.
The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.
- ↵Eichenfield LF, Hanifin JM, Beck LA, et al. Atopic dermatitis and asthma: parallels in the evolution of treatment. Pediatrics.2003;111 :608– 616
- ↵Sicherer SH, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by a random digit dial telephone survey: a 5-year follow-up study. J Allergy Clin Immunol.2003;112 :1203– 1207
- ↵American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Hypoallergenic infant formulas. Pediatrics.2000;106 :346– 349
- ↵Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, et al. Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. Part II: evaluation of methods in allergy prevention studies and sensitization markers. Definitions and diagnostic criteria of allergic diseases. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.2004;15 :196– 205
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- ↵Lilja G, Dannaeus A, Fälth-Magnusson K, et al. Immune response of the atopic woman and fetus: effects of high- and low-dose food allergen intake during late pregnancy. Clin Allergy.1988;18 :131– 142
- Lilja G, Dannaeus A, Foucard T, Graff-Lonnevig V, Johansson SG, Oman H. Effects of maternal diet during late pregnancy and lactation on the development of atopic diseases in infants up to 18 months of age: in-vivo results. Clin Exp Allergy.1989;19 :473– 479
- ↵Lilja G, Dannaeus A, Foucard T, Graff-Lonnevig V, Johansson SG, Oman H. Effects of maternal diet during late pregnancy and lactation on the development of IgE and egg- and milk-specific IgE and IgG antibodies in infants. Clin Exp Allergy.1991;21 :195– 202
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- ↵Sorva R, Makinen-Kiljunen S, Juntunen-Backman K. Beta-lactoglobulin secretion in human milk varies widely after cow's milk ingestion in mothers of infants with cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol.1994;93 :787– 792
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- ↵Businco L, Marchetti F, Pellegrini G, Cantani A, Perlini R. Prevention of atopic disease in "at-risk newborns" by prolonged breast-feeding. Ann Allergy.1983;51 :296– 299
- ↵Lovegrove JA, Hampton SM, Morgan JB. The immunologic and long-term atopic outcome of infants born to women following a milk-free diet during pregnancy and lactation: a pilot study. Br J Nutr.1994;71 :223– 238
- ↵Sigurs N, Hattevig G, Kjellman B. Maternal avoidance of eggs, cow's milk, and fish during lactation: effect on allergic manifestations, skin-prick tests, and specific IgE antibodies in children at age 4 years. Pediatrics.1992;89(4 pt 2) :735– 739
- ↵Hattevig G, Sigurs N, Kjellman B. Effects of maternal dietary avoidance during lactation on allergy in children at 10 years of age. Acta Paediatr.1999;88 :7– 12
- ↵Järvinen KM, Makinen-Kiljunen S, Suomalainen H. Cow's milk challenge through human milk evokes immune responses in infants with cow's milk allergy. J Pediatr.1999;135 :506– 512
- ↵Lifschitz CH, Hawkins HK, Guerra C, Byrd N. Anaphylactic shock due to cow's milk protein hypersensitivity in a breast-fed infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.1988;7 :141– 144
- ↵Muraro A, Dreborg S, Halken S, et al. Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. Part III: critical review of published peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies and final recommendations. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.2004;15 :291– 307
- ↵Kramer MS. Does breast feeding help protect against atopic disease? Biology, methodology, and golden jubilee of controversy. J Pediatr.1988;112 :181– 190
- ↵Gdalevich M, Mimouoni D, David M, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Acad Dermatol.2001;45 :520– 527
- ↵Ludvigsson JF, Mostrom M, Ludvigsson J, Duchen K. Exclusive breastfeeding and risk of atopic dermatitis in some 8300 infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.2005;16 :201– 208
- ↵Kull I, Bohme M, Wahlgren CF, Nordvall L, Pershagen G, Wickman M. Breast-feeding reduces the risk for childhood eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol.2005;116 :657– 661
- ↵
- ↵Laubereau B, Brockow I, Zirngibl A, et al. Effect of breast-feeding on the development of atopic dermatitis during the first 3 years of life: results from the GINI-birth cohort study. J Pediatr.2004;144 :602– 607
- Schoetzau A, Filipiak-Pittroff B, Koletzko S, et al. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding and early solid food avoidance on the incidence of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants at 1 year of age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.2002;13 :234– 242
- ↵von Berg A, Koletzko S, Grubl A, et al. The effect of hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life: the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol.2003;111 :533– 540
- ↵Bergmann RL, Diepgen TL, Kuss O, et al. Breastfeeding duration is a risk factor for atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy.2002;32 :205– 209
- Miyake Y, Yura A, Iki M. Breastfeeding and the prevalence of symptoms of allergic disorders in Japanese adolescents. Clin Exp Allergy.2003;33 :312– 316
- ↵Purvis DJ, Thompson JM, Clark PM, et al. Risk factors for atopic dermatitis in New Zealand children at 3.5 years of age. Br J Dermatol.2005:152 ;742– 749
- ↵Gdalevich M, Mimouni D, Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the risk of bronchial asthma in childhood: a systematic review with meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Pediatr.2001;139 :261– 266
- ↵Oddy WH. Breastfeeding and asthma in children: findings from a West Australian study. Breastfeed Rev.2000;8(1) :5– 11
- ↵Kull I, Almqvist C, Lilja G, Pershagen G, Wickman M. Breast-feeding reduces the risk of asthma during the first 4 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol.2004;114 :755– 760
- ↵Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussig LM, Martinez FD. Factors influencing the relation of infant feeding to asthma and recurrent wheeze in childhood. Thorax.2001;56 :192– 197
- ↵Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, et al. Long-term relation between breastfeeding and development of atopy and asthma in children and young adults: a longitudinal study. Lancet.2002;360 :901– 907
- ↵Zeiger RS, Heller S. The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow-up at age seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance. J Allergy Clin Immunol.1995;95 :1179– 1190
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵Chirico G, Gasparoni A, Ciardelli L, De Amici M, Colombo A, Rondini G. Immunogenicity and antigenicity of a partially hydrolyzed cow's milk infant formula. Allergy.1997;52 :82– 88
- Juvonen P, Mansson M, Andersson C, Jakobsson I. Allergy development and macromolecular absorption in infants with different feeding regimens during the first three days of life: a three-year prospective follow-up. Acta Paediatr.1996;85 :1047– 1052
- Mallet E, Henocq A. Long-term prevention of allergic diseases by using protein hydrolysate formula in at-risk infants. J Pediatr.1992;121 :S95– S100
- Saarinen KM, Juntunen-Backman K, Järvenpää AL, et al. Breast-feeding and the development of cows' milk protein allergy. Adv Exp Med Biol.2000;478 :121– 130
- Szajewska H, Albrecht P, Stoitiska B, Prochowska A, Gawecka A, Laskowska-Klita T. Extensive and partial protein hydrolysate preterm formulas: the effect on growth rate, protein metabolism indices, and plasma amino acid concentrations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.2001;32 :303– 309
- ↵Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Van den Borre C, Sacre L, Dab I. Effect of a whey hydrolysate prophylaxis of atopic disease. Ann Allergy.1992;68 :419– 424
- Vandenplas Y, Hauser B, Blecker U, et al. The nutritional value of a whey hydrolysate formula compared with a whey predominant formula in healthy infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr.1993;17 :92– 96
- ↵Willems R, Duchateau J, Magrez P, Denis R, Casimir G. Influence of hypoallergenic milk formula on the incidence of early allergic manifestations in infants predisposed to atopic diseases. Ann Allergy.1993;71 :147– 150
- ↵
- ↵Halken S, Hansen KS, Jacobsen HP, et al. Comparison of a partially hydrolyzed infant formula with two extensively hydrolyzed formulas for allergy prevention: a prospective, randomized study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol.2000;11 :149– 161
- Nentwich I, Michkova E, Nevoral J, Urbanek R. Szepfalusi Z. Cow's milk-specific cellular and humoral immune responses and atopy skin symptoms in infants from atopic families fed a partially (pHF) or extensively (eFH) hydrolyzed infant formula. Allergy.2001;56 :1144– 1156
- ↵Oldaeus G, Anjou K, Bjorksten B, Moran JR, Kjellman NI. Extensively and partially hydrolysed infant formulas for allergy prophylaxis. Arch Dis Child.1997;77 :4– 10
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT. Asthma and infant diet. Arch Dis Child.1983;58 :48– 51
- ↵Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT. Early solid feeding and recurrent childhood eczema: a 10-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics.1990;86 :541– 546
- ↵Morgan J, Williams P, Norris F, Williams CM, Larkin M, Hampton S. Eczema and early solid feeding in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child.2004;89 :309– 314
- ↵Zutavern A, von Mutius E, Harris J, et al. The introduction of solids in relation to asthma and eczema. Arch Dis Child.2004;89 :303– 308
- ↵Zutavern A, Brockow I, Schaaf B, et al. Timing of solid food introduction in relation to atopic dermatitis and atopic sensitization: results from a prospective birth cohort study. Pediatrics.2006;117 :401– 411
- ↵Poole JA, Barriga K, Leung DY, et al. Timing of initial exposure to cereal grains and the risk of wheat allergy. Pediatrics.2006;117 :2175– 2182
- Copyright © 2008 by the American Academy of Pediatrics


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The Original Rudeboys doing their popular Irish single "Written Songs (Feeling Good)" (2012)
Up and coming Irish pop group The Original Rudeboys have turned down the enviable career opportunity plus a bucket of cash to be the opening act for visiting US pop star Chris Brown's upcoming Irish concert at Dublin's 23,000 capacity O2 arena concert venue. The reason? The hip-hop/r'n'b/pop trio, whose latest single "Blue Eyes" off their new album Grand Social addresses their opposition to domestic violence, are vehemently opposed to Brown's 2009 physical mistreatment of his former girlfriend, pop singer Rihanna.
"Even though it's a huge opportunity to play in the O2 with a major hip hop star and a substantial fee was offered, we are completely against Chris Brown's assault on Rihanna," said band member Sean Walsh in a prepared statement adding that, in keeping with the content of their new single, "It goes against everything we are about as a band and supporting Chris would send out the wrong message to our fans."

subset: commoncrawl


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Subscribe To Snitch Tops Friday Box Office, But Identity Thief Will Win The Weekend Updates
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When you think about the movies this weekend, your mind probably immediately goes to the Oscars, the Super Bowl for film geeks that gets started this Sunday. But in the meantime there are at least some people actually going to theaters this weekend… though not nearly as many as studios might hope. Both of the week's new releases, Snitch and Dark Skies, are likely to falter in the face of holdover comedy Identity Thief, which made $4 million on Friday and is likely to take the #1 spot for the weekend.
That's not to say The Rock didn't give Jason Bateman and Melissa McCarthy a run for their money. According to the numbers at Deadline Snitch made $4.1 million on Friday, putting it neck and neck with Identity Thief. Still, that's a pretty low opening for a movie starring The Rock, who's got 3 more movies coming to theaters before Memorial Day. Is this a bad start for what ought to be the year of The Rock?
Meanwhile Dark Skies, the movie virtually hidden from critics, couldn't even manage to beat holdover romance Safe Haven, making just $3 million on Friday and on track for an $8.5 million weekend. Again, none of this is terribly surprising-- studios are all too busy drinking at pre-Oscar parties this weekend to bothering releasing much of anything worth watching. Now's the time to catch up on Oscar nominees still in theaters, like Silver Linings Playbook and Zero Dark Thirty, or maybe buy the newly released Argo Blu-ray.
Let us know what you're seeing this weekend in the comments, and if the answer is "Nothing, but I'm watching the Oscars" come back and join us for our liveblog tomorrow!


text: LAUSANNE Pakistan fast bowler Mohammad Asif is hopeful the Court of Arbitration for Sport will overturn his ban for spot-fixing in one of the biggest cricket scandals in years, he said on Thursday. "Today was quite busy," Asif told AFP after the end of a day-long hearing behind closed doors at the CAS's Swiss headquarters. "They will give us their decision in the next three weeks." He added: "Hopefully I am going to win this case. I'd like to play cricket again." On Friday, Pakistan captain Salman Butt is due to attend a CAS appeal hearing on his own ban. Butt, Asif and fellow fast bowler Mohammad Aamer were banned by the International Cricket Council (ICC) for contriving to bowl deliberate no-balls during the Lord's Test between Pakistan and England in August 2010. Butt was banned for 10 years, with five suspended, Asif for seven years, with two suspended, and the then teenager Aamer for five years. The trio were also jailed by a British court over the scandal in November 2011. All three were released last year after completing half of their sentences. Aamer, now 20, decided not to pursue his appeal at the CAS, after pleading guilty to the charges in Britain. "It's a high-profile case of two world-class players with the whole cricket world focused on it and we will fight to get the ban overturned," Asif's lawyer Ravi Sukul told AFP from London earlier this week. "Asif was a terrific bowler and it was terribly unfortunate that a bowler of his class suffered this, but we will try our best to get this ban overturned and Asif is in high spirits." Asif, 30, played 23 Tests and 38 one-day internationals and was regarded as one of the best new-ball bowlers in the world. Butt, 28, was made Test captain on the fateful tour of England, and Aamer was regarded as the fastest emerging bowler in the world.


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LANSING, Mich. - A Redford Township woman is charged with embezzling money from her elderly father while he was in a nursing home.
Renee Bullock was charged with one felony count of embezzlement from a vulnerable adult.
Mich. Attorney General Bill Schuette announced the charges on Wednesday.
Schuette say Bullock used more than $140,000 of her father's money for her own personal use.
Bullock was granted power of attorney and appointed guardianship of her father after he was admitted to nursing facility in Westland.
From the time her father was admitted to the facility in Dec. 2010, until March 2012, Schuette says Bullock failed to make payments to the nursing home.
Read: Tips for seniors living alone.
Instead Schuette says Bullock leased a Cadillac CTS and a Chevrolet Tahoe and made payments to them using the funds.
An investigation also found the money was used at casinos, nail and tanning salons, numerous restaurants and retail establishments.
In addition, Schuette says cash advance loans were repaid with the money.
"Financial exploitation of Michigan's most vulnerable, our seniors, is one of the fastest growing crimes," said Schuette. "Nursing home residents are the most vulnerable and the least likely to detect or report exploitation. We are cracking down on criminals who target Michigan's nursing home residents."
In March, Bullock's Letters of Conservatorship were restricted and her father's assets were frozen by the court.
She was also removed as conservator of her father's estate.
In 2012 Michigan, along with 26 other states, introduced legislation to address financial crimes against the elderly and other vulnerable adults.
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, a recent study published by MetLife estimates that elderly victims lose $2.9 billion annually to fraud.
Sadly, all too often family members are responsible.
Bullock was released on a $10,000 bond.
She is due back in court for a preliminary exam on Dec. 6th.
Related Headlines:
Police warn residents in Livonia of couple targeting elderly in 'sympathy scam'
Elderly Detroit couple ambushed by gunman at home
Report documents abuses of domestic workers
Copyright 2012 by ClickOnDetroit.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Pentax has announced a new mid-range DSLR camera. The K-30 has a 23.7mm by 15.7mm CMOS sensor for 16.2-megapixel images as well as shake-reduction technology.
The company says the camera's body is compact like an entry-level DSLR but has features usually found in more advanced models. The body itself is weather-resistant, cold-proof and dust-proof.
The glass prism finder claims to have an almost 100-per cent field of view. The camera can shoot approximately six images per second. It has a shutter speed up to 1/6000th second and a maximum ISO of 12,800 (or 25,600 using a custom function). For video, it can capture Full-HD, 1,920 x 1,080 pixels, at 30 frames per second.
It comes in three colours: Crystal White, Crystal Blue or Classic Black, and it's on sale from the end of June, at a price to be confirmed.
Pentax also announced a new compact model, the Optio LS465. Priced at £89.99, the pocket-friendly camera weighs only 104g and measures 102 x 46 x 18mm.
On sale from mid June, it will be available in Sapphire black, Ruby pink and Amethyst purple colours. The look of the camera can be customised with one of 10 different acrylic inserts.
Spec wise, its key features include a resolution of 16 effective megapixels, a 28mm wide-angle lens, 5X optical zoom, 2.7in LCD display, automatic face detection and HD video recording at 1280 x 720 (30fps).
For more info see the Pentax website


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Vickylewin necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 169 diseños de 29 diseñadores freelance.
London Head and Neck Specialists (LHANS)
LHANS compromise of 4 partners who all specialise in surgery within the head and neck area and currently mainly in the area of oncology.Looking forward, we will look to offer an increasing range of (head and neck) cosmetic surgery.
We want a logo that will both communicate our medical speciality and attract independently wealthy customers through an image of luxury.
Our customers are often independently wealthy people, and can therefore afford private healthcare or can pay for treatments without the need for insurance and are willing to travel for their treatment. This customer base includes a large percentage of foreign nationals including patients from the Middle East. However, we want a logo that will not deter our European, UK or North American customers by being overly pro-Eastern.
The logo will be for both our website and for print.
We are looking for a logo that portrays both luxury and medical expertise.
• As an initial feeling, we would like the logo to incorporate gold (matt, not 'bling'), a sandy or light brown, or a combination. We are willing to look at designs with other colours.
• Avoid heavy use of blue and red as it is over-used in the industry we operate.
• It could include a face, a mask, or a 'bust' but avoid only appealing to cosmetic surgery patients.
Tag Line
Simplicity and quality are preferred over clever and quirky i.e. no puns. For example, 'inspired care' is used for the London Clinic which is an equally good summary for LHANS.
Logo Design
The logo must communicate the provision of surgery that is:
• Specialist
• Of outstanding quality
• Performed by well-respected surgeons
• Worth travelling for
And appeal to those who want an offer to be:
• Exceptional
• Inspirational
• High-end
It should seek to be;
• Sophisticated
• Trusted
• Familiar
• Luxury
It should not seek to be
• Clever (as in not not making clever jokes)
• Abstract
• Trendy
• Over-designed
For simplicity we like the http://www.thelondonclinic.co.uk/ logo but their website is old fashioned so not what we want.
Should avoid the http://www.londonspermbank.com/ logo - appealing to the small specialist audience of young men whereas we have a much wider audience.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Business Voicemail Etiquette
A voicemail message from your business's top client could make or break your business, so provide an appropriate greeting on your voicemail system and get back to the caller as soon as you can. When you record your voicemail greeting, remember that you're at work and not at home. Record a professional greeting that includes your name and your business's name.
Most people change their message when they are out of town on vacation or away on business for more than a day. You can record a message informing the caller when you'll be out of the office and saying that you'll return the call when you get back. You may also leave the name and number of someone else in the office who can help the caller if he or she can't wait until you return.
When you get a message on your voicemail system, remember to return the call the same day, if possible, or the next morning.
When you leave a message on someone else's voicemail system, the first thing to do — before leaving the message — is give your name, your company affiliation, your telephone number, and the date and time of your call. Then, leave a short message that's direct and to the point. At the end of the message, repeat your name and your phone number, slowly.
All this applies to answering machines as well as voice mail. But one issue concerning answering machines requires separate treatment: Never admit to using your answering machine as a screening device. If you want to take the call after the answering machine has begun, say something like, "Hi. Sorry; I was in the other room." This technique keeps your paranoid callers from (rightfully) feeling screened.


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Licensing | About CDE | State Board | Offices | Staff Directory | Careers at CDE
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First Grade Content Connection Sample: Patterns and Interactions
Click here to return to all content connection samples.
Patterns and interactions are the fundamental understanding of the connections and relationships between and among individuals, groups, and the environment in order to create deeper understanding. First graders participate in groups, share information, compare, question, and work with others. Through these interactions, first graders begin to understand patterns and start to apply them in order to work effectively, productively, and respectfully with others in their environment.
Patterns and Interactions can connect all 10 content areas as detailed below.
Comprehensive Health and Physical Education
In comprehensive health and physical education, patterns and interactions involve recognizing rules of order. These are an essential component to fostering healthy interactions with one's own emotions and body, other people and the environment. Physical education classes serve as a contained environment for students to learn how to follow rules (through games) and how to be a responsible, respectful team member to foster positive and productive interactions with others. Recognizing the patterns for healthy interactions with others and the environment is essential for developing healthy habits.
Standards Pages:
Comprehensive Health
In dance, patterns and interactions connect dance elements to ideas, feelings and emotions. The process of making choices when creating a dance phrase provides an opportunity to identify and represent relationships between elements. Choosing how to create a dance requires a basic understanding of interaction between people and materials.
Drama and Theatre Arts
In drama and theatre arts, patterns and interactions occur when characters are created based on patterns of individual and/or group interactions. As learners identify characters that should, or should not be in an environment, they begin to utilize critical thinking skills.
In mathematics, patterns and interactions are ways to identify mathematical relationships and structure. For example, the relationship between addition and subtraction can be found by exploring the pattern of interactions between the quantities involved. First graders explore numerical patterns and interactions to develop strategies for composing and decomposing numbers.
In music, patterns and interactions of individuals and groups are vital relationships in producing music. Ensemble interaction requires concentration of many inputs such as beat, pitch, and volume in order for an ensemble to be connected and for music to be performed as it was written. Learning basic musical patterns at an early age can ensure the learner's ability to apply and gradually advance into more difficult patterns in music.
Reading, Writing, and Communicating
In reading, writing, and communicating, patterns and interactions involve students actively participating in collaborative groups with guidance and support from adults while using formal and informal conversation techniques. Students actively listen, ask, and answer questions to clarify and solve group problems in an effective manner.
In science, patterns and interactions can be observed and studied to help us better understand the natural world. Science is based on the ability to see patterns in data and make predictions based on those patterns. Patterns offer clues about the environment, what has happened in the past and what might happen in the future. People use patterns to determine the origin of a particular rock or organism. Patterns can also help us predict future events such as the characteristics of an offspring when the characteristics of the parents are known.
Social Studies
In social studies, examining patterns and interactions are about understanding the complex interconnected nature between people, places and events. Studying patterns and interactions in history gives students a perspective on how changes have occurred and have been connected over time. In geography, patterns and interactions support a student's understanding of the interconnected nature of humans and their environment. In civics, students understand the complexities of human interaction on a larger scale. Understanding patterns and interactions are essential in making connections, organizing and understanding the world.
Visual Arts
In visual arts, patterns and interactions are connected to ideas and emotions. They provide an opportunity to identify and represent relationships between elements. A basic understanding of interaction is required when choosing how to create a piece of art such as what materials to use, how to collaborate in creating a piece, and what steps to follow.
World Languages
In world languages, patterns and interactions are shown through patterns in words, simple sentence structures, greetings and sayings. Patterns and interactions can also be found between content areas in the target language and the ways people interact with each other through traditions and celebrations. For example, understanding the holidays of the Day of the Dead in Mexico and Bastille Day in France helps learners understand societal norms and behaviors that exist in cultures throughout the world.
Summary Document: All standards pages for reasoned argument


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Configuring the boot splash screens
From Openmoko
There are three boot screens (also called splashes or splash screens) as of 13 Nov. 2007. The U-Boot splash is displayed until the kernel takes over. Presumably the kernel will eventually display a splash while it boots. When userspace initializes, psplash displays a splash. Finally X displays a splash when it starts.
U-boot Splash
See improvement here and update information below accordingly.
Original instructions
Is a raw framebuffer bitmap that is gzipped.
Here is a basic description: http://svn.openmoko.org/trunk/src/host/splash/README
Use dfu-util or NeoTool to send to the Openmoko.
Instructions which worked for me
The above instruction did not work, unfortunately, maybe there were for a previous release of u-boot. The following did work for me:
- Install the appropriate tools
- Download the README and the Perl script from http://svn.openmoko.org/developers/werner/splash/
- chmod a+rx *.pl
- Be sure to have netpbm installed
- How to use the tools
- First, make a PNG 480x640x8 (or just get the original picture from https://docs.openmoko.org/trac/raw-attachment/ticket/1735/boot_image.png, or the older splash screen from http://wiki.openmoko.org/images/c/c2/), and name it System_boot.png
- Convert the System_boot.png into a compressed converted image file splash.gz, then download it to the splash partition (the neo1973 must be in u-boot mode, and you need dfu-util)
- ./imghs.pl | gzip -9 > splash.gz
- sudo ../bin/dfu-util -a splash -R -D splash.gz
- If the size of splash.gz is not exactly 0x5000, please see the next section.
Modifying the size of the compressed splash image
NOTE... the README states you must issue two U-Boot commands to enable the flashed splash image to appear on the screen at boot:
setenv splashimage nand read.e 0x32000000 splash 0x5000\; unzip 0x32000000 0x33d00000 0x96000 saveenv
This is already a part of the U-Boot image received in the phone... however, if you make changes to your splash image, you may need to change the splashimage variable to compensate!
0x5000 is the (maximum) size of the compressed file -- the splash.gz that gets created. If you've made changes to your image you may have increased the compressed size; if it exceeds 0x5000 (20480) bytes, the entire image will not load unless you increase this value in your splashimage U-Boot environment variable.
Note that the framebuffer address on GTA02 is mapped to 0x8800000, not 0x33d00000
See also
This ticket has recent explanations:
Linux kernel
To Do
You need to recompile psplash, because the picture is hardcoded. There is a script in the source for psplash for making a new header file. On Ubuntu, you need the libgtk2.0-dev package to run the script.
make-image-header.sh my_image.png HAND mv my_image-img.h psplash-hand-img.h
Then add your custom header to the OpenEmbedded recipe (org.openembedded.dev/packages/psplash/files/openmoko/psplash-hand-img.h), or rebuild psplash by hand.
X splash
The X server accepts a -root-ppm option, which takes a plain old (raw) ppm file. Replace /usr/share/pixmaps/xsplash-vga.ppm on the phone or org.openembedded.dev/packages/xserver-kdrive-common/xserver-kdrive-common/openmoko/xsplash-vga.ppm in OpenEmbedded.
With more gory details, /etc/X11/Xserver ends with the lines:
# start off server in conventional location. ARGS="$ARGS -dpi 285 -screen 480x640 -hide-cursor -root-ppm /usr/share/pixmaps/jsplash-vga.ppm vt1" #ARGS="$ARGS -dpi 285 -screen 480x640 -hide-cursor vt1" DISPLAY=':0' exec xinit /etc/X11/Xsession -- $XSERVER $DISPLAY $ARGS $* >/tmp/x.log 2>&1
The '-root-ppm' is the static splash screen.
Following that, Xsession starts enlightenment, passing it $E_PROFILE as defined in /etc/enlightenment/default_profile.
E splash
/usr/share/enlightenment/data/init contains one or more .edj files that each define an animated splash init that appears next, and until enlightenment finishes loading. The .edj file used is determined by $E_PROFILE. So if default_profile contains E_PROFILE='-profile illume' then enlightenment will try to start up with illume_init.edj for the splash (the 'cylon' animated blip, or various other animations depending on image) and will try to use /usr/share/enlightenment/data/themes/illume.edj as the theme for illume. If it's E_PROFILE='-profile fso' then it looks for fso_init.edj splash and fso.edj theme, etc.


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Are women choosing genital mutilation for their own daughters? And are those daughters buying lingerie to signal sexual desire to their husbands? According to Shereem El Feki's new book, "Sex and the Citadel," yes.
Yesterday NPR's Fresh Air spoke with El Feki, the former vice chair of the U.N.'s Global Commission on HIV and Law, and a former health care correspondent for The Economist, whose book examines the previously unspoken sexual and social laws of young Arab couples, primarily women.
A number of her discoveries about the societal and sexual climate of these twenty-somethings are, admittedly, alarming... but let's not forget that America could use a primer in women's rights, too.
On the need for hymen repair surgery, which El Feki classifies as a "shadowy business:"
"I know of young women who have been returned to their families by their husbands because, as you say, they did not bleed on defloweration."
As of 2008, 90 percent of Egyptian women under the age of 50 were circumcised, and about 80 percent of girls aged 15 to 17 had been circumcised, specifically, even though many Egyptian leaders have been vocal that the practice of female genital mutilation is against the teachings of Islam and Christianity. So who actually makes the decision in each individual case? Shockingly, it's not the men of the house.
According to El Feki:
"[Women] are making the decisions about their daughters' well-being and FGM [female genital mutilation], to cut or not to cut. [...] They are making these decisions based on faulty information, but the fact is, they have agency; and the key to moving forward is to recognize that power and to shift it to a decision which is recognizing and respecting their child's physical and mental rights."
The primary reason behind the older women's choice to inflict this unimaginable pain on their daughters is because the clitoris is still seen as "an engine of female desire" that "needs to be tamed," lest the woman grow up to be unfaithful to her husband or make "unrealistic demands" of him.
That said, here's a fascinating thing, particularly when you consider our stateside feminist implications behind a mass-market lingerie retailer like, say, Victoria's Secret. Lingerie sales are skyrocketing in the Arab world as a way for women—whose sexuality, when vocalized, is perceived as a threat to their marriage, their husbands and themselves—to signal to their husbands that they're feeling sexual desire.
El Feki: "It was interesting because these women did not conceive of lingerie as being a tool of male oppression. For them it was a tool of empowerment because they could signal their sexual desire not by actually saying, 'I would like to have sex tonight,' but by putting on this lingerie and then sending out more subtle signals."
A 2008-2009 study shows that domestic abuse remains the norm, says El Feki:
"It was interesting that many of these young people — significant percentages, men and women — agreed that a man should beat his wife if she refuses to have sex with him unless she had a very, very good excuse, or that a man is justified in beating his wife if she is unfaithful."
And, while these women do cite sexual pleasure in their lives, that isn't necessarily defined as an orgasm:
"They saw sexual satisfaction, for example, in that their husbands were happy in bed or that their overall life was happy in marriage, in that the kids were fed and the bills were paid and they had a roof over their head."
Follow Anna on Twitter: @annabreslaw
Image: UN Women/Fatma El Zahraa Yassin


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< Features
Feature Name
Create a tool sandboxcontainer that will allow an administrator to easily create a LXC Container to run the an application server, with libvirt and SELinux locking it down.
This change allows an administrator to run multiple services on the same machine each service in a secure Linux Container. sandboxcontainer takes an executable and sets up all of the mountpoints and libvirt container information to run the application within the container. Then libvirt will be able to launch the container with a SELinux context that will prevent the containers process from interacting with other process on the system including other containers. This could allow an administrator to run multiple web servers simultaneously each with their own data and sharing the system data, even running as root, but prevent them from breaking the host machine or other processes on the system.
- Name: Daniel J Walsh
- Email: email@example.com
Current status
- Targeted release: [Fedora 17]
- Last updated: Thu Jan 19 2012
- Percentage of completion: 50%
Detailed Description
libvirt as of Fedora 16 has the ability to run processes within a container, the problem with this is the processes can run as root and can easily break out of the container. Also it is fairly difficult to setup one of these containers to run a particular service, for example apache.
We want to make the processes of setting up these containers easier and to use SELinux and containers together to lock down the processes running within the container, meaning you could run multiple customers on a host and prevent them from attacking each other or the host.
Benefit to Fedora
Linux Containers is a low level way of doing virtualization, and allows you to run multiple copies of the same service at the same time on a system. It has some advantages over full virtualization as it does not have to wait for an entire system to boot, it can use less memory and can use the base OS, in a read/only manner.
This change effects
- SELinux Policy writers
- New policy has to be written to define what a confined application container is allowed to do
- Kernel and SELinux toolchain changes
- One problem we have with the way the kernel currently labels files, is that MCS portion of the label is applied based off the process level not the level of the directory that the file was create in. This means when a process running as unconfined_t:s0 creates a file in a directory labeled svirt_lxc_file_t:s0:c1,c2, the file will be created as svirt_lxc_file_t:s0 and the container will not be able to use the file, until the administrator changed the label.
This feature requires that the kernel support new policy construct to allow the policy writer to specify whether the MCS Label is inherited from the parent directory MCS Labelor from the creating process MCS Label. kernel-3.3 should have this feature.
- libvirt-sandbox package introduced in Fedora 17
- virt-sandbox-service script used for creating/starting/stopping Secure Containers
- Create
- Create an image file or a directory on disk and populate the image/directory with the default content based on the rpm data associated with the executable.
- It will also create the virt-sandbox database used by libvirt-sandbox to create a libvirt-lxc container.
- Create systemd unit files that will allow an admin to start and stop linux containers just like any other servers.
- Start
- Convert the Linux-sandbox configuration into libvirt-lxc configuration and tell libvirt to start container.
- Container will execute dhcpd to connect the network, as well as the executable specified during creation.
- Container will also start a shell to allow an administrator to connect to the console to debug what is going on within the container.
- Stop
- Stop the container, and remove it from libvirt
- Delete
- Delete all content related to the container
- Connect
- Connect to the running container administrative shell
- Create
- virt-sandbox-service script used for creating/starting/stopping Secure Containers
How To Test
Users should be able to easily establish containers and be able to run multiple containers simultaneously.


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The Complete Guide to Naturally Gluten-Free Foods
By Olivia Dupin
Naturally Gluten-Free Foods approaches going gluten-free with enthusiasm. People who have to avoid this wheat protein for health reasons, not because it's a trendy weight-loss approach, will be happy to find simple recipes for familiar foods which are, as the title promises, naturally sans gluten. So you won't need obscure health food store ingredients or expensive, hard-to-find substitutions.
The book begins with the story of author Olivia Dupin's own struggle with gluten intolerance and an explanation of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. Several chapters offer practical information, including descriptions of symptoms, lists of foods to avoid and lists of naturally gluten-free foods, as well as suggestions for handling various tricky situations – from cravings to social awkwardness – and clarifications about terminology that kitchen beginners may not recognize.
Continue reading "The Complete Guide to Naturally Gluten-Free Foods – Cookbook Review" »


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Robert Wayne Footwear
Robert Wayne Footwear started as a single store operation with only one employee in the trendy Melrose area of Los Angeles over 25 years ago. Since then, it has grown into more than over 60 stores in sixteen states and Puerto Rico. Robert Wayne is headquartered in state of the art facilities in Commerce, California, and its stores are all located in large, regional malls and outlet centers (see Store Locations). Robert Wayne is independently owned and operated, and many of its employees have been with the company for many, many years. Robert Wayne was one of the first retailers to sell Dr. Martens, and is currently the premier destination for Converse,Vans, Puma, Adidas, DC, UGG Austrialia, Lacoste, Supra and Creative Rec. Robert Wayne Footwear has earned a reputation as being the leader in fashion footwear, and is on the cutting edge of the newest styles in the footwear industry. Robert Wayne's talented team of buyers make sure the newest and best styles are always in the stores, and always get the best possible prices on the products it carries so that its customers will always get the best deals when they shop at Robert Wayne!
Monday to Saturday 10AM–9PM |
Sunday 11AM–6PM |
Entry/Parking Lot #4
Located in Neighborhood #4 across from Conn's


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Vector Group Ltd. (NYSE: VGR) ("Vector" or the "Company") announced today that it is offering $375 million aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes due 2021 (the "Notes") in a private offering that is exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"). The Notes will be fully and unconditionally guaranteed by all of the wholly owned domestic subsidiaries of the Company that are engaged in the conduct of the Company's cigarette businesses. The guarantees provided by some of the subsidiary guarantors will be secured by first priority or second priority security interests in certain assets of such guarantors. The Company intends to use the net cash proceeds from the Notes offering to pay a portion of (i) the consideration for a cash tender offer for the Company's 11% senior secured notes due 2015 (the "Existing 11% Notes"), (ii) the redemption price for any Existing 11% Notes that are not tendered in the cash tender offer, plus accrued and unpaid interest, and (iii) any fees and expenses in connection with the cash tender offer and any redemption of the Existing 11% Notes. The Notes are being offered only to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the Securities Act and to persons outside the United States in compliance with Regulation S. The Notes will not initially be registered under the Securities Act or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent an effective registration statement or an applicable exemption from registration requirements or in a transaction that is not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act or any state securities laws. This press release does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy the Notes or any security, nor will there be any offer, solicitation or sale of the Notes or any other security in any state or jurisdiction in which such an offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking StatementsThis press release contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Company has tried, whenever possible, to identify these forward-looking statements using words such as "anticipates", "believes", "estimates", "expects", "plans", "intends" and similar expressions. These statements reflect the Company's current beliefs and are based upon information currently available to it. Accordingly, such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause the Company's actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, such statements. All information set forth in this press release is as of January 29, 2013. Vector does not intend, and undertakes no duty, to update this information to reflect future events or circumstances. Risk factors and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from expected results include, among others, our ability to successfully complete the proposed notes offering and tender offer. Vector Group is a holding company that indirectly owns Liggett Group LLC and Vector Tobacco Inc. and directly owns New Valley LLC.


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All Entries Tagged With: "holy land"
Peace is not the destination. It is The Way.
How do we find Inner Peace in troubles times? What is the Key to maintaining connection to our core purpose and principles, when the world is rapidly shifting realities and bending beyond our level of experience? What role does Gratitude play in finding Inner Peace?
March 03, 2010 | Space | Comments 38


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Beautiful Days is the West Country's foremost music festival, held at the end of August every year. Along with the top-class music acts, there is art, good food and a range of tea and coffee houses that appear across the Escot House site.
The camp sites offer plenty of space with good facilities. And while the site as a whole may be tidy, individual camps aren't always...


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04 Golden Chocolate
Stick Eyeshadow - Extreme hold for a blendable intense colour.
The creamy formula ensures extreme blendability of the line immediately after application.
Once set, the colour remains uniform and radiant for up to 8 hours, without streaking or smudging.
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With just a few strokes, it is possible to obtain full and defined coloured areas or else more blended and sheer tones.
Long Lasting Stick Eyeshadow offers the possibility of obtaining multiple effects with just a few movements, ensuring sufficient play-time during application before setting where it will absolutely stay put for the entire day.
Just begin to apply following the lash line, and if you like, you can fill in the entire upper lid, repeating the application until the desired colour intensity is achieved.
For graphic make up, wait a few moments until the texture dries, or else blend delicately right after application using the fingertips or a flat brush.
The result will be luminous, intense and long lasting, so it is not necessary to apply a powder eyeshadow to set the texture.
The cost varies depending on the delivery service and the destination country of the order. For more details see the "Delivery information and costs" page.
More information
Shipping times may vary depending on the service chosen. In the countries served by Swiss Post (Asendia) only, delivery takes an average of 6-7 working days (up to a maximum of 10) from the order being dispatched. In countries where the Skynet service is also available, the shipping time is 2-4 days after being dispatched by courier. More information
Purchases made on KIKO are secure and guaranteed. All information relating to payments, including personal information and credit card information, is protected through an advanced encrypted data transmission system. Under no circumstances will KIKO file your credit card number, nor will it use or keep the information you provided on its own systems.
You have 14 business days from the date you receive the items in which to exercise your right to return the goods. Please let Customer Service know about any problems relating to the goods received.
To use a promotional code, select "Have you got a promotional code?" on the shopping cart page and insert the characters indicated in the appropriate field. If your code is inserted correctly, the amount and/or content of the Shopping Cart will be recalculated based on the promotion applied.
Serum that combats bags and dark circles under the eyes with a toning, elasticizing action
Two-phase makeup remover for eyes and lips
Bello e luminoso
Ottimo prodotto


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Thinking about writing pragmatic goals for a homeschooled client? Here is some information that might help ahead of time.
A homeschool — like a public school or private school — is diverse in its pedagogy, curriculum, locations, educators, peers. The word 'homeschool' really is a misnomer. Some parents or caregivers do one subject one-on-one at home while they work with other homeschooling families in coops for other subjects or vice-versa. Some do the academic skills via online group settings similar to online CD classes. Many homeschoolers attend daily group setting classes — be it academic or music or fitness or art, etc. Many have therapies or volunteer in the community and have more flexible hours in doing so.
Laurie Olsen wrote a superb book based on a longitudinal study done in Berkeley, CA, called 'Made in America' and it discussed school settings which assumed interaction among kids. Her conclusion was that just because kids are in a class setting or school recess setting with other kids doesn't mean that they are socialized. She gave examples of the child who goes to recess and is completely alone despite being with other children (e.g. sitting on the bench alone day after day, or isn't called on in class, etc). Defining socializing and using interventions for socializing must be put in place whether it is on the public or private school lot, homeschool backyard or nearby park.
One way to address pragmatic goals for the homeschooled child is to see where SLP goals can be put into action. For instance, if the child is homeschooled one-one for core academic areas in order to achieve curriculum content, find areas in the day or week where the child can practice pragmatic goals. It could be within a large private class setting — or even recruiting some of the classmates that become friends and play in the park after class ends. Playing games that involve turns with these kids, be they ball games, card or board games, etc, would also provide some wonderful opportunities to implement pragmatic goals. Many parents of typical children welcome these opportunities to help their children's peers who have ASD with pragmatic challenges, for example, or other speech-language goals in need of peer assistance.
The key is to find the areas of socializing that occur during the week — and use these as those goal opportunities on a consistent basis. Ask about the times of the week where the child is in group settings — and if the child is not involved in any group setting at all during the week then encourage them to find a consistent group setting during the week so that pragmatic goals can be implemented for desired outcomes. In need of role model examples of homeschooled kids? For starters, Abraham Lincoln and Benjamin Franklin did pretty well pragmatically. As SLPs we can seek out non-traditional ways of inserting pragmatic goals for our kids regardless of the academic setting.
Liz Guerrini has been a K-12 and college teacher for the past 18 years and is entering her final graduate year in Communicative Disorders at CSUN. She's an Olympian who finds many applications of her sport world to the teaching and therapy worlds. She home-schools her bright and beautiful son who lives with trisomy 2, severe dysarthria, severe CAS, hearing loss, ASD and hypotonia. She is a member of ASHA's Minority Student Leadership Program. Liz blogs at Christopher Days, SLP to-Be and the Signing Time Academy.


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Wednesday, October 27, 2010
The genealogy WORLD is on Twitter
I previously wrote a post called "Where do genealogists meet on the internet?" which questioned where genealogists go to discuss ideas and network. There were many possibilities and a nice discussion ensued.
Since then I have been spending more time on Twitter. I didn't go willingly onto Twitter (just as I didn't go willingly onto Facebook). A friend of mine (that would be you, Rob!) declared he was abandoning Facebook for Twitter. Not wanting to lose his witty company, I followed.
It took me awhile to get the hang of Twitter and to understand what this mysterious form of communication was all about. Do you know what I discovered? The WORLD of genealogy is on Twitter, not Facebook.
What do I mean by that exactly? Well, while I was on the APG list and Facebook I had a very American centric view of genealogy. It seemed to me that it was mostly American genealogists who were utilizing the web. When you have limited streams of information it is easy to fall into that kind of assumption.
On Twitter I discovered Australians, New Zealanders, Canadians and the British of course as well as genealogists from other countries. It took a little getting used to the realization that these other groups had thriving genealogical communities of their own. How could I have been so wrong?
Part of the answer is that Twitter is a public forum while Facebook is private. When you post on Twitter everyone on the internet can see what you have "tweeted". When you use the tag #genealogy, everyone who follows that tag can immediately see the tweet.
Facebook on the otherhand, is based on "friending" people. If you are not friends with a particular person you will not see their posts. Some people on Facebook limit their friends to people they know in person. Others, like me, will friend most anyone who is a genealogist. What you see is based on how big your circle is. As a result your circle becomes more national-centric than worldly.
Twitter is not, however, a larger audience than Facebook numbers-wise. Twitter has far fewer members than Facebook. I don't have any statistical evidence for this but I would say that Facebook has many more genealogists than Twitter. Yet at the same time I would say that Twitter has greater impact with fewer people because those people potentially reach a far greater audience. Unfortunately, there is no way to calculate just how many people view an individual tweet.
So the next time you want to know what genealogists are doing in the rest of the world - get on Twitter!
7 comments:
Great post, Marian! I enjoyed your outlook on Twitter vs. Facebook. Interesting perspective and I also find it to be true. Most of our fans on Facebook are indeed from the US, while Twitter shows interest from a much larger world community, including a lot of people from Western Europe and some from South America.ReplyDelete
Marian, I usually check Twitter once a day, scroll down to see all messages, and rarely leave a note. However, I believe there is a huge number of genealogists in "our" area that don't know the first thing abt. fb or twitter. They are losing out and so are we. I met two yesterday at HisGen and they don't know the first thing abt. either. I find fb writers tend to talk abt. the weather, their ailments and what they are eating. Don't get that in twitter!ReplyDelete
So very true, Marian. It's a big, wide world out there, and Twitter brings us together.ReplyDelete
That's one of the reasons I like Twitter...I have such an eclectic collection of friends there. I get to talk to people from all over the world, about all sorts of things.ReplyDelete
I also find there are fewer posts about politics and religion there than on Facebook, and I like that too (although hopefully that will balance out after the election).
Great post Marian! Thanks so much for sharing. I can't decide whether I like Facebook or Twitter better. I got a new phone so I can do Twitter on it now but I can't seem to figure it out. So I just keep using Tweetdeck on my desktop. I like that I can click through and then clear all seen updates and then move on whereas on Facebook I get sidetracked sooo easily!ReplyDelete
Interesting post, Marian. I hadn't really thought about this before but think I agree that twitter is the best place to interact with other genealogists.ReplyDelete
I have genealogy friends on Facebook and have picked up lots of useful information from them but don't feel that I really interact a great deal with them. I'm also aware of not wanting to bore my non-genealogy friends with too much genealogy stuff!
However, my twitter account is pure genealogy with none of those Facebook distractions (games etc.) and I feel has allowed me to have better conversations with fellow genealogists and to develop more meaningful relationships with them.
I would say though that as a British genealogist, although I have twitter contacts from around the world it does seem to be the fellow Brits I spend the most time talking to
I use HootSuite and StumbleUpon in conjunction with Twitter. Both give a type of click stat, but I never remember to check my numbers.ReplyDelete
Facebook has more genealogists than Twitter. Ancestry.com's home page has 100K fans.
Interesting post. Thanks for the discussion.


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Unemployment Continues to Climb
|Published: 15th February 2012 22:31
Unemployment in the UK has risen by 48,000 to 2.67 million in the three months to December, according to the Office for National Statistics.
Carmen Watson, Managing Director of Pertemps, said, "Confidence has taken a huge knock over recent months with events both within the UK and Europe having a negative impact on the marketplace. Urgent measures are therefore needed to achieve the stability required to restore that confidence that will encourage businesses to hire again.
"However, in the midst of these high numbers of unemployed people, there are sectors that are showing strong growth. We are still regularly hearing from companies that are struggling to take on talented staff that meet their requirements and there are certainly still opportunities in many areas as firms wrangle with skills shortages.
"Many vacancies that are currently becoming available are in temporary posts as company bosses ramp up operational bandwidth to meet surges in demand without being saddled with fixed costs. But as long as the demand is still there, businesses will still need certain staff levels in order to service their clients and customers."
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License Agreement
| License Info:
By accepting this AGREEMENT, you agree to the terms referred from now on and applicable to the graphical art (The "Product") given to you by IconShock . You agree that this agreement is like any other written negotiated agreement signed by you. If you do not agree to the terms of this agreement, please do not use The Product.
IconShock grants you to use and modify The Product for any number of developers, designers and/or projects at one company, upon a limited, personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable Royalty-Free license.
You can use the icons in any number of your software products, web site designs, GUI design, or printed material for you or for your clients, without having to pay additional licensing fees.
You may not resell, rent, license, sub-license, transfer, lease or redistribute the Product, The Product may not be used to sell or redistribute graphical products that compete with Iconshock.
The Product is copyrighted by IconShock or its licensors. No title or intellectual property rights in the Product is transferred to you.
All our artwork is provided "as is." You agree to hold Iconshock harmless for any damages that may occur due to use, or inability to use the Product from IconShock.
Iconshock retains all rights not expressly granted by this license.


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(Longview, Texas)-The public is invited as LeTourneau University will seek to set a Guinness World Record for the greatest number of 3D printers operating simultaneously at 3 p.m. Friday, April 4, in the Solheim Arena of the Solheim Recreation Center on the LETU campus, 2100 S. Mobberly Ave.
"The Guinness World Record has accepted our record application to create this new international world record and claim the title, if we are successful," said LETU Dean of Engineering Dr. Ron DeLap. "We expect to make history on Friday."
DeLap said the event is possible because of the university's first-ever requirement last fall for each of its incoming freshmen engineering students to build their own 3D printers in their Introduction to Engineering Practices courses, taught by Dr. Jesse French and Dr. Byron Lichtenberg. Dozens of students participated.
The student engineering team is seeking to set the world record with at least 50 3D printers printing the same commemorative coin simultaneously during the public 3D printing demonstration event.
"To my knowledge, LETU is the only university in the country to require all of its incoming freshmen engineering students to build their own individual 3D printers," DeLap said. "Many schools have teams that build 3D printers, but we are, I believe, the first to require that all incoming freshmen build and operate their own individual 3D printers, which the students then can use throughout their college career to build prototypes of things they design."
LETU engineering students will set up their table-top 3D printers and laptop computers along rows of eight-foot tables in a U-shape surrounding the Solheim Arena. When engineering professor Dr. Jesse French gives the word, the printers will begin to each produce a specific plastic commemorative coin.
Within 15-20 minutes, all of the printers should be printing simultaneously, reaching the world record attempt. The event will be captured in photos and video for documentation purposes, and Guinness World Record guidelines require witnesses.
Taking part in the event are engineering students from freshmen through graduate students. The record will be measured by the number of operating printers and will be verified by video evidence.
About LeTourneau University
LeTourneau University is a Christ-centered, interdenominational institute of higher learning offering more than 90 undergraduate and graduate degree programs across a range of academic disciplines and delivery models. Students are enrolled in programs on ground at LETU's residential campus in Longview, Texas, as well as hybrid and fully online options at educational centers in Dallas and Houston.
Academic majors include aviation, business, communication, computer science, criminal justice, education, engineering, health care administration, health science-nursing, human services, kinesiology, the liberal arts, psychology, the sciences and theology.
Claiming every workplace in every nation as their mission field, LeTourneau University graduates are professionals of ingenuity and Christlike character who see life's work as a holy calling with eternal impact. For additional information, visit www.letu.edu.
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