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WHEN Sir William Jervois left Singapore, early in 1877, he was succeeded by a civilian, Sir W. C. F. Robinson, who never visited the Malay States during the eighteen months he remained in Singapore. After a short interregnum, during which Colonel Sir A. E. H. Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Pinang, administered the government, Mr., afterwards Sir Frederick, Weld, G.C.M.G., came from Tasmania, and remained in the Straits till he retired, in the autumn of 1887, when he was succeeded Sir Cecil C. Smith, whose term of office expired in 1893.
During these twenty years---to be exact from 1874 till 1895---the British Residents gradually built up the system of administration which seemed best suited to the peculiar circumstances, without much more than routine references to the Governor. It was well for the Native States that the men entrusted with this wide authority proved themselves fitted to wield it, and it was proof of the foresight and wise judgment of the Governors that they interfered very little with their officers. The Residents themselves were nominated by the Governor and approved by the Secretary of State. They were chosen as the best and most experienced men for this very special service. A knowledge of the Malay language and character were almost indispensable ; though, as has been explained, the
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real character of the Malay was in 1874 practically an unknown quantity. But the disturbances had taught a great deal, and a man who spoke Malay well, who sympathized with the people, and possessed the other necessary qualities already described, felt his way carefully, and, living day and night in a Malay atmosphere, had only himself to blame if he failed to get at the heart of the people and win their respect and confidence.
As funds became available and the administrative machine was built up bit by bit, the Resident collected about him a number of men, Europeans, Eurasians, Malays, Chinese, and Indians to help him in his task. In the first instance, the Resident was quite alone ; then he had a clerk or two ; a native or a European non-commissioned officer at the head of his police ; a Eurasian apothecary in charge of his first hospital ; a Malay warder to look after the flimsy building dignified by the name of prison. But things moved quickly, the country was very rich, and only required peace and order to develop with amazing rapidity. Therefore the work contemplated for twelve months was often done in six, villages grew like mushrooms, and the revenue increased so fast that funds were available by the middle of a financial year for services which were considered out of reach at the beginning. Under such circumstances to have tied the hands of the man on the spot, the only man who knew, would have been to retard the progress of the country, simply in order to propitiate the fetish of red tape and follow dictates laid down for totally different circumstances. As the States progressed and the establishments, of necessity, grew to keep pace with the ever-advancing prosperity of the country, the Resident's experience of tropical colony government in all its departments, his foresight, common sense, courage, and adaptability were called into requisition almost hourly. For several years it was understood that only the Residents were servants of the British
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Government ; all subordinates were servants of the State which employed them. That rule narrowed the field of selection, but no man who could enter a recognized service through the gate of competition was anxious to seek exile, " to scorn delights and live laborious days" in the wilds of a Malay jungle. Still, for posts of trust and responsibility it was necessary to have Englishmen,1 while the clerical service was mainly recruited from Eurasians of the Straits or Ceylon, the rank and file of the police from India and Malay countries, and the railways, post, and telegraph offices from India and Ceylon, Subordinate posts requiring intelligence and financial skill in the holders were best filled by Chinese. Appointments to and promotions in the more important of these subordinate offices were subject to the approval of the Governor ; the Resident could only deal with appointments carrying very small salaries.
From 1876 to 1882 the Governor had, in Singapore, a Secretary for Malay Affairs, who not only knew the country and the people, but periodically visited all the protected States, travelled about in them, audited the accounts of the various stations, made suggestions to the Residents on all subjects, and did something to secure uniformity of method when dealing with similar matters in different States. Before and after those dates, until the year 1896, there was no one in Singapore who had knowledge enough to criticize successfully the action of the Residents. Of the States, their topography, chiefs, people, industries, needs, and resources, the Secretariat in Singapore only knew what the Residents chose to tell, and they had not much time for correspondence, or any but rare opportunities of despatching letters to Singapore, or even to a neighbouring State. If there had been any
1 A name which in this book includes Scotchmen, Irishmen, Welshmen, Channel Islanders, Australians, New Zealanders, Canadians, and other white British subjects.
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one in the Singapore Secretariat who, at any time during those twenty years, had possessed a fair personal knowledge of the Malay States, in five years, or far less, it would have been useless, indeed worse than useless, it would have been very misleading ; for the States advanced so rapidly along the path of progress and development that in twelve months a considerable mining town would spring up in the midst of what had been virgin forest, and the Resident would write of roads and places never before heard of, and not to be found on any map. Of course there were no maps ; they also were the product of the Malay administration, and as articles of comparative luxury, they only came much later, when the value of land, the extension of mines and agriculture, the general development of the country, and the construction of roads and railways, made accurate surveys and plans a necessity. Therefore knowledge of Malay affairs, to be valuable, had to be kept up to date, and that could only be done by constant visits to the country.
The impossibility of a Governor in Singapore exercising any really effective control over men so circumstanced as the British Residents, and with such a difficult task to occupy their whole time, had been so quickly and fully recognized that they were instructed to keep journals of their daily proceedings, and to send these records to Singapore from time to time, as opportunity permitted. Beyond that the Residents sent every year, in October or November, a detailed estimate of revenue expected to be raised from all sources during the ensuing financial year, and of all expenditure proposed to be defrayed for every government service during the same period. This annual Budget had to receive the approval of the Governor before it could be acted upon, and no vote could be altered or exceeded without special reference and sanction. That of course was a very great and necessary safeguard, and it was supplemented by an annual report, furnished about
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April or May, giving the actual result of the past year's working, with all financial and other particulars, together with a general review of the year's transactions, an account of the doings of every department of government and the Resident's own remarks on the general progress of the State. Besides furnishing this Annual Budget and Annual Report, the correspondence of the Resident with Singapore was mainly occupied with the appointments, promotions, salaries, and complaints of Government officers.
After about ten years, the Residents found they no longer had time to keep journals of their daily doings, and that method of supplying information to the Governor was abandoned. The annual Budget and the annual Reports are furnished to the present time, and the latter have always been forwarded by the Governor to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, who causes them to be printed and presented to both Houses of Parliament.
Up till 1896, a Governor who was interested in the Malay States (and it must always be remembered that his first charge was the Straits Settlements Colony) and wished to exercise some influence there, could only do so by visiting the States, getting some idea of their geography, their then condition and requirements, and by making the personal acquaintance of the rulers, the more important chiefs, and the leading Chinese miners and capitalists. That done, it has been easy in modern times (since roads and railways were constructed and the Residents provided with steam yachts) to make opportunities for seeing the Residents and discussing with them and the Malay Rulers any projects of unusual importance. Sir Frederick Weld took an immense interest in the Malay States, and spent a good deal of time travelling about in them, seeing the country and making the acquaintance of the Rulers and chiefs. What he saw convinced him that the Residents could be trusted with the large authority they had
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gradually acquired, and while supporting every project for the development of the States, he stood for the strict observance of our obligations towards the Malays and the improvement of their well-being. Sir Cecil Smith, with a much wider experience of Chinese, Malays, and all the circumstances of this special problem, was not less anxious to help the Malay administrations along the path of progress on which their feet were now so firmly placed. If Sir Cecil Smith's connexion with the Straits will always be remembered by his firm suppression of the Chinese secret societies (a policy in which at the time he received so little support, though his action has been so fully justified by results), his sympathy with the Malay States was evidenced by his strong support of railway development and his keen interest in the advancement of education.
It is not easy to convey a correct idea of the difficulties of correspondence between any Malay State and Singapore, between one State and another, and between the more remote districts of a State and the head-quarters of the Resident. Those difficulties continued until quite recently (1903), when the main trunk line of railway traversing all the western States, with a terminus in Province Wellesley, opposite Pinang, was completed. Until railway communication was established, though the actual distances were comparatively insignificant, the carriage of letters depended upon, first, runners over jungle tracks, then pony carts, and finally railways, in the case of those places which enjoy a train service. That was so far as land carriage was concerned, and when a seaport was reached the mails were carried by small steamers, some of which were subsidized for the purpose, while others were not, but all of them called at sundry coast ports on their way to or from Singapore. Therefore correspondence was irregular, and often subject to very trying delays. Communication between the States was even more uncertain
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until they obtained a through railway service. These circumstances partly explain the fact that each Resident followed his own line in his own State, without any particular reference to his neighbours. Very often he had no experience of any State but the one he was in. He seldom knew or concerned himself with the affairs of his neighbours, and he probably thought that he was as capable of dealing with any question of administration as another Resident, who might be older or younger than himself, or who had had a longer or shorter experience of Malays and Malay affairs. As already stated, there had been, for the six years from 1876 to 1882, a more or less effective control from Singapore with an attempt to secure uniformity. But when that ceased with the abolition of the post of Secretary for Native Affairs (and the control had never been absolutely effective) each Resident went his own way and was inclined to resent either suggestion or interference. Some important matters, such as the system of revenue farms, the amount of tin duty, and the rate of quit rent on Government lands, had been established, as regards principle, in the earliest days, and only details were open to varying treatment. Where there was an opportunity for trying experiments it was usually taken advantage of, for the reasons and owing to the circumstances already described. The result was often useful, for amongst a variety of experiments it was possible to realize which had proved most successful. But as time went on and the States grew in importance, these differences, at first irritating, became unbearable and led to federation. The weak point of the system, as then developed, was that it placed too much power in the hands of one man. It may be said that whether that is a bad or good arrangement depends upon the man ; but as it is unlikely that there will always be a succession of good men, a satisfactory system must be so conceived that a bad man cannot do an infinity of harm without hindrance. The
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reader must therefore bear the facts in mind, the peculiar circumstances under which the Residents were appointed, the burden of their stewardship and the necessary assumption of large authority if they were to render a good account of it, their isolation and the absence of effective control, the gradual increase of responsibility with the rapid development of the States, the difficulties of correspondence and the want of uniformity in the treatment of administrative details, so that, when the time comes to deal with federation, he will understand why a system which on the whole worked so admirably for twenty years had to give place to the natural outcome of that system.
The year 1889 was notable in the history of the protected States, for in that year Sir Hugh Low retired from his post as Resident of Perak. Then Pahang, which had come into the fold late in 1888, for the first time appeared as a protected State, and the first bank, a branch of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China, was opened at the head-quarters of the Perak Government. I have already mentioned Sir Hugh Low's appointment in 1877 and his successful management of Perak affairs at a critical time. It would be difficult to overstate the value of his twelve years' work. He arrived when Perak was overwhelmed by a heavy debt, with no visible resources to meet it. He left the State with a flourishing revenue (over two millions of dollars) and a credit balance of $1,500,000. If those figures, the peace and order of the State, and the many useful public works completed during the period of his office were the outward signs of his successful administration, the real value of Sir Hugh Low's work was to be found in the influence he exerted to prove to the Malays the meaning of justice, fair dealing, and consideration for their claims, their customs, and their prejudices. That influence was not less firmly and wisely used to teach his officers a lesson of strict integrity, and to insist upon their
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treating all natives with the same courtesy and consideration which he showed himself. Sir Hugh Low understood what others in authority should never forget, that the only way to deal with a Malay people is through their recognized chiefs and head-men. To gain their co-operation it is necessary to show them at least as much consideration as if they were Europeans, and infinitely more patience. Moreover, they should be consulted before taking action, not after. When Sir Hugh Low retired, the Imperial Government recognized his services by bestowing upon him the Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George ; but the people of Perak, of all classes and nationalities, having already given him their esteem and affection, kept his memory green, and when he died last year they would mourn him as a friend who " had gone home to the mercy of God."
Reference has been made to the practice of " farming" certain sources of revenue, the principal amongst them being the right to prepare and sell opium for smoking, to manufacture and sell a Chinese spirit called arak or samshu and collect the duty on all imported spirits, to keep pawnshops and receive articles in pledge, and to open and manage halls where public gambling on certain games was carried on during certain prescribed hours. The regulations governing the right to open pawnshops and deal with pledges, and to tax, manufacture, and sell spirits, are practically the same as those in force in the neighbouring British colony. As regards opium, the Malay States adopted a method different to and perhaps less objectionable than the one recognized in the Straits Settlements. In the Straits the farmer alone has the right to deal with raw opium and convert it into the preparation called chandu, which is used for smoking. With the consent of the Government, he issues licences for the retail of chandu, and the interference of the Government is practically confined to seeing that the chandu is up to a certain standard
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of purity, and that it is not sold at a higher price than that fixed by the Government contract. A chest of fine Indian opium contains forty balls of the raw product. While the price is constantly fluctuating, from under $750 to over $1200 a chest, the forty balls of raw opium, when "cooked" and made into chandu, will sell for $2500 to $3000, according to the limit of the Government price. It will be understood that when opium is cheap the farmer is likely to make very large profits, which will be adversely affected by a rise in price. On the other hand, the farmer has to provide the whole preventive service to protect himself against smuggling, and, though his profits are usually very large, his risks are greater than most speculators would care to run. This system is objectionable principally because of the enormous power it places in the hands of the farmer for a period of three years, during which he holds the monopoly. In order to give him a profit and a fair equivalent for the risks the consumer has to pay rather a high price for his chandu. While, therefore, from one point of view, the consumer suffers in order that first the Government and then the farmer may gain, from another point of view the moralist may urge that the more expensive the drug the better for the community.
The Residents in the Malay States understood this system and did not altogether favour it. The miners, the back-bone of the revenue, declared that, if introduced, it would put a stop to their enterprise and ruin the country. They objected to the power which might be wielded by a monopolist who was also a miner, and they declared that unless the coolies could buy cheap opium, they would riot first and then leave the country. The truth or otherwise of these arguments was not put to the test, for the Residents adopted the following system.
The country --- for the purposes of these revenue farms --- was divided into a coast farm (where there were no mines, and into which it was exceedingly easy to smuggle
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such a portable and valuable drug as opium), and a rest-of-the-country farm, which of course included the mines and all the up-country. The coast farm was let and worked on the same system as that pursued in the Straits Colony, only that the maximum price of chandu was a good deal lower than that charged in any of the colony's settlements. The coast districts were, and still are, of much less importance and contained much fewer inhabitants (principally Chinese woodcutters and fishermen) than the mines. Except for use in the coast districts, any one could import raw opium on paying the Government duty, which was at first about $7 a ball, and is now $14 a ball. The Government licensed all retail shops, while mine owners and other large employers of Chinese labour imported their own opium, converted it into chandu, and dispensed it to their own employees. After a good many years the Government, in some States, farmed the collection of the opium duty, and while that policy made not the slightest difference to consumers, it enabled the Government to calculate with certainty on the receipts from this source for each successive period of three years. The risks of opium smuggling are small compared with those of chandu smuggling, because every chest of opium exported from India to the Straits, and thence to the Malay States, can be traced through every step of its passage. A great deal of inferior opium is, however, grown in China, and attempts are sometimes made to smuggle this stuff into the colony and the Malay States.
As regards public gambling, which is permitted to Chinese, and always has been permitted in the Malay States, any one can supply reasons against it. To argue the question at length would be foreign to the purposes of this book. It is not necessary to do more than state briefly some of the causes why the British Advisers have supported the retention of the custom. First of all, the Chinese will gamble, whether the law
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allows or forbids it. The habit is inveterate and ineradicable with those who have the money to do it. With miners living in the jungle, with no sources of amusement open to them and plenty of time on their hands, no power short of an incorruptible police constable, attached day and night to each Chinese, could stop it. The facilities for clandestine gambling, in such a country as the Malay States, are so great that if the practice were forbidden the law would be broken, with impunity, every hour of the day. The Protected Malay States began their new life with such straitened means that it was only possible to employ a police force just sufficient to deal with ordinary crime ; the country is so large, the distances so great, the jungle so all-pervading, that the comparatively large force of police now employed is always overworked in its efforts to protect life and property, To have made gambling illegal, would have been to expose the whole police force to an irresistible temptation. They would have been corrupted and rendered untrustworthy in other and more important matters, while gambling would have been suppressed in name only. The Malay Rulers and Chiefs strongly objected to the introduction of measures to make public gambling illegal ; they said it was an old-established custom, they knew the evils which would certainly follow its nominal suppression, and they declined to sacrifice the revenue which was derived from sanctioning the practice under strict control. Therefore the gambling farm has been continued. It is only permitted in places and buildings approved by the police, and during very limited hours. It is to the farmer's interest to see that no other form of gambling is carried on, and his servants, not the police, are engaged in preventive work. There is no particular inducement, for the class of Chinese who indulge in this habit, to play in places other than those set apart for the purpose. All gambling is for ready money, and as the players are nearly all miners and the
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halls are public, the better-class Chinese in the Malay States go to the Colony --- where gaming is illegal --- when they wish to play. There of course a man can only indulge surreptitiously, but in the country house "of a friend these things are easily managed, and there is the added attraction of risk. All forms of wha-wei, or Chinese lottery, are absolutely forbidden in the Malay States, and Government has the invaluable assistance of the farmer in suppressing them, because it is to his interest to do so and is also a condition of his contract. In the colony, on the other hand, it is admitted that these lotteries are always rife and do an infinity of mischief.
As was natural, an administration which aimed at developing the country for the benefit of the people gave early attention to the cause of education. The whole business of the country was carried on in Malay. Every one except the more newly arrived Chinese and Indians spoke it. It was the lingua franca by which white, and brown, and black, and yellow men exchanged ideas and did business ; it was the language of the State councils and the courts, of hospitals and police stations, and of all Government departments in their dealings with natives of any nationality. Most of the courts and police stations, and many of the Government offices, gradually found it necessary to employ Chinese writers and interpreters, and, as the States advanced in prosperity and grew in population, Tamil and Hindustani interpreters have been added ; but for all that, the general medium of conversation remains Malay. From very small beginnings, the Government established in all the States a system of vernacular schools, where Malay reading and writing, arithmetic, and some geography are taught. There are also schools of the same class for girls, and in both the teachers are Malay men and Malay women respectively. The Government has power by law to compel the compulsory attendance of children at an accessible vernacular school in any country
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district where parents neglect their duty. The education in all vernacular schools is free, and the Koran is taught in all Malay schools. In towns there are English schools with English masters, where the standard of education is much the same as that taught in similar institutions in the neighbouring British Colony. The most promising boys in the vernacular schools are helped, if they desire it, to pass on to a school where English is taught. In the centres of Chinese and Tamil populations there are Chinese and Tamil schools ; but the children of these nationalities usually manage to attend a school where English is taught. There are also a few State-aided schools founded under the auspices of Roman Catholic, Methodist, and other Christian denominations. Special efforts have been made to provide a suitable education for the children of Malay Rajas and chiefs ; but the Government has not aimed at educating the children of any class or nationality to unfit them for the lives they will probably have to lead. A critic might say that the Protected States have spent, and continue to spend, too small a proportion of their revenues on education. That may be so, but the results obtained are not unsatisfactory, and the Government has never desired to give to the children a smattering, or even a larger quantity, of knowledge which will not help them to more useful and happy lives than they now lead. To the Malay the principal value of school attendance is to teach him habits of order, punctuality, and obedience. Reading, writing, and arithmetic will always be useful to him ; but beyond that, what the Government has tried to introduce are agricultural and technical schools and classes where a boy may learn the principles and practice of a useful industry. Unfortunately there is at present such a demand for clerks, both in and out of the Government service, that every intelligent boy who has passed one of the higher standards (not necessarily the highest) can at once secure remunerative employment. The consequence is that in-
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telligent boys leave school too soon, and very few of them can be found to devote themselves to a technical education. As in the Colony, the Native States offer every year a scholarship, which can be held for five years and is valuable enough to give the holder five years' teaching in a British University. Rightly or wrongly, the Malay administrations have tried to avoid a system likely to create an imitation, however remote, of the occasionally startling, sometimes grotesque, and often pathetic product of the British Indian schools.
I have referred to Sir Cecil Smith's interest in the cause of education. When he finally left the East in 1893, he wrote as follows to the Marquess of Ripon, then Secretary of State for the Colonies :-
" Next, I wish to refer to the result of the policy regarding the education of the Malays for employment in the administration. This has been kept steadily in view as a cardinal feature in the government of the States, and has met with a considerable measure of success. Throughout the States there is an increasing number of Malays who, with 'hereditary or customary claims to office,' are being trained and are helping to educate themselves to take an active and responsible share in the Government. The importance of the policy referred to, whether as regards our simple duty towards the Protected States or as regards the expediency of doing all that is feasible to make the natives have the greatest interest in the welfare of their own country, cannot be overrated."
While mining was the important industry in all the States, the northernmost district of Perak, called Krian, was specially suited to the cultivation of rice. It is a coast district adjoining Province Wellesley ; almost the whole of it is quite level, and it is drained by several considerable rivers. Prior to 1874, a very small portion of this district, right on the coast, had been partially cultivated for rice ; the rest of the district was unbroken
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jungle. In the years which followed, the entire district was, by the great exertions of Government officers, cleared, roaded, occupied by Malays and a few Tamils, and turned into an immense rice field. Dotted about are some sugar estates, owned by one European company and a number of Chinese planters. Low country ricefields depend for success on a supply of water when the fields are ploughed and the grain planted --- or, to be more accurate, when the young plants are transferred from the nurseries to the fields ---and for some months later. The only water-supply in Krian was an uncertain rainfall which either made or marred the harvest. Moreover, the rivers were tidal, the water brackish, and the land so low and flat that, in a drought, the supply of drinking-water ran short, and the people were either compelled to leave the place or to run the risk of disease which not seldom developed into epidemic. By permission of the Sultan of Kedah, the Government of Perak obtained from some hills in Kedah territory a supply of drinking-water sufficient for the head-quarters of the district, but that of course did not supply the needs of the agricultural population miles away. Under these circumstances a scheme was, in 1895, elaborated to create a lake (by the construction of works at a gorge in some hills through which a large stream forced its way), and thence to carry the water in a great canal, raised above the level of the surrounding country, and by side canals, at intervals throughout its length, to irrigate nearly seventy thousand acres of rice land and supply the cultivators with drinking-water from the same source.
Mr. Claude Vincent, of the Indian Public Works, was deputed, on special service, to visit Perak and report on the scheme prepared by the Department of the Perak State Engineer, Mr. F. St. George Caulfeild. The scheme was approved, with some alterations, has been under construction ever since, and was only lately completed at a
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cost exceeding £150,000. There has been great delay in carrying out this work, but the difficulties were also great. The estimates made, from time to time, of the probable cost of the work have been largely exceeded, but the benefits to the district will justify the outlay, and a water-rate should give a moderate interest on the capital expended.
With the advancing prosperity of the country, the rapid development of new and old mining fields, and the construction of roads and railways, many populous towns sprang up, and the Government expended large sums of money in supplying them with pure water. In many cases it was necessary to construct considerable head-works, and in all the water is conveyed long distances, from the source of supply to the centre of distribution. Kuala Lumpor, in Selangor, is lighted by electricity, and other Malay towns will, in time, be similarly provided. There is no coal and no gas in the Malay States, and all lighting has hitherto been done with imported mineral oil.
Tin-mining has enabled the administration to rapidly open up and develop a country which, thirty years ago, was practically covered by virgin forest. It was the clear policy of the Government to encourage the mining industry by every legitimate means, and though, for twenty-five years, Europeans have been prophesying the exhaustion of the alluvial tin deposits, I have never shared that view, and the production is to-day larger than ever, and likely to continue for many years to come. Still, no effort has been spared to secure a settled population of agriculturists, and what has been accomplished in the Krian district of Perak is a striking proof of success. Rice and cocoanuts are probably the two forms of cultivation best suited to Malays. The Chinese are successful sugar-growers, and years ago the Government introduced into Perak the cultivation of the pepper vine, and that is an
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established industry. The Government also endeavoured to introduce silkworms, but the experiment met with indifferent success. While Resident of Perak, Sir Hugh Low started Government plantations and gardens, at high and low levels, and large sums were expended on the introduction and cultivation of Arabian coffee, cinchona, tea, and rubber. The cinchona failed, but very fine qualities of Arabian coffee and tea were grown, and the suitability of the climate and soil having been proved, these estates were sold or abandoned. Having regard to the importance which the cultivation of rubber has now assumed in the Malay States, it is interesting to record here the following passage from a report written by Sir Hugh Low so long ago as July, 1883 :-
"All kinds of india-rubber succeed admirably, and seeds and plants of Hevea Braziliensis have been distributed to Java and Singapore, to Ceylon and to India, and supplies will be forwarded on application to any person or institution which will take care of these valuable plants."
In the report which Sir Hugh Low wrote in February, 1884, just before taking leave to England --- a leave lasting nearly two years --- he said : " Specimens of the rubber from six years old plants of the Hevea Brasiliensis, in the Government experimental gardens, have also been collected, as well as of that from the Manihot Glaziari (Ceara Scrap), and will be sent to England for report."
A little further on, in the same report, Sir Hugh Low wrote : " British capitalists have, with the exception of the enterprising merchants from Shanghai, as yet done little or nothing in Perak ; a feeble commencement only being yet apparent on the part of two concessionaries from Australia, to whom large grants have been given." Those grants were for mining land, and it is worth remembering that British capitalists declined to risk even small sums in the Malay States till years after the enterprise and
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industry of the Chinese had established and developed the mines, and the Government had, in their experimental plantations, proved the capabilities of the soil. It is also highly interesting to note that nearly thirty years ago a Malay State not only imported and successfully cultivated Para rubber, but even distributed plants and seed to Java and Singapore, to Ceylon and India ; though no one then thought it worth his while to cultivate rubber, either the indigenous (such as Ficus elasticd) or the imported varieties. Whilst in Perak in 1884-51 planted four hundred seeds from Sir Hugh Low's trees, and in due time the seedlings were planted out. Those trees yielded a great quantity of the seed from which the Hevea plantations of Malaya were formed.
It has been stated that narrow-minded directions from Singapore discouraged Ceylon planters for a while, but when efforts were made to repair the mistake and land was granted on very easy terms, a number of experienced men settled in all the western States, especially in Selangor, and there took up the serious cultivation of Liberian coffee, which then promised exceedingly well. The venture, in the hands of these able and determined men, was quite successful, but almost as soon as the trees began to yield a crop the price of coffee fell to almost one-third of what it had been, and all hope of fair profit depended upon a greater recovery in price than has yet taken place. It was a very trying time for men who had put almost, or quite, all they possessed into the land, but the Ceylon planter has won a reputation for " grit " and resource which places him very near the head of his profession. Times were very bad indeed for some years : prices were hopeless, unforeseen enemies attacked the coffee trees, labour was scarce, and funds were almost exhausted. At this crisis the planting of Para rubber was taken up, first on a small, but very soon on a rapidly increasing scale. Those who began the movement have nothing to
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regret, except their own caution, or the limitations imposed upon them by want of capital. Now, every one understands the value of an acre of Para rubber in the Malay States, and what profit it will yield at seven, fourteen, and twenty-one years of age. The real difficulty is to believe the facts which can no longer be questioned, but, at present prices, an acre of land planted with 108 Para rubber trees, should, when the trees are seven years old, yield a profit of £20 an acre; when the trees are fourteen years old they might give a profit of £80 an acre, and from over twenty years onwards a profit of £150 an acre is possible. Possible, but very unlikely, because, though a given tree of a certain age has yielded so many pounds of rubber in a year, it is hardly conceivable that every tree on an acre of land will give a similar quantity. A very reasonable estimate will, however, show a more than satisfactory return. These estimates do not allow for the payment of any export duty, and the Government of the Federated Malay States at present imposes a duty on exported rubber of 2 1/2 per cent ad valorem, and can, of course, vary these conditions in the future alienation of land.
The following extract from a report by the Acting British Resident, Perak, dated 15 April, 1901, shows that the above estimates are not extravagant, for the present price of the best plantation rubber is about 6s. the pound.
" The result of a sale in the London market of a parcel of Para rubber was received early in the year : 327 lb. of the best quality rubber fetched 3s. 10d. per pound, and 23 lb. of scrap, i.e. fragments of rubber picked off the stems of the trees after tapping, were sold at the rate of 2s. 6d. per pound. Eighty-two trees of an average age of fourteen years were tapped to give this result ; the yield is thus a little over 4 lb. to the tree, but the Superintendent, Mr. Derry, reports that exceptionally heavy rains
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM Page 265
frequently interrupted the work, and threatened, in conjunction with the tapping, to damage the seed crop, and that therefore the tapping was stopped in many cases long before the supply of latex was exhausted. From the eleven best trees over 97 lb. of dry rubber were obtained, one tree yielding 12 lb. 1 ½ oz. A small sample of gutta ramboug (ficus elastica) was reported on in England as 'good clean Java character,' and sold at the rate of 3s. 10d. per pound. A tree in the Kuala Kangsar garden yielded 25 lb. at a single tapping ; this tree is nineteen years old and about 90 feet high ; measured round the aerial roots, at 3 feet from the ground, it has a girth of 88 feet."
The following interesting particulars are from the latest report of the Director of Agriculture :-
" Last year's production in the Federated Malay States may be estimated at 300,000 lbs. The total world's consumption as found in the official statistics of net imports of the seven great rubber-consuming countries---viz. United States, Germany, Great Britain, France, Belgium, Austria- Hungary, and Italy --- was 137,530,458 lbs., or 61,397 tons. These official figures fall short of the total world's consumption probably as much as 15 or 20 per cent., but if we take these approximate figures we find that the Federated Malay States in 1905 produced 1/300 part of the world's consumption.
" Taking the area planted in the Federated Malay States, on 1st January, 1906, at 40,000 acres, this will give us at 100 lbs. per acre in 1912 a yield of 4,000,000 lbs, or 1785 tons, that will be if the consumption remains stationary 1/34th of the total consumption. But the world's consumption as shown by official statistics is :-
1903 . . 112,860,478 lbs. . . 50,384 tons.
1904 . . 123,817,903 lbs. . . 55,275 tons.
1905 . . 137,530.458 lbs . . 61,397 tons.
Page 266 BRITISH MALAYA
an increase of 10 per cent, roughly per year, so that in 1912 we may expect at the same rate of increased consumption 70 per cent, more than in 1905 --- i.e., a demand for and perhaps a supply of 232,288,000 lbs., or 103,700 tons, and of that we could only supply 1/55th part.
" Thus, as far as statistics show, the price of rubber is not likely to seriously decrease owing to over-production, and very much larger areas will have to be planted before the production is in excess of the demand."
In very early days the Perak Government established at head-quarters a museum of Malay flora, fauna, minerals, grain, implements, weapons, dress, pottery, artwork of all kinds, and, indeed, everything Malayan. The institution was admirably managed by Mr. Leonard Wray, l.S.O. ; it has proved most useful and most instructive to all classes and nationalities, and it will bear comparison with any museum in the East. A similar museum was begun many years ago in Kuala Lumpor, and has lately been placed under Mr. Wray's direction.
Wherever the Englishman goes he carries his sports, and Malaya has been no exception to the rule, but rather the contrary.
At first the officers were too few for any kind of combined game ; they were too scattered ; the country was jungle and had to be cleared ; and there was no leisure for amusement. Gradually some European ladies joined the exiles, and it became politic, if not absolutely necessary, to supply, at the head-quarters of each district, a reading-room where all Europeans could find journals and books, and where they could meet on common ground. The Government supplied the buildings and contributed an annual subscription, and the members did the rest and undertook the management. Billiard-tables, cricket, foot-ball, tennis, and hockey grounds were added as the European population grew and funds were available. In a country where there are no places of public amusement
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM Page 267
these clubs have supplied a very useful and civilizing element, and the Government has no need to regret the comparatively small amounts expended on providing healthy recreation for their officers, and for all those who have benefited by this somewhat unusual generosity. It is, however, very doubtful whether those who obtain a large amount of amusement at very small cost properly appreciate their good fortune. In the most populous towns, where the European community is sufficiently numerous, they have founded other clubs, of much the same character, at their own expense. Race-courses and golf-courses are now to be found in all the western States.
As a further means of preserving the health of their officers, in a very relaxing and not always healthy climate, the Government established hill bungalows at various elevations, from 1500 to 4500 feet above the sea. Short visits to these stations (which enjoy a temperature varying from 60° F. to 73° F.) have saved many a man a long and expensive journey to Europe. It is, however, not unusual for Europeans, Eurasians, and natives to visit Java, India, China, and Japan for health and amusement. In the centre of the main range of Malay hills there are about 100,000 acres of undulating country at a height of 4000 feet, and it is probable that in time a large station may be established there, more especially if planters find that the soil is suitable for profitable cultivation. The highland referred to, originally explored by Mr. W. Cameron under Government auspices, is less than forty miles from a point on the Perak trunk railway.
For many years an adequate supply of coin was a serious difficulty in the Malay States. The Mexican dollar, the Japanese yen, and later the British trade dollar, with the Straits Settlements small silver and copper coinage and the notes of the Eastern chartered banks, were the recognized currency. The supply of
Page 268 BRITISH MALAYA
notes, silver, and copper was often quite inadequate to the needs of a rapidly advancing country, and great inconvenience was the rule rather than the exception. For sixteen years I urged the issue of Government notes, but the first reply was that such a proposal was premature, because neither the Straits Colony nor Hong-Kong possessed a note issue of its own. I could not quite see that the argument was very convincing, but later I understood that the Imperial Treasury raised some objection to the proposal. In the end the Straits Government issued the notes, and the Malay States were not allowed to share in the profits of the transaction, though a proportion of the profits of the Straits copper and subsidiary silver coinage has been granted.
Another instance of the curious application of the view that venerable theories must not be interfered with is worthy of mention. The terrible disease leprosy is not indigenous in Malaya, but Chinese lepers have for years passed into the Malay Peninsula, and in an up-country district of Perak a few Malays contracted the malady. Years passed and it was noticed that the number of Malay lepers was steadily increasing, so that when a census of them was taken, it was found that there were close upon a hundred Malay lepers of both sexes and all ages. Malays have a great horror of, and loathing for, this terrible disease, and as they, and the best authorities locally available, were convinced that all those afflicted had contracted the malady by contagion, the Perak State Council passed a measure to compulsorily segregate the lepers in an uninhabited island at the mouth of the Perak River. It was also proposed to allow any of their relatives who desired it to accompany the lepers to the island and remain there. This enactment was, as customary, forwarded to Singapore and transmitted to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. In due time orders came from England disallowing the measure and stating that as the
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM Page 269
Royal College of Physicians had decided that leprosy is not contagious, the proposals of the Perak Government could not be sanctioned, but that any lepers who desired exile on the island might have their wishes gratified. Voluntary segregation is not popular with lepers, and it was not considered advisable that the Government should go to the expense of erecting buildings to house patients who would never occupy them ; but the Malay members of Council suggested that the lepers might be sent to England, where they could do no harm, while Perak would be free of them. Fifteen years later a circular from the Colonial Office stated that as the high medical authorities in England had changed their minds, and now consider that leprosy is contagious, there would be no objection to the compulsory segregation of the unclean ! In those fifteen years, of course, a number of poor wretches had contracted the disease. It is only another instance of the advisability of letting people who live eight thousand miles away, under somewhat different conditions, manage their own domestic affairs without foreign interference. Mistakes made locally, in such cases, are paid for locally ; but if the mistake is made at a distance, it still has to be paid for locally.1
An invasion of all sorts and conditions of men and women brought with it many evils to which the Malays, as a people, had hitherto been strangers. The drinking of intoxicants was one, and others will occur to the reader. Malays of all classes, and especially of the higher classes, felt these things very strongly, and wished to legislate to prevent the evil and, where possible, to cure it: but because the conditions of life in England are totally different, and what was proposed to be done in Malaya would not be sanctioned by public opinion if done here, the Malay has to accept the imported horror, and is not allowed to protect
1 See p. 334, note. No effort has been made to look for instances to support this statement, but one has come very recently without seeking.
Page 270 BRITISH MALAYA
himself, his family, and his people, for whose benefit alone he wishes to legislate.
Reference has been made more than once to Pahang. It is a very large State on the east coast of the Peninsula, and in 1888 had a population of about fifty thousand Malays and a few hundred Chinese. The State was supposed to be very rich in gold, less so in tin. But it was undeveloped and unregenerate ; the Government was despotic, the Raja Bendahara being the despot, and the people suffered in the ways described in the earlier chapters of this book, only rather more so in Pahang than elsewhere. It may be said that that was their misfortune, and not the concern of any one outside Pahang. Possibly matters might have remained as they were to this day, but a British subject was murdered in Pahang under circumstances which made the responsibilities of the ruler so manifest that Sir Cecil Smith, then Governor of the Straits, felt compelled to demand explanation and satisfaction. The explanation was altogether unacceptable, and, as satisfaction was not forthcoming, it seemed that there must be serious consequences. The Bendahara, however, mainly owing to the advice of the Sultan of Johore, expressed his regret for what had occurred, and asked for the appointment of a British Resident. This request was granted, and in October, 1888, Mr. J. P. Rodger (now Sir John Rodger, K.C.M.G.) was appointed Resident of Pahang, while Mr. Hugh Clifford, who had already spent some years in Pahang as Governor's agent, remained there to assist the Resident. The size of Pahang made it unwieldy, and the fact that during the prevalence of the north-east monsoon, from October to April, the shore was almost unapproachable for steamers, severely handicapped the country as regards development. There were many important chiefs, and only a small revenue from which to give them suitable allowances and provide for the costs of the most economical administration. To
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENTIAL SYSTEM Page 271
add the last straw, some chiefs took up arms against all that the new regime stood for, and the consequence was a long, a harassing, and an expensive "war," which was only brought to a conclusion by hunting the rebels out of Pahang and even following them into the independent neighbouring States, Kelantan and Trengganu, where they were eventually secured, mainly by the efforts of Mr. Hugh Clifford. Some of the rebels lost their lives in these prolonged operations, some were done to death by the Siamese who took part in their arrest, and the remainder were deported to Siam, where a number of the survivors remain to the present time.


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The X1 DVR from Xfinity lets you control the content across every TV in your Calhoun home. That's just right for you if you fit in with the 33%, or 4,505 of Georgians with multiple TVs.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Some Sobering Notes on African American Equality
Published on political affairs pa, by Frank Chapman, 4-05-10.
The fact that institutionalized racism persist in our country is rooted in the historical reality of 250 years of slavery followed, after a brief period of civil war and democratic reconstruction, by over seventy years of Jim Crow terror and state sanctioned racist discrimination. Claude Lightfoot was right when he said that present day racist practices and attitudes carry the stench of the slave market. Ever since the great powers of Europe turned African into a commercial warren for hunting and enslaving Black people racism has been an instrument of capitalist exploitation for super profits. Racism began as crimes against humanity by perpetrating one of the worst holocausts in the annals of human history and its practices today still have a fundamental, genocidal character.
Examples are legion: Take the racist practices of the criminal justice system. I would argue that the phenomenal growth of the African American prison population was a direct consequence of the era of repression initiated by the FBI-CIA (COINTELPRO) against the movement for Black Liberation. Not only were activists who allegedly took up armed struggle, such as Geronimo Prat falsely imprisoned based on fake evidence but also civil rights activists like Maggie Bozeman of Alabama (a senior citizen African American charged with voter fraud in the late seventies), and Mayor Eddie Carthan (first African American elected Mayor was accused of murder) of Tchula, Mississippi were arrested, jailed and imprisoned. There came out of this period a whole series of draconic laws (the Rockefeller drug laws and the federal RICCO statues) that automatically led to a dramatic increase of the African American prison population. There have been successful campaigns to repeal some of these draconian laws and to free the victims … //
… HOUSING: In 2006 the American dream of home ownership was seemingly being realized by more working class people than any other time in modern U.S. history. Just two years later the group United for a Fair Economy issued a report called "Foreclosures: State of the Dream 2008". This report predicted that due to the subprime mortgage crisis $213 billion would be lost to people of color. For African Americans the "lost of wealth" would be between $72 billion and $93 billion. This is the greatest swindle ever perpetrated against the working class. Presently the rate of African American home ownership is down 2.6 percent from its peak in 2006. In the last quarter of 2009 the African American home ownership rate fell 46 percent. The Urban League proposes passing a homebuyers' bill of rights that would protect and educate consumers and provide home-buying help. Of course an immediate issue is to stop the foreclosures now underway and provide relief for the victims of foreclosures due to the subprime mortgage crisis. We must build a politically focused movement that can help the Obama administration and Congress stand up to the financial barons, banks and lobbyists in order to pass laws that will bring an end to the foreclosure crisis.
The stats in the categories of jobs, housing and income demonstrate the economic consequences of discriminatory practices motivated by the greed of the capitalist bosses. For Black workers racism means being underpaid in the face of inflated living costs and for white workers if means a continuous deterioration of living standards.
Now is the time to call for a united struggle of white and minority workers to fight for affirmative action because in the last 30 years the ultra right Republicans have been able to reverse or stay the hand of affirmative action. (full text).


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In next few lines I will explain to you some basic things about different kinds of wireless printers because that should be your starting point. After that you will decide what kind is suited for your needs, and after that it will be much easier for you to pick right model. So, let's separate all of them in four categories: Inkjet Wireless Printers, Laser Wireless Printers, All in One (aka. Multifunction) Printers and Portable Wireless Printers.
Inkjet Wireless Printers will allow you some freedom because you don't have to put them near your computer, you may easily put them away and save your precious desk space. They even don't have to be in the same room as wireless routers have descent range. Only important thing is to stay in that range of signal which will keep your printer connected to your network. In most cases they are very easy to install and setup. Remember that their printing quality doesn't have anything to do with connection quality whatsoever. Their printing quality depends just on their printer engine, inks that you are using and paper quality.
Laser Wireless Printers just like ink jets; allow you freedom to put them where you want as that is whole meaning of the wireless connecting. Their printing quality depends just from engine that they have, so you may get device which will print very sharp and crisp documents, images and graphics. In most cases ink jets will print better looking photos while laser devices will print you much more sheets for less money. Anyway, if you print mostly documents, then laser printer is one for you especially if you work in office as it will save you time and money.
All in One Wireless Printer, also known as Multifunction Wireless Printer is device which can scan, print, copy and fax documents. If you have small home office and you need those functions, or you have already separated devices for doing those jobs, then it is time for you to get new All in One Printer. It will save you much space on your desk, much time and money. It is easy to connect to multiple devices that are using Wi-Fi signals.
Portable Wireless Printers are mostly for people that are always in action. If you need to travel a lot it will be much easier to carry it in your suitcase or in the car as they are lightweight and easy to use. Wireless connection will help you even more with printing documents as you don't have to carry cables whatsoever. They are powered with the battery that is rechargeable, like battery in your cell phone.
Now, I hope that it is much easier to narrow your search for suitable printer for your needs. As you know what kind of printer you want, now is time to put hand in your wallet and decide how much money you want to spend for new printing device. Remember, in most cases you will get what you have paid for but that is not always like that. In my next articles I'll do my best to direct you in the right way for choosing best printer!


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Brief Bio for Michael Smith-Welch
Michael Smith-Welch
is an artist and educator who designs environments that support learning through invention and iterative design. Michael is passionate about helping people discover new ideas, concepts, tools and technologies through the construction of personally meaningful artifacts. These collaborations might lead to explorations of the creative properties of light and sound or the imaginative use of motion and mechanics. He also focuses on helping novice programmers build computer-based interactive art and enjoys helping young inventors understand electronics through the playful design and manipulation of circuits.
A sculptor by training, Michael was an artist-in-residence for the New York City public school system for three years and a middle school science teacher in Manhattan for seven years. Following this work he became a research assistant at the MIT Media Lab where he focused on technologies and activities that help young people use computation for personal expression and creative problem solving. Upon receiving his degree he became the education outreach developer for the Playful Invention Company, a technology design firm at the cutting-edge of creative and playful thinking and learning.
For the last five years Michael has been developing creative learning environments throughout the United States and internationally.
In 2011 Michael was educator-in-residence at the Exploratorium Museum in San Francisco, California where he worked with the "Tinkering Studio" on events geared toward young makers. In 2012 he carried out maker-based workshops in Istanbul, Turkey, an interactive music workshop in Arnhem, Netherlands, a series of physical computing workshops in Hong Kong, and he introduced computer programming to large numbers of teachers in Shanghai, China.
From 2013 to 2014 Michael helped start KID Museum, a new, emerging children's museum in Montgomery County, Maryland.
In 2015 Michael began a long term collaboration with Tsinghua University in Beijing, China to develop a Lifelong Learning Lab that will serve as a hub for best practives in creative thinking and playful learning in East Asia.
When he's not collaborating with people around the world he can be found in his Takoma Park, Maryland studio developing ideas with his two daughters.
Homepage: www.michaelsmithwelch.net
[email protected]


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The Very Important Christmas Pageant. A Children's Choir presentation. If you are encouraged by any of the messages from First Baptist Church of Poinciana, W…
Video Rating: 5 / 5
The Very Important Christmas Pageant. A Children's Choir presentation. If you are encouraged by any of the messages from First Baptist Church of Poinciana, W…
Video Rating: 5 / 5
First Baptist Church Of Winston-Salem On Fifth St. Christmas Manger 501 West Fifth St. Winston-Salem, nc 27101 (336)722-2558 (336)725-1273 Fax (336)723-707…
First Baptist Church of Holt, Florida Morning Service 8 December 2013 Message "Elizabeth's Christmas Confession" Luke 1:39-45 By Pastor Curt Rainey.
Final Sermon in the Series of "Stop Playing Church" August 11, 2013 Rev. Sedrick L. Cross, Pastor First Baptist Church of Sweet Home, Arkansas 6825 Hwy 365 S…
First Baptist Church
Image by TimWilson
There's something cool about old church doors. I don't think this is a fantastic photo, but I like the symmetry.
Question by jeeveswantstoknow: Was the Roman Church for the first three centuries, Christian?
Did the Church of Rome worship on any certain day of the week?
What day of the week did the Christians of the first three centuries after Christ died, hold as God's Sabbath. Did they worship on the seventh day, or another day of the week? Did they follow the 4th Commandment of God, or did they abide by another's decree? Did they emmulate Christ and try to walk in His footsteps, or that of another?
Best answer:
Answer by cosmick
Up until the creation of Christianity in 329AD the Romans were pagans.
Many aspects and traditions of the pagan religions were incorporated into the Christian faith to make it more attractive and easier for the pagan converts.
Give your answer to this question below!
First Baptist DC Organ Console in Fisheye Lens
Image by brownpau
Austin Organs, Opus 2795/6.
More Online at spartafirstbaptist.com.
Stamped & mailed. Standard-size postcard. Dimensions given, if any, are approximate. Scans large to show any defects. Unseen defects described. VG or better condition. Item complete as issued unless otherwise stated.


text:
Free USPS Priority Shipping On All Jewelry
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Lately, Lo has really been favoring women...specifically me. Obviously, I love the fact that she wants to be with me all the time...hugs on me, kisses on me, plays with me, etc but her time she wants to spend with me has continued to become more extreme and I think (actually I know) it's really starting to hurt Clay's feelings a bit. He is such a good dad and makes a point to spend quality time with Lola every day starting from the minute she wakes up. Once Lo wakes, Clay takes her in the bathroom with him while he gets ready, then he drops her off at school. Although Clay has to work long hours, he always makes it home to spend more time with the baby girl (even if he has to go back to work afterwards) and my favorite part is he puts her to bed every night.
Well, lately, every time Clay picks up Lo to start winding her down for bedtime she goes NUTS. Screaming at the top of her lungs and reaching for me saying "MERE'YA, MERE'YA, MERE'YA". Clay finally gives in and lets her run to me. This has been a huge change and it's really been disheartening for Clay. She's actually been better when he takes her upstairs and away from me but it's been a tough couple weeks. In addition, if I leave the house for a bit, Lo has been known to scream the entire time...just lays on the floor and is inconsolable. It's actually real sad. What do you do about this???? Man, it's been rough...specifically for Clay!
Anyway, I'm sure this like all the other phases will be short lived but it's been hard on both of us. So, in honor of Clay, I thought I would post some pics of Clay and Lo having a great father/daughter moment. Lo loves to swing! She is usually yelling"weeeee, weeee, weeee" the whole time.


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JoJo shares how she learned to love her curves and cellulite after her label told her she was too fat – Yahoo News
Yahoo NewsJoJo shares how she learned to love her curves and cellulite after her label told her she was too fat
Yahoo News
"I will never have a thigh gap. Nobody has ever worried the wind might 'wooooosh' a little bit too hard and knock me down. At 25, I'm a brick house adorned with battle scars and cellulite, curves and confidence. Some days I have abs, sometimes mehhh…
October 15, 2016 / Cellulite Cuisse / 0
Categories: Cellulite
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Effective Skin Care Tips To Get Rid Of Cellulite Fast – BoldSky Check Out These Beauties' Booties — Stunning Stars Cursed With Cellulite – OK Magazine
Recent Posts
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STEP 1: Set up the Custom User Profile as documented in the Sitecore Security API Cookbook available on the Sitecore Developer Network
STEP 2: Make note of the custom properties you created and open the web.config. Search for "SC_UserData" Add items similar to this item below the existing SC_UserData item. Change the data type and field name to match the fields you added.
STEP 3: Read the following article to see how to get the aspnet profile properties from SQL Server
STEP 4: Create your user in the admin once created edit the user and click change to set your custom profile. Add data to the fields and check if its appearing for in SQL
STEP 5: When you create a user in code you will have to add the custom profile to them. as documented in the Sitecore Security API Cookbook available on the Sitecore Developer Network
If you found this article useful be sure to pass it on. If you have any tips, tricks or resources you would like to share with the Guild please email them to firstname.lastname@example.com


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Very good news from Kim Kardashian about her and Kanye West's baby boy.
The pregnant star revealed today that her still-gestating son is no longer breech, Kim having underwent a procedure over the Thanksgiving-holiday weekend to have the baby turned in the correct direction, head pointing down.
"This weekend I checked into the hospital and underwent a procedure called an ECV (External Cephalic Version, or a Version), which is done to manually turn the baby from a breech position to a head-down position," she wrote on her website today.
Kim had been spotted visiting Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on Thanksgiving with Kanye, but she was back at sister Khloe Kardashian's house in time for dinner, so perhaps that was a pre-procedure checkup. North West's mom says that her family was at the ready when she had the ECV in case the baby was born right then and there.


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Back in the early 80's the most exciting arcade machines were vector based. The Vectrex home arcade console at the time being also vector based brought the truest arcade experience into the home. Indeed, the Vectrex has the honourable claim as being the first games console to have had a video game - Cosmic Chasm - ported from it to the arcade (normally it's the other way round with popular arcade games being ported to home computers and games consoles). But what if the Vectrex could be a true arcade machine of the likes seen in the 80's arcades, i.e. a full height upright arcade cabinet, where extra lives are paid for with coins? For me that would be a really cool idea.
This is the genesis for a project that I am going to call Vec-Cab (short for Vectrex arcade Cabinet) - That is to build a full size arcade cabinet with the Vectrex fully integrated inside. My ultimate aim is if the finished cabinet were to be placed in an 80's arcade hall it would not look out of place at all. Therefore it must have all things expected of an early arcade machine, e.g. coin operated, artwork, marquee etc. To achieve this will require not only a custom cabinet but also bespoke electronic hardware and software to complement the current functionality of the Vectrex.
In this blog I will document my activities relating to this project including ideas and progress. Although I only start to blog now, this project has been in the making for over a year, with some work and purchase of parts already in progress.


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Ahead of long weekend, Roadbot simulates dangers of impaired driving
One of the newest weapons against impaired driving is the Alberta Motor Association's Roadbot, demonstrated Thursday. The driving simulator allows participants to test themselves in close to 200 driving scenarios, including donning a pair of goggles to simulate the dangers of driving intoxicated.
The AMA is forecasting Canada Day weekend to be one of this year's busiest long weekends on Alberta roadways. Jeff Kasbrick, a vice-president with AMA, said 46 per cent of Albertans plan to celebrate Canada 150 outside their home city sometime this year. For those living outside Calgary or Edmonton, that number jumps to 54 per cent.
He said there's an 18 per cent increase in fatal collisions over long weekends compared to non-holiday weekends.
"That's something that we need to call out," Kasbrick said. "Because it's really important for us to realize and to remember that every single fatality on the road is actually preventable."
The Roadbot doesn't just offer users hazardous scenarios — it allows people to practice highway driving, merging in heavy traffic or safely navigating a snowstorm.
Ron Wilson, the AMA's manager of driver education, has had participants from teenagers up to an 80-year-old get in the driver's seat of the Roadbot.
He urges all Albertans to take extra care on the roads during the Canada Day weekend.
"Plan your drive," he said. "Make sure you're well prepared, well rested, courtesy breeds courtesy, don't be in a rush to get someplace, be safe, we want everyone to have a good long weekend."


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Will 2013 See Record Valuations for Middle Market Business Sales?
Posted on March 7, 2013
Business owners time their exits for many reasons: health, retirement planning, availability or lack of family successors, competition, technology change, and many more. Yet, overwhelmingly, the question we are most often asked as a financial advisor to entrepreneurial companies is: "What's my business worth?"
All things being equal, a rational business owner will presumably choose to sell at a point of optimal value for his or her interest in the firm. For the reasons outlined below, we believe that the next eighteen months may see the highest pricing for good middle market companies in the thirty years I have been in the M&A advisory business.
Historically, the market for mergers and acquisitions is one of the most volatile on the globe. In our experience, the market is very cyclical with three to four years separating peaks and troughs and six or seven years to cover a full cycle. The last bull cycle for M&A peaked in 2006-2007 and the market trough was witnessed in 2009-2010. Moderate improvement was witnessed in 2011 and 2012, with Q4 2012 being particularly strong. 2012 was FOCUS's best year since 2007.
Source: Barclays and Business Insider
2013 started with a bang with large announced deals for Dell, Heinz, and Virgin Media just to name a few. Many observers predict these are not isolated deals and 2013 will witness a resurgence in M&A activity. While the M&A market could be derailed by a major decline in the equity markets or further chaos in Washington, we believe the odds favor a strong market for sales of middle market companies through sometime in 2014. By then a correction will be overdue and the likelihood of a cyclical bear market in equities may become increasingly high. Generally, a serious decline in the stock markets leads to a precipitous fall in M&A activity.
The … read the rest
Categories: Business Acquisition, Business Sale, Entrepreneur, Focus Investment Banking, Focus LLC, Investment Banking, M&A, Mergers, Mergers and Acquisitions, Middle Market, Private Equity, Small Business
Tags: Tags: M&A, Mergers, Middle Market
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Focus Principal Abe Garver on Bloomberg
Posted on October 15, 2012
Abe Garver, a Focus LLC Principal and a frequent contributor to Forbes, Seeking Alpha and other publications, was featured recently on Bloomberg TV with a big call on the Internet Retail Sector. Abe is well know for his coverage of the sector and was one of the first commentators to focus on the impending imposition of state sales taxes on Internet retail transactions that were formerly tax free.
Click on photo above to view video.
Categories: Abe Garver, Amazon, Bloomberg, Focus Investment Banking, Focus LLC, Internet Retail, IT Services, SaaS, Software, Uncategorized
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Anyway, Miss Lola Shar Pei asked me a kind of personal question, which I really don't mind talking about here because it leads into a funny/nice story about my brother Shih Kwan.
Here is Miss Lola's question:
When you have time, can I ask you a sort of personal question? It's about marking. I was wondering if you ever had that issue and if so does your Mom have any tips about it?
Well Miss Lola, I'm not big on marking my own house, but I have been known to mark my cousins beds when we go and visit them at Granny and Bionic Grandpa's. That's the extent of my marking. Mom and Granny have learned to catch me doing it and they go No no Bolo and push my leg down. I'm usually ok the second day and don't try and mark anything after that.
My Brother Who Came Before, Shih Kwan, did some interesting marking. Mom and Dad didn't find out about this until after he had crossed the Rainbow Bridge, which makes it a little funny because he was almost 7 years old and everyone else in the family knew about it.
See, Bionic Grandpa has a weight bench in the basement of his house, we normally sleep in the basement of their house because that's where the guest rooms are. Anyway, Mom and Dad used to leave Shih Kwan with Granny and Bionic Grandpa when they'd go and visit Toronto, which was usually two or three times a year. Well, little did Mom, Dad and Bionic Grandad know that when Shih Kwan was left behind like that, he'd go and mark Bionic Grandad's weight bench, just to let Bionic Grandpa know that another dominant doggie was in the house.
Everyone knew this is what Shih Kwan would do, except Mom, Dad and Bionic Grandpa. Bionic Grandpa would ask, "Why are my weights getting rusty?" and Granny and Shih Kwan would giggle together because they knew why.
Here's a Shih Kwan picture to keep you going.
Sniff ya later!


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Bronius Zumeris
Lawyer (B.A (Hons), M.A, LL.B)
03) 9304-9500
A vast experience in all aspects of Litigation including Family Law, disputes and intervention orders, Bronius is adaptable to various areas of law. He is driven and motivated to obtain the strongest and the most suitable outcome for you.
Bronius finds himself supporting the Richmond Tigers on weekends during the winter and a passion for music. A Lithuanian national, Bronius uses his Christmas holidays to travel home.


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Buy Ebook
Amazon's Kindle Direct (USA)
Smashwords - epub, Kindle, Palm, Sony, PDF formats
(Join free, buy, check-out, choose format, download)These are generic, DRM-free, and can be imported into any device or reader app that supports the format. But you will need to know how to do that for your device/app. See instructions (on the right or below, depending on your device).
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How to load a book or sample onto your device
The following instructions are from Smashwords:
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From SmashwordsThese are generic and can be imported into any device or reader app that support the relevant format. See instructions on how to do this.


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Penn study highlights one possible reason why 'ICU boarders' tend to suffer worse outcomes.
Overcrowding of intensive care units (ICUs) is a growing problem in American hospitals, often resulting in the need to place patients in alternate intensive care units within a hospital. Research has indicated that these "ICU boarder" patients - for example, a brain surgery patient staying in a cardiac ICU - have worse outcomes as a result of this alternate placement, and now, a new study suggests one reason for these worse outcomes is that ICU boarders, compared to non-boarders, appear to get markedly less attention from doctors and other caregivers. The study is led by researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and is published online in the American Journal of Surgery.
"In this study, surgical ICU patients boarding in non-home units were more likely to be seen at the end of rounds, and on the whole received less bedside attention from ICU provider teams," said lead author Andrew M. Nunn, MD, an assistant professor of Surgery at Wake Forest School of Medicine, who was a fellow in Traumatology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the time of the study. "It's imperative that critical care providers be aware of this apparent tendency for ICU boarders to receive less attention so that they can develop interventions to correct the discrepancy."
The study comes as American ICU resources are increasingly strained - by an aging population, more use of complex surgical procedures, and a shortage of intensive care specialists. To cope with overcrowded ICUs, hospitals commonly board critical patients in alternate ICU facilities, often on different floors or otherwise at significant distances from the "home ICU." Several recent studies, including a 2014 study by José L. Pascual, MD, PhD, FACS, FCCM, FRCSC, an associate professor of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery and senior author on the new study, have found a higher rate of adverse outcomes - such as ventilator-related pneumonia - among these ICU boarders. Those findings hint that boarders tend to receive less active care than their home ICU counterparts.
To investigate the hypothesis, the Penn researchers systematically examined routine clinical encounters - known as rounds - between caregivers and patients associated with a Penn surgical ICU.
In over 500 such rounding instances, the researchers found that caregivers spent about 16 percent less time on rounds with boarder patients, compared to non-boarding patients. Even when adjusting for patient age, health status and other characteristics, and comparing the times of each rounding visit to the ICU patient average for that day, there remained a significant difference between rounding times for boarders and rounding times for non-boarders.
The boarders were also far more likely to be visited by caregiver teams at the end of rounds, when care teams presumably are at least mildly more fatigued. About 71 percent of boarders were seen in the last fifth of rounds, compared to only about 13 percent of non-boarders. More boarders in an ICU also meant more use of the telephone, hinting at a greater reliance on "phone medicine" than face-to-face assessment.
On the whole, the results confirm that boarding patients receive less medical attention, at least during rounds. The researchers suggest several possible causes for this shortfall in rounding care. Most obviously, the distance between the home-ICU and boarding-ICU places an additional burden on home-ICU-based care providers. Home-ICU care teams may also feel a reduced sense of "ownership" of patients housed in other ICUs. For their part, nursing staff in boarding ICUs may not have the full skill set needed for the optimal care of their boarders.
"Together, all of these factors can create a 'perfect storm' leading to subpar clinical care of the critically ill patient," Pascual said.
As a result of the mounting evidence, providers at Penn Medicine's surgical ICU are now encouraged to do rounds on boarding patients first rather than last. Other changes include the promotion of better communication between home-ICU care teams and boarding-ICU nurses, and the designation of ICU "generalist" nurses who are comfortable caring for boarding patients in any ICU.
"Future studies will focus on evaluating the effectiveness of these new interventions to ensure we are giving each patient the appropriate amount of attention and the best critical care possible," Pascual said.
Article: Boarding ICU patients: Are our rounding practices subpar? Andrew M. Nunn et al., American Journal of Surgery, doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.04.019, published online 5 June 2017.


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Monday, May 19, 2014
Why would you drink that???
The first craft beer I had was a classic, Stone's Arrogant Bastard. O-Dawg was a big craft beer fan in college, I was not. I was more of a 30 pack of High Life kind of guy. I had grown up in a Miller family and had seen my dad drink all things Miller, my cousin loved MGD and even my mom would crack a Miller Lite on occasion. For me right after college, the destination was more important than the journey and a hoppy beer was the wrong direction for me to go. I hated it.
I remember taking my first sip and thinking why on earth would anyone choose to drink something that was so bitter and just plane nasty... yes nasty was the thing to say when I tried my first craft beer, it's been that long. The beer was thick and heavy like a syrupy mixed drink.The flavor was nothing but bitter. All I could think about was the bitter beer face commercials from back in the 90s. I couldn't wrap my head around why someone would like this weird flavor. In retrospect I should have known something was going on. I didn't like coffee until I started drinking lattes in high school, I didn't like whiskey until I started drinking Jack and Coke in college. Apparently, I need a sweet start to ease my way into bitter new flavors. Anyway, from that day on, I opposed craft beer. I avoided it and I spoke out against all things expensive and hoppy. I was pretty much an idiot.
A while later I was finally talked into trying something again, and the only reason I did was because it was local. I tried a Sun King Wee Mac. BC, or before craft, when I wasn't chugging light beer, I would enjoy a Guinness or other imported English style beer with a big malty character. I liked the roasted sweetness that you got from beers like that. It was like eating a tasty snack while drinking a beer. Wee Mac totally fit the bill and then some. It was more complex than anything I'd ever tried before. Obviously, I hadn't tasted a ton of interesting beers. The malty sweetness just kinda coated my whole mouth and lingered long enough to make me want to keep drinking. It was like a cinnamon raisin bread but subtle and way more interesting. It was big but not so big I couldn't slam a few back. It was really the perfect beer to get me started.
Although I've broadened my horizons quite a bit, and now even enjoy an Arrogant Bastard on occasion, I still love Wee Mac. Nothing beats a $5 growler fill on Friday at the brewery.
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Blog: 6 Weight loss myths worth ignoring
Few of us are strangers to the myriad of questionable fad diets, pills and fast fixes found across the fitness market. But in a world packed full of contradictory nutrition and fitness advice, it's important to separate fact from fiction. When it comes to weight loss, you need to be sure you're putting the right foot
forward – and you can start by discrediting the following:
Losing weight is a linear process
Your body is a complex machine. There will be days when it works with you, and days - sometimes weeks - where you'll struggle. Your weight will fluctuate, and this is normal. Focus your mind on what you want to achieve in the long-term. Providing your weight trends downwards over time, you're doing something right.
Losing weight quickly is bad for you
Ignore any misleading notions that those who shed pounds rapidly must be taking extreme measures to do so. The truth is that there's no appropriate time limit for weight loss. Assuming you've found exercise and dietary methods that work for you, then expect your body to work at its own pace.
Carbohydrates are your enemy
In fact, carbohydrates are one of your body's biggest sources of energy - necessary for injecting power and endurance into your fitness regime. Rather than cutting out carbs full stop, focus on healthier, unprocessed versions of this food type like fruit, nuts, rice and vegetables. Not only are they lower in calories, they'll keep you fuller for longer.
Pain is beauty
You're bound to experience some temporary muscle soreness after a workout. But when the problem becomes much harder to ignore, it can halt an exercise programme full stop and cause long-term damage. Instead, always start your plan light and work your way up. More importantly, remember to read your body. It will tell you its limits.
Pounding the pavement = the only way to banish the bloat
For many, believing that cardio is the only way to achieve the body of their dreams is their biggest downfall. Adrenaline fuelled exercise may beat away the fat, but it's also doing the same to your muscle. In order to lose weight whilst maintaining your shape, it's important to involve strength training into your weight loss programme.
Sweat more, lose pounds
Choosing to run with the idea that you can simply sweat the pounds away is a huge fitness no no. Albeit not entirely untrue, it's about as temporary a fix as you can get. The moment you lose water and electrolytes from your body in the form of sweat, it's crucial to top them back up again by drinking water.


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Gretchen Whitney HS Alumni List
Last names starting with "A"
Looking for Gretchen Whitney High School alumni not listed? If so, check out Classmates.com® - hundreds of more GWHS alumni have posted their profiles.
About the Gretchen Whitney High School Alumni Directory
If you attended Gretchen Whitney High and want to be added to the alumni directory register now to add your name to the alumni list. If you haven't already, we also encourage you to register for free on this site. You may also want to check out the latest news and school memories.


text: Programme no. 265-P Professional Development "It wasn't as hard as I'd thought" – a focus group study about newly qualified doctors' learning experiences with end-of-life care Anette Fosse*1, Kirsti Malterud2, Margrethe Schaufel3, Sabine Ruths4 1Allmennmedisin forskningsenhet,Uni Heath Research,Bergen,Norway, 2Allmennmedisin forskningsenhet,Uni Heath Research,Bergen,Norway, 3Department of Thoracic Medicine,Haukeland universitetssykehus,Bergen,Norway, 4Allmennmedisin forskningsenhet,Uni Heath Research,Bergen,Norway * = Presenting author Objectives: We aimed at exploring house officers' learning experiences with end-of-life care in nursing homes, with a special focus on dialogues about death. Background: In Norway, 48% of deaths take place in nursing homes. Health care professionals often find dialogues about death difficult. Newly qualified medical doctors serve as house officers in nursing homes during internship. We need knowledge about how nursing homes can become useful sites for learning about end-of-life care. Results: Analysis after two focus group interviews revealed two preliminary themes. The house officers in nursing homes expressed both powerlessness and coping when handling end-of-life care and dialogues about death. The learning community in nursing homes contributed to the development of professional identity. Material/Methods: House officers in nursing homes (n=X) participated in three focus group interviews. The participants were invited to share experiences with end-of-life care in nursing homes, to tell about preparatory dialogues with patients and relatives, and how their experiences made an impact on their thoughts about death and their role as a doctor. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed with systematic text condensation. We used Lave & Wenger's theory about situated learning to support our interpretations, focusing how the newly qualified doctors experienced end-of-life care through participation in the nursing home's community of practice. Conclusion: The results from all three focus group interviews and our conclusions will be presented at the Nordic Congress 2015. Points for discussion: - Transferability to other medical contexts and other countries. - Implications of the results for nursing homes as learning facilities for medical doctors.


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SHARPSBURG - For Sara Wiles, winning the top prize in a cake- baking contest at Ag Expo 2004 near Sharpsburg was icing on her 4-H career.
Sara, 17, of Fairplay, now reigns as the Maryland Farm Bureau's agricultural ambassador - formerly known as the farm queen. She's done well showing her dairy steers and goats since joining 4-H at age 8. And her coconut cookies won top honors at last year's Ag Expo. The grand champion cake title, however, eluded Sara.
"It's always been a goal of mine to get the grand champion cake," she said.
Sara got her wish on Friday, July 30, when her Black Forest Cake was named Ag Expo's grand champion 4-H cake. The cake drew $250 at auction. The young baker experimented with several recipes to create her winning confection - spreading canned cherry filling between the two layers of Fudge Cake, substituting milkless No-Cook Fudge Frosting for the Chocolate Butter Frosting called for in the original recipe, and topping her creation with semisweet chocolate shavings.


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Mediaplex to Enable Real Time Internet Advertising
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E-business marketing and technology company Mediaplex Inc. said it plans to develop a standard interface between MOJO, its online advertising technology, and SAP AG's SAP R/3 inter-enterprise business solutions.
SAP customers will then be able to integrate enterprise information, such as product, inventory, and pricing data, with online advertising to deliver the most relevant online ads in real time.
MOJO (mobile Java objects) technology uses customer profiling, return on investment analysis and key product information to adjust and optimize Internet advertising campaigns on the fly.
"We are excited to work with SAP to interface MOJO technology with SAP R/3," said Gregory Raifman, chairman and CEO of Mediaplex. "We will continue to partner with leading enterprise solution vendors to provide our customers with end-to-end e-business marketing solutions."
SAP, which markets software that helps companies of all sizes link their business processes, also operates mySAP.com, which provides an open collaborative business environment of personalized solutions on demand.


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In this edition of IPSE Magazine we celebrate all that is good about working for yourself. You can read full coverage of National Freelancers Day, including interviews with our newly crowned Inspire and Aspire Award winners.
In late November, IPSE launched the Centre for Research on Self-Employment. We have full coverage from the launch event held in the swanky surroundings of the National Gallery. You can also read about the results of our recent survey work on whether the UK should 'remain' in or 'leave' the EU, including commentary from political journalist Asa Bennett.
That's not all. Every November the Chancellor delivers his Autumn Statement, which is something of a mini-budget, and this year was no different. You can read inside what this means for you and your business.
There are also changes afoot with IPSE Magazine. Our next edition will be digital only and we have even more exciting plans for the mag.
Enjoy the read.
James Gribben