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US4058832A - Display for television imaging system - Google PatentsDisplay for television imaging system Download PDF
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- image
- television
- tube
- pattern
- radiation
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- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N5/00—Details of television systems
- H04N5/30—Transforming light or analogous information into electric information
- H04N5/32—Transforming X-rays
- H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
- H05G1/08—Electrical details
- H05G1/64—Circuit arrangements for X-ray apparatus incorporating image intensifiers
U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 664,368, filed concurrently with this application by Robert W. Brougham, et al., entitled "IMPROVED TELEVISION IMAGING SYSTEM AND METHOD."
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an image display apparatus for an X-ray television imaging system producing television images of diagnostic quality from radiation patterns from a subject, coverted to light images by an image tube.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In many medical X-ray diagnostic procedures, radiopaque material is injected into, or injested by, a patient and X-rays are then directed through the patient. The radiation which is transmitted through the patient produces a fluorographic and/or a radiographic shadow image of the opaque material. This image provides diagnostic information about the tissues which surround and shape the opaque material.
A basic type of X-ray inspection is so-called "bright fluoroscopy." With bright fluoroscopy an image intensifier tube produces an intensified fluoroscopic image which is viewed selectively or concurrently by film and television cameras. Television imaging techniques produce a substantially continuous image of the region of interest of the body. The film cameras produce both single frame ("spot") photographs, and motion picture or "cine" exposures.
Television imaging is particularly useful in applications in which the areas of differing radiopacity in the subject exhibit motion or are otherwise time varying. Television, for example, can allow the physician to watch the progress of a radiopaque material ingested by the subject through the alimentary canal, or can be used to observe progress of such material injected into blood vessels.
With a typical bright fluoroscopy system, an X-ray image tube is axially aligned with an X-ray beam. An X-ray stimulated light image is produced on an input phosphor of the image tube. This light image causes an adjacent electron emitting layer to emit electrons that are accelerated against an output phosphor to produce a relatively small and intensified output image.
A so-called "optical cube" is coupled to the image tube. The optical cube typically has an axially aligned television camera and spot and cine film cameras positioned with their optical axes normal to an extension of the image tube axis. Transmissive mirrors known as "beam splitters," are used to selectively distribute the light among the two film cameras and the television camera. The output of the television camera is transmitted to one or more monitors for dynamic viewing of a study being conducted.
Many variations of the described system have been proposed or produced. For example, film cameras have been used to produce either single frame or moving picture images of the output of a television monitor. While the output of the television monitor has been photographed, the resolution of photographic images of television monitors has been poor as compared to that of images produced by cameras that are optically coupled to the output phosphor of the image tube.
Systems have been produced in which the X-ray source was pulsed in synchronism with the field scan rate of a television camera at about 1-6 pulses per second. This reduced the X-ray dosage received by the patient in the course of an examination, but still maintained an apparently continuous image on the television monitor so long as cine and spot films were not being taken.
The system described here, while furnishing adequate television fluoroscopic images for general observations and some diagnostic purposes, has not provided television images of sufficiently high resolution for use as actual diagnostic tools in many other procedures. This loss in resolution is due to losses in optics and in production of the television image.
The ability of an optical element (including, e.g., an image tube, a lens, a television camera, or a cathode ray tube display) to resolve images is often described in terms of its "modulation transfer function" (MTF). Normally, the ability of an optical system to resolve a portion of an image decreases as the fineness of detail of the image portion (the number of lines per unit distance) increases. This degraded resolution is manifested as a reduction in the contrast between the light areas and the dark areas of the image portion. The number of lines per unit distance is frequently expressed as "line pairs per millimeter," and is known generically as the "spatial frequency" of the image portion of interest.
The modulation transfer function (MTF) is defined as the function of the percent of contrast in the image with respect to the spatial frequency of the features of the image portion. The percent of contrast is defined as a function of the maximum light energy per unit area (brightness) in the light areas of the picture portion under consideration (Bmax) and the energy per unit area of the darker areas (Bmin). Specifically, the contrast ratio is defined as: ##EQU1##
Tests on several prior art X-ray television imaging systems have shown these systems as having a total "modulation transfer function" defined approximately by the ranges of points designated as follows:
______________________________________Line pairs/m.m. % Contrast______________________________________0.25 50-650.50 15-451.00 0-5______________________________________
Because of the limited resolution of television imaging, examiners have employed the television images mostly for general observation to determine regions of interest.
Once the region of interest is determined, radiographs or films of the image tube output are used for the final diagnosis.
The limited resolution of prior systems resulted in part from brightness losses in the optical coupling between the output phosphor of the image tube and the television pickup tube. Attempts were made to improve prior systems with circuitry for enhancing the contrast of the television image, but such attempts failed to improve resolution, because of the deterioration of the signal to noise ratio in the television image. Other attempts to improve resolution included the use of very large aperture lenses for the lens assembly, but such lenses are quite expensive and suffer from significant aberrations which distort the transmitted image. The necessity for providing the mirror structure associated with the lens assembly (for enabling the use of the second film camera) resulted in substantial vignetting of the image. The television pickup tube employed in the previous system also suffered a deterioration in resolution when operated in the pulsed mode, such as required in X-ray imaging systems. The television monitors used were not readily engageable for operation with downstream optical components of the system, such as film cameras, and these CRT displays suffered deteriorated modulation transfer functions when image brightness was increased substantially.
The magnification of the output phosphor image (which was about 20 millimeters in diameter) was required of the lens assembly to take full advantage of the input face area of the television pickup tube, which is about 35 millimeters in diameter. The required magnification of the image tube output image aggravated the loss of brightness in the lens assembly in the course of transmission from the output phosphor to the pickup tube, since an image becomes dimmer when magnified.
The prior system failed to provide television images of sufficient resolution also because of noise in the electrical television composite signals. Both the noise and the poor resolution result from severe restrictions on the intensity of X-rays which may safely be directed through the subject. With such low X-ray intensities, the visible image at the image tube output must necessarily be relatively dim, and of low contrast, and the prior system did not have sufficient sensitivity to resolve these low contrast images. Improvement of the system has been attempted by various means of generalized contrast enhancement of the television image by amplification, but these attempts have not been very successful. When the signals from the television camera are generally amplified to increase contrast, noise present in the television signals is also amplified, and appears objectionably in the television image produced.
Several other means have been attempted to enhance the sensitivity and hence the resolution of the prior system. One of these has included the use of very large aperture lenses for the lens assembly between the output phosphor and the television camera input, to gather as much light as possible from the image tube output and transmit it to the television camera. Such lenses have had apertures of as much as f0.75. The lens assemblies have included a collimating lens positioned to receive the image from the output phosphor, and a focusing lens to focus the image on the television pickup tube input. The need for magnification of the output phosphor image dictates that the collimating and focusing lenses be unmatched.
Large aperture lenses are expensive, and the expense is further aggravated by the necessity for grinding two different lenses for each system. Moreover, the use of two lenses having different focal lengths (i.e., nonsymmetrical) causes the lens aberrations which normally occur in each of the lenses to be additive and to distort the transmitted image.
In the prior system, the two lenses of the lensing system have been separated by several millimeters, to accomodate the mirror beam splitter therebetween, for directing a portion of the light from the output phosphor passing through the collimating lens, to the second film camera disposed transverse from the optical axis of the system. This spacing between the two lens elements contributes to vignetting (loss of brightness in the peripheral areas of the image with respect to central brightness) of the image passed to the television pickup tube.
Other structure has also been designed to provide for direct photography of the image at the output phosphor of the image tube. According to this other structure, the second film camera is aligned with the optical axis of the image tube, and the television pickup tube is disposed transverse to that axis. A diverter is provided in the optical axis, positioned between a set of lenses for transmitting and focusing the output phosphor image. The diverter deflects light energy from the output phosphor to the television camera in synchronism with the field scan rate of the television pickup tube. During the remainder of time, the diverter allows the unimpeded passage of the output phosphor energy to the film camera. Such a system is described in the copending application Ser. No. 537,776, filed Dec. 31, 1974 by Fred H. Meyer and assigned to the assignee of this application.
Both these systems for deploying the second film camera require the camera to be mounted in a fixed spatial relation to the image tube, lens assembly, television pickup tube and, with respect to the system of application number 537,776, the diverter.
The sensitivity and resolution of the prior systems has been improved somewhat by the use of highly sensitive image isocon television pickup tubes. The image isocon includes an input face (photocathode) for emitting electrons in accordance with the brightness distribution of the viewed visual image, and a glass target against which the electrons from the photocathode are directed. A conductive mesh is interposed between the photocathode and the target, being displaced approximately 25 microns from the target. The charge distribution on the target varies corresponding to the viewed image, i.e., to the pattern of electrons directed onto the target by the photocathode. An electron gun produces a reading beam current of electrons which is scanned across the target line by line. Part of the beam current is reflected back away from the target, and the reflected beam current varies with respect to the potential distribution on the target resultant from the charge pattern. By sensing the instantaneous charge flow rate of electrons reflected from the target, an electrical signal is derived representing in analog fashion the instantaneous relative brightness of each portion of the viewed image being scanned.
The inherent resolution of the image isocon television pickup tube is enhanced by a phenomenon known as "redistribution." When electrons from the photocathode strike the target, they cause the emission from the target of between three and four times as many secondary electrons. Normally these secondary electrons migrate to the mesh, which is normally maintained at a potential about 3 volts more positive than the target. This results in an accumulation of net positive charge in the region of the target during a continuous influx of electrons from the photocathode to the target. When the net charge in the target region becomes generally positive, the secondary electrons, rather than moving toward the mesh, accumulate and "redistribute" themselves at nearby locations on the target. This redistribution is such that the charge distribution areas on the target representing dark areas become darker, and those areas representing lighter areas become lighter. This generally enhances the outlines of the light and dark portions of the image, as represented by the target potential pattern and by the video signal which is produced by the reading beam. This feature is particularly advantageous in X-ray systems, because of inherent low detail and low contrast of the visible image at the image tube output phosphor.
The image isocon, however, loses a significant portion of its advantages when used in a pulsed X-ray system, wherein the pickup tube scan rate is equal to the pulse rate, i.e., about 1-6 cycles per second. The image isocon exhibits degraded redistribution in the pulsed mode of operation. It is not fully understood why the image isocon exhibits pronounced redistribution only in substantially continuous operation, but this in nonetheless a fact, and inhibits its utility in pulsed X-ray applications.
Resolution was also reduced by the lack of resolving power and limitations on image quality of the CRT television display apparatus. The CRT displays used in the past have had generally rounded convex faces, making them difficult to optically couple with lenses of cameras and other optical processing apparatus, and contributing to optical distortion of recorded television images. Moreover, those phosphors commonly used in the CRT (e.g., "P4" phosphor, emitting white light), have not been ideal for use in exposing most films, including the newer type dry process films, which are most sensitive to blue light. The use of phosphors fluorescing in other than blue light has required the use of higher beam currents to obtain needed brightness. As is known, resolution of a CRT decreases as beam current increases.
At normal beam currents, the focal spot size of the electron beam of those prior CRT's ranged between 0.010 and 0.020 inches, which is too large for resolution required for producing relatively high resolution images.
The prior system had very substantial mass and bulk, due to the need for mounting the second film camera on the unit in an integral fashion with the other system elements to maintain its disposition for making the direct high resolution photos of the output phosphor image. This requirement increased the complexity, size and cost of equipment for supporting and maneuvering the system about the patient's body.
The prior system lacked flexibility of use, in that remote viewing of real-time high resolution images was not possible. Rather, the film had to be removed from the second film camera and processed before viewing, a time-consuming and annoying process which often extended the time the patient had to remain in the examination room.
The size of the prior system and of the mechanism for moving it sometimes caused patients undue anxiety.
In the past, the size and mass of the imaging system, and the need for moving it efficiently about the patient, generated much effort in providing mechanisms for support and easy motion. Such support apparatus included tall tower structures and complex counterweighting systems. As systems grew heavier, the problems of support and motion became more acute, and the mechanisms substantially increased the amount of space required in the examination room. Great care had to be used to mount the apparatus for safe support of the heavy imaging systems.
It is a general purpose of this invention to provide a high resolution, low noise compact television imaging system for producing high quality television images from visible light images from an ordinary X-ray image intensifier tube.
A system and method incorporating this invention overcomes the disadvantage of the prior system by providing an improved X-ray television imaging system for producing diagnostic quality television images. The system includes a source for directing pulsed penetrative radiation such as X-rays through a subject, and an image tube for receiving the patterns of radiation emerging from the subject, and converting these radiation patterns to corresponding visible light images at an output phosphor. A lens assembly focuses the light image on the input face of a television camera pickup tube, and camera control circuitry cooperates with the pickup tube to produce a composite electrical television signals representing the visible light image from the image tube. Video enhancement circuitry processes the video portion of the composite television signal to emphasize fine image detail represented by the video signals. The enhanced television signals are reconverted to a second light image of diagnostic quality by a television monitor, this image being both viewable directly, and susceptible of recording by a film camera.
The improvements of the system embodying this invention derive from several specific features. Loss of energy from the light image in its transmission to the pickup tube is reduced by matching the size of the output phosphor of the image tube to that of the input face of the pickup tube. This enables use of a simpler and more effective lensing assembly between the image tube and the pickup tube. The system utilizes a television pickup tube having improved sensitivity and resolution in the pulsed mode. The video signals generated by the television pickup tube and camera control circuitry are processed to enhance disproportionately those video signals representing fine detail, to improve resolution in the visual image which is produced by the television monitor. A television monitor is used having improved resolution and compatibility with other elements of the system. The improved resolution of the television imaging system makes possible the simplification of the system for producing diagnostic quality images.
The improved monitoring apparatus of this invention includes a cathode ray tube having a planar face, rather than the conventional convex face, for improved optical coupling with lenses, cameras, and other downstream processing apparatus. The monitoring apparatus has an improved output phosphor, producing a blue light, to which most films are more sensitive than to other colors, enabling more rapid film exposures. The cathode ray tube also has a smaller beam focal spot than previously used in these applications, i.e., about 0.0017 to 0.0024 inches in diameter, for normal beam currents of about 4 to 25 microamperes.
The increased resolution of this system for the first time makes possible the production of diagnostic quality television images of X-ray patterns, making television imaging more useful than ever before. This increased performance eliminates the previous reliance on a second film camera for making diagnostic quality images.
The elimination of the second film camera decreases the size and mass of the imaging system, and the applicability of television imaging for producing diagnostic images improves the flexibility of the system.
The smaller, lighter imaging system reduces the complexity and cost of the support and motive structures required for its use. The smaller system is less unnerving to patients. Images produced by the system can be viewed instantaneously as generated, and the viewing can take place at a location remote from the patient. Several imaging systems can be multipled together with a single viewing station to enable one physician to view images of several patients in rapid succession without moving about.
The referenced application filed concurrently with this case relate to various aspects of this imaging system and its operation. The demarcation between these cases exist because of differences in the inventorship of the various features claimed therein.
Certain concepts basic to the system described above were conceived by two inventors, and form the subject matter of the above-referenced Brougham, et al., application. A single inventor conceived the use of a particular type of image display device for use in the system, and that development forms the basis of this application.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic and block diagram illustrating a system incorporating the features of this invention;
FIGS. 2-4 are detailed diagrammatic views showing the internal structure of portions of the system illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of a feature of some of the signals processed by the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 shows an X-ray television imaging system incorporating the improvements of the present invention. The imaging system converts patterns of penetrative radiation, such as X-rays, emanating from a subject to a corresponding improved television image. An X-ray tubehead T directs X-radiation through a subject patient P. An image tube I receives the patterns of X-radiation emanating from the patient P and produces a visible light image corresponding thereto at an output phosphor 12. The visible light image is transmitted by a lensing assembly 14 along an optical path A to the input face of a television camera pickup tube 16. Camera control circuitry 18, in cooperation with the pickup tube 16, controls the pickup tube and generates signals in conjunction therewith comprising a television composite electrical signal representing the visible light image appearing at the output phosphor 12 and viewed by the pickup tube 16. The camera control circuitry 18 transmits scanning, synchronization and blanking signals to a display monitor 20, and transmits the video portion of the electrical television composite signals to a video enhancement circuit 22. The video enhancement circuit 22 increases the relative amplitude variation of these video signals having a frequency above a predetermined value, i.e., those video signals representing fine detail in the image appearing at the output phospor 12. The video enhancer circuit 22 transmits the enhanced video signals to the monitor 20. The monitor 20, in response to the television composite signal, produces a visual display constituting an enhanced quality image corresponding to the light image appearing at the output phosphor 12. A film camera 24 is positioned to view the monitor display and to record the images appearing thereon on light sensitive film.
The penetrative X-radiation is generated by the X-ray tubehead T in pulses occurring from about one to six per second in response to signals from an X-ray control synch circuit 26. The field scanning cycles of the pickup tube are synchronized by the circuit 26 to occur a short time after each X-ray pulse from the tube T. This relative infrequency of scanning (compared with the normal television rate of 30 cycles per second) is known as "pulsed mode" operation. The pulsed X-radiation passes through the body of the patient P and emerges therefrom in patterns which represent information as to the condition of his body. The X-ray tubehead T and the control circuitry 26 are both of known type, and can be provided by one of ordinary skill.
The image tube I receives the patterns of penetrative radiation from the patient P and converts these patterns to corresponding light images for subsequent processing. The image tube I is of known type, and includes a photocathode portion 28 with approximately a 9-inch diameter, which emits electrons in response to the impingement of the penetrative radiation pattern thereon. Electrical apparatus (not shown) accelerates and focuses the electrons from the photocathode onto the output phosphor 12. The output phosphor 12, in response to the impingement of these electrons, emits visible light energy in a pattern corresponding to the pattern of received penetrative radiation. The output phosphor is preferably made of a single crystalline cesium iodide material.
The image tube is improved for this application over those of the prior art by its provision with an output phosphor considerably larger than those used previously, in order to match its size and shape with that of the input face of the pickup tube 16, as is described more fully below. Preferably, the output phosphor 12 is of circular configuration, having a diameter of approximately 35 millimeters.
The pickup tube 16 receives light energy from the visible light image appearing at the output phosphor 12 and converts the light energy to an electrical video signal bearing brightness information corresponding to the brightness distribution of the visible light image. Preferably, the television pickup tube 16 comprises an image isocon tube. The image isocon tube has an inherent sensitivity and resolution capability superior to many previous tubes, due in part to a phenomenon known as "redistribution" which is described in detail below. The redistribution phenomenon, however, is attenuated considerably during the tube operation in the pulsed mode (as practiced in this case) as opposed to continuous operation, and hence its resolution suffers in the pulsed mode. The image isocon, therefore, has been improved to compensate for this attentuation of the desirable redistribution characteristic.
The major components of the image isocon are illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 2. Light energy from the output phosphor 12 impinges upon a photocathode input face 30, which responds thereto by emitting electrons in a pattern corresponding to the spatial brightness distribution of the received light energy. These electrons are accelerated by a yoke 32 toward a glass target 34.
Some of the electrons strike the glass target and the target thereby acquires a charge pattern thereon which has a special distribution corresponding to the brightness distribution of the viewed light image. An electron gun 36 directs an electron reading beam 38 toward the target 34, the beam being scanned across the target in a line-by-line fashion by a set of deflection and focusing plates and yokes, generally designated in FIG. 2 as 40 and controlled by the camera control circuitry 18. Preferably, the scanning cycle constitutes a 945 line scan, taking place in about 33 milliseconds.
As the reading beam 38 scans the target 34, secondary electrons are emitted from the target back toward the general direction of the electron gun 36. The current represented by the flow of these reflected electrons depends on the potential, and hence the charge at the target portion being scanned. By sensing the current of the reflected electrons as the reading beam is scanned (e.g., by way of a known sensor 41), connected to a sensing circuit (not shown) a signal can be derived which corresponds to the instantaneous brightness represented by the charge distribution of the portion of the target being scanned at any given moment. This signal, bearing brightness information, is known as the video portion of the television signal, and, as described below, is used in producing a visible image having a brightness distribution corresponding to that of the visible image sensed by the pickup tube 16.
Electrons striking the target 34 from the photocathode 30 cause the target to emit secondary electrons. Some of these secondary electrons return to the target and in doing so "redistribute" their charge in such a manner that the contrast of the image represented by the potential distribution on the target is enhanced in contrast and outline. This phenomenon is most in evidence when the pickup tube is operated in a continuously scanning mode, but is less effective when the tube is operated in a pulsed mode, i.e., scanning taking place only over certain intervals which are relatively short compared with the time between the scanning operations. The structure of the image isocon has been modified in accordance with this invention to compensate for this decrease in the redistribution phenomenon.
When electrons from the photocathode 30 strikes the target 34, about 3-4 as many of the secondary electrons are emitted by the photocathode. The secondary electrons have a low energy level (about 1-3 electron volts). Since each incident electron causes the release of several secondary electrons, the target takes on a positive potential in the regions where it is struck most heavily by electrons from the photocathode. These positively charged areas of the target represent light areas of the picture, the more negatively charged areas representing the darker regions.
The glass target 34 is part of a target assembly which also includes a fine conductive mesh 42. The mesh 42 is positioned on the side of the target facing the photocathode, and is quite close to the target. The mesh is maintained at a voltage of approximately 3 volts positive relative to the target. The mesh collects and holds secondary electrons which are emitted from the target in response to the incidence of electrons from the photocathode. If the mesh 42 did not trap at least some of the secondary electrons, they would simply fall back onto the target, the areas of positive charge would not be created, and no charge potential representing the image would be produced on the target.
When the image isocon views an image, a large number of electrons from the photocathode strike the target, and the target thereby acquires a substantial overall positive charge, raising its potential to the point at which it approaches the potential on the mesh. As this occurs, the mesh attracts a smaller fraction of the secondary electrons. The remaining electrons which are not so attracted are relatively free to fall back upon the target. It is known that, when these secondary electrons return to the target, they tend to align themselves in areas of the target corresponding to the darker portions of the image. They thus alter or "redistribute" the potential distribution of the target such that the potential areas representing the darker portions of the image appear even darker to the reading beam.
While the reasons for this "redistribution" phenomenon are not fully understood, it is clear that the phenomenon takes place in the image isocon, and that it enhances the resolution capabilities of this pickup tube by causing the outlines of the image to become more distinct and the contrast to become greater.
This redistribution effect is substantially attenuated when the image isocon is operated in the pulsed mode, i.e., when it scans from approximately one to six cycles per second. The reason for this degradation of the redistribution effect is not fully understood, but the resolution advantage of the image isocon deteriorate substantially when the tube is operated in a pulsed mode.
The image isocon of this invention has an improvement feature which compensates for the deterioration in resolution in pulsed mode due to the degradation of the redistribution effect. Specifically, this compensation is an improvement in the modulation transfer function of the target assembly (the target 34 and mesh 42) which is achieved by placing the mesh very close to the target. Preferably, the mesh of the image isocon of this invention is located not more than approximately 12 microns from the target, the target and the photocathode being separated by approximately one and one-half inches.
Although the image isocon tube, modified in accordance with this invention, had good performance in this application, another suitable embodiment of the pickup tube is known as the plumbicon tube. A suitable plumbicon is a Model 1023C, manufactured by Amperex Corporation, Slatersville, R.I.
The effective input face of the photocathode 30 has a circular form approximately 35 millimeters in diameter. The configuration of this input face is substantially identical to that of the output phosphor 12 of the image tube I.
The matching of the output phosphor 12 with the photocathode 30 makes possible the use of a lensing assembly 14 which is simpler, less costly, and has better performance characteristics than the previously used lensing systems. This lensing system is shown in detail in FIG. 3, as interposed along the optical axis between the output phosphor 12 and the photocathode 30 of the pickup tube 16. The lensing assembly 14 includes a pair of substantially identical lenses 50, 52. The lens 50 acts as a collimating lens, and the lens 52 acts as an imaging lens to focus the collimated rays from the output phosphor 12 onto the photocathode 30. The lenses 50, 52 are separated by a distance L of approximately 1/8 inches, and preferably have apertures of about f2 and focal lengths of about 100 millimeters.
Several advantages derive from the use of the lensing assembly as shown in FIG. 3. The use of identical lenses enables each lens to cancel out some of the aberrations of the other, resulting in a reduction of distortion of the transmitted image. This lens symmetry is made possible by the absence of a requirement for magnification of the image from the output phosphor 12, due to the output phosphor 12 being size matched to the photocathode effective input area 30.
The close spacing of the two lenses is made possible by the high resolution and favorable modulation transfer function of this system, whereby the television picture on the monitor 20 has sufficient resolution and sharpness of detail to qualify for diagnostic use. This anality of the television image eliminates the need for making direct photographs of the output phosphor 12 by a mirror and second film camera between the lenses 50, 52 (forcing their separation). The close spacing of the lenses reduces vignetting, i.e., loss of brightness in the peripheral areas of the transmitted image, and improves the transmission characteristics of the lens assembly 14.
The camera control circuitry 18 produces known signals for controlling the scanning and focus of the electron reading beam of the pickup tube 16, and for blanking the electron reading beam at appropriate times to accomplish line-by-line scanning of the target by the reading beam. The camera control circuitry receives the video signals (representing the amplitude modulation of the reflected electron beam) and thereby transmits information representing the brightness distribution of the image viewed by the pickup tube. The camera control circuitry 18 additionally produces synchronization pulses which, with the video and blanking signals constitute the composite electrical television signals representing the image viewed by the pickup tube. The camera control circuitry 18 transmits the synchronization and blanking signals to the television monitor 20 to control the operation of the monitor 20 to produce a suitable raster which, when modulated with the video signals, produces a television image of the light image at the output phosphor 12.
The video signals are transmitted from the camera control circuitry to a video enhancement circuit 22 before being passed to the monitor. The video enhancement circuit 22 increases the relative amplitude variations of the video signals representing the fine detail in the image represented by the electrical television signals (i.e., the video signals having relatively high frequencies) with respect to the amplitude variations of the lower frequency video signals.
The video enhancement circuitry 22 (see FIG. 4) produces a video output signal in which the high frequency video signals from the pickup tube 16 have an increased amplitude with respect to the lower frequencies. This enhancement of the higher frequency components produces a video output which enhances the fine detail of the image thereby represented. The fine details emphasized include representations of small variations in X-ray permeability of tissue types which are used to identify the types of tissue appearing in an image of an X-ray pattern. Other fine details emphasized include interfaces between types of tissue appearing. Such an enhanced image appears sharper and subjectively more pleasing than unenhanced images. The enhancement is accomplished without altering the overall black-white contrast balance of the image, and without introducing or amplifying noise in the image.
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the analog value of the video signal from the picture tube 16 and the camera control circuit 18, plotted against horizontal displacement of the reading electron beam as the television camera tube 16 scans across a single line of the target image. This graphical representation depicts the video signal level as the scanning beam transverses one line of an image wherein there is represented a portion of the patient's body having only partial and spatially irregular permeability to X-rays. This region of the line scan shown in FIG. 5 is indicated as having a width D. The adjacent regions, indicated as F, represent areas of the image in which there is substantially no attenuation of the X-rays passing through the patient's body. A concrete example of the graphical representation of FIG. 5 would result in a case where the region D encompasses a bone of the body, while the regions designated F correspond to fleshy parts of the body surrounding the bone.
It is known that various types of human tissue (bone, stomach, gall bladder, etc.) have irregular and finely detailed patterns of permeability to X-rays. These irregularities in permeability are observable as variations in the intensity of the X-rays passing through the tissue, and are known as "trebeculations." These irregularities occur with differing predominant spatial frequency of the detail being characteristic of the type of tissue through which the X-rays pass. These dominant spatial frequencies of the trebeculations are useful in identifying the types of tissue appearing in various portions of an X-ray image.
It is desirable to emphasize the appearance of these fine detail characteristics in the viewed image, because it renders easier the identification of the types of tissue through which the X-rays pass, and also because such emphasis yields a subjectively more pleasing and apparently "contrasty" image. It is also desirable to emphasize the interfaces between various types of tissue.
As shown in FIG. 5, the characteristic spatial frequency of the detail characteristics for the type of tissue in the region D is represented by the illustrated small, high frequency variations in the amplitude of the video signal as the reading beam scans across one line of the image. The interfaces between the fleshy tissue of the areas F and the bone tissue of the area D are shown by the sharply sloping lines G.
FIG. 5 shows that, in the areas F, which are generally and uniformly permeable to X-rays, there is virtually no variation in the amplitude of the video signal. On the contrary, in the area D denoting bone tissue, and in the region of the lines G, indicating the interface between bone and other tissues, the amplitude of the video signal changes with a high frequency. It is these high frequency variations, indicating the detail spatial frequency characteristics of more or less solid tissue, and interfaces between various tissues, which are sought to be amplified in the system of this invention.
It is not, however, desirable to amplify all the video signals, since this would alter the level of the video signal in the areas F, which would in turn change the black-white overall balance of the picture. If all the video signals were uniformly amplified, considerable noise and spurious signals would appear in the image output, since all the signals would be raised in amplitude and the noise amplitude would become apparent.
As shown in FIG. 4, the video enhancement circuitry 22 includes a first branch 60 for transmitting the entire frequency spectrum of video signals to one input (+)of a differential amplifier 62. The other input (-) of the amplifier 62 is supplied by a low pass branch 64, which inputs only the relatively low frequency video signals to the amplifier 62. The first branch 60 amplifies the full spectrum of video signals, while the low pass branch 64 delivers the lower frequencies to the amplifier 62, to be subtracted from the full spectrum. Therefore, the output of the amplifier 62 is a signal representing the amplified full video spectrum, less the lower video frequencies, producing an output in which the higher video frequency components are enhanced relative to the lower frequency components.
The first branch includes an amplifier 66 and a delay circuit 70, whose function is described below. The low pass branch 64 includes a low pass filter 62 for filtering out the higher video frequencies, and an attenuator 74 for adjusting the amplitude of the lower frequency video signals output from the low pass branch 64, which are subtracted from the full video spectrum by the amplifier 62.
The low pass filter 72 is a known type of filter having a pass band extending from approximately zero frequency to 1 megahertz (MHz). The characteristics of the low pass filter 72 are such that it retards the phase of the video signals passing through it. Consequently, the phase of the video signals passing from the low pass branch 64 to the amplifier 62 is retarded with respect to the video signals appearing at the output of the amplifier 66 in the first branch 60. If the signals from the first branch were impressed upon the amplifier 62 in their unshifted form, the output of the amplifier 62 would be spuriously affected because the amplifier 62 produces an accurate difference signal only when the phases of the signals at its two inputs are equal.
The delay circuit 70 delays the full spectrum of video signals from the amplifier 66 slightly, to place them in phase with the signals from the low pass branch 64, and enable the amplifier 62 to produce an accurate difference signal. The delay circuit 70 suitably comprises a known cable type of delay device, or another type of more compact delay circuitry known in the art. The characteristics of the delay circuit 70 are matched with those of the low pass filter 72, so that the time delay imposed by the delay circuit 70 is substantially equivalent to the average phase delay caused by the low pass filter 72.
The enhanced video signals, and the synchronization and blanking signals making up the remainder of the television composite, are introduced to the television monitor 20. In response to these signals, the monitor 20 produces an enhanced television picture corresponding to the image viewed by the television pickup tube 16. The television monitor 20 is suitably embodied by a cathode ray tube having an envelope 80, an electron gun 82 and deflection plates and focusing coils represented at 84 for deflecting the electron beam from the gun 82 onto a phosphor screen 86 inside an output face 88.
Preferably, the output face 88 is substantially planar rather than the generally convex tube face configuration used in conventional cathode ray tubes. The advantage of this construction is that the image on the flat face 88 is readily couplable optically in a uniform fashion with lensing and other optical processing equipment which may be used to process the television image produced by the monitor 20. The output face of the cathode ray tube is circular and is approximately five inches in diameter.
The phosphor layer 86 consists of a material (designated P11) which fluoresces in a predominately blue color when excited by the electron beam. This phenomenon is beneficial because most films, including the newer types of dry process films, which have unusually fine grain structure and are particularly easy to process, are most sensitive to blue light. The blue color of the image appearing at the face 88 causes the image to expose such film more quickly than if the image were another color. This feature also enables the use of lower beam current results in the beam having a smaller focal spot, improving resolution over previous cathode ray tubes. The cathode ray tube of this system has a beam focal spot diameter ranging from about 0.0017 to 0.0024 inches as beam current ranges between about 4 and 25 microamperes.
Preferably, the cathode ray tube is a Model 4869 cathode ray tube, manufactured by the Radio Corporation of America, Lancaster, Pa.
The film camera 24 is suitably positioned to view the monitor 20 for recording on the film the image produced by the monitor. The film camera 24 is suitably embodied by either a 105 millimeter still (single frame) camera, e.g., Model 6343, manufactured by Picker Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio, or by a moving picture, or "cine" camera, e.g., Model 3662, manufactured by Picker Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio.
The system described above has the capability of producing diagnostic quality television images of X-ray patterns from a patient. Tests have shown this system has a total modulation transfer function approximately described by a curve defined by the following points when the modified isocon television pickup tube is used:
______________________________________Line pairs/m.m. % Contrast______________________________________0.25 850.50 781.00 501.50 212.00 8______________________________________
A system having a modulation transfer function as described above is capable of producing images which have superior anality relative to that of previously produced television images.
Evidence indicates that, when the image isocon pickup table is replaced with the above-described plumbicon pickup tube, the modulation transfer function of the system is even better than that described above.
The embodiment described in this detailed description is intended as illustrative rather than exhaustive, and it is to be recognized that persons of skill in the art may make modifications, changes or additions to the embodiment described herein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as described herein and in the appended claims.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
|Application Number
|Priority Date
|Filing Date
|US05/664,367 US4058832A (en)
|Display for television imaging system
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
|Application Number
|Priority Date
|Filing Date
|US05/664,367 US4058832A (en)
|Display for television imaging system
Publications (1)
|Publication Number
|Publication Date
|US4058832A true US4058832A (en)
Family Applications (1)
|Application Number
|Priority Date
|Filing Date
|US05/664,367 Expired - Lifetime US4058832A (en)
|Display for television imaging system
Country Status (1)
|US4058832A (en)
Cited By (20)
|Publication number
|Priority date
|Publication date
|WO1980000208A1 (en) *
|Life Instr Corp
|Video signal recording and reproducing where the recorded data also is a pictorial image
|US4193089A (en) *
|Picker Corporation
|Television radiation imaging system and method
|EP0053292A1 (en) *
|Heitlinger, Paul, Dr.
|Method for a plastic reproduction, in particular for X-ray imaging
|WO1983002534A1 (en) *
|Elscint Inc
|Electronic multi-imager
|US4467351A (en) *
|Yen Wang
|Minimal radiologic imaging method and apparatus
|US4521808A (en) *
|University Of Texas System
|Electrostatic imaging apparatus
|EP0211608A2 (en) *
|Picker International, Inc.
|Radiation imaging systems and methods for X-rays
|US4652918A (en) *
|General Electric Company
|Compensating circuit
|US4689696A (en) *
|Polaroid Corporation
|Hybrid image recording and reproduction system
|US4745483A (en) *
|Elscint Inc.
|Electronic multi-imager
|US4764870A (en) *
|R.A.P.I.D., Inc.
|System and method for remote presentation of diagnostic image information
|US5005126A (en) *
|Prevail, Inc.
|System and method for remote presentation of diagnostic image information
|US5294993A (en) *
|Opton Corporation
|Method and apparatus for using monochrome images to form a color image
|US5335082A (en) *
|Opton Corporation
|Method and apparatus for using monochrome images to form a color image
|US20070181815A1 (en) *
|Ebstein Steven M
|High resolution proton beam monitor
|US7953612B1 (en)
|Ecomglobalmedical Research & Development, Inc
|System and method for providing a searchable database of surgical information
|US20130153773A1 (en) *
|Brandon W. Blackburn
|Method and apparatus to monitor a beam of ionizing radiation
|US20150283403A1 (en) *
|Sun Nuclear Corporation
|Dosimetry for Radiotherapy Treatment Verification
|US9561388B2 (en)
|Sun Nuclear Corporation
|System and method for radiation beam measurement normalization
|US10099067B2 (en)
|Sun Nuclear Corporation
|Radiation therapy dose calculation
Citations (1)
|Publication number
|Priority date
|Publication date
|US3894181A (en) *
|Wisconsin Alumni Res Found
|Differential enhancement of periodically variable images
- 1976-03-05 US US05/664,367 patent/US4058832A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
|Publication number
|Priority date
|Publication date
|US3894181A (en) *
|Wisconsin Alumni Res Found
|Differential enhancement of periodically variable images
Non-Patent Citations (2)
|Sid K. Freeman, "Radiology", 6--20--73, Hughes Aircraft Co. *
|V. K. Zworykim, "Television", 2nd Ed., 1954, p. 978. *
Cited By (27)
|Publication number
|Priority date
|Publication date
|US4193089A (en) *
|Picker Corporation
|Television radiation imaging system and method
|US4210932A (en) *
|Life Instruments Corporation
|Method and apparatus for recording and reproducing on film directly viewable TV video signals
|WO1980000208A1 (en) *
|Life Instr Corp
|Video signal recording and reproducing where the recorded data also is a pictorial image
|US4521808A (en) *
|University Of Texas System
|Electrostatic imaging apparatus
|EP0053292A1 (en) *
|Heitlinger, Paul, Dr.
|Method for a plastic reproduction, in particular for X-ray imaging
|US4745483A (en) *
|Elscint Inc.
|Electronic multi-imager
|US4467351A (en) *
|Yen Wang
|Minimal radiologic imaging method and apparatus
|WO1983002534A1 (en) *
|Elscint Inc
|Electronic multi-imager
|EP0098264A1 (en) *
|Elscint Inc
|Electronic multi-imager.
|EP0098264A4 (en) *
|Elscint Inc
|Electronic multi-imager.
|US4652918A (en) *
|General Electric Company
|Compensating circuit
|US4689696A (en) *
|Polaroid Corporation
|Hybrid image recording and reproduction system
|EP0211608A3 (en) *
|Picker International, Inc.
|Radiation imaging systems and methods
|EP0211608A2 (en) *
|Picker International, Inc.
|Radiation imaging systems and methods for X-rays
|US5005126A (en) *
|Prevail, Inc.
|System and method for remote presentation of diagnostic image information
|US4764870A (en) *
|R.A.P.I.D., Inc.
|System and method for remote presentation of diagnostic image information
|US5294993A (en) *
|Opton Corporation
|Method and apparatus for using monochrome images to form a color image
|US5335082A (en) *
|Opton Corporation
|Method and apparatus for using monochrome images to form a color image
|US20070181815A1 (en) *
|Ebstein Steven M
|High resolution proton beam monitor
|US7515681B2 (en) *
|Lexitek, Inc.
|High resolution proton beam monitor
|US7953612B1 (en)
|Ecomglobalmedical Research & Development, Inc
|System and method for providing a searchable database of surgical information
|US20130153773A1 (en) *
|Brandon W. Blackburn
|Method and apparatus to monitor a beam of ionizing radiation
|US9046619B2 (en) *
|Raytheon Company
|Method and apparatus to monitor a beam of ionizing radiation
|US9561388B2 (en)
|Sun Nuclear Corporation
|System and method for radiation beam measurement normalization
|US20150283403A1 (en) *
|Sun Nuclear Corporation
|Dosimetry for Radiotherapy Treatment Verification
|US9480861B2 (en) *
|Sun Nuclear Corporation
|Dosimetry for radiotherapy treatment verification
|US10099067B2 (en)
|Sun Nuclear Corporation
|Radiation therapy dose calculation
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text:
My "Secret" Story of Managing Hypothyroidism I first want to start
Avoid Medication, but Still Find Pain Relief with At Home
Live with Intention. Choose Your Lifestyle. An 8 week course
I think that arm day is a day when I
Think back to a time when you know you put
What do I Eat in a Week as a Vegan?
It's leg day! Here I used a single 25lb
My Vegetarian to Vegan Story... Continued. If you read Part
My Vegetarian to Vegan Story. "Don't you miss burgers? What
Ever walk into the gym and feel overwhelmed by all

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The automotive industry is a single of the industries most impacted by the planet recession. I'd be interested in undertaking this, but I'm greater with drafting, website design kind of creative stuff… nevertheless looks like allot of dun. Increasing 11th and 12th graders interested in aerospace engineering have an opportunity for exposure to the engineering design and style approach at Texas A&M University's Division of Aerospace Engineering (AERO). Regardless, the concepts laid out with the MIG-U1 showcase the engineering and thought approach behind the scenes.
Your site not only serves as a blank canvas for your brand but also the place where all of your advertising is directed. It really is a lot to wrap your head about but at Easterns Automotive Group we do our greatest to make the automobile purchasing encounter an straightforward a single. Filled with all of the tools necessary to attract the right customers, you get the greatest internet site package in the business. As the planet evolved, businesses have taken their shares in these social networking web sites.
It is a supplement to our official Township web site This website enables us to be a little much less formal, and share great news about men and women and events in our neighborhood. Certainly, the cushions had been tailor-created for a diverse caravan and would not fit in our design but some simple cutting and sewing produced it function. It's also helpful to get some blank template components (template blanks) so you can cut your own custom templates.
Craigslist is a single of the most popular classified marketing sites that has grown steadily since it began in 1995. You may well be interested to check out my site where I explain how people can use totally free tools to market place their lenses and sites so much more people will locate them. Optima was founded as a search engine optimization specialist 1st, then became an excellent web site developer second. The Automotive Technology system prepares students for a career in the automotive sector. Karma Automotive will be presenting the first model of a new generation of Made-in-California automobiles in 2016.
It was crazy but as extended as he was paying his bill and I did almost everything I could to convince him NOT to do these design factors, that was all I could do. Right after a year and numerous discussions about how his website wasn't accomplishing his goals, I convinced him to let me rework the site the way I believed it was best. Merchants Gate is constructed on the fantastic tradition of Southern Architecture and Design and style with its basis in Georgian, Federal, Greek Revival and Farmhouse vernacular. Given that 2001 we have been the automotive center in Lakewood to trust for auto re pair.


text:
Ashley National Forest
Contact Information
Ashley National Forest
355 North Vernal Avenue
Vernal, UT 84078
Contact Us
The Swett Ranch Ski Trail is 5.2 miles long. It begins at Greendale Overlook and ends at Jct. With Road 10157 - Loop. The trail is open for the following uses: XC Skiing/Snowshoeing
Forest Service Home | USDA.gov | recreation.gov | Recreation Customer Service Standards | USA.gov | Whitehouse.gov
Plug-Ins | FOIA | Accessibility Statement | Privacy Policy | Important Notices | Information Quality


text:
Just about every sales organization performs some sort of cold calling. And most of those organizations incorporate some sort of training for their sales staff. The training may include some information on the products and services that are being sold, maybe some information on the company systems and processes, and likely a focus on general sales methodology. What is not very common in most training curriculum is some form of very focused cold call training.
|Training on cold calling is very specific material around the art and discipline of picking up the phone and performing outbound calling. And while most organizations see the value in doing sales training, there is often not a lot of information and training provided specific to the area of cold calling.
Outgoing Personality: There is a common belief or perception that if a person has a very
Sales Experience: The second myth that can occur is that people assume that if someone has sales
Activity Equals Results: The third myth for predicting a successful cold caller is that if they
When we look at these three myths we can see why a very busy business operating on a tight budget might skip the activity of delivering training for cold calling. Instead of making the investment of time and money, they invest in outgoing sales people that have sales experience. Management then puts them on the phone with a set of goals and pushes for high activity levels. While this this approach will deliver some results, it also could lead to unsatisfactory sales performance, sales staff turnover, and missed sales opportunities.
Click here to comment on this article.
Launch Pad Solutions provides sales training helping sales pros to improve sales results.
|This article was published on Monday 27 June, 2011.
|Back to main topic: Sales Training
Know Your Competition to Increase Sales
Collecting Information is Key to Increasing Sales
Analysis of a Telecom Purchase to Improve Sales Performance
Four Benefits of Cold Call Training
Using Sales Role-Play to Improve Sales Performance
Six Tips to Improve Selling
Sales Role-Play is a Key to Success
Four Tips for Performing Sales Research
The Best Sales Questions
Is learning sales possible?
|Current Reviews: 0


text:
1974 Toyota Corolla Coupe
Started on May 16 by jthallas
Selling my Toy for $3,200.00 I paid $3,700.00 for it and I already put $900.00 IT NEEDS A NEW HOME!
It has a 3 TC motor, a Stage 3 clutch, traction bars and the motor has no leaks.
EXTRA PARTS: wind shield, headers, 38 mikuni carburetors (good for core charge on a set of new ones), at least one set of extra rings and caps for SR5 rims and other miscellaneous trim pieces.
Very Little Rust No AC VERY FUN TO DRIVE
Feel free to contact me if you need more details, 254-833-1973 John
http://www.thallasflooring.com/ Visit us on FB @ Thallas Flooring
See more:
Jun 9, 2011 2:13 a.m.Guam135i:
- I am interested where are you located emial me at firstname.lastname@example.com
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text:
They ol' double Y axis:
Initial remarks:
- Double Y axis are often used in the dashboards I see. While not bad, they can be hard to interpret and make the chart more complex than necessary.
- A common technique that tools employ is colouring the 2 Y axes so the bars and lines can be matched more easily with the correct axis. Next to not being super intuitive, color can be used more strategically.
- The axis for bars has to start at zero. That's because we compare the lengths of the bars pre-attentively. Not doing so results in a lie factor. While this principle is applied correctly here, it comes with a downside: changes in the headcount are hard to distinguish.
- The budget line acts as a target. Because of the small deltas, it's hard to make comparisons. The dots on the line make it even harder, they are not serving a purpose here.
- No title or axis labels are present
- Placing the legend at the bottom is not a good visual hierarchy, people will have to scan down before being able to identify the measures. A better strategy would be to label the axes or data points.
1 Context!
A chart is meant to convey a story, something that will resonate with the people using it. Without context (Who will use it?, Why are they using it?) you can't design your charts properly.
See my other post on an effort to make this requirements gathering process easier
For this particular chart, let's assume we are a HR manager looking at the recruitment strategy. Do we meet our budgeted headcount? Do we need to focus more on retention or recruitment?
2 Declutter
Decluttering means removing all unnecessary elements from the chart. Everything we add to the chart will increase the cognitive load for our users, making the chart harder to interpret (think colors, labels, axis lines, legends, grid lines,…).
- The left axes ticks are divided by thousands. I often find it more intuitive to reason in K's than the whole number.
- All axes are de-emphasised with a light grey color.
- The legend is removed and put in the title (with no colours for the moment). This creates a better visual hierarchy.
- The dots are removed from the lines. This makes the view easier on the eyes without losing anything.
- The x axes labels are renamed to months and the year is put into the title. This allows for a more natural flow.
- The axes are labeled
- The budget line is broken up. The advantage is twofold: first of all it shows the differences in budget across months more clearly and as a consequence, makes it way easier to compare the bars to the budget lines. Secondly, people reading it will know intuitively it is a target without the need to specify that.
3 Align
Properly aligning all items makes people perceive the chart as easier and thus more accessible to read. When done properly it can create a clear visual hierarchy, guiding the users eyes to where they need to be.
- We aligned the axis labels with the first tick on the axis.
- We aligned the title to the left, creating a clear visual hierarchy.
4 appropriate display medium
I'm working on a guide to show what charts are useful in what situation. I'll update the link here when it's finished!
As mentioned before, bars make it hard to see differences in the evolution because they have to start from zero. Dot plots do not have that problem:
This makes the delta's clear and make comparisons easier. The line is still distracting (because of the overlap with the lines and dots) so let's try a different display than 2 Y axis:
- Easier to compare headcount to the budget
- Easy to see the evolution of turnover
- Easier to spot correlations between the two (like in march there was a local peak in turnover and the headcount was an all time low)
- Removed the axes lines as they are just a bit more clutter we don't need
We can now use color and text to highlight our message and guide the users eye:
A link to the notebook can be found here.
See other improvements? Not agreeing with some of my remarks? Came across an interesting visual you'd like to see discussed in one of the next posts? Please share in the comments! 🤓
Source link https://uxdesign.cc/5-steps-to-improve-your-charts-3c2a78b0c3a8?source=rss—-138adf9c44c—4


text:
Growth Nation supports events that move the ball forward on marketing, globalization and sustainability. There are several events coming up that we're supporting. On April 1, 2014 join us for the Germany Arizona Solar Day in Scottsdale. There will be a day long discussion pertinent to the advancement of solar in Arizona and business … [Read more...]
Events Sponsored by Growth Nation
March 24, 2014 by 1 Comment
Intersection of Growth, Green and Global
October 16, 2013 by Leave a Comment
Our focus is on growth because our clients want to grow. Growth is dynamic, creates jobs, profit, excitement! We obsess about global/international and green/sustainability opportunities because today much of the 'easy' growth is in those areas. That doesn't mean all growth opportunities are there, but it doesn't hurt to at least peak there once in … [Read more...]


text:
Oh well , what do I know anyway ? I must be just jealous of the fulfillment caused by going out everyday to school/work wearing on what might be considered bridal make up, and then going back home and taking it off ( that IF this happened and they didn't just keep caking on layers) and hate the face i have underneath it !
I'm pretty certain the make up is something feminine, beautiful and makes you look shinier, but i happen to stick to this only when it's applied reasonably.
Everyone is beautiful on their own way, smacking your face with a ridiculous lot of cosmetics definitely isn't one, let alone the long term damage these things cause
I'm done
BTW : http://izismile.com/2009/07/24/transformation_of_the_ugly_duckling_22_pics.html


text:
Suzy C
LoriKay is very gifted and compassionate in her calling. My husband, daughter and myself have been receiving energy sessions with her and have experienced some major shifts in our relationships. We are experiencing more peace, harmony, balance and unconditional love in our lives. You will benefit immensely by allowing her to assist you on your journey.


text:
For Sale - Country Home - Restored in Maremma, Pisa, Maremma
An elegant, traditional farmhouse with pool and spectacular views
Distance From
84 km - 52 miles
141 km - 87 miles
0 km - 0 miles
80 km - 49 miles
0 km - 0 miles
69 km - 43 miles
37 km - 23 miles
122 km - 75 miles
*Please note distances are straight line measurements and are approximate
"Casale Il Gatto nero" is an elegant, traditional farmhouse in a mature setting on c. 2.5 acres of lands including superb landscaped gardens, swimming-pool and panoramic terraces. It benefits from excellent views overlooking the green gentle Tuscan hills, whilst still within easy driving distance of the local village with shops and facilities.
The property consists of the main family residence and a detached cottage that can be used as guest house, surrounded by fenced ground with private parking area.
The main home is a well-proportioned 4 bed traditional farmhouse with patio and panoramic terrace overlooking the pool and the Tuscan countryside, and offers a soft, traditional atmosphere from the moment you enter the property. The ground floor accommodation includes the large drawing room, a generous dining room, living room, storeroom, utility room, bathroom and fully equipped kitchen with door opening on to the outside patio with barbecue area.
The first floor accommodation offers a lovely sitting area and 4 large bedrooms, all with en-suite bathroom, one of the bedroom benefits from a mezzanine area that could be used as studio-office or bedroom. The first floor is connected to the ground floor by both internal and external staircase.
Casale Il Gatto nero, dating back to early 1900s, has been fully and superbly renovated to very high standards in 2013, with much consideration to traditional detail with the help of modern day techniques (solar panels, heat pump heating and cooling system, burglar alarm and outdoor lighting) making this property a perfect combination of old traditional Tuscan style and contemporary comfort.
Outside the large panoramic terrace, ideal for having "al-fresco" dining with family and friends, joins the main house to the cottage that has also been tastefully restored and features open planned kitchen with dining and living area on the ground floor and two en-suite double bedrooms on the first floor. Outside there is a lovely patio with pizza oven.
From the buildings you can walk through the lush garden planted with olive trees and to the magnificent 12X6 infinity pool with pool ground where relaxing while enjoying the stunning scenario under the Tuscan sun.
The property is being offered for sale with furniture included.
The property benefits from an excellent convenient location, among beautiful countryside in the hills surrounding Pisa, yet within a short distance of the local village and amenities (5 mins' drive). Pisa international airport is only 45 km away and is easily reachable within 30 mins' drive, while the renowned Tuscan Riviera is just 55 km away (45 mins). From the property you can visit the main Tuscan cities of art such as Pisa (55km), Lucca (50 km), Florence (60 km) and Volterra (40 km) in a one-day-trip.
The "Colline Pisane" (Pisan Hills) is a small but wonderful area of Tuscany not far from the Tyrrhenian Sea. A quite peaceful area which extends from Pontedera to Volterra creating a softly corrugated landscape which has kept its morphology intact. The Pisan hills border the hills of Leghorn to the east and those of Florence to the west.
Church towers rise above the soft green plains and hills characterized by secular forests and luxuriant vineyards. They are the churches of charming small villages worth to be visited and discovered. Many are the reasons: fairytale landscapes, traces of a glorious past and culinary delight.
These charming small medieval villages characterized by ancient castles and palaces have maintained the same charm of the past and they attract the eyes of every 'quality' tourist.
The ideal place for tranquillity-loving people who will benefit from walking in natural spaces in harmony with the environment. Short distances and gentle slopes make you feel like leaving the car and walking through the landscape, or riding a bike or a horse.
The Pisan Hills are not only an open-air museum or a nature reserve, but they also represent the heart of a pulsating community which grows together with its economy based on varying activities. Many are the events, shows and festivals organized in this area which are symbol of a vivid social life and of the profitable relationship between man and territory.


text:
It's simple… a friend asks how I am… I answer and they say "You still look good". I am torn between cringing and saying thank you. Life with a chronic illness sucks on so many levels but the worst part is dealing with societies expectations of what should be happening.
Many people feel that if you are truly sick you rot away in a hospital awaiting death or recovery. How dare someone fight through pain and illness to enjoy life… how dare someone stay active with doctor supervision.
TV paints the picture of someone with cancer, for instance, as being bald and sitting in a hospital hooked up to IVs awaiting death. Did you know only a small percentage of chemotherapies can actually cause hair loss? Did you know that they try to keep cancer patients out of the hospital for their safety? Did you know that it is super important to stay active when fighting cancer?
Society looks at someone who doesn't fit this picture the world paints and says they are faking… they just want sympathy. This drives a wedge between the ill person and society. It isolates them. This is one of the biggest complaints among the chronically ill. Isolation is already caused by things like lack of working, having to stay home more time, perhaps an inability to drive due to meds… etc. Isolation is the biggest cause of depression and hopelessness. Society simply adds to it.
I'm thankful I still look good. I don't look anywhere near as good as I did 2 years ago. It hurts to look into a mirror but I'm getting used to the changes. I've also learned not to go out on the bad days when I have to be doped to the gills on pain meds or am having confusion issues due to my meds. You learn to just smile and go forth when you can.
Living with chronic illness or chronic pain is already hard… society simply makes it harder. Don't be a dick. Most people don't want sympathy… empathy perhaps… understanding during the bad days definitely. I'm thankful for my close friends… I've learned to ignore the haters… and I thank God everyday (usually after a good cry) that I still look as good as I do. I eat right, push through the pain when I can to stay active, and have learned to keep to myself and close friends about my struggles.


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Music News & Reviews
Jordan Smith advances to live rounds of 'The Voice'
Harlan County native Jordan Smith survived the third round on The Voice and is moving on to live competition. Both times Smith was in competitive rounds, coach Adam Levine declared him the winner, and his opponent was stolen by another coach.
Read the post at Rich Copley's blog, Copious Notes.


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Which CRM Should I Choose? Tips On How To Pick The Right Solution For Your Business
HubSpot: No. 1 CRM Solution
Which CRM should I choose? Agility is key to sales and can put your business ahead of the competition. And the most agile CRM solutions today tend to be SaaS or cloud-based and they can adapt to both small business and enterprise needs. That's why these solutions are also often a varied lot. It's easy to get overwhelmed with choices: basic or complex, general or vertical, modular or end-to-end, standalone or integrated, cloud or on-premise or hybrid, free or paid.
But while large enterprise have their tech teams and consulting agencies to guide them when choosing the right CRM, small and medium-sized companies are often left with only intuition to light the path for them. This guide aims to help you solve that pain point.
We'll help you decide which CRM software should you choose by helping you evaluate:
- What are your CRM goals
- What are the CRM software features you need most
- What other CRM software features you should consider
- Which solutions you can try to jumpstart your CRM stack
At the end of this article, you will have a clearer picture of your needs that will point your product purchase journey to the right direction.
Investing in CRM software is one of the most important strategic decisions you'll make. It's not easy (and advisable) to switch platform midway, so getting it right for the first time is critical.
Ironically, the first step to find the right CRM is not to look at the platform, but at your sales processes. Are they ready for CRM automation and streamlining? This ensures you're shopping for features that your team will use and only need. In Forrester's Define Your CRM Plan report, one of the major premises is: you need to "lay the foundation for success before creating your CRM strategy."
So, ask yourself first if you need a CRM software.
Do I need a CRM software?
Even before you start looking around for the different CRM software you should evaluate your needs first. So let's be clear about your needs — ask yourself, do I have any of these problems?
- Long sales cycle
- Customers need time to decide on your offer
- Customers regularly interact with your employees in different channels
- It's difficult to find customer data
- Data is getting out of hand
- Limited visibility on your reps' performance
If you answer yes to any or all of these, you need a CRM software.
While all CRM software solutions aspire to help you get more leads and more conversions of these leads, they differ in how they achieve this. It's the how in CRM software that you need to look closely at.
- How do the features help me?
- How does pricing impact my budget?
- How does its deployment suit my capabilities?
- How does it integrate with my other systems?
By asking these questions you're looking at CRM software from your own perspective and not base your research just on vendor capabilities. This is the first step to answering the question of which CRM should I choose wisely.
To further dig up your perspective, try to figure out the following scenarios…
How is your sales process configured?
Many CRM solutions are packaged by business size to match how their clients' sales process is set up. For instance, there are some CRM solutions ideal for small business, while others are CRM enterprise systems designed for large organizations.
So, be aware if you have a simple or complex sales process, as deterrent to being swayed by impressive features you don't need. You may ask these questions:
- Are your sales workflows simple or complicated?
- How is sales integrated with marketing or other teams?
- Do sales reps report to you directly or are they a part of multiple sales teams, each with its hierarchical structure?
You'll notice too that some solutions like HubSpot CRM scale to both small business and enterprise needs. So, it's important that you look into the next few years and gauge how your sales process will evolve. Your CRM solution should grow with you.
For example, you can start with HubSpot CRM to just to organize your contacts, but in a year you might want to adapt it to creating a full sales pipeline. As your data builds up, you might want to create persona segments and launch campaigns and add more analytics to gauge ROI. HubSpot will allow you to do all those things, but it might not be the case with every CRM, so pay attention to your future plans
- If you have simple sales process go for small business CRM.
- If you have complex sales process go for enterprise CRM.
- In many cases, it's best to invest in a scalable solution like HubSpot CRM, which scales to your needs as your business grows.
Tip: To quickly start your product research you can refer to our detailed top 15 CRM guide. It's a good investment to build your CRM growth stack and future-proof your data as your business expands.
What are the priority CRM features I need?
Once you've figured out why your sales process is off, it will become clear which CRM features you'll need. A large enterprise can easily opt for an end-to-end solution, but a startup or growing business has to thread a thin line between functionality and budget. This is where your priorities kick in. Many CRM solutions are scaled to the capabilities of their feature set.
Must-have CRM features for small business
Even if you have a small sales team, it's recommended that you start at the right footing. That means organizing customer data, having a clear sales pipeline, knowing the details on your deals and automating basic tasks. This will help you achieve accurate sales forecasting and close more deals. These are the essentials you'll need in CRM software:
- Contact management. Organizes your customer data, at the least, places them in a centralized database. Usually, the basic plan starts with a cap on number of records and users and basic filtering.
- Sales pipeline. CRM is all about visibility on your deals. Among its basic functions, the sales pipeline helps you see the value of deals, where they are in the sales stage and who's handling which deal.
- Deals. Enables you to enter data like value, contacts, status and person in charge.
- Automation. Some of the basic automation you need include tools to track customer interactions, schedule email follow-ups, log reps' activities and sync records.
- Alerts and notifications. You'll also need the ability to set rules for alerts, such as for follow-up calls or emails, appointments and tasks.
- Basic integration. At the least the CRM should enable you to attach files, sync with popular emails like Gmail and Outlook, import/export standard file formats and access popular social networks for brand mentions and public profiles.
CRM features useful for larger businesses
If you're a large enterprise you'll need more sophisticated features, but that means premium plans. In general, higher CRM plans offer more sophisticated tools and also come with higher data cap and wider user access. For instance:
- Contact management. Smart search, automation including instant field entry, association with relevant data, real-time updates and customer segmentation.
- Sales pipeline. Advanced features like probability of closing rates, customization, multiple pipelines
- Email templates. Out-of-the-box templates for a variety of sales letters.
- Document management. An integrated file manager to centralize sales documents for quick sorting, sharing and access.
- Call center. Integrated phone that lets you place calls straight out of the CRM interface.
- Reporting. Custom reports, more graphical options to visualize data, sales forecasting
- Analytics. More powerful tools to slice and dice your data
- Integrated marketing features. Lead nurturing, predictive lead scoring, web forms, landing pages and campaign integration.
Takeaway: Make sure the CRM feature set matches the size of your sales operation. That usually means startups and small businesses subscribe to the basic plan and only move up to higher plans when their requirements grow. Nonetheless, no matter how small your sales team, it's best to start with baseline features to optimize the benefits of CRM.
Tip: Some basic CRM plans are free. After evaluating a bunch of these plans, we found out that HubSpot CRM isn't only the best entry option, but it comes with full features you'd expect from a higher plan, so it's a great starting point. You can sign up for HubSpot CRM free app here to immediately test their features).
What are the other useful features I may need in a CRM?
Even as you cherry pick the CRM's key features you should also keep in mind its other aspects. These include ease of use, integration, support and pricing. All these will have an impact on your CRM's ROI.
Ease of use
This ensures the CRM will be actually used by your sales reps. You can quickly find out if the platform is intuitive by checking these benchmarks:
- Dashboard is neat and easy on the eyes
- Tools are accessible from almost anywhere you are in the system
- You can customize the CRM to your workflows
- You only need a few clicks to enable a tool
- Many processes can be automated
- Smart help tool that can predict what you need
- Plenty of video tutorials
Deeper integration
Most CRM solutions work smoothly with popular business and productivity apps. These include cloud storage, email client and document management. But not all CRM solutions have the following extensive integrations, so pay a close attention to these where they're applicable to your needs:
- Social media for brand mentions and public profiles
- Help desk for customer queries
- Marketing automation for campaigns and leads
- ERP for sales data synchronization across other business processes
- API for deeper customization
This indicates vendor reliability. There's a misconception that the more support channels the vendor has, the better. It isn't always the case.
To begin with, if the CRM solution is intuitive, you'll have little need for support. So, multi-channel support may not be a deal breaker. What you need at the basic level, though, is a robust knowledge base of best practices. Consider a vendor with an active and robust knowledge base like the HubSpot community sharing best practices and tips. This gives you a layer of assurance that the vendor is reliable and in touch with its user base, plus, of course, you get to learn from other users' experiences.
No doubt pricing is a major factor when shopping around for CRM software, but it shouldn't be the deciding factor. Your business is not built on how much it saves, but how much it gains. Hence, it is best to evaluate CRM software around ROI, specifically, the one with the best value for your money. For cloud CRM, consider your situation when deciding on pricing.
- Monthly plan – if cash flow is tight, a monthly plan may be appropriate. This ensures your budget is not stretched thin.
- Annual plan – if you can afford to advance payment this plan rewards you with significant savings.
- Free – if you're short in cash or unwilling to commit it yet but want to get your sales team up to speed in CRM. Free apps are also a good practice run to assess how CRM can work for you.
Should you choose a free CRM software?
A free CRM may seen very attractive. But can it deliver your CRM goals? If you look at the leading free CRM software solutions in the market today, many of them are pared down versions of the paid tool. Some lack mailer integration, deal funnel view, sales forecasting and custom settings or have a cap on number of users or records. All of these are important even at the basic level. They may be free, but if they limit your CRM actions. They're not delivering the right value.
However, in our analysis of popular free apps, we found that HubSpot CRM belongs to a unique level. That's because despite being free it has all the key features you'll need to start building your CRM infrastructure. These include a visual sales pipeline, bi-directional mail integration, built-in mailer with email sequences, smart contact management and other tools commonly found in paid plans.
Consider using HubSpot CRM not because it's free, but because despite of it, you get a fully feature set. That's a healthier way of looking at free stuff, without compromising your goals. If you'd like to see how it compares to paid solutions in terms of features and flexibility you may take a look at this HubSpot CRM vs Salesforce comparison.
- Look closely at ease of use and integration; they can be the deciding factor between two similarly featured CRM solutions.
- Evaluating pricing is not about savings, but value. A free CRM like HubSpot is appealing not because it's free, but despite of it, you get all the essential features.
How to find the best CRM on the market?
Once you got your sales process and your priorities clearly set out by following our tips above, you can now start comparing your options. A good starting point is to check our CRM software rankings. Most of these solutions will match the growing requirements of small and medium-sized companies.
There are many ways to shortlist your choices, namely:
- Read product reviews for leads on the top solutions.
- Read user reviews to get a feel on how existing customers find the software.
- Once you narrow down your options to around five solutions, you can sign up for a free trial and explore the features. See how the tools actually fall in (or out of) place along your workflows.
Here's something you can do if your sales team is just starting out on CRM, not just the software, but the principle itself: get a free CRM software.
At no cost to you, the freeware gets your sales team to practice CRM principles before you commit to paid plans. At the base level, your reps will learn to capture the important contact details, qualify leads using data, sort prospects in a systematic way and track deals in an organized manner. The free CRM trains your team to account for CRM practices and they'll be ready once you invest in a premium CRM subscription later. If you want to try a highly recommended free CRM now you can easily sign up for the HubSpot CRM free app here.Category: B2B News, Featured Articles


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Inglewood Information and Schedule
Inglewood is one of the greatest cities in the world. Whether on vacation or a current resident, you'll never get tired of all the things that are available in Inglewood, California, and the surrounding areas!
Venues in Inglewood, California
Find Us on Facebook
Tweets by @CrownTickets


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Sunday326 Tabbs Lane
Newport News, VA, 23602
What To Expect
We invite your family to join us this Sunday for our Worship Experience! Dress in a way that's comfortable for you, enjoy a cup of coffee on us, and plan on being greeted as soon as you pull in the parking lot.
We believe that church should be inspiring, meaningful, and life-giving for the whole family. You can expect to be welcomed into a friendly, casual environment by people who are genuinely excited to see you.
We hope to see you soon!


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Mr Robert Wiremu
BMus, DipMus
Robert studied at Victoria University, the University of Auckland and Queensland Conservatory of Music. Recent collaborations include An Evening with Simon O'Neill, NZ's own international Wagnerian star, Kiri and Friends (training the chorus for a concert at Vector Arena as part of the Rugby World Cup, 2011 festival featuring Dame Kiri Te Kanawa and the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra); celebrated New Zealand artist Michael Parekowhai, on the launch of his entry for the Venice Art Biennale, On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer; The Island Chai concert series with Aivale Cole, Benjamin Makisi, Anna Pierard and Phil Rhodes at the Auckland Museum, a concert for the union heads of the Rugby World Cup, 2011. He was artistic director of the V8 Vocal Ensemble, training the group for two performances of Berio's Sinfonia with James Judd and the NZSO. Robert was formerly conductor of the New Zealand Secondary Students' Choir and voice clinician for the New Zealand Youth Choir and National Chamber Choir (Voices NZ).
Research | Current
- Singing Technique and Practices
- Operatic Repertoire and Pedagogy
- Lyrical Linguistics
- Choral Repertoire and Pedagogy
- Vocal Coaching
Selected publications and creative works (Research Outputs)
- Grylls, K. L., Te Kanawa, K., & Wiremu, R. A New Day, Dame Kiri Te Kanawa and Voices NZ Chamber Choir, 13/3/2016. [Recital], (2 hours), A concert recital "A New Day", Michael Fowler Centre, Wellington, New Zealand. Commissioning body: New Zealand Festival Related URL.
Other University of Auckland co-authors: Karen Grylls
- Grylls, K. L., Wiremu, R., & Atchison, M. 30 Years under the Grylls, 7/6/2015. [Live performance], (2 hours), 30 Years Under the Grylls: a concert and celebration., St.-Mary's-in-Holy-Trinity, Parnell, Auckland. Related URL.
Other University of Auckland co-authors: Karen Grylls, Morag Atchison
Contact details
- +64 9 923 5575
- +64.9.923.5575
- firstname.lastname@example.com
Primary office location
FISHER BUILDING - Bldg 804
Level 9, Room 909
New Zealand


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Posted on: February 24, 2017
Posted by: kameraderie
|From left to right: Nokton classic 35mm F1.4, Nokton 40mm F1.2, Macro APO-Lanthar 65mm F2.
Cosina has announced the development of three manual focus Voigtländer prime lenses for Sony E-mount: the MACRO APO-LANTHAR 65mm F2 Aspherical, the Classic Nokton 35mm F1.4, and NOKTON 40mm F1.2 Aspherical. All three lenses offer complete E-mount support and will transmit EXIF data, will work with in-body image stabilization and allow automatic magnification when focusing.
Originally announced at Photokina 2016, the Macro APO-Lanthar 65mm F2 is one of the brightest Macro lenses for full-frame, and offers a reproduction ratio of 1:2. The Classic Nokton 35mm F1.4 is a redesign of the M-mount version, with optimization for the Sony's sensor. Finally, the Nokton 40mm F1.2 is the fastest 40mm for full-frame format, and will be one of the fastest E-mount lenses available.
Pricing and release dates for all three lenses are currently unavailable.
4 Likes Posted on: February 24, 2017


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Company Profile
Julie Warner Health
Contact Name: Sally Stuart
Julie Warner Health was established by Julie Warner in 1989. Julie was trained as a state-registered nurse in Christchurch, NZ and is a specialist in health care recruitment.
Julie Warner Health provides specialist medical recruitment, immigration and locum services for health professionals and healthcare employers throughout Australia, the UK and Middle East.
Our consultants are recognised achievers in their own disciplines and offer expertise in a range of areas; from support staff to senior executive placement.
Our client-focussed approach ensures that one consultant manages each assignment and is responsible for gaining a thorough insight into your company's culture. An experienced consultant will undertake each recruitment assignment with a consistently high level of integrity and professionalism throughout the placement.
An ongoing commitment to client service ensures that we take time to understand not just the role to be filled now, but also your long-term business objectives. JW Health values each relationship to ensure that both candidates and clients are well suited.
Areas of strength:
- We specialise in international recruitment of health professionals
- Our team provides advice and assistance to ensure a smooth transition between jobs and geographical locations
- We only represent high calibre candidates for locum or permanent positions and personally screen all candidates
- Our expertise lies in our ability to bring the right candidates and employers together
- You can be confident that your application will be handled professionally, ethically and confidentially
Level 5, 107 Walker st, North Sydney
Sydney New South Wales, Australia
Phone: +61 408 433 142
Fax: +61 2 9922 6541


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Order information
Shipping costs differ per product, depending on size and weight. Please sellect the correct shipping during checkout.
STANDARD POST Netherlands € 3,95
PARCEL POST Netherlands € 6,95
Europa 1 unto 2 kg. € 13,00 unto 5 kg. € 19,50
Europa 2 unto 2 kg. € 18,50 unto 5 kg. € 25,00
Europa 3 unto 2 kg. € 19,30 unto 5 kg. € 26,30
Wereld unto 2 kg. € 24,30 unto 5 kg. € 34,30
Delivery time
You will receive an e-mail with the approximate delivery date. All packages are send with Track&Trace. Please let me know if your delivery takes longer then you'll normaly would expect.
I do my best to package my goods in such a way that they do not get damaged during transport. Should your order be damaged on receipt in any way, please let me know as soon as possible! We'll find a sollution.
Return address:
Marleen Out
Zilvergracht 60
2652 KG Berkel en Rodenrijs
The Netherlands
Payments can be made using iDEAL and PayPal.