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WARWICKSHIRE'S Steve Webster was pipped to the Moravia Silesia Open title yesterday by Oskar Henningsson.
The Swede, winner of the European Tour qualifying school last November, claimed his first title on the circuit after starting the final round in the Czech Republic three shots behind Atherstone ace Webster.
A superb second successive 67 gave the 23-year-old victory by two strokes from Webster and Sam Little.
Henningsson earned just over £285,000 – after going into the tournament 154th on the "Race to Dubai" money list with £87,000.
A week after finishing fourth at the SAS Masters in his home country he went to the turn in 32, picked up further shots at the 13th and 16th, but then had a nervous wait after bogeying the last.
His challengers all made too many mistakes, however. Webster fell back with a poor front nine and Spaniard Ignacio Garrido, having taken over at the top, started the inward half with three bogeys.
Henningsson posted a 13-under-par total of 275 on the Miguel Angel Jimenez-designed Prosper Resort. Jimenez himself came joint 17th, while Northern Ireland's Gareth Maybin, who with five to play was joint leader, dropped back to seventh with three bogeys and a double bogey.
Henningsson said: "I've had some trouble with my sinuses and haven't felt good for two or three months. I still don't know what's wrong, but I've started to feel better and this means a lot. It gives me a lot of confidence."
* CATRIONA Matthew yesterday became the first Scot ever to win one of the four majors in women's golf – a mere 11 weeks after becoming a mother for the second time.
Playing only her second tournament back, Matthew took the Ricoh British Open at Royal Lytham by three strokes from Australian Karrie Webb.

subset: commoncrawl


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Working » April 22, 2019
Maine AFL-CIO Becomes First State Federation to Support a Green New Deal Bill
On Tuesday, Maine lawmakers will hold a hearing for "An Act to Establish a Green New Deal for Maine"—a new climate... more
How To Build the Zero-Carbon Economy
The Green New Deal sets an ambitious goal. Here's how to get there. more
By Winona LaDuke
The Stop & Shop Strike Is Showing There's Still Power in a Union
Roughly 31,000 employees of the northeastern grocery chain Stop & Shop have been on strike for nearly a week across more than 240 stores in... more
By Michael Arria
As Tenn. Workers Gear Up for Another Union Campaign, Local Media Shows Anti-Union Bias
In the lead-up to another United Automobile Workers (UAW) vote at Volkswagen in Tennessee, the region's paper of record is once again providing... more
By Chris Brooks
Volkswagen Workers in Tennessee Won't Give Up the Fight for Unionization
For the third time in five years, auto workers will vote on whether to form a union at the country's sole Volkswagen plant,... more
By Chris Brooks
McDonald's Retreat on Fighting Wage Increases Shows the Tide Is Turning
In March, the McDonald's Corporation announced that it would no longer actively lobby against local, state and federal efforts to raise the minimum... more
By Sarah Lahm
Education Privatizers Have Gone Global. So Must We If We Want to Stop Them.
In February 2018, West Virginia teachers launched a strike that reawakened a movement. Tens of thousands of teachers from around the country have taken... more
By Christian Addai-Poku and Michael Galant
Fighting Against Racism—And For a Better Paycheck—On the Docks
"Dockworkers have power." With that simple statement, Western Illinois University professor and In These Times contributor Peter Cole... more
By Shaun Richman
We Won Sick Days at Macy's—And We Did It With Style
When department-store workers fight, we do it fashionably. Have you ever seen a union contract campaign that featured makeovers and feather boas? Read on. We... more
By Nichole Booker and Curtisy Bryant
Labor Law Doesn't Apply If You're in Prison
It should have been a straightforward case: In 2015, Kendall Charles Alexander, Sr., an African-American man who was incarcerated in New Jersey, filed a lawsuit, ... more
By Sessi Kuwabara Blanchard
A Blow But Not Fatal: 9 Months After Janus, AFSCME Reports 94% Retention
The labor union in the crosshairs of the right wing-led effort to gut public sector unions through a landmark Supreme Court case released new membership... more
By Heather Gies
A Healthcare Industry Built on Premature Death
On the cruelty of private healthcare corporations. more
By Roqayah Chamseddine
Illinois Manufacturing Workers Locked Out and Fired for One-Hour Strike
As the sun was still rising last Friday morning, employees from Headly Manufacturing outside of Chicago participated in a 6:00 a.m. hour-long unfair labor practice... more
By Hannah Steinkopf-Frank
Beto O'Rourke Swings and Misses with Working-Class Michigan Voters
O'Rourke's tabletop tour can't hide his problematic record on workers' rights. more
By Valerie Vande Panne
The Case for Opening Our Borders
Democrats cannot have it both ways. If you oppose jailing and exiling people for crossing an invisible line, you must be in favor of significantly opening our borders. Fortunately, that's fine. more
By Brianna Rennix
"We Demand Food for Thought": UIC Grad Workers On Strike for Living Wages and Respect
In front of the historic Jane Addams Hull-House Museum on March 19, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) graduate workers began an indefinite strike. The... more
By Hannah Steinkopf-Frank
6 Years After Rana Plaza Collapse, an Accord to Improve Bangladesh's Worker Safety Is in Jeopardy
Today's clothing retail industry is driven by "fast fashion"—a business model of break-neck production, frenzied trend cycles and ravenous... more
By Michelle Chen
Brazil's Labor Unions Prepare for War with Far-Right President Jair Bolsanaro
Bolsanaro has lowered the minimum wage, dismantled labor law enforcement and is threatening pension cuts. more
By Michael Fox
When Sex Workers Do the Labor of Therapists
Sky is a professional escort. She's been working at Sheri's Ranch, a legal brothel located in Pahrump, Nevada, for a... more
By Carrie Weisman
What It Will Take to Build Union Support for the Green New Deal—Despite the AFL-CIO
On March 8, the AFL-CIO's Energy Committee sent an open letter to Sen. Edward Markey (D-Mass.) and Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.) blasting their... more
By Sarah Lazare
- More Stories


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Hey there, here I am again. Trying to bring some of the knowledge I have been learning to the table. In order to share it with others; so that they can also satisfy their hunger and feed their brains as well. As promised I am bringing a little more of all that I learned in the meantime while I was inactive with the site. I thought I was going to be able to bring a lot more last time, but I took all of the post to express the power of words.
Now, this time I want to focus more on our perception of the world. To start off, I just wanted to point out the fact that we all live in the same world, with the same rules, with the same truths, and with very similar capabilities as human beings. But if you really analyze this point, and pay much more attention to your daily life, you will realize that there is no chances at all whatsoever of finding two people who perceive the world in exactly the same way.
God has given us this great capacity of being able to completely change how the world looks according to what we fill our heads with. That is the reason why we feel this disconnection with people we don't know well or people whom we have just met; we feel a sense of confusion as to where they stand in their view of the world. They feel the same as well, given that they do not know you. Although we both physically see exactly the same, and experience the same truths, all of these aspects can be felt, perceived, and understood in an entirely different way according to what is in the mind of a person.
This phenomena is the reason why we see many things differently when we are kids. We are still the same individuals we are now as adults, and we still see the same objects we saw when we were kids. But because of what we have filled our minds with we go through different stages in which we see the same exact object or experience, in many different ways; it triggers different feelings, emotions, reactions, thoughts, images, etc.
For Instance, because of what we had in our head when we were kids, we might had seen a colorful toy as something great, something magical, something amazing, something extremely desirable. But as we continue to grow and fill our heads with other things we might start to see this toy as simply an object which we could very briefly looked at and then thrown away because it does not cause any type of excitement nor does it serve any significant purpose. When we were kids we did not put a limit to our imagination, nor were we so infatuated with the standards established by society for certain age groups that we would just get lost playing and imagining a magical word as we would use the toy.
This is a very small illustration, which intends to show the power which our perception could have in our lives. Therefore, the amazing part about our lives is that there is an infinite amount of ways that we can fill up our mind in order to see a different world. The more you fill your head with, the better you can see the world, the better you can understand how others see the world. and the better you are able to see situations from different angles.
Therefore, the more you have in your mind, the more light there is in your eyes to see the world; in contrast with those which decide to be blinded by ignorance. One of the worst enemies of humanity.


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ON AIR - All Request Saturday
with Ben Murray
Chelsea have the chance to turn the screw at the top of the Premier League today.
They can go 10 points clear by beating Burnley at Stamford Bridge.
That's because second placed Manchester City don't kick off until five thirty, when they welcome Newcastle.
Manchester United, who sit third, are at Swansea, while Arsenal can move into the top four with a win at Crystal Palace.
At the bottom, Tim Sherwood takes charge of Aston Villa for the first time as they meet Stoke.
Hull are at home to QPR, and Sunderland, after their FA Cup exit at Bradford, are up against West Brom.


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The green side of life with fresh air.Perched in tranquility between Seminyak and Canggu, a luxury DSAWAH VILLA UMALAS offer an ultimate gateway perfect for honeymoon, family and friends get together. Featuring private villas with swimming pool with option of 2, 3 and 6 Bedrooms private villas with full services.
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Email : email@example.com
Check-In / Check-Out Policies
This property has the following check-in and check-out times and policies.
Check-In: 2:00 PM
Check-Out: 12:00 PM
Property and Cancellation Policies :
Full Charge - Full Stay - If cancelled within 7 days of arrival
Partial Charge - First Night Stay - If cancelled within 14 days of arrival
Terms and Conditions
The official check-in time is 14.00 p.m. ·
The official check-out time is 12.00 noon ·
Possibility of having early check in and/or latecheckout is based on our room availability·
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Either party without penalty or liability in the event of acts of God, government regulation, fire, flood, and earthquake to provide the facilities or hold the function, upon written notice to the other party specifying such case, may cause this agreement. The client may postpone the event as per the date and venue agreed by both parties.
DSAWAH VILLA UMALAS reserves the right to refuse or cancel any function, which may damage the Villa reputation or may affect its business and security. The Hotel /villa will not be responsible for damage or loss of any property brought into the Hotel/Villa. The client agrees not to put any signs,displays, and streamers on electrical connections without permission from the Villa and client agrees not to drive nails and screws into permanent parts of the Hotel/VILLA or its property. Damage arising in consequence of the above worth will be charged to the client
Force Majeure:
The Hotel / Villa shall not be held responsible for any loss or damage arising from any circumstances beyond control. This includes but is not limited to war,riots, insurrection, act of God, natural catastrophe or any illegal acts.


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105 was perfect switching 2 or 3 pieces and go from full defence to full classcanon, or tanks bpa or morale and so on.
And for the devs it would be easier too, they can build the content without looking on the players stats, cause they can build what they need.
And what I want is hard difficulty with easy access to base essences (green), with this setup you can run t2 and find purple+ essences to gear up, for this instances shouldn´t be limited in run numbers if someone wants to run an instance tousand times a day he should be allowed. But in the sameway there shouldn´t be a easygoing farminstance as glimmerdeep now. hard work in every instance but for that a sure purple+ instance box for everyone.
So you need knowledge of your calss and what is needed, first set full slot for free, so everyone can build on set with green essences which he buys, run t2, complete find minimum one purple of choice and maybe further pieces of full slot gear so he can build after a few runs to specialiced sets and then run t3 find better essences (blue) so he can build up for the raid t2, which he runs fro golden essences that he becomes able to complete the raid in t3. offhands/shields the same way purple in t2, blue in t3 or raid t2 and goldene in raid t3.


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Wristband tech design, what are some areas for improvement?
>>532870Sorry, but that wristband is so damn boring ::yawn::
>>532870Dont copy fitbit for a start.
>>532891>>532895okay thank you - so more originality needed and something that makes it special / more fun
>>532870I do wish in real life someone would design an upper armband, it will look more inconspicuous than a wrist band, but then they'll need to deal with the vein sensor


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Monthly Archives: August 2014
Coast Road by Robert Gray
Robert Gray's new selected poems, Coast Road, has just been published by Black Inc. The beautiful cover is by painter Tom Carment. Coast Road is now on the NSW Higher School Certificate English syllabus. To buy the book click here. Advertisements
Posted in Uncategorized Leave a comment


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You are here
The USA's five Americas Rugby Championship contests this year will be streamed live via TheRugbyChannel.tv and re-aired via ESPN's family of networks. Non-USA ARC matches will be streamed live on ESPN3 and in delay via TheRugbyChannel.tv.
ESPN hasn't published its full calendar for the entire time frame of the tournament, so it's too early to tell exactly where and when the USA matches will be re-aired. But, for example, the opening match against Uruguay Feb. 4 will re-air the following night on ESPN2 at 7:30 p.m. ET.
Below is the match schedule for the second-annual ARC.
Saturday, February 4
Canada v Argentina XV
Brazil v Chile
USA v Uruguay (Toyota Field in San Antonio, TX)
Saturday, February 11
Argentina XV v Uruguay
USA v Brazil (Dell Diamond in Austin, TX)
Canada v Chile
Saturday February 18
Chile v Argentina XV
Uruguay v Brazil
Canada v USA (Swangard Stadium in Burnaby, British Columbia)
Saturday February 25
Argentina XV v Brazil
Uruguay v Canada
Chile v USA (Estadio Municipal in Santiago, Chile)
Saturday, March 4
Argentina XV v USA (Cricket and Rugby Club in Buenos, Aires)
Brazil v Canada
Uruguay v Chile


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The room is stacked with bits and pieces. Chairs, tables, chests. Some worn and tattered, but made of good solid wood. Other pieces are slick and modern, but cheap, made of plastic or aluminum. I know I can make something out of the jumble. With some effort there can be a sense of order and purpose, a flow and function to the placement of things. Some of it will have to go, some will need patching and polish. I can see the possibilities. Somewhere in the clutter there is a place that welcomes, intrigues, comforts and functions with meaning. It will take some finesse and some vision, a little ingenuity. I have nothing but time.
Could a dream be a more literal reflection of this very moment in my life? I sit here staring at my computer screen, contemplating, sorting through the many chapters of my history. I can't imagine what is next for me.
By the time I was thirty, thanks to life as an Army brat and eventually a military spouse, I had lived on three continents, in eight of the US states. By forty-five I had traveled to 21 foreign countries and crossed all but ten state lines. I started my first job (wrapping gifts at the local department store) at age fifteen, and spent the next forty-seven years turning what talents I could cultivate into a means of survival in my ever changing world.
As a single mom for many more years than I was a young wife, and eventually as a caregiver to aging parents, responsibility was my motivation, determination my fuel, a passion for challenge the igniting spark. Today, the spark seems to fizzle. The determination is half hearted. The responsibilities a dead weight on my shoulders.
Still, the journey must go on. There is no alternative. In this blog I will map my future, and begin to follow my map, one step at a time. You can follow too and perhaps offer guidance, through my regular updates, as I venture forth into the next chapter, into the unknown. Its all new again at age sixty-two.
FIRST DRAFT MAP The First 10 Steps Toward the Rest of My Life:
- Get finances under control
- Reach out. You can't do this alone
- Learn something new (repeat as often as possible)
- Make time for regular physical activity
- Pay it forward
- Evaluate myself, lead with my strengths
- Find my niche
- Grow and prosper
- Laugh and love
- Rediscover contentment


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Los Osos (LOHS) Class of 1977 Alumni List
Help us Update the Los Osos 1977 Class List by adding any names missing from the list below:
Registered Alumni
1977 Class List
Know Los Osos Class of 1977 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 1977 Class List by adding missing names.
The top movie in theaters during 1977 was Star Wars Ep. IV: A New Hope, grossing over $460,998,007 in its lifetime. The most popular television series for 1977 was Happy Days
Hit Songs From 1977
Star Wars (Main Title)London Symphony Orchestra
I WishStevie Wonder
Don't Leave Me This WayThelma Houston
Whatcha Gonna Do?Pablo Cruise
Right Time Of The NightJennifer Warnes
Theme From "Rocky" (Gonna Fly Now)Bill Conti
Go Your Own WayFleetwood Mac
Year Of The CatAl Stewart
Don't StopFleetwood Mac
Hit Movies From 1977
Reunions and Los Osos High School News
More 1977 alumni from Los Osos HS have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 1977 alumni.
The Los Osos High class of '77 alumni are listed below. These are former students from Los Osos High in Ontario, CA who graduated in 1977. Alumni listings below have either been searched for or they registered as members of this directory.
You can share memories of those activities that you were involved with at Los Osos HS and you can view other alumni and read what other former students have posted about the time they spent at Los Osos.


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Welcome to RecipeSource!
RecipeSource is the new home of
SOAR: The Searchable Online Archive of Recipes
and your source for recipes on the Internet.
|RecipeSource : Fruits, Grains, & Vegetables : Potato Salad Recipes : Warm Potato Salad With Bacon And Mustard-Beer Vinaigrette
* Exported from MasterCook II * Warm Potato Salad With Bacon And Mustard-Beer Vinaigrette Recipe By : COOKING RIGHT SHOW #CR9636 Serving Size : 6 Preparation Time :0:00 Categories : New Text Import Cooking Right Show Amount Measure Ingredient -- Preparation Method -------- ------------ -------------------------------- 1/2 Pound lean, smoked bacon 3 Pounds red or white "creamer" potatoes 1/2 Cup finely chopped red onions, rinsed in ice w 1/3 Cup chopped fresh herbs such as parsley, chive Mustard-Beer Vinaigrette (recipe follows) Salt and freshly ground pepper --Garnish-- Sieved hard boiled eggs, if desired Cook the bacon until crisp and drain on paper towels. Chop coarsely and reserve. Reserve 1 tablespoon of rendered bacon fat for vinaigrette if desired. Cook the potatoes in lightly salted water until tender but not mushy. Drain, cool slightly, and slice unpeeled into thick rounds. While the potatoes are still warm, gently mix them with the reserved bacon, onions, herbs and vinaigrette. Correct seasoning and serve warm or at room temperature. Yield: 6 to 8 serving - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Plain Text Version of This Recipe for Printing or Saving
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All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.


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AEP Online Foundations - November 2018 Cohort 1 - BC General
Learn the essentials for building a strong adoptive family in this convenient 15-week online course. Core issues include attachment, separation & loss, special needs, transracial adoption and openness. Lessons are delivered through an engaging mix of video, audio, writing, and group discussion. Participants will benefit from working with experienced facilitators as well as a strong support team.
*Note: This course includes 5 mandatory live online discussions. The 1-hour live discussions are typically held during weekday evenings. If this will be a problem for you, please contact the Registration Coordinator.
To register, you must:
- For MCFD clients, know the email contact for the Adopt BC Kids
service hub or your social worker
- Complete a separate registration for your partner
- Have a separate email address from your partner's
- Register in your region
Never taken an online course before? Check out our 1.5 hour webinar Guided Tech Support pre-module for AEP Online. It's especially designed for those who have never taken an online course and would benefit from extra technical support to get started in the AEP online course. Click here for more details.


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For $80, you can now do your DNA fingerprinting in the comfort of your own home. Sounds like you have to have a large sample of material to extract the DNA from (no tools for amplyifying a small sample), bu still. This is both cool and creepy. [ via Boing Boing]
Monthly Archives: November 2003
tim bray, on search: metadata
Tim Bray has been running series on search that I've finally gotten around to reading. Nice series — gives a basic tour of the technology, the hard problems, and one person's opinions on what works and doesn't.
I especially liked his article on Metadata. Whether it's Yahoo's directory or Google's PageRank, metadata is what really makes the difference on results. Metadata is hard to come by, so you should take every chance you get to collect it. But don't expect it to come cheap and don't expect your users to create it just for you.
intel's strategic shift
WSJ has a nice article on Intel's shift in Strategy, from "more speed" to segment specific goals such as "less power", "smaller size", "better wireless", etc. [via techblurbs]
businessweek: cisco's turn around
BusinessWeek has an article on Cisco's Turn Around. It gives the blow-by-blow on what Cisco did to get itself back on track after they failed to spot the downturn in 2000. [via techblurbs: Cisco's Comeback]
carol coye benson on federation and liability transfer
Carol Coye Benson of Glenbrook Partners has a article, Liability and Federated Identity: Much Ado About Nothing on why Federated identity probably may not live up to expectations: they will likely never provide a basis for transferring liability for between the parties to an on-line transaction. But, as she points out, this probably won't matter.
This is the thing I think most security wonks miss — it's tilting windmills to try to make risks disappear or to transfer them all away. But this doesn't mean you can't do business. It just places a burden on you as the business manager to understand the risks and how they affect the prospects of turning a profit. Its perfectly reasonable to take an informed risk, and often significantly cheaper than trying to eliminate the risk altogether.
pricing technology
TJ's Weblog "Technology, Venture Capital and Entrepreneurship": pricing technology is a nice summary article on the approaches to setting prices companies use and the companies that off products to support it.
This a topic in which I have an interest. At one point, some colleagues and I, were trying to get a company funded that would have done dynamic pricing of online goods for the entertainment industry — I still think its an idea that has some merit. At the time (3 years ago), the VCs we talked to felt that it was ahead of the market.
carnival of the capitalists is up
The Official Carnival of the Capitalists Site for the Week of November 17th is up over at this week's host, ProfessBainbridge.com. Carnival is a weekly "best of" of business related blog postings.
theory and practice of ssl
This article on the practical problems with SSL is right on the money. Not only is SSL solving the wrong problem, it's doing it poorly.
The problems here aren't completely unique to SSL. All PKI based systems (including those incorporated in WS Security and SAML) suffer from them to greater and lesser degrees.
I'm always surprised that security folks still start with X.509 certs as their primary use case. Too hard and too expensive for too little real reduction of risk.
Belkin Highjacks Browser, Delivers Ad
Wow, and I was just starting to think of Belkin as a semi-respectable peripheral vendor. Apple should rethink its affiliation with them after this. Not cool.
[marketingwonk] The innocuous box on your network known as the router may not be so innocuous after all. A Belkin wireless router has been found to highjack your browser and redirect you to a page that promotes Belkin's parental control service. Every eight hours an offer for a free six-month trial is delivered to your browser. This is no technical glitch. Belkin openly admits the offer was programmed into the box. Steve Hall comments.
The question is – did they openly advertise this behavior on the box?!? I would want my money back.
shirky debunks the semantic web
In The Semantic Web, Syllogism, and Worldview, Clay Shirky debunks the notion of semantic web — the short of it is the problem of semantics is hard; the trivial use cases that have been proposed to date don't scale and aren't that useful any way. Spend a couple of months studying the history of knowledge representation (from artificial intelligence, back through math and philosophy) and you'll find that this is problem with a long history and little progess.
One thing in Shirky's article that's not quite right: He gives an example of how syllogisms fail that's not quite right:
Consider the following assertions:
- Count Dracula is a Vampire
- Count Dracula lives in Transylvania
- Transylvania is a region of Romania
- Vampires are not real
You can draw only one non-clashing conclusion from such a set of assertions — Romania isn't real.
You wouldn't conclude Romania isn't real unless all the predicates had been "is a". This does, however, highlight another problem of semantics: how do you come to a shared, complete, and consistent set of predicates well defined inferential properties.


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Rapid technological advancements, growing competition and increased customer expectations have made a marketer's job tougher than ever before. The demands on businesses today are immense, for instance, the need to constantly innovate and offer greater value to customers despite resource constraints. In the world of business, lean is well and truly in. What's needed is the constant creation of zero-waste value streams across technologies, assets and departments.
These days everyone wants to be an entrepreneur. And with growing number of businesses, the need of business services cannot be neglected as they serve as an immune system for a business. Past has witnessed the growth of this sector at constant increment. With business services franchise, you have several options to start your business offering business services like logistics, IT services, financial, travel and more. Take a look at the opportunities available with Franchise India and grab the one that appeals to your requirement.
I agree to receive Small Business BC's Monthly eNews, Weekly Updates (Seminars, Events and Promotions) and BC Deals and Announcements regarding Small Business BC's products. You can withdraw you consent at any time. Please review our Privacy Policy or Contact Us for more details.
Whether you're a large or small business, shipping solutions at USPS are crafted to help you grow. By switching to USPS®, you get world-class service and the largest delivery network in the country. Want more information on shipping with us? Submit your request and get a free shipping kit.
An integrated solution, bringing together the best-in-class productivity of Office 365 with advanced security and device management capabilities to help safeguard your business. Support services and strategy planning to ensure your school ICT meets or exceeds the current curriculum, allowing you to focus on the fundamental priority of Teaching and Learning.


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fifa 17 coins The Good Games Gone?
EA Sports did it again with this game. Madden 07 is an explosive game that is for real football "heads". Yes, Madden in the past was fifa 17 coins great but this game is great. There's many new features you could select from with game mode and game play.Football fans will all appreciate this game for hours of a days. For playing with this game you might even lose your real love.
Battlefield 3 - With 3 GTX 480's in TRI-SLI, I was hoping to get great number with a 3- football 2016 screen setup I have going. Sadly, I can come. I have a mix of medium/high/ultra graphics settings, and can get about 50-60 FPS with v-sync. Not bad.
Start with the PC games. Companies like Knowledge Adventure and Leapfrog have set informative games in the marketplace that are anything but mundane. Knowledge Adventure produces JumpStart games for each rank level. They are best games 2016 that teach kids all about mathematics, science and interest through games that English your kids. The characters in the game help them with amount difficulties that must be solved along the way to win and speak to them.
To discussing Jewish traditions and culture with our teacher from practicing my Hebrew at mock synagogue services, I detested every second there. My mind was already made up, although I concentrated on pronouncing each Hebrew letter with grace and fluidity. Sports were my real religion. Ideas of Sunday morning football littered my head. Who was winning the San Francisco 49er-Dallas Cowboys game? What time were the Oakland Raiders playing with the Denver Broncos? Inside my head was a projector playing one drawn-out sports highlight reel over and over again.
Now, you may be saying to yourself, "But Barry Sanders retired years past. What is the deal?" Well, good sir, I 'll tell you what the deal is. This is the 25th anniversary of Madden, and so the folks over at fifa 17 decided to do things a little differently this year. They'd an "old school" category and a "new school" group. Sanders won the former, while the latter was won by Adrian Peterson. In the finals, Sanders edged out Peterson, and so here we are.
Fantasy Football Ranks Trick #6: Do Projections for Every Draftable Player. Now that you have done your research and you've put hours of thought into it - it's time to dedicate your opinions to paper. Using a spreadsheet, do projections for every player that you just think is draftable. As a rule of thumb, it should be about 250 players for a basic 12-team league. That comprises team shields, but not IDPs. Putting a basic scoring system to the player projections should give player positions for each placement to you. Simple enough. I can show you how to do that, if you want to turn those player positions into a 2010 customized cheat sheet.
NBA 2K6 is rated E for Everyone, but it is a game that is exceptionally popular among adolescents. The reality is it is so much more, although at first glance, NBA 2K6 appears to be another sports game. In addition to playing basketball, it's the player's duty to produce extra money through product endorsements. Once cash is made it can be used to by players purchase new items for their homes. NBA 2K6 can be played with one or two players.
These are some of the games which will fifa 17 coins for xbox one surely keep you entertained the entire year. What are you awaiting? Assemble your friends and see who the best player is with these sports games.


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There are days that work at the office that can bring you down. The moment you step out the office door you feel like you've already spent every ounce of your energy. This normally happens when there's a lot of deadlines to beat, your boss breathing down your neck, and you have a ton of paperwork to get through. Although we all encounter this type of reality, you should not be discouraged with these things. Believe it or not, you are very lucky! You have a place of employment that gives you money for your efforts! If you find yourself lacking reasons to feel encouraged, here are a couple of tips and hopefully keep you from losing sight of your blessings:
Imagine Your Accomplishments
Probably the best way to get yourself motivated with work is to think about that sweet moment when you've finished each task assigned to you. It's very delightful feeling that you have accomplished everything and all the burden and stress on your mind just disappears into thin air. Thinking of that feeling of finishing your tasks will surely enlighten your mood. No matter how boring or tough the task may be, knowing that there's some enlightenment waiting for you at the finish line makes you feel energized, determined, and motivated.
Scare Yourself A Bit
Yes, you read it right. Scaring yourself a bit. I don't mean looking at out of this world zombie apocalypse type of scare but rather a more serious approach to realistic concerns. Imagine yourself in a situation out of your control. A little scare can be a good source of motivation. Thinking of the consequences can push people beyond their limits. You could harness this feeling even if there's no real concern of any sort. It's like creating a hypothetical problem that can scare you to work better in the real world. It's purely psychological but the results are quite real and good for you.
Have That "Stuck" Feeling
Have you ever imagined yourself glued to your chair? Try this one out and imagine yourself being held down, your back glued to your chair, your feet nailed to the floor, and your only option to escape is to finish your tasks and finish them well. It's a little too much for some but there are just some people who need a little extra motivation than others.


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As some of you already know, I am spending the next 365 days working and living in Ulsan, South Korea! Traveling is probably my biggest passion in life. Having been to over 17 countries, I think I have some experience under my belt, but never have I spent a full year abroad. I will take you through some of my ups and my downs of living in an Asian country for a year and hopefully for some of my friends and family this provides them with a window into my worldly travels!
2 Comments (+add yours?)
Hello there,
I kinda stumbled upon your blog through another indian lady's blog. I'm also a vegetarian AND a qualified English language teacher from Malaysia, and I'll be moving to Ulsan in about 4 months time (my husband's got a job there). I heard that it's tough for a non-native teacher to get a job there, but I think I have more than enough credentials to land myself a job there.
Please kindly email me, as I think I need to make friends with people who speak English in Korea from now itself, better still, an English language teacher herself!:)


text:
Over the years I have heard many things about prayer- and opinions on how God answers payers. Recently I heard a summary that really made sense to me. It went something like this:
When we ask God for something he always answers in one of 3 ways:
This blog is for sharing our wisdom, insights, hope and joy experienced in our journey of recovery from alcoholism. The subjects will cover a wide range of topics; all are intended to raise awareness through reflection, and help us grow by staying sober and improving our lives.
|Room 404
|Room 303
|Room 202
|Room 101


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3M's most recent trend suggests a bullish bias. One trading opportunity on 3M is a Bull Put Spread using a strike $120.00 short put and a strike $110.00 long put offers a potential 2.04% return on risk over the next 17 calendar days. Maximum profit would be generated if the Bull Put Spread were to expire worthless, which would occur if the stock were above $120.00 by expiration. The full premium credit of $0.20 would be kept by the premium seller. The risk of $9.80 would be incurred if the stock dropped below the $110.00 long put strike price.
The 5-day moving average is moving up which suggests that the short-term momentum for 3M is bullish and the probability of a rise in share price is higher if the stock starts trending.
The 20-day moving average is moving up which suggests that the medium-term momentum for 3M is bullish.
The RSI indicator is at 75.25 level which suggests that the stock is neither overbought nor oversold at this time.
To learn how to execute such a strategy while accounting for risk and reward in the context of smart portfolio management, and see how to trade live with a successful professional trader, view more here
LATEST NEWS for 3M
This Company Isn't Bad, But Are You Missing a Better Opportunity?
Wed, 30 Oct 2013 00:42:16 GMT
Motley Fool – Is an investment in this one company the best way to be fully diversified?
3M's Growth Accelerates With Recovery In Electronics Market And European Improvement
Tue, 29 Oct 2013 21:25:46 GMT
Seeking Alpha – 3M's ( MMM ) third quarter sales growth accelerated to 6% year-over-year from 2% year-over-year growth in the first half, on recovery in the electronics market and continued improvement in sales from Europe. …
ModernGraham Valuation Of 3M
Tue, 29 Oct 2013 17:04:09 GMT
Seeking Alpha – ModernGraham.com is a site devoted to the study and modernization of Benjamin Graham's value investing theories and strategies. The site reviews stocks based on an updated version of Graham's requirements …
3M: Already Highly Valued, General Electric And Siemens Might Be Better Deals
Mon, 28 Oct 2013 05:27:25 GMT
Seeking Alpha – 3M ( MMM ) is a diversified company with a wide-ranging product portfolio: From dental products to medical products and electronic circuits, the company produces nearly everything the consumer- and industrial …
MMM – Relentless Focus On R&D Continues To Pay Off
Sat, 26 Oct 2013 18:55:05 GMT
Seeking Alpha – Shares of 3M Co ( MMM ) hardly moved on the back of a solid third quarter earnings report which came in line with the company's long term guidance.
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PyFilesystem is a Python module that provides a common interface to any filesystem.
Think of PyFilesystem
FS objects as the next logical step to Python's
file class. Just as file-like objects abstract a single file, FS objects abstract the whole filesystem by providing a common interface to operations such as reading directories, getting file information, opening/copying/deleting files etc.
Even if you only want to work with the local filesystem, PyFilesystem simplifies a number of common operations and reduces the chance of error.
About PyFilesystem¶
PyFilesystem was initially created by Will McGugan and is now a joint effort from the following contributors:
- Will McGugan (http://www.willmcgugan.com)
- Ryan Kelly (http://www.rfk.id.au)
- Andrew Scheller (http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/)
- Ben Timby (http://ben.timby.com/)
And many others who have contributed bug reports and patches.
Need Help?¶
If you have any problems or questions, please contact the developers through one of the following channels:
If you find a bug in PyFilesystem, please file an issue: https://github.com/PyFilesystem/pyfilesystem/issues
Discussion Group¶
There is also a discussion group for PyFilesystem: http://groups.google.com/group/pyfilesystem-discussion


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How's that for pink, lavender, mauve, and baby blue? Thank you, Lord, for your sacrifice on the cross! 🙂
I hope everybody had a lovely weekend… Time to gear up for our Outdoor Writers' Retreat featuring Plano, and brought via Arkansas State Tourism folks at Arkansas dot com in Little Rock. The festivities begin Tuesday and go through until Saturday. Frank and I have been working hard to get the resort in tip-top shape. Looking forward to meeting everybody! Fishing should be awesome — we have the best guides lined up to take them out on Norfork Lake for some fun in the sun. Should be a great time!
Don't forget we still have some open cabins for your summer vacation, so give us a buzz and we'll get you on the books!
See you here!


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Guide to the Approximation of European Union Environmental Legislation
Part 1
Introduction to the Approximation of Environmental Legislation
1.1 What is approximation?
The approximation of law is a unique obligation of membership in the European Union. It means that countries aspiring to join the European Union must align their national laws, rules and procedures in order to give effect to the entire body of EU law contained in the acquis communautaire(2).
As the obligation to approximate continues after accession, the pre-accession approximation process becomes an opportunity for countries to organise their institutions and procedures and to train their staff for the daily processes and responsibilities of European Union law making, implementation and enforcement.(3)
There are three key elements:
First, to adopt or change national laws, rules, and procedures so that the requirements of the relevant EU law are fully incorporated into the national legal order. This process is known as Transposition. Although countries have considerable discretion in choosing the most appropriate national mechanism to reflect Union environmental obligations, this discretion is limited in some respects by general principles of Union law. In most cases it will be necessary to adopt national legislation passed by Parliament or in some countries by Presidential or Governmental Decree. Section 4 'Principles of Transposition' gives further guidance.
Second, to provide the institutions and budgets necessary to carry out the laws and regulations (known as the 'Implementation' or 'Practical Application' of the directive -See Annex 4 for full definitions).
Third, to provide the necessary controls and penalties to ensure that the law is being complied with fully and properly (Enforcement).
1.2 What is the scope of environmental approximation?
Following the principles laid down in Agenda 2000(3), each applicant country will eventually have to adopt the entire acquis communautaire into its national legal order and to adapt its administrative system accordingly.
In broad terms, EU environmental legislation covers:
Products: for example, control of noise from construction equipment, control of emissions from motor vehicles, control of hazardous chemicals in some consumer products, waste movements, control of hazardous chemicals and preparation in general, and trade in endangered species. Many of these requirements are covered in the White Paper (See Preface).
Activities or production processes which can have environmental or health impacts: construction, operation of industrial plants, waste disposal, nature protection
Environmental quality protection: for example controlling dangerous substances in air, water or soil, land development; nature and resource conservation; and biodiversity
Procedures and procedural rights such as impact assessment, access to information and public consultation.
1.3 What is the deadline for approximation?
Subject to any prior negotiated agreements contained in the Act of Accession (7), the national laws, regulations and administrative procedures which are needed to give effect to the existing body of EU law must be adopted by the date of accession. The legislation also may contain other deadlines for action by the Member States, such as the preparation of pollution control plans, the designation of protected or 'sensitive' areas, and compliance with emission limits or environmental quality standards.
2.1 What is required by the EU legislation?
The vast majority of EU environment legislation is in the form of Directives, and these are the focus of this Guide. Different, and normally less complex actions are required for Regulations and Decisions because these do not need incorporation into national law.
The first step in the process of approximation is the analysis and comparison of EU and existing national environmental legislation to determine the existing state of conformity and the appropriate national response to the EU legislation. (8)
This initial evaluation has two steps:
Step 1. Is there national legislation covering this subject matter?
Step 2. Where there is national legislation, each article of the EU law must be compared to the relevant national law(s) and regulations.
The national legislation may:
respond entirely to EU obligations in which case the evaluation is more a check of conformity(9);
correspond in part to EU obligations, in which case the evaluation will need to consider gaps which may remain and the possible ways of dealing with them;
appear to be in conflict with EU legislation, in which case the evaluation should include a review of options for the modification of relevant national legislation (whether to adapt existing laws or to replace them, for example); here again all parts of the relevant national law need to be considered.
When beginning the process of approximation, Member States often compare their national laws, institutions and procedures with the requirements of a directive in tabular form, with each article or requirement of the national legislation set out in comparison to the reference of the relevant article of the directive. This can later be used as a guide to the texts the Member States must provide to the Commission demonstrating that they have approximated the EU directive in full. An example of such a table of concordance is given in Annex 4. A similar implementation table might be prepared containing the most important steps to approximation described below and summarised on pages 12-13 these can be checked off when they have been accomplished.
National administrative instructions, circulars, and some types of ministerial order or decree which correspond to EU environmental legislation but which are not binding pose a particular problem. They are not normally considered sufficient for transposition, and must be converted into more formal legal measures.
For example, one Member State had incorporated the directive 80/778/EEC on the quality of drinking water into its law by means of an administrative circular. The Court of Justice said that it must adopt legislation which transposed the directive's maximum admissible concentration limits for pollutants into national law.
2.2 Choice and Content of National Measures
The Ministry with primary responsibility for environmental approximation must consider the individual EU laws to determine the extent of discretion they have concerning the scope, form, level and definition of requirements under their national laws and rules.
While EU environmental directives are designed to be implemented in ways which are adjusted to the unique circumstances of each Member State, the ultimate responsibility is on the national government to take binding measures which fully carry out the letter and the spirit of EU environmental law. Where the directive is precise, countries must transpose the precise requirement, for example, as in the definitions used in the directive, minimum quality standards, and permitting requirements. Where the directive allows scope for different national actions, as in the details of the permitting procedures or public consultations, or in the designation of geographical areas to be covered by the directive, then Member States have greater freedom.
Countries have a choice between new laws and administrative measures or the amendment of existing laws and measures. It may decide that a single law should be introduced or modified, or that a series of laws need to be adopted or modified to give effect to a particular directive. Ore a country may also decide to implement several directives through one national law.
These laws may need the involvement of different levels of government and different institutions. The competent Ministry may act alone or in agreement with other involved ministries and institutions such as State Inspectorates and laboratories.
To the greatest possible extent, national legal measures aimed at approximating EU legislation should be integrated with national environmental priorities and principles in a manner which fully reinforces the principles, objectives and requirements of EU law. It may be helpful to look at existing Member State legislation for examples of different types of solutions to approximation issues. However, each Member State takes the actions which it considers appropriate and feasible in its own unique legal, economic and political circumstances.
For example, in Belgium, which is a federal union where powers to regulate the environment are devolved almost entirely to the regional governments, each region implements EU law separately. In France, the transposed EU directives are contained in the Environment Code, which aims at harmonising existing environmental legislation by assembling it in one legislative framework.
The choice of measures may also be governed by the form of the requirement or type of EU legislation. EU regulations, for example apply directly in Member States and may not be transposed into national law. When a directive prohibits an action (the use or the discharge of certain substances such as asbestos or heavy metals in products), it provides fixed requirements. But when a directive fixes limit values (82/884/EEC on limit value for lead in the air) which are precise targets to reach, but leaves the Member States free to decide how to comply, the requirement becomes more flexible.
2.3 The competent authority or authorities
At least one authority at national level must assume overall responsibility for the implementation of the EU law and be the European Union's interlocutor. A national 'competent authority' is also required in federal states even where the bulk of the legislation is adopted and implemented at the level of the regional government. The competent authorities, especially where they have licensing or enforcement powers under environmental directives, should normally be public bodies or agencies of some sort.
Competencies may be divided among several institutions at the same level or at different levels. For example, a Ministry of Public Works may have responsibilities in the implementation of the directive on environmental impact assessment. Local, regional and national authorities may all have competence for issuing environmental permits controlling emissions to air, water or land. Monitoring and enforcement may be partially or wholly delegated to regional or local authorities.
2.4 Institutions, administration and financing
The practical application of the new legislation means that changes may have to be made to institutions, procedures and standards. The responsible ministries and authorities should consider these institutional needs, the financing of administration and enforcement, and investments. Transitional provisions are normally used to bring existing industrial plants or activities gradually within the scope of the new regulatory system, such as the requirements for the provision of waste water treatment which are phased in to 2005.
The costs and benefits of different implementation choices have to be considered. An evaluation of the financing needed for administration and for investment, in order to improve environmental quality should be carried out, and methods need to be identified whereby which the needed financing can be obtained.
2.5 Enforcement
Enforcement is a growing focus of attention in the European Union, both because of the problems of uneven implementation by the Member States and the recognition that compliance problems can arise even in countries which have relatively strict laws and procedures.
Therefore, associated countries should take all necessary measures to improve their monitoring and control mechanisms, for example, by strengthening their inspection systems and by taking administrative and judicial measures, in order to ensure that their environmental legislation is properly implemented and eventually enforced.
2.6 Consulting interested groups and individuals
The responsible Ministry will probably find it useful to consult with interested groups during the process of transposition as well as implementation, both to identify and avoid potential problems as well as to gain support from the groups which are involved in or subject to the national laws and procedures. Possibilities include government departments, local and regional authorities, industry, non-governmental organisations and neighbourhood groups.
2.7 Steps to approximating EU legislation
Many of the steps which Member States routinely follow in the process of approximation are the same for all directives and regulations. These are listed on the following pages, together with some of the more specific issues that need to be decided in the process of aligning national legislation with that of the European Union.
Steps to the Approximation of EU Directives
Step 1. Determine the type of law and its requirements
1. What type: directive, regulation, decision?
2. What are its aims and objectives?
3. What competent authorities are needed?
4. What information must be collected and provided to the Commission?
5. What planning is required?
6. What scientific or technical knowledge is required?
7. What consultation procedures are required?
8. What investments are required?
Step 2. Determine your national choices
1. Which requirements (in the EU legislation) allow choices to be made?
2. Which requirements do not allow choice?
3. National Laws or administrative measures?
4. New or amended legislation?
5. Content of national legal measures?
6. What are the costs and benefits to the economy and to the environment?
7. Which sectors will bear the burden?
8. How should the transition to the new requirements be organised: deadlines, transition periods, implementation programmes, investments & reports
Step 3. Determine how the national law will be implemented and enforced
1. Central, regional or local level implementation? Staff and technical needs?
2. What powers will officials need to have?
3. What co-ordination and consultation amongst regulatory bodies is needed?
4. What is the need for Information, Guidelines, Training?
5. Costs and benefits of different implementation choices?
6. What financing is needed for administration? for investment?
7. How will costs be recovered and financing be obtained?
8. What monitoring is needed?
9. Who will carry out the monitoring? Do they need training, staff, equipment?
10. What penalties should apply? How will they be applied (administrative, judicial)?
Step 4. Decide information and consultation procedures
1. Who should be consulted? Government departments, Local and regional authorities, Industry, NGOs, neighbourhood groups?
2. What form of consultation is needed?
3. At what stage in the process?
4. Other possible roles of organisations outside the national government?
Step 5. Define the Implementation Programme
1. Legislative schedule
2. Preparation of implementing administrative rules, decrees, etc.
3. Budgetary schedule
4. Institutions, staff and resources
5. Training, information materials, meetings with concerned government offices, industry, public, etc. and communication activities
6. Investments
7. Operational expenses
8. Monitoring
9. Information assembly and reporting
10. Enforcement
3.1 The role of the European Community Treaty in the approximation process
The EC Treaty establishes some general principles of environmental policy in Article 130r but these do not have to be expressly transposed into national laws for the purposes of approximation. They help in understanding the goals of EU environmental policy and laws, as well as in interpreting and approximating individual EU legal acts.
1 EU environmental law has to be expressly based on one or more provisions of the Treaty, the most common in the environmental field being Art 100a (Single Market related legislation with environmental dimensions) and Art 130S (purely environmental). For the purposes of approximation, the significance of the legal base of the EU law in question is first of all that it will affect the ability of a country to impose stricter environmental standards than those contained in the EU law in question.
For example, if a directive is adopted on the basis of Article 130S, Member States have more opportunity to adopt stronger national measures than if it is adopted on the basis of Article 100a.
3.2 Directives
Most EU environmental laws are directives. This is a form of law peculiar to the European Union. They are designed to impose obligations on Member States and to be sufficiently flexible to take into account differing legal and administrative traditions. The choice and method of aligning the national legal and administrative system is left to the discretion of the Member State. (See Section 4 below.)
Directives are binding on all Member States but may contain differing requirements which take into account the different environmental and economic conditions in each Member State.
For example, the Large Combustion Plants Directive sets different targets for the reduction of emissions from each Member State, and even allows some which are economically less developed to increase their emissions.
Framework directives set out general principles, procedures, and requirements for legislation in different sectors. So far they have been adopted for the air and waste sectors, and a proposal has been made for the water sector. Other 'daughter' directives in each sector must conform to the general requirements of the framework directive.
Understanding the structure of EU legal texts is vital in developing effective approximation strategies. General guidance on this subject is given in Annex 1.
3.3 Regulations
About 10% of EU environmental laws take the form of regulations. Regulations are directly binding in Member States and supersede any conflicting national laws. Member states may not transpose the provisions of regulations into national law, even if the national law is identical to the regulation.(11)
Regulations therefore largely fall outside the approximation process and come into force in the acceding countries on the date of accession.. Nevertheless, environmental regulations require further national measures for implementation and therefore cannot be wholly ignored before accession.
For example, the types of measures which countries will have to take include the appointment of competent authorities to inspect and control trade in severely restricted chemicals or in endangered species, the publication of guides and notification forms, or the designation of national sanctions for violations of the law.
Table 1. Three forms of binding EU Legislation
Directives Regulations Decisions 1. Enter into force upon the date specified in the directive or on the 20th day after publication in the Official Journal: this obliges Member States to approximate 1. Enter into force upon the date specified in the directive or on the 20th day after publication in the Official Journal 1. Enter into force upon notification to the party to whom they are addressed. 2. are the most frequently used of EU environmental law 2. are used when a unified system is needed: Funds, institutions; EU voluntary schemes such as eco-label; product or trade regulation (endangered species, transport of wastes) 2. are used to specify detailed administrative requirements or update technical aspects of Regulations or Directives 3. Member States must adopt laws, regulations and procedures to give effect to the directive by the date of transposition; this is typically two years after the date of entry into force. 3. Member States must establish institutions and procedures; they should repeal conflicting national provisions 3. focused in scope and application 4.come into effect on the date of practical application, the same as the date of transposition unless other date(s) is(are) indicated in the directive itself for specific actions. Some directives can have direct effect if the Member State fail to transpose into national legislation. 4. are directly binding on the date they come into force 4. are binding on the parties to whom they are addressed on the date they come into force
Regulations usually have a precise purpose, and are used where it is important that in the Member States precisely the same requirements are applied. In some sectors(12) such as waste and chemicals, EU law is a mixture of regulations and directives. It is important to analyse the impact of the regulations in order to know what actions will be necessary to approximate the linked directives.
3.4 Decisions
Decisions are individual legislative acts which are binding in their entirety upon the parties to whom they are addressed. They differ from regulations or directives in that they are usually very specific in nature. They are less common in the environmental field. Environmental regulations or directives often given the Commission the power to take decisions to implement them.
For example, the Commission can amend the lists of wastes under the regulation on the transfrontier shipment of waste, specify forms and documentation requirements, and other administrative matters. The Commission has taken a series of decisions setting conditions for the award of the EU eco-label to different product groups.
3.5 The role of the European Court of Justice
The European Court of Justice has the ultimate authority for the legal interpretation of the Treaty and EU legislation. In the last ten years the Court has made an increasing number of decisions concerning the interpretation of EU environmental laws and their approximation by Member States in the context of the establishment of the Single Market. It has also developed important principles concerning the transposition of directives.
Therefore, when drawing up a detailed environmental approximation strategy, countries should carefully consider the impact of these decisions on the interpretation of the directives and the methods of approximation.
This section gives some general guidelines and answers some common questions about the process of approximating EU environmental legislation. There are a number of crucial principles and requirements which should guide the process of approximation and implementation which derive mainly from the case law of the European Court concerning the failure of a Member State to properly implement a directive. The judgements of the European Court are legally binding, even though they do not appear expressly in the Treaty or in the directives themselves.
A more specific discussion of each directive or regulation is in Part 2 of this Guide.
4.1 Can a government use non-binding administrative measures to achieve the aims of the directive?
No. Although the Treaty appears to give wide discretion as the means of transposition adopted, the Court of Justice has held that reliance on non-legal methods of transposition conflicts with the binding legal nature of directives. This principle is especially important for those countries who have traditionally relied upon administrative measures in carrying out environmental policy.
Where a provision of a directive provides for the setting up of general programmes or for the achievement of general targets, legally binding Environmental Agreements between public authorities and industry can be an appropriate means of implementation. (Cf. Commission Communication on Environmental Agreements, COM(96) 591 of 27.11.1996 and Commission Recommendation 96/733/EC, OJ L 333/59 of 21.12.1996).
Provisions which oblige Member States to gather information and produce reports, do not necessarily have to be transposed into binding national legislation in Member States.
4.2 Does new national legislation have to be adopted?
Not necessarily. Countries may use existing national laws or amendments to existing laws to implement the directive. But it is rare that an existing law is a perfect match and experience has shown that it is unwise to rely on existing legislation unless their adequacy has been demonstrated on the basis of a detailed provision by provision comparison of national law with the EU directive.
For example, In 1985, France informed the Commission that its 1977 law on environmental impact assessment satisfied all the requirements of Directive 85/337/EEC, but later had to modify the law in order to come into compliance.
4.3 Do the precise terms of the directive have to be transposed in national legislation?
No. Directives are designed to give some flexibility to Member States, and word for word transposition is not essential if the requirements of the directive are complied with by national laws. But, countries need to be very careful that the language of national law fully reflects the directive. Some Member States have in fact adopted a practice of word for word transposition (known as 'copy-out') in order to avoid problems of non-conformity. This practice has its dangers: transposition without accompanying legal and administrative measures to ensure effective implementation and enforcement of the directive will not be sufficient. It is at times necessary, in order to achieve in practice the result required by the directive, to make transposing legislation more detailed than broadly phrased obligations in the directive. In doing so great care must be taken not to restrict the scope of the obligations contained in the directive.
It is particularly important to ensure that the definitions in the EU directive are literally and fully transposed in the national legislation intended to implement the directive.
4.4 May government choose the sanctions to enforce national laws transposing directives?
Yes. Directives generally leave the form of sanction to the discretion of Member States. Only rarely do they even prescribe that breach of national law implementing a directive must be punished by civil or criminal penalties. But this discretion is not completely free:
The form of national sanction chosen must be effective to ensure that the aims of the directive are achieved.
There must be no discrimination between the sanctions adopted for measures implementing directives and sanctions laid down under related national legislation for example, an environmental offence under national law should not have unduly severe sanctions compared to an offence under a national law which transposes a comparable requirement under an EU directive.
For example, a penalty for violation of emission limits on discharges to water should be comparable, whether or not those discharge limits are covered by an EU directive.
4.5 May countries adopt higher national environmental standards?
Sometimes. The EC Treaty allows countries to adopt or to maintain national environmental standards and requirements which are more stringent than those contained in EU environmental legislation. But this freedom is not absolute.
Some EU environmental directives explicitly allow or encourage the Member States to take more stringent measures. That is, they set the minimum standard for compliance, not the maximum standard. This is frequently the case for emission limit values on discharges to air or water, or for environmental quality standards.
For example, EU directives on air and water quality often set mandatory Limit values for certain pollutants, supplemented with Guide Values which set environmental quality objectives the Member States should strive to achieve.
Where EU environmental directives are based on Art. 100a of the EC Treaty (single market), a Member State may, if it has obtained advance approval from the Commission and demonstrated why it needs the more stringent environmental measure, apply more stringent environmental protection measures.
Where EU environmental legislation is based on the environmental provisions of the Treaty (Art.s 130r, s & t), countries have broader rights to adopt more stringent measures. These measures must be notified to the Commission (but not in advance) and they may not be a disguised form of trade restriction or arbitrarily discriminate against the goods or services of another Member State. Where an EU directive or regulation, based on Article 130s, aims to fully regulate an area of activity, such as the regulation on transfrontier shipment of waste, countries should be very cautious in introducing more stringent measures.
4.6 Does a government have complete discretion to designate geographical areas under environmental directives?
No. Many of the environmental directives call for the Member States to designate areas within their territory according to criteria given in the directive which will be subject to the directive's requirements. Examples include: habitat protection areas, sensitive and less sensitive areas under the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, and areas where the air quality does not meet EU standards. Usually these areas must be notified to the European Commission and plans for their protection or remediation must be adopted.
Although the criteria given in the directive may leave some discretion to Member States in how they go about the task of designating such areas, failure to correctly apply the criteria, e.g. by introducing illegitimate economic considerations in the designation procedure, can get the Member State government into trouble with the European Commission and ultimately with the European Court of Justice.
The following general principles apply:
The designation must be carried out by the competent national authority in an appropriately legally binding form, whether or not the proposal is developed by other institutions.
The criteria for designation specified in the directive must be carefully applied.
Governments must be particularly wary of allowing extraneous factors to influence the choice of designated areas. Because of the costs for protection or environmental improvement which may follow from the designation, there will be pressure to designate as few and as small areas as possible. But economic and other non-environmental considerations may not be taken into account, unless they are specifically allowed by the directive.
1 It will be valuable to review the practices of the Member States which are in compliance and to check the rulings of the Court of Justice.
For example, under Directive 85/203/EEC Member States may fix limit values lower than those in the directive in zones where they consider it necessary to limit or prevent a foreseeable increase in pollution by nitrogen dioxide in the wake of urban or industrial development.
4.7 Does approximation apply to regulations?
Strictly speaking, no, but countries must still take some administrative steps to implement regulations. The environmental sector has some very important regulations, which, for example, implement controls on international trade in waste and on endangered species, and the Eco-management and Audit Scheme. These will not come into force in the acceding countries until the date of accession, and no transposition into national law is required or indeed permitted.
But countries should be aware that:
Some regulations require the designation or establishment of authorities or bodies responsible for their implementation; this may be done by administrative order or decree.
Some expressly require countries to specify penalties in national law the civil or criminal code, for example for non-compliance with the EU regulation. Even if there is no such express provision there must be effective national sanctions to ensure compliance with the regulations.
So countries should ensure that the necessary administrative and institutional measures are in place by the date of accession and that any overlapping or conflicting national laws are repealed.
Where the EU legislation in an environmental sector contains a mixture of directives and regulations, countries must take particular care to ensure that the national measures implementing the directives are fully integrated and do not conflict with the EU regulations.
There are fewer steps to implementing regulations than to directives. These are :
Steps to Implementing Regulations
- Identify a national competent authority or authorities to implement the regulation
- Identify what legislation (if any) is necessary (e.g. to prescribe sanctions or designate competent authorities).
- Establish a legislative timetable (as appropriate).
- Prepare administrative instructions and procedures to the relevant authorities
- Consult with other concerned government departments and with the groups affected by the regulation (e.g. importers and exporters; major industries; environmental organisations)
- Provide staff and resources
- Train staff
- Inform affected industrial sectors and companies of what is required
- Provide the relevant documents, forms and certification to the groups concerned
- After accession, monitor implementation and report to other Member States and to the European Commission as needed.
(Note: Footnote numbering as printed document)
(2). The acquis communautaire includes the directives, regulations, and decisions adopted on the basis of the various Treaties which together make up the primary law of the European Union and Communities. It is the term used to describe all the principles, policies, laws and objectives that have been agreed by the European Union. It includes the Treaties, all Community legislation, all the principles of law and interpretations of the European Court of Justice, all international agreements signed by the European Commission as interpreted by the declarations and resolutions of the Council of Ministers. It goes much further than simply the formal legislation acceding countries need to comply with the spirit as well as with the letter of EU legislation. (Further details in Annex 2)
(3) Agenda 2000 emphasises that as none of the candidate countries can be expected to comply fully with the acquis in the near future, "in partnership with the Union realistic national long-term strategies for gradual effective alignment should be drawn up and start being implemented in all the applicant countries before accession, in particular for tackling water and air pollution. These strategies should identify key priority areas and objectives to be fulfilled by the dates of accession as well as timetables for further full compliance; ensueing obligations should be incorporated in the accession treaties. All new investments should comply with the acquis." (Agenda 2000, Volume I, Communication: For a Stronger and Wider Union, DOC/97/6, 15.07.1997, p.65).
(7) Agenda 2000 foresees that the accession treaties with the applicant countries will contain such negotiated agreements on derogations linked to binding timetables for full compliance in certain areas. New investments, however, should as a rule comply with theacquis immediately. See footnote 3, above.
(8) Attention should be drawn to the assistance which the associated countries can get from the TAIEX office for the development and implementation of approximation programmes for the acquis covered by the White Paper and from the DISAE facility for the rest of the environmental acquis.
(9) It must be stressed that only the European Commission may undertake the formal compliance review.
(10) European Union or European Community? References to both the European Union and the European Community will be found in policy and legislative documents. Both entities exist. The Maastricht Treaty created the European Union to express the wider political aspirations of the Member States. The European Union encompasses both the European Community (whose powers and institutional arrangements are laid down in the European Community Treaty) together with broader mechanisms for policy development and co-ordination among Member States, described in the Maastricht Treaty.
The legal basis for environment legislation is in the EC Treaty and the European Community is the legal entity which ratifies international conventions. In many instances, the same bodies (Member States, European Commission etc.) will be acting both within the Union and the Community. The key distinction is that only within the European Community may legislation be passed which binds Member States. Thus, strictly speaking, the reference should be to European Community legislation, not European Union legislation. However, for the sake of simplicity, this Guide uses the term European Union to encompass both policy and law.
(11) This ban on transposition arises from the fact that regulations must be applied directly by national courts and national administrative bodies; any transposing national legislation would be in conflict with the particular legal nature of regulations under the EC Treaty.
(12) For example, the regulation implementing the Basle Convention on the transfrontier shipment of waste and the Waste Framework Directive; the directives on the classification and labelling of hazardous chemicals and preparations and the regulation on the export and import of banned or severely restricted chemicals.
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