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"Look up,'' Nathan Wolfe barked. I didn't respond immediately, so the next suggestion came with an elbow to the ribs: "Take your head out of that map." We were standing on the side of "the road," a dirt highway that passes through the center of Mindourou, a dusty logging village in southeastern Cameroon. Wolfe, the director of Global Viral Forecasting, and several colleagues were in the midst of a ten-hour drive from the capital, Yaoundé, to a town called Ngoila, one of the many sites that G.V.F. has established in the past decade to monitor the emergence of deadly viruses from the jungles of Central Africa. He nodded toward a couple who had just pulled up beside us on a Chinese motorcycle. The driver wore flip-flops and a red tracksuit. His passenger, dressed in a pale-blue shirt and a matching pillbox hat, looked as if she were on her way to church. But that wasn't where they were headed. Her right arm was wrapped around the driver's waist. In her left, she clutched the lengthy tail of a freshly killed agile mangabey, a monkey often found in the lush forests of the region.
"Those monkeys are viral warehouses," Wolfe said to me, as the couple drove toward the market, dragging their bloody merchandise behind them. Mangabeys carry many viruses that infect humans, including one that may cause a rare form of T-cell leukemia and another, simian foamy virus, the ultimate impact of which is not yet known. Wolfe is a forty-year-old biologist from Stanford University; a swarthy man with a studiously dishevelled look, he comes off as a cross between a pirate and a graduate student. He is also the world's most prominent virus hunter, and he spends much of his time sifting through the blood of wild animals. "When I see a monkey like that dragged through the street, bloody, on the way to market, it's like looking at a loaded weapon,'' he said. "It scares me."
For much of the ride from Yaoundé, Wolfe had been expounding upon the health dangers posed by bushmeat, the common term for tropical wild game, which includes monkeys, gorillas, chimpanzees, porcupines, scaly anteaters, cane rats, and other animals. Humans have subsisted on bushmeat for millennia, and in this part of Africa it remains a principal source of protein—sometimes the only source. Central Africans consume at least two million tons a year. It is not easy to convince somebody whose only alternative is hunger and malnutrition that eating monkeys or apes can be more of a threat to him than it was to his ancestors. Yet the health risks are enormous—not just for the Africans who kill and eat them but for billions of others throughout the world. If not for the consumption of bushmeat, AIDS, which has so far killed thirty million people and infected more than twice that number, would never have spread so insidiously across the planet. That pandemic, the most lethal of modern times, began nearly a century ago, in Cameroon, when a chimpanzee virus was transmitted to the blood of someone who almost certainly hunted, butchered, or ate it.
Deadly viruses have always threatened humanity, but a virus can travel only as far as the cells it infects. For most of human history, that wasn't very far. A few hundred years ago, if H.I.V. had passed from an ape to a hunter, that person would have become sick and died. He might even have infected his entire village, killing everyone around him. But that would have been the end of it. There were no motorcycles to carry the infected carcasses of slaughtered apes to markets in Yaoundé, and, for that matter, no airplanes to ship them to Paris or New York. Forests had been impenetrable for thousands of years. In the past few decades, however, new roads, built largely by logging companies, have brought economic opportunity to millions of Africans, along with better medicine, clean water, and improved access to education. Yet, seen from the perspective of a virus, those roads, combined with air travel, have created another kind of opportunity, transforming humanity into one long chain of easily infected hosts—no less vulnerable in California than in Cameroon.
Genetically, we are not an especially diverse species; an epidemic that can kill people in one part of the world can kill them in any other. "There is simply no greater threat to humanity than a viral pandemic," Wolfe told me. "What is more likely to kill millions of people? Nuclear war or a virus that makes the leap from animal to man? If, tomorrow, I had to go to Las Vegas and place a bet on the next great killer, I would put all my money on a virus." The Nobel Prize-winning molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg once expressed a similar sentiment, writing that viruses were "the single biggest threat to man's continued dominance on this planet." For most experts, the question isn't whether another deadly virus will appear, either naturally or from a lab in the form of a biological weapon, but when. "We cannot afford to let another epidemic like AIDS get out of control," Wolfe said. "Why are we sitting around passively waiting until new diseases infect half the globe?"
Wolfe compares the current approach to infectious epidemics to the treatment of cardiovascular disease in the nineteen-sixties. At the time, doctors could do little more than wait until heart-attack or stroke victims were rushed to the hospital, and then do their best to keep them alive. As our knowledge of factors like diet, smoking, and blood pressure deepened, the emphasis shifted largely from treating heart disease to preventing it. "When you know what the risks are, then your job is to lower them,'' Wolfe said. "And with viral epidemics we are beginning to know what the risks are. Yet, by the time we mobilize, it is invariably too late. Look at H1N1"—the 2009 influenza pandemic that infected as many as ninety million people in the United States alone and hundreds of millions throughout the world. "Since the strain turned out to be unusually mild, people said we made too much of a fuss. There was the sentiment—I have heard it expressed numerous times—that the public health service overreacted by trying to vaccinate as many people as possible. That's wrong. Wrong. Wrong. Wrong." Wolfe's voice rose half an octave with each word. "They did exactly what they should have done, and even that didn't help much. If H1N1 had been more virulent, it would have killed millions of people. Maybe tens of millions. Once it got out there, that thing burned right through the forest. We caught an amazingly lucky break, but let's not kid ourselves. Luck like that doesn't last."
Wolfe continued his soliloquy for much of the trip into the jungle—even after an unfortunate pit stop notable for a painful run-in with a column of red ants. To reach Ngoila, we had to cross the Dja River the only way possible: by ferryboat. Instead of an engine, however, the pilot relied on an elaborate pulley system and on the willingness of passengers to haul on the rope themselves. The crossing may well have been the highlight of Wolfe's week: he joined the tow line and guilted me into pulling, too. We made it to Ngoila as darkness fell.
After a restorative meal, Wolfe said it was time to look for bats, noting that they were among the most dangerous viral reservoirs on earth. At that, he and I marched into the pitch-black forest, accompanied by several members of his team and the thunderous honking of Epomops bats.
Most virologists spend their working lives in laboratories, looking at slides, focussing on specific proteins and, often, on a single disease. Nathan Wolfe's life conforms more to the pattern of a nineteenth-century explorer than to that of a twenty-first-century biologist. Instead of big game, however, Wolfe's trophies are viruses. A fastidious man who shaves his beard to a rough stubble every few days (and does the same thing to his head every few weeks), Wolfe has an office in San Francisco, where Global Viral Forecasting is based, and another at Stanford, where he is the Lorry I. Lokey Visiting Professor in Human Biology. He spends at least half his time in California but doesn't seem entirely at home there—unless the conversation turns to infectious diseases. Then Wolfe is all in. He can talk for hours about hemorrhagic fevers, river blindness, the Barmah Forest virus, and malaria—which, he will be happy to tell you, once nearly killed him. Wolfe finds the idea of the virome—the collective genetic structure of every virus on earth—so captivating that he once described the world to me as a place that consists almost entirely of "bacteria, parasites, and viruses," adding that "animals really have to be seen as a tiny little addendum." The undergraduate seminar he teaches at Stanford each spring, on the ecological significance of microorganisms, is called Viral Lifestyles.
A few decades ago, Wolfe's microbial obsession would have been considered eccentric. The victory over communicable diseases seemed assured. In 1967, William H. Stewart, the Surgeon General, told a gathering of health experts at the White House, "It is time to close the books on infectious diseases." That statement was not wholly without justification. In the West, at least, polio, typhoid, cholera, even measles—all major killers—had essentially been vanquished. Smallpox, which was responsible for the deaths of more people than have died in any single war, soon disappeared.
Since then, however, at least fifty dangerous new viruses have passed from animals into humans. Some are so well known that their names are enough to make people anxious: Ebola, SARS, avian influenza. There are dozens of other diseases, like Lassa fever, brought on by a disabling hemorrhagic virus first discovered in Nigeria two years after Stewart's testimony, as well as those caused by the Nipah, Hendra, and Marburg viruses, which are less frequently mentioned yet just as frightening. These illnesses are called zoonoses—diseases that pass to humans from animals.
Wolfe is determined to break this pattern of disease transmission, which began ten thousand years ago, with the rise of agricultural communities and domesticated livestock. In 2008, with funding from Google.org, the Skoll Foundation, the Department of Defense, the National Institutes of Health, and others, he founded Global Viral Forecasting, with a goal that was both remarkably simple and stunningly ambitious: to detect pandemics as they begin and stop them before they spread.
Wolfe and his rapidly expanding team of researchers have created an extensive network of viral listening posts in the villages of Central Africa, and they have compiled a registry of viruses in many other places where pandemics often start: China, Malaysia, Madagascar, and Laos. In the past decade, the group has collected more than a hundred and fifty thousand blood samples from hunters and their families, as well as from the animals that they kill, butcher, and eat. The scientists screen the samples to determine whether any humans have been infected with viruses that came from animals. Virologists refer to the activity of viruses as they leap from animal to man as "viral chatter." Wolfe and his colleagues monitor samples for early warnings of an epidemic, just as, he often says, analysts "at the National Security Agency scour the Internet, listening for clues of impending terrorist attacks."
When Wolfe is in the field, he functions more as an anthropologist than as a biologist. The institute tries to keep track of hunters in scores of villages throughout Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, and other countries. Outreach teams offer health-education classes and collect blood and tissue samples. This program, called Healthy Hunters, is pure social work. It isn't easy for a foreigner (or anyone else) to tell rural Africans how to conduct their lives. Customs vary widely. "On one of my first visits to a village site in Cameroon, I was with my ex-wife,'' Wolfe recalled recently. "When we arrived, the chief looked at her and asked me, 'Ça c'est pour moi?' It took a second for me to get what he was asking.''
The team tries to put local scientists out front and never to arrive in a village empty-handed. Before we left Yaoundé, Wolfe helped load a dozen soccer balls into the back of a Land Cruiser. It is virtually impossible to drive by a field in Cameroon without seeing a group of boys kicking something around—fruit, rolled-up wads of cotton, sometimes an actual ball.
Everywhere Wolfe and his colleagues go, they stress, in graphic detail, the critical point that primates are not for eating. They long ago learned not to push or proselytize. Hard sells backfire—and usually aren't necessary. In Central Africa, where people live in wattle huts and dine on bushmeat, viruses like Ebola and H.I.V. are not vague or distant horrors. They are present always, like an endless war, killing neighbors and destroying lives.
The institute's research has yielded disturbing results. In October, a group that included Wolfe published a report demonstrating that human parvovirus 4, which was thought to spread solely through shared needles, is far more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa than had previously been believed. Needles and blood transfusions couldn't possibly account for all the cases. More ominously, working with researchers from Cameroon and the Centers for Disease Control, in Atlanta, Wolfe discovered that the simian foamy virus, which is endemic in Old World primates, infects one per cent of those who come into regular contact with gorillas and other monkeys. That amounts to thousands of people walking around Cameroon with a retroviral infection that may or may not lead to illness. Before the study was published, the virus, which earned its evocative name because cells infected by it look foamy under a microscope, had never been known to pass between wild animals and hunters. None of the people infected with S.F.V. have shown signs of sickness. Yet, as H.I.V. has demonstrated, it can take years for a retrovirus to cause symptoms of a disease.
Wolfe hopes to create a database containing genetic information from those viruses, a resource that biological engineers could use to assemble effective vaccines from standard molecular parts. Building such vaccines, while a long way off, is a fundamental goal of synthetic biology. American bioterrorism experts have shown particular enthusiasm, though: any process that might protect humanity from natural viruses could also be deployed against viruses made by man. (This is just one reason that the Department of Defense and other federal agencies have been highly supportive of Wolfe's research.) "The more we learn about how these viruses are transmitted to humans, the more likely we will be able to stop them,'' Anthony S. Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said. "It is always better to prevent a disease than to treat it."
Detecting viral pandemics before they spread will be hard; responding to them before they spread will be harder still. "When it comes to understanding the origins of human diseases, you would be surprised how little we know," Wolfe said. "Where do the major diseases come from? How does a particular virus make the transition into a human host? Is it influenced by certain types of behavior or certain parts of the world? Why are some viruses so much more deadly than others? We have no answers for many of those questions." Even if scientists succeed in identifying new viruses before they escape into the wider population, pandemics won't disappear. "We know a lot about heart disease,'' Wolfe said. "But it still kills thousands of people every day."
Like snakes, viruses have a reputation as malevolent, poisonous, and deadly. In fact, most snakes are harmless, and dangerous viruses are rare. In order to inflict serious harm, a virus has to clear several biological hurdles. First, it has to remain unrecognized by the human immune system—to evade any protective antibodies. The virus would also need to make humans sick. (Most do not.) Finally, it would have to spread efficiently—for example, through coughing, sneezing, or shaking hands. Many viruses fulfill one of these criteria; some fulfill two; far fewer meet all three. "Look at H.I.V.,'' Wolfe said. "We would have to call that the biggest near-miss of our lifetime. Can you imagine how many people would already have died if H.I.V. could be transmitted by a cough?"
Viruses mutate rapidly, particularly in comparison with the glacial pace of human evolution. What seems benign one day can become deadly the next. Cold viruses are usually considered little more than nuisances, but SARS, a virus from the same family as many colds, is lethal. So is avian influenza. "When it comes to predicting what a virus will do, we don't even know what it is we need to learn," Wolfe said. "We are really just at the beginning."
He continued, "There was a moment in the nineteenth century before we had charted all the mammals in the world, and we found so many new species that people would say, 'Oh, gosh, we will never document the diversity of animal life on this planet.' And with mammals that now seems silly, because you would have to search your entire life to find a new primate. That early moment of discovery is where we are now with viruses. . . . I don't want to oversell it. But in theory, at least, the recipe is simple. You plug the dangerous viruses into some sort of vaccine pipeline. Get all the vaccine parts lined up, put them together, and get them to the people."
Wolfe's optimism is easy to embrace. Nonetheless, the barriers to achieving control over our biological surroundings are daunting. "I won't say viruses can be conquered,'' David Baltimore told me. Baltimore, the former president of Caltech, received a Nobel Prize for his work in elucidating the mechanics of retroviruses. "Not completely. But they don't have to conquer us, either."
The morning after we arrived in Ngoila, Matthew LeBreton, the ecology director of Global Virus Forecasting, stood in a laboratory in the back of the group's spare but well-equipped outpost. He slipped on a surgical smock, a pair of latex gloves, a face mask, and safety glasses. Then he picked up a live fruit bat and dangled it at arm's length. There are three dozen species of bats in southeastern Cameroon. LeBreton can identify all of them. Bats are well known for transmitting rabies, but they carry other debilitating microbes as well; fruit bats, for example, are believed to be the principal source of the Ebola virus. "The more you know about bats the more you are going to know about viruses,'' LeBreton told me as he laid the chocolate-brown specimen on a digital scale. "We try to process them carefully and often."
LeBreton took urine and fecal samples from the bat. He worked deliberately, but with speed, spreading the bat's wings and pricking them to obtain a blood sample, which he deposited in a vat of liquid nitrogen. He then turned to me and said, "Now we set the bat free.''
Later that morning, we drove to Mbalam to watch Joseph Diffo, who was born in a similar Cameroonian village, discuss the dangers of bushmeat with local hunters and their families. Diffo has a master's degree in zoology and has worked with G.V.F. as a wildlife technician since 2004. He serves as the site coördinator for field sampling and hunter-education programs. The hunters had gathered early, settling into couches and armchairs that they had dragged to the village square. Diffo, a husky man in blue work pants and a red checkered shirt, passed around a sheaf of photographs. The group suddenly became quiet.
"Do you see that boy?" Diffo asked, pointing to a recent picture of a local child whose face and body were covered with the type of blistering lesions that for centuries were the hallmark of smallpox. "Why do you think he looks like that?" Nobody answered—but any of them could have. "His father found dead monkeys lying in the forest,'' Diffo continued, speaking in French. "He brought them home to feed his family.'' At least one of those animals had been infected with monkeypox, which, while milder and less contagious than smallpox, can be deadly. "If you see a group of animals lying in the forest, do not pick them up,'' Diffo said. "Whatever killed them can kill you." It is a message that Diffo repeats constantly as he passes through the villages of Central Africa. He comes armed with gruesome pictures of dead primates, posters explaining the health dangers posed by hunting bushmeat, and bars of soap for people to use after killing or butchering their prey.
The audience was receptive; the repulsive pictures seemed to have an impact. Everyone collected a large bar of soap, and none of the questions the hunters asked were hostile, exactly. "What can you get us to replace this meat?'' one of them asked. Killing primates may be dangerous for society and ecologically ruinous, but his children still needed to eat. "We don't have anything else to give them,'' he said.
Diffo cast a worried glance at Wolfe, who was watching from the side. "We know that,'' Wolfe said. "And we're working on it. But there is no easy way out."
Nathan Wolfe's first obsession was with chimpanzees. "I always loved them,'' he told me one evening, while we sat on the veranda of our hotel in Yaoundé, where his Cameroonian operations are based. "I spent years thinking about nonhuman primates, and there came a moment, in college, when I realized that, no matter how often we claim otherwise, humans are not the center of the world. We are players in a much bigger and more compelling drama. A lot of my work is just an attempt to figure out what that drama looks like and where, exactly, we do fit in."
In the early nineteen-nineties, while studying as an undergraduate at Stanford, Wolfe became interested in the self-medicating behavior of animals, and the fact that, as he later wrote, "not all pharmacists are human.'' Many species use plants as medicine in much the same way that we do. Kodiak bears routinely chew the root of Ligusticum, an herb more commonly known as bear root. They spit the juice onto their paws and massage it into their fur; researchers suspect it acts as an antibacterial agent. Birds also use plants as drugs, and they even appear to treat themselves with ants, in a procedure known as "anting," rubbing them vigorously through their plumage, until the ants secrete protective chemicals. (Wolfe's interest in self-medicating behavior is not wholly dispassionate. About a year ago, he switched from cigarettes to the Ploom—a high-tech nicotine-delivery system. To "ploom," one drops an aluminum pod of tobacco into the chamber of a Plexiglas cigarette holder that looks like it was designed for George Jetson. The Ploom delivers a measured, vaporized dose of nicotine, without tar or other cancer-causing chemicals. Wolfe loves to light up in restaurants and theatres, and since no smoke escapes, nobody notices. "It's a total win-win for me,'' he said, between puffs on the strange device, which was invented by friends of his from Stanford. "Direct delivery of nicotine without the risk of death.'')
Wolfe spent his junior year in the zoology department at Oxford, where he steeped himself in the theories of a longtime hero, Richard Dawkins, as well as in the work of other evolutionary biologists. After graduating, Wolfe began doctoral studies at Harvard, under the guidance of the British primatologist Richard Wrangham and the noted neuroscientist Marc Hauser. Wolfe intended to continue his exploration of the primate medicinal armamentarium, but Wrangham wasn't encouraging. "He said that learning how chimpanzees medicate themselves would make a perfectly interesting thesis,'' Wolfe recalled, "but to have an impact you are going to have to understand the underlying infectious diseases.'' Wrangham told Wolfe that he needed to become an expert in viruses and parasites.
Soon, Wolfe says, "I got completely hooked on viruses. It is an area of ecstatic ecological complexity." While in graduate school, Wolfe spent several summers in Uganda, where each morning he foraged for dead mosquitoes among the feces in gorilla and chimpanzee nests. "Not so glamorous,'' he said, shrugging. "But I was trying to find viruses in their blood. The idea was to get mosquitoes after they had had a blood meal. I think I got about five."
At the time, Wolfe was married to a social anthropologist he had met at Harvard. They argued energetically, but not in the way other people argue. "I was completely enamored with the idea that the best way to look at human behavior was to look at the behavior of animals," Wolfe said. "I believed in evolutionary psychology. She was a complete postmodernist.'' He forced the last two words out of his mouth as if they were razor blades. "We had fundamentally different views of the nature of human behavior. I would always say, 'At the end of the day, we are just animals with some nice frosting on top.' This drove her crazy. She was interested in how unique we are. The fights got pretty intense." Divorce may have been inevitable—but it took a while. First, she received a grant to study in Thailand, and Wolfe followed her, moving from Harvard to Borneo.
Wolfe's job there was to rescue orangutans that had become stranded in isolated parts of the forest where they could no longer survive. He would shoot the animals with tranquillizer darts, then move them to a reserve where they would be safe. Wolfe was also able to do research for his doctoral dissertation, on pathogens found in orangutan blood. "If you are trying to figure out what out there can infect us, then looking at apes makes a lot of sense," he said. "They have virtually the same physiology as humans—but live in these incredibly diverse terrestrial ecosystems. And they are up to their eyeballs in the blood of different types of animals."
One day, he received a message from his mother saying that an Army officer named Donald Burke was looking for him. Burke, the chief virologist at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, in Silver Spring, had met Wolfe at a public-health conference the year before, and the men had spent hours talking about their shared obsession with viruses. Burke's job, loosely defined, was to keep the United States Army safe from epidemics. For practical reasons, the military has always made the control of tropical diseases a priority. Malaria, for example, has often caused more sickness and death among soldiers than bullets or bombs have. In 1943, in the midst of the Pacific campaign, General Douglas MacArthur complained, "This will be a long war if for every division I have facing the enemy I must count on a second division in hospital with malaria and a third division convalescing from this debilitating disease!"
In the nineteen-eighties, Burke's studies of H.I.V. prevalence among military recruits were the first to provide a meaningful snapshot of the epidemic in the United States. The Pentagon wanted an AIDS vaccine urgently, and Burke was asked to direct the effort. He started by exploring genetic variations within the virus itself. As with many infectious agents, including polio and influenza, H.I.V. comes in several strains. A vaccine that will work for one will not necessarily work for all. Distinct regional variations are common: a single strain, for example, has been predominant in Europe and the United States, another in South Africa, and still another in Southeast Asia.
As Burke studied the data, however, he saw something remarkable. There was one place where every strain of H.I.V. could be found: Central Africa. "If you looked at Cameroon and Gabon, you would see the roots of the epidemic,'' Burke said. "But nobody had any idea why." Burke, who is now the dean of the school of public health at the University of Pittsburgh, decided to investigate further.
Virologists and medical anthropologists had long known that chimpanzees and other apes carry viruses similar to those which infect humans. That's hardly surprising, since those animals are our nearest evolutionary relatives. Still, nobody had made an explicit connection between the diseases of nonhuman primates and AIDS. "I certainly had never heard the word 'bushmeat' before I went to Cameroon,'' Burke told me. "Let alone the possibility that bushmeat was associated with the emergence of viruses."
Burke made his first trip in 1996, at the invitation of Colonel Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole, a warm, garrulous man who ran the country's AIDS program, and who was commonly referred to as Colonel SIDA—the French acronym for AIDS. "You did not have to spend much time watching people hunting chimps to understand that this was very clearly a possible route of exposure," Burke said. "There was blood everywhere, and no precautions taken by the hunters or their wives."
Burke and Mpoudi-Ngole selected fifteen linguistically and geographically diverse villages in locations across Cameroon where they could test the blood of people who came in close contact with animals, particularly primates. It may now seem like an obvious undertaking, but essential ideas are often obvious only in retrospect. When I met Mpoudi-Ngole in Yaoundé, he told me that, by drawing attention to that link, Burke had done more to improve the health of Africans than had any other person alive.
Burke asked Wolfe to run the operation. Wolfe agreed, but told Burke that he wouldn't be free for at least a year. Burke said he would wait. "That may have been my best scientific decision,'' he told me, only partly in jest.
Wolfe lived in Yaoundé for five years, beginning in 2000, and says he loved every minute of it. He clearly feels at home there. Social skills are as important as scientific prowess to someone who spends so much of his life moving from one research outpost to the next, and Wolfe has a knack for management. He has been able to recruit prominent scientists who are devoted to him. "Nathan inspires me and he inspires everyone we work with,'' Joseph Fair, the organization's chief science officer, told me when I met with him in Yaoundé. Like others on Wolfe's team, Fair left a lucrative job to join the effort—and has never regretted his decision. "We work fifteen-hour days and on Saturdays and Sundays, and you do not get people to do that if they are not enthusiastic,'' he said. "Nathan makes people feel very good about what they do. Nobody leaves." (In 2008, Wolfe made a similar choice, walking away from a tenured position in epidemiology at U.C.L.A. to become a full-time virus hunter. "Try explaining that one to your Jewish mother," he said.)
We had come to Yaoundé to attend a meeting of military leaders and health officials from several Central African countries. The subject was pandemic preparedness. Wolfe, Fair, and the rest of the team were out every night, listening to West African music and eating tilapia, fufu, and cassava with friends and any number of Army generals. Wolfe was clearly the event's main attraction, and he was treated with deference by military officials from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Congo—people who rarely agree on anything.
"Hey, let's go look at some blood," Wolfe called, summoning me to what has to be the coldest laboratory in West Africa. The institute—a series of fortified bungalows—sits in the middle of a secure camp on the grounds of the Cameroonian Military Health Research Center, in central Yaoundé. It doesn't feel particularly military, though—or, for that matter, secure. Just a few hundred yards away, scores of merchants—who seem to have cornered the global market on extension cords, plug adapters, and USB chargers—sell their wares along the wide avenues of the capital.
The health-research complex has its own water supply, a liquid-nitrogen plant, and a series of freezers set at minus eighty degrees Celsius—an ideal temperature for preserving tissue specimens. Wolfe stood in the middle of a row of cylinders, each filled with cryogenically preserved samples of blood and tissue, taken from hunters, bats, cane rats, gorillas, spot-nosed monkeys, chimpanzees, and scaly anteaters.
Looking Californian in a maroon sport shirt and sneakers, he quickly unscrewed one of the cylinders. A gust of nitrogen vapor swirled out. The specimens in these containers make up perhaps the most comprehensive library of human and animal blood work in Africa. Hunters throughout the country now routinely carry filter paper, and when they kill a wild animal the hunters deposit a few drops of blood on the paper and seal it in a baggie (provided by G.V.F.). They can send the sample to the lab or wait until somebody comes to collect it. The idea arose from a method used by Matthew LeBreton to preserve dead snakes. "Everybody kills snakes. It is almost a reflex for humans,'' LeBreton told me. For years, he travelled the length of the country, compiling what would become the definitive book on the reptiles of Cameroon. "I would go to villages and ask people to just throw them in a pot of formalin, which preserved the snakes until I could collect and catalogue them.''
Neither LeBreton nor Wolfe believes that it pays to be too picky about the specimens they obtain. "You do not wait for perfection,'' LeBreton told me. "When . . . we work with bats, we can get specimens into liquid nitrogen in the field. You can't get better specimens. They are frozen instantly. But it is critical for our work that we not wait for something to be perfect. Because it's never perfect.''
The blood samples have already provided enough data for scores of scientific publications. Last year, scientists relied on the G.V.F. registry to identify the source of Plasmodium falciparum, the form of malaria that has probably killed more people than any other living organism. The origins and the evolutionary history of the parasite have always been murky. Because malaria is so widespread among humans, and so deadly, for years the most common scientific theory held that humans passed the disease to other primates. To test the hypothesis, Wolfe, Stephen Rich, of the University of Massachusetts, and others examined the genetic structure of a hundred samples of the chimpanzee version of the malaria parasite—P. reichenowi. They identified eight strains that collectively were far more genetically diverse than the human form. In fact, P. falciparum could, in most cases, be constructed from the genes of the chimp virus. That could only mean that the human form came from chimps, not the other way around.
Wolfe's team has also used its blood samples to search for variants of a virus called H.T.L.V.—human T-lymphotropic virus—which infects millions of people and causes leukemia and neurological illnesses. There had been two known strains—H.T.L.V.-1 and H.T.L.V.-2—and researchers found evidence of both viruses in the primate blood samples; they also discovered two new viruses, which they named H.T.L.V.-3 and H.T.L.V.-4. "This is an astonishing array of viruses,'' Donald Burke told me. "We have no idea how easily those viruses adapt to humans. Or how easily they can be transmitted between humans. But we better get prepared. Because, frankly, what we already know should be enough to frighten us all."
This year, Wolfe joined with a team of African, French, and American researchers to report a twentyfold increase in the incidence of monkeypox in Congo since the early nineteen-eighties. At first glance, the results were inexplicable. Then a pattern emerged: Vaccinia, the vaccine used so successfully to eradicate smallpox, also protects against monkeypox. After the last known case of smallpox occurred, in Somalia, in 1977, however, the virus was considered officially eradicated. In most countries, the vaccinations soon stopped, and when they did, a critical line of defense against monkeypox was lost. "The eradication of smallpox is one of the triumphs of medical history,'' Wolfe said. "But nothing in biology is simple."
Wolfe sat atop a freezer and dangled his legs like a schoolboy. The monkeypox finding was particularly gratifying to him because it demonstrated the unforeseen complexities of biological systems. "There is a thought experiment that I like,'' Wolfe said. ("Thought experiment" is a phrase he uses often.) "Let's just say you had a light switch on the wall and you could flip that switch and destroy every virus on the planet. Would you flip that switch? Almost everyone would say yes. But the effect on the planet would be so profound that life as we know it would cease to exist." Wolfe may be the viral world's most vigorous apologist, but he isn't wrong. Viruses can kill, yet they are also essential. In fact, vaccinia, which defeated smallpox, is itself a virus closely related to cowpox. In some parts of Japan, there have long been high rates of infection with H.T.L.V.-1, which can cause leukemia. People who are infected with that virus, however, are far less likely to develop stomach cancer than those who are not. In a study that followed a thousand people, participants were two and a half times as likely to develop stomach cancer if they were free of H.T.L.V.-1 than if they were infected.
Bacteria, the dominant life form on earth, are often controlled by viruses. They help regulate marine photosynthesis, and without them there would likely be no algae and no fish in the sea. In fact, earlier this year a team of researchers from M.I.T. managed to program viruses to mimic the process by which plants use sunlight to manufacture the chemicals they need to live. "The reason we think of viruses as negative entities is that physicians are the drunks looking under the lamppost for their keys," Wolfe has written. "If you are just looking for negative viruses, that is all you are going to find."
On a good day, a hunter in Messok-Messok, a dense jungle settlement not far from Ngoila, straggles home with an antelope slung over his shoulder. Or a cane rat. Monkeys, chimps, and gorillas are disappearing, so they are increasingly hard to find. But every so often somebody gets lucky. Late one afternoon, a village man walked into town carrying the body of a crowned monkey, which he turned over to his wife, a pregnant twenty-two-year-old named Sandrine. She laid the crowned monkey, so called for the soft tuft of white hair spread across its skull, on a mat of bright-green palm fronds that she had placed on the floor of the hut. Then she grabbed her machete. With practiced speed and impressive precision, Sandrine slit the monkey's gut, reached in, and pulled out its intestines. The ground was soon drenched with blood, and so were her hands. Wolfe, LeBreton, and I stood ten feet away, with several members of their team, who were wearing gloves and waiting to collect tissue and blood samples. As the young woman quartered the animal and sliced off its tail, the scientists pulled their face masks tight. I asked Wolfe if he ever offered such precautions to the villagers, and whether it bothered him to see this woman risk her life.
"Of course it bothers me,'' he said. "But here are the choices: We can do nothing. We can try to blend in and work without masks or gloves. I won't allow my people to take those risks. If you are asking if this is fair, then the answer is hell no. But it is not possible to get hunters and their wives to wear gloves. We try to convince them not to butcher if they have cuts on their hands.
"The bigger question is what can we do for these people?'' he went on. "How can we help them change their lives? Gloves are going to solve nothing. These people need economic opportunities and agricultural choices." (One of Wolfe's colleagues, a medical anthropologist, is working on just this issue. With support from U.S.A.I.D., she is attempting to determine the best way to change the behaviors that cause so much risk.) He pointed to Sandrine, who stood examining her work in the soft afternoon light. "She knows that this is risky," he said. "But it is not as risky for her as all the other choices in her life. We can worry all we want about viral pandemics, but that is not what keeps her up at night. She needs to care about dinner. And, until we recognize that, the rest means nothing."
There are no cell-phone towers in this part of Cameroon. No money. The best roads are mud paths cut by logging companies to move massive and ancient trees, some of which are so large that specially constructed trucks are required to cart them out of the jungle. Wolfe realizes that modern technology and globalization have connected viruses to humanity in dangerous ways, but he also sees in them an opportunity. "The forces that drove us into the age of pandemics can also help prevent them,'' he said. G.V.F. has started to focus on mobile communications—Wolfe considers the accumulation and analysis of "big data'' a crucial advance for epidemiology. He recently hired a Stanford medical student, Lucky Gunasekara, who has a background in mobile technology. The team wants every hunter to have a phone. If somebody is feeling sick, or finds five dead gorillas in the forest, or if a doctor sees an unusual rash, a text message can get that information out at once. Viral listening posts won't work unless villagers are able to share their knowledge. "If Twitter can predict movie sales or stock-market movements, and Google searches can show us where the next flu outbreak will be, surely we can find tools to help this woman,'' Wolfe said. "If we connect these people more carefully to the larger world, we could begin to address many of these problems."
Sandrine had just finished preparing the meat for dinner. I asked her if she understood how risky it was to plunge her hands into the intestines of a dead monkey. "Yes," she said. "I know that bushmeat is dangerous. That it can kill my children." She was also aware that there had been an outbreak of Ebola recently in Congo. I wondered whether she or her husband had ever seen dead monkeys or gorillas in the forest. She nodded, gazing at the dark foliage as night began to fall.
"What did you do when you saw them?" I asked.
She turned to me and smiled. "I thanked God, picked them up, and brought them home for dinner," she said. ♦


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A Secret Inside: Extreme Hoarding
Food Hoarding
Imagine being forced to dwell in a space that is so cluttered with junk, food and trash, you can barely walk. Now imagine owning two homes stuffed with plastic containers, empty boxes and bags and rotting food. This is what life looks like for Nancy, her boyfriend, Bob, and their three children. Nancy, a former nurse, admits to being an extreme hoarder, but how did she and Bob, a former corporate attorney, allow their lives to degenerate to this chaotic clutter?
"It's getting worse and worse. It's a tragedy," Bob says.
Lauren, 16, Dawn, 11, and Johnny, 9 are three children caught in the middle of the mess. They don't have a clean place to cook a meal, and Dawn and Johnny sleep together on a couch in the living room.
"Sometimes, I would rather be somewhere else."
Nancy says when Bob drinks, she retaliates by spending money. She admits to racking up $100,000 in debt. Bob says the hoarding is a threat to his sobriety.


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PHONE ISSUE EFFECTING CANDLER CAMPUS: There was a fire on Paulsen Street that has knocked out power to our customer service call center. Billing and preregistration phone lines will be out until Thursday morning. There will be some limited phone connection for outpatient radiology. We apologize for the inconvenience. Phone lines to Candler Hospital are open.
An aortic aneurysm is a weak spot in the main blood vessel in your body. You may not have symptoms at first. But this condition is serious. You may need surgery to repair the damaged area.
Hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure in which the uterus and possibly the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes are removed. Fibroids in the uterus are a common reason for a hysterectomy. In this video, you'll find out other medical conditions that may require a hysterectomy and what to expect if you need this procedure.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee can be injured during sporting activities, particularly when an athlete pivots suddenly. The ACL is one of four knee ligaments that stabilize the knee. This video discusses how the knee works and what you should do if you sustain an ACL injury.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of arthritis that primarily affects the ligaments and joints of the spine, especially the lower back. As the disease progresses, it can lead to a stooped posture. In this video, you'll find out how this condition develops and the treatments available.
The beating of your heart is very organized, taking its cue from a built-in electrical system. A normal heart rate is regular, at 60 to 100 beats per minute. An arrhythmia is any kind of abnormal heartbeat—too fast, too slow, or irregular. This video explains different arrhythmias and what you should do if you have one.
To protect your back when lifting an object, keep your spine in proper alignment. One way to remember this is to keep your ears over your shoulders and your shoulders over your hips. This video discusses other ways you can avoid back injuries.
Monitoring your blood sugar level can help you control your diabetes and your risk for developing complications such as eye or kidney disease. View this video, and learn how and why checking your blood sugar regularly plays an important role in diabetes management.
If you have a lump in your breast or a suspicious area on your mammogram or ultrasound, your health care provider may recommend a breast biopsy. Having a biopsy doesn't necessarily mean you have cancer. View this video to learn about the types of biopsies available and what to expect during the procedure.
The goal of breast cancer screening is to detect cancer at the earliest possible stage, when it is most treatable. This video takes a look at the three components of breast screening—a breast self-exam, a clinical exam by your doctor, and a mammogram.
Bursitis is an inflammation of a closed sac of fluid located near the joints called a bursa. When the bursa becomes inflamed, it causes joint pain and swelling. Learn about the causes and treatment of bursitis, as well as what you can do to help prevent its recurrence.
Cardiac catheterization procedure can diagnose a variety of heart conditions and determine the health of your coronary arteries, heart valves, and heart muscle. View this video to learn what happens during this procedure and various treatment options.
Physical activity is healthy for your heart—even after you've had a heart attack or bypass surgery. It's important to start out slowly, under the supervision of cardiac rehab specialists. In this video, you'll learn what's involved in cardiac rehab and how it can benefit your health in the long term.
An exercise imaging stress test shows how well blood flows inside your heart and how well your heart pumps blood. It gives your healthcare provider more information than a non-imaging stress test.
Carotid artery disease means that a large blood vessel in your neck is partly blocked. You may not have symptoms. But the condition is serious because it can lead to a stroke.
A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens within the eye that often occurs as a person ages. Although many cataracts develop without a known cause, long-term steroid use and diabetes are risk factors. Watch this video to find out what you can expect if you develop a cataract.
The vertebrae in your spine are cushioned by soft disks. When one of the disks in your neck—the cervical area of your spine—ruptures, the result can be neck pain. Watch this video to find out the possible causes and recommended treatment.
Cluster headaches are uncommon, but when they occur, they bring on severe head pain. The pain is constant, focused in and around one eye. This video discusses the possible causes of this type of headache and recommended treatments.
Colon cancer screening can find cancer early, when it's easier to treat. There are several kinds of screening tests. Your healthcare provider can help you decide which is best for you.
Colonoscopy is a procedure that lets your doctor see directly inside your entire colon using a flexible tube. It can detect intestinal problems such as bleeding or early signs of colorectal cancer. In this video, you'll learn what you might experience during a colonoscopy and what to expect given your particular results.
Certain changes and discomforts occur during pregnancy - and are perfectly normal. Some of these changes include backache, frequent urination, and constipation. This video describes typical changes, how to safely relieve your discomfort, and what circumstances require a visit to your doctor.
A concussion is an injury to the brain caused by a blow to the head, or by striking the head on another object. It may result in loss of consciousness or confusion, but the effects usually resolve in a few hours or days. This video explains what happens during a concussion, how it should be treated, and what preventive steps to take.
This procedure, a common type of open heart surgery, is one way to treat blockages in the arteries of the heart. Watch the video and learn about the surgery and what you can expect during recovery and rehabilitation.
People with diabetes may develop eye problems such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. In this video, you'll find out more about these problems and what you can do to prevent them. The best approach is good control of your blood sugar levels. You should also have a yearly eye exam.
Recently updated to focus on patients diagnosed when an adult. Updated animations of blood glucose and insulin interaction provide a better understanding of Type 1 diabetes. Explains how Type 1 Diabetes cannot be prevented and helps patients learn how to manage the condition. Covers common risk factors, as well as treatment options and side effects. Also available in Spanish.
Updated with new animations, this program explains how insulin resistance can lead to pre-diabetes and then to Type 2 Diabetes. A straightforward explanation of risk factors along with signs and symptoms and complications encourages the viewer to start thinking about lifestyle changes.
Diverticuli are herniations in the muscular layer of the colon that produce small, saclike swellings. Diverticulitis occurs when diverticuli become inflamed and infected. This video examines the possible causes of this condition, typical symptoms, and available treatments.
An upper endoscopy (EGD) allows a doctor to visualize your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, or the upper part of your small intestine. EGD uses a special tube to help diagnose illnesses such as acid reflux or peptic ulcer disease. In this video, you'll learn what you might experience during the actual procedure, as well as its benefits, and any potential risks.
There are benefits to getting regular exercise during pregnancy for most women. Work with your health care provider to develop a safe exercise program you can do throughout your pregnancy. This video discusses the benefits of exercise, as well as recommendations on how to exercise.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a common procedure. It used to check the health of the lower part of the colon. It can show your doctor what's causing problems with your bowel movements, or causing bloody stool, belly pain, or weight loss. This video will show you how it's done.
Maintaining normal blood sugar levels helps to prevent diabetic foot problems: nerve damage, poor circulation, and infection. This video demonstrates how to do daily foot care that can impact the development of these complications.
Your body needs cholesterol to make hormones and to keep your cells healthy. Cholesterol comes from two sources: your liver and your diet. However, if your diet exceeds the body's need for cholesterol or saturated fats, your cholesterol level in your blood will increase. This video discusses treatments and lifestyle changes that may be prescribed by your doctor.
Millions of Americans suffer heart attacks every year. Half of these are fatal, and some of the rest cause severe damage to heart's function. This video explains what happens during a heart attack and what can be done to minimize the damage.
Heart failure is a condition in which your heart cannot pump enough oxygenated blood to meet your body's needs. This video explains the different types of heart failure, and the treatments that can help you manage your condition and live a healthy life.
Kidney stones are a common problem, affecting about 12 percent of men and 5 percent of women. Stones are typically caused by an imbalance in the urinary system: too little water, too much oxalate, or too much calcium. In this video, you'll find out how the stones develop and what you can do to prevent them.
Labor differs from woman to woman and from pregnancy to pregnancy, but common signs and symptoms can let you know when it is starting. Contractions that increase in strength and frequency are a sure sign you are in true labor. This video discusses the three stages of labor and delivery, as well as types of delivery.
Quitting smoking is a major life event. It's easier to do when you are prepared for what's to come. Watch and learn how to make a solid plan that will keep you on the path to being smoke-free.
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the US. Melanoma is the least common, but the most deadly of the three skin cancer types. In this video, you'll learn who's at risk for melanoma, what to look for to help detect this cancer, and what you can do to prevent it.
An MDI is the most commonly used inhaler in treating lung diseases such as asthma and COPD. Unfortunately, many people who need an inhaler do not use it correctly, so they don't receive the full benefit of the medication. Watch this video to learn the best way to use your inhaler.
Migraine headaches are intense, recurrent headaches that may occur at any age but usually begin between the ages of 10 and 30 years. The precise cause is unknown, but it is hereditary in up to 80 percent of cases. This video gives additional details about migraines, including their symptoms and effective treatments.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a slowly progressive disease of the central nervous system. MS damages the protective covering of nerve fibers, which leads to multiple physical problems. In this video, you'll learn about possible causes, the range of symptoms, and treatments available.
Myasthenia gravis is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by sporadic muscular fatigue and weakness. It occurs chiefly in the muscles of swallowing and chewing, as well as the muscles of the eyes, face, and neck. This video explores possible causes of this disease, as well as available treatments.
People can become obese by taking in more calories than they burn. Obesity also appears to be influenced by genetics. This video discusses the health risks associated with obesity and what treatment and lifestyle changes are commonly recommended.
Osteoarthritis most commonly affects the knees, hips, spine, and other weight-bearing joints in the body. Sometimes called the "wear and tear" arthritis, advancing age is a risk factor, but so are obesity and severe injury to the joint. This video discusses the symptoms, treatment, and steps you can take to minimize pain from osteoarthritis.
You may need a pacemaker if you have an abnormal heartbeat. To understand how a pacemaker works, watch this video. It will also help you learn how to care for and live with your pacemaker.
A peak flow meter for asthma is like a thermometer for a fever - it helps you monitor what's going on inside your lungs by measuring airflow out of the lungs. The meter can tell you if your airways are narrowing well before asthma symptoms begin. Learn how to use a peak flow meter, how to find your "personal best," and how to set your peak flow zones.
Pre-diabetes means your blood sugar level is above normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Pre-diabetes increases the risk for developing diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. The good news is, with healthy lifestyle changes, you can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. Take action; watch this video to find out more about what you can do.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States. One in five men will have a diagnosis of prostate cancer in his lifetime. In this video, you'll find out about diagnostic tests available, as well as recommended treatments.
Giving up smoking is a tough decision. And slipups can happen. But a slipup doesn't have to be an excuse to start smoking again. Watch and learn how to get back on track with your plan to quit smoking.
Having shoulder pain or problems lifting your arms over your head? You may have tendonitis or a tear in the muscles and tendons that hold your shoulder in place, called the rotator cuff. This video explains symptoms of this syndrome, possible treatments, and ways you can prevent shoulder injuries.
Scoliosis is a condition that causes the spine to curve sideways. It can develop during childhood or adolescence and can range from mild to severe. This video explains how scoliosis occurs and what treatments are available.
A seizure is caused by abnormal signals in the brain. One type of generalized seizure is the grand mal seizure. A person have this type of seizure may lose consciousness, as well as bowel and bladder control. This video explains what occurs during a grand mal seizure and what treatments are available.
A seizure is caused by abnormal signals in the brain. One type of generalized seizure is the petit mal or absence seizure. A person having this type of seizure has only brief breaks of consciousness that may not be noticed. This video explains how a petit mal seizure occurs and what treatments are available.
Although used less commonly than knee or hip replacement, shoulder replacement surgery removes diseased or damaged bone in the shoulder and replaces it with an artificial joint. If arthritis pain is unrelieved by other methods, you may need replacement surgery. Learn how the shoulder works and what to expect in replacement surgery.
Spinal stenosis is a condition in which the spinal canal narrows and pinches the nerves, resulting in back and leg pain. Spinal stenosis often occurs in older adults, although younger people who are born with a small spinal canal may also develop symptoms. This video explains the condition and what treatments are recommended.
A spinal tap, also called lumbar puncture, is used to take a sample of the fluid from the spinal column to look for infection or bleeding. The most common reasons people need this procedure include severe headache, fever with a stiff neck or vomiting, or confusion. Watch this video to learn what happens during this procedure.
A stroke occurs when either too much blood or too little blood disrupts blood flow to part of the brain. This deprives brain tissue of necessary oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes brain cells begin to die and the result is a loss of brain function.
Tension headaches are usually dull, aching, or throbbing headaches often associated with sensations of fullness, tightness, or pressure. The pain involves both sides of the head and neck. In this video, you'll find out more about symptoms, possible causes, and recommended treatments.
When the hip joint is injured or develops arthritis, hip replacement surgery may be recommended. This video takes a closer look at hip arthritis and what to expect during hip replacement surgery.
Degenerative changes or injury to the knee can cause pain, swelling, and immobility. When knee pain affects your quality of life, you may be a candidate for total knee replacement. In this video, you will learn about knee replacement surgery, its benefits, and its potential risks.
A transient ischemic attack (TIA), also called a ministroke stroke, causes symptoms similar to those of a stroke. The difference is that TIAs don't cause permanent brain damage. This video explains what happens during a TIA, what you should do if you have symptoms, and what treatment is available.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition that causes numbness and aching in the hands and arms. It becomes worse with participation in some common sports or jobs. Learn how CTS develops and what you can do to prevent it.
St.Joseph's Hospital Campus: 912-819-4100
Candler Hospital Campus: 912-819-6000


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School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Biochemistry (B.S.)
The Biochemistry program at UT Dallas, administered through the Department of Chemistry, draws on faculty from the Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and researchers from UT Southwestern Medical School to provide courses and research opportunities to its majors. The Biochemistry major bridges the gap between modern Chemistry and Biology. The curriculum, designed to prepare students for either graduate work in the Biological Sciences, the Chemical Sciences, or for entry-level positions in the biotechnology industry, builds on a base of biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics to provide the student the opportunity to develop essential theoretical and practical skills.
Robert A. Welch Chair in Chemistry, Professor of Chemistry: Ray H. Baughman
Cecil and Ida Green Distinguished Chair in Systems Biology; Professor of Chemistry: A. Dean Sherry
Professors: Kenneth J. Balkus, Jr., Rockford K. Draper (Biology), John P. Ferraris, Bruce E. Gnade (Electrical Engineering), Inga H. Musselman
Associate Professors: Michael C. Biewer, Gregg R. Dieckmann, Warren J. Goux, Paul Pantano, John W. Sibert IV
Assistant Professors: Jung-Mo Ahn, Mihaela C. Stefan, Steven O. Nielsen, Jie Zheng
Affiliated Professors: Lee A. Bulla (Biology), Anvar A. Zakhidov (Physics)
Research Professors: Gary E. Kiefer, Duck Joo Yang
Emeritus Professor: Richard A. Caldwell
Senior Lecturers: Sergio Cortes, Sandhya R. Gavva, Claudia Taenzler
Molecular and Cell Biology:
Professors: Lee A. Bulla, Santosh D'Mello, Rockford K. Draper, Juan E. González, Donald M. Gray, Steven D. Levene, Betty S. Pace, Lawrence J. Reitzer, Li Zhang, Michael Q. Zhang
Associate Professors: Gail A.M. Breen, John G. Burr, Jeff L. Delong, Ernest M. Hannig, Dennis L. Miller, Stephen Spiro
Assistant Professor: Tianbing Xia, Zhenyu Xuan
Senior Lecturers: Irina Borovkov, Mehmet Candas, Vincent P. Cirillo, Wenju Lin, Robert C. Marsh, Ruben Ramirez, Scott A. Rippel, Ilya Sapozhnikov, Wen-Ho Yu
UT Southwestern Medical School:
UTD Biochemistry majors may perform their research in the laboratories of faculty members from the departments of Biochemistry, Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology at UT Southwestern, as available.
Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry
Degree Requirements (B.S. 129 hours)
I. Core Curriculum Requirements1
- Communication (6 hours)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (15 hours)
- Humanities and Fine Arts (6 hours)
- Mathematics and Quantitative Reasoning (6 hours) 3
- Science (9 hours)
II. Major Requirements:
Major Preparatory Courses (29 hours beyond core curriculum)
- BIOL 2111 Introduction to Modern Biology Workshop I
- or CHEM 1115 Honors Freshman Chemistry Laboratory I 2, 3 CHEM 1112 General Chemistry Laboratory II 2, 3
- or CHEM 1116 Honors Freshman Chemistry Laboratory II 2, 3 CHEM 1311 General Chemistry I 2, 3
- or CHEM 1315 Honors Freshman Chemistry I 2, 3 CHEM 1312 General Chemistry II 2, 3
- or CHEM 1316 Honors Freshman Chemistry II 2, 3 CHEM 2123 Introductory Organic Chemistry Laboratory I *
- and MATH 2414 Integral Calculus3
and MATH 2415 Calculus of Several Variables3
II. MATH 2417 Calculus I3
- and MATH 2419 Calculus II3
and MATH 2451 Multivariable Calculus with Applications
PHYS 2125 Physics Laboratory I
- or PHYS 3341 Physics for Bio Science I
or PHYS 2421 Honors Physics I – Mechanics and Heat
PHYS 2326 Electromagnetism and Waves
- or PHYS 3342 Physics for Bio Science II
or PHYS 2422 Honors Physics II – Electromagnetism and Waves
BIOL 2311 Introduction to Modern Biology I
CHEM 1111 General Chemistry Laboratory I 2, 3
CHEM 2125 Introductory Organic Chemistry Laboratory II *
CHEM 2323 Introductory Organic Chemistry I *
CHEM 2325 Introductory Organic Chemistry II *
CHEM 2401 Introductory Quantitative Methods in Chemistry 2, 3
MATH Sequence - Choose one of the following:
- I. MATH 2413 Differential Calculus3
PHYS 2126 Physics Laboratory II
PHYS 2325 Mechanics
Major Core Courses (40 hours beyond core curriculum)
- BIOL 3101 Classical and Molecular Genetics Workshop
BIOL 3102 Eukaryotic Molecular and Cell Biology Workshop
BIOL 3161 Biochemistry Workshop I
BIOL 3162 Biochemistry Workshop II
BIOL 3301 Classical and Molecular Genetics
BIOL 3302 Eukaryotic Molecular and Cell Biology
BIOL 3380 Biochemistry Laboratory
BIOL/CHEM 3361 Biochemistry I
BIOL/CHEM 3362 Biochemistry II
BIOL 3V93 (3 hours) Undergraduate Research in Biochemistry 4
or CHEM 3V92 (3 hours) Undergraduate Research in Biochemistry 4
or CHEM 4V91 (3 hours) Research in Chemistry 4
CHEM 3321 Physical Chemistry I
CHEM 3322 Physical Chemistry II
CHEM 3472 Instrumental Analysis
CHEM 4390 Research and Advanced Writing in Chemistry 2, 4
or BIOL 4391 Senior Research in Molecular and Cell Biology (Advanced Writing) 2, 4
or BIOL 4399 Senior Honors Research in Molecular and Cell Biology (Thesis/Advanced Writing) 2, 4or CHEM 4399 Research and Advanced Writing in Chemistry for Honors Students 2, 4
Any two upper-division Chemistry or Biology electives (6 hours) not taken to fulfill above.
1 Curriculum Requirements can be fulfilled by other approved courses from accredited institutions of higher education. The courses listed in parentheses are recommended as the most efficient way to satisfy both Core Curriculum and Major Requirements at UT Dallas.
2 A required Major course that also fulfills Core Curriculum requirements. If hours are counted in the Core Curriculum, students must complete additional coursework to meet the minimum requirement for graduation. Course selection assistance is available from the undergraduate advisor.
3 Hours above the Core Curriculum requirement are counted as part of the Major Preparatory Courses.
4 Undergraduate Research in Biochemistry (BIOL 3V93/CHEM 3V92), Research in Chemistry (CHEM 4V91), Research and Advanced Writing in Advanced Chemistry (CHEM 4390), Senior Research in Molecular and Cell Biology (Advanced Writing) (BIOL 4391), Senior Honors Research in Molecular and Cell Biology (Thesis/Advanced Writing) (BIOL 4399), and Research and Advanced Writing in Chemistry for Honors Students (CHEM 4399) are better defined as a project than a course and constitutes an important part of the B. S. degree. The student conducts original research under the supervision of a faculty member, and then must submit a research report which is defended orally in an undergraduate research symposium during the spring semester of their senior year. Normally this project will span two or more semesters. A complete set of guidelines is available from the undergraduate advisor.
* Indicates a prerequisite class to be completed before enrolling for upper-division classes.
III. Elective Requirements: 18 hours
Advanced Electives (6 hours)
Free Electives (12 hours)
STAT 3332 Statistics for Life Sciences is strongly recommended.
Fast Track Baccalaureate/Master's Degrees
Undergraduate students at UT Dallas with strong academic records who intend to pursue the M.S. in Chemistry at UT Dallas may apply for a Fast Track plan of study which involves taking selected graduate courses as an upper-level student. After admission to the graduate program, 15 hours of graduate courses with an earned grade of B or better can be used toward completion of the baccalaureate degree and to satisfy requirements for the master's degree. Interested students should contact the undergraduate advisor well in advance of the junior year to prepare a sequence permitting maximal advantage to be taken of the catalog's regulations (see www.utdallas.edu/student/catalog/undergrad10/policies/graduatecourses.html regarding Undergraduate Registration for Graduate Courses.


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Some last remarks on marriage and celibacy for the Kingdom
I created a bit of a firestorm over the weekend (13 comments!) when I pointed out the age-old tradition of the Church that although marriage is a very great good, celibacy for God is better, which is also found in the new Catechism. Much has been hashed out in the comments. But I want to address a few misconceptions:
To say that celibacy is better is not to say that marriage is not good. Indeed there were other sects who valued virginity, but for all the wrong reasons. The Manichaeans valued virginity because it was sterile, and they thought bodily life was evil. Moderns value sterility without virginity, but also the single life rather than married, for much the same reason. Christians value virginity not because it is sterile, but because it is fruitful--it allows one to cling ever more closely to the source of life, Christ.
Here's what the commenter Flambeaux wrote: This strikes me as a logical fallacy. If their is an objectively superior good, then we must pursue it. Those who fail to pursue it are worse off for not possessing that good, and it is a sign of spiritual defect to not pursue it. I seem to recall, not by way of accusation, that several heresies found their genesis in the apparent rejection of marriage evident in Scripture.
This presumes that all are capable of reaching it. Jesus makes clear that such a gift must be given by God. You can't rightly complain that you haven't received a gift, since that makes it not a gift, but a right. The celibate life for the kingdom is a gift. It is an objectively superior good that not all can pursue, much like slam-dunking is an objectively superior basketball shot that not all can pursue. Yet by the very fact that it is good, I should see that it is a good thing, even if I can't have it. Cardinal George remarked once that one wants seminarians and priests who would like to be fathers; fatherhood is a Good Thing, and those clergy would have to be weird people not to desire fatherhood. I am arguing the reverse: Fathers ought to want to be monks, since the monastic life is a Good Thing (even, according to Christ, a Better Thing), even if they can't do it.
This is not envy, where you wish others not to have a good that you desire, but a joyful approval of the good that another enjoys. "Yes, that's a good thing. All other things being equal, I would like that good thing as well."
Flambeaux continues in another comment: If X is an objective good, and Y is an objective good, we have two objective goods.
If X is objectively superior to Y, then Y must be objectively inferior to X, though both are still goods.
X and Y are mutually exclusive choices.
If, knowing that X is superior to Y, one chooses Y, rather than X, then one has actively chosen a lesser good at the expense of a superior good.
Is that not the definition of venial sin? Nowhere in the Tradition is marriage equated to venial sin, in so far as I am aware.
How do we measure the goodness of X and Y? We measure by how close they are to the ultimate end of human action. That end or goal is union with God. The celibate contemplative life is objectively closer to that life because it is more like heaven. After all, marriage passes away, as Jesus says to the Sadducees, but the love of God (and neighbor in God) is eternal. Monks get a head-start. They're given a head-start as a witness to us not to get too attached to the temporal goods of this world, which are, after all, temporary.
Also, you are leaving out of your equation the fact that to do X, one must be called to it. There is no sin in not doing what one can't do, or as philosophers put it: "Ought implies can." If you aren't given the grace of celibacy, you can't do it. Therefore you shouldn't.
Of course, if one is given such grace to choose the higher life, and declines, that could in fact be a sin.
One more bit of commentary: Further, this position seems to, unintentionally, cast aspersions on the married clergy of both the Eastern and Western Churches. I'm puzzled by this comment. It is the continual practice in both East and West to choose bishops from the unmarried clergy. In the East, bishops are preferentially chosen from the monks.
I still notice that not one of the people who disagrees with me has attempted to engage the scripture on this. The silence is significant--surely if I am wrong there is a way to read Matthew 19 and the Pauline statements in a way that makes clear that I am wrong?
Finally, look at it practically. If marriage and the celibate contemplative life are Just As Good As Each Other, why should anyone choose the latter, since it is much harder? If being in the Air Force is just as good as being a Marine, why would anyone choose the Marines?


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Tips, Hints, strategy, Cheats and Walkthrough for Level 635 of Candy Crush Saga
Walkthrough for the level 635 of Candy Crush Saga
Target Required –
No of Points Required –
No of Moves available –
No of Candy Colors present–
Name of Candy Colors –
Play Candy Crush Saga on:
Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/games/candycrush
Android – https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.king.candycrushsaga&hl=en
iTunes – https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/candy-crush-saga/id553834731?mt=8
Amazon – http://www.amazon.com/King-Candy-Crush-Saga/dp/B00FAPF5U0
No of stars Required – One
Different Type of Goals you will find in Level 635 of Candy Crush Saga –
a) Moves and Score
b) Jelly
c) Ingredients
d) Time Limited
e) Candy order
How to beat Level 635 of Candy Crush Saga?
This is the strategy that we used to beat this level
A) In level 635 of Candy Crush Saga matching five candies in a row or column will create a Color Bomb.
B) Try to match 4 candies in a row or column to create striped candies in level 635 of Candy Crush Saga
C) In Candy Crush Saga level 635 try to match candies in "T" or "L" Shape as they create wrapped Candy
D) Always try to combine two different special candies in Candy Crush Saga level 635 for maximum results
E) In level 635 always try to remove the blockers(Licorice, Locked Candies etc) first.
F) Keep a close eye on number of moves and do not waste any moves because they are always limited in level 635
G) In Candy Crush Saga 635 don't always use suggested moves as they are just recommendations
h) In Candy Crush Saga 635 take a look at the entire board first and start making matches from the bottom of the board.
This video shows players the strategy to beat Candy Crush Saga level 635.
Boosters which help you clear level 635 of Candy Crush Saga –
a) In level 635 of Candy Crush Saga when jelly fish is matched with two or more candies of same color, three extra pieces of jelly of same color are cleared
b) Coconut wheel rolls either horizontally or vertically and will create three striped candies in level 635 of Candy Crush Saga
c) In Candy Crush Saga level 635 color bomb will remove all other candies of same color
d) Start your game with one striped and one wrapped candy in Candy Crush Saga level 635
e) In level 635 lucky candy can be matched to fit any combination.
f) Five extra moves can be when when standard number of moves isn't quite enough in level 635
g) Lollipop Hammer lets you smash a candy of our choice in level 635
h) In Candy Crush Saga 635 you can use free switch which allows to switch two different colored candies
i) You can even add Fifteen seconds extra for timed levels
g) Sweet teeth eats their way through any candy, blockers or bombs that lie in there path in level 635 of candy crush saga
h) Bomb Cooler adds five to the countdown for all the bombs
This picture shows players the layout how Candy Crush Saga level 635 looks like
Here are the obstacles and solutions you may find in level 635 of Candy Crush Saga –
– In level 635 of candy crush saga chocolates can be cleared by making adjacent matches next to them
– Meringue requires one adjacent match to clear it in level 635 of Candy Crush Saga
– In Candy Crush Saga level 635 Multilayered Icing requires several adjacent matches to clear them.
– Locked candies can be cleared by making a match that involves the locked candy in Candy Crush Saga level 635
– In level 635 Liquorice Swirl is unmatchable and will also block our blasts from striped candies and wrapped candies
– Chocolate Spawner will continue to produce chocolate if you don't clear chocolate in two rounds in level 635
Supported Android or Apple Devices for Candy Crush Saga –
a) Android Devices – Android OS 2.3 or higher, 320 x 480 resolution or higher, supports Open GL ES 2.0 and own a processor built on ARMv7 architecture
b) Apple Devices – iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPad 2, iPad Mini, iPod Touch 3rd Generation and later(Supports iOS version 4.3.5 or later)
c) Kindle devices – Kindle Fire(1st and 2nd Gen), Kindle Fire HD 7′(2nd and 2rd Gen), Kindle Fire HDX 7′(3rd Gen) and Kindle Fire HDX 8.9′(2nd and 3rd Gen)
d) Windows Devices – Windows 8.0 and 8.1 Devices
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Q&A with Head Athletics Trainer Kevin Messey
Related Links
there are many individuals that contribute to the overall success of the UC San
Diego Athletics Department, Kevin Messey has the opportunity to make a
difference each and every day. As UCSD's Head Athletics Trainer, he works with
his staff to keep Triton student-athletes healthy and ready for competition.
Whether it's treating an injury, staffing an event, or talking to an athlete about
diet and nutrition, Messey can be found in the trenches, working to put the
best possible team on the field, court, or in the pool. A 1999 graduate of Missouri
State, Messey went on to attend the prestigious Arizona School of Health
Sciences, where he earned several of the industries' top certifications. In
addition to his experience at the collegiate level, he has worked with the San
Francisco 49ers and Giants and also served at the U.S. Olympic Training Center.
A certified Graston Technique Provider, he is also an approved clinical
instructor for the Athletic Training Education Program at San Diego State. Amidst
preparation for his fifth season as UCSD's head athletics trainer and ninth
with the department overall, Messey recently took a few moments to answer some
questions for UCSDtritons.com.
Q: You are entering your fifth season as Head Athletics Trainer at UCSD. Is there such thing as a typical workday?
MESSEY: A typical day is far and few between, but the best idea of a typical day starts with me arriving at UCSD and heading straight to my office to answer some emails and return some phone calls before I start to treat athletes. Usually during the process of emailing and making calls I stop to help the athletes, as well. The rest of my day is a consistent fluctuation of evaluating injuries, treating athletes, answering emails, and returning phones calls. No day is typical from the perspective that there are always new injuries and changes to current or old injuries.
Q: What is
the most common injury you see among Triton student-athletes? Are there any
changing trends that you've noticed during your time here?
MESSEY: In my opinion there isn't a common injury with all 23 of our teams, but there are common injuries per sport. We tend to see trends in injuries, meaning we might have five ankle sprains in five weeks and then we may not see an ankle sprain for five months. The saying "when it rains, it pours" seems to hold true for us in many respects.
Q: Are
there certain programs or sports that require more attention than others? If
so, why?
MESSEY: There are certain programs that require more attention. This is usually due to the nature of the sport. For example, our contact sports, such as soccer or basketball, tend to need more attention because of the higher incidence of collision and contact.
Q: From your standpoint, what would you say are the biggest keys to being successful on the court, field, or in the pool?
MESSEY: This is a tough question. There are many characteristics that create successful athletes, but from a medical perspective there are a few that standout. In order to succeed, the athlete must obviously be dedicated to their sport and the training necessary to compete at this level, but the component that sets the successful from the less successful is what they do outside of their practice times. This includes strength training, nutrition, psychological management, and physical and mental rest and sleep. These aspects are typically overlooked and play a large part in an athlete's success.
Q: You see
many of our student-athletes on a daily basis and get to know some of them
better than anybody. What three words would you say best describe Triton
MESSEY: Dedicated, well rounded, successful.
Q: You
have a great relationship with your staff, mainly assistant athletic trainers
Tosh Tepraseuth and Vanessa Yang. What makes those two so easy to work with?
MESSEY: In my opinion we have the best athletic training staff you can find. With ever-growing demands, it's challenging to cover nearly 600 athletes with just three full time and two part-time athletic trainers. In any athletic training room, it is very important to have a medical staff that works cohesively. Both Tosh and Vanessa have excellent personalities for this job. They have a great sense of humor, are dedicated, reliable, patient, easy going, and work well with all personalities. Tosh and Vanessa's contributions to the athletic training room and the athletics department overall are more than can be appreciated in words.
Q: What's the best part about your job working at UCSD?
MESSEY: The best part is seeing the expression on the athletes' faces when they realize that their injury has been resolved and they are ready to return to normal athletic activity. Knowing that we had a lot to do with their return from injury is the most fulfilling part of this job.
Q: You
have a degree in Sports Medicine and Athletic Training from Missouri State.
When did you know you wanted to get into athletic training?
MESSEY: I actually fell into athletic training on accident. As an athlete in high school, I was fascinated with the science of the human body and the aspects of athletic performance. I took medical science classes in high school and spent many hours in the weight room outside of my typical practices and games. My high school counselor helped me find a university that had a program called "Athletic Training", which we both believed was related to athletic performance (also known as strength and conditioning at that time). We were wrong and I found out on the first day of school my freshman year when I went to my first class and the professor was outlining the course, which was predominately going to focus on sports medicine. After researching strength and conditioning, I realized that there really wasn't a specific major in that field at that time so I decided to stick with athletic training to see if I liked it. Needless to say, I did like it quite a bit and here I am today.
Q: You
have worked with athletes at many levels, including high school and college,
while also spending some time in the pro ranks. What's the biggest difference
between amateur and professional athletes in the training room?
MESSEY: It's hard to generalize this answer since it depends on the personalities of the athletes. But to make the best comparison between a successful amateur athlete and a successful professional athlete, I would say that the amateur athlete is much more humble. Both groups work really hard to achieve success at their level, but I think the money and fame is what changes the athlete. When it comes to injuries, not much changes. An ACL tear is an ACL tear, and its up to the dedication of the athlete to complete the rehabilitation properly and thoroughly to have an excellent outcome.
Q: What
advice would you give to any aspiring athletic trainers out there?
MESSEY: Athletic training is a challenging profession. Before you commit yourself to an athletic training program, you should spend at least 300 hours volunteering for your local high school, community college, or four-year college to ensure this is what you want to do. The university athletic training education programs are very intense and require complete dedication to complete them successfully. I would also suggest interviewing a certified athletic trainer at these locations to find out if this is the profession for you. You can also go to www.nata.org to learn more about the profession.
Q: Are
there any athletes or coaches you admire? Why?
MESSEY: Albert Pujols comes to mind, partially because I'm a fan of the St. Louis Cardinals, but mostly because of what he does off the field. He is a respectable individual, who seems to have good morals and values. In this day and age it's hard to find a superstar that isn't caught up in scandals or negative news in some way. I hope he can keep it up.
Q: Speaking
of the Cardinals, St. Louis is two games behind the upstart Cincinnati Reds in
the National League Central standings as of this writing. Do the Cards have
what it takes to come back and win a second straight division title?
MESSEY: With Albert Pujols they always have a chance!
Q: Where's
your favorite place to grab a bite in San Diego?
MESSEY: San Diego has many fine restaurants and excellent food. It's tough to choose just one. If I'm going out for a nice meal, then it has to be Donovan's Steak House. If I'm going cheap and casual, then it's Pizza Port.
Q: If you
could splurge on one junk food, what would it be?
MESSEY: Chocolate cookies are my favorite sweet.
Previous Q & A Articles
Dan O'Brien (Baseball Head Coach) June 18, 2010
Christine Merrill (Women's Track & Field) June 14, 2010
Vance Albitz (Baseball) May 11, 2010
Erik Elliott (Men's Tennis) May 3, 2010
Kelly Fogarty (Women's Track & Field) April 23, 2010
Liz LaPlante (Women's Tennis Head Coach) April 15, 2010
Kirby St. John (Baseball) March 24, 2010
Dan Perdew (Men's Swimming) February 28, 2010
Calvin Ross (Men's Volleyball) February 20, 2010
Nicole Saari (Softball) February 4, 2010
Brad Kreutzkamp (Women's Water Polo Head Coach) January 18, 2010
Tyler Acevedo (Men's Basketball) January 4, 2010
Dr. Cliff Kubiak (UCSD's Faculty Athletic Rep) December 18, 2009
Chelsea Carlisle (Women's Basketball) December 9, 2009
Carianne Cunningham (Women's Swimming) November 23, 2009
Elena Inouye (Cross Country) November 6, 2009
David Morton (Men's Water Polo) October 28, 2009
Juan Pablo Carillo (Men's Swimming) October 19, 2009
Sara Spaventa (Women's Soccer) October 10, 2009
Karen Reis (Women's Volleyball) October 2, 2009
Daniel Pavitt (Men's Soccer) September 23, 2009
Daniel Anderson (Cross Country) September 11, 2009
Peter Gresham (Men's Water Polo) September 2, 2009
Alexia Zatarain (Women's Soccer) August 24, 2009
Elaine Chen (Women's Volleyball) August 12, 2009
Jared Kukura (Men's Soccer) July 30, 2009
Dawn Lee (Former Women's Soccer Standout) July 8, 2009
Rob Mamula (Director of Athletic Performance) June 18, 2009
Garrett Imeson (Baseball) June 8, 2009
Leon Baham (Men's Track & Field) May 21, 2009
Kristyn Lesovsky (Softball) May 8, 2009
Kazumi Negishi (Men's Tennis) May 5, 2009
Laiah Blue (Women's Track & Field) April 16, 2009
Ryan Andre (Men's Crew) April 2, 2009
Josh Tanner (Baseball) March 24, 2009
Anju Shimura (Women's Swimming) March 7, 2009
Stephanie Bocian (Women's Water Polo) February 20, 2009
Lauren Chastain (Softball) February 5, 2009
A.J. Maulhardt (Men's Basketball) January 28, 2009
Annette Ilg (Women's Basketball) January 22, 2009
Steven Hardy (Men's Swimming) January 13, 2009


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Meat Market and Italian Deli Offering Corn Fed Iowa Beef - Choice and Prime
Beef • Pork • Chicken • Veal • Lamb • Deli Meats and Italian Pastas
Al's Meat Market and Italian Deli is your source for Corn Fed Iowa Custom Cut Beef. From beef to pork to chicken, and even lamb and veal our meat market and Italian deli has everything you need all in one place. We also feature a full line of deli meats and cheeses. Our business is know for providing portion cutting. For more information about us contact us today. We serve Sun City, Phoenix, Surprise, Peoria, Scottsdale, Glendale, Pima and Maricopa County.
Hours of Operation:Wednesday – Friday, 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.Saturday, 9:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.Closed on Sundays, Mondays and Tuesday


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Tag Archives: Morskie Oko
Zakopane accommodation – – guest houses
Are you planning your Zakopane vacation and searching for the best Zakopane hotels? The best Zakopane accommodation for your family may not be a hotel; it may be a guesthouse. Guesthouses are a perfect choice for accommodation during you Zakopane … Continue reading
Zakopane attractions – month by month
Zakopane, Poland is probably best known for its fantastic skiing. Visitors to Zakopane usually come to participate in various winter sports; however, there are always plenty of attractions in Zakopane each month of the year. If you are interested in … Continue reading
Beautiful Zakopane – Home of World-Class Skiing and So Much More!
Zakopane, a small resort town nestled into the base of Poland's scenic Tatra Mountains, is often referred to as Poland's "winter sports capital." It's no wonder, because the skiing, mountain climbing and snowboarding are all world-class. Plus, the views aren't … Continue reading


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NASHVILLE, Tenn. – The Lipscomb women's basketball team got a lesson on life from former men's coach Don Meyer on Tuesday afternoon.
As the coach at Lipscomb, Meyer won the 1986 NAIA National Championship and amassed a career mark of 665-179. His 1989-90 squad set a national record totaling 41 wins in a single season. At the end of his career Meyer had amassed a record of 923-324, the highest win total of any men's coach in the NCAA.
Meyer was involved in a traffic accident that led to the amputation of his left leg and the discovery of inoperable cancer. Through it all, Meyer never missed a single game as the coach and was awarded the Jimmy V Perseverance Award at the 2009 ESPY's, hosted by ESPN.
Coach Meyer, who has many ties with the women's team, talked about how to have the proper mindset both on and off the basketball court.
Women's basketball head coach Greg Brown was a student assistant under Meyer, assistant coach John Wild played for Meyer while sophomore Alex Banks and freshman Chandler Cooper's fathers played for Meyer. Assistant coach Anna Bower's father Ricky also played for Coach Meyer.
As the talk was concluding Tuesday, Meyer focused on servant leadership. He used a quote from Rick Warren, where the first sentence of his book "The Purpose Driven Life" reads "It's not all about you."
Meyer followed that with "if you're not serving, you're not leading" discussing how a person's example isn't the main thing. Rather it is the only thing.
He then quoted Dr. Harold Salem, a pastor from Aberdeen, S.D., by saying "I've never met a person that was selfish and happy, but I have also never met an unselfish person that wasn't happy.
The women's basketball squad took that message Tuesday evening and put it to use by volunteering at the Bridge Ministry in downtown Nashville. The Bridge is a weekly outreach that takes place each Tuesday evening under the Jefferson Street Bridge.
"The first thing we did when we got there was set up for the evening," sophomore guard Danay Fothergill said. "We set up the chairs for their sanctuary setting that they sit around. Then we got a chance to serve people. We got a plate of food and walked them to their seats."
After everyone had received and eaten their food, Meyer spoke to the crowd. After the message was over, Fothergill had a moment she'll never forget.
"I got a chance to pray with a few of the people," Fothergill said. "They asked us to pray for something as simple as health. It puts into perspective about how good of health I have and how blessed I am to be where I am."
The night was a chance for the Lady Bisons to prove that actions speak louder than words.
"It was saying 'hey this is what you need to be doing,'" Fothergill said. "Don't just preach it. Go out and do it. It was the little thing that we did that is going to mean a lot to those people."
As the night concluded Fothergill admitted she had gained a new appreciation.
"The whole night we got a new perspective on life," Fothergill said. "You learn to appreciate the little things."


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- Canadian Grand Prix
Alonso proud Ferrari gambled on the win
- Race:
- Canadian Grand Prix
- Drivers:
- Fernando Alonso
- Teams:
- Ferrari
Fernando Alonso is proud Ferrari opted to go for the win at the Canadian Grand Prix with a risky strategy rather than settle for second by matching race-winner Lewis Hamilton's for pit stops.
Alonso took the lead when Hamilton pitted for the second time on lap 50, but in doing so he was asking too much of his 30-lap old tyres. In the end the degradation saw him fall to fifth place, but he said he has no regrets about his strategy.
"I'm proud of the team and happy we went for the victory," Alonso said. "We tossed the coin in the air and we waited to see the result and it didn't work. At least we tried and we were not happy with second. In the end it was too many laps and in the end we ran out of tyres quite suddenly and it was too late to pit."
He said he would not have stood a chance of beating Hamilton if he pitted at the same time as the McLaren and admitted Ferrari was keeping one eye on Sebastian Vettel, who beat Alonso after bailing out of a one-stop strategy eight laps from the end.
"Lewis was quicker than us all the way through so pitting at the same time of Lewis we would have come second, which now seems like a much better result than fifth, but after the race that's easy to say. At that point it was 50/50 and we either cover Vettel or we cover Hamilton and we did Vettel and it didn't work."


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Janrain Engage API
Janrain Engage (formerly RPX) is a service that allows customers to add social networking logins to their websites and applications, using a single login for their website. The Janrain Engage API allows developers to access and integrate Janrain Engage functionality into other sites and applications. Some example API methods include retrieving user data, managing account information, and accessing analytic data.


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'YouTube Direct' Designed for Citizen Reporters
With the advent of "citizen journalism," anyone with a camera, an Internet connection, and a few questions can become a member of the fourth estate. But how do you know if this reporting is accurate?
YouTube on Tuesday introduced a new portal, dubbed YouTube Direct, intended to provide news organizations with a more organized way to find and use homemade videos about the day's major news stories.
Let's say a tornado touches down and wipes out a Midwestern town, a politician makes a newsworthy comment at a voter meet-and-greet, or a traffic accident has brought a major highway to a standstill. A news team might not be able to make it to the scene immediately, but you had your camera out and captured the action.
Now, through YouTube Direct, you can submit your video to the news organization of your choice and that station or Web site editor can choose whether to use or decline your footage via a private dashboard. The result? "Citizen stringers," YouTube said.
"Built from our APIs, this open source application lets media organizations enable customized versions of YouTube's upload platform on their own websites," YouTube wrote in a blog post. Submitted videos will remain live on the owner's own YouTube channel "so users can reach their own audience while also getting broader exposure and editorial validation for the videos they create," YouTube said.
The platform was built with news organizations in mind, but YouTube said it can be used for any organization looking to source video content. "Businesses can use YouTube Direct to solicit promotional videos, nonprofits can use the application to call out for support videos around social campaigns and politicians can use the platform to ask for user-generated political commercials," YouTube said.


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Feb. 10, 2008
NEW HAVEN, Conn. - Sophomores Rebecca Moss, Lidia Gocheva and John Gurrieri and junior Michael Pearce earned All-Ivy honors Sunday. Moss, Gurrieri and Pearce were all named to the 1st Team, while Gocheva made the 2nd Team.
The selections were made according to a fencer's record in the round robin Ivy League team championship that took place over two days, Feb. 3 in New Haven, Conn., and Feb. 10 in Princeton, N.J. The fencers with the best three records were named to the 1st Team. Those with the next three best records were named to the 2nd team. Fencers had to have competed in 75 percent of their team's bouts. That means that the men must have had at least 12 decisions on their Ivy record, and the women must have had at least 14 decisions.
Moss, Gurrieri and Pearce each tallied the second best record with their respective weapons.
Moss, a sophomore from Mesa, Ariz., went 12-3 over the two day span to lead the Bulldog epee squad. Columbia's Maryna Urbanowicz posted a 16-2 mark. Jasjit Bhinder (Princeton) and Maria Larsson (Harvard) rounded out the 1st Team with matching 13-5 records.
Gurrieri, also a sophomore, from Medford, N.J., went 11-4 during Ivy League competition. His record with the foil was bettered by only one other fencer, Columbia's Kurt Getz (12-3).
Junior epeeist, Michael Pearce, a San Francisco, Calif. native, went 10-2. His .833 winning percentage placed him second among Ivy League epeeists. Columbia's Max Czapanskiy notched a 13-2 tally.
Sophomore foilist, Lidia Gocheva, a Sofia, Bulgaria native, won 12 of 18 bouts to earn 2nd Team All-Ivy honors.