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Mirror Lake — Looking over the bluff to the milky white strand of frozen lake below, the ice slackening at the center as winter gave way to spring, it was hard not to think about the young man who discovered this perch and whose life ended in heartbreak.
My mind is drawn, too, to the world-famous architect who designed one of his littlest and last structures for these woods.
Few know who Seth Peterson was, though the world recognizes the name of Frank Lloyd Wright. Still, the two men, who were separated in age by about 70 years, had a few things in common.
They shared a birthday, had aspirations their pocketbooks could not keep pace with and were, as boys, deeply affected by the central Wisconsin landscape.
Their lives intersected in the creation of a small cottage built more than a half-century ago deep in the forests of what is now Mirror Lake State Park.
Experiencing it today, this petite hutch with soaring walls of glass is a wonderful distillation of some of Wright's best ideas for residential design. It is a coda, of sorts, in which the cadence of his architectural language expands and finds culmination.
Although Wright was pressed into doing it and dashed off the plans while working on more epic projects, such as the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, the tiny house is one of the most extraordinary structures he ever designed.
The Seth Peterson Cottage is rare in another way, too. It is one of a handful of Wright-designed homes in the world available for rent, a place to consider what Wright was about for oneself.
Considering Wright, or reconsidering him, is something I've been doing this year on the occasions of a major exhibition about him at the Milwaukee Art Museum and the 100th anniversary of Taliesin, Wright's home and studio in Spring Green.
So I decided to bunk down for a night in this wee abode with my significant other, Ken Hanson.
It'd be the second time we'd stay together in a Wright home. We had recently spent a weekend at the Schwartz House in Two Rivers, about a 90-minute drive north of Milwaukee. Wright designed that four-bedroom "dream home" for Life magazine in 1938.
That experience, which I also wrote about, transformed us from Wright skeptics into Wright enthusiasts, and I wondered what effect this place would have.
The story of the Seth Peterson Cottage is a sad one.
Its namesake grew up in Black Earth, a small town not far from Taliesin. While many American boys were collecting comic books or action figures, Peterson, at just 8 or 9 years of age, started collecting books, pictures and articles about the famed architect who lived nearby, said Bert Goderstad, Peterson's boyhood chum.
"We talked about him a lot, Seth and I did," said Goderstad, now 76 and living in Hastings, Minn. "Mainly, we liked how Wright used nature. Seth liked nature a lot."
When they were old enough, the two boys took the train to Illinois to see Wright's buildings in Oak Park. And when Goderstad, the older of the two, got a driver's license, they began making pilgrimages to Wright-designed places.
They drove past houses in various pockets of Wisconsin, some multiple times. More than 50 years later, you can still hear the youthful zeal in Goderstad's voice. He remembers each of the structures by name, like old friends, and has stories about every one.
The duo toured the S.C. Johnson Wax headquarters in Racine together and motored by Taliesin like obsessive fans, slowing but never stopping in, Goderstad said.
It was not a passing passion. When Peterson graduated from high school in 1954, he applied to Taliesin as an apprentice, hoping to become an architect himself. But he was rejected repeatedly. Taliesin already had a full clutch of bright, young, would-be architects.
Eventually, Peterson became a computer programmer and divined another way to get to Wright, then about 90 and at the height of his career. He asked him to design a house.
Again, Wright rebuffed the young man, then just a little more than 20. But Peterson persisted, tempting the constantly cash-strapped architect with a retainer check of about $1,000. When Wright cashed it, he obliged himself to do the job.
It was during these very years, near the end of Wright's life, when the architect sermonized so often and with characteristic bravado about his desire to create affordable homes for all Americans.
At the center of Wright's ambitious plans was the Usonian home, his utopian concept for a simplified, single-family home. They were supposed to be affordable and easy to build, though they were often neither.
Peterson's cottage was a riff on the Usonian idea, though dramatically condensed.
The final construction drawings were completed in April of 1959, the month that Wright died, said Bill Martinelli, vice president of the Seth Peterson Conservancy. It was Wright's final Wisconsin commission.
For the next year, Peterson helped with the construction of the house, crafted of local sandstone, Douglas fir plywood, cedar shingles and glass. He and his fiancée spent weekends at the site, lighting fires in the hearth to stay warm, Goderstad said
But on Palm Sunday 1960, with the cottage nearly complete and just before his 24th birthday, Seth Peterson took his own life in the basement of his parents' Black Earth home.
He committed suicide a year and a day after Wright died.
"It was a sad day, I'll tell you," said Goderstad. "There was the girlfriend business and the money.
"I assumed that's what happened, I don't know. I've been wrestling with that my whole life."
Peterson and his fiancée had broken up, and the cost overruns at the cottage had put Peterson under significant financial strain, Goderstad and Martinelli said.
The little home sat empty and unfinished for years. Then a Milwaukee family owned it briefly before selling it to the state in 1966 for inclusion in the new state park.
Unfortunately, the state had no idea what to do with the historic structure and boarded it up. All but abandoned, it sat rotting in the middle of the forest.
Fast-forward to the late 1980s, when a retired psychotherapist from Milwaukee named Audrey Laatsch was out on Mirror Lake. She tipped her canoe over and scrambled up the hill to dry in the sun. That's when she discovered the ruins of Peterson's dream home, sunning herself on the steeply pitched roof in her underwear.
Her intimate encounter with the place inspired Laatsch to investigate the little house's history and eventually to organize a grass-roots campaign to have it restored.
It took several years and $300,000, but Peterson's little dream cottage was finally finished in 1992. Though the Milwaukee family that briefly owned it had wrapped up construction, the restoration project brought the cottage closer to Wright's design, including various details that Peterson had run out of funds for.
Several members of the Peterson family came to the dedication, Goderstad said.
When Ken and I visited, we woke with the sun, as Wright would have intended. The one, small bedroom is nestled behind the massive hearth, at the furthest point from the entrance.
A band of clerestory windows that hug the low ceiling framed a sliver of the world for us. Bare, inky-colored tree branches crisscrossed our view of open sky like the expressive threads of paint in a Jackson Pollock painting.
The real moment of awakening, though, came when we padded out from the cozy bedroom enclosure to the living area, where glass walls rose to a point far above our heads. The whole space seemed to salute the day and bring the full landscape into view.
It didn't hurt that big, downy snow had been falling since the moment we arrived, and that all manner of birds seemed to be starting their morning at the birdfeeder outside, a miniature of the cottage.
Standing there in my pajamas, with a fresh cup of coffee in hand and the radiant heat in the stone floor underfoot, I was reminded that Wright's homes were meant to be lived in and possessed. This was no museum-like experience, no docent-led tour.
The petiteness of the place is part of what defines it. At just 880 square feet, we were challenged to consider what we truly need to be happy and how comfortable we are in our own company.
Volumes of space are usually joined in complex constructions in the Usonian homes, where multiple rooms are fitted and fastened together like an architectural game of Jenga. Here, though, all of the lines and forms play off of a single room, and the effect is concentrated, concise, more dynamic, almost spring loaded.
And yet, this intensely geometric building feels grounded and calm, too.
The other defining move here is the angled roof, which alters the space so utterly, giving it an open and ecclesiastical feel. It's expressive but not zoomy, in that `50s, retro-futuristic way. There's an irony in this, of course, since Wright generally eschewed gabled designs, opting instead for the wafer-thin, flat rooflines that defined his domestic architecture.
Beneath that angled roof, bands of windows with wooden, geometric shapes set into them send patterns of light across the interior. Shapes surface, lengthen and fade during the course of a day, mimicking the effects of stained glass and contributing to the sense that you are in a sanctuary.
Even the Wrightina furniture, designed after Wright's sketches, has a church-like feel. Sitting in the sit-up-or-fall-over dining chairs is a bit like penance, but this seems a venial sin rather than a mortal one.
Before we left, I climbed part way down the steep and snowy hill to find myself rewarded by the view and surprised by what it reminded me of: an entirely different hilltop structure, Le Corbusier's chapel in Ronchamp, France.
Although not nearly as plastic as Corbusier's undulating, brown, concrete roof, Wright's roofline also adds a seemingly impossible sense of lift and buoyancy to the little chancel below. It's a simple and fundamentally hopeful gesture.
This sense of awe is echoed in page after page of the cottage's guest books, where Wrightophiles and ordinary folk alike waxed poetic. Paging through, we discovered that the thousands of people who have come to stay in this house have filled it with vivid moments.
There were tales of love and honeymoons, simple meals and games of Scrabble, solitude in front of the fire and the look of the surface of the lake. And there was lots of wondering about Seth.
We opened the book and added a few words of gratitude for the two men, neither of whom saw the cottage complete, who made the experience possible.
Life has been lived here, certainly, by a steady stream of stand-ins for the young man who first envisioned what this place could be.
All photographs by Ken Hanson. The Seth Peterson Cottage can be rented from between $250 and $300 per night, depending of the day of the week and the season. It is often booked a year or two in advance, though it pays to check for last-minute cancellations. For more information go to: www.sethpeterson.org.


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I heard, that once the embryo is replaced back into the womens body, any stress for the next coming 2 weeks should be avoided.
Some countries recommend to woman to stay home "being sick". Other countries tell " to take it easy - and to avoid stress".
I was wondering if anybody working fulltime has the possibilty to avoid stress? How does this work?
I am a 32 year old woman, start the first IVF within the next weeks and wonder, what to do, when coming to the point of the replacment of the empryo. Taking 2 weeks off?
Has anybody some advice or knows a study, what to do?

subset: commoncrawl


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man more people need to join the fucking bedroom fandom
i mean look at this shit.
it's bunk beds and a little desk.
a motherfucking aquarium!
shit it's like noah's ark in the fucking ceiling
look how modern this shit is
it's like three rooms in one
you could get a boat and sing fucking phantom of the opera and then just climb in bed.
I will man this damn fandom by myself if I have too
I want that pool bedroom. And the telescope bedroom. And the aquarium bedroom. NAO!


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the arkivist necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 40 diseños de 1 diseñadores freelance.
We require a redesign for an existing draft website
The site markets an alternative to the use of PDFs for online archives ... PDFs are slow and need to be opened one by one. This site allows the whole archive to be opened, browsed and searched in one go.
Magazine publishers looking for way to display online libraries of past issues.
The purpose of the draft website is just to show the information required on each page.
The redesign will use that information flow and site structure. However a new Home page has been designed and the rest of the site needs to be redone to complement the new 'look and feel'.
All the required information is on each of the draft pages.
There are a total of seven pages on the site:
Home (approved design can be downloaded below)
Test Drive
Speed Test
Big Benefits
Big Network
Small Cost
Member Login
Deliverables: Layered PSDs, sliced JPG, codable.
NOTE: Please start with the 'Small Cost' page. I will ask for the rest of the pages from a final shortlist of 2-3 designers towards the end of the contest.
The new Home page files can be downloaded from:


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Major League Baseball has finally taken steps to actually keep the October Classic in October.
In keeping with commissioner Bud Selig's goal of stopping the World Series from bleeding into November, MLB's schedule is being shifted back for the 2011 season, reports ESPN.
For next year, the season will start midweek, reversing a 1999 decision to open with games on Sunday or Monday. Five opening games are slated for Thursday, March 31, 2011, with contests in Cincinnati, Washington, St. Louis, Kansas City and at Yankee Stadium. One of those games will be moved to the evening of March 30.
The regular season will end on Wednesday, September 28, with Philadelphia-Atlanta, Colorado-San Francisco, and New York-Tampa Bay set to meet. That's surely tantalizing to fans of each of those six teams, as are all currently involved in tight pennant races and may be ready to circle those dates for next season now.
Interleague play offers fans a treat as two of the sport's most storied franchises will face off in one of its most hallowed stadiums.
The Chicago Cubs will travel to Fenway Park in May for a three-game set with the Boston Red Sox. The last time the Cubs visited Fenway was during the 1918 World Series. They also played each other in 2005 interleague series at Chicago's Wrigley Field.
The Cubbies will also meet up with the Bronx Bombers during interleague play, which takes place between June 17 and July 3.
The 2011 All-Star Game is set for July 12 in Arizona.


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Martín Berasategui
As everyone knows, Donostia-San Sebastián is the home of great cuisine. In fact, in this city in the north of Spain you'll find restaurants run by some of the grand masters of the new Spanish cuisine. Seated at your table, laden with a selection of unusual but exquisite dishes, you'll soon discover that its international reputation is well deserved. This is cuisine with its own name: Juan Mari Arzak and his restaurant Arzak; Pedro Subijana and his restaurant Akelarre on Mount Igueldo overlooking the Bay of Biscay; and Martín Berasategui and his restaurant at the Kursaal, with views over the famous Zurriola Bridge. We could recommend a whole host of other places as well, such as the Kokotxa or the Miramón Arbelaitz.
You can also enjoy the art of Basque chefs in a variety of places near San Sebastián. The list is long but includes, among others, Martín Berasetegui's famous restaurant in Lasarte-Oria, 10 kilometres from the city.
Have you found this information useful?


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SGAC Lebanon
SGAC is looking for two NPoCs of Lebanon!
Information on how to apply here.
From 1960 to 1966, Lebanon started its space activities with a group of young, motivated scientists building and testing rockets in Haigazian College (today's Haigazian University), forming the "Lebanese Rocket Society". Following their initial success, the programme was supported by the state of Lebanon and the experiments were conducted with the supervision of the Lebanese Army for security purposes.
Although Lebanon has not officially been an active member in international space development due to the devastating war that left it with more pressing issues since the 1970's, the Lebanese diaspora across the globe has had numerous contributions in the space field. The contribution of Lebanon to the space field is notable, when taking into account that it is one of the smallest countries on Earth. Here are only a few notable Lebanese figures in the space field:
- Dr. Charles Elachi, Head of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Edgar Choueiri, noted researcher in the field of plasma propulsion
- George Helou, Director of the NASA Herschel Science Center
- American-Lebanese Astronaut Christa McAuliffe, NASA astronaut and space shuttle Challenger victim, who was slated to become the first teacher in space
Lebanese astrophysicists
- Jamal Bittar, PhD, currently principal of the Tripoli Evangelical School and part-time instructor at USJ, NDU and the Faculty of Sciences III of the LU in Tripoli (North-Lebanon)
- Mounib El-Eid, PhD, Professor at AUB
- Roger Hajjar, PhD, Assistant Professor at NDU
- Bassem Sabra, PhD, Assistant Professor at NDU
- Jihad Touma, PhD, Associate Professor at AUB
Young Space Activities Overview in Lebanon
- Around 4000 years ago, the Phoenicians, the native inhabitants of modern day Lebanon, were the first people to use the North Star to guide their exploration of the oceans and seas. They were the first sailors to cross the Cape of Good Hope and make a turn around the African continent.
- Astronomy has long been a popular activity in Lebanon due to the weather that allows clear skies.
- Specifically, the mountains offer great observation sites, with the added advantage of having no light pollution.
Space activities involving Lebanese abroad
Read the inspiring stories of Dr. Cyrine Nehme and Dr. Georges Helou's recent participations in the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) experiments, as well as Alain Khayat's achievements in working at the NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility in Hawaii in the Ragmag July 2012 issue:
Space related events in Lebanon
- On Saturday August 11th 2012, the LAG(Lebanese Astronomy Group) organized an observation event aimed at looking at the Perseids meteor shower.
- Friday November 16th 2012, Dr. Charles Elachi head of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory gave a public lecture at the Lebanese American University in the Beirut Campus.
Space activities of the LAG (courtesy of Sarah Massalkhi)
|"Discover the Summer Sky"
Event Held By LAG
|Seminar with Dr. Nelly Mouawad:
Our Place in Space: Earth and the Universe
|Summer Stargazing
These are some of the events held by the Lebanese Astronomy Group last year.
- Science Days (Hippodrome de Beirut – October 2012): Public Event. The Lebanese Astronomy Group participated Science Days. Various activities took place, including water rocket construction and launching, Discussions on the exploration of the Solar , the landing sites of the moon.
- "Sun"day (Ein El Mreyse - April 17 2011): Public Event. A day celebrating the Sun. Informative, recreational.
- Venus Transit Viewing (Ouyoon El Siman June 6 2012): Members Event.
- Astronomy Event in Sebiil (August 2012): Public Event. The LAG held an Astronomy night for Seb3il village, a talk was about the universe and the possibility of an extraterrestrial life. An observation session also took place, and the attendees got the chance to launch hand-made water rockets.
- Discover the Summer Sky (July 29 2011): Members Event. One of a series of events to discover the sky of the 4 seasons.
- 100 hours of Astronomy (April 2-5 2009): Public Event. During the International Year of Astronomy 2009, the LAG participated in the 100 hours of Astronomy holding public events in Sessine square, Ein El mreyse, Martyre's square.
Follow LAG on their facebook page!
- Dr. Nelly Mouawad: Our Place in Space: Earth and the Universe (11 April, 2012)
- Dr. Antoun Daou: From The Sun To The Stars (9 May, 2012)
Country-Specific Activities for 2014
Coming soon!
SGAC Lebanon Events 2014:
2-Observation night;Date: march 28thLocation: Oyoun El SimenEvent description:Organized by NDU Astronomy Club. NDU Astrophysics Professors joined the event, aimed at observing various space objects such as planets, galaxies and clusters.2014
LAU student took this picture from the Ouyoun El Simen event.
Interesting Web Links for the Young Generation in Lebanon
Astronomy clubs for amateurs
The following are astronomy groups that are open to welcome new people in their activities.
Specifically, this website regroups all Lebanese astronomy groups: http://www.astronomyclubs.com/country/Lebanon
A few active groups deserve featuring:
The BAU astronomy club
The NDU astronomy club
The LAU astronomy club
University courses in astronomy or astrophysics are offered at:
Notre-Dame University (NDU)
American University of Beirut (AUB)
Saint Joseph University (USJ) and Notre-Dame University (NDU) offer a joint master's degree in Astrophysics since 2010. This degree is special because it is the first joint degree between two universities in Lebanon, it is the first joint degree between two universities that follow a different educational system (American and European), and it is the first astrophysics degree offered in Lebanon.
Observatories and equipment
The first observatory to be ever built in the Middle East was in Lebanon, precisely at AUB in 1874. It was called the Lee Observatory. However, it was closed in 1979 due to political turmoil.
Today, USJ, NDU and BAU have acquired equipment which is used for teaching and research.
This equipment includes:
- BAU's observatory equipped with a 16 inch MEADE LX-200 SMT, Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope on an alt-azimuthal mount with an SBIG STV
- NDU has purchased a telescope and science instruments:
- A 14-in MEADE LX-200 GPS telescope
- An SBIG ST-2000 XM CCD Camera
- An SBIG CFW8 filter wheel with UBVRI research grade filters, and an Hα filter with a 4-Å
- FWHM A LHIRES III with a 2400 lines/mm reflection grating
- USJ has a set of equipment identical to NDU's
The CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique) Remote sensing center:
- Gathering climate data to monitor drought
- Using satellite images to monitor snowfall dynamics on the Lebanese mountains
- Improving monitoring capacities for integrated environmental and coastal ecosystem management
- Cartography of forests by spectrometry (measurements of radiation using satellites)
- Building a digital elevation model for Lebanon
- Studying geomorphology and soil quality parameters
- Building a space atlas of Lebanon
- Monitoring landslides using GPS imaging
- Monitoring mass movements in Lebanon using radar interferometry
- Drawing land use/land cover map for Lebanon
A magnificent blog by a talented young Lebanese photographer, Ziad El-Zaatari, from Saida, Lebanon:


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NEW YORK - With perfect timing to brighten winter doldrums comes a revival of David Ives' hilarious six-pack of one-act plays, 'All In the Timing.'
The comical, witty and very well-acted production by Primary Stages opened Tuesday night at 59E59 Theaters. It's a 20th anniversary celebration for the plays in New York as well as for Primary Stages, who produced them off-Broadway in 1993 where they ran for more than 600 performances.
Ives, most recently known for his Tony Award-nominated play 'Venus in Fur,' displays a gentle, wacky sense of fun that overlays his dazzling skill with wordplay in 'All In The Timing.' Skillfully directed by John Rando with a keen eye for creating humor with every little detail, the hardworking cast of five races from one loopy scenario to the next.
The opening vignette, 'Sure Thing', features Carson Elrod and Liv Rooth as two apparently single people meeting in a cafe. His attempts to pick her up occur with repetitive conversational bursts that stop and rewind a little bit each time he hits a dead end, replaying with increasing speed. Ives has mastered dozens of comical ways a pick-up attempt can flame out, and while Rooth's character has heard it all before, Elrod's determination to get to a 'yes' lends poignancy to the humor.
In 'Words, Words, Words,' three trapped laboratory monkeys in colorful human costumes are being forced to type until they create 'Hamlet.' Elrod, Rooth and Matthew Saldivar each put a different and engaging spin on their simian enactments. Squatting on their perches, they spout unexpected bits of literary philosophy, then revert to hooting and bouncing up and down in comically ape-like excitement.
Ives' clever wordsmithing is profoundly on display in 'The Universal Language', where a timid, stuttering woman, (Jenn Harris), visits the nutty instructor (Elrod) of a class in the artificial language he calls Unamunda. Ives inventively mixes gobbledygook with almost understandable syllables, like 'Johncleese' for 'English' and 'tonguestoppard' for 'stutter.' Harris' character somehow intuits Unamunda and quickly becomes fluent, losing her tonguestoppard while the laughs and puns fly.
You don't need to be familiar with Philip Glass to get the humor in 'Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread.' The whole cast joins in the marching, miming and atonal chanting, as the purchase of a loaf of bread rises to epic stature. Quite literally; Eric Clem presides above the scene as the all-important Uberbaker.
'The Philadelphia' takes you to a place where American cities are personified by various difficulties. A New Yorker (Elrod) finds himself 'metaphysically in a Philadelphia.' Aided by the advice of his savvy pal (Saldivar), he has to learn to ask for the opposite of what he wants, because when you're 'in a Philadelphia' you can't get anything that you directly ask for. Typical of the truisms Ives slips into his zany scenarios, Elrod's character muses, 'I've spent so much of my life asking for the wrong thing without knowing it, doing it on purpose comes easy.'
The final segment is a repetitive sight gag of Leon Trotsky (Saldivar) walking around with a pickax stuck in his head. The hopefulness that Trotsky feels in finding himself still alive is, of course, not going to last. Among the bright memories the audience will take away are vivid images of marching bakers and bouncing chimpanzees, and the brilliant humor of David Ives.
Online: http://www.primarystages.org


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Skip Hire Letchmore Heath from YourLocalSkipHire.co.uk
YourLocalSkipHire.co.uk is Letchmore Heath's number one skip hire firm. Working all over the UK, from Land's End to John O'Groats, we're able to provide fast, effective skip hire solutions to both businesses and individuals.
No matter what you need a skip for, our suppliers will provide you with one to suit. So whether you're planning a home clearance or building project, our skip hire experts will have just what you need. For a better idea of which skip to hire, take a look at our sizing guide.
Our hassle free booking system will provide you with a free no-obligation skip hire quote quickly and easily. Just call 0330 1130 700, or fill out your postcode in the box above. We'll get your quote to you as soon as possible. It really is that easy!


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Taye Diggs, Mischa Barton and More Are Headed to ABC's Revival of Battle of the Network Stars
Jun 12, 2017 12:38 PM EDT
ABC is bringing back a classic and they're enlisting a bunch of TV stars to help them out. The competition series Battle of the Network Stars is getting the revival treatment, EW reports. The original show ran from 1976 to 1985 and featured celebs fr… Read more


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shuffleinteractive necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 45 diseños de 19 diseñadores freelance.
FrendMobs is basically just an experiment. We want to determine how people respond to spontaneous gatherings with somewhat random people. We're attempting to take social media offline in order to facilitate friendships that are based more in reality.
Primarily, college students and people ages 16 - 28. People who are out-going and enjoy meeting new people. Both men and women.
The market is existing, but with a new twist. Instead of traditional online social media, we want to take social media to reality and have people making friends in reality.
Typical person is a college student who is sitting at home on a saturday night with a friend or two playing video games. A few weeks back they registered for FriendMobs and just got a text message that over 200 people are mobbing the local sports bar. These friends are eager to go out and meet people and have a good time.
- Combination mark that is modern and simple. Please, no grunge or overly modern/digital.
Go crazy. "Friend" and "Mobs" are sort of the same thing - the point we're trying to get across is a crowd of people gathering spontaneously to do something. "Mob" doesn't refer to the mafia or mob wars.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Table of Contents
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7961G, 7961G-GE, 7941G, and 7941G-GE Release Notes for Firmware Release 8.0(4) SR2 (SCCP)
Installing Firmware Release 8.0(4) SR2
Firmware Installation Procedure
CiscoUnifiedIPPhone Expansion Module 7914
Cisco Product Security Overview
Reporting Security Problems in Cisco Products
Obtaining Technical Assistance
Cisco Technical Support & Documentation Website
Definitions of Service Request Severity
Obtaining Additional Publications and Information
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7961G, 7961G-GE, 7941G, and 7941G-GE Release Notes for Firmware Release 8.0(4) SR2 (SCCP)
Use these release notes with a Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE and 7961G-GE running SCCP firmware release 8.0(4) SR2.
The SCCP version of firmware release 8.0(4) SR2 is compatible with Cisco Unified CallManager releases 5.0, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, and 3.3.
Related Documentation
Cisco Unified IP Phone Documentation
Refer to publications that are specific to your language, phone model and Cisco Unified CallManager release. Navigate from the following documentation URL:
Cisco Unified CallManager Documentation
Refer to the Cisco Unified CallManager Documentation Guide and other publications specific to your Cisco Unified CallManager release. Navigate from the following URL:
Installation Notes
This section contains these topics:
Installing Firmware Release 8.0(4) SR2
This section describes how to install firmware release 8.0(4) SR2.
Firmware Upgrade Issues
Note the following firmware upgrade issues:
- If you are currently running firmware earlier than 6.0(2) on a Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE or 7961G-GE and want to upgrade to 8.0(x), you must first install an intervening 7.0(x) load to prevent upgrade failure. Cisco recommends using the most recent 7.0(3) load as the intervening load to avoid lengthy upgrade times.
- If you are currently running firmware 6.0(2) to 7.0(2) on a Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE and 7961G-GE and want to upgrade to 8.0(x), you can do so directly. However, expect the upgrade to take twice as long to complete as usual.
Firmware Installation Procedure
Before using the Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE and 7961G-GE with Cisco Unified CallManager release 3.3 or later, you must install the latest firmware on all Cisco Unified CallManager servers in the cluster.
If you are upgrading from an earlier firmware version, see the "Firmware Upgrade Issues" section.
To download and install the firmware, follow these steps:
Step 1 Go to the following URL:
Step 2 To download the firmware for Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE and 7961G-GE, click one of the following hyperlinks and follow the prompts:
Step 3 To download the Readme file, which contains installation instructions for the corresponding firmware, go back to the URL shown in Step 1 and click the appropriate hyperlink.
Step 4 Follow the instructions in the Readme file to install the firmware.
Cisco Unified IP Phone Expansion Module 7914
If you are using the Cisco Unified IP Phone Expansion Module 7914, you must upgrade the expansion module to firmware release S00105000200 before using the phone to support relevant 8.0(4) SR2 features on your expansion module.
You can download the installation program, which is named cmterm-7914-sccp.5-0-2.exe , and the readme file from Cisco.com at this location:
This section contains these topics:
Using Bug Toolkit
Known problems (bugs) are graded according to severity level. These release notes contain descriptions of:
You can search for problems by using the Cisco Software Bug Toolkit.
To access Bug Toolkit, you need the following items:
To use the Software Bug Toolkit, follow these steps:
Step 1 To access the Bug Toolkit, go to http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/Support/Bugtool/launch_bugtool.pl .
Step 2 Log on with your Cisco.com user ID and password.
Step 3 Click the Launch Bug Toolkit hyperlink.
Step 4 To look for information about a specific problem, enter the bug ID number in the "Enter known bug ID" field and click Search .
Open Caveats
Table 1 lists Severity 1, 2and 3 defects that are resolved for Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE and 7961G-GE using the SCCP version of firmware release 8.0(4) SR2.
For more information about an individual defect, you can access the online record for the defect by clicking the Identifier or going to the URL shown. You must be a registered Cisco.com user to access this online information.
Because defect status continually changes, be aware that Table 1 reflects a snapshot of the defects that were open at the time this report was compiled. For an updated view of open defects, access Bug Toolkit as described in the "Using Bug Toolkit" section.
Table 1 Open SCCP Caveats for Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE and 7961G-GE
Cisco Unified IP Phone implements ethARLCache functions
Resolved Caveats
Table 2 lists Severity 1, 2and 3 defects that are resolved for Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE and 7961G-GE using the SCCP version of firmware release 8.0(4) SR2.
For more information about an individual defect, you can access the online record for the defect by clicking the Identifier or going to the URL shown. You must be a registered Cisco.com user to access this online information.
Because defect status continually changes, be aware that Table 2 reflects a snapshot of the defects that were resolved at the time this report was compiled. For an updated view of resolved defects, access Bug Toolkit as described in the "Using Bug Toolkit" section.
Table 2 Resolved SCCP Caveats for Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE and 7961G-GE
IP Phone displays XML Parse Error when accessing Contact List
Onhook dialing produces delay in feedback sound with last digit
IP Phone freezes at Cisco Logo after reset due to Java OutOfMemory error
Cisco Unified IP Phone Expansion Module 7914 configured over 15 digits for line number behaves strangely
IP Phone User Interface (UI) locks up when speaker volume adjusted during registration with BLF
IP Phone continues to ring after shared line picks up a transferred call
IP Phones are stuck at requesting after phone's inbound web access is disabled
After reformatting the flash, the IP Phone gets Flash Programming failure errors
Cisco Native Unix (CNU) kernel BugTrap 0x91 with very specific conditions
IP Phone is stuck in a bug trap loop 0x91
Unknown name is displayed if special characters are in the display name
Directory searches with characters greater than 32 for the last name and first name result in XML Parse error
Internal calls have one-way audio
OnHook Dialing from Line Two does not work if Line One and Line Two have the same directory number
IP Phones hang when call arrives while XML play in progress
Callback softkey is presented but it does not do anything
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Any Internet Protocol (IP) addresses used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses. Any examples, command display output, and figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. Any use of actual IP addresses in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental.


text:
More Insignia photos
* Front end highlighted * Adaptive headlight details * Car will be launched in July...
Vauxhall has released further teaser images of the Insignia, which is being launched at the British International Motor Show on July 22.
The pictures show a darkened front end of the car and a detailed photo of a headlamp, which will adjust its beam according to conditions.
The technology on the headlamp is an extension of Vauxhall's current AFL system, which moves the light beams as a car corners to give better visibility.
The new system includes features such as a special daytime function, which consumes less energy and therefore fuel, and a variety of beam patterns to provide the best visibility in different situations, such as town and country driving.
The Insignia is replacing the Vectra in Vauxhall's line-up as the company attempts to push its image upmarket, and is scheduled to go on sale later this year. Prices are expected to start at 15,000.


text:
Member? Sign in. Not a member? Register for free.
This app was removed from the App Store.
Wang Rong Knew Plum-baby365
iOS Universal Education
======== Baby2470 ========
Smart Kids' Stories' is a series of six books. We chose stories of six extraordinarily smart children which can inspire yours to think more, act more and feel the science in their daily lives.
""Wang Rong Knew Plums"" is one of the Stories of Chinese Clever kids.
These are the six stories:
- Wen Yanbo Picked Up The Ball From Tree Hole
- Si Ma guang Broke The Jar To Save Friend
- Wenchang Picked Up Gift
- Wang Rong Knew Plums
- Zhongwen Judged Cattle Case
- Cao Chong Weighed Elephant
▶ Features:
- It is very property to read the books at bedside. Your children can sleep while listening to the stories.
- Professional broadcasting level sound records can make the stories vivid.
- Browse quickly. You can browse the whole picture book in a minute.
- The function of continuing reading can record your pace of reading, just like a bookmark.
- The automatic and manual page turning enables you to choose your favorite reading pattern.
- The simple design enables you to master the operation without reading illustrations.
▶ Overview:
The anthology of picture books for children, which include both original stories and classical fables and fairy tales with relative fine illustrations and vivid broadcasting-level sound records, combines the advantages of traditional reading and narration and provides children with a new learning and entertaining method.
▶ Tips: In the search bar, enter "2470" or "bay365", to find all of our products.
▶ Contact us :
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://www.chinababy365.com
What's New
For iOS 9


text:
Studio 4
Tuesday 15 Oct 2019, 20:50 - ends at 23:12
Please Note: A booking fee of £1 will be added to the transaction. Genesis Members do not pay any booking fees
Access Our disabled access lift is currently out of order. If you have any access requirements please call our Box Office.
1. Choose Seats (Click the Seating Plan to select each Seat in turn , up to 10 in total)


text:
Please note: The entity title has been excluded from the fact sheet as this is handled by the Lucid Mobile application. Also the Lucid Mobile application doesn't support complex objects such as image, videos or tables directly within the fact sheet. Therefore this template excludes rendering the media within the fact sheets. Any associated media with the fact sheet are output separately and associated with the entities in the corresponding Lucid key via the Media List export file.
Example Screen shots of the Lucid Mobile template output.
Buy Fact Sheet Fusion
Download trial
Fusion FAQs
Fusion Help
Fusion Forum


text:
- Publisher: Coolbuddy.com
- Release Date: Aug 22, 2014
User Score
No user score yet- Be the first to review!
Review this game
- User score
- By date
- Most helpful
There are no user reviews yet - Be first to review Light The Lamps.
There are no critic reviews yet.


text: Attention to every detail is our promise to you. Walter Knoll Florist has been recognized and awarded Florist of the year. This is a reflection of the personalized and special attention given to every wedding. We love sharing and creating ideas that will surely create a stunning wedding you will always remember.


text:
Big boost ... Shijni Ono (L) has says he wants to stay longer at the Wanderers. Source: Gregg Porteous / News Limited
Western Sydney received another boost in their impressive debut A-League season with news Japanese marquee signing Shinji Ono wants to extend his stay at the club.
Just two days after scoring a dramatic 2-0 derby win over Sydney FC in front of a raucous crowd of 26,000 at Allianz Stadium, the 33-year-old on Monday said flares thrown by Wanderers fans won't hold him back from re-signing.
"I don't know what (the Wanderers) are thinking about next season," said Ono, who penned a one-year deal in September.
Hello, you either have JavaScript turned off or an old version of Adobe's Flash Player.
"But I can say I want to stay longer."
Ono was still buzzing from the impressive victory over the Sky Blues and believes it's no fluke the Wanderers have climbed to fourth on the ladder in their inaugural season given their "good mentality and fighting spirit."
And that strong bond will be severely tested over the next four rounds when they face fellow top-five sides Adelaide, Perth, Melbourne Victory and Central Coast.
But Ono says his best is yet to come.
"I think my confidence is getting better every day," he said.
Ono wasn't fazed by flares being thrown onto the ground against the Sydney FC, putting the incidents down to the passion of a crosstown rivalry.
Having played 112 games for Dutch club Feyenoord from 2001-05, Ono says that kind of fan behaviour highlights the intensity of the clash.
Hello, you either have JavaScript turned off or an old version of Adobe's Flash Player.
"When I was in the Netherlands, there were big derby games," said Ono of the rivalry amongst the three Rotterdam clubs.
"When I saw that (against Sydney FC) I knew it was a big game."
The attacking midfielder is looking forward to testing himself against a speedy Adelaide United at Parramatta Stadium on Friday night.
"They have a lot of good quality," Ono said of classy Reds including Fabio Ferreira, Jeronimo Neumann, Marcelo Carrusca and Cassio.
"But we have been preparing well.
"It's a tough challenge. But I have a good feeling."
Ono expects more Japanese players will make the move to Australia given his successful stint has created plenty of interest back home.
But one clash that would gain plenty of excitement in Japan is firmly on his radar - the A-League All Stars match against Manchester United next July.
Ono has put his hand up for the All Stars in a battle that could pit him against his compatriot and Red Devils star midfielder Shinji Kagawa.
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Shinji keen on extra year out West
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text:
Every Tuesday Night at 6:30pm & 8:30pm Upstairs - Starting July 8th
Do you & your friends enjoy beer but want to learn more about different styles and regions? Granville Moore's - nominated for RAMMY Beer Program of the Year - is starting a new series of Tuesday Night Tastings, guided by our own Professional Intoxicator Matt LeBarron, this summer.
Each week's hour long-session focuses on a different specific style of beer or on particular breweries. Designed more for entry level craft beer drinkers, or those new to the Belgian craft scene, drinkers will have the chance to explore several different beers each sitting in a relaxed environment.
Space is limited to just 8 people per session. You'll learn about the breweries while enjoying some amazing beers paired with snacks from the GM kitchen, with ample time before or after to further explore the beer and food menus if you choose.
As Granville Moore's beer guy, Matt LeBarron has toured Belgium, visits as many breweries as his wife and old Triumph will allow, and makes a living drinking well while sharing the joys of good beer with others.
6:30 and 8:30 pm sessions
$25 per person (includes tax & gratuity) - 21+ only
Reservations Required
Trappist Tour #2: Westmalle Orval Koningshoeven [TICKETS - 1 TICKET LEFT FOR 6:30 SESSION, 8:30 SESSION SOLD OUT]
Westmalle Double, Westmalle Triple, Orval, La Trappe Quad
Space is limited to just 8 seats per tasting per week, so RESERVE SPOTS NOW!


text:
The title more or less says it all.... Let $V$ be a vector space (over your favorite field; $V$ not necessarily finite dimensional), and let $S$ be a subset of $V$. A maximal linearly independent subset of $S$ is exactly that: a subset of $S$ that is linearly independent yet not properly contained in any other linearly independent subset of $S$. (Equivalently, it is a basis for the subspace of $V$ that is spanned by $S$.)
Let $T$ be the intersection of all maximal linearly independent subsets of $S$. This $T$ might be as large as $S$, when $S$ itself is linearly independent. Alternatively, $T$ might be empty: if $\{v_1,v_2,v_3\}$ is a basis for $V$, then both examples $S = {}${$v_1,2v_1$} and $S = {}${$v_1,v_2,v_3,v_1+v_2+v_3$} have corresponding $T=\emptyset$. There are plenty of intermediate cases as well: in the same notation, if $S = {}${$v_1,v_2,v_3,v_2+v_3$} then $T={}${$v_1$}.
Does this object $T$ have a standard name?


text:
In my Blog you will find regular updates on my work, projects I am doing and other interesting stuff related to photography.
Main part of the Blog is the project 365. I will choose daily one of the photos I took to be presented here in this Blog, not always on the day it was taken but you can expect regular updates.
I like to encourage you very much to leave your comments - I love to hear from you!
project 365 329/365
project 365 272/365
no question it were the colours - bright and clear - that stopped me


text:
Provided by: liblucy-perl_0.3.3-8build1_amd64
Lucy::Analysis::StandardTokenizer - Split a string into tokens.
my $tokenizer = Lucy::Analysis::StandardTokenizer->new; # Then... once you have a tokenizer, put it into a PolyAnalyzer: my $polyanalyzer = Lucy::Analysis::PolyAnalyzer->new( analyzers => [ $case_folder, $tokenizer, $stemmer ], );
Generically, "tokenizing" is a process of breaking up a string into an array of "tokens". For instance, the string "three blind mice" might be tokenized into "three", "blind", "mice". Lucy::Analysis::StandardTokenizer breaks up the text at the word boundaries defined in Unicode Standard Annex #29. It then returns those words that start with an alphabetic or numeric character.
new() my $tokenizer = Lucy::Analysis::StandardTokenizer->new; Constructor. Takes no arguments.
Lucy::Analysis::StandardTokenizer isa Lucy::Analysis::Analyzer isa Lucy::Object::Obj.


text:
[Steven Strogatz]: The story of how I got interested in cycles goes back to an epiphany in high school. I was taking a standard freshman science course, Science I, and the first day we were asked to measure the length of the hall. We were told to get down on our hands and knees, put down rulers, and figure out how long the corridor was. I remember thinking to myself, "If this is what science is, it's pretty pointless," and came away with the feeling that science was boring and dusty.
Fortunately I took to the second experiment a little better. The teacher, Mr. diCurcio, said, "I want you to figure out a rule about this pendulum." He handed each of us a little toy pendulum with a retractable bob. You could make it a little bit longer or shorter in clicks, in discrete steps. We were each handed a stopwatch and told to let the pendulum swing ten times, and then click, measure how long it takes for ten swings, and then click again, repeating the measurement after making the pendulum a little bit longer. The point was to see how the length of the pendulum determines how long it takes to make ten swings. The experiment was supposed to teach us about graph paper, and how to make a relationship between one variable and another, but as I was dutifully plotting the length of time the pendulum took to swing ten times versus its length, it occurred to me after about the fourth or fifth dot that a pattern was starting to emerge. These dots were falling on a particular curve that I recognized because I'd seen it in my algebra class—it was a parabola, the same shape that water makes coming out of a fountain.
I remember having an enveloping sensation of fear; it was not a happy feeling, but an awestruck feeling. It was as if this pendulum knew algebra. What was the connection between the parabolas in algebra class and the motion of this pendulum? There it was on the graph paper. It was a moment that struck me, and was my first sense that the phrase, "law of nature," meant something. I suddenly knew what people were talking about when they said that there could be order in the universe and that, more to the point, you couldn't see it unless you knew math. It was an epiphany that I've never really recovered from.
A later experiment in the same class dealt with the phenomenon called resonance. The experiment was to fill a long tube with water up to a certain height, and the rest would contain air. Then you struck a tuning fork above the open end. The tuning fork vibrates at a known frequency—440 cycles per second, the A above Middle C—and the experiment was to raise or lower the water column until it reached the point where a tremendous booming sound would come out. The small sound of the tuning fork would be greatly amplified when the water column was just the right height, indicating that you had achieved resonance. The theory was that the conditions for resonance occur when you have a quarter wavelength of a sound wave in the open end of the tube, and the point was that by knowing the frequency of the sound wave and measuring the length of the air, you could, sitting there in your high school, derive the speed of sound. I remember at the time not really understanding the experiment so well, but Mr. diCurcio scolded me, and said, "Steve, this is an important experiment because this is not just about the speed of sound. You have to realize that resonance is what holds atoms together." Again that gave me that chilling feeling, since I thought I was just measuring the speed of sound or playing with water in a column, but from diCurcio's point of view this humble water column was a window into the structure of matter. Seeing that resonance could apply to something as ineffable as atomic structure—what makes this table in front of me solid—I was just struck with the unity of nature again, and the idea that these principles were so transcendent that they could apply to everything from sound waves to atoms.
The unity of nature shouldn't be exaggerated, since this is certainly not to claim that everything is the same, but there are certain threads that reappear. Resonance is an idea that we can use to understand vibrations of bridges and to think about atomic structure and sound waves, and the same mathematics applies over and over again in different versions.
There's one other story about Mr. diCurcio that I like. At one time I was reading a biography of Einstein, and diCurcio treated me like I was a full-grown scientist—at 13 or 14. I mentioned to him that Einstein was very struck as a young high school student by Maxwell's equations, the laws of electricity and magnetism, and that they made a very deep impression on him. I said that I couldn't wait until I was old enough, or knew enough math, to know what Maxwell's equations were and to understand them. This being a boarding school we used to have family-style dinner sometimes, and so he and I were sitting around a big table with several other kids, his two daughters and his wife, and he was serving mashed potatoes. As soon as I said I would love to see Maxwell's equations sometime, he put down the mashed potatoes and said, "Would you like to see them right now?" And I said, "Yeah, fine." He started writing on a napkin with these very cryptic symbols, upside-down triangles and E's and B's and crosses and dots, and mumbled in what sounded like speaking in tongues—"the curl of a curl is grad div minus del squared. . . and from this we can get the wave equation. . . and now we see electricity and magnetism, and can explain what light is." It was one of these awesome moments and I looked at my teacher in a new way. Here was Mr. diCurcio, not just a high school teacher, but someone who knew Maxwell's equations off the top of his head. It gave me the sense that there was no limit to what I could learn from this man.
There was also a Mr. Johnson at this same high school, who was my geometry teacher. Mr. Johnson was an MIT graduate, and seemed to know a lot about math. One day he happened to mention that there was a certain problem about triangles that he didn't know how to solve, even though it sounded like every other problem we were hearing about in trigonometry or geometry. The question was, if two angle bisectors of a triangle are the same length, does it have to be an isosceles triangle? That is, do those two angles at the bottom have to be the same? He said that he didn't know how to solve it, and that in 20 years of teaching he had never seen anyone do so either. I'd never heard a teacher say that there was a geometry problem that he didn't know how to do, so I became interested in it. I would be in gym class, and someone would throw the ball at me and I wouldn't be paying attention and would drop the ball, still thinking about the angle bisectors. This problem began to obsess me for several months, and I had things that were close to a solution but I could never get it. It was around that time that I learned what research was. I was doing research for the fun of it; there was no grade attached to this, and I didn't even tell anyone I was thinking about it—I just wanted to solve it. One day I thought I had. It was a Sunday morning, and I called up Mr. Johnson and asked him if I could come show him the proof. He said, "Yes, come to my house. Here's where I live." I walked down to his house, and he was still in his pajamas with his kids, and line by line he checked through this proof and said, "You've got it. That's it." He wasn't really smiling, but seemed pleased. He later wrote some special remark to the headmaster of the school that I had done this problem.
I went from Loomis-Chaffee to Princeton, where the path was a little bit bumpy. I started as a freshman taking linear algebra—this is the whiz-kid math course for kids who had done well in high school. The first day a professor named John Mather walked in, and we couldn't tell if he was a professor or a grad student. He was so shy, had a big long red beard, and slithered along the wall. He didn't really stride into the room—he was practically invisible. Then he began, "The definition of a field, F, is. . ." That was all. He didn't say his name, not "Welcome to Princeton,"—nothing. He just began with the definition at the beginning of linear algebra. It was a dreadful experience for me. It was the first time in my life that I understood why people are terrified of math. He came really close to discouraging me from ever wanting to be a mathematician.
The only reason that I went on to eventually become one was that my second course was with a great teacher, Eli Stein, who's still at Princeton. It was a course in complex variables, which was a lot like calculus. I always liked calculus in high school, and I suddenly felt like I could do math again, whereas that earlier course on linear algebra was a filter. It had a very fine mesh, and only certain students could get through the holes. What was supposedly being tested was your tendency to think abstractly. Could you come up with the sorts of rigorous proofs that a pure mathematician needs? That's the bread and butter of pure math. The truth probably is that I didn't really have that in me; that wasn't my natural strength. What I really like is math applied to nature—the math of the real world. At the time I didn't know there was a thing called applied math—I thought it was physics. Now this is what I do. I ended up majoring in math because of the good experience in my sophomore year with Stein.
I'd always been encouraged to be a doctor, but always resisted, because I knew that I wanted to teach math. But in my junior year my parents encouraged me to take some pre-med courses, like biology and chemistry, and even though it was getting to be pretty late to become a doctor I agreed. My brother the lawyer convinced me with a persuasive argument that it was irrational to keep resisting: I wasn't committing to being a doctor, and it wouldn't hurt to learn biology and chemistry. I accepted that, and it made for a pretty hellish year because I was taking freshman biology, with its lab, freshman chemistry, with another, and organic chemistry, which supposedly depended on freshman chemistry. This is a lot for someone who's not good in the lab.
Even though this pre-med year was a lot of work to be doing alongside a math major I actually liked the biology and chemistry courses, especially the idea that DNA was a double helix, and that this shape would immediately indicate its function. It explained how replication would work. I was perfectly content, and even took a pre-med Stanley Kaplan course to prepare for the MCATs. Still, when I got home for spring vacation my mother got a look at my face and said, "There's something wrong. Something's really bothering you. What's wrong? How do you like school?" I said, "I like it, it's fine, I'm learning good stuff." But she said, "You don't look right. You don't look happy. Something's wrong, what's wrong with you?" I didn't really know. I said, "Maybe I'm tired. I'm working a lot." But she said, "No, something else is really wrong. What are you going to take next year? You'll be a senior." I said, "That is bothering me because, being a pre-med so late, I'm going to have to take vertebrate physiology, some biochemistry, and all these pre-med courses. Plus I have a senior thesis in the math department, which means that my schedule is going to be so full that I'm not going to be able to take quantum mechanics." And she said, "Why does that matter to you?" I said, "I've been reading about Einstein since I was 12 years old. I love Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Schrödinger—I could finally understand what they're really talking about. There are no more verbal analogies and metaphors; I can understand what Schrödinger did. I've worked my whole life to get to this point, and I'm ready to know what the Heisenberg uncertainty principle really says, and I'm going to be in medical school, cutting cadavers, and I'm never going to learn it." So she said, "What if you could just say right now, 'I want to do math. I want to do physics. I want to take quantum mechanics. I'm not going to be a doctor. I want to be the best math teacher and researcher I can be.'" And I just started crying. It was like a tremendous weight had been lifted. We were both laughing and crying. It was a moment of truth, and I never looked back. I'm very thankful I had such good parents, and that I was able to find a passion by denying it for awhile. Some people go their whole life and never really figure out what they want to do.
When it was time to do a senior thesis—at Princeton everyone is required to do one—I wanted to pick something about geometry in nature, although I didn't know exactly what. My adviser, Fred Almgren, who was famous for studying the geometry of soap bubbles, suggested a problem about DNA geometry. Could we understand, for instance, what it might be about DNA that allows it to unwind itself without getting tangled? Given that it's so long, you'd think maybe it would get tangled occasionally and that this would be deadly if it happened in the cell. What keeps it from doing that? By working on this project I got to learn about DNA, and wrote a senior thesis about its geometry. I collaborated with a biochemist to propose a new structure of something called chromatin, which is a mixture of DNA and proteins that makes up our chromosomes. It's the next level of structure after the double helix. We know that the double helix gets wound around little spools of protein called nucleosomes, but no one knows how the nucleosomes themselves become arranged like beads on a string or how that structure is wound up to make chromosomes. My biochemical adviser and I ended up publishing a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and it was very exhilarating. I was now doing research in mathematical biology, so even though I wasn't a doctor, I was using math in biology about real stuff, about chromosomes.
That was when I realized that I wanted to be an applied mathematician doing mathematical biology. I went to England and studied at Cambridge on a Marshall scholarship and was completely bored with the traditional program—the stuff that G. H. Hardy describes in his book, A Mathematician's Apology, known as "the Mathematical Tripos." Cambridge has had the same kind of course since Newton, and I was bored with it. One day I found myself wandering into a book store across the street, where I picked up a book with the unlikely title, The Geometry of Biological Time. I say unlikely because I had subtitled my own senior thesis, "An Essay in Geometric Biology." I thought I had made up this phrase—geometric biology, the juxtaposition of geometry and biology, shape and life—and here was somebody using practically the same title. So who was this guy, Arthur T. Winfree?
I started reading the book, and thought he was nuts; he looked like a crackpot. I didn't know if I should believe that he was serious because the titles of his chapters have puns in them, he has data from his own mother about her menstrual cycle over many years, and it's all about the cycles of living things. At the time Winfree, who just died on November 5, 2002, was not someone who was really on the map. He was a professor of biology at Purdue. I glanced at the book, put it back on the shelf, and found myself coming back a few days later and read some more, and eventually bought it. Partly because I was so lonesome in England, suffering from culture shock, and partly because this book was so entrancing to me, I started reading and underlining it every day, and fell in love with the vision of living things with many cyclic processes, from cell division to heartbeat to rhythms in the brain, jet lag and sleep rhythms, all described by a single mathematics. This is what Winfree was proposing in his book, and it really is what got me started in the direction of studying synchrony.
We see fantastic examples of synchrony in the natural world all around us. To give a few examples, there were persistent reports when the first Western travelers went to southeast Asia, back to the time of Sir Francis Drake in the 1500s, of spectacular scenes along riverbanks, where thousands upon thousands of fireflies in the trees would all light up and go off simultaneously. These kinds of reports kept coming back to the West, and were published in scientific journals, and people who hadn't seen it couldn't believe it. Scientists said that this is a case of human misperception, that we're seeing patterns that don't exist, or that it's an optical illusion. How could the fireflies, which are not very intelligent creatures, manage to coordinate their flashings in such a spectacular and vast way?
One theory was that there might be a leader. It sounds ridiculous, because why would there be one special firefly? We don't believe that there is a leader any more, or that there might be atmospheric conditions that cause synchrony, like if a lightning bolt startled every one of them, and made them start flashing at the same time, which would cause them to stay together. Synchrony occurs on nights that are perfectly clear. It was only in the 1960s that a biologist named John Buck, from the National Institutes of Health, and his colleagues started to figure out what was really going on, which is that the fireflies are self-organizing. They manage to get in step every night of the year and flash in perfect time for hours upon end with no leader or prompting from the environment, through what is essentially a very mysterious process of emergence. This is a phrase that we hear all the time, but this is emergence in the natural world.
The thinking now is that individual fireflies are able not only to emit flashes but also to respond to the flashes of others—they adjust their own timers. To demonstrate this, Buck and his wife, Elisabeth, who was with him on this trip to Thailand in the mid-'60s, collected bags full of male fireflies, brought them back to their hotel room in Bangkok, and released them in the darkened room. They found that the fireflies were flitting around and crawling on the ceiling and walls, and that gradually little pockets of two and then three and four fireflies would be flashing in sync. Later lab experiments showed that by flashing an artificial light at a firefly you could speed up its rhythm, you could slow it down, make it flash a little later than it would otherwise. The point is that each firefly sends a signal that causes another firefly to speed up or slow down in just the right way so that they end up inevitably coming into sync, no matter how they started.
You might ask why that matters—who cares about fireflies?—but there are lots of reasons why you should care: The first may be that all kinds of applications in technology and medicine depend on this same kind of spontaneous synchronization. In your own heart, you have 10,000 pacemaker cells that trigger the rest of your heart to beat properly, and those 10,000 cells are like the thousands of fireflies. Each one could have its own rhythm, in this case an electrical rhythmic discharge. Instead of communicating with light they're sending electrical currents back and forth to each other, but at an abstract level they're the same. They are individual oscillators that want to have a periodic repetition of their state, and can influence each other. They do so in such a way that they conspire to come into sync. Sometimes, of course, sync is undesirable. If it occurs in your brain on a vast scale it results in epilepsy.
There are other medical and technological applications. The laser, one of the most practical gadgets of our time, depends on light waves in sync, atoms pulsing in unison, all emitting light of the same color and moving in phase, with all the troughs and crests of the light waves perfectly lined up. The light in a laser is no different from the light coming out of these bulbs overhead in that the atoms are not really that different; it's the coordination of the atoms that's different. The choreography is the difference, not the dancers.
We see sync all around us. The global positioning system that's been used for satellite-guided weaponry in Iraq consists of 24 satellites, each of which has an on-board atomic clock, very well synchronized to a master super clock at NIST, the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado. It's only because of this perfect synchronization, down to a billionth of a second, that we can hit a license plate with a missile. It's a grim example, but then at the same time we see life itself depending on synchrony. Sperm cells beat their tails in unison as they swim toward an egg, communicating through pressure fluctuations in the fluid. I could go on and on. What's so breathtaking about the phenomenon of synchrony is that it occurs at every scale of nature, from the sub-atomic to the cosmic. It's what may have killed the dinosaurs. I could explain why it was gravitational synchrony that caused certain asteroids to be flung out of the asteroid belt and ultimately to strike our planet, probably extinguishing the dinosaurs and many other creatures. It's one of the most pervasive phenomena in nature, but at the same time one of the most mysterious from a theoretical perspective.
We are used to thinking about entropy, the tendency of complex systems to get more and more disordered, as the dominant force. People always ask me, "Doesn't synchrony violate that? Isn't it against the laws of nature that systems can become spontaneously more ordered?" Of course you can't violate the law of entropy, but there is no contradiction. The point is that the law of entropy applies to a certain class of so-called isolated, or closed systems, where there's no influx of energy from the environment. But that's not what we're talking about when we discuss living things or the earth. Where systems are far from thermodynamic equilibrium all bets are off, and we see astonishing feats of self-organization, synchrony just being the simplest such example.
The same laws that give rise to entropy and the tendency of systems to become more and more disordered are the same laws that will account for synchrony. It's just that we don't have a clear enough understanding of the thermodynamics of systems very far from equilibrium to see the connection—but we're getting there. We're learning a lot about spontaneously synchronizing systems, at least in physics. We know how a laser works, and there's nothing that violates entropy about that. For living examples, like heart cells, we have a rough idea about how electrical currents are passed back and forth. But synchrony also touches on some of the deepest mysteries of our time, like consciousness. There's some thought, at least according to some neuroscientists, that what distinguishes consciousness from other forms of brain activity is the synchronized firing of the cells involved at specific frequencies close to 40 cycles a second.
What I like about this whole area of thinking about spontaneous order, or self-organization, is that I really do believe that many of the major unsolved problems of science today have this same character. Architecturally they involve millions of players, whether they're neurons, heart cells, or players in an economy. They're all interacting, influencing each other through complex networks and via complicated interactions, and out of this you sometimes see amazingly organized states. Stuart Kauffman calls this "order for free." Many of us are really trying to climb that same mountain from different perspectives. Kauffman and others see it as a matter of understanding evolution better. When he or Gell-Mann speaks of complex adaptive systems the emphasis seems to be on the word adaptive, suggesting that the key to understanding the mystery is to learn more about natural selection. However, you didn't hear me really talk about evolution at all. I feel like they're barking up a tree that's deeper into the forest. There's a right place to start, and the simplest place to start is to think about problems where evolution plays no part.
I want to think about purely physical systems that are complex in their own right and how, just from the laws of physics, we get these self-organized patterns. It feels to me like I would want to understand that first, before I add the further complication of evolution. We know that's important, but that's starting at the wrong place.
Recently, I keep finding myself wanting to learn more about cancer and what it is about the network of cells or the network of chemical reactions that goes awry in a cancerous cell. There are certainly some cases where a single gene may be screwed up, but I don't believe that all cancers will be explained that way. It's been 35 years since Nixon declared war on cancer and we haven't really understood it. Understanding oncogenes is a great start, but that can't be it. Again, it's about choreographies of proteins and genes and the missteps, not just of single dancers, but of the way that they're moving together. Cancer is somehow a dynamical disease that we won't understand through pure biological reductionist thinking. It's going to take a combination of reductionism to give us the data, and new complex systems theory, super computers, and math. I would like to be part of that.
Biologists often emphasize the part that computers will play, and it's true that computers will be indispensable, but there's a third leg, which is good theoretical ideas. It won't be enough to have big computers and great data. You need ideas and I think that those ideas will be expressed in the language of complex systems mathematics. Although that phrase, complex systems, has been talked about a lot, I hope people out there appreciate what a feeble state it's in, theoretically speaking. We really don't understand much about it. We have a lot of computer simulations that show stunning phenomena, but where's the understanding? Where's the insight? There are very few cases that we understand, and so that brings me back to synchrony. I like that example of synchrony as a case of spontaneous order because that's one of the few cases that we can understand mathematically. If we want to solve these problems, we've got to do the math problems we can do, and we need the simplest phenomena first, and synchrony is among them. It's going to be a long slog to really understand these problems.
Another thought, though, is that we may not need understanding. It could be that understanding is overrated. Perhaps insight is something that's been good for three or four hundred years since Isaac Newton, but it is not the ultimate end. The ultimate end is really just control of these diseases, and avoiding horrible ecological scenarios. If we could get there, even without knowing what we're doing, that would maybe be good enough. Computers might understand it, but we don't have to. There could be a real story here about the overrating of understanding.
In broad strokes, there were hundreds of years after Aristotle when we didn't really understand a whole lot. Once Kepler, Copernicus, and Newton began explaining what they saw through math, there was a great era of understanding, through certain classes of math problems that could be solved. All the mathematics that let us understand laws of physics—Maxwell's equations, thermodynamics, on through quantum theory—all involve a certain class of math problems that we know how to solve completely and thoroughly: that is, linear problems. It's only in the past few decades that we've been banging our heads on the non-linear ones. Of those, we understand just the smallest ones using only three or four variables—that's chaos theory. As soon as you have hundreds, or millions, or billions of variables—like in the brain—we don't understand those problems at all. That's what complex systems is supposed to be about, but we're not even close to understanding them. We can simulate them in a computer, but that's not really that different from just watching. We still don't understand.


text: Jurassic World Previous image Next image Zoom Previous thumbnail Next thumbnail 1 of 2 Jurassic World £15.99 Barcode: 5053083064839 Studio: Universal PicturesCertification:12Duration: 124minsFormat: Blu-ray 3DCategory: Action & AdventureReleased: 23rd November 2015 Jurassic World Qty Sold out. Notify me when in stock  Free UK delivery on orders over £10. Usually dispatched within 24 hours. Click & Collect Get it delivered to a store near you with FREE click and collect available on this product. HubBox Click and Collect Get it delivered to one of over 4,000 HubBox locations for just £1 extra (plus any delivery charges) Share: Twitter Pinterest Facebook Google+


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