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- UK Championship
Selby sparks amazing comeback to beat Robertson
World No. 2 Mark Selby produced a memorable comeback to reach the UK Championship semi-finals at the expense of Neil Robertson on Thursday.
In a meeting of two players who have never reached the final of the competition, Robertson stormed to a 4-0 lead before allowing his rival back to 4-4. The Australian then continued to crumble as Selby eventually won 6-4 to advance to the last-four.
Robertson took the opening frame with a run of 65, and then snatched the second on the pink. A battle for snookers ensued in the third, again won by Robertson, before he went into the mid-session interval off the back of a 105 break for 4-0.
Selby finally registered in the fifth frame, and employed more stubborn tactics in the sixth to get back to 4-2, his highest break at that stage of the match 58. Selby is a phenomenal match player and he continued to show his ability to fight, levelling up at 4-4 as Robertson began to commit errors.
He took the lead for the first time in the match by claiming the ninth, and by now everything was coming off for Selby in a complete change of fortunes. He banged his fist against the table as he clinched the decisive tenth, even rattling in a double en route to a closing 101.
Selby will now face Mark Davis in the semi-finals after Davis won a tight match against Matthew Stevens 6-4. The Englishman had to weather an early storm before taking control in a gripping match of high quality snooker.
Stevens amassed an 84 followed by a century as he moved into a 2-1 lead, but runs of 80 and 98 saw Davis go 3-2 and then 4-3 ahead. Stevens levelled, but a 70 took Davis within a frame of victory and he duly closed it out in the next.
In the afternoon session, Ali Carter booked his place in the last-four with a tight 6-4 victory over Stuart Bingham. A run of 74 saw Bingham start strongly, but Carter answered immediately with a break of 134 and he eventually sealed his progression with a brilliant long red in the 10th frame.
Carter, who has not been past the semi-finals, said: "I don't feel like I've played particularly great yet but I'm in the semis and I'd take that. I'll definitely need to play better. I'm going to have to find some form to go on and win the tournament."
He will now face Shaun Murphy, who edged out 17-year-old Belgian Luca Brecel 6-5. Both players wasted fine chances to win the match, with Brecel missing pinks in the 10th and 11th frames, but a superb red in the deciding stanza finally saw 2008 champion Murphy into the semis.
A relieved Murphy said: "I thought I'd lost the match a couple of times, I really did think I was out. I think the adrenaline and maybe a little bit of inexperience cost him in the end. He overhit and underhit a couple of shots and I'm just relieved."


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New Generation of Tap!
We put a lot of value in our tight professional network of valued clients, trusted partners and our extremely talented and gifted vendor partners. With most of our more high profile events there is always an element of dance and music involved and we'd be lost without great choreography.Read more →

subset: commoncrawl


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I Believe
Hearts are never broken. Stories are broken. Heart are only opened!
About Larry Michel
Larry Michel, AKA The Love Shepherd, is the Founder of the School of Genetic Energetics and the CEO of TheFourAnswers.com and MatchMatrix.com. For nearly 40 years MatchMatrix has been delivering an understanding into our unique energetics so that people can learn to effectively identify and accommodate for differences, plus embrace their own unique characteristics. The results are saved relationships, successful dating, dramatically enhanced performance in business, education, parenting and a beginning to an end to many forms of sexual dysfunction and bullying. Please accept a free gift from Larry at http://www.matchmatrix.com/Public/Products/PersonalEnergeticProfile/?af=2193
I am available for personal and professional coaching and consulting and I guarantee an absolutely positively transformation experience. Contact me at email@example.com
Larry Michel Success Stories
Helpful, game changing with valuable personal attention
"The information itself is helpful and game changing, but even more valuable was the personal explanation of what it all meant for me."more
"I went into my time with Larry with nervous excitement, unsure of what to expect, but knowing that it'd be interesting. That hour turned out to be unbelievably illuminating. Larry took the time to ask about myself and my past relationship, and then used that context to explain my Energetics.
Aspects of myself that I had always wondered about, or been confused by, Larry was able to explain using the matrix and suddenly I was able to see patterns from my relationships much more clearly. Knowing my 4 Lifestyle traits, and how they align with my former partner, put so much into perspective and gave me a deeper understanding of our compatibility, as well as a working knowledge to apply in my next relationships. The information itself is helpful and game changing, but even more valuable was Larry's personal explanation of what it all meant for me. He spent as long as I needed to help me make sense of all of this and to learn how to use this to inform my choices moving forward. I can't thank Larry enough for this invaluable gift; I know that my relationships moving forward will be hugely strengthened because of what I now know about myself."
-Sarah Stimson
Comfortable and non-judgmental
"...Comfortable and non-judgmental"more
"The experience of being with Larry was so comfortable and non judgmental. Larry and I were two different communication styles, yet I really felt heard and understood. I highly recommend this system and a session with Larry to anyone curious to connect to their true nature. My next relationship I will definitely consult with Larry. Thank you for creating this for the world."
- Sheilla
The beauty of this system is its simplicity
"The beauty of this system is its simplicity"more
"In one of Larry's interviews he said that, "when I found out the problem I asked how to fix it" - answer-you don't, it's like your blood type. The beauty of this system is its simplicity. You are a cheetah and the other may be an elephant. Different species. Good to know what your species is. Knowing allows you to nurture and create from your nature, not how to contort into someone else's nature. This system informs you that you are you. Cheetah or elephant one is not better than the other, just different. Know who you are and celebrate. Thank you MatchMatrix."
"I am especially appreciative of the time and care you took"
"I am especially appreciative of the time and care you took in the Laser Coaching Session...."more
"Many Thanks to you and your staff for the Energetic Romance Report. This report was extremely helpful in giving me understanding about my own energetic profile and that of a former partner. I am especially appreciative of the time and care you took in the Laser Coaching Session last evening to help me better understand my own energetic profile and its impact on others. This new learning is very exciting to me. I have always been aware that my high energy level could be problematic for some in my relationships in life. For a romantic partner without the same level of energy it has been especially difficult. Going forward I will seek out a partner with the same energy level as my own. With my better understanding of my Genetic Energy characteristics and how these characteristics influence my relationships I hope to be more successful in deepening my relationships with family, and friends. With a clearer understanding of where I have been in relationships I look forward to attracting a new partner into my life.
Thanks you so much again for your insights and encouragement for future relationships."
- Beth M
I no longer felt like I failed the marriage...
"I no longer felt like I failed the marriage... It was just a matter of two people that were as different as possible."more
"I had the privilege of a private session with Larry yesterday. The charts and the system, Genetic Energetics, are truly accurate. It helped me understand my ex husband and the mechanism of the misfiring of the entire marriage. I no longer felt like I failed the marriage; I no longer felt that I was wrong; I no longer felt that I destroyed my children's lives. It was just a matter of two people that were as different as possible. There was not one aspect of our charts that did not resonate. I trust having this information will change the attitude I created around him.
On the positive side, it was a joy to find out that my children and I are on the same vibrational wave, whew!"


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2001 Bmw 330ci Fuse Diagram - Another Blog About Wiring Diagram • 2001 bmw 330ci fuse diagram 2001 free engine image for 2001 bmw 325i fuse box 2001 bmw 325i fuse panel01 325i Fuse Diagram - The air conditioner fuse in a 2001 BMW 325i is located in the fusebank below the steering wheel under the dash. The air conditionerfuse is in position 20 from the left. Count every space whether ithas a fuse or not because position 8 and 19 are empty spaces.. Bmw 328 I Fuse Box Diagram Wiring Pertaining 325 I Entire Portray. myrawalakot. #01 bmw 3 series #01 bmw 325i expansion tank #01 bmw 325i kbb #01 bmw 325i overheating #01 bmw 330ci engine #01 bmw 330ci turbo kit #01 bmw 330i transmission #01 bmw 525i oil reset #01 bmw 530i problems #01 bmw key battery #01 bmw m7 #01 bmw r1200c #01 bmw x5. Fuse diagram for 2003 bmw 325i - fixya Apr 29, 2012 SOURCE: 2003 BMW 325I Power Steering. when looking at the engine with the hood up, look to the right hand side for something that looks like this (#1 in.
The fuse box of a 1993 BMW 325is is located in the enginecompartment of the vehicle. Fuse boxes usually have diagrams undertheir cover labeling each fuse and their function, b ut a commonproblem for a 1993 BMW 3 series is for these stickers to becomeunreadable.. If the fuse is burned through (the metal strip will have melted and separated), replace it with a new fuse of the same ampere rating (color code). fuse box diagram. legend type 1.. 2004 bmw 325i electrical diagrams is probably the photos we located on the online from reliable sources. We tend to talk about this 2004 bmw 325i electrical diagrams pic here simply because according to information coming from Google engine, It is one of the best queries keyword on google..
BMW E90 E92 E93 FUSE BOX LOCATION AND FUSE DIAGRAM 318i 320i 323i 325i 328i 330i 335i 320d 330d 335d Check Out Our Website: Hey guys, in this video we will show you where the fuse box is located on a BMW 3 Series e90 e91 e92 e93. The fuse box is located behind the g. Apr 02, 2010 · Hi All A predictable query, I am afraid. The car is E46 BMW 325i SE 2002 M54 Saloon. The fuse box is in the glove compartment but I have no diagram.. Sep 30, 2000 · 09-27-2000 01:45 PM #1. Dale Crable. Guest Location, , Member No: | 1989 325i fuse identification label information I need the information from the underside of the fuse panel cover for a 1989 325i. I recently bought a used BMW and the label is missing. I dont know which fuse is for what accessory. I need the information from the underside.
Jul 15, 2018 · 01-03-2016, 06:44 PM. I am having the exact same problem. Can you show a diagram where on the layout can I find the F23 fuse? I would like to check mine. Thanks. klrichard. 01-03-2016, 07:14 PM. I don't have a diagram nor the pic, but the fuse panel is located behind a black plate in the back of the passenger side glove box. klrichard. 01-03. BMW Wiring Diagrams. Almost all files are in Adobe PDF format, or as a ZIP file containing a PDF. Quality is variable, unfortunately. E32 1987 to 1993 7 Series. 2015 / by circuit wiring / in Car Fuse Box Diagrams. 1987 BMW 528E Fuse Box Diagram 1987 BMW 528E Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts wiper control unit.. Whether you're a novice BMW 325i enthusiast, an expert BMW 325i mobile electronics installer or a BMW 325i fan with a 2001 BMW 325i, a remote start wiring diagram can save yourself a lot of time..
Jan 31, 2009 · Does anyone have a diagram of which relays are for what like the fuse locations on the fuse box lid? 1994 E36 325i - Relays,fuses,fusebox,location; Philip_Adamson (31-01-2009),vortigern (26-10-2011) Sponsored Links Remove Advertisements.. Jul 08, 2017 · 1) Check circuit breaker. On my '92 325i it is low on the dash to the right of the steering column. Press it in and see if it pops out taller, or stays in shorter. If it pops out taller then press it again so it stays in. Test to see if windows work. 2) If #1 doesn't solve it, check fuses in the fuse box under the hood. Replace any bad ones and.
Wiring Harness For Bmw 325i - Detailed Schematics Diagram Bmw M60 Engine Wiring Harness Diagram Wire Data Schema \u2022 BMW Stereo Wiring Harness Wiring Harness For Bmw 325i
1999 2006 Bmw E46 Fuse Box Diagram - Wire Data Schema • 2003 bmw 330ci convertible fuse free download wiring diagram 07 BMW 328I Fuse Diagram 2001 BMW


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JMX::Jmx4Perl::Product::Unknown - Fallback handler
This fallback handler runs always as last in the autodetection chain and provides at least informations about the platform MXMBeans which are available on any Java 5 platform.
This file is part of jmx4perl.
Jmx4perl is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
jmx4perl is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with jmx4perl. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
A commercial license is available as well. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for further details.


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As part of our on-going development, we are pleased to announce the return of a long missed feature to our website. We are re-introducing the ability for members of Visual Artists Ireland to list their website and contact details.
As with all public forums, we advise caution on the amount of detail that you provide.
Available to members only, once you have entered your details, these will be verified and your listing approved. The details will then go live on our website.
In the listing you will be able to feature details of the disciplines in which you work; details of your practice, and contact details. Your email address will not be displayed, but the site gives viewers the possibility of making contact with you through your profile page. Viewers will also be able to search for your listing by name, by discipline, and by location through the site search function.
If you are not a member, or wish to renew your membership, then check out the other membership benefits and the instructions on our site


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The glory of GARDENING
April 01, 2019
The glory of gardening: hands in the dirt, head in the sun, heart with nature. To nurture a garden is to feed not just on the body, but the soul. —Alfred Austin
April is National Garden Month, and it's a great time to get your hands dirty. "Every April, communities, organizations, and individuals nationwide celebrate gardening during National Garden Month. Gardeners know, and research confirms, that nurturing plants is good for us: attitudes toward health and nutrition improve, kids perform better at school, and community spirit grows. Join the celebration and help to make America a greener, healthier, more livable place!" -National Garden Month
Each week this month, the National Gardening Association shares favorite articles about growing different kinds of plants. And they open up the month with a week all about FLOWERS. —National Garden Month
Flowers are the earth's extravagance.
They are a lagniappe, a little something extra, like a 13th doughnut when you have bought a dozen. We don't NEED flowers, but maybe that makes them an even more glorious gift. Vibrant blooms of spring can transform the drab and dreary into the grand and gorgeous. Edwin Curran said that "flowers are the music of the ground," and they are. The earth is singing for joy, and we can see its melodies. Some flowers are a powerful symphony, and others are a gentle lullaby, but every song is lovely and every blossom is a note to be savored.
Flowers come in all shapes and sizes, and in every color of the rainbow. Flowers grow on different types of plants, which require different care. To better take care of your flowers, it is helpful to know some flower basics:
What kind of flowers?
Annuals: Some flowers are annuals, which means their life cycle only lasts one year. They grow, bloom, produce seeds and die in a single growing season, and must be replanted each spring. Annuals require more effort, but bloom for a long time.
Perennials: Perennials return every year, so they do not need to replanted each season. They keep growing until they reach full maturity, usually in 3-5 years. Perennials require less work, but bloom for a short time, just a few weeks a season.
Biennials: Biennials have a two-year life cycle. They grow leaves their first year, and then bloom and produce seeds the second year, after which they die.
It is helpful to plan your flower garden so that something is always blooming. Organize your plantings so that flowers blossom at different times, and you'll have color all season.
Where to plant flowers?
It is smart to think about which flowers to plant, but it is even more crucial to think about where to plant your flowers.
Obviously, access to sunlight is key for flowers. Most flowers require 6 to 8 hours of sunlight each day. Study your yard before you plan your garden, walking around outside at intervals during the day to see how many hours of sunlight each spot is getting. If your yard doesn't receive 6-8 hours of sunlight, there are still many flowers you can choose that tolerate shade. Read those flower labels, and plant wisely.
If possible, plant flowers where they will have the most visual impact. Use flowers to highlight the areas of your house and yard that people are more likely to see, and areas that you want to draw attention to (such as around your front door).
What do flowers need?
Basically, flowers need sun, water, and soil. We've talked about planting so that flowers can reach up to the sun. Now think about water.
Water: Most flowers need ½" to 1" of water each week, although this varies depending on the types of flowers, your soil, and how much rain you receive. It is always preferable to water in the early morning when the ground is cool and the water is less likely to evaporate.
Soil: Soil is more important than you may realize. Good soil produces good fruit. Different yards have different soils and have different needs. The soils in most yards need to have amendments added to provide proper nutrients, and to ensure proper drainage and root development. For more information on amending your soil, here is a helpful article.
In addition to water, sun, and soil, flowers love mulch. Mulch helps keep the water in and the weeds out, and, when natural mulches decompose, they provide more nutrients to your flowers. Plus, mulch just makes everything look better. Seriously. In the same way that a new coat of paint freshens up a room inside your home, a nice bed of mulch freshens up the spaces outside your home.
Now that you have the basics down, you're ready to go plant some flowers!
And go outside and enjoy the lush bounty that is Spring!
Redeem Your Ground, "Flower Gardening Tips,"


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My Drunk Kitchen's Hannah Hart, the funniest -- and maybe the drunkest -- gal on the internet, stopped by Food52 HQ to try her hand at our Poolside Cocktail contest winner, piccantedolce's Boozy Watermelon Rosemary Lemonade.
Hannah shoots from her laptop camera (like this), cooks, drinks, dances, and tells jokes for an hour, and then edits the whole shebang herself. In short, she's amazing. (And no, she wasn't drunk. At least not when we started shooting. It was 10am.)
Mayhem ensued, lifestyles were mocked, and all we could do was sit back and giggle uncontrollably. Behold:
Follow Hannah on Twitter and Facebook and get more My Drunk Kitchen here.
UPDATE: Here's Hannah's new My Drunk Kitchen episode, all about latkes. We love latkes!
See what other Food52 readers are saying.


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DMP's Entré
With DMP Entré Access & Security Management Software users can take total control of multiple security systems within a facility, across a campus installation, or at facilities spread across the country with an unlimited number of doors, users and DMP XR100/XR500 series panels. Simplifying the system manager's task is its easy-to-use graphical user interface. Entré is well-suited to banks, retailers, schools and other organizations that monitor multiple locations and/or systems.
Visit www.dmp.com
ISC West Booth No. 20017
Product Category:


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Waste not
The South East Texas Regional Planning Commission is hosting a Household Hazardous Waste and Scrap Tire Collection Event next Saturday, April 9, from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. in the student parking lot of the Vidor High School at 500 Orange Street in Vidor, the agency recently announced.
During this free event, SETRPC is collecting items that could cause damage to person's health or the environment if the items are disposed of improperly. Scrap tires will also be collected during this event. There is no charge for a participant's first eight tires; there will be a $1 charge for each additional tire after the first eight however.
According to information from SETRPC, the Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) targeted in the campaign is defined as home-generated materials that include products such as paints, paint thinners, solvents, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fertilizers, automotive waste, cleaning agents, swimming pool chemicals, photographic materials, batteries, mercury containing items and fluorescent bulbs.
Further information from the regional group states that Americans generate 1.6 million tons of HHW per year. The average home can accumulate as much as 100 pounds of HHW in garages, attics and storage closets. Improper disposal of household products harms the environment and may endanger human health.
During the free collection events held multiple times annually, SETRPC acquires items that could pose health and environmental risks if disposed of improperly. Materials not accepted during these events include general trash, electronic waste, appliances, pesticides or herbicides containing 2,4,5-T Silvex (exception: quantities less than 5 gallons will be accepted), explosives, compressed gas cylinders, fertilizers or nutrient materials that are neither hazardous nor contain pesticides, admixtures and pesticides or wood preservatives containing pentachlorophenol.


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Friday, February 14, 2014
Mapping the history of human admixture (paper + website)
Update 19/09/2015: Recent admixture in West Eurasia (including Europe)
Hellenthal et al. is a valiant attempt to map out the history of human admixture using modern DNA. Hopefully it's the last.
I don't want to sound too harsh, because it's a fascinating read, and the companion website a lot of fun, but studies like this really need ancient genomes nowadays to look convincing. Let's hope these guys can find the resources to repeat this effort using a wide range of carefully chosen ancient remains.
Indeed, here are a couple of examples of the sort of stuff that makes me skeptical about the accuracy of the methods employed by the authors. First of all, unless I'm reading this map wrong, then what I'm seeing here is a 23% contribution from the Hadza of East Africa to the Lithuanians. Apparently, this supposed admixture event happened during the early middle ages. Is this a typo or what?
Secondly, what's with the difference between the Orcadians and Norwegians? How can the Orcadians be unmixed if a large part of their recent ancestry derives from Norse settlers (which it certainly does)? So, did all of this admixture in Norway take place after the pure Norwegians settled the Orkneys? It's possible, but hardly plausible.
Hellenthal et al., A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History, Science 343, 747 (2014), DOI: 10.1126/science.1243518
54 comments:
- Ponto said...
I think the study says that the Orcadians are Uncertain and that a larger sample of Orcadians could show admixture. The French and Armenians are also Uncertain and need larger samples. In fact according to what I read of the pdf all Northwest Europeans who are Unadmixed are so because the sample sizes used for those groups only show their more recent admixture which happens to be of a similar nature. A larger sample would allow deeper delving, getting past the similar admixture phase.
I do not like the breakdown of ancestry as it is too precise when admixture is not an organized thing, it just happens. I do not like the dating either. It would be easy to refute, just find remains older than the purported admixture event and test the dna. I would not be surprised that the result is similar to their modern descendants or the people occupying the same geography.
- February 14, 2014 at 8:54 AM
- About Time said...
NW Europeans probably mixed earlier then others. Or whomever they mixed with weren't used in analysis.
Kalash show European admixture c. 500's bc. That's the major surprise in paper IMO.
The Uyghur have Italian like admixture. Interesting bc cave paintings show redheads in the area. N Chinese have some West Asian it looks like, as do (strangely) Pima Indians from a late date.
Druze are least African of Musiim world, prob bc they banned slavery early in history of Islam. Even Iranians and Pakistanis have some late African %. It means Gedrosia etc have mixed since apparent c. 500 BC mixtures with Europeans.
- February 14, 2014 at 10:03 AM
- V Robazza said...
What or where did you get your lithaunian example from.
i get only 51.7% polish, 38.4% belorussian and 8.9% russian
- February 14, 2014 at 12:22 PM
- Davidski said...
Look at the screen cap from the admixture atlas (Lithuanian - Full analysis: second event). It shows Hadza admixture among the Lithuanians, does it not?
- February 14, 2014 at 4:13 PM
- About Time said...
Yes I was wondering about the Hadza. Bizarre, but who knows. Or is that a misprint for Hazara?
- February 14, 2014 at 4:15 PM
- Davidski said...
If that's not a typo, then there's something wrong with the methods.
But check out the Finnish full analysis second event; it shows a 2.2% contribution from the SanKhomani, also, it seems, dated to the early middle ages.
Even if these signals are very low, you really have to wonder WTF is going on.
- February 14, 2014 at 4:36 PM
- About Time said...
@Davidski, well Globetrotter is all linkage based if I understand. So technically what it shows is some segments found both places but better preserved in Hadza (?? Not exactly sure how directionality is inferred by software).
If so, then is not excluding that both Hadza and Lithuanians were mixed with "Population X" that is gone today (or not sampled in analysis) but theoretically went both places.
Ditto for "German/Austrian/Orcadian" mixture in Kalash 700-500 BC. Could be "Population Y" that went both places (much easier to imagine this -- some kind of West Asian or steppe element).
- February 14, 2014 at 4:52 PM
- Davidski said...
Yeah, but what's the point of showing this sort of thing in this context, and implying that the admixture event, with the Hadza or whomever, took place during the early middle ages? It just looks illogical and puts in doubt all of the other results.
- February 14, 2014 at 5:00 PM
- About Time said...
It's good to show oddball results though IMO. For one, they might turn out to be right, but demand scrutiny of method, data, etc and independent corroboration. Curve balls are good though, it helps us shake up our thinking and approaches.
Part of scientific process of constantly testing working hypotheses with new data and revising when the time comes.
The worst science is when no curveballs are shown, and research community becomes complacent and blind to errors in paradigm that don't match emerging data.
- February 14, 2014 at 5:13 PM
- V Robazza said...
yes it does.
seems accurate to me especially since the paperwork states they cannot go back further than 5000 years.
Why does the eastern European people after these extra options and the western European does not.......
- February 14, 2014 at 5:19 PM
- Davidski said...
The Hadza admixture among Lithuanians seems accurate to you? Well, all other analyses I've seen, including those using ancient DNA, show that Lithuanians have the most Mesolithic ancestry in Europe, and the lowest levels of Near Eastern and African ancestry.
In any case, the reason the Eastern Europeans have the extra analyses is because they were found to show signals of admixture. But as per one of the comments above, what we're probably seeing here is the result of earlier admixture events in western Europe, but much later events in Eastern and southern Europe. In other words, it looks like the hunter-gatherer and farmer DNA came together much later in the east of the continent, so the signals of this event can still be picked up by this software, unlike in western Europe. But even so, the dating of the admixture events seems off in many cases, and too late. We can probably push many of the dates back to the Iron or even Bronze age.
- February 14, 2014 at 5:37 PM
- About Time said...
I have no idea, but best would be to isolate the segments that program decided are "Hadza" and take a closer look. I'm still thinking it might be a misprint for Hazara.
But don't Europeans get noise level West African in GEDmatch? Who knows, maybe it's picking up something. The Ethiopian/Mideast thing in Pickrell is still up for debate. Wrt Sandawe in Finns, African definitely shows up in Middle East and there were slave traders in Eastern Europe at the time. Vikings were active pretty Far East into Baghdad.
I want to know about Gedrosia in west Europe. Phantom of "population y" or really some kind of gene flow to Kalash?
For dates, I like actual ancient specimens. Until then, it's all educated guesswork and hypothesis building.
- February 14, 2014 at 6:01 PM
- Davidski said...
Why would Lithuanians have Hazara admixture? Nothing like that shows up anywhere else.
And that still leaves the supposed San ancestry in the Finns.
- February 14, 2014 at 6:13 PM
- About Time said...
I agree, it's bizarre. I'd first guess mislabel, then artifact of model, then artifact of tiny sample, then "population x" (Mideast is my guess in that case), then if all else fails - scrutinize the chromosomal segments in a lot more detail and try to duplicate with other means.
- February 14, 2014 at 6:52 PM
- barakobama said...
According to Ahmed(link below) everything great in history was achieved by black(Sub Saharan) people, and that every place on the planet was originally inhabited by black(sub Saharan) people. So actually people in Lithuania, Finland, etc. have evil white man ancestry on top of the original sub Saharan people of that region.
- February 14, 2014 at 7:04 PM
- barakobama said...
Davidski, right now I am making maps(with pie charts and other stuff) from admixtures K12b, K7b, globe13, maybe I will do others(I have already done EEF-WHG-ANE). My focus is on Europe, the near east, and north Africa(more so Europe) and I am not sure if I should also do south Asia, because there are over 40 south Asian populations with results in these admixtures(it would take days) and I am not sure if it will significantly help me learn about Europe, near east, and north Africa. Do I think understanding results in south Asia will significantly help learning about Europe, near east, and north Africa? Of course eventually my focus will shift more towards south Asia and other people but not yet.
I am most interested in the whole WHG, EEF, ANE thing. mtDNA and Y DNA from FTDNA and papers(whatever you want call it) are other good sources to try to figure this stuff out. OF course learning about ancient people(through archeology, modern societies, etc.), learning the science behind the DNA, etc. are also good tools.
- February 14, 2014 at 9:50 PM
- Davidski said...
South Asia isn't very important for Europe in the context of genetic substructures that exist in Europe, but it's important for learning about ANE dispersals, because ANE probably moved deep into Europe and South Asia at about the same time. So it might be useful to pick a few representative South Asian groups to map the region.
- February 14, 2014 at 10:02 PM
- V Robazza said...
only confusing parts to me are -
No Albania?
And whats with the german?austrian combination. Austrians who only became known in 998AD and are of Bavarian descant only became germans less than 1800 years ago.
- February 15, 2014 at 9:28 AM
- barakobama said...
Jaxman(I think jackson_montgomery_devoni on this blog), showed me a part of Der Sarkissian 2014 were it says H2a2 is the closest match to Mesolithic H from Karelia.
Here is the quote from Sarkissian 2014 that he showed me.
"The detection of haplogroup H in the Mesolithic site of aUz (one haplotype) is noteworthy. To date, haplogroup H has either been rare or absent in groups of hunter-gatherers previously described. It has not been found in hunter-gatherer mtDNA datasets of eastern Europe [12] and Scandinavia [13], but has been found in two hunter-gatherers of the Upper Palaeolithic sites of La Pasiega and La Chora in northern Spain [20]. The closest match to the ancient H haplotype in aUzPo belongs to sub-haplogroup H2a2 [59], which is more common in eastern Europe [60] with highest frequencies in the Caucasus. Current ancient data is too scarce to investigate the past phylogeography of haplogroup H in full detail. However, together with U4, U5 haplotypes this H haplotype suggests continuity of some maternal lineages in (North) East Europe since the Mesolithic."
According to this Eurogenes thread.
J was also found. All of the the 7,500 year old hunter gatherers from Karelia mtDNA is typical of European hunter gatherers(U5a, U4, U2e) except the H(H2a2?), J, and C1f are surprising.
Uznyi Oleni Ostrov, Russia 7,500BP
mtDNA=9: U=5(U2e=2, U4=2, U5a=1), C1f=3, H(H2a2?)=1
Popova, Russia 7,000BP
mtDNA=2: U4=2
Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov, Russia 3,500BP
mtDNA=23: U=8(U5a=6(U5a1=4), U4a1=2, C=8(C*=6, C5=2), D*=3, Z1a=3, T*=1
- February 15, 2014 at 11:28 AM
- windy said...
"Wrt Sandawe in Finns, African definitely shows up in Middle East and there were slave traders in Eastern Europe at the time. Vikings were active pretty Far East into Baghdad."
But not so active in what is now Finland. It's possible some Finns were involved in the Varangian trade, but San from southeast Africa ending up there is still stretching it.
In any case, that "component" in Finns looks more like a random mix of populations (Orcadian, Daur, Oroqen, Norwegian, Surui, Hezhen, Mongolia, Basque, SanKhomani, Xibo...!)
- February 15, 2014 at 12:37 PM
- Alexandros said...
I came across this publication yesterday and since then, as the majority of people here, I am scratching my head wondering what to make out of it..
There are many bizarre and completely unexplainable results, but there are a few which are in fact spot on and in some cases help clarify some things. I will use the Greek and Cypriot populations to highlight some of these positives and negatives.
1. For the first time, a paper actually quantifies the Slavic expansion into the Greek gene pool, which according to these authors is huge (30%)! I do not have any difficulty accepting this number, given the very large proportion of North European admixture observed among Greeks in practically all admixture calculators found at GEDmatch.
2. For the first time, a paper confirms, genetically, the ancient Greek colonization of Cyprus. In fact, the currently available admixture calculators (including the default 23andme calculator, as well as the Eurogenes k36 calculator) assign an unexplained 25% Italian component to Cypriots. It now becomes clear that this component is in fact Greek and given that it is in close proximity to the East Sicilian component, it suggests to me that it very likely represents an ancient Greek admixture event. This is consistent with both the historical and archaeological evidence, as up to now the Greek colonization of Cyprus seemed like a fairy tale, as far as genetic studies were concerned. If such an event did not occur, we would all have a hard time explaining why Cypriots speak Greek today and not Italian..
1. The 'Mediterranean analysis' for the Greek population (see study website), shows a large admixture event from 'Turkey' into Greece. Of course this is hugely misleading as admixture analysis from all available calculators shows almost 0 admixture of Turkic people into Greece. What this event represents is probably an influx of pre-Ottoman Anatolians into Greece probably during the Byzantine Empire.
2. How come Basque is included under 'Polish-like'?! (see admixture of Greeks in website)
3. How come Iranian is included under 'EastSicilian-like?! (see admixture of Cypriots in website)
4. How come Armenian is included under both 'Egyptian-like' and 'EastSicilian-like?! (see admixture of Cypriots in website)
- February 15, 2014 at 10:04 PM
- Davidski said...
Those Polish-like, Egyptian-like etc. labels are general descriptions of the various components involved in the admixture events. Basques are probably included under the Polish-like label because Poles have some western European ancestry (in fact, Poles are described as French-like mixed with Lithuanian-like).
That might be fairly confusing, but not as problematic as some of the strange admixture results, late estimated timeframes of admixture, and the suspect theories, some of which are now all over the press, like the one about Alexander's army leaving an impact on the genetic substructure of the Kalash.
- February 16, 2014 at 1:27 AM
- Grey said...
"In other words, it looks like the hunter-gatherer and farmer DNA came together much later in the east of the continent...But even so, the dating of the admixture events seems off in many cases, and too late."
The increase in frequency of mtdna H and decrease of mtdna U could be due to selection in place of the surviving farmer dna after the LBK collapse through the female line because of the advantages of genes like SLC24A5.
If so the "admixture" in eastern europe might be measuring an event that wasn't an event but a gradual process that continued over centuries.
- February 16, 2014 at 2:00 AM
- Matt said...
I can understand that to approximate haplotype blocks in Lithuanians, from a range of modern populations, then yes, it could make sense to fit them as a mix of about 99% blocks taken from various other East European groups plus around 1% blocks taken from various Native American and Siberian populations.
And if you wanted to approximate haplotypes blocks in Poles, using a range of modern populations, then yes, it would make sense to use a take blocks from a bunch of mainly more Northeastern European populations mixed with blocks from with a minority of diverse mainly West European samples (but also East Med and North African).
(And under some sampling strategies, it may even make sense to take some Hadza blocks to approximate a Northern European population!)
What any of this has to do with any actual admixture happening though...
I haven't read much of the paper though, and don't have a firm theoretical grasp of what is going on, but one of the things that stands out for me here is that other studies essentially either assume or try and generate an "unadmixed scaffold" to work from, i.e. finding or generating synthetic unadmixed ancestral populations.
This study seems to simply assume that all populations except the target are unadmixed and then generates a sampling (not a random mix) of all the non-target populations to approximates the target.
I can't see this is going to determine direction from admixture, or distinguish admixture from descent from a shared source (which may not be a present day population).
I don't know the paper, and perhaps there it is not as I think or there is a reason why that is non-significant, but that seems like it will lead to the vast majority of results being wrong.
- February 16, 2014 at 5:37 AM
- About Time said...
@Matt, your description gets us closer to actual genomic reality, which does not = "ethnicity" despite all efforts to arm wrestle data into modern notions of identity. Sorry folks.
That doesn't mean projected dates aren't up for grabs etc, but science means stretching our (cognitively biased) human brains to be more objective and learn new things.
Dates for European/Orcadian admixture in Kalash (800-600 BC) are way wrong for Macedonians or Alexander (300s BC). Dates could be right for "cities of the Medes" like Kandahar/Mungidak. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar
- February 16, 2014 at 6:50 AM
- Chad Rohlfsen said...
All this is, is a fancy looking Oracle from Gedmatch with bogus mixing dates.
- February 16, 2014 at 7:29 AM
- Daniel Falush said...
Dear David, Thank you for your interest in our paper. You are right to look critically at our results and to point out funny features. We agree I think (and have said in our interactions with lots of people!) that ancient DNA is going to transform things for many questions, and it will be v. v. helpful to use ancient sources for events. It should let us directly test hypotheses. We also suspect questions will remain - e.g. which ancient groups are really ancestors of current day populations, etc. etc. and it will probably some time before sample sizes of ancient nuclear DNA genomes are large, and also span a cross-section of times, as really needed.
Firstly, we do not say that there is no admixture in the Orcadians, only that it does not (though there is some evidence) give a significant signal based on the current dataset on based on the criteria for significance that we made based on simulations. The interactive map can be used to see the best guess and then it makes it a mix of welsh vs Norwegian. There will be more on this population when the Peopling of the British Isles paper comes out.
Secondly, you highlight the Lithuanian results in the "full analysis"and the Hazda contribution. It is worth going through these in a bit of detail as it will help in interpreting our results, for this and other groups.
As well as the full analysis, we have also done other analyses where the other East European populations are not included as donors (EastEuropeI analysis; East EuropeII analysis). We did this because we found fineSTRUCTURE - which we ran initially to understand overall STRUCTURE patterns - had particular trouble splitting populations from Eastern Europe (Figure S17 in the supplement) and because we found - based on our simulation results - and really common sense too - that including very similar groups in the analysis could mask events they share (a caveat we included in the main text). Thus the "EuropeI" analyses ought to have more power to find historical events in the region because they do not mask admixture that is common to all East European populations. (In any case, we believe it is therefore worth checking whether groups seen in the Full analysis are verified in these analyses too.)
The total admixture signal in the "full analysis" for the first Lithuanian event is 1% of the genome, with admixing source Daur +Oroquen+Columbian+Shi. Lithuanians are generally very similar to the other East European populations and these are assigned 99% of the ancestry. This is by far the strongest signal in this analysis, and we think reflects a real event, but because the admixture fraction is potentially tiny, source inference might still be quite inexact, and "masking" may be an issue.
However, despite the very small proportion of incoming DNA, the analysis also suggests that the admixture is multi-way. The p-value for this is 0.02 - which is a marginal signal, though in the EuropeI analysis the p-value is more convincing. In the paper we write that our source inference is less good for complex events (like this one) - in fact as explained below for this reason we do not provide direct source inference for secondary events - and so this second signal will be one of the toughest in the dataset for our approach (because it is weaker than a quite weak signal!).
- February 16, 2014 at 12:57 PM
- Daniel Falush said...
part 2:
It is worth mentioning what the squares relating to the event mean here, because they're different to the circles shown for the stronger events we find! They're called "contrasts" on the webpage and if you mouse over it says "Square size cannot therefore be directly interpreted as similarity to (unsampled) admixing sources, but rather highlights differences between sources." To be a bit clearer, the second component shows the different directions of the minority sources of the genome; technically, differences in populations' inferred contributions of haplotypes in the mixture representation. This means that they do NOT correspond to admixture proportions (which we do not try to estimate) but rather to populations whose ancestry is most strongly differentiated in the different components of admixture in Lithuanians - because our method is currently not able to infer sources fully for these second events. This is discussed briefly in the main text under things we find challenging. In this case squares show broadly speaking South versus North. North is associated with the first admixture component. Hadza is one of the South components, so what we're saying here is that a haplotype shared with Hadza is very strongly indicative of coming from the "South" group - not that Hadza is necessarily a dominant member of this group. Nevertheless, Hadza admittedly is a pretty odd choice - and not seen in the EastEurope I version where the signal is much stronger - and this may have something to do with the weakness of the signal. There are only 3 Hadza in the dataset and they may have ended up on the extreme end of the PCA decomposition by chance. In any second event where squares are shown, they only relate to these differences between sources.
Although the three-way admixture here is on the border of statistical significance and quite hard to interpret, the fact that there was in fact a three-way admixture event shared by the populations in the region is strongly supported by the EastAsiaI analysis. These are the results we present in the figure in the paper.
Another highlighted case is the Finnish - we only have 2 Finns which is difficult to say much from (and we could have removed cases like this - but chose not to for completeness). Probably as a consequence, their signal is one of the weakest in the whole dataset, in terms of the "fit" of the best curve to the data (0.415). Again, the Finnish second signal seems slightly odd (and includes an African group) - I think most of the same reasons might apply there (though perhaps more strongly) as for the Lithuanians. We're working on the methods for these "complex" events but likely they will remain tricky until we can obtain access to more local samples.
(with contributions from Simon Myers).
- February 16, 2014 at 12:58 PM
- barakobama said...
This is totally off subject, it is about my own mtDNA. I have U5 and I am pretty sure I have U5b2a2 and i maybe a member of a subclade that has not been discovered. I don't know much about how mtDNA haplogroups are determined so that's why I am posting this.
I took the mtDNAplus test at FTDNA.
It tests HVR1(16001-16569) and HVR2(00001-00574). They said I have U5(It must suck for you guys and girls that have farmer maternal lineages), which is what I excepted and wanted.
At filtered matches section I can never find HVR1 and HVR2 matches. I have tried probably over 30 times to find HVR1 and HVR2 matches it always takes something like 5-10 minutes before it stops loading and just freezes and says HVR1-HVR2 matches=0.
When I look for HVR1 matches it loads within like 10 seconds and I have 308 HVR1 matches, all that took FMS(HVR1, HVR2, and coding region) are under U5b2a2(with various subclades after that mainly U5b2a2b's but some U5b2a2a's and I didn't see any from the third subclade U5b2a2c).
When I goo to the Advanced matches section and look for HVR1 matches I get the same results as in the section I named above. What is strange is when I look for HVR1 and HVR2 matches in advanced matches section I get the exact same matches as when I look for HVR1 matches. I don't know why because the other section said I have NO HVR1 and HVR2 matches.
Later I went to this predictor(link below). To try to find if I really have U5b2a2.
It says my best match is U5b2a2 and showed the line from rCRS to U5b2a2 with defining HVR1 and HVR2 mutations I HAVE EVERY SINGLE ONE!! That means I have U5b2a2 right?
I think this is the predictor's source.
The defining mutations of U5b2a2a and U5b2a2b are in the coding region so I might have them and i might not. That explains why my HVR1 matches were apart of U5b2a2b and U5b2a2a. U5b2a2c has defining HVR1 matches and I don't have any of them.
I have all of the defining HVR1 and HVR2 mutations leading up to U5b2a2 but I also have two extra differences to RSRS in HVR2: 215G and 315.1C. That explains why I have U5b2a2 HVR1 matches but no HVR2 matches. Does this mean I am apart of a new U5b2a2 subclade that is defined by those mutations?
- February 16, 2014 at 3:20 PM
- Davidski said...
Hi Daniel,
As you know, I've played around a bit with Chromopainter/fineStructure, and it seems to me that ancient/effective population sizes have a profound effect on these sorts of analyses.
In fact, what I'm seeing in many of these results aren't admixture events within historic times, but rather signals of prehistoric migrations via more recent and very rapid in-situ expansions across low population density areas, and/or significant endogamy.
So basically what I think is happening is that small, chopped up ancient haplotypes are being reconstituted into much larger ancestral haplotypes among many of these groups, and the results look like recent admixture events, when in fact they mainly reflect things that happened during the Bronze Age or even Neolithic.
On the other hand, regions with long histories of large effective population sizes are less likely to be affected by this problem, because their ancestral haplotypes aren't reconstituted so readily.
The Slavic expansion across sparsely populated Eastern Europe during the early middle ages is probably a good example of what I'm describing. This was in all likelihood a population of mixed indigenous European Mesolithic hunter-gatherer/Near Eastern farmer ancestry, probably with minor input from Siberian groups from the taiga belt and steppe nomads like the Sarmatians. However, because its expansion was so rapid (and we can see this particularly well via several Y-chromosome haplogroup subclades, like within haplogroup R1a), in your analysis it basically looks like three distinct groups coming together first in what is now Poland, and then in the rest of Eastern Europe.
Of course, to some extent it's true that the Slavic expansion was, as described in your paper, a mixture event between Northern European-like Slavs and the much more southerly native populations in the Balkans. But this really could not have been the case in Poland. In other words, it's impossible that two such genetically distinct northern and southern populations met in Poland or anywhere nearby at this very late timeframe.
Similarly, I doubt the Kalash have any non-trivial ancestry from Alexander's army and/or Western Europe. What I think they have is the so called Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry from somewhere like the Volga-Ural region or western Siberia, which moved both deep into Europe and Asia during the Copper Age expansions of the Kurgan cultures, along with haplogroup R1a and maybe R1b. But the Kalash have been stuck in the remote valleys of the Hindu Kush all by themselves for such a long time, that some of their haplotypes look like they arrived from Scotland and other unexpected places only a couple thousand years ago along the Silk Road.
- February 16, 2014 at 5:11 PM
- About Time said...
Looking at the website, I see the Irish get some "Greek" %. I'd like to see more about this, and whether it stick around when other pops are included. Is it more like the Cypriot or Polish part of Greeks?
The "Orcadian" % in Kalash is too early to be from Alexander's time (looking at middle range of CI not tail). But it is not too early to be Mede (Kandahar/Mundigak was a Mede city, and Aramaic was spoken there later on). In the neighborhood and could explain strange old customs of Kalash.
Right time frame for Medes (800-600 BC), who were big in Central Asia for a time before merging / being coopted by Persians (similar culture, but different people maybe).
The "Alexander" thing with Kalash is just lazy thinking. The "civilized world" was centered further east in 800 BC (Greeks were just on the edges and Josephus said they were basically pirates and mercenaries for the "real" empires back then).
- February 16, 2014 at 5:47 PM
- Davidski said...
There might be several European-like haplotype layers contributing to this effect among the Kalash, but I'd say all of them are of Indo-Iranian origin, and date as far back as the Sintashta culture or even earlier.
- February 16, 2014 at 6:23 PM
- Anders Pålsen said...
When will the Globetrotter software be available?
- February 17, 2014 at 12:24 AM
- barakobama said...
If anyone wants to answer my question about my mtDNA here is more info, I have ~80,000 HVR1 matches in Europe and the United States but 0 HVR2 matches. Is that normal? I plan on taking FMS to confirm that I have U5b2a2 and maybe discover I have one of the three subclades. I hope FTDNA will find if I am a first sampled member of an unknown U5b2a2 subclade, I hope they let me name it if I do.
- February 17, 2014 at 11:44 AM
- Ryan said...
Just a lay person here, but re: the Lithuania/Hadza link, assuming that Hadza isn't a misprint of Hazara (which is probably the most plausible explanation)...
Wouldn't a pretty straightforward explanation be that a missionary from a Baltic country got a little friendly with one of the locals, and that one of the descendants of that missionary happened to be one of the Hadza sampled? The Hadza were subjects of the German Empire from 1870-1918 I believe, and a decent chunk of Lithuania was part of the German Empire at that time too.
Alternatively, R1b1c's prevalence in Cameroon suggests that there was at least some genetic exchange between European/Eurasian and African hunter-gatherers during the most recent wet phase of the Sahara. Is it totally implausible that some group X living along the rivers of the Sahara imparted some DNA both to European and African hunter-gatherers? I'd note that R1b1c is found further north in the rift valley.
How many loci are tested in this method? Could a small sample size, genetic drift or a founder effect be amplifying some small spec of genetic commonality?
Strange in any case. I'd bet on it just being an error or random noise.
- February 17, 2014 at 12:11 PM
- Grey said...
"Alternatively, R1b1c's prevalence in Cameroon"
Alternatively some R1b people from the megalithic culture wandered down south looking for the West African gold fields.
- February 18, 2014 at 4:16 AM
- Daniel Falush said...
Ryan (et al): Your intuition is correct. To reiterate, our analysis does not actually imply Hadza ancestry in Lithuanians and yes the fact they come out prominently in the PCA decomposition is likely noise. Read our comments above for a detailed explanation.
David: we will try to respond on Slavs/Kalash soon.
- February 18, 2014 at 4:28 AM
- MfA said...
@Daniel Falush, Is there any future plans adding new samples to your work like Abkhazians, Kurds, Ossetians etc. ?
- February 18, 2014 at 4:42 AM
- Zachary Shumway said...
Anyone: Is there a better way to ask Davidski if he could take a look at my GEDmatch results? I'm sure he's busy. Was not quite sure how this all works. Thank you!
- February 18, 2014 at 1:22 PM
- About Time said...
@Zachary, IMO you will get more insight from the GEDmatch oracle sections using Eurogenes K13.
There is a discussion thread on Davidski's Eurogenes blog linked on the blog menu.
- February 18, 2014 at 3:08 PM
- Zachary Shumway said...
About Time: Thank you. I appreciate your help! Just kind of reaching around in the dark at this point, especially with such limited ancestral information. The dodecad 7b is interesting, & I wasn't sure how to look at that; I am mostly European. Thanks again!
- February 18, 2014 at 5:33 PM
- Alexandros said...
So basically what I think is happening is that small, chopped up ancient haplotypes are being reconstituted into much larger ancestral haplotypes among many of these groups, and the results look like recent admixture events, when in fact they mainly reflect things that happened during the Bronze Age or even Neolithic.
Hi David, very interesting to see your above remark. I was actually about to contradict my self and say that what I described in my previous post as 'ancient Greek' admixture in Cypriots may not be so, given the current study's estimated dates of the admixture event from Greece to Cyprus (300-1100 CE). That is basically the Byzantine era in Cyprus. I have a difficulty accepting that there was such a big admixture event from Greece (and especially Italy) into Cyprus during that period, as this is not documented at all in the hundreds of historical reports from that period. If however we accept that such event happened in addition to the ancient Greek (Mycenaean) migration into Cyprus, then we could suggest that the pre-Slavic expansion Greeks had an almost pure Mediterranean/Anatolian admixture, otherwise it would be hard to explain why Cypriots, with such an intense and consecutive migration from Greece, still have very low Northern European admixture.
- February 21, 2014 at 10:57 PM
- Davidski said...
I don't know much about the population history of Greece, but, as you're probably aware, one of the theories about Greek origins is that the Mycenaeans originally came from the Russian steppe. If that's true, then that means there were two, probably quite distinct migrations from the north into Greece: Mycenaean and Slavic.
Interestingly, in Lazaridis et al., Greeks show a relatively high level of ANE at around 16%, and a surprisingly low level of WHG at less than 6%. But if almost all of the northern-like admixture among modern Greeks was of Slavic origin, then surely their WHG ancestry would be much higher, because all northern Slavs carry a lot of WHG. Well, it actually might be much higher in former and current Slavic-speaking areas, but that hasn't been investigated yet.
Anyway, Cypriots also show quite a bit of ANE, with a maximum estimate of just over 13%, but basically no WHG. So if there was large scale emigration of Greeks to Cyprus, then most of that probably took place before the Slavic invasion of mainland Greece, thereby bringing a lot of Mycenaean (?) ANE to Cyprus but no WHG. That's not to say there weren't any population movements from Greece or even further north and west into Cyprus well after the Mycenaean period, but it looks like these weren't very important and/or they affected only certain parts of the island.
Now, if there indeed were at least two migration waves from the north into Greece and then Cyprus, then what is the software picking up in modern DNA, especially since there might no longer be a decent proxy available for the Mycenaeans among modern populations? Is it picking up all of these population movements and giving us the average, or is the date based on the later waves? Honestly, without a few Mycenaean and Slavic genomes from Greece, we can only speculate.
Please note, I'm in a hurry right now, so hopefully what I just typed actually makes sense.
- February 22, 2014 at 12:11 AM
- Davidski said...
Oh, by the way, I should've added somewhere there that it seems to me that ANE is expressed in ADMIXTURE tests as North European, West Asian and Caucasus-related ancestry. So the fact that Cypriots have low North European admixture doesn't argue against what I just said. In other words, in a roundabout way, West Asian/Caucasian ancestry across West Asia might be a signal of North European admixture events, albeit the really early ones of the Bronze Age.
- February 22, 2014 at 12:16 AM
- V Robazza said...
You forgot the Doric invasion. The myceaneans where middle bronze-age people, the late bronze-age Doric invasion covered modern, albania, epirus, peleponese, crete and cyrene in north-africa.basically most of the mycenean areas.
The dorics in albania where eventually my the early middle-ages replaced by serb slavs, these in turn where eventually absorbed into albanian society, what is the ANE of albanians?
- February 22, 2014 at 9:58 AM
- Davidski said...
I did forget the Dorians. But I'm guessing they were very similar to the Mycenaeans...maybe.
Albanians have around 13% of ANE. So less than Greeks.
- February 22, 2014 at 5:02 PM
- Alexandros said...
Hi David,
Yes definately what you mention regarding the ancient admixture components makes perfect sense. I have played around with your EEF-WHG-ANE calculator using the k13 population averages and I have noticed that among West Eurasians, the ancient ANE component is positively correlated with the modern Baltic and West Asian (Caucasus) components. I beleive Greeks have higher ANE than the rest of the Balkan populations because they have higher Caucasus admixture, in addition to their relatively high Baltic admixture. There are populations with high Caucasus admixture and low Baltic admixture (i.e. the Georgians) that have higher ANE admixture than the Greeks. The Adygei with both high Baltic and really high Caucasus admixtures, have even higher ANE. I have noticed also that the ANE component is negatively correlated with both the East and West Mediterranean components, as well as the Red Sea component. In the context of the Hellenthal et al paper, I agree with you that if there was a substantial migration of mainland Greeks into Cyprus, post-Slavic expansion, as the paper suggests, we would have had some WHG and in fact we would also have more Baltic admixture and more ANE in Cyprus. Unless these recent migrations to Cyprus were coming from a low Slavic-admixed Greek region, such as Crete. I am not aware of the origin of the Greek samples used in that study.
Anyhow, thanks a lot for sharing your thoughts and also thanks for the excellent EEF-WHG-ANE calculator!
- February 24, 2014 at 5:47 AM
- Alexandros said...
@V Robazza
The Dorian invasion is a very complicated issue and the notion that the Dorians were a northern population who descented southwards into Greece has never been proved by any historical or archaeologiocal source. At the momment, the theory that receives the highest acceptance among historians and archaeologists, is that the Dorian invasion probably represents an 'inernal affair' in the complex ancient Greek world, with an indiginous population introducing a new culture (the Dorian), which replaced an already demised Mycaenean culture. What we know for sure, is that after the demise of the Mycenaean culture in mainland Greece, this same culture appeared in a sudden and dramatic fashion in the island of Cyprus and continued to be present there for centuries thereafter, with practically no evidence of Dorian culture, unlike neighburning islands such as Crete.
- February 24, 2014 at 6:13 AM
- Daniel Falush said...
Hi David,
With respect to the eastern european analysis. (part 1)
(1) In general we think that for events that took place at a single time point our results on timing of admixture are more robust than of admixture sources. Even if the admixture source is very badly captured by the inferred sources, the decay curves should still in principle have the right slope, although the confidence limits might be wider than they would be if the source would be well-captured.
(2) The dates that we estimate are lower bounds because the admixture happens after the populations meet. However, in practice we find that they seem to be bang on in many cases.
(3) Admixture course can be a gradual process but we test for multiple admixture dates and is possible to look at the curves and see if there is any hint that admixture started earlier than the fitted date. One example of this is the Moroccan curve fitted for the French, which does not seem to fit the single admixture date curve that is fitted for French (when you force it to).
(4) For the Eastern European populations, the most informative curves are for the "EastEuropeI" analysis curves because these are least effected by masking, as discussed above. Generally, I would say the East European curves fit well, even when the date is a few hundred years later than for Polish (up to 1000 CE). The Hezhen curve for Lithuania (643CE) does not quite fit at short genetic distances but I would say its an exception and there is no curve that shows real evidence for substantially older admixture occurring, they are all nice well-behaved looking curves. There is no statistical evidence for two dates for any of these populations. One caveat to this is that in simulations, recent events do often dominate the signals.
- February 26, 2014 at 9:40 AM
- Daniel Falush said...
part 2
(5) We have simulated expansion events and find that this makes no difference to estimated admixture times. It is true that very strong genetic drift after admixture can in principle affect estimated admixture times but we have developed a "NULL INDIVIDUAL" approach to investigate this (see pages 64-65 of the Supplement). Here, we calibrate curves using as denominator the average ancestry of other individuals with the same label at each genetic distance. Drift shared by individuals in the population will not affect these curves (see table S9 of the SOM). We do not use this analysis by default because dividing by a denominator can affect inference of source groups in general but we have checked all the populations to see whether it changed the dates substantially. There are a few populations where it did and for and for these populations, admixture has been classified as uncertain (see page 88 of the supplement). None of the Slavic groups fall in the category and Polish, for example the date we get is almost identical at 410 CE and the oldest confidence limit is actually more recent than the main analysis at 38BCE.
(6) there is no evidence for strong endogamy within these populations, since fineSTRUCTURE does not separate them cleanly. This is another argument about strong drift being a factor.
In sum, there is strong evidence from analysis of multiple East European countries of admixture with an East Asian like source CE. There is no evidence from the curves that this source had earlier admixture with other Western Eurasian groups although this does not completely exclude earlier admixture. Our analysis do not demonstrate that this happened physically in Poland but it does show that modern Poles have received a substantial fraction of their DNA from this mixture event.
With respect to the Kalash, it is worth noting that although several of the populations show evidence for "ancient" western eurasian ancestry, the Kalash component looks significantly more Northern European in that component (this is shown in figure S18, in fact, Kalash get their own separate North/East Europe component). we state that the results are consistent with Alexander the Great, not that it proves it. There is also no evidence that our dates for this earlier event (which does have wide confidence limits) are substantially affected by genetic drift.
- February 26, 2014 at 9:42 AM
- Davidski said...
Hi Daniel,
It's the Kalash who've been affected by endogamy, not the Eastern Europeans.
The Eastern Europeans were affected by massive in-situ expansions and founder effects. That's why today, for example, any two random Balto-Slavic individuals from different ethnic or even linguistic groups, and from locations separated by hundreds of kilometers, share more IBD than any two random Irish individuals.
So the end result is very similar to high endogamy, but it encompasses a much wider area.
Population genetic analyses are often strongly affected by this phenomenon, and obviously so is yours, because you've just told us that you can't separate these populations in fineSTRUCTURE. This is precisely the reason why.
By the way, the highest level of North European ancestry is found in the East Baltic area, not Northwestern Europe (with North European ancestry being defined as the component with the highest level of indigenous European input). That's why if you run the relevant PCA you'll see that East Baltic groups, like Lithuanians and Latvians, are the furthest removed Europeans from Middle Eastern populations, without being shifted towards anyone else from outside of Europe at the same time. This is supported by all ancient DNA to date.
So I find it extremely difficult to believe that there was a late admixture event in this region like the one you're positing. Eventually ancient DNA might support your findings, but based on everything I've seen to date, I doubt it.
- February 26, 2014 at 1:31 PM
- Davidski said...
Actually, I should add that when I said the Kalash had Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) admixture rather than North European admixture, I didn't mean your results were way off in this case. That's because present-day Northern Europeans apparently derive a lot of their ancestry from the so called Ancient North Eurasians.
So in other words, the Kalash might indeed have North European-like ancestry, but it probably didn't come from Europe. Indeed, I can't believe that it arrived in the Hindu Kush with Alexander's army, who were in all likelihood Southeast Europeans, Anatolians and Persians anyway.
I think the most plausible explanation for the northern admixture among the Kalash is the expansion of the Sintashta chariot complex from the southern Urals during the Bronze Age. This actually fits perfectly with the spread of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a-Z93 into South Asia. It also fits well with the post-Neolithic appearance of the Ancient North Eurasian component in Europe, because it seems these people, who were probably the early Indo-Europeans, pushed out in both directions.
It's a shame the dates don't fit, because everything else does, especially if we don't assume that present-day populations are good proxies for ancient population movements.
- February 26, 2014 at 6:21 PM
- Davidski said...
Yes, ANE seems to show a high correlation with the Caucasus and related components. But this doesn't necessarily mean that the fairly high ANE among Greeks is due to migrations from the Caucasus and nearby. What it might mean, at least in part, is that populations with a high ratio of ANE expanded into Greece and the Caucasus at about the same time.
I think that makes sense, because there was no ANE influence among the early Neolithic farmers, and these samples also mostly lack the Caucasus-like admixture, which appears to be a hybrid of pre-ANE Mediterranean/Near Eastern and ANE components.
- February 26, 2014 at 7:43 PM
- Steve Finnell said...
Did you ever notice that secularists accept historical writings as fact, unless they are about God the Father, God the Son and the Holy Spirit.
Have you ever heard a secularist proclaim that the following men did not live and that they were not who historians said they were?
Confucius 551-479 B.C.
Plato 427-347 B.C.
Alexander the Great 356-323 B.C.
Julius Caesar 100-44 B.C.
Socrates 469-399 B.C.
Buddha 563-483 B.C.
Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1827
Homer 700-800 B.C.
Isaac Newton 1642-1727
Galileo Galilei 1564-1642
Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519
Marco Polo 1254-1324
John Locke 1632-1704
George Washington 1732-1799
Abraham Lincoln 1809-1865
Secularists do not question the historical fact, that these men lived and died. They do not deny the role these men played in history. They believe this, by faith, that the historical accounts are accurate.
Secularists do deny the historical accuracy of the Bible and all other accounts that proclaim Jesus as the Son of God. They deny the historical accounts of God the Father resurrecting Jesus from the grave.
THE RESULTS OF A SELECTIVE VIEW OF HISTORICAL FACTS.(2 Thessalonians 1:8-9 dealing out retribution to those who do not know God and to those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus. 9 These will pay the penalty of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His power.)
(Scripture from: NEW AMERICAN STANDARD BIBLE)
YOU ARE INVITED TO FOLLOW MY BLOG. http//:steve-finnell.blogspot.com
- July 6, 2014 at 9:52 AM


text:
Decking a house in thousands of lights is one way to spread holiday spirit. It can also serve as an education in American culture. Ibby Caputo, of member station WGBH, took a tour of Christmas lights in Manchester, New Hampshire. She went with a group of global refugees.
IBBY CAPUTO, BYLINE: On a chilly winter evening, Amadou Hamady ushers people from all over the world onto a school bus.
AMADOU HAMADY: Let's go. Let's go. Let's go.
CAPUTO: Somali women dressed in brightly-colored burqas sit in front of Nepali Bhutanese men with tilakas painted on their foreheads. Not far behind are two Iraqi girls in Western clothing. Across the aisle, a Sudanese mother in a headscarf. Hamady works for the International Institute of New England, which helps refugees get a foothold in the U.S. Tonight, Hamady introduces these refugees to the holiday spirit, American style.
HAMADY: The holiday spirit is in full swing for some people. For many of the newcomers we have here, this serves as a reminder that they are a stranger in a new home.
CAPUTO: Hamady says this field trip helps refugees feel more welcome, not by celebrating Christmas - many people on the bus are not Christian - but they are experiencing the culture of their new home. He says it's a way to encourage optimism and limit isolation.
HAMADY: Because, again, someone who's coming from a war-torn country who have endured so much, they need strong self-esteem to survive or to rebuild their life in a new country that has completely a different culture.
CAPUTO: On this light tour, that completely different culture is obvious.
UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #1: Woo.
UNIDENTIFIED MAN #1: Oh.
UNIDENTIFIED CHILD #1: Oh, that's awesome.
HAMADY: That's awesome.
CAPUTO: The bus eases by a house dotted in colored lights. The trees and shrubs glow and towering inflatable Christmas characters crowd the yard. 22-year-old Daniyah Kazadi is from Burundi. He's Christian but says he's never celebrated Christmas like this before.
DANIYAH KAZADI: We don't have the lights concept in Africa. It's just - people go to church and come back home, share food, that's all. Yeah.
CAPUTO: Daniyah says he wants to bring his parents and his two younger brothers back to see the elaborate lights. In Burundi, Daniyah's family sometimes would spend a whole week without electricity. When they first arrived in New York City, Daniyah says they were shocked by the lights. That was five months ago.
KAZADI: As time goes by, you get used to it and it becomes a part of your life, so you accept it.
CAPUTO: While the Christmas lights are the main attraction, it's the heated, noisy bus that Daniyah likes the best. It reminds him of rides he took in Burundi.
KAZADI: In the bus, it was warm. So we would open windows, air coming in, heat working, people talking, good smelling. Chicken would be, you know, cockling, cock-a-doodle-doo. So it was really, really good.
CAPUTO: It's very different from here, Daniyah knows, but sometimes you can feel home in the most unexpected places. For NPR News, I'm Ibby Caputo. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text: Hear that? That dull roar, like the sound from inside a shell? That might be the Orange County coastline calling you — 42 miles of beach and beach towns, give or take, from San Clemente to Seal Beach. Follow the advice here, and this coastline might lull you with surfers on swells, startle you with circus tricks (look for the guy by the Huntington Beach Pier with the hammer, nail and much-abused nose), charm you with old shacks on priceless real estate, seduce or offend you with shiny new buildings on equally priceless real estate, tempt you with $2.69 corn dogs or $600-a-night hotel rooms. If you're lucky, at the end of the day, you'll wind up standing on a pier, surfers bobbing below and the faint funk of old bait hanging in the air, and these very coastal waters will swallow the sun. It's a nice trick, no hammer or nail necessary. These 12 micro-itineraries are designed to get you started along the O.C. coast whether you're coming from near or far. This is the fifth installment in our monthly Southern California Close-Ups series.FOR THE RECORD:Southern California Close-ups: A May 29 Travel story on the Orange County coast incorrectly reported that George Washington signed the Declaration of Independence. Washington was not one of the signers. It also incorrectly described the Pelican Hill and St. Regis Monarch Beach golf courses as private. The courses are privately owned, but nonmembers can pay to play on them. —Just about all of Southern California's sleepy little beach towns have been built up, priced up and, by many measures, messed up. But San Clemente's pier, beaches and red-tile roofs endure, and they're worth a look. The waves here offer some of North America's best surfing, including the spot known as Trestles (just south of town within San Onofre State Beach), which some people call "the Yosemite of surfing." San Clemente also has an Amtrak stop right by the pier — which raises the tempting idea of a carless beach weekend — and don't forget the beachside pedestrian path that leads north from the pier to a great playground at Linda Lane Park.Don't bother looking for Richard Nixon's old Western White House; he sold it in 1980, and it's a private home now. The town is tucked in among hills and canyons — no tidy street grid here — and on the main drag, El Camino Real, many locals like Sonny's (an old favorite for pizza at 429 N. El Camino Real) and the Riders Club Cafe (a new favorite for burgers and other "slow fast food" at 1701 N. El Camino Real). But you're starting with the pier.At theon the pier, the waves crash just below and the sunset washes over everyone on the patio. And you're bound to notice thea block south. With its pseudo-Spanish cottage style, its 12 rooms (all with kitchens) and its perch on a grassy knoll right by the train tracks and beach, the Beachcomber is what you'd dream about if you fell asleep reading a 1955 issue of Sunset magazine. Priceless views. Alas, the interiors are as tired as the exterior is classic, and the prices hit a hefty $375 on summer weekends.So, on those nights, you might consider the nearby, where your $350 or so will get you more space and some jazzy furniture. Ah, but in the off-season, you can get into the Beachcomber for as little as $125 a night. Take that deal, kick back on the porch and start pretending Nixon is still vice president, surfboards are still 7 feet long, and your state government is still solvent.Mission San Juan Capistrano, which went up about the time George Washington and company were signing the Declaration of Independence, is famous for the swallows that return every spring. Unfortunately, most of those swallows have ditched the mission in favor of a country club in San Bernardino County. Bummer. But you'll want to stop in SJC all the same, because the mission grounds are still atmospheric (and less spattered), and Los Rios Street, which runs alongside the tracks near the town's Amtrak/Metrolink station, might be the oldest surviving residential street in the state, with adobes and Victorians, a nursery and a teahouse.Come on a weekend and line up for the $35 brunch on the patio at the, which was built as a private home in 1881. Expect the chef's cat to brush past. Then wander over to the nearby, where you can commune with ponies, llamas, pigs, goats and chickens.Now, we're a bit north of San Clemente, in Dana Point, with a little flashback: In 1834, a rich kid from New England decided to look for a little adventure before starting law school at Harvard. His name was Richard Henry Dana Jr., and he signed on as a merchant seaman on a tall ship working the cattle-hide trade along the coast of Alta California.For two years, his brigantine plied the coast, calling at San Diego, San Pedro, Santa Barbara and the port of San Juan, now known as Dana Point Harbor. These adventures gave Dana all the material he needed for his memoir "Two Years Before the Mast." Take in the broad coastal view from Lantern Bay Park near the headlands, then head down Dana Point Harbor Drive to the marina, past the kayak rental place, the ferry collecting tourists for the trip to Catalina, the toddler-friendly waters of well-protected Dana Cove. See an old-fashioned ship with the word "Pilgrim" on its side? It's a 98-foot-long replica of Dana's brigantine, and it's used for marine education programs by the nonprofit, whose handsome modern offices neighbor the docks.On most Saturdays and Sundays, the institute's headquarters is open for educational tours. And from 11 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. most Sundays, you can step aboard the Pilgrim for a tour and enjoy the sight of a docent pacing the decks and hollering sailor jargon and sporting a puffy shirt straight from the closet of a certain 18-year-old "Seinfeld" episode. But don't pity him, because he's busy pitying you. If you're a seasoned sailor, Dana once wrote, "there is not so helpless and pitiable an object in the world as a landsman beginning a sailor's life."The O.C. coastline is no place for penny-pinchers, especially when it comes to hotels, especially around Laguna and Newport beaches. Among golfers, two of the most popular lodging splurges are the Resort at Pelican Hill (Newport Beach) and the St. Regis Monarch Beach resort (Dana Point), both of which stand beside private courses. Shoppers might book the Island Hotel or the Hyatt Regency Newport Beach near Fashion Island mall in Newport Beach.But if you want luxury right on the beach, you're likely to wind up choosing between the(which opened in 1984 next to Salt Creek Beach Park in Dana Point) or the(which opened in 2003 next to Treasure Island Beach at the southern end of Laguna Beach). They're both fit for plutocrats, set on cliff tops, each with acres of immaculately landscaped grounds, kids' programs, grand pools and walkways leading to sandy beaches. But they're not twins.The 396-room Ritz, built as a fairly formal palace, has made itself more playful and casual; last year, the hotel reopened its one full-fledged restaurant as, specializing in pan-Latino beach cuisine.Up the coast, the 250-room Montage pays homage to Craftsman style, with California landscapes on the walls and two full-fledged restaurants. The Ritz rooms begin at about 400 square feet with varying views. The Montage's rooms begin at about 500 square feet, and all have ocean views. If money is no object, the Montage is the clear winner — but its rates start at about $600. The Ritz's start at about $400. Your call.Down along the shore between Laguna Beach and Newport, local activists and state officials are rehabilitating a beloved old beach-cottage community called. "It's just a rustic walk back in time," says cottages manager Lindsay Lane. More than a dozen films have been shot at the site, including "To Have and Have Not," "Herbie Rides Again" and "Beaches."The good news is that there are 21 vintage beach-facing units that Crystal Cove State Park rents for less than $200 a night. The bad news is that everybody wants one. Occupancy is about 98%, and cottages are typically snapped up six months ahead, within minutes of being made available. (On Feb. 1, August reservations open up, and so on.) More cottages will join the inventory, including two later this year. Meanwhile, forget about reservations and just show up, take the shuttle down from the state park's parking lot, walk the beach, dine on the patio of theand climb the steps that lead north to the park's modest cultural center.That last stop is an important one that many visitors miss. It will give you a chance to read about the Japanese American families who arrived in 1927, leased cottages from the Irvine family, farmed hundreds of acres, built a schoolhouse and other buildings, then were shipped off to internment camps after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. By the time they were released after the end of World War II, Crystal Cove was otherwise occupied, and those families had to start over elsewhere. The cove is a scene of many happy memories, but its human history is not all sweetness and light.You love shopping. And you know you need blow-drying by an expert ($35 at Drybar). Also, you need a massive desk that folds up like a steamer trunk ($3,400 at Restoration Hardware). You need a crack at Neiman Marcus and an hour or two to see how Macy's and Nordstrom compare. In other words, you need Fashion Island, in Newport Beach.If a wave of thrift overwhelms you, you can sit by the koi pond and wait for it to pass, or get a $6 bowl of tasty miso soup (and with your menu, a written briefing on Dr. Andrew Weil's anti-inflammatory food pyramid) at the, which opened in August. Or you could dive into the world of modern art the($12 an adult), a few blocks away. Through Sept. 4, the museum is showing a witty exhibition of mobiles and other works by the late Alexander Calder, along with pieces by seven artists he influenced. So many big, bright, impractical objects! So tenuously balanced! Now, what was that credit-debt counselor saying about your checkbook?If fate placed you in beachy, artsy Laguna Beach this afternoon, would you jump in the ocean first or start prowling galleries? If you choose No. 1, begin by taking the measure of Main Beach at Pacific Coast Highway and Broadway. Besides lots of body-surfing, skim-boarding, volleyball on the sand and half-court hoops on two of the best-sited courts in California, it's a scene of romantic strolls and playing children, all at the foot of a blue-and-white lifeguard tower that dates to the '20s.There are tide pools at the northern end of the beach. And if you've forgotten little Jasper's beach toys, you can grab a plastic pail and shovel for $3.99 at Main Beach Toys & Games, near the beach's southern end. Then you'll be ready to start plotting time at some of Laguna's 20 or so other beaches. Surfers like Thousand Steps Beach (between 9th and 10th streets); families like Picnic Beach (which neighbors grassy Heisler Park); scuba divers favor Boat Canyon Beach; and about 200 yards off Cleo Street Beach, there's an old shipwreck. (More beach details at http://www.lagunabeachinfo.com.)You may be tempted to stay at the old Hotel Laguna, which looms familiarly just south of Main Beach. But be wary. Despite the great location and brilliant views from the restaurants, its rooms have needed updating for years. (What hotels still have metal keys?) Management says an upgrade is in progress, but until results are clear, head elsewhere.Maybe you'll land at(where surf designers have jazzed up 10 rooms in an otherwise old-school '20s building); maybe the(a more contemporary building with 70 rooms just north of Main Beach); maybe(an oceanfront Midcentury motor lodge now boldly decorated and run by the trendy Joie de Vivre chain); or maybe you'll spend a bit more for the 165-room($260 and up), where management has wedged many amenities into a tall, crowded collection of buildings on a beachfront perch.Or turn your back on the beach and retreat to the frill-free, semi-isolated quiet and affordability of the(60 studios, one bedrooms and two bedrooms, all with kitchens), which is tucked into a canyon with a nine-hole golf course and pool (but no proper restaurant) at the southern end of town. On slow dates, you can get into a studio for less than $100 a night.Show me the landscape paintings. Laguna Beach has been an art colony for a century or so. Though rising prices have worn thin the town's hippie veneer, you'll find galleries and festivals all over, especially in summer. Start with breakfast amid the decorative gnomes and greenery ofin north Laguna. Hop across the street to check the smallish but smartand maybe have a look at blankets and beadwork at Len Wood's Indian Territory, just a few steps away.From here, you might need to drive a bit. Dozens of galleries, scattered north to south along PCH, concentrate on classic California plein-air landscapes (the Redfern Gallery, 1540 S. Coast Highway, for instance), and there's plenty else too — Todd Kenyon's minimalist modern seascapes at the Pure Laguna Beach gallery (1590 S. Coast Highway), for instance, or the cool old movie and travel images at the Vintage Poster (1492 S. Coast Highway).More than 40 galleries stay open for art walks on the first Thursday of every month. (There's also a great selection of books at Laguna Beach Books, 1200 S. Coast Highway.)As for the art festivals, the weirdest (and one of the oldest) is the Pageant of the Masters, in which volunteers don costumes and makeup and strike poses to mimic old master paintings (July 7-Aug. 31; $15-$100 per adult). Other summer stalwarts include the Sawdust Art Festival (June 24-Aug. 28), the Festival of Arts (July 3-Aug. 31) and Art-a-Fair (June 24-Aug. 28); the Plein Air Painting Invitational follows Oct. 9-16.Because you're saving your pennies for art, sidestep the fancy restaurants and grab a tasty Mexican lunch or dinner, prepared with an emphasis on sustainability, at eitherdowntown (347 Mermaid St.) or in south Laguna (30862 S. Coast Highway).Some of the best fun and most difficult parking in Newport Beach is on Balboa Island and the Balboa peninsula. They're connected by an old-school ferry that carries just three cars ($2 a car), which is fun, but otherwise you'll be happier traveling by foot, bike or watercraft. The highlight of moneyed and mostly residential Balboa island — which is also connected to the mainland by bridge — is the commercial strip of Marine Avenue, where you can buy boutique clothes for yourself and your kids, maybe have lunch at(get the sourdough cheeseburger) and perhaps buy a frozen banana, although that will mean choosing between Sugar 'n' Spice ("the original frozen banana," 310 Marine Ave.) and Dad's Original Frozen Banana (318 Marine Ave.).The Balboa Peninsula includes a lot: the Newport and Balboa piers, several small hotels, a bunch of restaurants, a 1.7-mile bike trail that connects the piers, watercraft rentals, harbor cruises, the historic Balboa Pavilion building and a neighboring Fun Zone with rides and games. If you watched "The O.C." on television (2003-07), many of these spots will look familiar.At the peninsula's southern tip is the Wedge, a prime body-surfing spot that Esquire magazine once put on a list of "60 things worth shortening your life for." Partake if you dare, then rent a bike ($8-$10 an hour), pedal pier to pier, and stop near the Newport Pier at(106 McFadden Place). Maybe later you'll pony up for one of the fancy surf-and-turf dinners at 21 Oceanfront Restaurant (2100 W. Oceanfront). But for now, get in line behind those tourists from North Dakota, fork over your $2.69 and taste that savory corn-dog goodness.If Newport and Laguna are the rich distant relations who might not remember you in their wills, Huntington Beach is the wild cousin who owes you money. Its downtown is all about scruffy surf culture, and the Main Street bars and restaurants stay lively late, with the usual attendant troubles.For a historical look at surf culture, spend a few minutes in the free(411 Olive Ave.). From the pier, you get a great view of surfers at play, and you may bump into Lucky John, a street performer whose act relies heavily on (spoiler alert!) a hammer, a long nail and his own nose.For a healthy helping of surf style and commerce, browse Jack's Surfboards (since 1957; 101 Main St.) and its competitor across Main, Huntington Surf & Sport (300 Pacific Coast Highway), where many a casual fashion trend has been incubated. Then grab a rental bike and take to the 12-mile Ocean Strand path, which begins down south in Newport Beach and ends near the county line at Sunset Beach.On your right as you head north, you'll see the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve. To your left, you'll have Bolsa Chica State Beach, which has camping, fishing and, unlike many beaches these days, dozens of fire rings.Come back at sunset, pay the $15-a-car fee, and you can watch the flames dance, warm your sandy feet, roast marshmallows and howl like an unhinged extra on the set of "How to Stuff a Wild Bikini." Note, though, that booze is banned and you have to go home by 10 p.m. You can imagine how Huntington Beach party people feel about email@example.com


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Knight Rider
David Hasselhoff ("Baywatch," "Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story") stars as Michael Knight in his breakout role as a crime fighter who awakens from a serious injury with a new identity. In the series premiere, Las Vegas police detective Michael Arthur Long is shot in the face and left for dead before being rescued by dying millionaire Wilton Knight (Richard Basehart, "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea"), the chairman of Knight Industries and creator of the public justice organization, the Foundation for Law and Government (FLAG). Wilton makes Michael the primary agent for FLAG, giving him a new identity via plastic surgery and the name Michael Knight, plus an arsenal of equipment to continue his crime-fighting work. Principle among this equipment is the Knight Industries Two Thousand, or KITT (voiced by William Daniels, "St. Elsewhere," "Boy Meets World"), a heavily modified and artificially intelligent Pontiac Firebird Trans Am with the ability to talk, fire weapons and travel at high speed. Michael and KITT work together to take down criminals who operate above the law. They are helped in their work by FLAG's leader, Devon Miles (Edward Mulhare, "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir"), who provides mission details, and by Dr. Bonnie Barstow (Patricia McPherson), KITT's chief technician.
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