text:
- Original Article
- Open Access
Species richness and diversity across rocky intertidal elevation gradients in Helgoland: testing predictions from an environmental stress model
© Springer-Verlag and AWI 2010
- Received: 25 January 2010
- Accepted: 30 April 2010
- Published: 19 May 2010
Environmental stress affects species richness and diversity in communities, but the precise form of the relationship is unclear. We tested an environmental stress model (ESM) that predicts a unimodal pattern for total richness and diversity in local communities across the full stress gradient where a regional biota can occur. In 2008, we measured richness and diversity (considering all macrobenthic species) across the entire intertidal range on three rocky shores on Helgoland Island, Germany. Intertidal elevation is known to be positively related to abiotic stress. Since Helgoland is between the northern and southern biogeographic boundaries for the cold-temperate NE Atlantic intertidal biota, it exhibits low stress levels for this biota at low elevations and high stress at high elevations because of long (>6 h) emersion times. Thus, we predicted a unimodal trend for richness and diversity across elevation. On all three shores, richness increased from high to middle elevations, but remained similar between middle and low elevations. Diversity followed the same trend on one shore and different trends (although also non-unimodal) on the other two. Evenness explained the trend differences between richness and diversity. Overall, our study yielded little support for the ESM. Reasons for richness and diversity not decreasing at low elevations may be related to influences of mostly subtidal species, Helgoland's intertidal range, or sampling resolution. Our study also suggests that the ESM must be developed further to differentiate between richness and diversity. We offer recommendations to improve future ESM research using intertidal systems.
- Diversity
- Elevation
- Environmental stress
- Evenness
- Richness
- Rocky intertidal
Species diversity is an important property of communities because it is often related to their functioning and potential for change (Hooper et al. 2005; Stachowicz et al. 2007; Gamfeldt and Hillebrand 2008). Diversity is a measure of how likely two randomly selected individuals in a community belong to different species. Thus, diversity is affected by two other properties of communities: richness, which is the total number of species, and evenness, which is the degree of similarity in abundance among the species (Krebs 1999).
Despite the intended universality of the ESM, field tests of its predictions on overall richness and diversity are rare. The ideal approach would be to measure both traits in local communities covering the full stress range for a regional biota, but this is difficult to achieve for logistic reasons. Thus, most studies documenting diversity across stress gradients surveyed only selected taxonomic groups or restricted stress ranges (Locke 1996; Townsend et al. 1997; Hacker and Bertness 1999; Ohlemüller and Wilson 2000; Attrill and Rundle 2002; Chiba 2007; Lepori and Malmqvist 2009). However, knowing trends for some groups may not allow inference of community trends (Vellend 2008). A recent study tested ESM predictions by measuring richness and diversity across intertidal stress gradients in northern Nova Scotia (Canada) considering all benthic macroscopic species; overall richness and diversity increased from high to low elevations (Scrosati and Heaven 2007). In intertidal habitats, the abiotic stresses related to temperature, desiccation, irradiance, and osmotic potential increase sharply with elevation because of tides. Due to the high variation and extreme values occurring in those abiotic factors at the high intertidal zone, high elevations exhibit the most stressful conditions for intertidal biotas. Low elevations, because of their short periods of aerial exposure, offer more benign conditions (Raffaelli and Hawkins 1996). The study in Nova Scotia could not survey the entire stress gradient across which the cold-temperate rocky intertidal biota from the NW Atlantic can occur. High elevations in northern Nova Scotia adequately represent high stress, but low elevations represent only relatively intermediate stress levels for that biota because of harsh winter conditions (Bertness 2007; Scrosati and Eckersley 2007). Lower yearly levels of stress occur farther south (New England), particularly at the low intertidal zone. Thus, the negative relationship between richness/diversity and environmental stress found for Nova Scotia (Scrosati and Heaven 2007) is consistent with the ESM (Fig. 1). To test ESM predictions for lower stress ranges experienced by a regional biota, it is necessary to survey other shores.
The NE Atlantic coast also exhibits a cold-temperate intertidal biota, which extends between Norway and Spain (Lüning 1990). For this regional biota, high stress levels occur at the high intertidal zone because of its harsh conditions at low tide, the highest stress levels occurring at the northern and southern biogeographic boundaries because they represent extreme cold and heat stress for this biota, respectively. Low stress levels for this biota occur on shores between the two biogeographic boundaries, particularly at low elevations under moderate or low wave exposure (Menge and Branch 2001). The island of Helgoland, on the North Sea off the coast of Germany, lies in between those biogeographic boundaries, thus representing an adequate model system to test ESM predictions from high to low stress levels. Therefore, we used Helgoland's intertidal elevation gradient to test ESM predictions on richness and diversity. We hypothesized that species richness and diversity would follow a unimodal trend between low and high elevations in Helgoland (Fig. 1). Since evenness helps to explain potential differences between richness and diversity (Krebs 1999), we also measured the spatial trend for evenness across intertidal elevation.
Study sites
Sampling design
We surveyed the vertical gradient of elevation on the 3 study shores between 0 m (chart datum) and an upper boundary determined using ecological indicators (the seaweed Fucus spiralis) to account for the fact that zones with similar emersion-related stresses are higher and wider as wave exposure increases (Harley and Helmuth 2003). This macroalga is the sessile, perennial species occurring highest on the 3 studied shores, which ensured that annual and seasonal wave regimes were integrated when determining upper intertidal boundaries using this indicator. Once we determined the upper boundary for each shore, we divided the intertidal range in three zones of equal vertical extent (high, middle, and low zones). Using a theodolite with a precision of 1 cm, we determined the upper boundary and those between zones, marking them with screws bolted to the rocky substrate. The upper boundary was 2.0 m at Nord-Ost Hafen, 1.8 m at Kringel, and 2.3 m at Bunker. Based on our wave exposure values, the upper intertidal boundary was slightly lower than expected at Kringel. This was probably so because, at the time of our study, construction above the intertidal zone was taking place there, which involved the placement of large concrete structures (tetrapods) that seem to have disturbed the uppermost intertidal reaches, apparently creating new substrate that had not yet been colonized.
On each shore, we randomly established 3 sites, which were separated 5–10 m from one another following the coastline. At each site, we delimited the position of 2 transect lines that ran from high to low elevations. In July–August 2008, we determined species richness, diversity, and evenness for 3 quadrats (25 cm × 25 cm) that we randomly placed along each transect within each intertidal zone, avoiding the use of contiguous quadrats. Thus, we sampled 18 quadrats at each intertidal zone on each shore (n = 162 quadrats in total). We avoided sampling tide pools, large crevices, and steep inclines for consistency. At each quadrat, we identified all seaweeds and invertebrates (>1 mm) using field guides (Luther 1987; Janke and Kremer 1988, 2003; Kornmann and Sahling 1977, 1994) and taxonomic keys (Maggs and Hommersand 1993; Hayward and Ryland 1995). We identified most taxa to the species level, but a few taxa remained doubtful because of their small size or phenotypic overlap with similar species, even after laboratory observations under a stereomicroscope (50× magnification). For those cases, we made identifications to the lowest possible taxonomic level, as done in other field studies identifying all seaweeds and invertebrates (Kimbro and Grosholz 2006; Russell et al. 2006; Thompson et al. 2007; Konar et al. 2009; Valdivia and Molis 2009). For each quadrat, we measured the percent cover of each species using a 25 cm × 25 cm metallic frame divided in 100 equal sections with monofilament line. We chose percent cover to quantify abundance because alternative measures (e.g., density of individuals) cannot always be determined reliably for clonal organisms (Scrosati 2005) or (e.g., biomass) would have implied destructive sampling of numerous shore areas. When an abundant algal canopy occurred, we first measured all canopy species and, then, we carefully moved the canopy away to sample understory species. Due to the multilayered structure of these assemblages, cover values did not necessarily represent use of primary substrate and total percent cover could exceed 100%. When percent cover was less than 1% for a given species, we recorded it as 0.5%.
Simpson's evenness index ranges between 0 and 1 and is relatively unaffected by the rare species in the quadrat and by spatial distribution (Krebs 1999; Payne et al. 2005).
Data analysis
We tested the effects of intertidal elevation on species richness, diversity, and evenness through nested analyses of variance done separately for each dependent variable (Underwood 1997). The factors were intertidal elevation (fixed, with 3 levels: low, middle, and high), shore (fixed, with 3 levels: Nord-Ost Hafen, Kringel, and Bunker), site (random) nested within shore, and transect (random) nested within site. We tested the normality and homoscedasticity assumptions using normal probability plots and Levene's tests, respectively, accepting the assumptions in all cases. When an ANOVA revealed significant main effects for elevation or shore, we compared factor levels using Tukey HSD tests. When the interaction between elevation and shore was significant, we tested for simple effects (effects of elevation at each shore and effects of shore at each elevation) by performing one-way ANOVAs followed by Tukey HSD tests. We did the analyses using R software (R Development Core Team 2008).
Abundance of taxa (mean percent cover ± SE, n = 18 quadrats) at each elevation zone on each studied shore in Helgoland
Nord-Ost Hafen
Blidingia spp.
0.67 ± 0.67
3.61 ± 1.20
12.11 ± 4.00
0.17 ± 0.17
1.06 ± 0.38
22.11 ± 4.55
18.11 ± 5.18
Ceramium virgatum
0.25 ± 0.13
Chaetomorpha melangonium
2.69 ± 0.67
0.67 ± 0.27
0.28 ± 0.17
Chondrus crispus
3.39 ± 1.16
13.78 ± 4.03
0.06 ± 0.06
4.97 ± 2.28
0.06 ± 0.06
Cladophora rupestris
13.72 ± 3.42
3.19 ± 1.41
2.92 ± 1.50
0.25 ± 0.12
1.22 ± 0.43
0.58 ± 0.16
1.11 ± 0.59
Cladostephus spongiosus
0.33 ± 0.33
Corallina officinalis
0.33 ± 0.18
Cystoclonium purpureum
0.11 ± 0.11
Dumontia contorta
0.11 ± 0.11
Elachista fucicola
1.81 ± 0.82
0.86 ± 0.50
0.03 ± 0.03
0.06 ± 0.06
0.81 ± 0.43
0.31 ± 0.23
0.31 ± 0.28
0.17 ± 0.08
Filamentous red alga
0.50 ± 0.44
0.06 ± 0.06
0.17 ± 0.11
Fucus sp.
0.50 ± 0.35
0.39 ± 0.24
0.06 ± 0.06
2.39 ± 1.07
1.22 ± 0.78
0.17 ± 0.11
0.72 ± 0.67
Fucus serratus
70.78 ± 5.84
30.00 ± 8.89
9.11 ± 4.17
25.39 ± 7.39
1.33 ± 1.33
6.11 ± 4.19
3.56 ± 2.60
39.33 ± 10.07
Fucus spiralis
0.44 ± 0.44
1.33 ± 1.33
82.50 ± 4.91
77.33 ± 7.12
50.67 ± 9.92
Fucus vesiculosus
8.72 ± 5.83
11.00 ± 4.10
0.89 ± 0.89
0.44 ± 0.44
11.94 ± 3.73
18.22 ± 6.20
Hildenbrandia rubra
0.22 ± 0.17
0.06 ± 0.06
0.06 ± 0.06
0.17 ± 0.08
0.25 ± 0.09
1.78 ± 0.35
0.69 ± 0.23
1.33 ± 0.39
6.39 ± 1.30
Laminaria sp.
0.06 ± 0.06
Laminaria digitata
1.22 ± 0.87
Mastocarpus stellatus
33.67 ± 5.38
89.22 ± 5.02
42.17 ± 6.00
52.00 ± 7.34
35.56 ± 5.93
3.22 ± 1.27
55.17 ± 6.22
89.50 ± 3.44
12.50 ± 2.01
Membranoptera alata
0.06 ± 0.06
0.03 ± 0.03
Phymatolithon sp.
4.17 ± 1.15
1.17 ± 0.30
0.08 ± 0.06
0.67 ± 0.25
0.14 ± 0.11
0.11 ± 0.11
8.61 ± 1.80
6.89 ± 1.84
7.83 ± 1.94
Plumaria elegans
0.06 ± 0.06
Porphyra sp.
0.06 ± 0.06
0.19 ± 0.12
4.61 ± 2.59
1.44 ± 0.89
0.06 ± 0.06
1.36 ± 0.66
Ralfsia sp.
0.17 ± 0.08
9.36 ± 1.65
3.75 ± 1.33
1.44 ± 0.45
0.78 ± 0.42
0.22 ± 0.09
1.25 ± 0.79
Red alga
0.17 ± 0.17
Rhodothamniella floridula
3.89 ± 0.93
0.53 ± 0.39
0.03 ± 0.03
0.08 ± 0.06
0.33 ± 0.24
Ulva sp. 1
6.75 ± 1.64
11.94 ± 4.46
1.67 ± 0.68
7.31 ± 4.09
0.03 ± 0.03
0.08 ± 0.06
0.17 ± 0.07
0.17 ± 0.06
0.03 ± 0.03
Ulva sp. 3
2.83 ± 1.54
0.67 ± 0.32
4.22 ± 2.92
0.22 ± 0.22
0.81 ± 0.78
Ulva sp. 3
0.03 ± 0.03
0.33 ± 0.06
0.42 ± 0.05
0.08 ± 0.06
0.19 ± 0.08
0.22 ± 0.12
0.03 ± 0.03
Actinia equina
0.06 ± 0.06
0.19 ± 0.08
0.11 ± 0.11
1.78 ± 0.24
0.33 ± 0.06
0.42 ± 0.05
0.03 ± 0.03
0.11 ± 0.05
0.03 ± 0.03
0.28 ± 0.06
0.56 ± 0.08
0.03 ± 0.03
Anurida maritima
0.08 ± 0.05
Balanus balanus
1.78 ± 0.24
0.86 ± 0.43
0.33 ± 0.17
Balanus crenatus
0.03 ± 0.03
Balanus improvisus
0.81 ± 0.16
1.25 ± 0.28
0.06 ± 0.06
0.67 ± 0.36
0.64 ± 0.12
0.28 ± 0.08
Carcinus maenas
0.61 ± 0.09
1.47 ± 0.17
0.17 ± 0.08
0.97 ± 0.22
0.89 ± 0.20
0.14 ± 0.08
0.61 ± 0.09
0.53 ± 0.08
0.42 ± 0.18
Crassostrea gigas
1.25 ± 0.51
0.19 ± 0.09
0.22 ± 0.22
0.36 ± 0.24
1.56 ± 0.50
Cryptosula pallasiana
0.33 ± 0.20
0.58 ± 0.20
0.06 ± 0.06
0.31 ± 0.18
0.22 ± 0.22
Dynamena pumila
1.14 ± 0.37
1.72 ± 0.43
0.14 ± 0.05
0.28 ± 0.13
0.61 ± 0.29
1.72 ± 0.38
1.11 ± 0.34
0.17 ± 0.07
Electra pilosa
3.22 ± 1.14
0.64 ± 0.14
0.03 ± 0.03
0.22 ± 0.10
0.22 ± 0.07
0.08 ± 0.05
Elminius modestus
0.33 ± 0.13
1.11 ± 0.23
1.83 ± 0.29
0.17 ± 0.07
0.94 ± 0.54
0.17 ± 0.07
0.36 ± 0.10
0.39 ± 0.10
0.31 ± 0.09
Flustrellidra hispida
9.50 ± 1.05
16.67 ± 1.69
0.53 ± 0.28
0.14 ± 0.08
Gibbula cineraria
0.22 ± 0.12
0.03 ± 0.03
Hemigrapsus sp.
0.03 ± 0.03
0.08 ± 0.06
0.39 ± 0.22
0.03 ± 0.03
0.58 ± 0.50
0.11 ± 0.06
0.14 ± 0.05
0.17 ± 0.06
0.22 ± 0.06
0.03 ± 0.03
0.19 ± 0.06
0.19 ± 0.07
0.22 ± 0.06
0.22 ± 0.07
0.39 ± 0.06
Janua pagenstecheri
0.86 ± 0.14
2.08 ± 0.32
0.08 ± 0.05
1.44 ± 0.28
0.75 ± 0.16
Laomedea flexuosa
0.03 ± 0.03
0.31 ± 0.08
0.08 ± 0.05
0.36 ± 0.10
0.69 ± 0.24
0.36 ± 0.09
0.58 ± 0.07
0.14 ± 0.05
Littorina littorea
0.28 ± 0.12
0.28 ± 0.13
0.33 ± 0.14
8.89 ± 3.09
0.39 ± 0.28
2.31 ± 0.58
5.00 ± 0.82
0.56 ± 0.39
Littorina obtusata
0.50 ± 0.13
0.58 ± 0.09
0.50 ± 0.17
0.47 ± 0.09
0.81 ± 0.15
0.17 ± 0.06
0.61 ± 0.12
0.75 ± 0.14
0.75 ± 0.17
Littorina saxatilis
0.11 ± 0.05
0.31 ± 0.08
0.06 ± 0.04
0.08 ± 0.05
0.08 ± 0.05
0.08 ± 0.05
0.08 ± 0.05
0.03 ± 0.03
Mytilus edulis
0.19 ± 0.08
0.72 ± 0.16
0.17 ± 0.07
0.03 ± 0.03
0.11 ± 0.08
0.17 ± 0.07
0.42 ± 0.08
0.17 ± 0.09
Pilumnus hirtellus
0.03 ± 0.03
Pomatoceros triqueter
0.03 ± 0.03
0.03 ± 0.03
Sargatia sp.
0.17 ± 0.07
0.89 ± 0.23
0.17 ± 0.08
0.06 ± 0.04
0.06 ± 0.04
0.03 ± 0.03
Sargatiogeton sp.
0.33 ± 0.07
1.00 ± 0.17
0.08 ± 0.06
0.14 ± 0.05
0.14 ± 0.07
0.06 ± 0.04
Semibalanus balanoides
0.83 ± 0.20
11.33 ± 1.75
8.11 ± 1.40
0.31 ± 0.09
1.25 ± 0.59
1.08 ± 0.41
3.08 ± 0.75
7.17 ± 1.74
7.11 ± 2.09
0.14 ± 0.05
0.19 ± 0.06
0.11 ± 0.05
0.11 ± 0.05
0.03 ± 0.03
Spirorbis spirorbis
0.14 ± 0.08
0.06 ± 0.06
Verruca stroemia
10.61 ± 2.45
0.81 ± 0.31
0.03 ± 0.03
0.03 ± 0.03
0.08 ± 0.06
0.03 ± 0.03
0.06 ± 0.06
Summary table for the nested ANOVAs done for species richness, diversity, and evenness
Source of variation
4 × 10−11
Elevation × shore
Site (shore)
Transect (site (shore))
Site (shore) × elevation
Transect (site (shore)) × elevation
Elevation × shore
2 × 10−4
Site (shore)
Transect (site (shore))
Site (shore) × elevation
Transect (site (shore)) × elevation
3 × 10−7
4 × 10−4
Elevation × shore
Site (shore)
Transect (site (shore))
Site (shore) × elevation
Transect (site (shore)) × elevation
Our study covered a large proportion of the types of rocky intertidal habitats on Helgoland Island. Only the open west coast could not be surveyed, because it was off limits for research during our fieldwork. The west coast faces the North Sea directly, so it is subjected to a higher degree of wave exposure than our studied shores. Other surveys of rocky intertidal species richness have been conducted recently on Helgoland shores (Reichert et al. 2008; Valdivia and Molis 2009), but they did not sample the entire intertidal range. Our data covering the full intertidal range indicate that neither overall richness nor diversity followed the predicted unimodal trend across elevation. Support for ESM predictions was only partial, since richness did increase from high to middle elevations but remained similar between middle and low elevations. The predicted increase in diversity from high to middle elevations only occurred at Kringel, with the opposite trend occurring at Bunker and no significant change at Nord-Ost Hafen. From middle to low elevations, diversity remained similar at Kringel and Bunker and increased at Nord-Ost Hafen. Hereafter, we discuss our findings with the goal of improving the understanding and testing of the ESM.
An important issue to consider is the domain of application of the ESM. The unimodal curve for overall richness and diversity (Scrosati and Heaven 2007) and the curves for the underlying interspecific interactions (Bruno et al. 2003) apply to the full stress gradient across which a regional biota can occur. Thus, the presence of species of other biotas might render the ESM unable to make accurate predictions. For example, communities in transition areas between two contiguous biotas share species to some extent (Kent et al. 1997; Attrill and Rundle 2002; Gastner et al. 2009). In rocky intertidal habitats, high elevations are often only occupied by truly intertidal species, which decrease in richness toward the upper intertidal boundary without sharing the substrate with the terrestrial species (e.g., vascular plants) that occur above (Raffaelli and Hawkins 1996). Thus, ESM predictions (low richness and diversity, and abiotic stress determining dynamics) are often met at the high intertidal zone (Bertness et al. 1999, 2006; Russell et al. 2006; Scrosati and Heaven 2007; Petes et al. 2008). In contrast, because of its limited aerial exposure, the low intertidal zone includes some species that primarily belong to subtidal biotas. Thus, the overlap of intertidal and subtidal biotas at low elevations might not allow ESM predictions to apply there. It is worth noting that the few studies that have quantified overall benthic richness (primary producers plus consumers) across the full intertidal range have found that richness increases from high to low elevations. This trend has been found for southern South America (Ingólfsson 2005), the central E Pacific (Lubchenco et al. 1984), NE Pacific (Ingólfsson 2005; Konar et al. 2009), NW Atlantic (Scrosati and Heaven 2007), N Atlantic (Ingólfsson 2005), and NE Atlantic (this study). Whether this pattern is universal for rocky intertidal systems remains unknown, but it suggests that the ESM might not be a good predictive tool for transition zones between biotas.
We initially evaluated removing from analyses the species appearing to be mostly subtidal (those occurring only at low elevations; Table 1), although that was an estimate because the full vertical distribution (elevation and depth) is unknown for many of such species. In any case, a quick analysis following that routine did reveal a unimodal trend for "intertidal" richness for Nord-Ost Hafen (with a total of 33, 40, and 28 species at low, middle, and high elevations, respectively) and Bunker (30, 33, 29), but Kringel retained the original trend (32, 31, 25). However, even when the corrected richness decreased at low elevations, it is unclear whether that resulted from effects of the "subtidal" species that were in the quadrats but were ignored, or whether it truly resulted from the interaction between the environment and the "intertidal" species as predicted by the ESM (Bruno et al. 2003). The ideal test of ESM predictions using low elevations would experimentally exclude the predominantly subtidal species and then assess richness once the community readjusts. ESM predictions on richness have been tested through mensurative approaches in other aquatic systems, such as lakes (Locke 1996). Although only zooplankton species were assessed, that study found a weak unimodal richness trend across a stress gradient determined by pH changes. Overlap of different biotas seemed not to occur in those lakes, suggesting that ESM-predicted richness patterns might indeed occur when communities from the same regional species pool are considered.
Another issue to consider relates to the interspecific interactions behind the predicted patterns in richness and diversity (summarized in the Introduction). Is there evidence in our data that interspecific interactions changed in importance across elevation as predicted by the ESM (Bruno et al. 2003)? The success or failure to find such evidence may give clues as to what aspects may be relevant to understanding our results in relation to the ESM. For example, the red alga Mastocarpus stellatus was the dominant basal species at middle elevations at Nord-Ost Hafen (reaching 90% cover), suggesting that this species may be competitively dominant there. This would agree with the predictions made by the ESM for intermediate stress levels (Bruno et al. 2003). The morphologically complex thallus of this alga (Dudgeon and Johnson 1992) might attract a number of small species that would otherwise be absent, resulting in total richness peaking at middle elevations, as the ESM predicted (Fig. 1). Our richness data did not show such a peak, but species size may have influenced this outcome. Because of constraints in logistics and taxonomic expertise, we restricted observations to organisms larger than 1 mm. Thus, if very small species were in fact drawn to middle elevations by M. stellatus, our sampling approach might have missed them, potentially explaining the lack of a unimodal pattern for our richness data. This type of limitation is a universal problem affecting intertidal diversity studies (Kimbro and Grosholz 2006; Russell et al. 2006; Thompson et al. 2007; Konar et al. 2009; Valdivia and Molis 2009). In fact, we know of no community study, aquatic or terrestrial, that has not suffered from this drawback. Increased efforts to identify even the smallest species might thus improve the accuracy of trend determination in ESM research. The above discussion must not be taken, however, as an indication that ESM-predicted patterns in richness did occur in Helgoland but our surveys failed to detect them. For example, at Bunker, the combined cover of all morphologically complex algae (M. stellatus and Fucus spp.) actually peaked at high elevations. Then, were these algae promoting a high occurrence of very small species there, total richness would still not follow a unimodal pattern.
Another prediction of the ESM on interspecific interactions is that consumers should play larger roles as stress decreases (Bruno et al. 2003). Is there evidence in our data suggesting that consumer pressure may have been particularly strong at low elevations? Percent cover data (as well as other abundance measures, such as density and biomass) may not be accurate indicators of consumer pressure, but offer information for a basic analysis. On Helgoland rocky shores, periwinkles (Littorina spp.) and green crabs (Carcinus maenas) are important consumers (Janke 1990; Eschweiler et al. 2009). The most abundant periwinkles, Littorina littorea and L. obtusata, feed readily on the green algae Ulva spp. (Janke 1990) and on the brown algae Fucus spp. (Watson and Norton 1981), respectively, while the mussel Mytilus edulis is a preferred food item for C. maenas (Ropes 1968). From middle to low elevations on our studied shores, the abundance of these consumers generally remained similar or decreased (Table 1). In the only case in which it clearly increased (L. littorea at Kringel), the abundance of its preferred food (Ulva spp.) also increased toward low elevations. These observations suggest that consumer pressure may not be particularly strong at the low intertidal zone relative to higher elevations. Field experiments should be done to confirm this notion, which may also contribute to explaining why overall richness and diversity did not decrease from middle to low elevations, as the ESM had predicted.
An alternative possible explanation for ESM-predicted patterns in richness and diversity not occurring in Helgoland relates to the extent of the intertidal range. For example, the change from stress being the main factor structuring communities, to species coexistence and higher richness of basal species, to competitive exclusions among basal species, to predation disrupting such exclusions occurs from high elevations down the intertidal zone on the Pacific coast of North America (Paine 1974; Kim 1997; Robles et al. 2009), where tidal ranges reach 4–5 m. On shores with smaller tidal ranges (e.g., ~2 m in Helgoland) and a similar slope, the size and/or mobility of organisms might complicate the detection, or even the occurrence, of horizontal zones representing the ecological stages described above and, consequently, changes in total richness (which have not been quantified for western North America). We suggest that ESM-predicted patterns might become increasingly evident with increasing intertidal range.
A possible solution to working on shores with a limited intertidal range might be to increase the spatial resolution of sampling. For example, on each Helgoland shore, we sampled the full intertidal range between chart datum and the upper intertidal boundary. However, we combined data for quadrats from the lower, middle, and upper thirds of the range to describe average richness and diversity for the low, middle, and high intertidal zones. This is a common approach in intertidal ecology, allowing researchers to identify broad patterns (Menge and Branch 2001; Konar et al. 2009). As discussed above, our tests did not find a unimodal richness/diversity pattern across elevation. Thus, if full ESM-predicted patterns did occur on a shore with a limited intertidal range, sampling at a higher resolution might reveal them. For example, an intertidal range of 2 m could be divided in 8 elevation zones of 25 cm in vertical extent each, which could be sampled with 25 cm × 25 cm quadrats. This approach would require sampling almost 3 times more quadrats than a classic 3-zone study to maintain the same sampling effort at each zone. Nonetheless, future ESM tests might profit from following this approach.
A final consideration is due regarding the trends followed by richness and diversity in Helgoland. Both traits showed the same pattern across elevation at Kringel, but differences existed at Nord-Ost Hafen and Bunker. A similar situation occurred across the shores, as richness was lower at Kringel than on the other 2 shores, but diversity was similar in Kringel and Bunker. Logically, these differences were explained by evenness trends (Krebs 1999). Richness and diversity have been considered virtually as synonyms in many biodiversity studies (Whittaker et al. 2001, Wilsey et al. 2005, Stachowicz et al. 2007), but both traits may differ in spatial (or temporal) pattern mediated by evenness (Badano et al. 2002; Kimbro and Grosholz 2006; Scrosati and Heaven 2007; Wilsey and Stirling 2007). Since both richness and diversity help to understand community functioning, predicting how they vary with stress is thus important. Therefore, future ESM studies should quantify richness, diversity, and evenness simultaneously to facilitate ecological synthesis.
We thank Barry R. Taylor and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on this study. Research was supported by grants from the Canada Research Chairs (CRC) program, the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Discovery Grant) to R. A. S. and by funds from Biologische Anstalt Helgoland to N. V. and M. M.
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Country Mouse
Country Mouse is a small, independent family run business established in 2010 after a chance meeting with the one and only Annie Sloan. We're a family with a passion for cosy country interiors, upcycling and getting creative ... passions we love to share with our customers.
Always on the lookout for unique items that have a story to tell, we spend as much time as we can scouring antique fairs, boot fairs and French brocante for interesting bits and pieces to restore (or just re-love).
Steve is the master 'fixer-upper' but his main talent is for creating beautiful items of furniture from reclaimed wood. Karen and Lindsay spend most of their time 'playing' with Chalk Paint™ or talking about it to customers. Spud and Archie, let's just call them the 'welcoming committee'.
Copyright © Country Mouse Ltd. All rights reserved.
moss end garden village • maidenhead road • warfield • rg42 6EJ • Tel. 01344 422730

subset: commoncrawl


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Seeing people shop for household furniture items when they are uneducated on the subject is disheartening. This is why we have taken the time to get these clever words and phrases of tips for you. We needed it to be data you could use and keep in mind. So, get going on your way to acquiring greater furnishings now!
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Paul and myself are always babbling on about the pop culture miscellany we're obsessed with, and now it's your turn! We've just put up a listeners' poll where you can vote on your favorite movie, TV show, album, song, book, comic book, video game, and pop culture moment of the year. On our last show of the year, the December 16 2010-in-review special, we'll reveal the winners alongside our choices in a variety of categories. Voting is open from now until 12:00 AM EST on December 16. I know the deadline leaves out some late-comers, chiefly the Coens' True Grit, but, well, them's the rules.
Also, the only question that requires an answer is the last one, so if you don't feel comfortable choosing a favorite in a certain category…you don't have to!


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Pittsburghers watch Venus cross the sun
Eye on the sun
(Keith Hodan/Tribune-Review)
Venus made a transit across the face of the Sun today, giving stargazers from Australia to Mt. Washington a rare view.
The last such transit was in 1882. Nineteeth-century astronomers might have been surprised to see the crew of people who met on observation deck of the Duquesne Incline at 6:15 this morning to watch the final portion of the planet's trip across the sun, just as space travel and short skirts might have thrown them for a tailspin.
"This is as close as most people ever get to outer space. This is just completely amazing," said William Lewis said, 24, of Mt. Washington, as he snapped digital pictures of projections thrown from telescopes on to white paper backgrounds.
The planet came through the Celestron reflector telescope lenses as a black dot on the sun's white expanse. The scale from the 'Burgh: Think of placing a pencil eraser in the bottom right edge of an Eat'n Park Smiley Cookie.
Miguel Sague, 53, of Penn Hills, sat in the sun's peach morning sun with incense burning in the middle of a sacred rock formation. In his right hand, he held a long feather, using it to fan smoke emanating from the incense.
This visible crossing of Venus is particularly momentous to Sague's Mayan faith because it is a mere eight years before a year expected to usher in "a window of opportunity where humanity will take a path to perdition or choose the path of salvation. This is one of the sign posts leading up to it," Sague said.
Upon hearing another visible Venus transit will occur in the sacred year of 2012, Sague became exuberant like most Pittsburghers would be if they, for example, won a package of season tickets for the Steelers, Penguins and Pirates all at one time.
Other observers had more laid-back attitudes.
Emily Jack, 25, of Bloomfield, planned ahead, struck by the possibility of catching an eastern U.S. one-time deal.
"This only happens every 200 years or so, so I feel like I'd be missing out. It's good to have something that pulls you out of your regular routine. It gives you a chance to see things a little differently," she said.
More Pittsburgh, Allegheny headlines
- More driving farther to lots for cheaper Port Authority rides
- East Liberty project serves up thought, conversations with food
- Battle against breast cancer personal for many participants
- South Side to lose yet another retail fixture: Stutz Pharmacy
- Bone drills to replace IVs in certain emergency situations
- Intermediate units shift their focus as school districts change
- Shooting takes life of 20-year-old in McKees Rocks
- Immigrant living in Moon charged with faking marriage


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The Illinois Association of REALTORS® offers its deepest sympathy to the family of Dan Bock, a veteran REALTOR® who served on numerous IAR committees since 1994.
He owned Bock & Associates Realty in Lincoln. He was a managing broker, an appraiser and the owner of ABE Lincoln Appraisal Service.
A 2012 inductee of the RPAC Hall of Fame, Bock served on the IAR Spring Conference Working Group from 1997 through 2015, the IAR Convention Working Group from 1994 to 2003, the IAR Economic Development Working Group from 2007 through 2010, and was the chairman of the IAR Bylaws Committee in 2004 and 2005.
He is survived by his wife, June, his stepdaughter, Stephanie Elder, and members of his extended family.
Services and visitation will be held at Immanuel Lutheran Church in Lincoln, from 1 to 5 p.m. Sunday (April 19). The funeral will be Monday (April 20) at 10:30 a.m.
See his obituary from the Lincoln Courier.


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ERIC Number: ED212252
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1981-Apr-1
Pages: 94
Abstractor: N/A
Information Retrieval in Educational Technology. Conference Proceedings of Symposium on Information Retrieval in Educational Technology (1st, Aberdeen, Scotland, April 1, 1981).
Duncan, Elizabeth B., Ed.; McAleese, Ray, Ed.
Presented at a symposium instigated to improve the accessibility and usefulness of educational technology, the five invited papers presented in this proceedings deal with various aspects of information systems and their relationship to each other. Topics covered were "Educational Technologists as Consumers of Educational Information", "Information Services in Practice", "The Use of Query in Multi-facet Indexing of Information Materials", "The Exeter Abstract Reference System in Higher Education", and "Qualified Citation Indexing--Its Relevance to Educational Technology." Each paper is accompanied by an invited structured response. Also included in the report are responses of participants invited to complete a practical exercise on identifying individual needs in information retrieval, and summaries of the discussions pertinent to that exercise, and to the theme of the symposium. (MER)
Publication Type: Collected Works - Proceedings; Opinion Papers; Reports - Descriptive
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A


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24 October, 2017
The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) on Monday demanded a Supreme Court-monitored probe following allegations that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) offered ₹1 crore to a Patidar leader in Gujarat to switch loyalties.
The bribery allegations were "very serious" and Narendra Patel had accused Gujarat BJP President Jitubhai Vaghani as being the culprit, Congress spokesperson Manish Tewari said.
Narendra Patel, a leader of the Hardik Patel-led Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (PAAS), had levelled the charge, which has been rubbished by the BJP. He has denied the allegation.
Addressing a press conference on Sunday, Narendra Patel produced Rs 10 lakh before the media, which he claimed was paid to him by the BJP. "The Congress can not sway Gujarat's people with this kind of drama".
Invoking the KHAM theory propounded by former Congress government in Gujarat, Deputy Chief Minister Nitin Patel today alleged that the opposition party has once again taken that path to create a rift between various communities to gain power. "I had joined the party because BJP-led Gujarat party had taken some good decisions".
Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal's Iconic Blue WagonR Car Stolen From Secretariat Area
You are hearing it right his blue vehicle with details DL-9CG-9769 was stolen from outside Delhi Secretariat on Thursday. Police said that they have found CCTV footage from near the site of the incident in which the accused is visible.
US Flew Bombers Over Korean Peninsula Late Tuesday, South Korea Says
Guam, from where the B-1 bombers in Tuesday drills departed, has been a particular target of North Korean threats. The training was part of a programme of "extended deterrence" against North Korea, it added.
Republic of Ireland beat Wales to reach World Cup play-offs
Wales - Gareth Bale remains injured and unavailable so Tom Lawrence is expected to start following his goal away in Georgia . ANTICIPATION is building ahead of tonight's monumental World Cup qualifier with the Republic of Ireland .
Meanwhile, Congress is strengthening its relations with other leaders, the nervous BJP denied the allegations of offering a bribe to the Patidar leader.
Rahul Gandhi, who is campaigning in Gujarat today, borrowed from the BJP's toolkit today by expanding GST, the acronym for the national sales tax, into "Gabbar Singh Tax", christening it after one of India's biggest fictional villains. "We have asked for an inquiry into the matter", Pandya said. "I might have differences with Hardik Patel but our ultimate goal is same", said Sawani.
He said: "Modi has unleashed the most direct attack on federalism by threatening the Gujarat people if they don't vote for the BJP". The close aide of Hardik Patel then congratulated Narendra Patel.
Nikhil said that he might have had some differences with Hardik Patel, but both of their stands was for the same cause and that is reserved for the Patidars.
These changing political equations in Gujarat can be a major matter of concern for the BJP as the OBC leader has already extended its support to Congress and if the Patidars also join the party, the battle is nearly won by Congress this time.


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The newly built Scottish Inns and Suites is pleased to offer 40 tastefully decorated guest rooms. All rooms are equipped with a flat-screen TV, bathroom amenities including hair dryer, microwave, mini-fridge and free local calls. Each room is also equipped with a desk and chair for your convenience.
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You are one of Canada's most creative and talented artists and one of the most sought after choreographers in the dance industry, clearly defined by the numerous outstanding awards presented to you and the frequent request by students to have you as their teacher.
Your ongoing commitment and dedication to your students, coupled with your honesty, warmth and recognition of each as individuals with their own strengths and style, truly instil in them the desire and confidence to go beyond the norm and achieve their dreams. Your persistence in continuous improvements and learning allows you to be also a student who can transform new dance techniques and styles into an art form.
Thank You Michelle! You have been a very memorable and intrinsic part of my two daughters' (Katherine and Christine) lives and have become a special part of our family. Over 10 years, they have had the pleasure of working with you and proudly dancing the creations you choreographed. Moreover, you have inspired them to not only dance the routine but to make it their own once on stage. You are not only a teacher but a friend who has taught them life lessons and offered advice to be able to survive in the dance world.
I am delighted to recommend Michelle and her dance school to anyone who is interested in dance, and more so to those who desire to experience the Joy of Dance and go beyond to be at their very best.— Denise Flores
Trying to find the words to describe the impact Michelle Freiburger has had on my life as a young teenager is nearly impossible. She did not just guide me to grow into the best dancer I could possibly be; she pushed me towards becoming the best person I could possibly be. Michelle's approach towards teaching this art form we call dance is not just about the pointed feet and the stretched legs, it is more than that. It's about the passion, the drive, the struggle, the triumph, the artistry and of course the emotion. I am now entering my third year at The Juilliard School in New York City and I know I would not have come this far without her love, support and endless hours of commitment towards my growing success. When I heard that Michelle was going to name her studio Emotion Dance Company, a huge grin swept across my face. It is the perfect dance company title whose director was my greatest mentor who taught me how to dance freely and live fully.— Scott McCabe – The Juilliard School
Michelle is a true teacher of dance. Her love of the craft and compassion for each student, have allowed her the ability to positively influence dancers and prepare them for their own individual goals, whether professionally or otherwise. Her choreography is a testament to the passion she brings to each rehearsal and dancers cannot help but grow in skill and as people in working with her. She is a rarity.— Linda Garneau – Helix Dance Project: Director


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From: Pete Fyfe [petefyfe_at_aol_dot_com]
Sent: 18 April 2012 04:08
Subject: Pete Fyfe: Nick Dow - My Love
Attachments: Nick Dow - My Love.jpg
NICK DOW - My Love You've Won To Keep (Old House Music OHM 705)
I was listening to a radio programme a while ago when my ears pricked up on hearing the dulcet tones of Nick Dow. Bearing in mind the last time I saw/heard Nick was over thirty years ago on the London folk club circuit his voice has maintained the same characteristic and gloriously rounded timbre that always made me think "?I wonder whatever happened to him?" Well, whatever happened to him (enjoying his life as a sign-writer and radio host I should imagine) is in the past and thankfully he has now started recording ?folk music' again?and he does so with aplomb. Worth purchasing a copy of the album alone for the inclusion of the classic "The Bellringing" where the diction perfect unaccompanied performance is pitch perfect he also proves pretty nifty on guitar on the opening track "Fair Susan I Left". Judging from his sleeve notes the final track "Blue Mountain" sounds as if it's become something of a ?most requested' song from his ?live' repertoire and I can certainly see why. Having been written by Fred Keller after the First World War, Nick's interpretation with it's lazy ?country' feel joined by Pete Dave Grimshaw (fiddle), Jim Wheeler (Bass) and Alex Nearnley (banjo) is a ?hit' waiting in the wings. It helps if you know something of the background of the song as there are a lot of names and places that are worth checking up on to fill in the gaps and I suggest you follow the link http://www.suu.edu/faculty/mulderink/servicelearning/vicki_tracy.htm if you want to find out more?God Bless the web! Unfortunately Nick has no website to my knowledge but you can order copies of the CD from http://www.livingtradition.co.uk/listeningpost


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Our summer camp started this week, so we have a lot of kids in the building to feed. We are always looking for healthy snacks for both the kids and the seniors. One recipe that we use over and over that's a favorite is our hummus. This is a great healthy alternative to store bought snacks, which are often loaded with sugar and salt. Even better -- our homemade hummus is cheap and easy to make! When making the hummus you can add leftover vegetables you've had during the week to add additional nutrients. Including beets or red peppers can make the hummus pink or red, and what kid doesn't love pink food? This hummus can be served with whole wheat pita, crackers or raw veggies for dipping. To make a more substantial snack, layer the hummus into a whole wheat tortilla and layer on lettuce, cucumbers, tomatoes, shredded carrots or any vegetables that your kids love.
Hummus Recipe
Snack for 40 or 50 adults or kids
1 #10 can chickpeas, drained and rinsed well
Juice of 4 lemons or ½ cup bottled real lemon juice
2 Tbsp cumin
2 Tbsp chopped garlic
1 Tbsp salt
1 cup vegetable oil
1 cup water
*If using leftover vegetables add about 1 cup cooked carrots, beets, or winter squash.
Drain and rinse chickpeas. May need to make in two batches in a Food Processor/ Cuisinart. Put half the drained chickpeas into the Cuisinart. Juice lemons and add to Cuisinart bowl. Add all other ingredients and pulse until totally pureed. Add other half of chickpeas with some of the 1st batch and puree. Add "leftover" vegetables if using. Mix both batches together and combine well. Refrigerate.
Add other spices or herbs and increase or decrease the garlic to taste.


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Botox Cosmetics Newcastle
Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction and thus causes flaccid paralysis. Infection with the bacterium causes the disease botulism. The toxin is also used commercially in medicine, cosmetics and research.
Botulinum is the most acutely lethal toxin known, with an estimated human median lethal dose (LD50) of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg intravenously or intramuscularly and 10–13 ng/kg when inhaled.
There are eight types of botulinum toxin, named type A–H. Type A and B are capable of causing disease in humans, and are also used commercially and medically. Types C–G are less common; types E and F can cause disease in humans, while the other types cause disease in other animals. Type H is considered the deadliest substance in the world – an injection of only 2-billionths of a gram (2 ng) can cause death to an adult. Botulinum toxin types A and B are used in medicine to treat various muscle spasms and diseases characterized by overactive muscle. The commercial form is marketed under the brand name Botox, among others.
|Clinical data
|Routes of
|IM (approved), SC, intradermal, into glands
|ATC code
|Legal status
|Legal status
|CAS Number
|Chemical and physical data
|Molar mass
|149 kg/mol (149,321g/mol)
Medical uses
Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of problems.
Muscle spasticity
Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of disorders characterized by overactive muscle movement, including post-stroke spasticity, post-spinal cord injury spasticity, spasms of the head and neck, eyelid, vagina, limbs, jaw, and vocal cords. Similarly, botulinum toxin is used to relax clenching of muscles, including those of the oesophagus, jaw, lower urinary tract and bladder, or clenching of the anus which can exacerbate anal fissure. It may also be used for improper eye alignment. Botulinum toxin appears to be effective for refractory overactive bladder.
In 2010, the FDA approved intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine headache.
In cosmetic applications, botulinum toxin is considered safe and effective for reduction of facial wrinkles, especially in the uppermost third of the face. Injection of botulinum toxin into the muscles under facial wrinkles causes relaxation of those muscles, resulting in the smoothing of the overlying skin. Smoothing of wrinkles is usually visible three days after treatment and is maximally visible two weeks following injection. The treated muscles gradually regain function, and generally return to their former appearance three to four months after treatment. Muscles can be treated repeatedly to maintain the smoothed appearance.
Botulinum toxin is also used to treat disorders of hyperactive nerves including excessive sweating, neuropathic pain, and some allergy symptoms. In addition to these uses, botulinum toxin is being evaluated for use in treating chronic pain.
Role in disease
Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the cause of botulism. Humans most commonly ingest the toxin from eating improperly-canned foods in which C. botulinumhas grown. However, the toxin can also be introduced through an infected wound. In infants, the bacteria can sometimes grow in the intestines and produce botulinum toxin within the intestine and can cause a condition known as floppy baby syndrome. In all cases, the toxin can then spread, blocking nerves and muscle function. In severe cases, the toxin can block nerves controlling the respiratory system or heart, resulting in death. Botulism can be difficult to diagnose, as it may appear similar to diseases such as Guillain–Barré syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and stroke. Other tests, such as brain scan and spinal fluid examination, may help to rule out other causes. If the symptoms of botulism are diagnosed early, various treatments can be administered. In an effort to remove contaminated food which remains in the gut, enemas or induced vomiting may be used. For wound infections, infected material may be removed surgically. Botulinum antitoxin is available and may be used to prevent the worsening of symptoms, though it will not reverse existing nerve damage. In severe cases, mechanical respiration may be used to support patients suffering from respiratory failure. The nerve damage heals over time, generally over weeks to months. With proper treatment, the case fatality rate for botulinum poisoning can be greatly reduced.
Two preparations of botulinum antitoxins are available for treatment of botulism. Trivalent (A,B,E) botulinum antitoxin is derived from equine sources using whole antibodies. The second antitoxin is Heptavalent (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) botulinum antitoxin, which is derived from equine antibodies which have been altered to make them less immunogenic. This antitoxin is effective against all known strains of botulism.
Mechanism of action
Target molecules of botulinum neurotoxin (abbreviated BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), toxins acting inside the axon terminal.
Botulinum toxin exerts its effect by cleaving key proteins required for nerve activation. First, the toxin binds specifically to nerves which use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Once bound to the nerve terminal, the neuron takes up the toxin into a vesicle. As the vesicle moves farther into the cell, it acidifies, activating a portion of the toxin which triggers it to push across the vesicle membrane and into the cell cytoplasm.Once inside the cytoplasm, the toxin cleaves SNARE proteins preventing the cell from releasing vesicles of neurotransmitter. This stops nerve signaling, leading to paralysis.
The toxin itself is released from the bacterium as a single chain, then becomes activated when cleaved by its own proteases. The active form consists of a two-chain protein composed of a 100-kDa heavy chain polypeptide joined via disulfide bond to a 50-kDa light chain polypeptide. The heavy chain contains domains with several functions: it has the domain responsible for binding specifically to presynaptic nerve terminals, as well as the domain responsible for mediating translocation of the light chain into the cell cytoplasm as the vacuole acidifies. The light chain is a zinc metalloprotease and is the active part of the toxin. It is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm where it cleaves the host protein SNAP-25, a member of the SNARE protein family which is responsible for fusion. The cleaved SNAP-25 is unable to mediate fusion of vesicles with the host cell membrane, thus preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings. This blockage is slowly reversed as the toxin loses activity and the SNARE proteins are slowly regenerated by the affected cell.
The seven toxin types (A-G) have different tertiary structures and sequence differences. While the different toxin types all target members of the SNARE family, different toxin types target different SNARE family members. The A, B, and E serotypes cause human botulism, with the activities of types A and B enduring longest in vivo (from several weeks to months).
Dermal Fillers
Injectable filler (injectable cosmetic filler, injectable facial filler) is a soft tissue filler injected into the skin to help fill in facial wrinkles, restoring a smoother appearance. Most of these wrinkle fillers are temporary because they are eventually absorbed by the body. Some people may need more than one injection to achieve the wrinkle-smoothing effect. The effect lasts for about six months or longer. Successful results depend on health of the skin, skill of the health care provider, type of filler used.
In the US, fillers are approved as medical devices by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the injection is prescribed and performed by a health care provider. In Europe and the UK, fillers are non-prescription medical devices that can be injected by anyone licensed to do so by the respective medical authorities. They require a CE mark, which regulates adherence to production standards, but does not require any demonstration of medical efficacy. As a result, there are over 140 injectable fillers in the UK/European market and only six approved for use in the US.
Materials used
Fillers are made of sugar molecules or composed of hyaluronic acids, collagens, which may come from pigs, cows, cadavers, or may be generated in a laboratory, the person's own transplanted fat, and biosynthetic polymers. Examples of the latter include calcium hydroxylapatite, polycaprolactone, polymethylmethacrylate, and polylactic acid.
How it works
Dermal fillers, also known as "injectables" or "soft-tissue fillers," do just what their name suggests: they fill in the area under the skin. Some fillers are natural and some are synthetic, but they all work to improve the appearance of aging skin in the following ways:
- filling in wrinkles, fine lines and deep creases
- improving other imperfections like scars
- filling out thin or wrinkled lips
- plumping up cheeks
- contouring the jaw line and other areas of the face
Risks of an improperly performed dermal filler procedure commonly include bruising, redness, pain or itching. Less commonly, there may be infections or allergic reactions, which may cause scarring and lumps that may require surgical correction. More rarely, serious adverse effect such as blindness due to retrograde (opposite the direction of normal blood flow) embolization into the ophthalmic and retinal arteries can occur. Delayed skin necrosis can also occur as a complication of embolization. Embolic complications are more frequently seen when autologous fat is used as a filler, followed by hyaluronic acid. Though rare, when vision loss does occur, it is usually permanent.
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The vanilla experts, the body butter experts, the deodorant experts, the fragrance experts…that is LaVanila. They have paired their passion for vanilla with some very luscious ingredients to create the ultimate vanilla experience. This 100% healthy collection is pure and organic, and free of unnecessary chemicals (can I get a woo-hoo for natural?!).
This line represents all of the beauty that is vanilla…a scent that is comforting and familiar, softly sweet with a delicate romance. Skin-loving vitamins, antioxidants and natural oils are infused into every product, like a warm hug.
Let's start with The Healthy Body Butter. Made with shea and cocoa butters, this ultra-hydrator makes skin feel amazing instantly. The rich consistency is never greasy, and absorbs right away. Your skin will thank you the moment you apply it! Enjoy the variety of scents including pure vanilla, fresh vanilla lemon, vanilla coconut, vanilla grapefruit and vanilla lavender. You can even go with super sensitive fragrance free if you'd like.
The Healthy Deodorant won a Best of Beauty Award from Allure in 2015.
(Congrats, LaVanila!). Pick from all of the same smells as the body butter, and most importantly, you'll never smell your sweat! Yes, this deodorant works overtime to fight odor and leave you feeling fresh all day. It is free of aluminum, paraben and propylene glycol, so it's super safe and totally effective.
Then, there are straight-up fragrances, from sprays to oils to roller balls. Use alone or layer with the complementing body butter for a lasting, enticing, and beautiful-feeling you.
Ooo la LaVanila…so luxurious and decadent. Mmm, you'll love every second of wearing it.
Photos by j.steele.photography
Styled by Eve


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Located on Demoss Road in Benton City on the ridge of Red Mountain along the Yakima River is ' The Cellar'. A quaint personalized one bedroom luxury suite with full kitchen, laundry facilities, wood fireplace, marble bathroom, living room, tastefully decorated and well appointed. Private entry to a beautiful walk out basement on the lower level of this home with stunning views of horse heaven hills to the south, Yakima river frontage and Rattlesnake Mountain to the north. Vineyards are within hiking distance to all wineries on Red Mountain for the active person or a short drive if you prefer.
Enjoy cranes, eagles, hawks and many species of birds along the Yakima river. Jack rabbits are common when hiking. Awaken to the sounds of birds and fall asleep with a stunning night sky. In the winter, stay cozy with a wood fireplace. Enjoy your stay while tasting wine on Red Mountain. We are centrally located so Prosser is 25 miles west, Yakima 70 miles west and Walla Walla is 70 miles east of The Cellar.


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War reaction of Martians on Mercury: With tons of chocolate
Mercury Space Shuttle close half of personalized sales counters
Chips Conquerors was an emperor
Evolves Orange nose in a dream?
Explosion of international refrigerator
Tongue Cleaner is an important product in the lives of extraterrestrials
Venus male alien disposed of prohibited waste in Mercury
Pizza eaters should pay financially for excessive consumption in Venus
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Paper consumption is growing for bans
The paper rocket of the Mercury aliens
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'NO, you can't count me in, boys; I'm off it—
I'm jack of them practical jokes;
They give neither pleasure nor profit,
And the fellers that plays them are mokes.
I've got sense, though I once was a duffer,
And I fooled up my share, I allow,
But since conscience has made me to suffer—
She's pegging away at me now.
You notice I've aged rather early,
'We were drunk all the day on the Sundays—
'Well, one morning, from over the border
'Or get drowned in the dam at The Crescent,
'It was 'cording to Bastow's directions,
'That shaft was a regular clinker,
'But the Pagans were not a bit wiser,
'But the heathens were mighty suspicious,
'So they pegged out our cast-off, the duffer.
Well, the heathens soon set their picks going,
'Next night a most harrowing rumour
'It was c'rect, boys, by all that is holy!
Yes, we scrambled for claims all around 'em,
|1. * It has happened in sinking on alluvial fields that a streak of the strata (the "bottom") which usually underlies the wash has been found immediately above it, the result of a geological freak. This has occasionally deceived even diggers of some experience, and led them to abandon claims as duffers which, when subsequently sunk a little further, have proved to be golden holes. [back]


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Mumbai to Lonavala
Mumbai to Lonavala distance is 82 kms and its takes approx 2 hrs by road. Out of the 40 reviews shared by travellers, 13% prefer Bus, 13% prefer Train, 74% prefer Car or Cab respectively.
Preferred Travelling Mode
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Journey Reviews
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"Roads in good conditions in rainy season which was amazing"Posted 6 Jul
Travelled by: Car
Travelled as: Family
In the early morning nearby 5. 30 Am. We left our house and move towards our LONAVALA journey to feel the heaven on earth scenario in rainy season. I was driving my Maruti Swift VLX white with my family and it was wonderful experience to drive with your beloved family for such an wonderful journey. Everyone feels happy and excited for the trip and the road condition is tremendous. I feel so excited in an smooth and straight road while in the morning and that too without any disturbance like facing traffic, or driving roads which was worst in condition everything was like welcomes us to feel the beauty of journey. All over dhabas, restaurants, and refreshment arrangement on highway that was incredible, every where all facilities we get and feel no trouble for anything. Just while travel ...Read More
"Smooth Drive on the Mumbai Pune Expressway"Posted 5 Jan
Travelled by: Car
Travelled as: Couple
We drove from Goregaon, Mumbai to Karla, Lonavala via the Mumbai Pune Expressway & as always, it was a smooth drive. While going, we used the SCLR from Kalina & on the way back we cut off from Thane using the Thane Belapur Road & Airoli Bridge to reach the Eastern Express Highway & then took the JVLR to reach the Western Express Highway at Jogeshwari. After the Khalapur Toll Plaza at Khopoli, we stopped for Breakfast at the Dosa Plaza in the Food Court & had tasty Upma, Sheera & Filter Coffee. We left the Expressway at the second Lonavala Exit to go straight to the MTDC Resort at Karla. The expressway has indeed made a great change both in terms of driving pleasure as well as saving of time & it is indeed a real boon.
"Very scenic journey"Posted 14 Mar
Travelled by: Car
Travelled as: Group
As such, I love to drive on Mumbai - Pune expressway. However driving to Tungi Lake Pavna was a special experience. The time of our visit coincided with onset of monsoon and the area had already received a few showers. Hence the entire stretch wore a emerald look - lush green!! This made our journey even pleasant. There are sufficient number of food and water outlets where one can break journey - making it less tiresome! There are fuel stations and service station available on the expressway. Overall - Great Drive! Really Enjoyed it!!
juned khan
"Zig- zag ghat roads!"Posted 18 Nov
Travelled by: Car
Travelled as: Group
If you are from Mumbai and planning to visit Lonavala, I suggest you to go by road. Travelling by a car during monsoon is an amazing experience. You will get to see such amazingly beautiful mountains covered with fog and waterfalls everywhere. The ghats are simply outstanding to watch during monsoons. Driving through the zig zag ghats and seeing the mountains covered fog gives you an amazing high feeling. If you are into bikes then I suggest to visit Lonavala by bike only in non-monsoons.
"Expressway is the only way!!"Posted 3 Nov
Travelled by: Car
Travelled as: Group
If you plan to go to Lonavala, you should not think of taking any other route. Expressway is fast and beautiful. Beware of landslide during the monsoon. Alternative route is the Mumbai Pune old highway. You can stop at the food court enroute Lonavala. It's nice and hygienic.
Journey Overview
Lonavala is situated at a distance of 88 km from Mumbai. Famous for a traditional Indian sweet made from ground nuts and jaggery called 'chikki' and popular as a hill station, Lonavala is well connected to Mumbai by road and train. However, the best way to reach Lonavala from Mumbai is by road, a journey of about 1 hour 20 minutes by car. The places covered between Mumbai and Lonavala are Mumbai - 12 km -> Mankhurd - 76 km -> Lonavala. Several ATMs, hospitals, rest stops and dhabas fall on the way. Restaurants such as Appetite, McDonald's and Sunrise are present on the route. Petrol pumps of Hindustan Petroleum (HP) and Indian Oil, among others, are also available at regular intervals.
Transport options from Mumbai to Lonavala
Mumbai to Lonavala By Car: Hire a cab or rent a car to drive down to Lonavala, which takes about 1 hour 20 minutes. Ideal for group travel, this mode is also suitable for families with senior citizens and kids. Approximate cost of cab per kilometre ranges from INR 10 to 35 depending upon the type of car hired.
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Recommended for Family Vacation
"Usually you should hangout there on rainy seasons.At that time the lake is very beautiful ... Read More - Batool
Recommended for Hills
"This place is best for outing near lonavala. This place is best for PHOTOGRAPHERS, FRIENDS... Read More - Gaurav Patil
Recommended for Relaxing
"I visited this place in the rainy season and initially I was not getting it that why peopl... Read More - Enanko
Recommended for Romantic Getaway
"We started our journey from chinchwad station to malvali station early morning at 6 A.M. ... Read More - Pradeep
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Captans Resorts
Rank based on 11 hotel reviews
Beyond Thakurwadi, Tungarli Dam...
Located near the serene Tungarli Lake and spread over two and...
Hari International Hotel
Rank based on 157 hotel reviews
Mumbai Pune Road, Lonavala, Pune...
Location of hotel is very well connected. Room service is good....
Shahani Holiday Home
Rank based on 60 hotel reviews
135, Sahani road, Near Lonavala Bus...
Very good stay. A true value of money . Hotel locations is near by...


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New offerings provide automated, scalable precast production solutions
Spancrete, an industry leader in engineered precast machinery solutions, has expanded its line-up to provide more technology-based precast production solutions that are scalable to a company's individual plant needs, be it one piece of equipment to supplement an existing system, a replacement machine that will adapt exactly to existing casting beds or a multiple products' production system. Spancrete now has machinery to fit all precast business growth needs.
The expanded line-up include an extruder, plotter, multi-function machine, multiple saws and other ancillary plant production machines. Additionally, Spancrete offers replacement parts that fit most brands of hollowcore extruders.
"Everywhere in the world, precast manufacturing plants are adapting to the changing needs of customers, confines of the marketplace and available resources. In expanding our equipment offerings by focusing on automation, we are aligned to meet precast production system needs today, and in the future," said Alan Antoniewicz, Chief Operating Officer and President of Spancrete.
All of Spancrete's machinery is automated, making products easy to operate. New machinery offerings can take 2D and 3D precast designs and seamlessly feed production processes, creating efficiency and reducing operational expenses.
Additionally, Spancrete has introduced remote diagnostic analysis and maintenance capabilities on all new equipment. The new feature allows technicians to quickly assess issues and begin working on a resolution without needing to be on-site; minimizing downtime.


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For those who are not known with the term review requests, this basically is the opposite of requesting ARCs. When you request an ARC, for example on NetGalley, you look at the synopsis of several books, decide which ones you like and you request them. Then you wait for the publisher to accept (or not accept, because that happens a lot too), and you can read and review it. Review requests are very different, instead of going to the publisher or writer yourself, writers come to you with their books. This means that whatever request you get, it can be very different from what you normally read.
Of course, if you get a request you don't have to accept. I think my acceptance rate is quite low, about 40%. I have gotten about 18 review requests (give or take a little I haven't actually counted) and reviewed 4 so far, 3 I have not yet reviewed. I guess you could say I'm not a professional and I haven't had much experience, but I'd like to say a few things about review requests and whether it would be something you might like to do.
The Good
Help Authors – The first thing that comes to mind is the opportunity to help out unknown authors. Of course big well-known authors will not go find bookish bloggers themselves, usually, they take a simpler road using their publisher. Therefore, the authors that contact you will most likely be small indie authors, people who self-published their book.
Free books – Of course free books are always welcome (I would start a book orphanage if I had the space and money, save the books!).
Find new things – How vague I am, haha. What I've found so far in my ARC reviewing business is that I'm way more likely to accept a book when it's handed to me than to go out and get it myself (especially if that means buying it). So genres that I'm lesser acquainted with, or usually wouldn't read, I wouldn't go out and buy. Now, however, when someone comes to me with an intriguing synopsis, even though it's a genre I wouldn't usually pick up, I am more likely to accept and actually read the book. This opens my mind to new books and genres, and you know what: you never know whether you'll love it.
The Bad
Impolite emails – What I love about some authors is that they actually send you a personal message, telling you why they think their book fits your preferences or even something about your blog. Other authors however, don't seem to have the decency to even put my name at the top of their email. If I get a review request like that, I am 99% likely not to accept, simply for the fact that if they didn't put any time in it, why would I?
Not matching my preferences – I've gotten a lot of emails from authors talking to me about their non-fiction book, or historical fiction spirituality book, or who knows. I almost never read non-fiction, especially not if it's about a topic I don't know much about. In fact, a few weeks ago I got a request for a book about puppy training, and while we just got a pup, I don't feel like I am the right person to review such a book. So saying no thank you, it is.
It takes time – Reading takes time, reviewing too. This is just a matter of priorities, if you have the time to put some extra time in your reading schedule or are willing to push forward other books so you can read the requested book, go for it.
So while for Indie authors, book bloggers might be a great opportunity for some extra book reviews which would lead to more sales, it is not always a perfect solution. For me, it is fun to do on the side of reading ARCs from NetGalley, but I find myself giving priority to those ARCs opposed to review-requested books. Saying no to authors is something I sometimes struggle with, especially when they've written an elaborate personalized email about a book that really does sound interesting, and I simply do not have the time. It's frustrating, but I push myself over that, because when I do decide to review a book it feels very fulfilling to know I actually helped someone get their book into the world and maybe someone else will enjoy it after me.
If you want to get review requests, what to do?
Review Policy – Review policies are there to avoid the annoying situations as described above. A review policy should consist of information about what your reviews look like, information on ratings and genres you enjoy reading. You can also state whether you for example only review physical copies. Authors that want to contact you can thereby see whether their book would match or not. Also, make sure that you clearly state whether
Enlist yourself – For authors to find you is not that easy, as far as I know, authors don't go scouring the internet to find book bloggers. Since the beginning of November, I've been enlisted on a book blogger list, which makes it much easier for authors to find you. I have not a single clue which list it was (I'm slightly embarrassed about that), but if you'd like to enlist as well I'm pretty sure google can help you out. If you google "book blogger list", I'm sure something will pop up.
Do you take review requests? Do you enjoy it or not? And what are your pro's or con's?
P.S. At this moment, I do not take review requests, since I simply don't have the time.


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Set to impress – the all-new Honda CR-V. With its spacious, high-quality interior, its vigorous, new exterior and its sophisticated chassis, designed for superior ride comfort and a highly engaging drive, this is a next-generation SUV, complete with superior off-road abilities. The Honda CR-V is also available with seven seats for even more versatility. With a host of clever features and a choice of efficient engines, along with the availability of hybrid technology, your Honda CR-V Hybrid is waiting for you at your local Brayley Honda. Just download a brochure to find out more about the Honda CR-V specifications and view our latest Honda CR-V offer.
And now the new Honda CR-V is also officially one of Europe's safest cars to drive, having received a five-star maximum safety rating by Euro NCAP.
Bringing the Honda CR-V up to date with the latest Honda designs, the signature headlight graphic draws the eye, whilst the wheel arches give the CR-V a broader and more muscular presence. The sharp contours at the front and back add to the CR-V's sophisticated, fresh, new looks. This new SUV is also amongst the most aerodynamically efficient in its class, thanks in part to covers under the engine and under the floor, as well as the design of the front and rear bumpers that have been carefully sculpted, whilst the A-pillars are now much thinner than on the previous model. Also contributing to fuel efficiency is the active shutter grille.
Combining best-in-class efficiency in its use of internal space with its larger overall size means there's room for everyone and everything in the new Honda CR-V. In the front, you'll enjoy 5mm more headroom and 16mm more hip room, whilst your rear passengers will benefit from 50mm more leg room, as well as more space to get in and out, which also makes fitting child seats easier.
The horizontal dashboard emphasises the feeling of width and space in the cabin, whilst clutter has been reduced with the use of two 7" screens and a simplified control cluster for the air conditioning. And all your personal clutter can now be conveniently stowed in the increased cabin storage – the door pockets, for example, have been greatly increased in size, so they are now big enough to hold a full-size tablet.
The additional space has enabled the option of choosing a seven-seat configuration on petrol models, with all three rows of seats able to recline, whilst the second row of seats features a single-action 60:40 split for ease of folding. Ease of loading is also at the top of the list for the CR-V with its two-position boot floor providing a flat surface to make the loading of large items a breeze. The class-leading load space can be tailored to provide enough space for some mountain bikes, thanks to its maximum possible length of up to 1,830mm. There's also a hands-free powered tailgate available which can be programmed to only open to a specific height, where the building roof is low.
Yes, it's a first for the Honda CR-V: The Intelligent Multi Mode Drive (i-MMD) hybrid system. Taking a 2.0 litre i-VTEC Atkinson cycle petrol engine and combining it with two electric motors and a compact single fixed-gear ratio transmission brings big efficiency advantages, as well as making everyday driving a joy. Front-wheel drive comes as standard on the CR-V, but the Real Time AWD with Intelligent Control System can be specified on both the petrol and the CR-V Hybrid version. And to make the new Honda CR-V even more all-terrain friendly, all models have been given an increase of 40mm in ground clearance. The CR-V is available with a 1.5-litre VTEC Turbo petrol engine as standard.
Explore the Honda CR-V for yourself at your local Brayley Honda, where you'll find our team is friendly, helpful and knowledgeable on all things Honda.
Honda CR-V prices start at £26,310.
Search our latest stock of high quality used Honda cars


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Even though listening to news is very important, sometimes it can make you get stressed up. The following story will motivate you in many ways.
After finishing their deployment in Afghanistan, these thirteen Marines were at Chicago waiting to board an airplane to San Diego. While at the airport, they were surprised to find out that any military who travels with his uniform on, was granted a seat at the first class section.
In the first class section, there were only six empty seats remaining, but other seven passengers decided to honor the remaining military by leaving their seats and going to the second class one in order for the marines to be together.
Confessing to Fox News, Capt. Pravin Rajan said that the action was very heart touching since they were from a complicated war zone and there were people out there who showed them some motivation to carry on.
But what they never knew even before boarding the plane for the connection is that Stephanie, Rajan's wife, had already contacted the American airlines when these marines were on their way from Baltimore to Chicago to pick their last flight.
Apart from Stephanie's efforts, John Colas, an old marine aged 74 years also had also informed the San Diego Police, firemen and others of their arrival.
When they alighted from the plane, the marines were surprised to see that the fire department and Chicago police were waiting for them at the airport.
Read the full story below and please SHARE it with all your friends on Facebook to let them know that we should always treat well our military men and women.


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My objective as a graphic designer is to provide my clients with the perfect marketing collateral. To accomplish that, I must listen to them, understand their competition and make sure their goals are met.
I select the ideal imagery and words that inspire customers and clients to take action. Business cards and brochures will be kept, not tossed in the trash nor forgotten in a drawer. Customers will check out my clients' events, visit their web site, buy their products or donate to their cause.
I am a skilled collaborator with teams, marketers, individuals and volunteers. I use my passion for graphic design, and my experience as an executive in the business, government and non-profit world for over 36 years, to bring my client's vision to life.


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One of my favourite kids wallpapers is Sandberg's Kasper which is available in 6 colour-ways.
Surfing the net I found a cute little shop/blog called
London Mummy who makes & sells sweet storage bags & cushions in the matching Sandberg fabric. Handmade & 100% cotton, these bags come in 2 sizes & are fully lined.


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I had no clue weighins started at 2 today and was in redondo beach at 130! I made it in time to shoot the main event. I can't promise that I drove legally to be here, and I'm very sorry for that!!! .
@mstracylee If you're still in your bikini i bet you get a better reception than Brock
@mstracylee too busy photoing the obese order extra butter and stufffff!
Stop snitching on your self @mstracylee lol yea aren't weigh in's usually at 4pm?
@mstracylee who took the pics


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Srinagar, June 28 (KMS): In Kashmir, Indian Army snatched identity cards and warned young cricket players of dire consequences for wearing Pakistan cricket team uniform in Kandi area of Baramulla district.
Indian soldiers from Sultanpora camp filmed and photographed the youth who were playing cricket in a field.
A youth said that a patrolling party of the army snatched their identity cards and asked them to report at the camp. He said that when they went to the camp, the soldiers noted names and address of the players and warned them of dire consequences for wearing Pakistan cricket team's uniform.
The army handed them knives and asked them to tear up the uniforms for themselves in the camp.
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