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- Research
- Open Access
Estimation of the true evolutionary distance under the fragile breakage model
- Nikita Alexeev1Email author and
- Max A. Alekseyev1
© The Author(s) 2017
- Published: 24 May 2017
The ability to estimate the evolutionary distance between extant genomes plays a crucial role in many phylogenomic studies. Often such estimation is based on the parsimony assumption, implying that the distance between two genomes can be estimated as the rearrangement distance equal the minimal number of genome rearrangements required to transform one genome into the other. However, in reality the parsimony assumption may not always hold, emphasizing the need for estimation that does not rely on the rearrangement distance. The distance that accounts for the actual (rather than minimal) number of rearrangements between two genomes is often referred to as the true evolutionary distance. While there exists a method for the true evolutionary distance estimation, it however assumes that genomes can be broken by rearrangements equally likely at any position in the course of evolution. This assumption, known as the random breakage model, has recently been refuted in favor of the more rigorous fragile breakage model postulating that only certain "fragile" genomic regions are prone to rearrangements.
We propose a new method for estimating the true evolutionary distance between two genomes under the fragile breakage model. We evaluate the proposed method on simulated genomes, which show its high accuracy. We further apply the proposed method for estimation of evolutionary distances within a set of five yeast genomes and a set of two fish genomes.
The true evolutionary distances between the five yeast genomes estimated with the proposed method reveals that some pairs of yeast genomes violate the parsimony assumption. The proposed method further demonstrates that the rearrangement distance between the two fish genomes underestimates their evolutionary distance by about 20%. These results demonstrate how drastically the two distances can differ and justify the use of true evolutionary distance in phylogenomic studies.
- Genome rearrangements
- Evolutionary distance
- Chromosomal evolution
- Fragile breakage model
- Random breakage model
Genome rearrangements are evolutionary events that shuffle genomic architectures. Most frequent genome rearrangements are reversals (that flip segments of a chromosome), translocations (that exchange segments of two chromosomes), fusions (that merge two chromosomes into one), and fissions (that split a single chromosome into two). These four types of rearrangements can be modeled by Double-Cut-and-Join (DCJ) operations [1], which break a genome at two positions and glue the resulting fragments in a new order.
The ability to estimate the evolutionary distance between extant genomes plays a crucial role in many phylogenomic studies. Often such estimation is based on the parsimony assumption, implying that the distance between two genomes can be estimated as the rearrangement distance equal the minimal number of genome rearrangements required to transform one genome into the other. However, in reality the parsimony assumption may not always hold, emphasizing the need for estimation that does not rely on the (minimal) rearrangement distance. The evolutionary distance that accounts for the actual (rather than minimal) number of rearrangements between two genomes is often referred to as the true evolutionary distance.
While there exists a method for estimation of the true evolutionary distance [2], it however implicitly assumes that genomes can be broken by rearrangements equally likely at any position in the course of evolution. This assumption, known as the random breakage model (RBM) of chromosome evolution [3, 4], has been refuted in favor of the more rigorous fragile breakage model (FBM) [5] postulating that only certain "fragile" genomic regions are prone to rearrangements. The FBM is supported by many recent studies of various genomes (e.g., see references in [6]). The RBM can be viewed as an extremal case of the FBM, where every genomic region is fragile.
In the current study, we propose a new method for estimating the evolutionary distance between two genomes with high accuracy under the FBM. We assume that the given genomes are represented as sequences of the same blocks (synteny blocks or orthologous genes) and evolved from a common ancestral genome with a number of DCJs. Our method estimates the total number of DCJs on the evolutionary path between such genomes. The results of using our method on a simulated dataset show a high level of precision. We also analyze yeast genome data and show that some, but not all pairs of yeast genomes fall under the parsimony assumption.
The subtle difference between the RBM and FBM from the perspective of true evolutionary distance estimation is the (in)ability to count the number of fragile genomic regions. While breakpoints (block adjacencies present in one genome and absent in the other) definitely represent fragile regions, the shared block adjacencies are treated differently under the two models. Namely, under the RBM a shared block adjacency still represents a fragile region, which just happened to remain conserved across the two genomes by chance. Under the FBM, a shared block adjacency may or may not be fragile.
Breakpoint graphs and DCJs
We start our analysis with circular genomes (i.e., genomes with circular chromosomes) and address linear genomes later. We represent a genome with n blocks as a genome graph composed of n directed block edges encoding blocks and their strands, and n undirected adjacency edges encoding adjacencies between blocks.
We say that a black-red cycle is an ℓ-cycle if it contains ℓ black edges (and ℓ red edges) and let c ℓ (P,Q) be the number of ℓ-cycles in G(P,Q). We refer to 1-cycles as trivial 1 and to the other cycles as non-trivial. The vertices of non-trivial cycles are called breakpoints.
Evolutionary model
To estimate the true evolutionary distance between genomes P and Q on the same set of blocks, we view the evolution between them as a discrete Markov process that transforms genome P into genome Q with a sequence of DCJs occurring independently. The process starts at genome X=P and ends at X=Q, and corresponds to a transformation of the breakpoint graphs starting at G(P,P) (formed by a collection of trivial cycles) and ending at G(P,Q). The number of DCJs k in this transformation represents the true evolutionary distance between genomes P and Q.
We remark that under the FBM, the number of trivial cycles (if any) in G(P,Q) is an obscure parameter, since they may correspond to solid (non-fragile) regions as well as to fragile regions that just happen to remain conserved (in both P and Q) by chance.2 Furthermore, there may exist such conserved fragile regions within the blocks forming P and Q and thus such regions cannot be observed in G(P,Q). To account for all these possibilities, we assume that P and Q are composed of a large unknown number n of solid regions interspersed with the same number of fragile regions, some of which remain conserved by chance. In other words, we assume that the given blocks of genomes P and Q are formed by (invisible) solid regions and conserved fragile regions. Let P n and Q n denote these representations of P and Q as sequences of the solid regions. We view genome Q n as obtained from P n with a sequence of k DCJs each operating on two randomly selected fragile regions (i.e., adjacencies between solid regions).
The crucial observation is that while we do not know the number n of solid regions, the breakpoint graphs G(P,Q) and G(P n ,Q n ) have the same cycle structure, except for trivial cycles. That is, we have c ℓ (P n ,Q n )=c ℓ (P,Q) for every ℓ≥2, implying, in particular, that b(P n ,Q n )=b(P,Q), c(P n ,Q n )=c(P,Q), and d(P n ,Q n )=d(P,Q). Indeed, if genomes P ′ and Q ′ are obtained from P and Q by replacing a single block a with two consecutive smaller blocks a 1,a 2, then G(P ′,Q ′) can be obtained from G(P,Q) by adding one trivial cycle (corresponding to the shared adjacency a 1,a 2). Since the genomes P n and Q n can be obtained from P and Q with a number of such operations, the breakpoint graphs G(P,Q) and G(P n ,Q n ) may differ only in the number of trivial cycles.3
c ℓ =c ℓ (P n ,Q n )=c ℓ (P,Q) for any ℓ≥2, i.e., the number of ℓ-cycles in G(P,Q);
\(b=b(P_{n},Q_{n}) = b(P,Q) = \sum _{\ell \geq 2} \ell \cdot c_{\ell }\), the number of broken fragile regions between P and Q, which is also the number of synteny blocks between P and Q, or half of the total length of all non-trivial cycles in G(P,Q);
\(d = d(P_{n},Q_{n}) = d(P,Q) = b - \sum _{\ell \geq 2} c_{\ell }\), the DCJ distance between P and Q;
c 1=c 1(P n ,Q n ), the number of trivial cycles in G(P n ,Q n );
n=n(P)=n(Q), the number of fragile regions in each of genomes P and Q, half the total length of all cycles in G(P n ,Q n );
k=k(P,Q), the number of DCJs in the Markov process, the true evolutionary distance between P and Q.
Extension to linear genomes
To analyze linear genomes, we add one artificial adjacency between telomeres for each chromosome and consider the resulting circular genomes. Since the number of chromosomes is often negligible as compared to the number of fragile regions (for example, in the yeast genomes that we analyze in the Discussion section, the number of chromosomes ranges between 6 and 8, while the number of fragile regions is at least 710), these artificial edges do not significantly affect the estimation. We refer to [7] for a discussion of subtle differences in the analysis of circular and linear genomes.
We propose a new method for estimating the evolutionary distance between two genomes with high accuracy under the FBM. A key component of our method is the analytical estimation of c ℓ for various ℓ≥2 in terms of k and n, which we describe in the Theoretical analysis subsection below. From this estimation, in the Estimation algorithm subsection we solve the inverse problem to find the true evolutionary distance k (which is our goal) and the number of fragile regions n (as a by-product). In our analysis, we consider only relatively small ℓ and assume that n and k are sufficiently large (see Theorem 1).
Theoretical analysis
Theorem 1
To prove Theorem 1, we will need some lemmas.
Let us consider a sequence \(\mathcal {D}\) of k random DCJs transforming the graph G(P n ,P n ) into the graph G(P n ,Q n ). Each DCJ in \(\mathcal {D}\) either merges two cycles (merging DCJ), splits one cycle into two (splitting DCJ), or preserves the cycle structure (preserving DCJ). We call set of ℓ black edges proper for the transformation \(\mathcal {D}\) if in the breakpoint graph G(P n ,Q n ) these edges form an ℓ-cycle resulted entirely from ℓ−1 merging DCJs. We remark that each ℓ-cycle in G(P n ,Q n ) is a result of ℓ−1 merging DCJs (we denote the number of such cycles by \(\tilde {c}_{\ell }\)) or is formed with at least one splitting or preserving DCJ. The following lemmas provide an asymptotic for \(\tilde {c}_{\ell }\) and an upper bound for \(c_{\ell } - \tilde {c}_{\ell }\).
Lemma 1
Let us fix a set A of ℓ black edges and find the probability that A is proper for \(\mathcal {D}\). We remark that this probability does not depend on the content of A but only on its size |A|=ℓ, and denote it by \(\tilde {p}_{n,k,\ell }\). There are 2 ℓ−1(ℓ−1)! ways to arrange ℓ black edges into an ℓ-cycle, since there exist (ℓ−1)! circular permutations of length ℓ and 2 ℓ−1 ways to assign directions to their elements. For any ℓ-cycle, there are ℓ ℓ−2 ways to obtain it as a result of ℓ−1 DCJs [8].
Lemma 2
The variance of \(\tilde {c}_{\ell }\) is bounded: \(\text {Var} \left (\tilde {c}_{\ell }\right) = O(n)\).
For a positive integer M, we call a splitting DCJ M-splitting, if it splits some m-cycle into an i-cycle and an (m−i)-cycle for some i≤M. Similarly, we call a preserving DCJ M-preserving if it operates on an m-cycle for some m≤M.
Lemma 3
Let M be any positive integer. Then (i) the number of M-splitting DCJs in \(\mathcal {D}\) is stochastically dominated by a Poisson random variable with parameter γ M/2; (ii) the number of M-preserving DCJs in \(\mathcal {D}\) is stochastically dominated by a Poisson random variable with parameter γ M 2/4.
Since \(e^{-\gamma M/2} \frac {(\gamma M/2)^{j}}{j!}\) represents the probability that a Poisson random variable with parameter γ M/2 is equal to j, the proof of (i) is completed.
Now we can prove Theorem 1.
Lemma 3 implies that \(c_{\ell } - \tilde {c}_{\ell }\), the number of ℓ-cycles obtained with at least one splitting or preserving DCJ, is of order O(1). Indeed, each such ℓ-cycle uniquely determines the last splitting or preserving DCJ that participates in the formation of this cycle (i.e., operates on some of the cycle vertices). Clearly, this last splitting (resp. preserving) DCJ is ℓ-splitting (resp. ℓ-preserving). Since such last DCJ correspond to at most two cycles, it follows that the number \(c_{\ell } - \tilde {c}_{\ell }\) does not exceed twice the number of ℓ-splitting and ℓ-preserving DCJs. By Lemma 3, the number of ℓ-splitting and ℓ-preserving DCJs is bounded (stochastically dominated by a Poisson random variable), we have \(c_{\ell } - \tilde {c}_{\ell } = O(1)\).
From Theorem 1, we have
Corollary 1
Indeed, b=n−c 1 and \(\frac {c_{1}}{n} = e^{-\gamma }+o_{p}\,(1)\,\). □
Corollary 2
Estimation algorithm
Our simulations demonstrate that this estimation method is robust for γ<2. For larger values of γ, the estimator is too sensitive to small random deviations.
We report a value of k e as our estimation for the true evolutionary distance.
We evaluated the proposed method on simulated genomes, and further applied it for estimation of the evolutionary distances within a set of five yeast genomes and a set of two fish genomes.
Simulated genomes
Since the function in the r.h.s. is continuous and increasing, a unique solution exists for any value of the l.h.s. From the estimated value γ e , we compute n e and k e as in (5).
Instead of having 6 terms in the denominator of (6), one can take a smaller number m≥2. While the behavior of the sum with a larger m is more stable generally, our simulations showed very close results for all m between 2 and 10.
Instead of (6), we also used the approximate Eq. (3), which involves only two observable parameters: the DCJ distance d and half the number of breakpoints b. While the resulting estimation is quite similar to the previous one, it is more accurate when γ<1.6 and less accurate γ>2.
Yeast genomes
For each pair of yeast genomes, x : y gives the estimated true evolutionary distance x and the rearrangement distance y
K. lactis
K. thermotolerans
S. kluyveri
Z. rouxii
A. gossypii
375 : 359
260 : 249
228 : 217
336 : 319
K. lactis
280 : 272
253 : 240
352 : 344
K. thermotolerans
75 : 75
198 : 198
S. kluyveri
162 : 162
Fish genomes
We also analyzed two fish genomes: Tetraodon nigroviridis [12] and Gasterosteus aculeatus [13] represented as sequences of the same 6132 genes. Our estimation for the true evolutionary distance between these genomes shows that they do not fall under the parsimony phase: their rearrangement distance equals 3705, while the true evolutionary distance is about 4500.
In the current study, we address the problem of estimating the true evolutionary distance between two genomes under the fragile breakage model. Similarly to our previous study on estimation of the proportion of evolutionary transpositions [14], we model evolution as a sequence of random DCJs and track how these random DCJs change the cycle structure of the breakpoint graph. We show that, while the number of DCJs is less than half the number of fragile regions in the genome, the parsimony assumption holds, and in this case we prove that lengths of alternating cycles are distributed according to a Borel distribution. In this sense our process in the parsimony phase is closely related to the evolution of a random Erdös–Rényi graph [10] in the subcritical regime. A similar process was also analyzed by Berestycki and Durrett [15]. They studied the cycle structure of a permutation obtained from the identity permutation with a sequence of random algebraic transpositions. Our results are consistent with their findings.
We provide estimators for the true evolutionary distance, which show high accuracy on simulated genomes. Our analysis of five yeast genomes shows that some but not all genome pairs fall under the parsimony phase. We also analyzed two fish genomes and revealed that the rearrangement distance between them underestimate the true evolutionary distance by about 20%. This data show how drastically the two distances can differ and emphasize the importance of using the evolutionary (rather than rearrangement) distance in comparative genomics. In contrast to the method of Lin and Moret [2], our method does not rely on the number of common gene adjacencies across two given genomes. Since some genes can form conserved clusters [16], treating all gene adjacencies as fragile regions can lead to a huge bias in the estimation. Our estimator is based only on breakpoints (but not on conserved adjacencies) across two genomes, and so it avoids this issue.
We further remark that our method is based on accurate estimation of the ratio \(\frac {d}{b}\). At the same time, in comparative genomics studies the ratio \(\frac {2d}{b}\) is known as the breakpoint reuse rate [5, 17], representing the average number of breakpoint "uses" by rearrangements in the course of evolution between two genomes. Our parsimony phase condition can therefore be restated as the breakpoint reuse rate being below 1.58. We argue however that the conventional definition of the breakpoint reuse rate does not accurately capture its meaning, in the same way how the rearrangement distance does not quite capture the meaning of evolutionary distance. This inspires a notion of the true breakpoint reuse rate defined as \(\frac {2k}{b}\) (i.e., with the true evolutionary instead of rearrangement distance in the numerator), which can be easily estimated with our method.
In further development of our method, we plan to address the even more accurate turnover fragile breakage model [6], where the set of fragile regions changes with time. We believe this model can better explain the cycle structure of the breakpoint graphs of real genomes (for a recent discussion of associated combinatorial aspects, see [18]).
1 In the breakpoint graph constructed on synteny blocks of two genomes, there are no trivial cycles since no adjacency is shared by both genomes. However, the breakpoint graph constructed on orthologous genes or multi-genome synteny blocks may contain trivial cycles.
2 In contrast, the method of Lin and Moret [2] considers only the latter option, which corresponds to the RBM.
3 In contrast to c 1(P n ,Q n ), the value of c 1(P,Q) is rather arbitrary and thus is ignored in our model.
4 We remind that a sequence of random variables {X n } is stochastically bounded by a deterministic sequence {a n }, denoted X n =O p (a n ), if for all ε>0, there exists C such that for all n, Pr{|X n /a n |>C}<ε. Similarly, X n =o p (a n ) if for all C>0, \({\lim }_{n\to \infty } \text {Pr}\{\left |X_{n}/a_{n}\right | > C\} =0\).
A short abstract of the present work appeared in the proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Computational Advances in Bio and Medical Sciences (ICCABS 2015).
The work is supported by the National Science Foundation under the grant No. IIS-1462107, which has also funded the publication costs.
Availability of data and materials
The data is available upon request.
Authors' contributions
Both authors wrote the manuscript, designed the experiments, and analyzed the data. NA also run the experiments and prepared the illustrations. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
About this supplement
This article has been published as part of BMC Genomics Volume 18 Supplement 4, 2017: Selected articles from the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Computational Advances in Bio and Medical Sciences (ICCABS 2015): Genomics. The full contents of the supplement are available online at https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-18-supplement-4.
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Authors' Affiliations
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Bachelor of Architecture, University of Kansas, 1989
Recent Projects
St. Michael the Archangel High School
KCMO Municipal Courthouse Renovation
Building Engineering Reports/Physical Condition Assessments for Federal Properties
Sioux City Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse Feasibility Study
Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) IDIQ Contract
FBOP AUSP Thomson Site and Facility Improvements
Community Involvement
American Institute of Architects - Kansas City
Tremont Manor Subdivision Homes Association; Architectural Review Committee - Chair
Boy Scouts of America


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The first ever Mombasa Hotel Show, held under the theme 'Getting back on Track' brought together some 35 exhibitors showcasing their services, equipment and foodstuffs they offer to the hospitality industry, all of them local companies and many with franchises of international brand names for heavy duty items like coldrooms, kitchen, laundry and air conditioning equipment.
According to Slujan Events' PR and Communications Manager Kelai Wanjiru did over 2.000 visitors come through the doors of the event at Wildwaters in Nyali to see and sample what was on offer.
The show was supported by the Kenya Tourism Board, the Kenya Association of Hotel Keepers & Caterers, Pubs Entertainment & Restaurants Association of Kenya, SKAL International, Kenya, the Association of Tour Operators and the Kenya Coast Tourism Association.
Sponsors of the event included such brand names like EABL, Liquid Africa, Nomadic Tents, Agency Africa Interactive, Farmers Choice and Highlands.
Speaking during the Coast Region Tourism Cocktail, Ms. Lucy Karume, CEO of the Tourism Recovery Task Force and Chair of the Kenya Tourism Federation, applauded the event organisers for putting up a show that promotes Mombasa as an investment and business destination and also shows Mombasa in good light.
She especially urged the sponsors to support the industry during both good and bad times by bringing down the cost of products. While stating the role of the Tourism Recovery Task Force, Ms. Karume highlighted that the biggest challenge the tourism industry faces is the allocation of funds and this is one of the core purposes of the task force.
She encouraged those present at the cocktail that this was indeed the time to take back their own industry before she continued to state that stakeholders must do their part, speak positively about their country and remain positive.
Organized by Slujan Events Limited, also the organizers of the annual Kenya Hospitality Trade Fair and the Hotel Summit East Africa, the inaugural edition of the Mombasa Hotel Show was put together after it emerged that there is a gap in the Coast region for hospitality oriented events that promote business and investment. The organizer saw this as an opportunity to hold a business show tailored to directly meet the needs of the hotels and lodges of the Coast region and its environs.
To promote and ensure stakeholder awareness, the organizers had also partnered with Kenya Association of Hotel Keepers & Caterers (KAHC) and the Pubs, Entertainment & Restaurants Association of Kenya (PERAK). KAHC being the principal umbrella organization bringing together hotels, lodges, restaurants, pubs, membership clubs and prominent airline caterers from across the county, this partnership was the key to attract the main hoteliers and industry players to attend the event.
The show, themed 'Getting Back on Track' was aimed at increasing investor confidence in the Coast and the country at large, and giving local as well as international product suppliers an edge by providing a platform for them to engage and interact with the businesses, hotels and lodges that are based in the counties of the Coast region. This was also an opportunity for the business community to learn more about the business trends at the Coast, their needs, know how to close business deals with the entities in the Coast, and most importantly, increase their client base and make their products and services known.
The show succeeded to be the leading hospitality business to business event in the Coastal regions of East Africa and a prime reference point for any business owner or investor looking to grow their business. The show presented a holistic view of the hospitality industry with exhibitors being drawn from every sector of the industry.
In line with this, this year's Miss Tourism Kenya will be held in December 2014, and in line with this, the Mombasa Academy of Arts has partnered with the Mombasa Hotel Show to organize and present the Miss Tourism Mombasa 2014 pageant at Wild Waters. Seen as part of the numerous efforts of the Mombasa County Government to attract local and international business and leisure visitors to the Coast region, the partnership has received very positive reviews from industry stakeholders.
Sadly though did the nearly 40 signed up participants in the half day seminar, which was to showcase three of Kenya's foremost industry speakers on a range of crucially important topics how to drive the way how to do business into the 21st century, fail to show up on time causing the seminar to be shelved. Participants reportedly only began to arrive hours late, leaving the speakers and organizers somewhat exasperated to have made such an extraordinary effort thwarted by late coming.
Slujan Events has already confirmed that around the same time next year the second edition of the Mombasa Hotel Show will be planned while the annual Hotel Summit East Africa and the Hospitality Trade Fair will very likely be held in August 2015 in Nairobi at the KICC again. Watch this space.


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Why you should buy Webinar Potential Implications of Brexit for Tax Practitioners
The UK's recent vote to leave the European Union has given rise to many questions about what this will mean for the tax system. This webinar will look at what this could mean for tax practitioners, and more importantly what they need to watch out for going forward when advising clients.
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As if the excitement of the new football season starting wasn't enough, yesterday leaked footage of the new FIFA 18 career surfaced on YouTube.
Needless to say there are millions of fans eagerly anticipating the new release of the annual video game series and this footage will prove to be very exciting for many.
The footage, uploaded on Thursday, displays the newly updated career mode that has been in dire need of a fresh update for some time now.
Thankfully for fans of the FIFA career mode it look better and more immersive than ever, with transfer negotiations being at the forefront of this leaked beta footage. For the first time, players will be able to meticulously negotiate transfer dealings with rival clubs, implementing buyout and sell-on clauses within the process of buying and or selling players.
Alongside the new-look career mode, the widely well received 'The Journey' mode will see a return as well as the massively popular 'Ultimate Team'.
Updates such as these are an intelligent inclusion from EA Sports as they take their footballing simulator one step closer to life-like realism with the new features.
The game releases on Friday September 29th, so get your best 'sick day' excuses ready so you can binge the latest instalment of FIFA from the word go.


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Tuesday, April 13, 2010
In the beginning...And then....Finally
Hello, readers.
I have, so far this week, had somewhere around three hundred students introduce themselves to me. This is how we're testing their speaking ability for the mid-term.
There's an empty room on the third floor of our building. I'm using this to meet with the students one by one for two minutes or so. Generally less. They tell me their name, age, hometown, family info, hobbies, passions, and something they want to be in the future. A lot of them want to be teachers. Some of them English, a few math. A handful want to be stewardesses. Two or three want to be diplomats or U.N. ambassadors like Ban Ki-Moon.
The key to not getting burned out while listening is to focus on each person as an individual. Drinking plenty of water helps, too.
It also helps that my Tuesday after school class is full of geniuses from whom I worry not about expecting too much. As such, the class has, for this month, become a sort of mini-course on cinematic storytelling. Last week was how music makes mood in movies. This week it's writing scenes with musical inspiration. We watched two movie trailers--Lost in Translation and Coraline--and mapped out the setting, characters, mood, conflict, and possible story arc of each.
In the beginning, though, we mapped out the story of Titanic, but that was on accident and mostly due to one girl, when I asked what conflict was, shouting: "Titanic! Ice mountain!"
Here's what we came up with for that movie.
Characters: Rose, Jack, Other People.
Setting: A ship.
Mood: Romantic. Sad.
Conflict: Rose wants to be with Jack. Other people, like her mother, do not want this.
Story arc: In the beginning, Jack and Rose board the Titanic. And then, they fall in love. Finally, the ship sinks, Jack dies, and Rose feels sad.
That's all you need to make two billion dollars apparently. Well, last century anyway. Now it would probably need to be in 3-D and possibly set on another planet populated by dozens and dozens of Blue Men groups.
And then, we watched a scene from Up and discussed how a scene has all the elements of an entire movie.
Finally, I formed some groups, passed out a scene worksheet with blanks for the elements we discussed, played some music, and told each group to fill out the worksheet based on how the music moved them. Next week they will write the scene.
Finally, finally, I'm going to sleep.
Happy stories, readers.
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This marine park is located in the town of Fort, Selayar. This tourist place is a paradise for divers and those who like snorkeling. When diving, you can swim with hundreds of species of fish, turtles and tortoises. Beauty of coral reefs also make you more comfortable for long dive here.
The best time to dive in this marine park is in between April - May At that time, the flow and temperature of the water as well as a variety of other supporting factors are in good condition so that visibility when diving became perfect.
To dive in these places, you must obtain permission from the National Park with a valid identity card. The fee charged is for domestic tourists Rupiah 25,000 and 60,000 rupiah for foreign tourists. If you want to rent diving equipment, you have to prepare money 250,000 Rupiah.
just information :
There are many dive spots in Taka Bonerate spread from island Tinabo to various other islands. If you do not remember the time, might the whole body skin so wrinkled because it was too long in the water. Famous dive spot is around Taka Bonerate Tinabo Island Small, Tinanja Island, as well as on the island Jinato and Latondu Island and in Kahabia, Pinto, and Taka Lamungan. Approximately 260 species of coral, 295 species of fish and 24 species of molluscs will accompany the divers, because Taka Bonerate is one of the underwater area with the greatest biodiversity in the world.


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Masthead DEPARTMENTS 5 | View from Locke House Canoe trip How my four-year-old weathered two days of rain in Bon Echo By Nancy Clark 7 | Letters 8 | Earthwatch Keeping mosquitoes away naturally; lawn pesticide restrictions; smart growth campaign; tracking turtle smugglers 15 | The Seasoned Pro The bird that got away: Birder Alan Wormington […]Read More
Posts tagged dragonflies
Field Trip: Dragonflies
< Seasons Summer 2002 Table of ContentsRead More
T.J.Dolan Natural Area
TJ Dolan Natural Area, credit: pl1602 CC BY-ND-NC 2.0″ Description: This natural area features a mature sugar maple and blue-beech forest, as well as groves of tamarack, spruce, and pine. Trails traverse the 4.5 site on the Avon River. Directions: From Huron St (Hwy 8) in Stratford, turn S on John St. Access at S […]Read More


text: Sandiaga Uno is an Indonesian businessman, investor and politician, and is a deputy governor-elect of Jakarta. Graduated from Wichita State University, he then began his career with Summa Bank in 1990. In 1994, he joined MP Group Holding Limited as an investment manager. The next year, he began working for NTI Resources Ltd in Canada and worked as an Executive Vice President in the company. In 1997, he co-founded PT. Recapital Advisors with his high school friend. He then co-founded Saratoga Capital. Both businesses continue to flourish today. He was listed as 29th richest man in Indonesia according to Forbes magazine in 2009. He continued to grow his businesses, buying a controlling a 51% stake in Mandala Airlines] in May 2011. He was listed as 47th richest man in Indonesia according to Forbes in 2013.


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23 million years ago multiple volcanoes erupted, flowed, and slid to form what would become Pinnacles National Park. What remains is a landscape unlike any other. Travelers journey through grasslands, chaparral, oak woodlands, and canyon bottoms. Hikers enter rare talus caves and emerge to towering rock spires teeming with life: Prairie and Peregrine falcons, Golden eagles, and the inspiring California condor.[see more about this park – www.nps.gov/pinn/learn/nature/naturalfeaturesandecosystems.htm]
We belong to a Paso Robles wine club (Jack Creek Vineyards) and decided to link our spring release party visit and a weekend of hiking Pinnacles together. Perfect late March weather (26th & 27th) breezy and in the mid 60's. Little did we know that spring rains filled the cave floors and spelunking in the tight confines left us muddy and wet – however we dried quickly as we hiked through Pinnacles spires.
The Talus Caves
The Meadow
The Pinnacles


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tUESDAY 14TH mAY 2014
Irish consumer sentiment hits fresh 7-year high in April
Irish consumer sentiment rebounded to a fresh seven-year high in April, a survey showed on Tuesday, but the authors warned that optimism about the overall economy was not translating into confidence about personal finances.
The KBC Bank Ireland/ESRI Consumer Sentiment Index climbed to 87.2 in April from 83.1 in March, its highest since January 2007, the year before a property bubble burst and a deep economic crisis took hold.
But while 51% of those surveyed said they expected the Irish economy to improve in the next 12 months, only 17% said they expected their personal finances to improve.
"It is good news that consumers feel the world is getting better but these data are not saying all their problems have gone away," KBC Bank Ireland chief economist Austin Hughes said.
"While the survey may hint at some pick-up in consumer spending, there is little to suggest a dramatic increase is in prospect."
Rising house prices and falling unemployment have helped boost confidence since Ireland emerged from its EU-IMF bailout late last year, prompting government ministers to hint at an end to the country's austerity programme.
Economists polled by Reuters last month forecast gross domestic product growth of 1.7% in 2014, up from a 0.3% contraction last year.
Retail sales were up 8.9% in March from a year earlier although when booming car sales are excluded they rose a more modest 2.2%.
Tuesday's survey showed the number of people who said the economy was likely to improve in the coming year was stable at around 50%, but the number who expect the economy to worsen fell to 14% from 24% in March.
Parents unite to fight for children's medical cards
The Parents of seriously ill children have launched a national campaign to protect their medical cards.
Dublin man Peter Fitzpatrick and his wife Wendy were inspired and launched the 'Our Children's Health' campaign after witnessing the struggle facing his brother-in-law Kevin Shortall and wife Tracey in trying to secure a long-term medical card for their cancer- stricken daughter Louise.
He said: "The simple fact is, no matter how ill, no matter how severe a condition your child has, there is no legal entitlement to a medical card in Ireland unless your circumstances meet the terms of a crude, outdated means test.
"Failing that, the success or otherwise of your application relies on the discretion of the HSE. Our goal is to change that."
Louise (8) was only recently issued a year-long medical card, despite being diagnosed with leukaemia in 2012.
Meanwhile, Dubliner Mark Fitzpatrick said he was refused a medical card for his son Eric after being told he earns €70 a week too much to qualify.
His 10-month-old baby was offered a GP visit card instead, but Mr Fitzpatrick insists that by his calculations, Eric should get a medical card.
The Donaghmede man believes that a GP visit card will not be sufficient in assisting his young son's medical needs.
"Eric got a diagnosis at 10 weeks old. It's a rare form of epilepsy that will cause very weak muscle tone, so chances are he will never walk or talk.
"He needs 24-hour care, so his mother Wendy had to give up work," he said.
Separately, Dianna Ross said that she would fully support this campaign, as her seven-year-old son Ben Pretorius was told last year that his medical card was up for renewal and would expire this February.
Ben, who has been seriously ill since birth, was only last week diagnosed as suffering from a rare form of epilepsy.
"He needs 24-hour care," she said. "He can't walk, can't talk, and he can't feed himself. He depends on us for everything."
She quit work to become his full-time carer, and described her battle to secure her son a medical card as "a nightmare".
"He was diagnosed with epilepsy first when he was a baby. They gave us a long-term illness card until he was three.
"When he was five, they sent out the forms for renewal.
"I sent them back, and they refused me. I was sent a GP- visit card in the post.
"I appealed that, and said I wanted the medical card so I got one. So now it is up for renewal again." She is still waiting for an answer six weeks later.
Newly appointed Children's Minister Charlie Flanagan said: "There are some difficult cases out there, I would hope that everybody who needs a medical card in this country would have one," he said.
Irish home mortgages paid in Q1 2014 at lowest since 1972
Irish home mortgages paid in Q1 2014 were at the lowest since 1972 according to data issued Tuesday.
The Irish Banking Federation for positive impact has highlighted a 65.6% rise over Q1 2013 but the inconvenient fact that is missing is that mortgages paid in Q1 2013 had plunged as the end of mortgage interest relief at in December 2012 had resulted in a temporary spike in Q4 2012.
The IBF/PwC Mortgage Market Profile, published today, shows that a total of 3,425 new mortgages to the value of €568m were drawn down by borrowers in Ireland during the first quarter of 2014.This compared with 5,206 in Q4 2013 and a value of €898.
The Irish Banking Federation endorsed by PriceWaterhouseCoopers, the Big 4 auditing firm, says "the latest figures represent an increase of 65.6% in volume and 71.6% in value on the corresponding first quarter of 2013. Although the first quarter is traditionally the weakest in any year, these latest figures represent the first time a year-on-year increase has been recorded in the first quarter of the year since 2006."
What it doesn't wish to highlight is that in Q4 2012 there were drawdowns on 6,043 mortgages with a value of €999m.
The lobby group says that key home purchaser segments of the market, First Time Buyers and Mover Purchasers, continue to dominate the market accounting for almost 85.9% of new mortgages issued. In effect, over 90% (91.2%) of all mortgage credit now goes to the home purchasing segments of the market.
Noel Brett, IBF chief executive, said: "We welcome the notable year-on-year increase in the number of new mortgages drawn down during the first quarter of this year" – – as we have pointed out, there was no normal notable increase.
"Notwithstanding the fact that Q1 is traditionally the weakest of the four quarters in any year, the volumes recorded are the highest Q1 figures we have seen since 2010 and the first time we have seen Q1 year-on-year growth since 2006. Today's figures provide further encouraging evidence that the market continues to recover. That said, we remain concerned that housing supply constraints in key locations are becoming a serious impediment to sustained growth; and this is reflected in the widening gap we see developing between the level of mortgage approvals and actual drawdowns," he added.
About 13 Irish people die of cardiac arrest every day
Around 13 people die every day in Ireland as a result of sudden cardiac arrest, however some of these lives could be saved if more people knew CPR, the Irish Heart Foundation (IHF) has said.
According to the foundation, sudden cardiac arrest can affect people of all ages, including babies and children.
Cardiac arrest refers to the sudden loss of function of the heart. It occurs when there is an abrupt disturbance in the heart's rhythm, causing the heart to stop beating.
A person whose heart has stopped beating will fall unconscious and stop breathing normally. If they do not get immediate medical assistance, sudden cardiac death will follow. Some 5,000 people die as a result of this every year in Ireland.
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a first aid technique which should be administered as soon as possible to a person who has suffered a cardiac arrest. It can double a person's chance of survival by keeping oxygen and blood circulating to the body's vital organs.
Hands-only (compression-only) CPR is a technique that can be used by anyone who has not undergone CPR training. To highlight the importance of this technique, the IHF held a practical training session for senior politicians, including Fine Gael TD Mary Mitchell O'Connor, Independent TD Denis Naughton and Senator Jillian Van Turnhout.
The IHF said its aim is to double cardiac arrest survival rates in Ireland by educating the public on how to deliver hands-only CPR. As part of the politicians' training session, fifth year pupils from Adamstown Community College in Co Dublin were able to show them in just 10 minutes how to carry out the technique.
It involves hard and fast compressions that go at least two inches deep in the centre of the chest. This keeps the heart beating manually.
"In the event of a collapse from cardiac arrest, every minute is vital, but without CPR or defibrillation, their chance of survival falls by up to 10% a minute. After just five minutes, that person may only have a 50% chance of survival.
"At the Irish Heart Foundation, our goal is that all adults and teens know the importance of calling 999 immediately and starting chest compressions, even if they have never been taught CPR before. These two steps can double a person's chance of survival but without CPR, there may be no-one left for paramedics to save," said cardiologist and IHF medical director, Dr Angie Brown.
In 2012, 93 people were discharged from hospital following a cardiac arrest, as a result of someone doing CPR or using an AED (automated external defibrillator) on them. An AED is a device that administers an electric shock to a person who has suffered a cardiac arrest.
This week marks the IHF's 25th Happy Hearts Appeal, which aims to raise €500,000. This money will be used to fund a national hands-only CPR awareness campaign to begin in the autumn.
Heart pins will be on sale on the streets and in SuperValu stores nationwide for €2 from May 15-17.
"This week I am asking everyone to stop and think, would I know what to do if my loved one collapsed suddenly? Our hands-only CPR education campaign could save the life of someone you know. Two-thirds of sudden cardiac arrests happen at home and half happen in front of someone just like you. For just €2, you can support teaching more people how to save a life, maybe the life of someone you love," Dr Brown added.
Giant planet around dwarf star a surprising discovery
First of its kind may reveal new insights about planets and brown dwarfs
The planet GU Psc b, seen in an artist's conception, is about 10 times bigger than Jupiter, and is located about 50 times farther away from its star than the dwarf planet Pluto is from the sun.
A gigantic planet-like object like no other has been found circling a tiny star at a record distance.
The object is a kind of "super Jupiter" – a gas giant about 10 times bigger than the biggest planet in our solar system, says Marie-Eve Naud, a PhD student at the University of Montreal and lead author of a scientific report describing the planet. The study is being published in the Astrophysical Journal this week.
GU PSc b is 2,000 times farther from its star than the Earth is from the sun, 67 times farther than Neptune and 50 times farther than Pluto — more distant than any planet ever discovered by a long shot, said René Doyon, a University of Montreal professor who is Naud's co-supervisor and co-author of the report.
But despite the vast distance between them, the planet is bound to its star via gravity, Doyon told CBCNews.ca. "The planet is actually moving with its star."
The researchers estimate that the planet completes its orbit around the star about once every 80,000 years. The star itself is located about 155 light years away, in the constellation Pisces, and is a small, young one, with just a third the mass of our sun.
May not be a planet
"Usually you don't expect big planets around small stars," Naud said.
The planet GU Psc b and its star GU Psc appear in visible and infrared images from the Gemini South Observatory and an infrared image from the CFHT. Because infrared light is invisible to the naked eye, astronomers use a colour code in which infrared light is represented by the colour red. (University of Montreal)
On the other hand, the unusual object is so big that it may not be a planet at all. It may instead qualify as a brown dwarf or a "failed star" too small to ignite the nuclear reactions that power stars.
"Either way this is exciting," Doyon said. If it's a planet, it shows that planets can form farther away from stars than previously thought, and may not always form from the "planetary disk" of dust near a star. If it's a brown dwarf, it shrinks the known size limit of objects that can form in a way similar to the way stars form.
Regardless of what it is, it is physically similar to a planet and is very valuable to scientists seeking to know more about planets outside our solar system, Doyon said.
"These are truly jewels in the sky. We can study them in gory detail."
Young hot and bright
The researchers even detected water and methane in the planet's atmosphere, Doyon added.
The team found GU PSc b during a survey of young stars launched by Naud's primary supervisor, Étienne Artigaud. He hoped that those stars might be circled by young planets, which are warmer, brighter and easier to see than older planets.
The new planet itself has a temperature of about 700 to 800 C despite the distance from its star. But because it is big and gassy, it wouldn't be habitable even after it cools to a more comfortable temperature.
"What could be habitable is a moon around that planet," said Doyon. He added that Jupiter's moon Europa would have liquid water on its surface if it orbited Gu PSc b. However, the comfortable conditions wouldn't last long, as the planet would continue to cool rapidly as it got older.
The team found and studied the new object using the Observatoire Mont-Mégantic in Quebec, the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii and the Gemini Observatories in Chile and Hawaii.
Although the discovery is unlike any planet seen before, similar objects may be common in the universe, Doyon said. He added that researchers have already found another object much like it around another star


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The Easter Road manager is refusing to feel the strain despite his side sitting in seventh spot in the Clydesdale Bank Premier League table after a run of just one win in nine SPL matches.
Hibs supporters vented their anger during and after Saturday's 0-0 draw at home to Falkirk, meaning the trip to New Douglas Park has now taken on huge importance.
Paatelainen's men then have a tricky fixture list against Hearts, Aberdeen, Dundee United, St Mirren and Rangers before the league splits.
But the Finn remains bullish and is convinced a corner can be turned in Lanarkshire.
He said: "We would like to win on Wednesday, that's for sure. A couple of wins, three wins, four wins and we'll feel a lot better.
"We can do it, there is no question about that, but we need to start doing it. It's as simple as that.
"We can't just keep talking about things, about wins; we do need to win and hopefully it happens on Wednesday.
"There are always sticky spells, problems in management. But you work hard, identify the faults and then you correct them.
"Every team goes through a spell when you don't win as many matches as you should."
Paatelainen points to the problems the likes of Aberdeen and Motherwell have endured this term - even Dundee United after their poor start to the campaign - and knows his side can also recover.
But he confesses his charges have to start illustrating their ability, particularly their passing play, if they are to build on the increased effort that was at least evident against the Bairns last weekend.
He added: "It happens everywhere (tough times). Look at the other clubs who are now top six.
"Look at Dundee United very, very early in the season, Aberdeen and Motherwell.
"All credit to them, they are up there now and have had good runs, while we've been midway all the season.
"The effort was there on Saturday, I was really pleased with that, back to the usual.
"But we need to take more care in what we do, like the final pass in order to score.
"All season, our passing has not been as good as it should be. It's something we work on all the time."


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803 Calle Puente, San Clemente
Perched on a premium corner lot in North Beach, this versatile and charming duplex is nothing short of a trophy property due to its steps-to-beach location and beautiful tropical gardens. A rare, spacious single-family home with endless income possibilities becomes an even more valuable investment with the addition of a lower studio apartment. All situated on an expansive lot featuring multiple outdoor spaces, entertaining patios, established landscaping and tons of privacy. The upper 4 bedroom home offers several living areas with views to the garden, split by a central staircase that encourages cozy spaces and multiple floor plan options. A sunset deck leads you to the main living area, bordered by a galley kitchen that opens to the back yard. A main floor bedroom/bath and a spacious upstairs master suite complete the layout on one side of the property. A separate den/living space, two upstairs bedrooms and two full baths can be found on the other side of the home. The lower level features a studio with private entrance, full kitchen and bath. A two-car garage and parking for at least 6 additional cars adds impressive value. All of this is just steps from the Dije Court beach access and walking distance to all that North Beach has to offer, including award-winning entertainment, popular restaurants and classic San Clemente sunsets over the Pacific.
Electric Oven, Gas Range, Refrigerator
Back Yard, Garden, Landscaped, Sprinkler System
Based on information from California Regional Multiple Listing Service, Inc. as of April 22nd, 2019 at 11:47am PDT. This information is for your personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties you may be interested in purchasing. Display of MLS data is usually deemed reliable but is NOT guaranteed accurate by the MLS. Buyers are responsible for verifying the accuracy of all information and should investigate the data themselves or retain appropriate professionals. Information from sources other than the Listing Agent may have been included in the MLS data. Unless otherwise specified in writing, Broker/Agent has not and will not verify any information obtained from other sources. The Broker/Agent providing the information contained herein may or may not have been the Listing and/or Selling Agent.


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"Where Quality and Performance Meet"
Welcome to Cannon Valley Ranch
Thank you for visiting our website!
Cannon Valley Ranch is a registered Angus breeding stock operation nestled in the rolling hills of the beautiful Cannon Valley of SE Minnesota, approximately 45 minutes south of Minneapolis-St. Paul, about 25 miles north of Rochester, MN
Cannon Valley Ranch is family owned and operated by Bruce, LeeAnn and Taylor Waugh. Registered Black Angus cattle are raised, developed, and sold here on the ranch either by private treaty or at our Annual Bull Sale. We also market our beef cattle by selling our Angus females at select consignment sales. CVR Angus heifers, cows, & bulls have been sold to other herds from coast to coast through sales at the National Western Stock Show Foundation Female Sale, Midland Bull Test Station Sale, and the Minnesota State Sale. The core of our seed stock & commercial cattle business is in MN and the surrounding states of WI, IA, SD, & ND. Our Angus bulls are now all sold in our Annual Bull Sale the 1st Saturday of March.
We have a herd of 100 registered black Angus females. And by utilizing an extensive Artificial Insemination & Embryo Transfer program we are able to rapidly accelerate the progress of the genetic base of our cow herd. We strive to breed high quality cattle with balanced traits. Our goal is to combine attractive, functional, structurally correct phenotype, while being reproductively sound, with high performance traits, calving ease, and a quiet disposition. These are the type of cattle that will meet the needs of our customers.
Annual Bull Sale
March 2, 2019
Offering offspring of Kramers Jackpot 645, Basin Excitement, Black Granite, Ellingson Chaps, Ellingson Homegrown, Millbrae Identified, Brooking Prosecutor, Basin Payweight 1682, and Bushs 10-4.
Around the Ranch
Contact Us
Bruce: (507)381-1570
LeeAnn: (507)298-0820
Taylor: (507)323-5627
Bruce, LeeAnn & Taylor Waugh
Cannon Valley Ranch
14495 390th St
Goodhue, MN 55027
Bruce: firstname.lastname@example.com
LeeAnn: email@example.com


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Deciding the Direction and Angle of Installation
The angle and direction of installation is also of great importance as it will effect the efficiency of the solar collector. Naturally you want the collector to receive the maximum amount of sunlight each day and throughout the year. As a general rule if you are in the Northern Hemisphere then the collector should face South and if you are in the Southern Hemisphere then the collector should face North. See diagram below.
The angle at which you mount the collector
should roughly correspond to the latitude of your location. For example:
- Melbourne, Australia has a latitude of 37o South - the collector should therefore face north at a 37o angle.
- London, UK has a latitude of 51o North - the collector should therefore face south at a 51o angle.
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Before traveling to Rhum, you must contact Denise Reed, the reserve manager at the Scottish Natural Heritage Nature Reserve (tel. 01687/462-026; www.snh.org.uk). The office will help you organize accommodations on the island.
Note: This information was accurate when it was published, but can change without notice. Please be sure to confirm all rates and details directly with the companies in question before planning your trip.


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The interesting thing about shrimp is that it is healthy and very tasteful, but there are a lot of people who think that the dishes are difficult to prepare and so they prefer not to prepare them at home. Here are some recipes that are easy to create at home as well.
Garlic shrimp recipe
For this recipe you will need 36 large shrimps, 18 sweet tomatoes, 3 minced garlic cloves, ¾ teaspoon ground pepper, ¾ teaspoon salt, white vinegar, olive oil, 12 minced garlic cloves, ¼ cup of butter, lime juice, 3 cups of prepared white rice, 3 lime wedges and 6 springs of parsley.
In order to prepare the dish start with preparing the shrimps. Then cut the tomatoes in half and mix the 3 cloves of garlic with pepper, salt and vinegar.
Once the mixture is done add the shrimps and the tomatoes to it. All this has to be marinated for about 30 minutes. Don't forget to stir from time to time.
Put the butter and the oil in a skillet and heat it over medium heat. Add the garlic that is left and leave it on the heat until the mixture gets a golden brown color.
Once it is done, add the shrimp and the tomatoes without draining them. Cook the entire mixture a bit. In the end add the lime juice and remove the mixture from the heat. To have three servings, add one cup of rice.
Each serving should have one cup of shrimp. For decorating the dishes add some parsley and lime wedges.
Fried shrimp
In case you would like to prepare this dish, make sure you have one cup of all purpose flour, one large beaten egg, half a teaspoon of sugar, ½ teaspoon of sugar, a cup of ice water, two teaspoons of vegetable oil, some salt, onion powder, pepper, red pepper and garlic powder, ¼ teaspoon of Tabasco, 2 lbs. of large shrimp and some vegetable oil to fry the shrimps.
Add to a bowl the flour, egg, sugar, ice water, vegetable oil, cayenne, salt and sauce. Cover the mixture and let it chill for half an hour. Pat the shrimps dry with a paper towel. Then heat the vegetable oil and fry the shrimp in it. You should add batches of shrimp and leave them fry until they get a golden color. Then drain them of oil on paper towels.


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HCG, or Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, is a protein hormone produced
naturally by the placenta in women during pregnancy to support the body's
nutritional needs. The hormone enables the body to utilize its "adipose"
fat stores for much needed nutrients and calories during pregnancy. A
synthetic form of the HCG hormone is manufactured as a fertility hormone.
HCG is commonly used off'-label in very low doses for treatment of
obesity in HCG diet protocols.
A.T.W. Simeons, M.D., discovered that there are three types of body fat -
"structural fat", "normal fat" and "abnormal fat". Structural fat is the fat
tissue that surrounds and protects the organs and cushions the bottoms of the
feet. Normal fat is the fat tissue stored for energy utilized when calories
from food are not available. Abnormal fat is the adipose tissue that develops
around the mid-section of men and the abdomen, buttocks and thighs of women
that never seems to go away, no matter how much diet and exercise. Whether one
is considered obese or simply overweight, it is a disease identified by Dr.
A.T.W. Simeons that is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism. When the
metabolism is imbalanced, the abnormal fat stores are unable to be accessed by
the body and metabolized. The body burns structural fat along with muscle to
process the calories required for keeping the body healthy. Basically, diet and
exercise alone does not shed abnormal fat. Rather, the structural fat that
cushions the joints and bottoms of the feet is lost and is evidenced by pain in
these areas of the body. This is a common complaint of a person suffering from
Is Exercise Required on The HCG Diet
No. Exercise is optional and typically not recommended. Only light physical
activity such as walking, yoga or rebounding may be incorporated into your HCG
Diet Program.
Will HCG Work For Weight Loss Without The
VLCD (Very Low Calorie Diet)?
No. The calorie restriction of the VLCD protocol developed by Dr. A.T.W.
Simeons is designed to trigger the body to go into starvation mode or "in
ketosis". The HCG allows the body to access and mobilize the abnormal fat
stores (adipose tissue) to be utilized for the body's energy requirements.
Thus, suppressing hunger and making it possible for the body to adhere to the
VLCD and achieve dramatic weight and inch loss. Without the complications of
traditional calorie restricted diets that typically end in failure.
Do I Have to Order Any Special Pre-Packaged
Diet Food?
No. The VLCD plan is actually very simple and consists of pre-planned, easy
to prepare tasty meals that are within a 500 calorie daily limit. You select
your favorite food items from the handy "HCG Diet Protocol Grocery List"
included with your HCG Diet Program, and purchase them from your local health
food or grocery store. The "Quick Reference Guide" and "Daily Progress Log"
also included with your HCG Diet Program will make your easy step-by-step meal
planning a breeze. Here are the basics of the VLCD plan:
Is There a VLCD Plan For
Yes. There are several tasty and satisfying meat alternative choices that
are listed on the "HCG Diet Protocol Grocery List" included with your HCG Diet
Can I Use Sugar-Free Products Like
Saccharin, Aspartame or Splenda During The HCG Diet Program?
No. Although these sugar substitutes are calorie-free, they are artificial
sugar additives that impact your body's glycemic index and blood sugar levels
that can slow or prevent weight loss. On the other hand, Stevia is all natural
and does not have any impact on the body's glycemic index or blood sugar
levels. Stevia Sweeteners are considered to be
the only HCG Diet approved sugar alternative, to be used in moderation.
Is it Beneficial to Drink Organic Yerba
Mate Teas During The HCG Diet Program?
Yes. Organic Yerba Mate is known to be very complimentary to the HCG Diet
Program. Drinking organic Yerba Mate teas throughout the day helps control
appetite, increases energy and improves mental alertness. It contains both
caffeine and therobromine, which is known to produce a slight muscle relaxing,
diuretic and anti-inflammatory effect And, it is non-jittery. Yerba Mate tea
has more anti-oxidants than green tea and contains many vitamins and minerals.
Yerba Mate
Instant Teas are popular and most convenient to have on hand.
Do I Continue Taking My Daily Multi-Vitamin
During The HCG Diet Program?
No. The body will provide itself with most of the required vitamins and
minerals that are released from the body's fat storage. Typically, a
multi-vitamin is not recommended as most contain Vitamin D, which should be
avoided with the exception of Vitamin D from natural sunlight.
How Does a Vitamin B-12 Supplement Play a
Role in The HCG Diet Program?
It is important to take a daily Vitamin B-12 supplement during the HCG Diet
Program. Vitamin B-12 plays a significant role in the HCG Diet Program by
boosting the body's metabolic rate, providing the body increased energy and
helping to protect the liver while it metabolizes a greater amount of fat than
usual. Vitamin B-12 aids in the metabolizing of carbohydrates, protein and fat
to produce energy, increasing energy levels and alertness, reducing
"brain-fog", improving sleep and reducing stress. Vitamin B-12
(Methylcobalamin) Spray has been demonstrated to be as equally potent as
the Vitamin B-12 (Methylcobalamin) injectable.
Are There Any Recommended Supplements I
Should Take?
Yes. Since the HCG Diet protocol is basically dairy restricted and low
levels of calcium is common during pregnancy, calcium, magnesium and potassium
levels in the body may drop. This may be characterized by muscle spasms or
cramping, typically in the lower legs. Overexertion of muscles has a tendency
to trigger cramping, which is why only light physical activity is recommended
during the HCG Diet Program. To avoid this temporary, but annoying and
sometimes painful condition, supplementation of these minerals are
Why Did The FDA Ban Oral HCG
Since real pharma-grade HCG has become difficult to purchase online in
the US without a prescription and buyers typically shy away from the thought of
injections, marketers have brought to the market a sublingual HCG labelled as
"homeopathic" or "medical" HCG Drops. The sublingual method may require several
evenly spaced doses throughout the day and dosing may require holding under
tongue for several minutes. They typically contain only ingredients such as
stimulants, appetite suppressants, fillers and preservatives. These over-the-counter oral products have been banned by the FDA for the following
reasons. Product labels do not list actual ingredients or amounts. Most oral products do
not contain any actual HCG. Even if oral products may contain HCG, HCG
cannot be assimilated and controlled through digestion effectively. Any associated weight
loss is likely due to additives such as stimulants and appetite suppressants,
not HCG.
Why is The HCG Injetable Protocol The Only
Safe Method For The HCG Diet Program?
Medical weight loss experts say that weight loss from HCG oral protocols are
unhealthy and do not provide the same positive health benefits as with the
authentic HCG injectable protocol. With oral products, weight loss is due to
the reduction of healthy fat (that protects the organs) and healthy muscle.
Negatively impacting the metabolism. The HCG injectable protocol is the only
method that provides the action of reducing fat from "abnormal" fat stores
while preserving healthy fat, healthy muscle and resetting the hypothalamus
gland and metabolism. The original authentic HCG 23-Day Diet Program and it's
VLCD (very low calorie diet) protocol by Dr. A.T.W. Simeons is an HCG
injectable protocol only and not designed for use with HCG oral products.
Is HCG Approved By The FDA?
Yes. HCG is approved by the FDA for the treatment of infertility. It is
typically used in much higher doses as a fertility hormone. There has been no
formal clinical trials required for the FDA to approve HCG specifically for
weight loss or the treatment of obesity. So, the FDA states that "HCG has not
been demonstrated to be an effective therapy in the treatment of obesity, and
there is no substantial evidence that it increases weight loss beyond that
resulting from caloric restriction, or that it causes a more attractive or
normal distribution of fat or decreases hunger and discomfort associated with
calorie-restricted diets". However, FDA-approved medications are often
safely used "off-label" for the treatment of other conditions. HCG is often
safely used "off-label" in very small doses for the treatment of obesity. There
are many independent studies and individual results that have revealed positive
effects and proven results utilizing HCG for weight loss.
Are The HCG Injections Difficult to
No. Relax. Take a deep breath. You may be surprised to find that injecting
yourself is not difficult and after the first two or three HCG injections you
will feel like a pro. The HCG injection needles are the same insulin needles
used daily by diabetics. They are very tiny, thin and designed to be painless.
There may be one out of five injections that cause a little discomfort. There
are several recommended HCG injection sites and an easy 10-second trick to make
administration a breeze. These tips are explained in the Quick Reference
Guide's easy step-by-step instructions included with the HCG 23-Day
Diet Program and Supplies Kit.
Is The HCG Diet Program For Both Men And
Yes. The HCG Diet Program is for both adult men and women, excluding
pregnant or nursing women and individuals with a history of cancer, stroke,
pulmonary embolism or heart disease and are taking nitrates for it. Men seem to
experience faster weight loss than women.
Are There Any Other Side Effects From The
HCG Diet Program?
Yes. Premenstrual difficulties may be relieved. Abnormal loss of head hair
in obese individuals may cease. Brittle fingernails may become normal.
Professional singers may note an improvement in their voices. Blood pressure
and cholesterol readings tend to normalize. Arthritic symptoms are lessened.
Face may become full and healthy looking instead of the typical gaunt, creased
look typically seen on dieters after losing weight. The very low doses of HCG
used for weight loss produces little or no negative side effects. Some
individuals have experienced slight headache when toxins are mobilized or "in
ketosis", mild muscle cramping from overexertion or mineral depletion,
restlessness from increased energy and/or slight hair loss due to the temporary
hormone imbalance. Tylenol, calcium, magnesium and potassium may be taken to
prevent or reduce any negative side effects. Theres no need to be alarmed if
slight hair loss is noticed, it is only temporary and typically hair grows back
very fast.
Can I Use The HCG Diet Program If I Have
High Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol or Diabetes?
We would not be able to give you any medical advice. However, we have found
that many individuals with high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes
have achieved positive results on the HCG Diet. HCG does not interact with
medications. However, blood pressure, cholesterol or diabetes medications in
particular may need to be adjusted during the HCG 23-Day Diet Program. It is a
good idea to consult with your regular or local healthcare practitioner about
making such adjustments. Note: Your regular healthcare practitioner may not be
familiar with the HCG Diet Program and may discourage you due to lack of
understanding about the diet.
How Savvy Dieters Are Doing The Real Authentic HCG 23-Day Diet Program For Under $80?
Individuals with reasonably good heath and no major health issues or savvy
dieters already familiar with the HCG Diet Program benefit with affordable
pricing. HCG is typically prescribed by a healthcare practitioner. Although, it can be quite costly as most clinician-guided programs are not covered by health insurance. Most savvy dieters prefer a more self-guided approach and purchase the HCG Diet Program and Supplies
Kit separately, and purchase quality offshore HCG brands at very affordable prices. Offshore brands that are
manufactured under the same safety standards as the US. Don't be fooled by marketers advising that the only safe and
approved HCG is only available in the US. Quality offshore brands like Ovidac,
Corion and Hucog are verified approved brands manufactured in conformance with the
highest of world-class manufacturing standards and quality control. Stick with approved manufactured brands and stay clear of HCG from compounding pharmacies, blended HCG and brands manufactured in China. Note: It is allowable and your
right to purchase up to a 90-day supply of HCG without a prescription for personal use from
outside of the US. Savvy dieters can save hundreds of dollars for safe and equally successful
For more information, see the original manuscript by the inventor of the HCG
23-Day Diet Program protocol, Dr. A.T.W. Simeons "Pounds & Inches" A New
Approach To Obesity by A.T.W. Simeons, M.D.


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On Facebook -JOIN I Antique Online.com: Collectors of Antiques and Collectibles.
Here is the link for the group https://www.facebook.com/groups/327133184409134/
Please join our FB group where YOU can post directly.
A Community For People Who Buy, Sell or Collect Antiques, Collectibles and Art
I picked this up at the local boot sale this Sunday and I know it's a long way from being an antique but itsi definitely a collectable! I've found that it cost a fortune new and was top end professional kit back in 1995, unfortunately I've hit a brick wall in trying to get a charger for it. There's one for sale on eBay for £3200 but that seems crazy, it's serial number is 0249 and they only made 1000 of all 3 variations (black and white, colour amd infra red) this one is the more expensive colour variant. Any ideas of it's real value?
Views: 105
It looks like the entire package is around the price you quoted above. It is in the Canon Camera Museum, already. Not many to be found.
Thanks Molly, I found the price hard to believe! I paid £25 for it so It may well be the bargain of the year. The Nikon DSC400 series was also a Kodak collaboration and used the same multi-purpose 7 pin DIN mini charger and many more of them were made so fingers crossed I find a charger for it, £14,000 in June 1995 and it was superceded in December of the same year so there probably are only a few still in existence.
That must be one HECK of a camera for that price!
Top end professional camera equipment is eye wateringly expensive, the canon CN-E30 lens is about £32,000!!
The DCS-3c (color) was Canon-Kodak's first digital camera. It retailed (are you sitting down?) for $16,000.00* USD.The battery pack was included. If I read it right I think you could recharge it with your Mac or PC; wiring was provided. Battery was good for 1,000 pics. A battery charger was included. It came out in 1995. At the time it was "top of the line". Today, it's a dinosaur!
It had 3 models, 3m (monochrome-black & white), 3 IR (infra-red).
If I were you, I'd forget about fixing it. Sell it without the charger; let the buyer obtain one. Get your $25.00 back and move on to something else. Your re-sell market is dismal; nobody wants an expensive dinosaur that doesn't work, and the museums already have one which was donated.
This is my opinion; time is money. READ all of the following info before you decide. It's quite in depth and may help you decide. http://www.bobatkins.com/photography/eosfaq/EOSDCS.HTM
*Last sentence of link.
A good friend of mine (who has a degree in electronics) powered it up for me today and it seems to be working perfectly, I've also been chatting online with a guy in Canada and it should be fairly easy to process the digital files I just need to use my brother's old Mac (he never throws anything away) and I'm looking forward to taking some pictures. On the value side I really have to disagree Tom, old high end tech equipment is becoming highly collectible, even some early mobile phones fetching hundreds of pounds and late 70's computer's can fetch thousands. This camera was the top of the range model in it's day and is extremely rare and that equals value. I'm not convinced of the $3,200 price tag on what appears to be the only one for sale in the world but it's fair to say its rather more than £25!
And I say GO HANNAH! I totally agree. If it is in a museum? It is probably priceless, anyway!
I buy to resell, but I see you're a collector. So we have different thoughts on this camera. If you want to spend $3,225 for something that you need an electrical engineer to operate and a borrowed Mac to run be my guest!
Canon makes a great camera. I own a Canon Power Shot A810. Cost under $150.
I'm somewhere between the two of you. I agree with Tom that the only market for this is someone who collects old cameras. It has no value to take pictures, so to the average buyer it has no value. And I disagree with Molly - it is in the Canon company museum, which is a VIRTUAL museum, i.e. online only. Its purpose is to showcase the long history of Canon photo equipment to help entice online buyers of their new equipment. It wouldn't surprise me if they also have a camera or two somewhere in their manufacturing center, but the fact that it is in a virtual museum hardly makes it "priceless".
That said there certainly are collectors of old tech, and I'm sure you can find a buyer for it. But most collectors of old tech already have a lot of stuff and are not big spenders - they find their stuff free or cheap at yard sales (for example: https://photography-on-the.net/forum/showthread.php?t=553486 ) because there is a lot of this stuff out there that has no appeal for the average user. I see a lot of really nice and expensive-when-new old film photo equipment being thrown away because there is just too little demand.
So it will be interesting to see how much you can get out of this. I would guess not much more than the price of a decent camera like Tom's new Canon. But by all means keep us updated and let us know, and good luck.
Thank you all for your kind replies, I've been given the old mac and my friend Mark has made a charger that works, my main camera is a Nikon D90 with a variety of lenses, getting on but still a great camera, and the old 35mm F2A with the 50mm f/1.4 lens is still superb it just works out a bit costly. Lot's of people still enjoy using older camera equipment particularly the pro stuff that most of us couldn't have dreamed of affording at the time and I'm genuinely thrilled to own such a piece of photographic history.
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Holy Week – Day 10
As you will see in this last entry of this series, 'Day Ten' isn't really the tenth day of Christ's life on earth (before His ascension) because after His resurrection Jesus spent forty days on earth, but His first appearance after the evening of His resurrection wasn't until a week later. I think you get the point….so, here's what happened after our Lord resurrected on Easter morning, which we at Grace Christian Fellowship prefer to call 'Resurrection Day' (but calling it 'Easter' is okay with me!). As far as I know, there is no biblical data indicating that Jesus appeared to...Read More


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On Saturday I went with Erik Moore to another Dr. Sketchy session. If you've never heard of Dr. Sketchy's Anti Art School, it's pretty much life drawing but with a burlesque model, and at a bar, once a month. Drinking and drawing.
click to enlarge
I kinda like a black & white version too
August 27, 2008
Dr. Sketchy Chicago
Labels: figure drawing
1 comment:
- Erik Moore said...
man that one with the turtle is killer.. wish you coulda finished that one up
- August 28, 2008 at 1:28 AM
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