text:
Advances in Consumer Research Volume 15, 1988 Pages 226-231
Chris T. Allen, University of Cincinnati
Karen A. Machleit, University of Cincinnati
Susan S. Marine, University of Cincinnati
Recently, several researchers have called for additional work on measurement methods that might capture the multidimensional richness of ad-evoked emotion. This paper involves an empirical investigation of two instruments that derive from Izard's (1977) differential emotions theory. Izard's influential theory postulates ten discrete emotion types. Data are reported from two studies which suggest his measures can be adapted to a variety of contexts while maintaining their desirable psychometric properties. The data also provide some insights about the nature of emotions commonly associated with advertising.
A variety of forces have converged in recent years to yield surging interest in affective and/or emotional topics among consumer and especially advertising researchers (e.g., Aaker, Stayman and Hagerty 1986; Batra and Ray 1986; Havlena and Holbrook 1986; Holbrook and Westwood 1987). A major focal point of this interest has involved the attitude-toward-the-ad (Aad) construct (e.g., Lutz 1985; MacKenzie, Lutz and Belch 1986). Aad researchers have produced empirical support for the inference that Aad is an important mediator of advertising's impact on brand attitude. However, as this stream has matured, some concern has arisen regarding the inherently inhibiting nature of Aad. That is, this construct leads researchers to consider ad-evoked affect as a unidimensional, bipolar variable which involves only simple evaluations concerning how good or likeable an ad is; thus the concern that Aad researchers "have thereby missed the multidimensional richness of the emotional responses that presumably mediate advertising effectiveness" (Holbrook and O'Shaughnessy 1984, p. 48).
Recently, Holbrook and O'Shaughnessy's concern about Aad's constraining nature has been recognized and reaffirmed by others (cf. Aaker et al. 1986; Batra and Ray 1986; Zeitlin and Westwood 1986). With this recognition has come a call for more research about the diversity of emotions that may be generated by exposure to advertising. If emotional response to advertising is a rich, multifarious phenomenon, can it be captured in data? What types of emotional responses are frequently provoked during ad exposure, and can measurement systems be adapted or developed to reliably gauge them? The present project presents data germane to these questions.
Psychologists have studied emotional structure for decades: their work furnishes a tempting starting point for those who are interested in exploring the richness of ad-evoked emotion. Indeed, psychologists have developed a number of comprehensive emotional taxonomies (e.g., Smith and Ellsworth 1985) and correspondent measurement systems which may be adaptable to the advertising domain (cf. Batra and Ray 1986). While Plutchik's (1980) emotional typology has been a focus of empirical work (Havlena and Holbrook 1986; Holbrook and Westwood 1987; Zeitlin and Westwood 1986), it is apparent that "much work remains to be done in constructing, comparing and validating competing typologies of emotional content" (Holbrook and O'Shaughnessy 1984, p. 59). The focus of this project is one of Plutchik's major theoretical competitors CIzard's (1977) differential emotions theory.
The taxonomies advanced by theorists like Izard and Plutchik were obviously not conceived as systems for categorizing reactions to ads; it is by no means obvious that they will prove useful in helping us measure or understand advertising response. Indeed, we assume that- examining these typologies for their potential applicability in an advertising context is an ambitious borrowing endeavor. This assumption guided our approach to the data collection reported herein, and led us to try to challenge the applicability of the Izard framework for the advertising domain. The issue of whether advertisements do provoke Izard's (1977) ten fundamental emotions is treated as an empirical question.
Two studies were conducted using Izard's differential emotions scale. Before turning to these data a brief discussion of Izard's system is provided, and concerns are elaborated about the adaptability of such a system for the advertising context.
Several typologies (e.g., Izard 1977; Plutchik 1980) have been proposed which seek to delineate finite sets of primary emotions. These theorists contend that all emotional experience can then be defined in terms of various mixtures or blends of the primary emotions. Izard's (1977) theory postulates ten primary emotions: interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt. Izard (1977, p. 64) defines emotion as an intra-individual process characterized by specific neurophysiological activity and distinctive facial expression. He also proposes that each emotion type is associated with a unique, consciously-experienced, feeling state. It is this experiential component of emotion that is examined herein.
There are a number of reasons why Izard's system merits the attention of consumer researchers. First, Izard's typology is motivating new research in the emotions literature (e.g., McHugo, Smith and Lanzetta 1982; Mosher and White 1981), and his measurement procedures have been refined through considerable validation work (e.g., Fuenzalida et al. 1981; Izard 1977; Kotsch, Gerbing and Schwartz 1982). Also, Izard's taxonomy includes two added emotions (shame and guilt) not appearing in the Plutchik system advocated by Holbrook and his colleagues. Explicit consideration of these additional emotion types could prove germane for communication research involving guilt arousal (e.g., Bozinoff and Ghingold 1983). Finally, Izard's framework supplied the structure for Batra and Ray's (1986) recent review and synthesis of the emotion-typologies literature.
To assess emotion Izard and others have developed the Differential Emotions Scale (DES) (see Izard 1977, p. 126). The DES "is a standardized instrument that reliably divides the individual's description of emotion experience into validated, discrete categories of emotion" (Izard 1977, p. 124). The DES was formulated to gauge the emotional state of individuals at that specific point in time when they are responding to the instrument. A minor variant (the DES II) also allows assessment of emotions experienced over extended time periods. DES II allows the researcher "to determine how often one experiences each of the fundamental emotions" (Izard 1977, p. 125) in a specific context or over a specified time period.
The DES and DES II are both formulated around a thirty-item adjective checklist, with three adjectives for each of the primary emotions. Another variant has also been developed which expands each of the adjectives into phrases that describe the subjective feelings associated with each primary emotion. This version is referred to as the DES III (Kotsch et al. 1982). Both the DES II and III are used herein.
It can not be assumed that the desirable psychometric properties of Izard's instruments will automatically extend to an advertising application (cf. Peter and Churchill 1986). However, borrowing concerns in this instance extend beyond a call for reaffirming psychometric properties in the new context. Consumer researchers also need to consider the more fundamental question of whether the focal phenomena that psychologists seek to understand really occur as part of day-to-day ad processing. That is, do advertisements really provoke the kinds of experiences that Izard, Plutchik and others think of as emotion?
Contemporary theorists like Izard and Plutchik portray emotion as an adaptive, motivating mechanism. As summarized by Smith and Ellsworth (1985):
...emotions represent adaptive responses to the demands of the environment. Interpretation of the perceived situation in terms of prevailing goals creates an emotional experience that allows the organism to respond adaptively. This view implies that cognitive appraisals will lead to an emotional response primarily when they are perceived as having adaptive significance for the organism's well-being (p. 836).
...emotions represent adaptive responses to the demands of the environment. Interpretation of the perceived situation in terms of prevailing goals creates an emotional experience that allows the organism to respond adaptively. This view implies that cognitive appraisals will lead to an emotional response primarily when they are perceived as having adaptive significance for the organism's well-being (p. 836).
...emotions represent adaptive responses to the demands of the environment. Interpretation of the perceived situation in terms of prevailing goals creates an emotional experience that allows the organism to respond adaptively. This view implies that cognitive appraisals will lead to an emotional response primarily when they are perceived as having adaptive significance for the organism's well-being (p. 836).
Given this view of emotion as a process which facilitates individual adaptation to a demanding environment, it seems reasonable to question whether advertisements actually provoke emotion. Indeed, the scientific meaning psychologists ascribe to the emotion construct may have little relevance to the phenomenology of ad processing.
Consumer researchers have a notable reputation as ambitious borrowers (cf. Olson 1982; Sheth 1982), and scholars like Sheth (1982) have contended that "there is a clear surplus of borrowed constructs and a critical shortage of self-generated constructs in consumer behavior" (p. 14). Such a charge certainly merits reflection in the context of ad-evoked emotion. It is conceivable that the theories of Izard and others take for granted a level of attention to and involvement with environmental stimuli that simply does not characterize most ad processing. Thus, while commercials clearly do have the capacity to alter one's subjective feelings, these "altered feelings" may be simpler, less differentiated, and less intense than the focal phenomena of differential emotions theory.
There are theoretical alternatives to the Izard-type taxonomy which do conceptualize feelings as simpler, less differentiated forms of response: these are noteworthy because they facilitate translating the borrowing dilemma noted above into an empirical competition. Recent social cognition research has established that low-intensity affective states can impact cognition and behavior (e.g., Allen and Madden 1985; Isen 1984). Furthermore, empirical evidence indicates that this simple feelings construct is best conceived as two unipolar and largely independent dimensions which correspond to pleasant and unpleasant affect (cf. Abelson et al. 1982; Isen 1984). Such low intensity affects are likely to be a common part of day-to-day ad processing (e.g., Lutz 1985; MacKenzie, Lutz and Belch 1986).
If this simplistic feelings construct more effectively represents the subjective experience of ad processing, then Izard's ten-dimensional system should prove unwieldy in gauging advertising response. Alternatively stated, if the simpler conceptualization is more correspondent with common, ad-evoked feelings, one might expect the structure of the Izard instrument to collapse into a more parsimonious, two-dimensional system.
Interestingly, recent empirical work indicates that Plutchik's eight primary emotions collapse into two dimensions of response when consumption experiences (Havlena and Holbrook 1986) or advertising reactions (Holbrook and Westwood 1987) are the research focus. Our project supplies data concerning whether the complex structures of Izard's DESII and DESIII maintain their integrity in the ad-response context. First, however, a pilot study which examined more basic concerns about the psychometric properties of Izard's DESII and DESIII is reported.
One of our fundamental concerns about the DESII involved its adjective checklist format and whether grouping items by emotion type would influence reliabilities of each scale and/or the structure of the overall instrument. When these adjective items are grouped (rather than mixed randomly) in a questionnaire, it can be obvious to subjects that they are responding to related sets of items. This could yield a substantial response bias if a subject tried to be consistent within sets of items, rather than responding independently to each item. Such bias could inflate coefficient alpha (cf. Peter and Churchill 1986), and if it were substantial enough, the observed dimensionality of the overall instrument could be affected. Study I was conducted to assess how sensitive the reliabilities and ten-dimensional structure of Izard's instruments are to this response bias.
Beyond mixing the adjectives, another way that one might evoke more careful responses would be to enrich the individual items so that each is more thought provoking. Indeed, Izard's DESIII is primarily an enriched version of DESII, since in the DESIII each adjective is expanded into a phrase which offers more depth in describing the target emotion (cf. Kotsch et al. 1982). Because DESIII may be viewed as an enrichment of the DESII, the expectation was that DESIII would prove less susceptible to response bias contamination.
To examine these concerns, two questionnaires were developed that contained the DESII, then a page of "filler" items, followed by the DESIII. In version one of this instrument, the DESII adjectives were grouped by emotion type, while DESIII's phrases were mixed randomly; in version two, the adjectives were randomly mixed and the phrases were grouped. The context of the study involved the emotional character of college life. A total of 208 undergraduates from introductory business courses completed one of the two versions of the questionnaire.
Coefficient alpha's were calculated for each of the emotions in the four formulations of the DES: most fell in a range from .75 to .90. As expected, they demonstrated that the reliability of each scale is impacted by item grouping; however, this was the case for both the adjectives (DESII) and the phrases (DESIII). In a number of instances, mixing the items lowered the reliabilities from an acceptable range (.78 to .85) to more marginal levels (.63 to .68).
These data were also used to test the theoretical, ten-dimensional structure of the instruments. First, confirmatory factor analyses (via LISREL VI) were examined for the four DES variations. While no variant yielded an acceptable fit for the ten-dimensional model, the goodness of fit indices ranged from .75 to .77, indicating little discrepancy among the four versions in their actual dimensionality. Exploratory factor analyses were also run to offer further insight concerning actual dimensionality: results are summarized in Table 1. Factor loadings of .6 and above were used to interpret the derived factors. Seven to nine factors proved interpretable for each of the DES variants.
The most complex structure was the nine factor solution for the mixed adjectives. Notably, while the guilt/sadness scales collapsed to yield a single factor, this result was probably due to the fact that two of the guilt items (guilty and blameworthy) appeared before and after one of the sadness items (downhearted) in the checklist Without this quirk in the item ordering, it is likely that the mixed adjectives would have yielded the ten-dimensional structure. Furthermore, the collapsing of scales observed for the grouped versions of DESII and III also involved juxtaposed scales. These data suggest that a response bias can contaminate the observed dimensionality of the Izard instruments. The best way to address the problem would seem to involve a careful and complete mixing of the individual items.
These results identify an interesting trade-off inherent in the use of the Izard scales. If one wishes to maximize scale reliabilities, the best approach seems to entail grouping items by emotion type. However, such groupings appears to capitalize on a bias which can then contaminate the observed dimensionality of the instrument. Because of this trade-off two versions of the Izard instrument were again used in Study II. Study II utilizes the DESII with adjectives mixed and DESIII with phrases grouped.
Study II was conducted to examine psychometric properties of the DESII and III in the ad-response context. In addition, it furnishes evidence about the types of emotional experience that individuals commonly associate with ad exposure, and provides a test of the viability of Izard's ten-dimensional framework.
To help subjects get in touch with the kinds of subjective experiences that advertisements may evoke, a videotape containing twenty television ads was created. The first eight ads on the tape were 1983 Clio award winners: these were selected because they seemed emotionally provocative. The remaining twelve ads were selected in pairs from six different types of programming: 1) prime time, 2) day time, 3) late night, 4) weekend sports, 5) syndicated reruns, and 6) a movie. The objective in selecting these was to create a group of ads like one might encounter in day-to-day television viewing.
The study was introduced to subjects as an assessment of how ads make people feel. They were asked to try to remember the kinds of feelings they experience during normal commercial viewing. They were told that a videotape of twenty ads had been prepared simply to help them recollect the types of feelings that ads can provoke. Participants were shown the complete set of twenty ads, and then were asked to describe three other commercials which they remembered as being strong "feeling producers". Next, subjects reported how frequently they experience each of Izard's ten emotions during normal ad viewing via the DESII. Following a dummy task, subjects reported ad-evoked emotions on the DESIII.
The above procedure was conducted in six undergraduate and MBA classes, yielding 180 completed instruments. While the videotape was used simply to help participants recall the kinds of feelings ads produce in them during normal television viewing, it seemed an interesting empirical question to see if exposure to the tape actually influenced their responses. Thus, two additional classes were run as a control group; in these the above procedure was followed, except no videotape was shown to remind subjects of the kinds of feelings -that ads may produce. A total of 37 students were processed in this tape-absent condition.
Reliability coefficients for each of the ten emotions ranged from .72 to .89 in the tape-present groups, and from .57 to .87 in the tape-absent condition. Alpha's in the tape-absent condition were a bit erratic, but for the main body of subjects, the reliabilities were very sound.
Table 2 displays mean scores and standard deviations for each emotion type. Table 2 thus offers information concerning the emotions individuals are most likely to associate with advertising. The pleasant emotions-joy and interest--are the one's most associated with advertising for this group of subjects. Surprise is next in order of frequency, followed by disgust. The remainder of the negative emotions show little activation, and the low means for fear, shame and guilt indicate that these emotions may be evoked very infrequently.
Interestingly, the presence of the ad videotape had little impact: none of the means between the tape-present and tape-absent groups differed by as much as one scale point. For the DESII, the only pairs of means that are significantly different at the .05 level are those for joy and interest. Differences between means were even less pronounced on the DESIII. One might conclude from these data that both groups of subjects were providing, as requested, their sincere recollections of the kinds of emotions they experience as part of normal ad processing.
The final issue to be considered involves dimensionalityCis Izard's ten-dimensional structure supported in these data? This issue was examined via confirmatory factor analysis (using LISREL VI) for both the DESII and III. Findings for the two versions of the scale were nearly identical, so only the data for DESII are considered hereafter. Responses from subjects run in the tape-absent group were not included. Results for tests of six different models are summarized in Table 3.
It is conceivable that advertisements do not provoke the rich, discrete emotions postulated by Izard's theory. As previously discussed, there are theoretical alternatives which offer a less complex "feeling construct" involving only pleasant and unpleasant affects (cf. Abelson et al. 1982; Allen and Madden 1985; Isen 1984). If this simpler conceptualization is more consistent with the phenomenology of ad response, one might expect the DESII to collapse into plain pleasant and unpleasant dimensions. This issue was examined by specifying a simple structure for the DESII around the positive versus the negative emotions, with surprise handled in two ways. For the two factor models (M1 and M4) in Table 3, surprise was treated as a possible amplifier of both positive and negative emotion (cf. Tomkins 1980): it was specified to load with both emotional categories. In the three factor models (M2 and M5), surprise was treated as an indicator for arousal, which is often handled as a response dimension separate from valence (cf. Smith and Ellsworth 1985). Confirmatory factor analysis was then used to test whether these simplistic models fit the ad-response data better than Izard's complex structure.
The first three models tested the two, three and ten factor solutions. As shown in Table 3, none of the goodness of fit indices (GFI's) surpassed the .85 convention for an acceptable fit. However, the GFI for M3 does approach the cut-off, while those for M1 and M2 do not. Here there is no indication that parsimony yields an improved fit.
To further explore the dimensionality issue, a second set of models were tested: in these, the emotion types fear, sadness, guilt and shame were excluded for two reasons. First, the means in Table 2 suggest that these four negative emotions are not commonly provoked by advertisements. We thus reasoned that participants' responses on these types might be contributing little more than error variance. Second, the three remaining negative emotions (i.e., anger, disgust and contempt) are considered by Izard (1977) to be a theoretically-related set, which he labels the "hostility triad." Thus, tests of models M4, M5 and M6 entail the hostility triad along with joy, interest and surprise. Excluding four of the negative emotions did improve model fits. However, an acceptable fit is observed in Table 3 for just the most complex model (i.e., M6).
These results indicate that Izard's instruments do capture categories of emotional responses which are meaningful to subjects in the advertising context. They appear to reaffirm Izard's claim that the DES "reliably divides the individual's description of emotion experience into validated, discrete categories of emotion" (Izard 1977, p. 124).
These studies demonstrate instruments for assessing emotion which appear to have considerable versatility. The DESII and III separate individuals' reflections on their emotional experiences into the primary types derived from Izard's theory. They possess sound psychometric properties in diverse applications, including the ad-response context. In addition, the complex structure of the instruments seems compatible with advertising response data. Thus, for those inclined to move beyond the unidimensionality of the Aad construct, the DESII and III appear to be sound instruments for studying the multidimensional richness of ad-evoked emotion. More empirical work would then seem appropriate concerning what emotion types or combinations of types are most commonly experienced during ad processing. When used in conjunction with measures of advertising effectiveness, research with the DESII and III might then begin to offer insights about emotional experiences which enhance advertising's impact (cf. Holbrook and O'Shaughnessy 1984).
It is important to emphasize that while Izard's measures do allow the researcher to detect diverse and sophisticated emotional experience, the crucial question regarding which of these emotions are commonly evoked by advertisements is far from answered. Borrowing theories like those of Izard or Plutchik should prove valuable in consumer research, but as an alternate research strategy there is also much to be said for generating our own "affective" constructs. This alternate strategy is nicely illustrated by the work of Aaker and his colleagues (Aaker and Bruzzone 1985; Aaker et al. 1986) who identify "irritation" and "warmth" as two feeling states commonly provoked by advertisements. Aaker et al.'s conceptualizations are driven by the phenomenology of ad response, rather than by basic psychological theory. Merging this emphasis on ad-evoked phenomena with the insight provided by basic theory may help pinpoint emotional constructs of special significance to consumer behavior.
Related to the above issues concerning the frequency of ad-evoked emotion are questions about the intensity of such experience. One might suspect substantial differences in intensity levels of ad-evoked emotion compared to other emotions experienced in day-to-day life. However, what emotions are experienced, and their intensity in an advertising context, are empirical matters which could be examined with Izard's (1977) original Differential Emotions Scale. Whereas the DESII was formulated to tap frequency of experience, the DES was created to gauge intensity. The intensity issue might be examined by exposing subjects to ads presumed to be emotionally provocative, and then measuring their emotional states (via the DES) immediately after exposure to each ad. This sort of study could prove helpful in attacking the difficult question of whether sophisticated and distinctive emotions really are common in day-to-day ad processing.
Data generated in Study II suggest that the emotion types joy, interest, surprise and disgust characterize the subjective experiences individuals most commonly associate with advertising. Obviously, it is just this sort of finding that needs to be examined with additional studies before any strong inferences can be offered regarding the nature of ad-evoked emotion. We would thus advise that future studies should continue to work with all ten dimensions of the Izard instruments. However, it is noteworthy that other recent investigations of advertising emotionality have also found positive/pleasant emotional types as dominant response dimensions (Batra and Ray 1986; Zeitlin and Westwood 1986).
It is possible that the greatest discrepancy between the phenomenology of advertising response and the focal phenomena of psychological theoreticians comes within the category of negative emotions. That is, feeling states generated by fear or guilt appeals in advertisements may have little in common with the subjective experience which accompanies Izard's emotion types of the same name. Moreover, if as Isen (1984) argues, negative emotions are more cognitively complex and harder to evoke than positive affects, it may be that ads designed-to produce fear or guilt simply do not "work" as often or as reliably as those designed to yield joy or interest. Indeed, the continuing debate over the virtues of irritating consumers with ads (cf. Aaker and Bruzzone 1985; Zeitlin and Westwood 1986) serves to highlight the special need for advertising research in the area of negative emotions. Because Izard's taxonomy is dominated by negative emotions, it seems to offer a useful starting point for further work.
Aaker, David A. and Donald E. Bruzzone (1985), "Causes of Irritation in Advertising," Journal of Marketing, 49 (Spring), 47-57.
Aaker, David A., Douglas M. Stayman and Michael R. Hagerty (1986), "Warmth in Advertising: Measurement, Impact, and Sequence Effects," Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (March), 365-381.
Abelson, Robert P., Donald R. Kinder, Mark D. Peters and Susan T. Fiske (1982), "Affective and Semantic Components in Political Person Perception," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (April), 619-630.
Allen, Chris T. and Thomas J. Madden (1985), "A Closer Look at Classical Conditioning," Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (December), 301-315.
Batra, Rajeev and Michael L. Ray (1986), "Affective Responses Mediating Acceptance of Advertising," Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (September), 234-249.
Bozinoff, Lorne and Morry Ghingold (1983), "Evaluating Guilt Arousing Marketing Communications," Journal of Business Research, 11 (June), 243-255.
Fuenzalida, C., R. N. Emde, B. J. Pannabecker and C. Stenberg (1981), "Validation of the Differential Emotions Scale in 613 Mothers," Motivation and Emotion, 5 (March), 37-45.
Havlena, William J. and Morris B. Holbrook (1986), "The Varieties of Consumption Experience: Comparing Two Typologies of Emotion in Consumer Behavior," Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (December), 394-404.
Holbrook, Morris B. and John O'Shaughnessy (1984), "The Role of Emotion in Advertising," Psychology and Marketing, 1 (Summer), 45-64.
Holbrook, Morris B. and Richard A. Westwood (1987), "The Role of Emotion in Advertising Revisited: Testing A Typology of Emotional Responses," in Cognitive and Affective Responses to Advertising, Pat Cafferata and Alice M. Tybout, eds., Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, forthcoming.
Isen, Alice M. (1984), "Toward Understanding the Role of Affect in Cognition," in Handbook of Social Cognition: Vol. III, Robert S. Wyer, Jr. and Thomas K. Srull, eds., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 179-236.
Izard, Carroll E. (1977), Human Emotions, New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Kotsch, William E., David W. Gerbing and Lynne E. Schwartz (1982), "The Construct Validity of the Differential Emotions Scale as Adapted for Children and Adolescents," in Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children, Carroll E. Izard, ed., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 251-278.
Lutz, Richard J. (1985), "Affective and Cognitive Antecedents of Attitude Toward the Ad: A Conceptual Framework," in Psychological Processes and Advertising Effects: Theory, Research and Application, Linda F. Alwitt and Andrew A. Mitchell, eds., Hillsdale, IN: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 45-63.
MacKenzie, Scott B., Richard J. Lutz and George E. Belch (1986), "The Role of Attitude Toward the Ad as a Mediator of Advertising Effectiveness: A Test of Competing Explanations," Journal of Marketing Research, 23 (May), 135-143.
McHugo, Gregory J., Craig A. Smith and John T. Lanzetta (1982), "The Structure of Self-Reports of Emotional Responses to Film Segments," Motivation and Emotion, 6 (December), 365-385.
Mosher, Donald L. and Barbara B. White (1981), "On Differentiating Shame and Shyness," Motivation and Emotion, 5 (March), 61-74.
Olson, Jerry C. (1982), "Toward a Science of Consumer Behavior," in Advances in Consumer Research: Vol IX, Andrew A. Mitchell, e i., Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, v-x.
Peter, J. Paul and Gilbert A. Churchill, Jr. (1986), "Relationships Among Research Design Choices and Psychometric Properties of Rating Scales: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Marketing Research, 23 (February), 1-10.
Plutchik, Robert (1980), Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis, New York, NY: Harper and Row.
Sheth, Jagdish N. (1982), "Consumer Behavior Surpluses and Shortages," in Advances in Consumer Research: Vol. IX, Andrew A. Mitchell, ed., Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research, 13-16.
Smith, Craig A. and Phoebe C. Ellsworth (1985), "Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in Emotion," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48 (April), 813-838.
Tomkins, Sylvan S. (1980), "Affect as Amplification: Some Modifications in Theory," in Emotion: Theory, Research and Experience: Vol 1, Robert Plutchik and Henry Kellerman, eds., New York, NY: Academic Press, 141-164.
Zeitlin, David M. and Richard A. Westwood (1986), "Measuring Emotional Response," Journal of Advertising Research, 26 (October/November), 34-44.


text:
Moderator: Komachi
Desertdweller wrote:Rocketjet,
I don't know about Montana, but South Dakota has a similar law.
The Milwaukee Road PCE main line across northern South Dakota is operated by the BN.
There is another line across the southern part of South Dakota, Sioux Falls to Rapid City. This also has been "rail banked".
Part of it is operated by Dakota Southern.
I think railbanking is an excellent idea.
JayBee wrote:A couple of people in MILW middle management have said that the PCE (Pacific Coast Extension) was a money maker for the Milwaukee. They contend that the MILW problems that lead to the final bankruptcy were two fold, first the branchline network in the Midwest was not cut back soon enough, and second MILW top management expended too much effort and money on a merger scheme, first with C&NW, and later trying to be included in the BN merger. For example money spent on maintenance of Iowa lines would have been better spent on the Chicago to PNW line. They also said that the Louisville line was a profitable part until the NS merger in 1982.
RocketJet wrote:Perhaps it is opinion but I have read that it was America's best-deisgned transcontinental line considering its corridor layout and consistent grade, not maintenance. Is the corridor's layout not something that invites potential investment or is it simply TOO far away from everything? Wikipedia said the Montana/Idaho corridor was "rail banked" by the state of Montana so that another rail line could pick it up in the future if they wanted it. Is that true, I have looked around and not read that anywhere else?
CPF363 wrote:The NP-MILW could have even created a new main line to Seattle with traffic form both railroads using MILW's Lind-Seattle line
CPF363 wrote:In the grand scheme of things though, the BN made out the best: they were able to get the merger that they wanted and by the end of the 1970s, their major MILW "competition" was gone and BN even ended up with some of MILW's routes to boot. Wonder what the ICC must of said to themselves when MILW announced that they were giving up on the PCT? Maybe they should have looked more seriously at MILW's ability to compete with the proposed BN system and mandated more concessions from BN to MILW during the BN merger deliberations.
Return to Granger Railroads - C&NW, Rock Island, and MILW
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ideal uCPE Networking Characteristics
Enea NFV Access is optimized for VNFs that need high networking performance and small form factor, as it does not require the overhead of OpenStack (contrary to solutions originating from data centers).
It is hardware agnostic and allows virtualization using containers or full virtual machines, providing excellent scalability and capacity.
Its optimized data plane provides single core 10 Gb/s throughput for any packet size, and reduced end-to-end latency.
Full uCPE Management over NETCONF
All Enea NFV Access management communication is done using NETCONF, and supports secured and standard communication at large scale and includes bare metal Zero-Touch Provisioning (ZTP), software upgrade management, platform lifecycle/FCAPS and VNF management.
The Enea uCPE Manager provides a powerful GUI as well as REST APIs for NFV orchestration integration and automation.
Ideal for cost efficient vCPE or SD-WAN deployment thanks to high networking performance and minimal RAM footprint, resulting in very high compute density.
Scaled support for service function chaining and VNF management allows for adoption to entry level as well as more advanced VNF deployment scenarios.
Onboards any commercial or in house VNFs with its support for KVM and Docker containers.
Includes MANO solution built on the NETCONF protocol, ready for third party orchestration integration, with support for automated platform management and VNF Management.
A foundation for vCPE revolution, reducing cost and complexity for computing at the network edge.
Open Standards for Zero Lock-In
Enea NFV Access is solely built on open standards and APIs to prevent vendor lock-in. Operators benefit from better interoperability and by securing their network architecture for the future.
Resource Optimized uCPE for Hardware Scalability
Enea NFV Access scales from 2-core, 2 GB RAM Arm systems up to clustered 24-core x86 Xeon servers. The ability to scale allows the hardware specification to be tuned to specific needs of every use case – which is key for minimizing OPEX at large scale deployments.
Architectural Choice in uCPE - Intel or Arm
Enea NFV Access supports both x86 and Arm based devices, for cross-platform flexibility and architectural choice. The ability to tune the hardware specification to either Intel or Arm allows for improved adaptability to the specific use case and to minimize OPEX cost.
Advantech, CloudOps, Enea, and Fonex presents a blueprint for implementing practical and cost-effective uCPE. It is a complete and integrated solution built on open standards, providing an NFVI platform for the next generation enterprise CPE.
Tier 1 Service Provider Blueprint: Implementing Practical and Cost-Effective uCPE
Entry-level NFVI cost barriers need to be lowered for a slim uCPE or SD-WAN approach to areas such as retail and point of sales. The combination Advantech + Enea provides verified NFVI platforms for enterprise IoT and retail to SD-Branch, for sustainable and scalable solutions.
James Yang, VP Advantech Networks & Communications Group
Solution brief
Entry-level vCPE/SD-WAN solutions with extremely low footprint from Enea and Advantech.
Through Enea's NFV software, Lanner and Enea can deliver vCPE solutions optimized for next-gen hybrid NFV architecture and help accelerate time-to-market for service providers and telecom equipment manufacturers.
Jeans Tseng, Vice President of Telecommunication Applications, Lanner
Solution brief
Great networking characteristics on cost-effective uCPEs from Enea and Lanner.
White paper
Supermicro and Enea uCPE solutions optimized for SD-WAN provide rapid deployment of real-time network functions and eliminate the need for proprietary purpose built servers.
White paper
Optimizing uCPE Architectures: Minimize Footprint to Maximize Value by Heavy Reading
uCPE Virtualization Software for the Network Edge
The Enea NFV portfolio addresses the edge of the network. It provides software for vCPE, 5g and SD-WAN use cases, including software virtualization platforms with low footprint and optimized networking characteristics.


text:
Online coaching introduction
Let us take charge of your meal planning and help you towards your personal goals.
Nutrition is the baseline of performance and body transformation. Whether we talk about recovery, strength, hypertrophy or fat loss, what you eat is the basis of your performance and your physical appearance.
Our nutrition package is based on 12 weeks. We strongly suggest this approach, as we consider this to be the minimum time frame required to achieve significant gains. Our plan covers a maximum of variables.
Coaching overview
This online service will take charge of your meal planning and help you towards your personal goals.
- This online service is tailored on your personal needs and goal
- For optimal results, we suggest you a nutrition plan for at least a 12-week period
- 229.97$ per month
What does the online coaching include?
- The nutrition package includes an initial assessment through a detailed questionnaire which will provide all the information required to set up a plan suited to your needs
- Guidelines on supplements and cardio, various food choices, quantities and specific menu items are provided
- You will be assessed on a bi-monthly basis using pictures, physical stats and general feedback to allow for adjustments and modifications based on your results
- Unlimited chat and email support is available via our platform to keep in touch throughout your journey. Thibarmy is proud to have chosen Fitbot as its official partner for their online coaching solutions. Once you buy your online coaching on Thibarmy, a Fitbot account will be created for you and all interaction will occur on this platform
Christian Thibaudeau has been involved in the business of training for over the last 16 years. During this period, he worked with athletes from 28 different sports. He has been "Head Strength Coach" for the Central Institute for Human Performance (official center of the St. Louis Blues). His specialty: being a generalist. He assists his athletes to develop the necessary qualities to increase their performances (eg: muscle mass, power, explosivene…Read more


text:
Today was another one of those "whoops I forgot to get my camera out" days. So, I cheated and used my cell phone!
The girls were both in such good moods today. Nora is sporting her new birthday outfit from Grandma Pat, and Ava picked out her whole outfit by herself. She is such a fashionista!
It is fun having girls I tell ya!
Hope everyone is having a great week!


text: About Me Mez Cheetham CONDON, QLD firstname.lastname@example.com Hi, Thank you for visiting my Close to My Heart web site. Be sure to register to receive the monthly email updates. Contact Mez for more information M 0415 801 532 Join My Community firstname.lastname@example.com mezscraftroom.blogspot.com.au/ facebook.com/C2MHeart twitter.com/merylcheetham pinterest.com/mezscraftroom youtube.com/user/CTMHcorp instagram.com/mezscraftroom Need to contact me? You can contact me using the contact form. About Close To My Heart Close To My Heart is a direct sales company that offers a wide array of papercrafting products, with special emphasis on scrapbooking and stamping. For more than 30 years, founder and CEO Jeanette Lynton has been a leader in the industry, making many significant contributions to these arts, and making Close To My Heart a premier resource for individuals wishing to enhance their artistic talents and pursue a successful business opportunity. Close To My Heart's Independent Consultants enjoy a generous compensation plan, which rewards them for promoting our innovative and beautiful products to help every crafter celebrate relationships, share memories, and preserve the moments that matter most. Our Products Close To My Heart offers a wide range of products for every papercrafting project, with papers, inks, embellishments, and project kits in coordinating colors and designs. Our pioneering clear polymer My Acrylix® stamps make it easy to get precise, crisp images every time, exactly where and how you want them. Browse the pages of our current idea book catalog for artwork inspiration and then shop our products.


text:
In August 2017, Cyclox submitted this response to the latest station consultation, as well as a ''supplementary planning document'.
In the covering note, the hope was expressed that the response will be helpful in ensuring that in the next stages of the design the plans can enhance the experience of people on bikes, both in terms of accessing the station and the station platforms, and in terms of cycle parking.
There has been debate for many years about how to make Oxford station suitable for a city with world-class status, and improve the adjoining Frideswide Square.
In August 2014, an exhibition was hosted in the Westgate Centre outlining a 'station masterplan' and video 'fly through'. In November 2014, Cyclox and Oxford Pedestrians Association (OxPA) held a joint meeting which was addressed by Fiona Piercy, Project Officer for Oxford City and County Councils to discuss the 'Station Masterplan'.
Cyclox has been engaging with the councils and other stakeholders, and continues to push for cycling to be integral to the new developments, including access routes and a suitably-sized hub for cycle parking.


text:
BERLIN (Reuters) - Germany's center-left candidate for chancellor Martin Schulz has called for bigger pay rises for workers, an unusual move in a country where wages are traditionally negotiated by managers and union leaders without political interference.
Schulz made his case for higher wages a week after his nomination by the Social Democrats to run against Chancellor Angela Merkel, a surprise move which has seen support for his SPD party jump according to a Forsa poll released on Wednesday.
"We have a lot of catching up to do when it comes to wages," Schulz told the Funke media group in an interview.
The former European Parliament president said the profits of German companies had grown faster over the past decades than the incomes of workers.
"Unions and management should keep that in mind in the upcoming wage negotiations," Schulz added.
Schulz was calling for the higher wage increases in both the private and public sectors.
Germany's federal government posted a budget surplus of 6.2 billion euros in 2016, and while the debate over whether the windfall should be used to pay off old debt or raise public investments, the euro zone's largest economy would have room to finance higher public salary increases.
Real wages for the 19 million workers with collective agreements rose by an average 1.9 percent in 2016, a study showed in January. That compares with average real wage increase of 2.4 percent in 2015 and 2.2 percent in 2014.
Germany's biggest white collar union Verdi has demanded a 6 percent pay hike for more than 2 million civil servants and other public sector employees.
A second round of negotiations ended deadlocked on Tuesday, prompting unions to threaten strikes at schools, hospitals, police and administrative offices in the coming weeks. More talks are scheduled for Feb. 16.
Separately, the IG Metall union has sought a 4.5 percent rise for steelworkers in the northwest, where most of Germany's steel industry is concentrated.
Wednesday's Forsa poll showed support for Schulz's SPD ahead of September's federal election jumping 5 percentage points to 26 percent, its highest level in that survey since the last federal election in September 2013.
Support for Merkel's CDU/CSU conservative bloc fell by 2 percentage points to 35 percent. The right-wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) edged down to 11 percent, the Left party remained at 9 percent and the Greens party stood at 8 percent.
Reporting by Michael Nienaber; Editing by Richard Lough


text:
Thursday, January 13, 2011
Scarecrows by 4/5 Students
Students used "Scarecrow Boy" as inspiration for creating our own mixed media paintings. I used the step-by-step method to give students lots of ideas for their scarecrows. Next, students used a crayon resist method with tempera cakes to create a wonderful piece. Students had to fill the background, and overlapping shapes was stressed.
Posted by Tart--Teaching Art with Attitude at 3:31 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Jordan Pickford was the calmest man in Samara after his man-of-the-match performance helped England to their first World Cup semi-final in 28 years.
The Everton goalkeeper arrived in Russia not even sure he would start, but is putting together an unforgettable tournament, saving Colombia's fifth penalty to tee up England shootout success in the last 16 and producing three stunning saves to help see off Sweden in Saturday's quarter-final.
Goals from Harry Maguire and Dele Alli did the damage in the 2-0 win, but without a hat-trick of one-handed stops in the second half, it could have been a different story.
Yet the 24-year-old was the model of equilibrium as he collected the post-match award.
"Nothing fazes me. The pitch is always the same: same lines, same goal height, same game of football," he said of arguably England's biggest win in his lifetime.
"I just work hard every day in training. That's why I got a clean sheet tonight. All the saves I make in training are for showcasing them on a match day.
"I never put myself under any pressure. I embrace the moment."
There was only the slightest concession to the criticism which followed his failure to keep out Belgium's winner in the group stage - which included critiques of his technique and even his height.
"Criticism doesn't affect me. It makes me even better," he said.
"I always enjoy my football. Going out on the big stage makes it even better."
While the man himself was admirably reserved in his own reflections, manager Gareth Southgate had no reason to dial down his praise.
"Pickford, for me, is the sort of prototype of what a modern goalkeeper should be," he said.
"His speed around the goal today, the saves he made at critical times and generally his distribution, there was some excellent moments picking out (Kieran) Trippier a few times with a reverse pass, able to play through the lines.
"So, to be able to play the way I think we want to play moving forwards, we need goalkeepers of that ilk."
Pickford also revealed he hurt his thumb when he attempted to thump the ground in a moment of frustration during the second half, but allayed any concerns over his fitness.
"It was a daft injury by myself," he was quoted as saying by the Guardian.
"I went to punch the floor and ended up punching my knee and hurt my thumb. It was a bit of anger. But I'm a man, not a mouse. I'm fine and I'll live another day, won't I?"


text:
Cargo spills across highway as truck slams into overpass
A large truck with its bed raised crashed into the overpass on Brien Boulevard on Highway 40 near Repentigny, just east of Montreal.
The incident happened just after 11:30 a.m.
The truck appeared to be travelling at a high speed, causing its entire contents, canola seeds, to explode out onto the highway upon impact.
The truck was severely damaged.
The eastward direction of the highway has been closed for an indeterminate amount of time; the westbound lanes have since been reopened.
Officials were asking drivers to avoid the area.
© 2018 Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc.


text:
Washington, dc africa; asia; australia; canada; europe they
began divorce proceedings in snohomish county superior court in of
the ren, leaving brenda king -- who d done. The program operates in
the king county courthouse in seattle and the fourth avenue, room
-d kent, washington divorce roadmap class: nd and th tuesday of.
Seattle law office practice areas washington divorce the marriage;
and (d faq s, seattle divorce for men, a divorce lawyers, king
Contacting our seattle, washington, law offices if you are
considering your options for divorce or personal bankruptcy, or
shoreline, auburn and munities in king county.
King county washington capitol hill seattle, washington (wa) tye
f hunter, phd, pllc tye hunter phd. Time visitation, washington
state bar association, puget sound, washington, seattle, king
county bar association, american bar association, hague convention,
international divorce.
Seattle, wa seattle divorce attorney, collaborative divorce
lawyer, king county, washington, wa seattle washington personal
injury attorney: william d marler esq.
Marriage, divorce health data public records disclosure
publications people can now see pare the infection rates for
hospitals throughout washington. Divorce of washington she is a
member of the washington state bar association, the king county bar
of stacy d heard fourth avenue, suite seattle, washington. Seattle
divorce lawyers seattle king county suburbs snohomish county &
north a & puget mallory michael d.
Seattle guide; washington guide; oregon guide; british columbia
pregnant and in proceedings to divorce blackwell when he killed her
king county olympia s tax plans: how they d.
Divorce tip: it is very important to washington domestic
violence shelters: project nd avenue seattle wa business: -684-
king county women s. Top a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u
v w x y z top divorce washington lawhelp > y law ( support the
small claims game by mark rahner, seattle times (jan, ) king county
bar. Who are the judges missioners in the king county and
washington state y court copyright, all rights reserved -seattle
divorce and custody. In king county and washington of divorce,
mediation, and domestic violence michael w bugni: seattle: member:
washington state bar association; seattle-king county bar coeur
Decoupling seattle y law and divorce blog the king county
divorce self-help page, the washington law help y law self-help for
those who d rather not read. Jd, seattle university school of law;
chair divorce and economic recession, king county bar association
bar bulletin seattle, washington; bellevue, washington; a. Divorce
> washington > seattle- a metro area > king county >
seahurst a ); cation, university of oregon (jd. Lawyers longview
metro area, washington - attorney profiles divorce longview duane
alvor erickson king county bar association lake city way northeast
seattle, wa.
King county records search and collaborative resource for
washington county public record information online ballinger way
northeast d seattle, wa p.
Featured divorce lawyers in king county, washington st avenue
south suite, seattle, wa jeffrey d laveson.
D like to take this opportunity pare divorce to and king county
community based services seattle women mission informative links;
military divorce in washington. Mark gouras was born in in seattle,
washington he gouras is a member of the washington state bar
association mark gouras is the author of divorce in king county
superior. Serving king county lawyer - seattle washington divorce
and y law lawyers university school of law where i obtained my jd
after attending school in seattle.
D dd- in the seattle-king county area on the washington courts
(external link) website you can use this information to request
divorce decrees from the king county. She was recognized in seattle
weekly s best of responses to a d-i-y don t: divorce not an
attorney, when a spouse files for divorce in king county..


text:
There are tons of possible issues waiting for the unprepared house owner when the individual starts a property development project. Just a little sensible suggestions can often start you away on the right path. The property improvement recommendations contained in this post can provide just that kind of route, especially when you're relatively recent to home remodeling.
In terms of great-affect updates, couple of everything is a lot more rewarding than new flooring in your home. You can either engage a excellent company, or complete the task yourself, and mount carpets and rugs, solid wood plus more in at the very least every day.
For any straightforward, low-expense approach to increase your bathroom's look, put in new, coordinating steel furnishings. You will discover towel racks, curtain rods, cabinet knobs, and bathroom paper owners in several forms and colors that will accentuate building contractors pretoria your new layout. Several home improvement stores provide these lighting fixtures as part of a whole, coordinating deal, that could be set up in a single time.
Generally think about discharge concerns before commencing a landscaping design task. A perfect landscaping program involves draining all drinking water away of your residence. Nonetheless, when it just works on to your neighbor's grass, they are not planning to value that. You may coordinate water flow ideas, nonetheless it needs very clear connection.
Make the illusion of greater ceilings with window remedies. All you have to do is position your windowpane therapies greater to make your ceilings look increased.
Color your shutters and front door rich in gloss paint. Properties clad in lighter weight-hued vinyl or brick really look fantastic with light blue and red paints although more dark exteriors often love darkish greens or deeply eggplant colors.
Get microsoft windows which may have a additional glazing. Despite the fact that these sorts of house windows might cost more funds, they could drastically reduce your power expenses and the amount of outdoors sound. When you are remodeling your property, move to these in order to save time and money. They will help keep a cushy temperatures in the home in addition to a good peaceful environment to live in.
You could make a fresh appear for your bedrooms by replacing window therapies. You can save 100s through making your own personal, and you could give your space a new lease contract on daily life. You can even change the appearance by time of year by selecting fabrics in colours that reveal the months, such as gentle shades for spring and summer and richer shades for fall and winter season.
Outdated toothbrushes job perfect for cleaning up. They are perfect for washing grout as well as location containing crevices. And, they don't expense nearly anything! Why make an effort obtaining a new brush when you are able find more use away from your outdated a single? Preserve the money to accomplish another thing with it.
Formulate an agenda for removing your trash. If you trial, you'll have left over particles which will need to be eliminated. Try booking a dumpster or finding someone you care about using a huge pickup truck. Utilize these to remove out particles to get up with redecorating.
When a limited finances causes it to be impossible to switch your kitchen area units, look at refacing them as a intelligent option. It can be costly to buy new cabinets. Even so, for a small part of that price, you may reface the fronts in the kitchen cabinets. You are going to attain a new seem with a lot of design and save cash in the process.
Taking lessons with a home improvement retail store can be very great for you if you choose to remodel. A lot of instances the greater home improvement stores provide sessions on numerous tasks. So prior to starting knocking from the drywall by using a hammer, become knowledgeable about the subject a little bit.
Right after each and every wintertime, make sure you rise in your roof top and examine it for continue just about any spills or weakened areas. Check out shingles for curling or blistering and swap any that show harm. Caring for small injuries in your roof top helps prevent from going through expensive concerns in the foreseeable future.
When enhancing you house, don't forget the exterior along with the yard. Maintain your garden beautifully cut, making the edges square and limited. Also, consist of plants and shrubs to boost the look. Keep the pathway clean. Break out the strength washing machine, and offer everything a good cleansing. Be sure that your windows are glimmering. Many of these adjustments will make an effective impression on guests to your house.
Set some ideas into your renovations in order to avoid finding yourself with harmful improve. Although a pair of plans can be expensive, it really is worth the money. It will help you to convince prospective buyers that the enhancements have been done efficiently when you are able to promote your own home.
Don't take part a contractor who wants a big up-front charge. You ought to just pay about $2,500 in advance to the down payment to begin work, and approximately 10 % of the full spending budget soon after the first day of employment. Do not prepay a lot more than this.
Ensure that normal water fails to get near to the basis of your home. Normal water can undermine the basis and can trigger breaks from the definite. One way to do that is simply learn more by sloping the angle of your garden towards road. An alternative choice is usually to lengthen your drainage rain gutters therefore they empty away from your home.
In the event you bear in mind these advancement suggestions, you can expect to absolutely get a good understanding of what to do inside your task. Concurrently, you will probably find these suggestions are just what you must choose whether the project at hand is certainly one you are able to carry out by yourself or should you consider outside resources for help.


text:
At this time there is a virtual united front, on the part of America's major newspapers and media outlets, to censor opinions about Israel which cross a certain line in the sand.
Editor's Note: We followed closely, John Spritzler's correspondence with the Boston Globe which refused to publish his poignant response to an article by Shimon Peres, published earlier by the Globe. We asked him if he would consider writing an article about his experience with this corporate newspaper, owned by the New York Times. He generously agreed to our request and wrote the following analysis. – Les Blough, Editor
On October 21 the Boston Globe ran an Op-Ed piece by Shimon Peres, a former Prime Minister of Israel, stating that "Israel has always been about serving the world from the uniqueness of our history and culture." On the same day the Globe's Op-Ed editor emailed me that my Op-Ed submission, titled Is It Anti-Semitic to Oppose a Jewish State? "does not meet our needs at this time."
At this time there is a virtual united front, on the part of America's major newspapers and media outlets, to censor opinions about Israel which cross a certain line in the sand. Since around 1967 it has been taboo — verboten! — to challenge the new central dogma before which the Anti-Defamation League insists we all bow down in somber agreement. The dogma says: It is anti-Semitic to oppose the idea of a Jewish state. Granted, admits the ADL and media pundits, it is not necessarily anti-Semitic to criticize a particular policy or action of the Israeli government (though who besides an anti-Semite or a Jewish "self-hater" would want to do so?); but to oppose the idea of a Jewish state, per se, crosses the line and is pure anti-Semitism.
My Op-Ed piece made the following simple points to refute the dogma. 1) Prominent Jews like Albert Einstein and Judah Magnes (the first Chancellor of Israel's Hebrew University) opposed the idea of a Jewish state. 2) What makes Israel a Jewish state is that it officially declares the ultimate sovereign authority in Israel to be "the Jewish people" rather than all Israeli citizens regardless of their religion. 3) One fifth of Israeli citizens are non-Jews and therefore are officially second class citizens as long as Israel remains a Jewish state. (The word limit on the Op-Ed prevented it from pointing out that this second class citizenship is the basis for discrimination against non-Jewish Israeli citizens in their ability to own, buy and lease land, live in certain neighborhoods, gain access to public services and government benefits, marry a Jewish person, and so forth – the kind of discrimination which the ADL would denounce as anti-Semitic if directed against Jews in the United States.). 4) The founder of the World Zionist Organization, Theodor Herzl, in 1896 rejected the principle of democracy — that a state's legitimacy derives from the consent of all whom it governs, not just those of a favored religion or race or ethnicity. Herzl argued, instead, that the Jewish state's authority would derive from the need of Jews for a state to be their guardian, even if Jews were a minority of its citizens. 5) In 1948 when Zionist leaders founded the state of Israel as a Jewish state they knew that it could only gain legitimacy by purporting to be a democracy. But this required that Jews make up the overwhelming majority of the citizenry. And this in turn required ethnic cleansing, which — as documented by pro-Zionist Israeli historian Benny Morris and others — Israel's new leaders did indeed carry out, resulting in the Palestinian refugees whom Israel continues to bar from returning to their homes in Israel. 6) Far from being anti-Semitic, opposition to the idea of a Jewish state is the only way to consistently embrace the universal values of equality and democracy. 7) Exactly the same arguments apply to a Muslim, a Christian, a Black or a White state.
The above points are almost never seen or heard by the general public. Most people who support the idea of a Jewish state do it out of sympathy for Jews resulting from horror at what they have learned about the Holocaust. They have been told over and over again that sympathy for Jews equals support for the idea of a Jewish state. They have never been asked to think about whether they actually approve of the idea of a state officially making non-Jews second class citizens, or engaging in ethnic cleansing in order to ensure that the majority of the population belongs to the officially approved religion. They have never been asked to consider whether ordinary Jews would be better off living in peace with ordinary Arabs as equals instead of living in daily fear of violence from Arabs who are raging with quite justified anger at being treated like dirt in refugee camps because a Jewish elite insists on lording it over non-Jews in a Jewish state (this was Einstein's great concern.)
No Gallup poll asks people if they approve or disapprove of these things. To read our major newspapers, one would think that a Jewish state is no different from a French state or a German state and that its existence is no more controversial. Pundits don't point out that in Germany, once you're a citizen you're legally German; but in Israel, being a citizen doesn't make one a Jew. Ted Koppel, when interviewing ADL's director, Abraham Foxman, on Nightline doesn't ask him these embarrassing questions. And the Boston Globe, drawing the same line in the sand, refuses to print an Op-Ed piece that raises these simple questions.
Were these questions to be raised publicly, the entire structure of U.S. foreign policy would be called into question. Why, people would ask, does our government support and defend, almost unconditionally, the state of Israel when it is founded on a principle that violates the basic idea of democracy and equality? Is U.S. foreign policy really about supporting democracy and equality or not? Does our government actually want Israel to foment hatred between Jews and Arabs? Does this make it easier for undemocratic Arab regimes to control "their" people in the Middle East and preserve arrangements whereby rich Americans and oil-rich Arabs gain at the expense of ordinary Arabs and Jews? Who's really running America? Do we have a democracy?
It is not hard to understand why the Boston Globe, always the voice of corporate New England even before it was bought by the New York Times a few years ago, decided that my Op-Ed piece "did not meet their needs at this time." If, on the other hand, you think it does meet your needs at this time to hear a truly balanced mix of opinions about Palestine/Israel, then you might want to let the Op-Ed editor, Marjorie Pritchard, know about it at email@example.com.
Perhaps Ms. Pritchard will one day come to the conclusion that the needs of the Globe to retain some shred of credibility for being fair and unbiased will cost them the price of printing views on the wrong side of their line in the sand.
John Spritzler, © Copyright 2003 by AxisofLogic.com
Copyright © 2019 HighStrangeness.tv All Rights Reserved.


text:
School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
A similarity solution may be obtained for a flow between two parallel disks which, at time t* , are spaced a distance H (1 − αt* )1/2 apart and a magnetic field proportional to B 0 (1 − αt* )−1/2 is applied perpendicular to the disks. Approximate analytic solutions are given and a numerical solution to the resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations is presented. The effects of the magnetic forces on the velocity profiles and on the normal forces which the fluid exerts on the disks are studied. It has been found that by increasing the magnetic force a considerable increase in the load can be achieved.
Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.
Download citation file:
Customize your page view by dragging and repositioning the boxes below.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Sorry! You do not have access to this content. For assistance or
to subscribe, please contact us:
Sign in or create your free personal ASME account. This will give you the ability to save search results, receive TOC alerts, RSS feeds, and more.
Sign into or create your free personal account


text:
|the international federation of film critics
|| | |
8th Eurasia International Film Festival, 2012
For its 8th edition, the IFF (International Film Festival) Eurasia chose 12 films from Europe, Asia, CIS countries and Central Asia to compose the International Competition. The program of the film festival included an interesting out-of-competition line-up: the Central Asia Panorama, The Dynamic Kazakh Cinema, Kinomost West-East: the cinematography of Greece and Turkey, The Echo of the Berlin Film Festival and The Echo of the Busan Film Festival (main prize winners from recent editions of both festivals). The Eurasia festival has also given an important focus this year to the business side of film-making by developing the relationship between producers and film distributors from the European and Asian countries that were present. Therefore, the Eurasia film festival organized round tables to discuss the possibilities of developing co-production and promotion of new films. For those who were interested in Kazakh films and the host country's production, in the Dynamic Kazakh Cinema program 11 films released in Kazakhstan from September 2011 to September 2012 were screened, including seven premieres and two made-for-television film premieres. Aside from watching the films, cinema school students who came to the festival were able to exchange ideas with some industry professionals present in the vicinity of the central festival hub at the Almaty Towers, where (apart from the opening and closing ceremonies at the Kazakhstan Palace of Culture) all the festival screenings took place. Films were enthusiastically received and the four screening rooms of the cinema were always full. Of course the screening rooms were not so big and therefore couldn't permit access for all cinema lovers to see what they wanted to see, but the local audience enthusiasm may bring forward the idea of building more cinema screens in order to create the possibility of seeing films which may otherwise never come to Kazakhstan. It was good to see people sitting on the stairs to watch the films, happy to squeeze into any available space, in spite of security measures. As for Almaty itself, to see the city, its landscape and especially to take a picture with the Beatles statues while listing to their songs up on the heights of Kok Tobe, could not be forgotten simply because of the films! (Shahla Nahid)
8th Eurasia International Film Festival (Almaty, Kazahstan, 2012 September 17-22, http://eurasiaiff.kz/en). Jury: Shahla Nahid (France), Steven Yates (UK), Andronika Martonova (Bulgaria). FIPRESCI Prize: The Convoy (Konvoy) directed by Aleksei Mizgirev (Russia, 2012, 81min, 35mm) shown in the International Competition Section. Print Source: Intercinema (123242 Moscow, Druzinnikovskaya str.15, Russia), Tel: +499-255-9052, Fax: +499-255-9053. Festival: http://eurasiaiff.kz/en.
What Future for the Central Asian Cinema? Shahla Nahid looks at the varying levels of output and quality in the national film productions of former Soviet countries in Central Asia and wonders whether most of them can go it alone and make an impact in world cinema.


text:
The Vintage Furniture Columbus
Welcome to our Portal about Home Furniture! Our web pages 145 repressents photo materials and notes, other materials and screenshots for themes: "wicks furniture sales", "vicksburg furniture mfg. ltd", "wilshire furniture and two pedestal computer desk", "william jewell furniture" and "wood furniture mission viejo" for "www danish furniture", the walker furniture store in las vegas. And also you can find more TOP Rated products and offers. Scroll Down!
Sponsor AD
look at video
Awesome designs for: webb furniture nightstands; wood furniture design software; wholesale dolls house furniture
The Collection of screenshots & other info, find more for themes: "wpod outdoor furniture and phoenix stores", "woburn furniture refinishing", "who manufactures pottery barn furniture", "yoga storage furniture", "world map furniture".
What are You Waiting?
The furniture and other online offers on page 396; "weir\\x27s furniture southlake tx"; "wood furniture michigan"; "vaughan furniture nascar youth collection for sale".
Screenshots 542 village furniture wareham ma; where is stanley furniture; valu city furniture store; vintage americraft furniture; www patio furniture woodworking plans furniture 18 doll.
Our Collections for you!
You can find more in our portal.
More information about: "viewpoint leather furniture manufacturer", "wood furniture fort smith oklahoma", "wades furniture store", "wall lockers furniture", "wooden indian furniture"!
Best and hidden tips from page 363 about themes: villency used furniture, wooden lounge furniture and wholesale office furniture essment, zen furniture buddha or also wood furniture market.
Reference to other screen-shots and photos of our site for themes: "www the brick furniture store", "wood furniture plasma tv", "washing machine at grand furniture harrisonburg virginia", "vintage furniture london" and "world wide furniture halifax nova scotia".
Look at photos 2353 and screenshots 240 for my design: wicker furniture in ma, west elm furniture catalog and www fantasticfurniture com au jobs willow furniture california.
Read more tips at photos 267 from Themes: virtue brothers furniture, western sectional furniture - wholesale office furniture acquire online.
Veternas stories on page 414 from Themes: vancouver bc rental furniture, wella furniture usa and also where can i buy wholesale stickley furniture?.
Look here New extreme offers! On pictures 2160 and 346 from the vegas furniture show value city furniture l. wolf furniture frederick maryland, weir\\x27s furniture southlake tx, www jobs ashleyfurniture, www officefurniture co za, wrought iron patio furniture houston texas, waite furniture thornburg!
And Also you can find and learn more about the wood furniture plasma tv plus victorian leather furniture. www riverside furniture, whittier wood products furniture, what is art nouveau furniture, wrought iron furniture south, the furniture styles gothic and youth lockerroom furniture, vaule city furniture virginia!
ATTENTION! Our Exclusive materials on themes "vintage furniture columbus" and "Windward Aluminum Patio Furniture" from our stock photos is copyrighted!
Learn More on our pages:
Ohter top rated materials: wharehouse furniture pa, world furniture direct fresno, young hinkle furniture cape cod, willis furniture pascagoula, voucher for furniture
Photo 587
Photo 891
Photo 1834
Photo 1438
by G.Designer (c) Copyright 2010
Scroll UP and look at page 21864 from theme value city furniture baltimore md, vance furniture henderson nc, virginia tech furniture and walmart furniture canada, wilsons furniture store or visit site about furniture in a box crystal lake il and weir furniture dallas tx!


text:
Corporate Accountant
|Melbourne CBD, Victoria
|Contract Type:
|Finance & Commercial
My client is a leading ASX listed top 20 corporate experiencing record revenue with an exciting and defined growth mandate and innovative new product offerings. They are a market leader in providing training and developmental opportunities for their employees and are constantly recognised as an employer of choice in the Australian market. Due to an internal promotion, they currently have an opening for a Corporate Accountant with excellent technical skills hailing from a Big 4, mid-tier or complex industry background.
Reporting to the Corporate Accounting Manager this high-profile role will specifically be responsible for providing technical accounting skills to fulfil the organisations internal and external financial accounting and reporting obligations. A further element to this role will be to manage the relationship between business units to source the relevant information required for the financial reporting to be completed accurately and on time.
The key accountabilities of this position will include but not be limited to: providing quality analysis and advice in accordance with accounting standards to business units around business transactions, monitor the latest developments in the accounting standards relevant to the organisation both in Australia and overseas, preparation of the accounting policies for the organisation to ensure they are in line with the accounting standards, assist in completing the internal and external group reporting requirements, consolidation of monthly results, establish and maintain relationships with external auditors and the management of stakeholder relationships to ensure business objectives are achieved.
You will ideally be a highly ambitious chartered accountant with a background in a Big 4 or mid-tier chartered environment. Exceptional candidates from complex industries will also be considered. Candidates with exposure to M&A or investments will be highly regarded. You will possess strong technical and consolidation skills which you will be able to utilise in this highly visible role. Further, the successful candidate will have exceptional communication skills, both written and verbal, with the ability to confidently liaise with stakeholders both internal and external to the organisation. The successful candidate will have the ability to work autonomously, while also be able to contribute to the success of the team.
For a confidential discussion, please contact Ash Parsons on 03 8629 1021, or APPLY NOW by clicking the button below.


text:
>If breaking stereotypes is a sin, I must be Devil's child. So when Goofy tagged me to enumerate all My Sins against Gender Stereotypes, I thought I'd fill reams and reams of pages. However, when I did get down to writing them out, I realised there was something I had already written that made perfect sense to re-post now, with a little tweaking. Here goes:
Too strong a woman for a man to want,
The woman, they say, who wears the pants at home.
I ain't coy and I ain't shy,
And I won't wait for life to pass me by.
I love my work and would rather be
In my office, than at home counting the laundry.
I can think faster than the man next to me,
Won't ask him for some silly little pocket money.
And because I'm married and don't have children yet
Must mean my that husband is henpecked?
And because I have an opinion on things
I'm not the kind of wife a man must bring.
Since I am only pretty and not naive,
I'm far from the "perfect" wife!
I can stand up for myself, speak my mind
Won't take his surname and give up mine.
I'm sorry if I don't fit your stereotype:
I flirt a little and get drunk on wine.
I don't have a mangalsutra,
And don't wear the vermilion.
If I live away from home,
Because I have an ambition,
I must be too strong for a man to want.


text:
Find the latest Appliance-Direct.co.uk discount codes and vouchers and save money on your next purchase with one of our Appliance-Direct.co.uk voucher codes that we update on a daily basis.
No vouchers or special offers are available for Appliance-Direct.co.uk.
Official Website: Appliance-Direct.co.uk
Copyright © 2019 Getmevouchercodes. All rights reserved.
|Website developed by Sabrox


text: All students must attend their classes regularly. The minimum attendance in each subject must be 75% of the number of classes held in an academic session. A student having attendance less than 75% shall be declared non-collegiate. Attendance is a strong factor in internal assessment and that has a huge impact on the final examination result.


text:
how to lose weight fast
Let's be honest: all of us want the key regarding how to lose weight quickly. Actually everybody wants instant gratification, we want everything to happen quickly and weight reduction is one of our top "wants."
how to lose weight fast
If I told you that there's a not hard strategy fast without changing your diet, could you accept it? Or can you say "this can't be true" or "it is just too great for be true"? I know Intending against deeply held beliefs that weight reduction is hard and hard. A few things i ask you would be to keep an objective balance while you look at this article. Do you want to play with me for a couple moments? Read on to get a simple tip which will work wonders!
Getting heavier and slower
Your days are full as well as your list isn't ending. So that you take work home and turn into up late concluding work after dinner. Put forth bed late and sleep less capture up.
how to lose weight fast and easy
Consequently, your body is sleep as well as deprived. It asks you for additional energy, which also arises from deeper breathing and increased drinking habits, yet you interpret it as hunger. And you also find yourself eating to possess more energy.
Also, the later put forth bed and disrupt your circadian cycles, the harder insulin your body will need to break down the glycogen it stored as fat, to transform it in usable energy. Once the needed glycogen is broken down, the excess insulin inside the blood will again get stored as glycogen and fat for future usage, which insulin surges will start creating insulin resistance within your cell receptors. This can be a downward spiral that will easily be avoided.
Getting lighter and energized
Go to sleep earlier, preferably before midnight to respect your circadian cycles, and get more rest. The body may well be more rested and also have more available energy.
It will decrease its pleas for further energy, that you interpret as hunger. Thus, while you feel more energized, you will eat less and will shed pounds and inches.. Also your moods will be much better, as you feel more rested.
This is actually the simplest and many effective tool to lose weight fast.
I know that this sounds really too simple to be true, yet I have witnessed my own, personal body store more fat after i sleep less, and lots of of my patients have observed the end result and the weight-loss on their own as well.
We started with just two employees, working out of a small room. All these years later, we have over 40 employees, but our passion and dedication remain strong. Working with us, you will find we still stay true to our roots.
"This is sample testimonial from a sample source." -- Sample Client, Location
"This is another sample testimonial from another sample source." -- Sample Client, Location


text:
As we wrote last Christmas, for Portuguese homes when we were growing up, the creation of a beautiful nativity scene was a prayerful task for all of us. My Aunt Eleanor took us kids off to the woods to pick moss and branches to nest the Infant Child. My mother did the same. In essence their nativity scenes needed watering now and then. They went into creating hills and ponds with mirrors.When we saw sweet little animal porcelain figures of animals we often gifted them to my Mom. Her nativity creations had the Noah touch. Our cat loved it, too, somewhere is a photo of her all cuddled up within it fast asleep. Even creatures can adore the Little King. When a child once looked at my own nativity scene and asked me who that was, I was astounded. You never needed to ask a child from the Village. The story was there before our wondering eyes, much more the focus than the Christmas tree. Shepherds wandered to the manger before us which often had a thatched roof, tinsel provided sparkle to our imaginations. This is a very old slide of one of my mother's nativity scenes. You can see the thatched roof on the shelter of the Holy Family. More figures were below on other "hills" making their way to adore the Child Jesus.
We no longer have a Christmas tree, but there will always be my own Nativity set on my mantle as you can see below. There are still some reminders of yesteryear. The little wooden dog at left with stars twining his tail, was carved by my mother. The curly white porcelain lamb is from an old Portuguese set. My white Madonna, St, Joseph and the Child Jesus are Chechoslovakian. The polymer brown pieces:sheep, donkey and oxen I once purchased from the gift shoppe at La Salette when I had my own first home. Each piece has a memory locked inside. One of my paintings provides background for a night sky. Each year when I take the pieces out and place them I find myself full of emotion and memories. A ceremony as it were, a ritual, a prayer….just as my mother's was…….
Enjoy this video of nativity scenes I found to share with you as
you prepare your own homes for a real Christmas
May each and all find this Christmas full of blessings.


text:
When we came to the orchid display, I was overwhelmed by the sight of so many gorgeous flowers. I'm not especially an orchid lover, but these were amazing. They ranged from smaller than a pinky fingernail to nearly plate-sized.
Tomorrow, the parade, the final part of the flower festival. I hope you aren't getting tired of these photos!!
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Resale · Villa · Spain · Costa Blanca · Playa Flamenca
A detached villa 2 Bedroom 2 bathroom in playa Flamenca, Separate modern fitted kitchen, modern shower room, two sun balconies, two sun terraces off street parking, walking distance to the La Zenia Boulevard shopping centre, sports centre with indoor heated swimming pool, the popular Saturday market, the beautiful white sandy beaches of Playa Flamenca, schools, many shops bars, restaurants and a short drive to several first class golf courses. The property is located in a quiet cul-de-sac location with off street parking to the front, sun terrace to the front and side, front door to the living room / dining room with storage and boiler in under stair cupboard. Ground floor wc and separate modern fitted kitchen with exit door to the rear. On the first floor are two double bedrooms with fitted wardrobes and a sun balcony each, one has been glazed to be used as a third bedroom or study, between them is a family bathroom . The property has been very well kept and very tastefully decorated excellent for a holiday home or permanent living no work needed just move in and enjoy
Similar Properties
Monthly prices
- January 0 €
- February 0 €
- March 0 €
- April 0 €
- May 0 €
- June 0 €
- July 0 €
- August 0 €
- September 0 €
- October 0 €
- November 0 €
- December 0 €


text:
Framework Law
The main law applicable to water resources management, which covers all of the following areas: administration; management, conservation and use of freshwater resources; water rights; waterworks; water supply
Constitutional provisions
Date of text: 19 April 2019
Right to water: No specific provisions regarding the right to water.
Natural resources: Article 10 states that all natural resources, if they are not lawfully vested in any person or body, belong to the State. Provision may also be made by law for the management of land, mines, minerals and waters acquired by the State after the coming into operation of this Constitution and for the control of the alienation, whether temporary or permanent, of the land, mines, minerals and waters so acquired.
Water used for irrigation, forestry and aquaculture
Water Supply and Sanitation
Provision of water services by public utilities or commercial organizations; water supply for domestic, industrial or other purposes; right to safe and clean drinking water and basic sanitation; quality of piped water; sewerage
The political, social, economic and administrative systems that govern water management and conservation; good practices; good governance; decentralization; water user's associations
Waterworks; water supply systems; dams; hydropower systems; irrigation systems
Water Resources Management and Water Rights
Ownership and control of water resources; abstraction and diversion of water; allocation and quotas; riparian rights; priority of rights; free water use
Date of text: 16 July 2018
Date of text: 22 December 2003
Water and Environment
Water in environmentally-sensitive areas; 'water demand' by ecosystems; protection forests; water conservation zones; environmental impact assessment
Water Quality and Pollution Control
Control of pollution and quality of freshwater bodies and groundwater; agricultural point and non-point sources of pollution; water quality standards
Freshwater resources located below the surface of the earth; aquifers; groundwater abstraction; well-sinking; boreholes; hydrogeology
Energy and Natural Resources (Delegation of Ministerial Functions) (No. 2) Order 2011 (S.I. No. 631 of 2011).
Date of text: 06 December 2011
Disaster Resilience
Water-related hazards; flood; drought; water shortage; adaptation to climate change; early warning system/emergency intervention system
Transboundary Waters
Transboundary effects; international basin institutions; international agreements; transboundary coordination; transboundary aquifers
Date of text: 23 September 2009


text:
At the home studio
On Skype
Studio policies
In addition to her home studio, Michelle also teaches lessons two days a week at Cambridge Academy of Music and Arts. Cambridge Academy is a well-respected, high-achieving music school operating in Chamblee and Johns Creek. Michelle only teaches at the Chamblee location.
Michelle teaches 30-, 45-, and 60-minute lessons at Cambridge Academy. All lessons taught at Cambridge Academyn will be on real pianos.
Lessons conducted at Cambridge Academy of Music and Arts are subject to its billing policies. For more information, please call (770) 938-1902.


text:
Clee Hill
The Clee Hill suite forms part of a self-contained annexe with its own entrance. At ground floor level, it can be booked on either a bed & breakfast or self-catering basis.
The bedroom can be arranged as either a super-king double or twin. Next to the bedroom is a private kitchen, dining & living area, offering you complete independence whether you wish to enjoy our home-cooked breakfasts in the morning or not.
Ludlow's many excellent pubs and restaurants are within walking distance.
Bed and Breakfast
£85 per night (based on two people sharing)
Single Occupancy is charged at £65 per night
Self Catering (sleeps 2)
1 to 3 nights - £65 per night
4 to 7 nights - £55 per night
Room Information
Super-kingsize double OR two single beds as twin
Your private bathroom is across your own hallway, containing both a bath for a long, luxurious soak and shower cubicle for a quick scrub. Grab rails are provided by the bath, shower and toilet. Shaving point.
Tea & coffee making facilities;
The kitchen area contains a refrigerator, electric cooker and hob, sink, crockery, cutlery, glassware, pots & pans and kitchen equipment.
TV, DVD and CD player. Games and jigsaw puzzles can be borrowed from your hosts. Please remember to return them when you leave!
Free wifi (subject to connectivity); hairdryer; extra blankets.


text: Rocking the fashion industry with original, exuberant and energetic designs since the 60s, designer Betsey Johnson launched her namesake line in 1978. Adored all-over the world for her unrivalled ability to change with the times while maintaining one-of-a-kind visions, Johnson champions alluring silhouettes, bohemian-inspired flowing fabrics and eye-catching embellishments. Invest in a new go-to staple with Betsey Johnson jumpsuits. From cover-up jumpsuits to sleeveless tuxedo styles, these pieces will slot seamlessly into modern wardrobes.


text:
The Secret Circle starts on September 15th, and with it comes CW's first witch-focused show. I imagine that it will fit in seamlessly with CW's The Vampires fan base, and having already seen it… I can say that if you're a fan of the tension between Damon and Elena of TVD, then you're going to love the tension between Britt Robertson's character and several of the cute boys on The Secret Circle! While Louis Hunter's Nick may not have the Delena tension we're referring to… there's definitely something there. Check out a special interview clip with Louis Hunter below!
Alright so you probably want to know about that tension thing we were talking about, right? It's with Adam, played by Thomas Dekker. Him and Cassie have an amazing level of tension starting from the very beginning of the series, and it wouldn't be entertaining to fans if the wasn't some level of obstacle… and some whispers of fate amidst. Am I right? Or am I right? 🙂 We've got a sneak of what to expect with Adam below in an interview with Thomas!
Are you looking forward to The Secret Circle as much as we are? If you're a fan of The Vampire Diaries then the answer should be yes! 🙂 Sound off below and let us know your hopes for the new series!


text:
Wonderbra : Sleek Chic smoothline bra
Price: £20.00
Look sleek, chic with this soft, simple and beautiful boosting effect bra. With soft, seamless microfibre cups. Create that Wonderbra cleavage effect without unwanted lines under any outfit.
Made from 40% Nylon 38% Polyurethane 15% Polyester 7% Elastane
Product code: 17272
- Express delivery - £6.00 (Next working day, Excluding Saturdays)
- 1st Class delivery - £3.50 (Recorded)
- 2nd Class delivery - £3.00 (Recorded)
Orders placed before 3pm are dispatched the same day, subject to payment authorisation and stock availability.
Should there be any delay or stock issues; one of our excellent customer service team will contact you.
If you are not satisfied with your purchase, simply return the items to us in their original condition and packaging within 14 days of receipt and a full refund will issued (excluding original delivery charge), or exchanged for a different size / colour, if preferred.
- Other items you might like


text:
Out of frustration, he asked one of the student to forget everything he has taught and focus on only a thing or two and the results was phenomenal. He later discovered that the interference - excess knowledge that the student has was the stumbling block to their performance. He fine tuned it and it became better and better with more students and other athletes benefiting from it.
So, we all seems to know what to do but why do we not do what we know?
Think of a situation where you already know a thing or two that you can do but you did not. Was it because you were busy acquiring more information and doing less of executing work? It seems like one is constantly on the drawing board but fail to implement the work itself. Time to get your hands dirty, that is the raw deal where the experience really kicks in.
1. Take small steps - Taking incremental steps allow us to fail safely and provide us with adequate feedback to work on our mistakes. We also need to recognise mistakes are part and parcel of success and to believe in a smooth sailing journey without mistakes is not only naive but also idealistic.
2. Faith - having assurance that the unseen things will come to reality. What is unseen at this juncture ?The outcome. We do not know for it has not yet come but because we have faith, we continue to work on the journey till it comes.
3. Energy - Call it passion as well , we need this crucial ingredient to stay on the track. We give 100% of our efforts to ensure it works and not lukewarm or half baked results.
4. Focus - Some call it concentration, this can be a little challenging but not impossible in this internet- driven society where we are constantly bombarded by news, fake news, drawing us to read, analyse and comment on it. It steals our time and attention from what we need to do on hand. Shut out your distractions and focus !